0. 14. A Transmission line operating ato = V0" rad/s has a = 8dB/ mb Lrad/m and Z, = 60+ 40 and 2m long Uf the line is connecte to a source of 10 < 0", 2," 40a and terminated by a load 20+)50¢ Determine (a) The input Impedance (b) The sending end current Ans. Given Z, = 60+)40 Z,= 400 Z,= 20 +550 Vv, =10<0°= 10V w = 10° rad/s celm IN, = 8.686 dB a = 8dB/m = 0.92Np/m B= lrad/m yeas jp=0924 1 =ayl=(0.924j1)¢ =(0.92+ jl)2= tanh (x + jy) tan yf = tanh(1.84+j2)= [03-0393] sin2x_ sin 2y cosh2x+cos2y cos h2x +cos2y a z,| ZutZotanhyt °|Z,+Z, tanhyL (aie aE 03 —j0 393) | = (60.25 + j38.79) 9) =(cow no (b) z “hae Z=0 The sending end current = |,(z)},.,=1, (0) (means just before T.L) Vy, =1,(0)=—*—-—__9 _ 9 93.99 -21:15° } Z, +2, (6025+) 38.79)+40 7" *93.03=21.15° = (93.03,-2118")mAQ.15. 4 loss less line has character impedence of 30q and 1s terminated na loud resistance of “SQ. The line is energized by a generator which has an oulput and open circuit output voltage of 30V (rms) the line is assumed 0 be 0.25 wavelengths long Determine (a) Input impedence (b) (c) Instantaneous power delivered to load Ans. Given, 2,=500, Z,=750 impedance of 509, Instantaneous voltage Z, +i2, tan. “\ Z, +52, tanBL ) ( { 2, +32, tan2 (2.1an +2.) 2,2 2") = ; {Zoi tan} (z./tan3 +2, _ 7 (2,/~+iZ,) © (Z,/2+ 52.) 33.330) 75-50 _ 75+50 Instantaneous voltage at load Vig = Voc (141) = 30(1+ 0.20) (c) Instantaneous power delivered to load Pp =u (9) _ G7 3ewaul SZ 3 sion line with 2 = 50 operating at 2 Mhz is terminated Q.16. 4 30 m long transmis: with a load 2, =(60+ }40)2 If u = 0.6c Find (a) T(b) Sc) 2, Ans. Given 6 = 30m % = 30Q f = 2Mhz =2«10°he2, = (604 40) u = 0.6c = 0.6x3x108m/s (a) pa Zur Zo__ (60+ M0) _ 104 40 = = 0,3523.256° %+% (6+j40)+50 110+ j40 352.256° (b) { 2 + jzp tanBE (c) — Zq = 2p | ET IZo tan’ (Zo + Ja tan Be = pe = 22 2x10" x3 0.6x3x108 = 504 (60+ i40) + j50 tan 120 50 + j(60 + j40) tan 120° = 599+ i4-i5v3 (5+4y3 - j6v3) =[(23.974j1.35)0 = 24.0123.22°Q.3. Ans. Q.4. Q.5. Ans. Q.6. Ans. Q.8. Ans. 2.9. \ns. 2-10, ‘ns Transmission line is based on which concept? Transmission line transmission is based on distributed circuit element. Which are most importants Suiding structure support TEM mode? Two-wire line, Coaxial cable, strip line etc. are most important lines support TEM modes. From TE, TM, TeM modes transmission line supports which mode? T.L. supports only TEM modes only where as waveguide doesn’t support TEM mode. Which Impedence is constant through out T.L. Characteristic Impedence. For a distortionless line attenuation is «and character impedence is Z,, . Find resistance. R=aZ, What is the phase velocity for 0.3mH/m and 6PF/m u "Te where L = 0.3mH/m = 3x 107H/m_—C = 6PF/m=6 x 10-'*F/m nto’ [oxo exo) ~ygn/s725*10tm/s From distortionless line. lossless line which is desirable for Telephone lines Distortionless line is desirable for Telephone lines. where lossline is for power transmission line. Max value of SWR can be « (Yes/No) Yes © S2land|l| <1 If Z, = 50Q of TL is termination at 100Q Find VSoR Z,_100_, ( VSoR (8) = 7 = sq 77 Zu wnen both Real Z. For a sorted line Input Impedence ts capacitive, Inductive or both Both [Z,, = jZ, tani’ which indicates purely reactance depending on length be 2, = io= Qa. Ans. Q.12. Ans, Q.13. Ans. Quad, Q.16. Ans. Q.17. Ans. When SWR is unity possible. For a matched line soR = | means when Z7Z, 3 Se) For a open-circuit line what is the value of ¢ and S roi, S=o@ U2, = 30Q and character impedence is 50Q. Find Z,, (50) _ 2500 _ 95 59 What is current reflection coefficient and Transmission coefficient value for voltage reflection coefficient ~1 T=-l, T,=-r,=1, a . Transmission line when its length (= 7” hat is its input impedence for shorted line and open circuit line. For Shorted line Z,,=jZ,tanBL =a For open circuit line Z, in jtan BE Zz 2 a x Gr t= FS col =w 229 2, =2(for S.C) = 0 (for 0.C) For a shorted line 2, is capacitive or Inductive for (> and ¢<* Capacitive. (see the fig.of (Z, vs Br) In a smith chart j5 what it indicates j5 is a Reactance ., +]5, So it indicates inductive circle in a smith chart (upper part) a |. For 3 movement ina smith chart what will be angular movement + = [Bao =A=720°10. 1. 12, 13, 14, Is, 16. 17 . For a line where attenuation is zero, find Z a=0 = loss less line lye Ve The frequency range of Microwave signal. Range is 0.3Gh — 300 Ghz Basically it is accepted as 3G — 30Ghz Derive transmission line equations. And write its solutions. Explain lumped circuit model of a T.L. where R, L, G, C are basic parameter it contains. What is characteristic impedance? Derive its formula and show it depends on R, L, GC parameters. . . iL Define lossless line and distortion less line. Show that %=\/= and a =0 for lossless line. Find the phase velocity in distortionless line. Define voltage reflection coefficient. Derive it and show that voltage reflection coefficient is negative of current reflection coefficient. Derive the input impedance of a T.L. and show that it depends on Z,, Show that z,..2,. =(2)° Why matching is required for a transmission? What is the meaning of stubmatching? Explain single stub matching. Explain Quarter wave transformer matching? What is smith chart? How it is used/ On which condition reflection is zero? What is maximum value of SWR and [ What is relation between and S? Find S and p for a shorted line What is normalized impedance? How scattering matrix is useful, explainManel QL. Is a parallel wire transmission line operating at law frequency capable of radiating,” Explain. Ans. Yes, First thing parallel wire transmission line is preferred at low frequency operation, which avoids the skin effects and due to uncovered, it radiates where as co-axial cable avoids is radiation. Q.2. Write down two differences berveen a parallel wire line and a coaxtal line ns. Parallel wire line covering id 25 2, = 276 log (2) In this case more radiation occurs iv) It is less effective in unbalanced load condition. i) It contains 2 parallel conductors without Co-axial line | (W Itcontains 2-parallel conductors in a shielded tube. (ii) (iii) It avoids radiation (iv) Itis more effective in unbalanced load condition. Q.3. What a shorted quarter-wave line is analogous to from its operation point of view? Explain Ans. Shorted Quarter Waveline For shorted line = Z,(load) = 0 a Z,, =z, tan Bl = 2 [ for (=. Quarter wave line] 4 The input impedance will be ac ; means input is open circuited.{ certain transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 75 + j0.01.Q. and is Q.4- reraunated in a load of impedance 70+ 7 530.Q. Find out (a) the reflection coefficient and (b) the transmission coefficiem Ans. Z,= 70+ j50Q Z,= 75+ j0.010 t 2, (a) Reflection coefficient (1) = 77. 5 22, (b) Transmission coefficient (T)= 7 7 2008 Q.1. What are the three most common types of guiding structures that support TEM waves? Ans. The three most common types of guiding structure which support TEM waves are: Two wire line, Co-axial line, strip line etc. Q.2. On what factor does the input impedance of a transmission line depend? Ams, zin=z,{2i*2etanhve ° |Z, +2, tanh ve j Means input impedance (Z,,) depends on load impedance characteristic Impedance, propagation constant and most important one is length of transmission line. What is the significance of purely reactive wave impedance ? Significance of purely reactive wave Impedance Means it may be Inductive or Capacitive or both depending on its properties. And it can't be resistive only unt Is it. same as current reflection coefficient? Q4. Define voltage reflection coefficte ExplainAns. Voltage reflection coefficient 18 defined as ratio of reflected voltage wave incident voltage wave J ve" Ive =| Voltage reflection coefficient is not same as current reflection coefficient and it is negative of current reflection coefficient 2007 Q.1. Explain the following in brief: (a) What are the three most common types of guiding structures that support TEM waves? Ans.(a) Most common type Guiding structure for TEM mode (a) Two -wire line (b) Co-axial line (c) Strip line Q.2.. Where do the mi ima of the voltage standing wave on a lossless line with a resistive termination occur, if R, >R,? Ans. For R, > R, Minimum of voltage standing wave will be on axis means V__, = 0 4 Vas Q.3. A_ long transmission line carries 5 KW at 500 V to a matched load- Ww What is the reflection coefficient at the load end. when a load of impedance 200 + 002 is comected aw What is the reflection coefficient at the load end when the load is disconnected ?Q) Wave Guides (Rectangular & Circular Wave Guide) INTRODUCTION Waveguide consists of metallic tube with rectangular or circular cross-section, The waves (em wave) are guided through these structure and hence called guided waves, Waveguides are usually applied in microwave frequency range (4 GHz to 18 GHz). Large guides are required to transmit RF power at longer wavelengths In waveguides, the electric and magnetic fields are confined to the space within ble since the guide. There is no loss due to radiation. Dielectric losses are negli these waveguides are air-filled. There will be power loss as heat in the walls which is very small. It is possible to propagate several modes of an energy (modes are nothing but solution to Maxwell’s field equations). A given waveguide has a definite cut-off frequency. For a given mode, if operating frequency is greater than cut-off fre- quency (f), then that particular mode is passed through the waveguide without any attenuation. If f Definition It is a medium which contains a hollow metalic tube which guides the wave (or signal) in a proper direction from source to load. % It is operated in very high frequency, so it is capable of handling very large power . “ — Becauses at very high frequency (more than 10 Ghz), Transmission lines (cables) becomes difficult, due to losses occur in used solid dielecric and conductors, So to overcome this problem a metalic tube is ussed for transmission of electromagnetic waves. “> When spacing between the lines (2 conductor T.L.) is smaller than transmitted signal, the T.L. is to be replaced by wave Guide. * In wave Guides the elecric and magnetic fields are confined to the space within the Guides. * Generally the wave is propagating through wave Guide (W.G.) by reflection from the wall of WG. > The resistance of wall is very small and inner protion is lossless dielectric, generally air is used as dielectric. % Though power is lost through radiation, but negligible. Transmission Line(T.L) | Wave Guide(WG) % It is operated in limited range of | Itisusedin very high frequehcy (not frequency (not at very high at very low frequency) frequency), as 0 to 10 Ghz. means It operates after certain cutoff | even if at de also. frequency | | % It acts as one type of LPF It acts as HPF | % — It supports TEM mode It doesnot support TEM mode but supports TE, TM modes % — Itis not capable of handling large | itis capable of handling large power. | powers as wave Guide | Loss is very less % Loss is more compare to WG. Metal hollow tube is used to avoid In this metal conductors are used | loss.+ How Transmission line acts as one type of a LPF, — 1 —_—_____—+ At high frequency T.L. can be operated due to skin effect . Skin effect. At very high frequency (f =00)=> X.=0 { Means the reactance path will be short curcuited. So the signal may pass through this S.C. path instead of passing to load (Receiver). Means loss will be occured That’s why T.L. can’t be operated at very high frequency + But it can be operated in some limited (O>f) frequency. So it acts as LPF (low pass filter). means at *0" frequency. It is possible for transmission (use that formula and apply same concept) + To overcome this problem wave Guide (W.G) is used in very high frequency. But it operates after some specific (cut off frequency) frequency. So it acts as a HPF.(High Pass Filter) Reflection from wall Oe The wave length (2) propagates is devided into 2 components (,) and (,) + t normal to wall parallel to wall Wall of wave GuideTypes (a) Rectangular Wave Guide (b) Circular Wave Guide (c) Eliptical Wave Guide FIELD SOLUTION FOR RECTANGULAR WavE GUIDE z Lossless dielectric e Let us consider a rectangular WG. containing lossless dielectric material and having the walls perferctly conducting (39, =~) » The Maxwell's equations for lossless dielectric mediums are (2.1) (if electric field) (if magnetic field) font =0. OH+kH =0.........(2.2) where k =a/pe 4 > permeability w— frequency. & ~+ permitivity We know Laplace of V = 4°V = 5 a ay dy OnSSS from equation (2.42), 2"+Zk? =0 = 2"-y'220.0....... (2.52) (7 =-K!) Solution of (2.5x) in the form of XQ) = C, cos k. x+C, sink x........(2.6x) Solution of (2.Sy) in the form of Y(y) =C, cos Ky +Csin ky... (2.6y) Solution of (2.5z) in the form of Z(z) = (Ce? + Cg) oo eeeeeeeeee (2.6z) AtZ= x,2Z(z) #0 but Z(z) should be some finite value its possible if [C, = 0) $o]2(z)=C,e™ steseesseree(2.62,) “EB, =X(x).¥(»)2(2) =(C,cosK,x+C,sinK x) (C,cosk,y+C,sink y) C,e-7? = (C\Ck x+C,C, sinK x) (C,C,cosk,y+C,C sink y) er (A, cosK .x+ A, = ier where {A _ Similarly, H,=(B,cosK,x+B,sink,x) (B,cosk,y+B,sink ye we B, = CC, B.=C, 2.2.8 Derivation for finding out EE, HH, i. By Maxwell's equation, Ax E = -(jop)H and 4xH =(joe)H +-(2.9) -(2.10) VAKE= a eB, By putting 2 = ju So |VxE=-jopH (- B=pH aD. 3 Similary 9«H = © « joo = jace From equation (2.9) in the form, aa a é o 6 xy & =(-jon)(H.a, + Ha, +H,a,) EB gE=(-jon)(Ha, + Ha, + Ha.) Comparing the co-efficient of both sides (2.11) (2.1 ly) (Qz) [Zu.-20] jocE, (2 12x) [gu.-2u]): jork, (2 12y) [Z.-§ H, = jerk, : (2.122) =(-yoWH, (2: 13y) =CyoWH, (2 132) From (2 Hay) ay From (2 12) 1. + 1H, = G@e)e, (2 14s)From (2.12y) -yH, -2u P=(ME)E, (2.14y) é From (2.122) x oh =(joe)E, eeseese(2.142) Now (jae) x equation (2.13x)+(y) x equation (2.14y) So the result is, 0 . 2 é joes E, + YiweE, -7°H, - ae =—j'o'peH, + joeyE, = o'peH, + joeyE, = o'peH, +7°H, = joe2(E,)-2 (9H joes (E.)-3 (1H2) =H, (o'ue+y")= jae2 (€,)-2(n4,) a a =H, = joe (E.)-3 (1H.) (Take h?=(y? 4o%pe) ooo (2.15) v)@ )-(2)2 . (2.16x) = 2te)-() Ze) ssesuguceseeei(25169) 2.17x), -(2.17y) FE] Moves IN RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE The distinct field pattern is called mode. There are 4 different modes. (i) TEM Mode (Transverse Electromagnetic mode) (ii) TE Mode (Transverse Electric mode) (iii) TM Mode (Transverse Magnetic mode) (iv) HE Mode (Hybride Mode)It is Transverse electromagnetic mode E and H fields are transverse to direction of wave propagataion (in z-direction) means both E and H £ fields are orthogonal to cach other and both are , perpendicular to the propagated direction as shown. So, No field components along z-direction => E,=H,=0 So rectangular wave Guide doesnot support TEM mode because for E, = H.=0 all components will be vanished, but TEM mode supports transmission line TE Mode. It is Transverse electric mode. So no electric field component (E,) along propagating direction (in z direction) So E,=0, but H, 40 eng Hz T™ Mode. It is Transverse magnetic mode. So no magnetic field component (H,) along Propagating direction (in Z-direction) So H, = 0, E, #0 HE Mode. % Itis called Hybride mode. > Neither electric i or magnetic field co: ing direction 3° mponent p ng direc! see Pp along propagating =H, #0, E. 20Ware Guide (Kectangutar a Cutuias wave Uurey 2.3.8 TM Modes in Rectangular wave Guide Y In this mode magnetic field is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave =H, =0 But Tangential fileld component are continuous at the wall of the wave guide. At the boundary condition, for y=0, y=b........(i) E,= Vor x=0, x=a.......(ii) [ +, Tangent Component Continuous to boundary zero and Normal component to boundary = 0 veee(2.18) From equation (2.7), E, =(A, cosk,x +A; sink,x)(A, cosk,y +A, sink, ye” Putting the value (E, = 0 for x = 0)(which is boundary condition in equation (2.18) So A,(A,cosk,y +A, sinkyy)e™ = 0 =A, = { cos0 = 1 Similarly [Ax =9] by puting (E, = 0, for y = 0) condition in equation (2.18). Finally [A, = A, = 0] (2.18) E, =(A, cosk,x +A, sinK,x)+(A, cosk,y +A, sink, ye” - E,=0 for x=Oandy=0 and put this condition in equation for E,, SA Ase" =0 SAA, =0 Now the new equation will be E, = (A,sinK x) (A,sin k ye” '*ale, = Eo(sink,x)(sink ye" (2.19) [ Let, E, = A,A, —_ E,=-0 (for x = 0, y =) and putting this condition in (2.19) = E, (sink,a)(sink,b)e™ =0 = sin(k,a)=0, sin(k,b)=0 =>Ka=mx, k,b=nn nn mr 3]K.=T) .(2.20x) > K, 25] (2.20y) {m=n=1,2,3,..... notm= n=0, +142 and +1,+2 directions.n = m, n are number of half waves in x and y directions Put K. and K, value in equation (2.19) E,=E, ESEGIs snisace (2.202) -jon 3 a From (2.17x),E,= “yi MEG 5g (Ee) --tie) {-H, =0 -( =) 2 [ess BE)xsn()y |e 'y \f mn -n RE -(2\2) (2) sin) ye ayeron! (2.20x) Similarly, |E, (Reem sco) ]em sesesesesse( 2-209) From (216x), H, Pee )- EE (He) ~ 82 (65 (4, <0 =e Ole mn (nt -" he oy ~H, =0) = x ssin( xsin(™]y e vee(2.21X)wane cre == Similarly. |H, We know h? = » > hi=ki+y? Also we know K? = K?+K}+K? =>Ki+y (2.20y)} Case-I (cutoff) nn b ( \ Then equation (2.23) will be as | When K? -(=) + => a+jp=0 Toget y=0, a=f=0 = No propagation => cutoff. | (= ein( DR E, cos| — x sin] — a a ( b 3) fe :) | “ye | (2.21y) {see equation (2.15)} ) (K =o Jue) fe K=K a, +k,a, +k, 4, -K? see equation (2.42,) mn nt K, Sey =p ee equation (2.20x), Find cutoff frequency and cutoff wave length. mr a nx (8 (F)-) (=) ; me) |] se { nv mee) (2 }f, -— ey {2 . (2.24a) InJue Va b seee(2.24b) The frequency f, is cutoff frequency because in this condition means in case - | (cutoff case) we are getting this frequency. ++ (2.25) where a,b + length and breath of wave guide and m,n - 1, 2, 3........4 Case-2(Evanescent) = (absence of propagation) or (Attenuating mode) (=J (zy when K?< | — | +|— a a So, from (2.23), ¥ will be real number = [y = a] only and |B = 0) = no propagation => Itis called non-propagation or attenuating mode due to v = a (only). Case -3. (Propagation) we > (M2) (2) when te > |) + => ¥ =imaginary = (+jB) and a=0 Soe ™ =e * In this case propagation takes place so it is called propagating mode.}() oo-uf-[2(%) -(2) nn) =) ] {ek =oJbe sO K? =07pe (See eq" 2.24a) s++(2.26) where ' > phase constant (for absence in wave Guide) = ofpe =k also B = Phase constant in presence of wave guide. f, = cutoff frequency f = Operating frequency But in evanscent condition y=a=B' (f [- 7 = Real (not imaginary) Definition. Cutoff Frequency Cutoff frequency (f.) is the operating frequency below which attenuation occurs and above which propagation occurs.