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Binary Arithmetic - Technical Notes
Binary Arithmetic - Technical Notes
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Notes
+
+
+
+
0
1
0
1
=
=
=
=
0
1
1
0,
For example,
0001101
0 + 00001100 = 00100110
carries
1 0
+0
0 0
26(base 10)
12(base 10)
1 0
38(base 10)
1 1
+0
1 0
0 1
0001001
1 + 00111110 = 01010001
carries
19(base 10)
62(base 10)
81(base 10)
Note: The rules of binary addition (without carries) are the same as the truths of the XOR gate.
For example,
00100101 00010001 =
00010100
borrows
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
37(base 10)
17(base 10)
0 0
1 0
0 0
20(base 10)
0 1
10
borrows
0 1
1 0
10
0 0
1 0
1 0
51(base 10)
22(base 10)
0 0
1 1
0 1
29(base 10)
1 1
For example,
00101001 00000110 =
11110110
41(base 10)
6(base 10)
0 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
1 0
0
0 0
0
0
1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0
1
0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
1
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
= 246(base 10)
0 0
0 1
1 1
23(base 10)
0 0
0 0
1 1
3(base 10)
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 1
1
00010111 00000011 =
01000101
0
0
carries
= 69(base 10)
Note: The rules of binary multiplication are the same as the truths of the AND gate.
0
1 0
0 1
0 1
Another Method: Binary multiplication is the same as repeated binary addition add the
multicand to itself the multiplier number of times.
For example,
00001000 00000011 = 00011000
carries
8(base 10)
8(base 10)
8(base 10)
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
=
=
+0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
= 24(base10)
Binary Division
Binary division is the repeated process of subtraction, just as in decimal division.
For example,
00101010 00000110 =
00000111
1 1
)0
1 10
1
0
1
10
7(base 10)
42(base 10)
6(base 10)
borrows
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
10000111 00000101 =
00011011
1 0
)1
0 10
1
1
1 10
0 1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
Notes
Binary Number System
System Digits: 0 and 1
Bit (short for binary digit): A single binary digit
LSB (least significant bit): The rightmost bit MSB
(most significant bit): The leftmost bit
Upper Byte (or nybble): The righthand byte (or nybble) of a pair
Lower Byte (or nybble): The lefthand byte (or nybble) of a pair
Binary Equivalents
1 Nybble (or nibble) = 4 bits
1 Byte = 2 nybbles = 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes = 1,048,576 bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes
27
(base 10)
135
(base 10)
5(base 10)