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Ac Motors
Ac Motors
Introduction...............................................................................2
AC Motors.................................................................................4
Force and Motion......................................................................6
AC Motor Construction............................................................ 12
Magnetism.............................................................................. 17
Electromagnetism................................................................... 19
Developing a Rotating Magnetic Field.....................................24
Rotor Rotation..........................................................................29
Motor Specifications................................................................34
NEMA Motor Characteristics...................................................37
Derating Factors......................................................................43
AC Motors and AC Drives........................................................45
Matching Motors to the Load..................................................49
Motor Enclosures....................................................................53
Mounting.................................................................................56
Siemens AC Induction Motors.................................................61
Review Answers......................................................................72
Final Exam............................................................................... 74
Introduction
AC Motors
Winder
Pump
Conveyor
NEMA Motors
IEC Motors
Net Force
Net force is the vector sum of all forces that act on an object,
including friction and gravity. When forces are applied in the
same direction, they are added. For example, if two 10 pound
forces are applied in the same direction the net force would be
20 pounds.
10 LB
10 LB
20 LB
10 LB
5 LB
5 LB
10 LB
Torque
10 LB
Speed
Linear Speed
Linear Motion
Axis of Rotation
Rotional Motion
Acceleration
10 RPM
20 RPM
Acceleration
20 RPM
10 RPM
Deceleration
Inertia
Any system in motion has losses that drain energy from the
system. The law of inertia is still valid, however, because the
system will remain in motion at constant speed if energy is
added to the system to compensate for the losses.
Friction
Work
Power
Horsepower
10
Review 1
1.
11
AC Motor Construction
Stator
Rotor
Stator Core
Stator Lamination
12
Stator Windings
13
Rotor Construction
Rotor
Rotor Lamination
Shaft
Conductor Bar
End Ring
14
Enclosure
Frame
Stator
Stator
Cooling Fan
Bearing
Bearing
Rotor
Frame (Yoke)
End Bracket
(Bearing Housing)
15
Review 2
1.
A. ________
B. ________
C. ________
16
Magnetism
S
N
Magnet
17
18
Electromagnetism
19
Electromagnet
Air Core
DC Voltage
DC Voltage
Number of Turns
20
DC Voltage
DC Voltage
5 Turns
Changing Polarity
10 Turns
S
N
3
4
1
10
7
N
S
S
S
Ammeter
Time 1
Time 2
Ammeter
Time 3
Electromagnetic Attraction
Original Position
New Position
Review 3
1.
3. A _______ is produced around a conductor when
current is flowing through it.
4. Which of the following will increase the strength of the
magnetic field for an electromagnet?
23
A1
Iron Core
B2
C2
C1
B1
A2
24
A1
C2
B2
C1
B1
A2
To Phase A
C2
C1
B1
A2
2-Pole Stator Winding
25
Start
S C2
A2
B1
Magnetic Lines of Flux
Current Flow in the Positive Direction
A
Current Flow at Zero
B
Time 1
C1
S C2
S
A2
B1
B2 N
A1
N
C2
S
C1
B1
S
A2
60o
C
Current Flow in the Positive Direction
A
Current Flow at Zero
60o
B
Start
Time 2
A1
B2
C1
B2
S C2
S
B1
A2
B2 N
C1
C1
S
A2
o
C2 60
A1
N
S
S
A2
N C2
B1
B1
B
120
Start
27
360 Rotation
At the end of six such time intervals, the magnetic field will
have rotated one full revolution or 360. This process repeats 60
times a second for a 60 Hz power source.
Synchronous Speed
28
Rotor Rotation
Permanent Magnet
Induced Voltage
Electromagnet
Stator
C2
B2
Rotor
B1
C1
A2
29
A1
C2
B2
B1
C1
A2
30
Slip
NS - NR
NS
x 100
31
Wound Rotor
Brush
Synchronous Motor
32
Rotor Bar
Brush
Coil
External DC
Power Supply
Slip Ring
2. The speed of the rotating magnetic field is referred to
as the motors _______ speed.
3. The synchronous speed of a 60 Hz, four-pole motor is
_______ RPM.
4. The difference in speed between synchronous speed
and rotor speed is called _______.
5. A 2-pole motor is operating on a 60 Hz power supply.
The rotor is turning at 3450 RPM. Slip is _______%.
33
Motor Specifications
Nameplate
1LE2321-2CB21-2AA3
SD100
30.00
35.0
1775
40oC AMB.
CONT
F
B
G
50BC03JPP3
US
34
Service Factor
Insulation Class
35
Motor Efficiency
36
Using a 30 HP, 1765 RPM NEMA B motor as an example, fullload torque can be calculated by transposing the formula for
horsepower.
HP =
HP x 5252
= 30 x 5252 = 89.3 lb-ft
1765
Speed (in RPM)
37
Starting Torque
134.0 lb-ft
89.3 lb-ft
Pull-up Torque
Breakdown Torque
Starting Torque
178.6 lb-ft
134.0 lb-ft
Pull-up Torque
Full-load Torque
38
89.3 lb-ft
Full-Load Torque
178.6 lb-ft
Starting Torque
134.0 lb-ft
Pull-up Torque
89.3 lb-ft
Full-load Torque
Slip 1.9%
a
Lo
ad 1
ue
e Lo
rq
u
q
o
T
Tor
le
ble
aria
iab
V
r
Va
39
NEMA A Motor
NEMA C Motor
40
Breakdown Torque
214.3 lb-ft
174 lb-ft
89.3 lb-ft
NEMA D Motor
95.1 lb-ft
Slip 8%
41
Review 5
1.
42
Derating Factors
43
Frequency
Altitude
Ambient Temperature
44
The volts per hertz (V/Hz) ratio is the ratio of applied voltage
to applied frequency for a motor. 460 VAC is the most common
voltage rating for an industrial AC motor manufactured for use
in the United States. These motors have a frequency rating of
60Hz. This provides a V/Hz ratio of 7.67. Not every motor has
a 7.67 V/Hz ratio. A 230 Volt, 60 Hz motor, for example, has a
3.8V/Hz ratio.
460 V
= 7.67 V/HZ
60 Hz
230 V
= 3.8 V/Hz
60 Hz
45
The following graphs illustrate the constant volts per hertz ratio
of a 460 volt, 60 Hz motor and a 230 volt, 60 Hz motor operated
over the constant torque range. Keep in mind that if the applied
frequency increases, stator reactance increases. In order to
compensate for this, the drive must simultaneously increase
voltage proportionally. Otherwise, stator current, flux, and
torque would decrease.
Constant Horsepower
46
47
Distance from the drive to the motor must also be taken into
consideration. All motor cables have line-to-line and line-toground capacitance. The longer the cable, the greater the
capacitance. Some types of cables, such as shielded cable or
cables in metal conduit, have greater capacitance. Spikes occur
on the output of AC drives because of the charging current
in the cable capacitance. Higher voltage (460 VAC) and higher
capacitance (long cables) result in higher current spikes. Voltage
spikes caused by long cable lengths can potentially shorten the
life of the AC drive and motor.
48
A table, like one shown below, can be used to find the load
torque characteristics. NEMA publication MG 1 is one source of
typical torque characteristics.
49
For example, if the radius of the pulley is 1 foot and the force
required to turn the shaft is 10 pounds, the torque requirement
is 10 lb-ft. Remember that this is just the required starting
torque. The amount of torque required to turn the load can vary
with speed.
At any point on the speed-torque curve, the amount of torque
produced by a motor must always at least equal the torque
required by its load. If the motor cannot produce sufficient
torque, it will either fail to start the load, stall, or run in an
overloaded condition. This will probably cause protective
devices to trip and remove the motor from the power source.
Centrifugal Pump
Motor
600 lb-ft
Centrifugal Pump
120 lb-ft
50
51
Review 6
1.
Motor
Load 4
Load 3
ad
Lo
d1
Loa
52
Motor Enclosures
Vent
53
Totally Enclosed
Non-Ventilated (TENV)
Enclosure
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled A totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) motor is similar to a
(TEFC) Enclosure
TENV motor, but has an external fan mounted opposite the
drive end of the motor. The fan blows air over the motors
exterior for additional cooling. The fan is covered by a shroud to
prevent anyone from touching it. TEFC motors can be used in
dirty, moist, or mildly corrosive environments.
Cooling Fan
54
XP100
NEM
PremiumA
! Warning
! ATTE
NT
! WAR ION
NING
Hazardous (Classified)
Locations
Class II
Groups E-G
Flammable Dust
Examples:
Coke Dust
Grain Dust
55
Class III
Flammable Lint
or Fibers
Examples:
Textiles
Saw Dust
Mounting
NEMA Dimensions
The third digit in the integral T frame size number is the NEMA
code for the distance between the center lines of the motor
feet mounting bolt holes. The distance is determined by
matching this digit with a table in NEMA publication MG1.
For example, the distance between the center lines of the
mounting bolt holes in the feet of a 143T frame is 4.00 inches.
57
IEC Dimensions
Mounting Positions
Shaft
F-1 Position
(Standard)
58
F-2 Position
Mounting Faces
Assembly W-1
Assembly W-2
Assembly W-3
Assembly W-4
Assembly W-5
Assembly W-6
Assembly W-7
Assembly W-8
Assembly C-1
Assembly C-2
Motor
C-face
59
D-flange
Review 7
1.
60
61
The following example shows the energy savings over the life
of a NEMA Premium efficiency motor. In this example, a 20HP,
1800 RPM, TEFC motor (Motor 1) with an efficiency of 91% and
a purchase price of $675 is compared with a Siemens GP100
NEMA Premium motor with and efficiency of 93.6% and a
purchase price of $1072.
C=P+
0.746 x HP x T x R
E
Motor 1 Calculation
C = $675 +
C = $1072 +
62
XP100
NE
PremMA
ium
! Warning
! ATTE
N
! WA TION
RNING
TEFC Vertical P-Base Motors Siemens TEFC Vertical P-Base motors are the right choice for
applications such as centrifugal pumps, turbine pumps, cooling
towers, fans, mixers, pulp and paper, petrochemical, irrigation,
agriculture, and waste water treatment. These Severe Duty, cast
iron motors exceed EPAct Efficiency standards and are offered
with a solid shaft for Normal, Medium and In-Line Pump thrust
applications. Equipped with an insulation system that exceeds
the requirements of NEMA MG1 Part 31, Siemens Vertical PBase motors are suitable for use with variable speed drives.
63
IEC Standard Motors (Up to Siemens IEC Standard motors are characterized by their
Frame Size 315L)
flexibility, ruggedness and energy efficiency. In general, all
motors are suitable for converter-fed operation with line
voltages of up to 500 V +10%. These motors are designed
to fulfill the requirements of the European and international
markets with an output range from 0.06 to 250 kW.
IEC Non-Standard Motors
Siemens IEC motor series N compact includes outputs
(Frame Size 315 and Above) up to 1250 kW (at 50 Hz) in the non-standard range. A
number of technical features provide this motor series with its
ruggedness, reliability, and long service life. These motors also
are characterized by their high output for a small frame size and
have an extremely compact, space-saving design. N compact
motors have optimized efficiencies to reduce energy cost.
IEC Explosion Protected
Motors
64
Specially designed for use on ships below deck and for the
offshore industry, our marine motors meet the requirements
of the leading classification authorities (VV, DNV, GL, LRS) and
have type-test certificates up to 200kW output.
Our three-phase roller table motors for inverter-fed operation
are designed to satisfy the high demands of reversing rolling
mills. They are designed as totally enclosed asynchronous threephase motors with a spheroid graphite iron housing, ring ribs,
and strengthened bearing brackets.
IEC Inverter Duty Motors
IEC Customer-specific
Motors
Motors that are larger than NEMA frame sizes are referred to as
above NEMA motors. These motors range in power up to
18,000 HP and are constructed to meet specific customer
requirements.
65
AC
XD
N-W
Keyway Length
HT
XW
XL
X
AF
D
AA
Pipetap
2F
E
2E
66
Horizontal, Foot-Mounted
Above NEMA Motors
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
W eather P rotected II
C G II
D esigned for outdoor applications w here the m otor is not lik ely to be
D escription
protected by other structures.
IP 24 - protected against solid objects greater than 12.5 m m and w ater
D egree of P rotection
splashing from any direction.
IC 01 - open air ventilation
T ype of C ooling
200 to 10,000 H P
P ow er R ange
2 to 16
P oles
500, 580, 680, 800, and 1120
F ram e S izes
460 to 13,200 V (460 to 690 V up to 800 H P )
V oltage
1.0 (1.15 optional)
S ervice F actor
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
W eather P rotected II
H -C om pact P LU S S H 710 F ram e
D esigned for outdoor applications w here the m otor is not lik ely to be
D escription
protected by other structures.
IP W 24 - protected against solid objects greater than 12.5 m m and w ater
D egree of P rotection
splashing from any direction. W extends the rating to w eather conditions.
IC 01 - open air ventilation
T ype of C ooling
U p to 18,000 H P for 2-pole or 4-pole
U p to 12,000 H P for 6 pole
P ow er R ange
U p to 10,000 H P for 8 pole
U p to 7,000 H P for 10 pole
2 to 10
P oles
710, 712, 714, and 716
F ram e S izes
6,000 to 13,200 V
V oltage
1.0 (1.15 optional)
S ervice F actor
67
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
IC 611 - totally enclosed air-to-air cooled w ith shaft m ounted external fan
900 to 7,000 H P
2 to 16
580, 680, 800, and 1120
2,300 to 13,200 V
1.0 (1.15 optional)
68
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
Vertical, Flange-Mounted
Above NEMA Motors
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
W eather P rotected I
C G V and C G G S
B est suited to indoor applications w here it w ill not be exposed to extrem e
D escription
am bient conditions.
IP 23 - protected against solid objects greater than 12.5 m m and falling
D egree of P rotection
w ater sprayed at angles up to 60 degrees from vertical.
IC 01 - open air ventilation
T ype of C ooling
200 to 4,000 H P
P ow er R ange
4 to 16
P oles
500, 580, 680, 800, and 1120
F ram e S izes
2,300 to 13,200 V
V oltage
1.0 (1.15 optional)
S ervice F actor
69
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
W eather P rotected II
C G IIV and C G IIH S
D esigned for outdoor applications w here the m otor is not lik ely to be
D escription
protected by other structures.
IP 24 - protected against solid objects greater than 12.5 m m and w ater
D egree of P rotection
splashing from any direction.
IC 01 - open air ventilation
T ype of C ooling
200 to 4,000 H P
P ow er R ange
4 to 16
P oles
500, 580, 680, 800, and 1120
F ram e S izes
2,300 to 13,200 V
V oltage
1.0 (1.15 optional)
S ervice F actor
E nclosure T ype
S iem ens T ype
70
Review 8
1.
71
Review Answers
72
73
Final Exam
You can test your knowledge by taking the final exam for this
course online at http://www.usa.siemens.com/step. This
web page provides links to a variety of our quickSTEP online
courses. To complete the final exam for this course, click on the
Basics of AC Motors link.
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74