POLAR

COORDINATES
Let f(r, θ, c) = 0 be the equation of family of
curves. The DE of this family can be obtained by
elimination of c, which is
P dr + Q dθ = 0 (1)
Where P and Q are function of r and θ.
We know from calculus that if  is the angle
between the radius vector and the tangent to a
curve of the given family at any point (r, θ), then
d
tan   r
dr
If  1 is the angle between the radius vector and
the tangent to an orthogonal trajectory at (r, θ),

then
1    90
  tan 1   cot 
 tan 1 tan   1
For the two curves to be orthogonal. From eq (1),
we have
d  P d  rP
 r 
dr Q dr Q
Hence the DE of the orthogonal trajectories is
d Q
r  (2)
dr rP
Solution of eq (2) is the required family of the
orthogonal trajectories of the family f(r, θ, c) = 0
 Find the eq of orthogonal trajectory of the curve
r = a (1 + sin θ) (1)
d
Soln: Differentiating the eq 1  a cos 
dr
d 1 1  sin  r
   .as.a 
dr a cos  r cos  1  sin 
d 1  sin  is the DE of eq (1)
r 
dr cos 
DE of the orthogonal trajectories is
d  cos 
r 
dr 1  sin 
Separating the variables

(1  sin  )d  dr
 
cos  r
dr
 
 secd  tand  
r 
 ln(sec  tan  )  ln cos  ln c  ln r
(sec   tan  ) c
 
cos  r
 1 sin 
(  )
cos  cos  c (1  sin  ) c
   
cos  r cos 2
r
(1  sin  ) c
 
1  sin  r
2

(1  sin  ) c
 
(1  sin  )(1  sin  ) r
1 c
   r  c(1  sin  )
(1  sin  ) r
is the eq of the orthogonal trajectory
Find the eq of orthogonal trajectory of the curve
a
r (1)
2  cos 
Soln: Differentiating the eq
a sin  d d ( 2  cos  ) 2
1 [ ] 
( 2  cos  ) dr
2
dr a sin 
d ( 2  cos  ) 2
( 2  cos  )
  
dr r ( 2  cos  ) sin  r sin 
.as .a  r ( 2  cos  )
 d ( 2  cos  )
r  is the DE of eq (1)
dr sin 
DE of the orthogonal trajectories is
d  sin 
r 
dr ( 2  cos  )
Separating the variables
( 2  cos  )d  dr
 
sin  r
dr
 
 2 cscd  cotd  
r 
  2 ln(csc  cot  )  ln sin   ln c  ln r
sin  c
 
(csc   cot ) 2
r
sin  c
 
1 cos 2 r
sin 
3 ( 
c sin  sin  )
 
(1  cos  ) 2
r
 r sin   c(1  cos  )
3 2

is the eq of the orthogonal trajectory

Find the eq of orthogonal trajectory of the curve

r  a sin 2
2
 EQUATION
SOLVABLE FOR P
Equation solvable for Parameter P
If x  a cos  and y  a sin 

then we have x  y a
2 2 2
and  is called
Parameter
Geometrically rˆ ( )  a sin iˆ  a sin ˆj
y

rˆ ( )
x
Consider first order DE with degree more
than one or higher degree. In this section
dy
will be denoted by p and
dx
2 5
 dy   dy 
  ...and ....  will be denoted
 dx   dx 
2 5
by p ...and .... p where p will be parameter.
Here we will solve the first order DE with
degree more than one or higher.
with following method:
Solve the first order DE by
factorizing the right side of the
DE and take each factor
seperately and then solve it.
After solving each factor,
multiply the solution of each
factor and place them equal to
zero.
Solve x p  xyp  6 y  0
2 2 2

Soln: x p  3 xyp  2 xyp  6 y  0

2 2 2

 xp( xp  3 y )  2( xp  2 y )  0

 ( xp  2 y )( xp  3 y )  0

 ( xp  2 y )  0 and ( xp  3 y )  0
 dy dy
x  2y x  3 y
dx dx
dy dx dy dx
 2   3
y x y x
 ln y  2 ln x  ln c
 ln y  ln c  3 ln x
 y  cx 2
c
 y 3
 y  cx  0
2 x
 x yc  0
3
So the Soln is
( y  cx )( x y  c )  0
2 3
Solve xyp  ( x  y ) p  1  0
2

Soln: xyp  xp  yp  1  0
2

xyp  yp  xp  1  0
2

 yp( xp  1)  ( xp  1)  0

 ( xp  1)( yp  1)  0

 xp  1 and ... yp  1
 dy dy
x  1 y  1
dx dx
dx  ydy   dx
 dy  
x
2
y
 y   (ln x  ln c )  c x
2
 y   ln cx  y  2(c  x )
2

 y  ln( cx )  0  y  2 x  2c  0
2

So the Soln is
[ y  ln( cx )][ y  2 x  c ]  0
2
Solve
( x  y ) p  ( 2 y  xy  x ) p
2 2 2 2

 y( y  x )  0
Soln:
( x  y )( x  y ) p  ( y  xy  y  x ) p
2 2 2 2

 y( y  x )  0
 ( x  y )( x  y ) p  py( y  x )
2

 p( y  x )( y  x )  y( y  x )  0
 p( x  y )[ p( x  y )  y ]
 ( y  x )[ p( y  x )  y ]  0
  [ p( x  y )  y  x ][ p( y  x )  y ]  0
 p( x  y )  y  x  0......(1)
and .... p( y  x )  y  0......( 2)
Solving eq (1) p( x  y )  y  x  0......(1)
x y dy x  y
p  
x y dx x  y
dy dv
Put y = vx and v x
dv x  vx 1  v dx dx
v x  
dx x  vx 1  v
 dv 1  v 1 v  v  v2
x  v 
dx 1  v 1 v
dv 1  2v  v 2
v  2v  1
2
x  
dx 1 v 1 v
(1  v )dv dx
 2 
v  2v  1 x
1  ( 2  2v )dv  dx
  2   
2  v  2v  1  x on integration
1
 ln( v  2v  1)   ln x  ln c1
2

2
 1
 ln( v  2v  1)  ln x  ln c1
2 2

1
 x (v  2v  1)  c1
2 2

2 1
y y
 x ( 2  2  1)  c1 2
x x
1
 ( y  2 xy  x )  c1
2 2 2

 ( y  2 xy  x )  c
2 2 2
1  c2
Solving eq (2) p( y  x )  y  0.....(2)
y dy y
p  
x y dx x  y
dy dv
Put y = vx and v x
dx dx
dv  vx v
v x  
dx x  vx 1  v
dv v vvv 2
x  v 
dx 1  v 1 v
 dv  2v  v 2
v  2v 2
x  
dx 1 v 1 v
(1  v )dv dx
 2 
v  2v x
1  ( 2  2v )dv  dx
  2   on integration
2  v  2v  x
1
 ln( v  2v )   ln x  ln c 3
2

2
 1
 ln( v  2v )  ln x  ln c3
2 2

1 2 1
y y
 x ( v  2v )  c 3  x ( 2  2 )  c 3
2 2 2
x x
1
 ( y  2 xy )  c3
2 2

 ( y  2 xy )  c
2 2
3  c4
So the Soln is

( y  2 xy  x )( y  2 xy )  c
2 2 2
Solve
p y  ( x  y) p  x  0
2

Solve p y  ( x  y ) p  xy  0
2 2