7.

Grammaticalsubstitutionsintranslation
Thislesson:
Pointsoutthepartsofspeechthatareusuallysubstitutedintheprocess
oftranslation;
Explainsthenecessitytosubstitutesomepartsofspeech.
Intheprocessoftranslationgrammaticalunitscanbesubstitutedbyother
grammaticalunitsintheTL.
ThecategoryofnumberexistsinbothEnglishandRomanian.Asarule,when
translatedthenounsareusedinthesamenumberasintheoriginal.However,
thereareanumberofnounsthenumberofwhichdoesnotcoincide.For
example:
Outskirtsperiferie;
Evidencedovezi;
Wallpapertapete;
Replacementofpartsofspeechisanothercaseofgrammaticalsubstitution.For
example:
Thegovernmenthadtopermitthesaleofproducts,whichcannotbegrown
locally.
Guvernulafostnevoitspermitvnzareaproduselorcarenupotficrescute
ncondiiilelocale.(Theadverbissubstitutedbyanadjective).
,
.
Theblondegavehimagracefulhand.Blondaiantinsmnagraios.(The
adjectiveisreplacedbyanadverb)..
Insomecaseswehavetoreplacepartsofspeechwhenwedealwiththe
nominalagents.Forexample:
Heisanearlyriser.Elsetrezetedevreme..
Heisafineperformerontheflute.Elcntminunatlaflaut.
.
Practicalassignments:
I.Payattentiontothedifferencesinthenumberofthefollowingwords:
meansmijloc;
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debatedezbateri;,
weaponsarmament;
wagessalariu;
seriesserie,succesiune;,
electionalegeri;
minutesprocesverbal;

wastedeeuri;,
contentsconinut;
scalescntar;
coloursdrapel,,
customsvam,
II.Translatethegivenwordcombinations,makingthenecessarychanges
A.UNheadquarters,activitiesofforeigncompanies,diplomaticimmunities,
executivepowers,politicalrealities,officepremises,activitiesofa
commission,thecustoms,theworksofawatch,inone'selements.
B.tobannuclearweapons,togivetestimony,tocarryonpolemics,toreduce
tensions,totakeminutes,topaintthefutureinbrightcolours.
III.Translatethesentences,payingattentiontothenumberofthenouns
initalics
1.OneoftheexceptionswasStephenSpielberg'sCloseEncountersoftheThird
Kind,inwhichabenevolentspeciesfromanotherplanetcommunicatedwith
humanbeingstopromotepeace.2.Thiswasagoodopportunityformeto
assessthechildren'sconfidenceandproficiencyasspeakers.Icouldalsotest
themontheirknowledgeofwordsandspellings.3.Thepressuresofthejob,the
latenights,theincreasingworkloadweregettinghimdownsohehadtendered
hisresignation.4.Shewasablunt,hardworkinganddowntoearthYorkshire
womanandshekeptthepremisesspotless.5.Ifeltdepressed.Myreporthad
beenthemeanstoendateacher'scareer.6.Alotofscientistschoseto
concentratetheirenergiesinoneparticulardirection,butBurtonexcelledat
practicallyeverything.HejourneyedinsearchoftheoriginsoftheNile.Hewas
anoutstandingexplorerandtraveller.7.Modernscienceforcesustomakesome
changesinourthinking.Ourinstitutionsmaysometimesturnouttobe
unhelpful.Seeingthingsisimportanttous.8.Overdinnerweexchangedgossip
andshetoldmethatSeanwasgettingmarried.9.Therewasagreatdealof
speculationaboutthepossibilityofanalliancebetweenthetwoparties.10.
Gossipandscandaliswhatsellsnewspapers.12.Ifweare
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unhappy,we'reexpectedtosuckitupforthekids'sakeorourreputations.We
worrywhatourparentswillthink,eveniftheyarehalfwayaroundtheworld
andwearemiddleagedadults.13.Hemaygivetheimpressionofbeingthe
clownprinceofworldpolitics,butthereisoftencalculationbehindHugo
Chvez'sverbalfireworks.14.Thebuildersof1912believedtheycould
conquertheelementswithanunsinkableship.15.Thewhereaboutsofthe
templehavelongbeenahistoricmystery.16.Badtacticsonthepartofthe
managementmadeastrikeinevitable.17.I'msurehe'llwineveryprize.18.A

furtherthreattoLadaisthatthedynamicsoftheusedcarbusinessareaboutto
changeagain.
IV.Translatethesentences,makingthenecessarygrammatical
transformations.

1.Iamagoodswimmer.Icansaywithoutfalsemodesty.2.I'mafraidhiswife
isabigspender.3.Ibangedandbangedonhisbedroomdoor.Hemustbea
reallyheavysleeper,Ithoughttomyself.4.Ihaveneverbeenanearlyriser.5.
Asayoungman,whenhehadmoresparetimeandlessresponsibility,hehad
beenagreatreader.6.Theywerebothpleasedtoseehim,afterallthoseyears,
but,astheysoonremembered,hewasagreattalker.7.Thosehadbeensomeof
thehappiesttimes,thecombinationofschoolteacherandfather,explainerand
entertainer.8.HelikedadropofScotch,asmostofusdo,buthewasn'tabig
drinker.9.TheMessengersareexperiencedpartygivers,andeveryoneknows
theirfunctionandhowtoperformit.10.Therewerethefrighteners,thetimid
andinsecure,whoneededconstantreassurancebeforetheycouldutterevenone
wordonaBBCchatshow.11.Thatisn'thowJamesoperates.He'sadoernota
talker.12.ThemodernMPisrequiredincreasinglytobethetown'spublic
relationsbooster.13.In1998thetwobiggestspendersweretwotobacco
companieswhichincreasedtheirlobbyingactivitiesandpersuadedlegislatorsto
blockthebillintheSenate.14.Nowherealizedhowfarbetterachoicewas
TonyO'Brien,aman,notevilincarnateashehadoncebelieved,butagenuine
achiever.15.Hewasn'taverygoodwhistler,butnobodycouldrememberwhen
hehadlastevenattemptedit.16.Iamavisualthinker.Ithinkinphotorealistic
pictures.
B.
1.TheInspectorgaveasoftlittlelaugh.2.Shetookimmediatefrightatthe
mentionofthepolice.3.Mrs.Stonergavehimasuspiciousglare.4.Shegavea
nervouslaugh.5.MissMarplegaveasmallprimsmile.6.Shealwayskeepsa
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sharpeyeonwhatishappeninginotherpartsoftheworld.7.Valeriewalked
downtheshortfrontpath,turnedinthedirectionoftheschool,andwaveda
cheeryfarewelltohermother.8."Comeon,Hawks,comeandhaveapint."
Alright,butjustone.I'vegotanearlystartinthemorning."9.Heshowedno
interestinhavingabeer.Insteadhesaidhisgoodbyesandtookoffinhisblack
BMW.
V.Translatethesentences,changingtheadverbsinitalicsbynominative
structures.
1.TheresultnationallywastheworstfortheConservativesinmoderntimes.2.

Hewonderediftheoldwomanwasusingthephraseliterallyorconventionally.
3.AlthoughmusicallyNeilYoungismostconspicuousforhishighpitched
voice,heisalsorenownedforbeingaferociousguitarist.4.Althoughtheisland
isperenniallypopularandcrowdedinsummer,itisstillpossible,eveninthe
heightofthetouristseason,toexploretheisland'slesserknownbeacheswith
onlyoneortwootherpeoplearound.5.Tothinksociologicallyabouteducation
requiresyoutoconsidertheeffectsuponindividualsofclass,income,gender,
raceandthepossibleeffortsofschoolsthemselves.6.Europeansareless
preparedthanAmericanstobuyelectronically.Theyaremoreconservativein
theirshoppinghabits.7.Publicsportsfacilitieshavealwaysbeenavailablein
greatnumberforparticipants.ThismayexplainwhyAmericanshave
traditionallydonewellinternationallyinalotofsports.8.Georginawas
waitingfortheminthelivingroom,sittingapathetically,staringatthewall.9.
Oneofthemostimportantaspectsofdoingbusinessinternationallyisbeing
abletospeakotherlanguages.10.Whatremainstobeseeniswhetherher
methodsandideaswillspreadnationwide,orevenbeappliedinternationally.
11.Theyoungmanwasfryingsausagesoveragasburnerwhilehisfriendssat
crossleggedbesidehim,entertaininghimvocallyandonaguitar.12.Shesaid
bitterly,"Thatwouldbeaneatwayoutofourtroubles,wouldn'tit?"13.Hehas
unhesitatinglythrustopenthedoublemahoganydoorand,stridingconfidently
intotheroom,hadtakenhisseatinHenryPeverell'soldchair.14.Sonia
wouldn'thaveknowntodothat.Shewasn'tmechanicallyminded.15.The
verdictoftheinquestwascorrect.Legallythatistheendofit.
VI.Translatethetexts,makingthenecessarytransformations.
Text1
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Althoughmanagersshouldbenumerate(andmanyarenot)theydon'trequire
skillsinhigheralgebra;andmanygreatbusinesseshavebeencreatedbymen
whoallbutcountontheirfingers.
Astorytellsoftwoschoolboyfriends,onebrilliantatmaths,oneinnumerateto
thepointofidiocy,whomeetmuchlaterwhenthefirstisaprofessorandthe
secondamultimillionaire.Unabletocontrolhiscuriosity,theprofessorasks
thefigureblinddunderheadhowhemanagedtoamasshisfortune."It's
simple,"repliesMidas."Ibuythingsat1andsellthemat2,andfromthat1
percentdifferenceImakealiving."Thebusinessworldisfullofsuccessful
onepercenterswholive,notbytheirsliderules,butbyknowingthedifference
betweenabuyingpriceandasellingprice.
Text2
WhatistheBestSolutiontoDisposeofBritain'sNuclearWaste?

Radioactivewasteisgeneratedbytheuseofradioactivematerialsinmedicine
andindustry,andbythenuclearpowergenerators.Itisalsoproducedbythe
militaryeitherasaresultofBritain'snuclearweaponsprogrammeorby
nuclearpoweredsubmarines.
Someofthewasteislonglivedandhighlyradioactive.Someoftheradioactive
elementswithinthehighlevelwastecanremaindangerousforhundredsof
thousandsofyears,makingitessentialthatanylongtermstoragefacilityis
builtinageologicallystableregion.
Text3
IraqiEducationSystemonBrinkofCollapse
Iraq'sschoolanduniversitysystemisindangerofcollapseinlargeareasofthe
countryaspupilsandteacherstakeflightinthefaceofthreatsofviolence.
ProfessorsandparentshavetoldtheGuardiantheynolongerfeelsafetoattend
theireducationalinstitutions.
Insomeschoolsandcolleges,uptohalfthestaffhavefledabroad,resignedor
appliedtogoonprolongedvacation,andclasssizeshavealsodroppedbyupto
halfintheareasthataretheworstaffected.
Professionalsinhighereducation,particularlythoseteachingmedicine,
biology,andmath,havebeentargetedforassassination."Thepeoplewhohave
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gotthemoneyaresendingtheirchildrenabroadtostudy.Alotmydaughter
isoneofthemaredecidingtofinishtheirhighereducationinEgypt,"says
WadhNadhmi,whoalsoteachespoliticsinBaghdad."Educationhereisa
completeshambles.Professorsarcleaving,andthesituationtheclosedroads
andbridgesmeansthatbothstudentsandteachersfinditdifficulttogetin
forclasses."
"Educationinmyareaiscollapsing,"saidateacherfromahighschoolin
Amariyah,whoquitfourmonthsago."Ifchildrenhavetotravelbycarrather
thanmakingashortjourneyonfoot,wearemuchlesslikelytoseethem.When
Ileft,wehad50percentattendanceattheschool.Weseetheparentswhen
theycomeintoaskforthechildrentohavea"vacation"andtheyadmitthey
aretooscaredtoletthemcome.Theteachingstaffwassupposedtobe42.Now
thereareonly20.Someappliedforearlyretirementortheyaskedtobe
transferredtoothersaferareas."
Text4
"I'llhaveaBigMacandfries,please,"Isaidtotheuniformedgirlbehindthe
till.
Yes,I'mafraidithadcometothat.Mysearchfornightlifeandculturehadled
metoMcDonald's.
Imademywayovertoacharacterlesssynthetictableandplantedmyselfonthe

standardMcDonald'splasticseat,designedinsuchawayastoprovide
adequatecomfortfortheconsumptionofamealbutnottonurtureanydesireto
sitbackandrelaxafteritscompletion.Youcanimaginesomeambitious
Americangogetterstandinguptospeakatthe"ProfitMaximization"meeting.
"Everysecondthatatableisoccupiedbyanoneatercostsusdollarsandcents.
Remembertimeismoney."
Iwalkedhome,asunsatisfiedwithmymealasbywhatithadcometosignify
forme.Ifounditupsettingthathoweverhideouslywrongtheirprevious
economicsystemhadbeen,countrieslikeMoldovaweresoeagertoreplaceit
withonewhichwasalsosomanifestlyflawed.