Digital System

Fundamental
Review of Computer
Fundamental to Understand
System as Business Unit

Organization of Computer
Input unit is provided
to read data &
instructions

Memory unit stores

algorithm and computed
result.

INPUT

MEMORY
PROCESSING
UNIT

Output unit displays

or prints computed
result.

OUTPUT
Processing unit interprets the
instructions and carries them
out. This unit performs
Arithmetical, Logical, and
String operations.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) = Control Unit (CU) + Arithmetic & Logical
Unit (ALU)

Memory Measurement Units

1 Bit = Binary Digit
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 KB
(Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB
(Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB
(Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB
(Terra Byte)

1024 TB = 1 PB
(Peta Byte)
1024 PB = 1 EB
(Exa Byte)
1024 EB = 1 ZB
(Zetta Byte)
1024 ZB = 1 YB
(Yotta Byte)
1024 YB = 1 BB
(Bronto Byte)
1024 BB = 1 GOB
(Geop Byte)

Purchasing Considerations

Purpose
Cost
Processor
Ram
Hard disk
Peripherals

What is Operating System

OS is system software, which may be viewed as

collection of software consisting of procedures for
operating the computer.
It provides an environment for execution of
programs (application software).
Its an interface between user & computer.

5/13/16

Computer Machine
(Hardware)
Machine Language
(Low Level Language)

Operating System
Human Understandable
Language (High Level
Language)

User / Programmer

5/13/16

Functions of OS

File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management

5/13/16

Differences Between High & Low

Level Languages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

High Level
All used to solve
problems
Easily understood by
humans
Uses English like words
Easy to locate and
identify errors
Must be translated
before the computer
can understand it

1.
2.
3.
4.

Low Level
Understood by
computers without the
need for translation
Difficult for humans to
read and understand
Take up a lot of space
to write down
Its difficult to spot
errors in the code

Whats involved in
Intelligence?
Ability to interact with the real world
to perceive, understand, and act
e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
e.g., image understanding
e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect

Reasoning and Planning

modeling the external world, given input
solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties

Learning and Adaptation

we are continuously learning and adapting
our internal models are always being updated
e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

Whats AI? (to me)

Computers making decisions in realworld problems
apply

formulate

solve

Snipping Tool
Then select the area of your screen
that you want to capture. It's
automatically copied to the
Clipboard and the Snipping Tool
mark-up window. From the markup window, you can write on, draw
on, highlight, save, or e-mail the
snip.

Sticky Notes
Sticky Notes are colorful reminder notes you can
stick on your desktop. They are even handier in
Windows 7. You can format the text, and
speedily resize, collapse, and flip through notes.
To create a sticky note, click the Start button
and type sticky in the search box. Click Sticky
Notes in the Programs section at the top of the
Start menu. To create additional notes, click the
New Note button. You can also open a new
note by pressing CTRL+N.

NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be
a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.

1.13

Categories of Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)

1.14

Bandwidth
Data rate measured in bits (not
bytes) per seconds
Kbps (Kilobits per seconds)
125 chars/sec

Mbps (Megabits per seconds)

1,250 chars/sec

Gbps (Gigabits per seconds)

12,500 chars/sec

Hub/Switch/Router
To connect multiple segments of
networks into a larger one
Hub
A multiport repeater to enhance signal
within the same LAN

Switch
Like hub but with intelligent
Better performance

Router
Forward packets from one LAN to another

Home Wireless Network

Wall Jack

DSL/Cable
Modem

Ethernet
Cable
Hub/Switch/Router

Simplified Communications Model Diagram

Simplified Communications Model Diagram

What is a domain name

Human friendly form of an Internet
address
Actual address is an Internet Protocol
(IP) number
System globally administered by
ICANN
Generic top level domains (gTLDs)
.com, .org, .net, .edu, .gov, .biz

Country code top level domains

(ccTLDs)

Query Session
Its all about we discussed
earlier ...
OR
Something punching you in
Mind