Microstrip Circuits Design and Fabrication

Microstrip Circuits Design and Fabrication

.

.
) (

.

:
Gunter Kompa
Artech House
2005
Practical Microstrip Design And

Applications
John Wiley & T. C. Edwards ,
Foundations of Interconnect and
Sons
M. B. Steer
Microstrip Design
Artech House
Gupta , K. C., Microstrip Lines and Slotlines , (2nd
) Garg , Ramesh , edition
and Bahl, I. J.
John Wiley & T. C. Edwards
Foundations for Microstrip Circuit
nd
Sons
)Design (2 edition
Prentice Hall
Fooks , E. H., and Microwave
Engineering
Using
Zakarevicius , R. Microstrip Circuits
A.
Artech House
Hoffmann, R. K.
Handbook of Microwave Integrated
Circuits
2001
1996
1992
1990
1987

.

.

:

.

.

.

:
Chapter 1 : Microwave Engineering and Technologies
7
) (-
9
) (-
) (- )(High Frequency Laminates
)
)
)
22
:
Chapter 2 : Network Analysis and Essential Definitions
33
(- )(Ideal Transmission Lines
39
(- )(Network Analysis
50
(- )(Essential Definitions
:
) (-
Chapter 3 : Microstrip Transmission Line

55
) (-
57
) (-
63
) (-
69
) (-
72
) (-
74
) (-
75
) (-
90
)
)
)
:
Chapter 4 : Microstrip Components and Discontinuities
105
(-
108
(-
110
(-- open circuit end
) (-- short circuit end
113
) (-- Gap discontinuity
115
) (-- ) Slit or

118
(transverse slit
) (-- ) (Bend Discontinuities
119
) (-- ) Step
124
(Discontinuities
) (--
127
) (- )(microstrip components
131
) (-
139
:
Chapter 5 : Computer Aided Design and Analysis Programs
158
) (-
159
) (-
) (-
163
:
Chapter 6 : Hybrid Couplers, Power Splitters and Bias Networks
182
) (-
184
) (- Hybrid Couplers
186
) (-- Branch-Line Hybrid
Couplers
) (-- Rat Race Hybrid
coupler
) (-- Lange coupler
192
198
) (--
201
) (- Power Splitters and

combiners
) (- Bias Networks
210
253
Chapter 7 : Filters and Multiplexers

269
) (-
) (-
293
) (-
Impedance
) (-
313
Stepped
317

) (-
322
) (- Hairpin LPF
325
) (-
BPF
) (- Stub Loaded
Structure
) (-
328
Coupled Lines
334
339
) ( - Hairpin BPF
341
) ( - Interdigital
BPF
) ( -
348
353

) ( -
356
) ( -
360
) ( -
362
) ( - Open Circuit
Stubs
) ( - )(Multiplexers
365
371
)
)
)
:
Chapter 8 : Fabrication, Test and Measurement
381
(- CAD/CAM
384
(- PCB Fabrication
391
(- Coaxial Connectors
) (-
) (-
398
Packaging and Assembly
) (- Test and Measurement
404
410
Chapter 1 : Microwave Engineering and Technologies

:
) (- :
) ( c = 299792458 m/s

) (frequency f Hz ) wavelength
(m ) ( = c/f ) (- .
) : (- .

-
.
)(Frequencies
3 30 KHz
30 300 KHz
300 3000 KHz
3 30 MHz
30 300 MHz
300 3000 MHz
3 30 GHz
30 300 GHz

)(Frequency Range and Abbreviation
)(Very low frequency - VLF
)(Low frequency - LF
)(Medium frequency - MF
)(High frequency - HF
)(Very high frequency - VHF
)(Ultra high frequency - UHF
)(Super high frequency - SHF
)(Extremely high frequency - EHF
) : ( - )(Ranges of Radio Waves

- .

)(Frequency Band
L band
S band
C band
X band
Ku band
K band
Ka band
)(Frequencies
1 - 2 GHz
2 - 4 GHz
4 - 8 GHz
8 - 12 GHz
12 - 18 GHz
18 - 26 GHz
26 - 40 GHz
) : ( - )(Ranges of Microwaves
) (millimeter waves )40-

(300 GHz ) (40-75 GHz ) (V band
) (75-110 GHz )... ... (W band
]
) ( germination [
] ) (sterilization ) (Microwave Imaging

) (Heart Simulation ) [ (hemorrhaging control
] [
] [
] ) [ (GPS ]
-
[ ]
[
]
[ ]
[ . ) (
.
) (- :
) (Transmission Lines

) (mode

.
) (Waveguide Technology

9
)(Waveguide Technology

) (losses ) (coaxial cables
.

)(Waveguides and coaxial cables
) (Planar Microwave Technonogies

) (Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits
)(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits
)(Cofired Ceramic
)(MCM
) (MEMS
:
)( - )(Waveguide Technology
millimeter waves
) (Power
) (losses
.
) (Waveguide Transmission lines
) (Rectangular Waveguide )(Circular Waveguide

) (Ridged Waveguide
) double
(Ridged Waveguide ) (- . ) (-
) (- ) (
.
10
)(Rectangular Waveguide
)(Circular Waveguide
)(Ridged Waveguide
)(double Ridged Waveguide
) : (- .
) : (-
) : (-
11
)( - )(coaxial cables

) (power splitters ) (attenuators

) (accessories ) (connectors ) (flexible cables
) (- ) (- )(Attenuator
.

.
) : (-
) : (- )(Coaxial Attenuator
)( - )(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits
) (MMIC
) (GaAs ) (passive ) (active
12
) (chip
) (electron-beam {e-beam} lithography technology ) Advanced
(photo-lithography technology
.

) (-
) (MMIC ) (-
.
) : (- )(MMIC
) : (- )(MMIC
13
)( - )(Cofired Ceramic
)(dielectric layers
) (unfired ceramic tapes
) (green tapes ) blanking and punching
(vias ) (conductor screen printing
).(firing
) ( 1600 1500
) High Temperature Cofired
(Ceramic - HTCC ) (900 - 850
) Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic
(- LTCC .
) (Transmission lines
.
) (poor thermal conductivity
) (heat spreaders ) (power devices )(-
) (LTCC .
) : (- )(LTCC
14
)( - )(Multichip Module - MCM

).(several bare die chips are mounted on a single package
) (MCM
) (MCM-L ) (MCM-C ) (MCM-D ) (L , C and D )(Laminate , Ceramic and Deposited
.
- ) (MCM-L ) printed
(circuit board PCB technologies
) (MCM-C
) (Cofired Ceramic
) (MCM-D
). (thin film ceramic
- ) (MCM-L
) (- ) (MCM-L
) (-
.
) : (- )(MCM-L
15
) : (- )(MCM-L
)( - )(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS
)silicon-based
(microelectronics ) (micromachining technology
) (MEMS ) mechanical and electrical
(miniature devices ) (discrete components
) (array of devices
) (MEMS Switch

) (- ) (MEMS Switch ) (-
. ) (MEMS
) (complete system-on-a-chip
.
16
) : (- )(MEMS Switch
) : (- )(MEMS Switch
)( - ) Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits

(MIC
) (Substrates ) (Dielectric
) (Conductor )(discrete components
.
17
) (Strip Line ) (Microstrip Line ) Slot
(Line ) (Coplanar Waveguide CPW ) (Fin Line
) (-
) (Dielectric ) (Conductors .
) (Transmission Lines :
/ ) (non-TEM Transmission Lines
) (Fin Line
) (
) (TEM Transmission Lines ).(Strip Line
) (Quasi-TEM Transmission Lines

: )(Microstrip Line
) (Slot Line ) (Coplanar Waveguide CPW
) (Quasi-TEM
) (dielectric substrate
.
) (Transmission Lines ) (

)PCB
(Technology )characteristic impedance
(Zo ) (20-150
) (Microstrip Lines ) characteristic impedance
18
(Zo ) (40-200
) (Coplanar Waveguide CPW
.
) (- ) (Coplanar Waveguide CPW
) (SMA coaxial connectors
.
) (- ) (Microstrip Line
) (SMA coaxial connectors ) (- ) (- )(-
.
) (-
) (Microstrip Low Pass Filter )SMA
(coaxial connectors
) (5 microstrip lines ) (
) (characteristic impedance Zo
.
19

)(Strip Line
)(Microstrip Line

)(Slot Line
) Coplanar
(Waveguide CPW
)(Fin Line
) : (- )(Transmission Lines
20
) : (- )(SMA coaxial connectors
) : (- ) (Microstrip Line
) : (- )(Microstrip Low Pass Filter

)(SMA coaxial connectors
21
) (- ): (High Frequency Laminates
) (- ) (High Frequency Laminate

) (conductor .
)(
)(
)) : (-( ) -(

) (Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits MIC
) (microstrip circuits
) (dielectric ) (laminate
) (system ) (subsystem .
-
- ) ( -
) ( )
( - ) ( -
)
(power amplifier
.
) microstrip
. (circuits
22

Dielectric
Thermal
Conductivity
strength
2 o
](k) [W/cm / C] [kV/cm
0.0026
----

Loss tangent
)(tan
)(104
5-15

material

)(
dielectric
)constant (r
2.16-2.24
----
0.0041
10-60
10.2-10.7
4 X 103
0.37
1-2
10
4 X 103
0.28
4 X 103
0.2
15
----
0.01
20
300
0.001
2.3
104
0.01
3.8
300
0.9
10-100
12
350
0.3
12.8-13
)
(
PTFE or Teflon

)
( )

(99.5%
Alumina
)
(96%
Alumina
)
(85%
Alumina
Glass
)
(
Polyolefin
Quartz
)Silicon (Si

)(GaAs
) : (- ) ( substrates
) (- ) ( substrates
) (dielectric constant
) (Sapphire ) (dielectric constant r
) (Ferrite materials - Garnet ) Permeability
(r ) ( .
) ( substrate

23
) (PTFE ) 2.35
( 2.1 )
( ) (3-10.2
) (datasheets
) (laminate product selection guide
.
)(Rolling
) (Electrodepositing )
- Copper Gold brass Aluminum Silver
(Nickel ) (conductor )(9 m
) (70 m ) (dielectric substrate ) (0.12 mm
). (3.2 mm

) (Dielectric strength ) Thermal
(Conductivity
) (alumina
) (Machining )
(
.
) (
:
) (Rogers ) (Duroid
) (RT/duroid 5880
) (r = 2.2 0.02
) (RO3003 ) (r = 3 0.04
) (RO3210 ). (r = 10.2 0.5
) (ARLON
) (DiClad
) (r =2.33 )... (DiClad 870
) (- ) (
) (dielectric constant r ) (Loss tangent ) (tan
) (Dielectric strength ) (Thermal Conductivity
24
) (Moisture absorption ) (volume resistivity )surface

(resistivity
) (IPC-TM-650 method 2.5.5.5
.

) (dielectric constant r ) (8-10 )(Alumina substrates

.
) (Rogers Corporation
) (NASA
) (hydrocarbon thermoset plastic - ceramic filled ) (TMM
.
) ( .
) (TMM ) : ( 3.279.8
)(dielectric constant
3.27 0.032
TMM3
4.5 0.045
TMM4
6 0.08
TMM6
9.2 0.23
TMM10
9.8 0.245
TMM10i
) : (- )(TMM
) (TMM )
( ) (dielectric constant r

.
25
) (Laminate
) (-
:
5880
DIEL+ 0007
CU 2 SIDE
EDC
0100
OZ
11/24/02
) : (-
:
) (Laminate 5880
) (RF/duroid 5880 ) (r = 2.2 0.02
) (datasheets
) (Laminate11/24/02

).(Material Safety datasheet
DIEL+ 0007
0100
)(h = 0.01 0.0007 inch

)(1 inch = 25.4 mm
26
EDC
CU 2 SIDE
OZ
) (CU ) (2 SIDE
) (EDC Electrically Deposited
)OZ
(1 ) (t = 1.4 mils 1 OZ
) (t = 1.4 x 0.001 x 25.4 mm = 0.03556 mm

(OZ Ounce) : .

1.0E / 1.0E

)OZ
.(1

) (0.5 OZ :
CU 2 SIDE
EDC
OZ
0.5
0.5E / 0.5E
) (t = 0.7 mils 0.5 OZ
) (t = 0.7 x 0.001 x 25.4 mm = 0.01778 mm
:
27
0.25 OZ
9 m
0.4 mils
0.5 OZ
17.5 m
0.7 mils
1.0 OZ
35 m
1.4 mils
2.0 OZ
70 m
2.8 mils
) : (-

) (Laminates
) (data sheets
) (material safety data sheets )(Application Notes
) (Fabrication Guidelines ) (
) (download ) (i2

:
)( - ) : (Storage
) (65F to 85F -or- 18C to 30C
) (dielectric materials ) (high humidity
) (atmospheric pollutants ) (industrial gases
). (marine salts

) (
) (polyethylene
.
)( - ) : (Handling
) (knit nylon gloves ). (non-absorbent material
)( ) Surface
(Preparation ) (Drilling ) (Hole Preparation
) (spindle ) (spindle speed in RPM
) (photolithography
28
) (improved edge quality

.
)(
) (BeO

.
) (Machining
) (airborne dust levels
). (Polymer Fume Fever

) (material safety data sheets
.

......
) (-
) (-

) .(
29
www.rogers-corp.com
Rogers Corporation
http://www.taconic-add.com/en--index.php
http://www.4taconic.com/en/
Taconic Corporate
www.arlonmed.com
http://www.arlon-med.com/
Arlon
www.gilam.com
GIL
www.polyclad.com
Polyclad
http://sun-stone.en.alibaba.com/
http://shpri.en.alibaba.com/
http://omen.en.alibaba.com/
http://changrun.en.alibaba.com/
http://www.alibaba.com/company/10123273.html
Electrodeposited Copper Foil

(Sunstone International Industry
And Trade Co_, Ltd
Shanghai Plastics Research
Institute
Ningbo Jiangdong Chuangwei
Sealing Material Co., Ltd. (Omen)
Changzhou Changrun Imp. & Exp.
Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Wanshun Group
. : (-)
30
Rogers RT/Duroid
5880
Rogers RT/Duroid
5870
Rogers RT/Duroid
6002
Rogers RO3003
Rogers RO4003
Rogers RO4350
Rogers RO3006
Rogers RO3010
Rogers RT/Duroid
6010
Arlon DiClad 880
Arlon AR320
Arlon 33N
Arlon 35N
Arlon AR600
Arlon DiClad 870
Taconic TLY5
Taconic TLT9
Taconic TLE95
Taconic RF30
Taconic TLC32
Taconic RF60
FR4
(r)
( tan )
PTFE/glass fiber
2.2 @ 10 GHz
0.0009 @ 10 GHz
PTFE/glass fiber
2.33 @ 10 GHz
0.0012 @ 10 GHz
PTFE/ceramic
2.94 @ 1 GHz
0.0012 @ 1 GHz
PTFE/ceramic
Hydrocarbon/ceramic
woven glass
Hydrocarbon/ceramic
woven glass
PTFE/ceramic
PTFE/ceramic
PTFE/ceramic
3.0 @ 10 GHz
3.38 @ 10 GHz
0.0013 @ 10 GHz
0.0027 @10 GHz
3.48 @ 10 GHz
0.004 @ 10 GHz
6.15 @ 10 GHz
10.2 @ 10 GHz
10.2 @ 1 GHz
0.0025 @ 10 GHz
0.0035 @ 10 GHz
0.0028 @ 1 GHz
PTFE/woven
fiberglass
PTFE/woven
fiberglass
Polyimide/E-glass
Polyimide/E-glass
PTFE/woven
fiberglass/ceramic
filled
PTFE/woven
fiberglass
PTFE/woven glass
PTFE/woven glass
PTFE/woven glass
Glass reinforced
fluoro polymer
PTFE/woven glass
PTFE/ceramic
Epoxy/glass
2.2 @ 10 GHz
0.0009 @ 10 GHz
3.20 @ 10 GHz
0.003 @ 10 GHz
4.25 @ 1 MHz
4.39 @ 1 MHz
6.0 @ 10 GHz
0.009 @ 1 MHz
0.008 @ 1 MHz
0.0035 @ 10 GHz
2.3 @ 10 GHz
0.0013 @ 10 GHz
2.2 @ 10 GHz
2.5 @ 10 GHz
2.95 @ 10 GHz
3.0 @ 1.9 GHz
0.0009 @ 10 GHz
0.0006 @ 10 GHz
0.0028 @ 10 GHz
0.0014 @ 1.9 GHz
3.2 @ 10 GHz
6.15 @ 10 GHz
5.2 @ 1 MHz
0.003 @ 10 GHz
0.0028 @ 10 GHz
0.025 @ 1 MHz
Epoxy/glass
5.2 @ 1 MHz
0.025 @ 1 MHz
FR5

. : (-)
31
2003
/
Artech House
/
Antti V. Raisanen
Arto Lehto
1994
John Wiley & Sons
Kai Chang
1992
McGraw-Hill
Robert Collins
2005
John Wiley & Sons
David M. Pozar
2005
John Wiley & Sons
Kai Chang
2003
John Wiley & Sons
2002
John Wiley & Sons
2001
CRC Press
Inder Bahl
Prakash Bhartia
Kai Chang
Vijay Nair
Inder J. Bahl
Mike Golio
1992
John Wiley & Sons
Terry Edwards
2002
Rogers Corporation USA

Application Note :
TM2.9.9
Application Note:
Fabrication RO4.3.5
Rogers
Corporation
Rogers
Corporation
Preliminary Fabrication
Guidelines for RO4350
High Frequency Circuit
Materials
11

Application Note:
Fabrication
Guidelines RT4.1.0
Artech House
Rogers
Corporation
Fabrication Guidelines
RT/duroid 5870/5880 and
ULTRALAM 2000 High
Frequency Laminates
12
Noyan Kinayman
M. I. Aksun
Modern Microwave Circuits
13
1996
2003
2005

Radio Engineering for
Wireless Communication
and Sensor Applications
Microwave Solid-State
Circuits and Applications
Foundations for Microwave
nd
Engineering (2 edition)
Microwave Engineering
rd
(3 edition)
Encyclopedia of RF and
Microwave Solid State
nd
Circuit Design (2 edition)
RF and Microwave Circuit
and Component Design for
Wireless Systems
RF and Microwave
Handbook
Foundations for Microstrip
nd
TMM Temperature Stable
Microwave Materials as a
Replacement for Alumina
on Space Flight Hardware
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

( -)
:
http://www.rogers-corp.com/acm/litintbl.htm
:
http://www.alibaba.com
32
i1
i2
i3
Chapter 2 : Network Analysis and Essential Definitions

:
) (- ): (Ideal Transmission Lines

. ) (- ) (schematic
) (Ideal Transmission Line ) (z ) (- .
) : ( - ) (schematic ). (Ideal Transmission Lines
) : ( - ) (z .
33
) (z :
)(2-1
V ( z ) = Vo+ e -z + Vo ez
)(2-2
I o+ e -z + Io ez
= )I ( z
) ( I o , Vo ) (z
) ( I o , Vo
) ( z ) (complex propagation constant
:
) = + j = ( R + jL)(G + jC
)(2-3
) (attenuation constant ) (phase constant

) (R /m ) (L H/m ) (inductance
) (C F/m ) (shunt capacitance ) (G S/m
) (shunt conductance ). ( -
) (characteristic impedance Zo :
)(2-4
Vo+ Vo R + jL
R + j L
= Zo = + =
=
G + j C
Io
Io
) (wavelength :
)(2-5
) (phase velocity vp :
)(2-6
= f
34
= vp
) : ( - ).(ZL
) (load ) (ZL ) (-
) (z :
)(2-7
) V ( z ) = A ( e -z + o ez
)(2-8
A
) ( e -z o ez
Zo
= )I ( z
) (z :
B 2z
e = o e 2z
A
)(2-9
= ) ( z
) (o ) . (z = 0
) (input impedance of the transmission line
) (z :
)(2-10
e -z + o ez
)V ( z
= Z o -z
z
)I ( z
e o e
35
= ) Z IN ( z
) (o ZIN(0)=ZL
:
1 + o
Z L = Z o
1
o
)(2-11
): (o
Z L Zo
Z L + Zo
)(2-12
= o
) input impedance of the transmission

(line ) (d ): (z = d
) Z + Z o tanh ( d
Z IN (d ) = Z o L
+
tanh
(
)d
Z
Z
L
o
)(2-13
) (R ) (G
) (shunt conductance
).(lossless transmission line
) (R 0 , G 0
:
= L C
= Zo
L
C
=j
vp
f
=0
1
LC
= vp
) input impedance of the lossless transmission

(line ) (d :
36
) Z + Z o tan ( d
Z IN (d ) = Z o L
Z
Z
+
tan
(
)d
o
L
)(2-14
) (transmission line electrical length :

)(2-15
= = d
) (d ) ( ).(=3.14159265
) (voltage standing wave ratio VSWR
:
1 + o
1 o
)(2-16
V ( z ) max
V ( z ) min
= VSWR
) | ( |o :
VSWR 1
VSWR + 1
)(2-17
= o
) (ZL
) (Zo
) properly
(terminated or matched transmission line ) (ZL=Zo )(2-12

) (2-14 ) (2-16 :
VSWR = 1
ZIN(d) = Zo
37
o = 0
) (ZL = 0 ) shorted
(transmission line :
= VSWR
o = 1
) (d :
)Z sc (d ) = j Zo tan ( d
)(2-18
) (sc ).(short circuit
) = (ZL
) (open-circuited transmission line :
= VSWR
o = 1
) (d :
)Z oc (d ) = j Zo cot ( d
)(2-19
) (oc ).(open circuit
) quarter wave
(transmission line )
( d = ) (2-14
Z2
Z IN ( ) = o
4 ZL
) (matching )
( ) (ZL ) Z IN ( / 4
) (real ) (not complex
) (characteristic impedance Zo :
)(2-20
)Z o = Z L Z IN ( / 4
38
) (quarter wave transformer

.
).(1,2,3,4
) (- ): (Network Analysis
) : ( - ).(multiport network
)( ) (multiport network
) (discrete components
) (distributed components .
) (networks
) (impedance matrix

)admittance matrix
) (hybrid matrix or ABCD matrix .
(

) (normalized wave variables ] [S
) (S .
39
) (two-port networks

.
) : ( - .
) ( - ) (two port network

. ) (z :
z12 i2
v1 = z11 i1 +
z22 i2
v2 = z21 i1 +
]Z matrix) [Z

or
(impedance matrix

= [Z] i1
i 2
)(2-21
z12 i1

z 22 i 2
v1 z11
=
v 2 z 21
] (admittance matrix or Y matrix) [Y

:
)(2-22

= [Y] v1
v 2
40
y12 v1

y22 v 2
i1 y11
=
i 2 y21
) ( (hybrid matrix or ABCD matrix

:
)(2-23
v1 A B v 2
=
i1 C D i 2
) (S, Z , Y and ABCD

).(circuit analysis and simulation software
) : ( -
) ( -
) (A , B ) (1 ) (A )(1
) (B ) (2 ) (A ) (2 )(B
) (ZTotal )(Z
:
41
A
B
z11
v1 v1A + v1B
z A12 + z B12 i1
+ z11
=
= A
B
A
B
A
B
v
v
+
v 2 2
z 21 + z 21 z 22 + z 22 i 2
2

= [Z A + Z B ] i1 = [ZTotal ] i1
i 2
i 2
) ( - ) (A , B
) (1 ) (A ) (1 ) (B
) (2 ) (A ) (2 ) (B
) (YTotal ) (Y
:
A
B
y11
i1 i1A + i1B
y A12 + y B12 v1
+ y11
= A B = A
B
A
B
i 2 i 2 + i 2
y 21 + y 21 y 22 + y 22 v 2

= [YA + YB ] v1 = [YTotal ] v1
v 2
v 2
) : ( - .
42
) : ( - )(cascade
) ( - ) (cascade
) (2 ) (a ) (1 ) (b
) (hybrid matrix or ABCD matrix
:
Bb v2a A B v2a
Db i2a C D i2a
Ba Ab
Da Cb
v1a Aa
= a
i1 Ca

) (N
:
A B A B A B
A B
=
..........
....
C D C D C D
C D

1
2
) (S
.
43
) : ( - )(normalized wave variables
) ( - ) normalized wave
(variables
:
)n=1,2
Zon
(where
an = Vn+ /
:
)n=1,2
Zon
(where
bn = Vn /
) ( Vn ) (n ) ( Vn ) (n
) (Zon ) (characteristic impedance ) (n
) (normalizing impedance ) .(50 )
(
) (1 ) (2 )
( 2 ) (2 ) (S
. ) ( - ) (1
) (2
.
44
) : ( - .
) (S :
b1 = S11 a1 + S12a2
b2 = S21 a1 + S22a2
] (Scattering matrix or S matrix) [S

:
)(2-24
S12 a1
a1
[
]
S
=

S 22 a 2
a 2
b1 S11
=
b 2 S 21
) (S ) transmission and
(reflection coefficients ) (S
:
45
) (1
) (matching )(2
2 =0
b1
a1 a
) (1 ) (2
) (matching )(2
a2 = 0
) (2
) (matching )(1
a1 = 0
) (2 ) (1
) (matching )(1
a1 = 0
= S11
b
S 21 = 2
a1
b
= 2
a2
b1
a2
S 22
= S12
) : ( - ) (S .
) (S
) (Zon ) (normalizing impedance
) (Zo ) (S ) (Zo
) (50
) (Network Analyzer ) (S
.
) (S
) (symmetrical ) (reciprocal ] [S :
[S ] = [S ]T
) (T ) (transposed :
)(2-25
S11 = S 22
S 21 = S12
) (lossless
) (N :
Sij = S ji
i, j = 1,2,..., N
46
) (lossless passive network ) (N

:
)where (i = 1, 2, . . .N
S ni = S ni S ni = 1
*
n =1
n =1
) (column ] [S )(conjugate of the column

. :
)sr
(where s , r = 1,2,.....N ,
=0
S ns S nr
n =1
) (column ] [S
) (conjugate of any other column .

.

) (chain scattering parameters ) (T
) ( - ] [T :
)(2-26
b 2
a1 T11 T12 b 2
[
]
T
=
a 2
b1 T21 T22 a 2
) : ( - )(cascade
47
) ( - ) (cascade
) (1 ) (B ) (2 ) (A
) (2 ) (A ) (1 ) (B
] [T ] [T :

[T ] = [T ]A [T ]B
] [T
) (N
:
[T ] = [T ]1 [T ]2 ... [T ]N
) (S )(z
) (z )(S
(1 + S11 )(1 S 22 ) + S12 S 21

(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21
= z11
( z11 1)( z 22 + 1) z12 z 21

( z11 + 1)( z22 + 1) z12 z21
= S11
2 S12
(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21
= z12
2 z12
( z11 + 1)( z22 + 1) z12 z21
= S12
2 S 21
(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21
= z21
2 z 21
( z11 + 1)( z 22 + 1) z12 z 21
= S 21
(1 + S 22 )(1 S11 ) + S12 S 21

(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21
= z 22
( z11 + 1)( z22 1) z12 z21

( z11 + 1)( z22 + 1) z12 z21
= S 22
) : ( - ) (z ) (S
48
) (S )(y
) (y )(S
(1 + S 22 )(1 S11 ) + S12 S 21

(1 + S11 )(1 + S 22 ) S12 S 21
= y11
(1 y11 )(1 + y22 ) + y12 y21

(1 + y11 )(1 + y22 ) y12 y21
= S11
2 S12
(1 + S11 )(1 + S 22 ) S12 S 21
= y12
2 y12
(1 + y11 )(1 + y22 ) y12 y21
= S12
2 S 21
(1 + S11 )(1 + S 22 ) S12 S 21
= y21
2 y21
(1 + y11 )(1 + y22 ) y12 y21
= S 21
(1 + S11 )(1 S 22 ) + S12 S 21

(1 + S11 )(1 + S 22 ) S12 S 21
= y22
(1 + y11 )(1 y22 ) + y12 y21

(1 + y11 )(1 + y22 ) y12 y21
= S 22
) : ( - ) (y ) (S
) ( - ) (z ) (S
) ( - ) (y )(S
.
) ( - ) (T ) (S
.
) (S )(T
) (T )(S
1
S 21
= T11
T21
T11
= S11
S 22
S 21
= T12
T11T22 T12T21
T11
= S12
S11
S 21
= T21
1
T11
= S 21
) ( S11S 22 S12 S 21
S 21
= T22
T12
T11
= S 22
) : ( - ) (T ) (S
49
) (N
] [S ] [Z
:
)][ Z ] = [Zo ] ([I] + [S])([I] [S
)(2-27
] [ Z ] [S :
)] [ S ] = ([Z] + [Zo ]) ([Z] [Zo

-1
)(2-28
] [I ) (unit diagonal matrix

] [Zo
:
][I
= Zo
][Zo

) ( ) ( ) (
.
) (- ): (Essential Definitions
) (The Decibel dB
) S parameters
(magnitude ) (insertion loss ) (return loss
.
) (PWatt :
PdB = 10 log (PWatt) dB
50
) (log ).(10
) (Gv ) two-port
(network ) ( - :
dB
V
Gv = 20 log 1
V2
) (V1 ) (1 ) (V2 ). (2
) (Gp :
dB
P
G p = 10 log 1
P2
) (P1 ) (1 ) (P2 ). (2
) : ( - ) (PIN ) (PL ) (PR

.
) (insertion loss IL ) return loss

( RL ) ( - ) (PIN ) (PL
) ) (PR .(
51
PL
) (insertion loss IL
PIN
PR
PIN
) (return loss RL
= RL
= IL
dB
P
IL = 10 log L
PIN
dB
P
RL = 10 log R
PIN
dB
VSWR 1
RL = 10 log
VSWR + 1
RL = 20 log ( o ) dB
or
dB
) RL = 10 log ( o
) (IL ) (RL )
( ) (10 log
) ( )log
(20
) (
) (S ) N-port
.(networks
) (The Neper Np
) (GNp :
Np
V
GNp = ln 1
V2
) (ln )(e = 2.7182818

) ( 1Np = 8.6859 dB

).(
52

)(Gv

V
Gv = 20 log 1
V2
P
G p = 10 log 1
P2
)PdB = 10 log (PWatt
dB
dB
dB
or
dBW
dBm
dB
)(Gp

)PdBm = 10 log (PmW

S ij [in dB] = 20 log S ij
)Where i,j = 1, 2, ,N & (N=No. of Ports

dB
)Gi,dB = 10 log (Gi,max

1
& i=1,2
DB
1 - Sii
= Where Gi , max
)GT,dB = 10 log (GT

Where
2
2
dB
1 - L
1 - S 22 L
dB
S 21
1 - s
1 - IN s
)GMSG,dB = 10 log (GMSG

S 21
S12
dB
= Where GMSG
P
IL = 10 log L
PIN
P
RL = 10 log R
PIN
( )2
) 20 log ( o
= GT
)(PWatt
)(PmW

) S parameters
(magnitude

) (matching
)(i

) (1
) (s
) (2

)(L

4
5
6

)(Insertion Loss IL

)(Return Loss RL
10
or RL = 10 log o
dB
Np
= RL
V
GNp = ln 1
V2

)(Return Loss RL
11

)(GNp
12
) : ( - .
53
1992
McGraw-Hill
Robert Collins
2005
John Wiley & Sons
David M. Pozar
2004
John Wiley & Sons
Devendra K.
Misra
1984
Prentice Hall Inc
Guillermo
Gonzalez
1993
John Wiley & Sons
Allan W. Scott
2003
John Wiley & Sons
2003
Artech House
Inder Bahl
Prakash Bhartia
Les Besser
Rowan Gilmore

nd
rd
(3 edition)
Radio Frequency and
Microwave Communication
Circuits Analysis and
nd
Design, (2 edition)
Microwave Transistor
Amplifiers Analysis and
Design
Understanding Microwaves
nd
Practical RF Circuit Design
for Modern Wireless
Systems (Volume I - Passive
Circuits and Systems)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
i1
http://www.edacafe.com

i2
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/index.cfm#M
(S)
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/sparameters.cfm
54
i3
Chapter 3 : Microstrip Transmission Line

:
) (- :
) (microstrip line technology

.

) (Computer Numerically Controlled CNC
) (repeatability and reproducibility
) (ease of mass production
.
) (waveguide
) (higher loss ) lower power
(handling capability )greater temperature insta-
. (bility
) ( - ) (Microstrip Line ) (w )(L
) (Microstrip Substrate )(dielectric constant r
) (h ) . (t ) ( -
) (ground plane
.
) (Microstrip Line ) (L , w
). (r , h , t , ...
55
) : ( - )(Microstrip Line
) ( - ) (top view )( -

) ( - .
) : ( - ) (Microstrip Line ) (w ).(L
56
) : ( - ) (Microstrip Line ) (w ) (L
) (coaxial connectors .
) (- :
) ( - ) (H ) (E


) ( ) (Transverse Plane
) Quasi Transverse
(electromagnetic Transmission Line ).(Quasi-TEM Transmission Line
57
) : ( - ) (H
) (E .
) ( - ) (Transmission Line
) (Zo ) L
= ( = L
. ) ( -
) (Microstrip Line ) (w ).(L
)(
)(
) : ( - ) (Zo ).(
58
) : ( - ) (Microstrip Line ) (w ).(L
) : ( - .
) (microstrip line synthesis

) (L , w ) (Zo ) (electrical length
). (r , h , t , ...
) (Zo ) (
) (L , w ) (r , h , t , ...
) . (microstrip line analysis ). ( -
59
w
)
h
( ) normalized width -to- height
(ratio ) (effective microstrip permittivity eff

.
) (TEM transmission line
:
L
C
) ( 3.1.a
= Z0
)( 3.1.b
Z0 = v p L
)( 3.1.c
1
v pC
= Z0
) (L H/m ) (inductance ) (C F/m

) (shunt capacitance ) (phase velocity vp m/s
:
1
LC
)( 3.2
= vp
)air-
(filled microstrip line
)m/s
(c ) (Zo1 :
L
C1
)( 3.3.a
= Z 01
Z 01 = cL
)( 3.3.b
1
cC1
)( 3.3.c
60
= Z 01
) (L H/m ) (inductance ) (C1 F/m

) (shunt capacitance .
) ( 3.1.a ) ( 3.3.b ) ( 3.3.c :
1
c CC1
)( 3.4
= Z0

) (C ). (C1
) (c :
1
LC1
)( 3.5
=c
) ( 3.5 ) ( 3.2 :
C
= (c / v p ) 2
C1
)( 3.6
C

C
1
) (effective microstrip permittivity eff
.

) (dielectric substrate .
)(3.7
C c
=
=
C1 v p
eff
) ( 3.1.c ) ( 3.3.c ) (3.7 :
)(3.8
Z 01 = Z 0 eff
or
61
Z 01
eff
= Z0
) (eff

).( -
) : ( -
.

) (
) (eff ). (dielectric constant r

1
( r + 1) :
2
eff
) (eff :
1
( r + 1) eff r
2
)(3.9
:
) eff = 1 + q( r 1
)(3.10
)(0.5 q 1
) (filling factor q .
) ( c = f o )(f
) (o
) (vp = f g ) (g
62
) (guided wavelength ) (eff

): (3.7
0
eff
)(3.11
= g
or
= 0
eff
) ( .
) (- :
) (L , w ) (Zo
) (electrical length ). (r , h , t , ... , etc.
) (guided wavelength g
:

)(3.12
300
)(in mm
F eff
= g
) (F ).(GHz
) (g ) (L

) (electrical length in degrees :
)(3.13
)(in degree
2
= = L
L
): (L
= L
360
)(3.14
) (L ) (g .
63
) (w ) (curves
.
) (microstrip laminates
) (Zo
) (Zo ) (w
w
)
h
(.

) (environmental conditions
.

). (
) (w ) (curves
) w (Zo ) Zo (w .
w
) (curves ) (eff )
h
) (Zo .
w
)
h
( ) (filling factor q
) (3.10 )(air-spaced characteristic impedance Zo1

:
-- ) (Zo ) r
( eff.
- ) (air-spaced characteristic impedance Zo1 ). (3.8
w
w
- ) ( ) (q )h
h
) (Zo1 ).(
-- ) (eff ). (3.10
64
( ) (Zo1 )(q
- ) (eff )(eff ) (1 % ) (eff
w
)
h
( ) (w ) (g ) (3.12 ).(L
) approximate graphical
(synthesis
) ( .

.
) (design closed formulae
) (CAD
.

.
w
) . ( )
h
( ) (eff
) (w ) (L .
) (Zo ) (r
:
Zo > ( 44 2 r )
When
w
)
h
1
)(3.15
( :
1
w exp H
h 8
4 exp H
)(3.16
Z o 2( r + 1) 1 r 1 1 4
ln + ln
+
119.9
2 r + 1 2 r
65
= H
] [ w/h < 1.3 ) (eff :

2
)(3.17
1 r 1 1
4
ln + ln
= 1
2 2 H r + 1 2 r
eff
w
) ( H ) (3.16 ) (Zo ) ( H )
h
( :
2
4h
H = ln + 16 + 2
w
w
)(3.18
) (eff ) (Zo :
2
)(3.19
0.5
r + 1 29.98 2 r 1 1 4

ln + ln
=
1 +
Z o r + 1 r + 1 2 r
2
eff
Zo < ( 44 2 r )
When
w
)
h
( :
1
w 2
0.517
= {(d 1) ln(2d 1)} + r
ln(d 1) + 0.293
h
r
r
)(3.20
59.95 2
Zo r
)(3.21
=d
] [ w/h > 1.3 ) (eff :

0.555
)(3.22
r +1 r 1
10h
1 +
66
= eff
) (Zo :
)(3.23
}0.96 + r (0.109 0.004 r ){log(10 + Z 0 ) 1
w
) (Zo ) (w )
h
w
h < 3.3
) (Zo :
119.9 4h
h
ln
+ 16 + 2
w
)2( r + 1
w
)(3.24
= eff
= Z0
> 3.3
h
) (Zo :
1
1 r + 1 e

w
+
+
+
ln
ln
0
.
94

2
2

2h
2
r
r
r
w ln 4 ln e 2 / 16
+
+
h
2
2
119.9
= Z0
2 r
)(3.25
). (exponential base e = 2.7182818
) (Zo) (

) (Zo
) (Zo ) (C
) (C1 ).(3.4
1
c CC1
)(3.26
= Z0
) (Q ) (VT :
Cx = Q / VT
)(3.27
) (Q ) (Gauss :
67
Q = D.ds
)(3.28
) (displacement D ) (surface enclosing the strip conductor S

.
): (Laplace's equation
2 V = 0
)(3.29
) (v is a point voltage ) (E
) (D :
D= E
)(3.30
) (D ) (3.28 ) (3.26 )(3.30

) (Zo ) (C ) (C1
) (eff :
C
C1
)(3.31
= eff
.
) (t

) (Zo )(eff
). (t
w
h 1
) (Zo :
60 8 h we
+
ln
eff we 4 h
)(3.32
= Z0
1 ) (Zo :
h
)(3.33
120 we
we
= Z0
h + 1.393 + 0.667 h + 1.444
eff
68
w
w
e : 0.5
h
h
we w 1.25 t
4 w
= +
1 + ln
t
h h
h
)(3.34
w
w
e : 0.5
h
h
we w 1.25 t
2h
= +
1 + ln
h h
t
h
)(3.35
) eff (t
:
)(3.36
)( r 1 ) (t/h
4.6 w/h
eff (t ) = eff eff (t ) = eff
) (We = Weff ). (effective width Weff

t
0.005 ]2 10
h
0.1
h

) (3.32 ) (3.36
. ) (
.
) (- :
) (metallic enclosure
) (package
).( -
) (ease of handling
.
) (electromagnetic shielding
69
) (
) (Zo
) (eff .
) : ( - ) (metallic enclosure
).(SMA coaxial connectors
) ( -
) (b ). (a

) Zo(unshielded
) Zo (shielded
: 1.3
h
)(3.37
Zo( shielded ) = Zo( unshielded ) - Zos1
) : ( - .
70
: 1.3
h
Zo( shielded ) = Zo( unshielded ) - Zos2
)(3.38
Z 0 S1 = 2701 tanh 0.28 + 1.2 h

h
)(3.39
)(3.40
0.5
0
.
48
1
= Z 0 S1 1 tanh1 +
2
h
+
1
)} { (
Z 0 S 2
0.415
h
R tanh 0.18 + 0.237
h h 2
) (
) (
r +1 r 1
+
2
shielded eff = eff +
)(3.41
h = a h
for w/h 1
for w/h 1
{1 + 12(h/w)}0.5 + 0.04{1 ( w / h)}2

=R
0 .5
}){1 + 12(h/w

) (waveguide ) (a x b
) (waveguide modes
.

) (parasitic effects .
71
h 12 h
h 15 h
) (absorbing materials

h 5 h

) ( ) (absorbing materials

.
)(closed form models

.
) (- :
) (phase velocity vp
) (vp
) (3.7 :
2
)(3.42
= ) eff (f
v
f
(
)
p
) v p ( f ) eff (f
) (eff
) (r .

) eff (f

) (guided wavelength g
:
72
)(3.43
) f eff ( f
) eff (f
w
) (r )
h
) eff (f
= g
r eff
)(3.44
F
1 +
fa
eff ( f ) = r
w
h
fb
) 0.75 + ( 0.75 0.332 r-1.73
eff 1
r eff
tan -1 r
when m o m c 2.32
when m o m c > 2.32
3
w
0.7
h
w
> 0.7
h
w
h
when
when
= fa
c
2h r eff
= fb
m m
m= o c
2.32
1
mo = 1 +
+ 0.32 1 +
1 + w/h
1.4
) - 0.45 (F/f a
+
1
1 + (w/h ) 0.15 0.235 e
= mc
1
) (F ) (GHz ) (
). eff (f
73
) (- :
) (power losses ) (parasitic effects
) (dissipation
) (radiation losses
.
) (parasitic phenomena
) (dissipative effects ) (c ) (d
). (attenuation coefficient
) (c :
F
2
1
c = 0.072
g 1 + tan 1.4 dB/microstrip wavelength
w Zo
s
)(3.45
) (F ) (GHz (r.m.s. surface roughness )
) (surface resistance Rs
) (metal film conductivity )(the skin depth at the operating frequency s
:
)s= 1/( Rs
) (d :
)(3.46
dB/microstrip wavelength
74
r ( eff 1) tan
) eff ( r 1
d = 27.3
) (d ) (c
) (d
) (c
. ) ( .
) (- :
.

) (source code ) (
) (BASIC ) (i6
)(
.

) (APLAC SV, Ansoft Designer SV
) (APLAC, Ansoft
. ).(i2, i3

) (truncation or round errors

.
) ( - ) (module or utility

.
75

LINECALC

Agilent
TLINE or
Advanced TLINE
Agilent
Eagleware-Elanix
Module with Agilent-Genesys

http://www.agilent.com
LineComp
WAVECON
http://www.waveconsoft.com/
winLINE
Agilent
Noble Publishing
Artech House
Winlin

Module with Agilent -ADS
http://www.scitechpublishing.com/
Module with C/NL2 software
http://www.artechhouse.com
. : ( - )
( - )
.

TXLINE

AWR

http://web.awrcorp.com/
http://web.awrcorp.com/products/txline.html
http://web.awrcorp.com/Products/Microwave_Office/TXLine.zip
AppCAD
Line
or
Transmission
Line
Calculator
Agilent
Fritz
Dellsperger
Professor for
RF and
Microwave
Engineering
http://www.hp.woodshot.com
http://www.hp.woodshot.com/appcad/version302/setup.exe
http://www.fritz.dellsperger.net/
http://www.fritz.dellsperger.net/Downloads/line.zip
. : ( - )
76
) : ( -
.
. ) ( -
:
) (dielectric ) (dielectric constant
) (loss tangent ) (dielectric thickness h ) (conductor
) (conductivity ) (conductor thickness t ) (f
.

) (Zo, ) (Design or )(w,L
) (w,L
) (Analysis or ).(Zo,
) (- ) (FORTRAN .
) (subroutines
)
. ( -
77
1
2
3
4
INTEGER L
WRITE(*,*)'
MICROSTRIP CALCULATIONS
'
WRITE(*,*)'
programmer Hesham I. M. AL Anwar
'
WRITE(*,*)
WRITE(2,*)'***************** NEW DATA *******************'
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER 1 IF GIVEN Zo,F REQUIRED W,LENGTH
^ (Synthesis)'
WRITE(*,*)'
2 IF GIVEN W,LENGTH REQUIRED Zo
^ (Analysis)'
WRITE(*,*)'
3 IF FOR ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS,R,L,C,G'
WRITE(*,*)'
4 TO EXIT
'
READ(*,*)L
GOTO(1,2,3,4),L
CALL EDWR
GO TO 8
CALL RVRS
GO TO 8
CALL ATTENU
GO TO 8
CONTINUE
STOP
END
*THIS SUBROUTINE CALCULATES DELTA-L EPSILON-F EPSILON-T WIDTH OF

*MICROSTRIP & LAMPDA GUIDE IN M-S.
ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm
*
DELTAL=DL // EPSILON EFFECTIVE=EFF // EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF*
T=EFFT // EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF F=EFFOF // LAMPDA GUIDE=LG
**
M.S WIDTH=W
EPSILONR=ER DELTA-L=DL
SUBROUTINE EDWR
REAL ZO,Y,Y1,Y2
REAL A,B,ER,W,PI,WH,T,H,DEFFT,rln1,rln2
REAL EFFT,EFFOF,LG,G,F,FP,BB,YY,YYD
REAL YY1,YYD1,YY2,YYD2
INTEGER NN,N
*
CHARACTER *19 OO
PI=3.1415927
*
OPEN(9,FILE=OO,STATUS='NEW')
WRITE(2,*)'
SYNTHESIS CALCULATIONS
'
25
WRITE(*,5)
5 FORMAT(2X,'ENTER EPSILON-R,H,T(Ohm,mm)')
READ(*,*)ER,H,T
WRITE(2,*)'EPSILON-R=',ER,'h(mm)=',H,'t(mm)=',T
1
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER Zo (Ohm), F(GHz)'
READ(*,*)ZO,F
WRITE(2,*)' Zo(ohm) =',ZO,' F(GHz) =',F
A=((ZO/60)*(((ER+1)/2)**0.5))+(((ER-1)/(ER+1))*
^ (0.23+(0.11/ER)))
B=((377*PI)/(2*ZO*ER**0.5))
WRITE(*,11)A,B
WRITE(2,11)A,B
11 FORMAT(2X,'A=',F16.9,2X,'B=',F16.9)
IF(A.GE.1.52)THEN
W=(H*8*(EXP(A)))/(EXP(2*A)-2)
ELSE
78
BB=(2*B)-1
RLN2=LOG(BB)
RLN1=LOG(B-1)
W=((H*2)/PI)*((B-1)-RLN2+(((ER-1)/(2*ER))*
^ (RLN1+0.39-(0.61/ER))))
ENDIF
WH=W/H
WRITE(*,12)WH,ZO,W
WRITE(2,12)WH,ZO,W
12 FORMAT(2X,'W/H =',F16.9,'THE MICROSTRIP WIDTH W FOR ZO('
^ ,F7.3,') ='F16.9,'mm')
EFF=((ER+1)/2)+(((ER-1)/2)*(1/(SQRT(1+(12/WH)))))
DEFFT=((ER-1)*(T/H))/(4.6*SQRT(WH))
EFFT=EFF-DEFFT
G=(0.004*ZO)+(((ZO-5)/60)**0.5)
FP=(15.66*ZO)/H
EFFOF=(ER)-((ER-EFFT)/(1+(G*(F/FP)**2)))
LG=300/(F*EFFOF**0.5)
WRITE(*,13)EFFOF,LG
WRITE(2,13)EFFOF,LG
13 FORMAT(2X,'FOR EPSILON EFF. OF F =',F16.9,'LAMPDA GUIDE'
^ ,'=',F16.9,' ( mm )')
WRITE(*,14)EFF,EFFT
WRITE(2,14)EFF,EFFT
14 FORMAT(2X,'EPSILON EFFECTIVE=',F16.9,2X,
^ 'EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF T =',F16.9)
DL=(H*0.412)*((EFFOF+0.3)/(EFFOF^ 0.258))*((WH+0.262)/(WH+0.813))
WRITE(*,15)DL
WRITE(2,15)DL
15 FORMAT(2X,'DELTA L (mm)=',F16.9)
WRITE(*,*)' LENGTHS CALCULATIONS'
35
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER
1 FOR LENGTH RELATIVE TO LAMPDA GUIDE.'
WRITE(*,*)'
2 FOR ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN DEGREE.'
WRITE(*,*)'
3 FOR ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN RADIANS.'
WRITE(*,*)'
4 TO TERMINATE LENGTHS CALCULATIONS.'
WRITE(2,*)' LENGTHS CALCULATIONS :'
READ(*,*)N
GO TO(30,31,32,33),N
30
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER LENGTH RELATIVE TO LAMPDA GUIDE.'
READ(*,*)Y
YY=LG*Y
YYD=(LG*Y)-DL
WRITE(2,40)Y,YY,YYD
WRITE(*,40)Y,YY,YYD
40
FORMAT(1X,F10.5,'LAMPDA GUIDE IS EQUIVALENT TO LENGTH=',
^D20.15,' (mm) & IF WE CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT=',D20.15,'
^ (mm)')
GO TO 35
31
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN DEGREE.'
READ(*,*)Y11
Y1=Y11*(PI/180)
YY1=(Y1*LG)/(2*PI)
YYD1=YY1-DL
WRITE(*,41)Y11,YY1,YYD1
WRITE(2,41)Y11,YY1,YYD1
41
FORMAT(1X,' TL. OF',F10.5,'(DEGREE) ELECTRICAL LENGTH =',
^F16.9,' (mm) & CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT LENGTH=',F16.9,'mm')
GO TO 35
32
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN RADIANS.'
READ(*,*)Y2
79
YY2=(LG*Y2)/(2*PI)
YYD2=YY2-DL
WRITE(*,42)Y2,YY2,YYD2
WRITE(2,42)Y2,YY2,YYD2
42
FORMAT(1X,'TL. OF',F10.5,'(RAD.)ELECTRICAL LENGTH =',F16.9,
^' (mm) & CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT TL.LENGTH =',F16.9,'( mm)')
GO TO 35
33
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER 1 FOR NEW SUBSTRATE.'
WRITE(*,*)'
2 FOR NEW Zo'
WRITE(*,*)'
3 TO EXIT THIS PART.'
WRITE(2,*)'-----------****** NEW DATA ********-------'
WRITE(2,*)'
'
READ(*,*)NN
GO TO(25,1,2),NN
2
RETURN
END
*THIS SUBROUTINE IS MADE FOR REVERSE ENGINEERING FOR A MICROSTRIP

CIRCUIT
*FOR A CIRCUIT GIVEN IT'S SHAPE (WIDTHS,LENGTHS)
& KNOWN ZO FOR
*EACH LINE ;THIS PROGRAM ESTIMATES EPSILON-R ,H FOR SUBSTRATE
*THIS FILE CALCULATES DELTA-L EPSILON-F EPSILON-T WIDTH OF
*
**
M.S WIDTH=W
EPSILONR=ER DELTA-L=DL MINIMUM WIDTH=MIN
* MAXIMUM WIDTH=MAX QUARTER LG=LGO4 MAX.(LG/4)=MAXL MIN.(LG/4)=MINL
* FOUNDATIONS FOR MICROSTRIP PAGE 66 2nd EDITION
SUBROUTINE RVRS
REAL ZO,MIN,MAX,H3,ER3,H,H1,H2,ER1,ER2,MINL,MAXL
INTEGER AK
REAL A,B,ER,W,LN1,LN2,PI,WH,T,DEFFT,RW,RL4
REAL EFFT,EFFOF,LG,G,F,FP,BB,LGO4,EFF
WRITE(2,*)'
ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS
'
4
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER EOSILON-R h t (mm) @ FREQUENCY (GHz)'
READ(*,*)ER,H,T,F
5
WRITE(*,*)'
ENTER WIDTH , LENGTH (mm)'
READ(*,*)W,AL
PI=3.1415927
E=2.7182818
WH=W/H
HW=H/W
EFF=((ER+1)/2)+(((ER-1)/2)*(1/(SQRT(1+(12/WH)))))
EFFT=EFF-DEFFT
GGG=0.5*PI
IF(WH.LE.GGG)THEN
WEOH=WH+(((1.25*T)/(PI*H))*(1+LOG(4*PI*W/T)))
ENDIF
IF(WH.GE.GGG)THEN
WEOH=WH+(((1.25*T)/(PI*H))*(1+LOG(2*H/T)))
ENDIF
PPP=3.3
IF(WH.LT.PPP)THEN
ZO1=LOG((4*HW)+SQRT((16*HW**2)+2))
ZO=ZO1*(119.9/SQRT(2*(ER+1)))
ENDIF
IF(WH.GT.PPP)THEN
ZOA=((ER+1)/(2*PI*ER))*(LOG(PI*E/2)+LOG((WH/2)+0.94))
80
ZOD=(WH/2)+(LOG(4)/PI)+(LOG(E*(PI**2)/16)/(2*PI))*((ER^1)/ER**2)
ZO=((119.9*PI)/(2*SQRT(ER)))*(1/(ZOD+ZOA))
ENDIF
G=(0.004*ZO)+(((ZO-5)/60)**0.5)
FP=(15.66*ZO)/H
LG=300/(F*EFFOF**0.5)
RNL=AL/LG
DL=(H*0.412)*((EFFOF+0.3)/(EFFOF^0.258))*((WH+0.262)/(WH+0.813))
WRITE(*,16)W,LG,ER,H,T,F
WRITE(2,16)W,LG,ER,H,T,F
16 FORMAT(2X,'W = ',F16.9,' mm',2X,'LAM.GUIDE = ',F16.9,' mm',
^'EPSILON-R=',F16.9,'h = ',F14.10,'mm',' t = ',F8.5,
^' mm F =',F8.4,' GHz')
WRITE(2,*)
WRITE(2,*)' Zo = ',ZO,' ohm
NORMALIZED LENGTH =',RNL
WRITE(*,*)' Zo = ',ZO,' ohm
NORMALIZED LENGTH =',RNL
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER 1
WRITE(*,*)'
2
WRITE(*,*)'
3
READ(*,*)AK
GO TO(4,5,52)AK
52 RETURN
END
FOR NEW SUBSTRATE , FREQUENCY'

FOR NEW TRANSMITION LINE
'
TO EXIT THIS PART.
'
*GIVEN LOSS TANGENT

GONZALEZ PAGE 72
*THIS SUBROUTINE CALCULATES DELTA-L EPSILON-F EPSILON-T WIDTH OF
*
**
M.S WIDTH=W
EPSILONR=ER DELTA-L=DL
SUBROUTINE ATTENU
REAL ZO,Y,Y1,Y2,RS,XC,XL
REAL A,B,ER,W,PI,WH,T,H,DEFFT,rln1,rln2,OMEGA
REAL EFFT,EFFOF,LG,G,F,FP,EO,BB,YY,YYD,TOTAL,LO
REAL YY1,YYD1,YY2,YYD2,RALFAD,ALFAD,TANDLT,SEGMA
REAL UO,WEFOF,WEFOFO,P,Q,ZOOFF
COMPLEX GAMA
INTEGER NN,N
DOUBLE PRECISION Rmetr,RLmetr,RCmetr,Gmetr
PI=3.1415927
C=2.99793E8
EO=8.854E-12
UO=4*PI*1E-7
25
5
1
WRITE(2,*)'
POWER LOSS AND ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS
WRITE(*,5)
FORMAT(2X,'ENTER EPSILON-R,H,T(Ohm,mm)')
READ(*,*)ER,H,T
WRITE(2,*)'EPSILON-R=',ER,'h(mm)=',H,'t(mm)=',T
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER Zo (Ohm), F(GHz) , tan delta '
READ(*,*)ZO,F,TANDLT
WRITE(2,*)' Zo(ohm) =',ZO,' F(GHz) =',F
WRITE(2,*)' tan delta = ',TANDLT
A=((ZO/60)*(((ER+1)/2)**0.5))+(((ER-1)/(ER+1))*
81
'
^(0.23+(0.11/ER)))
B=((377*PI)/(2*ZO*ER**0.5))
WRITE(*,11)A,B
WRITE(2,11)A,B
11 FORMAT(2X,'A=',F16.9,2X,'B=',F16.9)
IF(A.GE.1.52)THEN
W=(H*8*(EXP(A)))/(EXP(2*A)-2)
ELSE
BB=(2*B)-1
RLN2=LOG(BB)
RLN1=LOG(B-1)
W=((H*2)/PI)*((B-1)-RLN2+(((ER-1)/(2*ER))*
^ (RLN1+0.39-(0.61/ER))))
ENDIF
WH=W/H
WRITE(*,12)WH,ZO,W
WRITE(2,12)WH,ZO,W
12 FORMAT(2X,'W/H =',F16.9,'THE MICROSTRIP WIDTH W FOR ZO('
^ ,F7.3,') ='F16.9,'mm')
EFF=((ER+1)/2)+(((ER-1)/2)*(1/(SQRT(1+(12/WH)))))
EFFT=EFF-DEFFT
G=(0.004*ZO)+(((ZO-5)/60)**0.5)
FP=(15.66*ZO)/H
LG=300/(F*EFFOF**0.5)
WRITE(*,13)EFFOF,LG
WRITE(2,13)EFFOF,LG
13 FORMAT(2X,'FOR EPSILON EFF. OF F =',F16.9,'LAMPDA GUIDE'
^ ,'=',F16.9,' ( mm )')
WRITE(*,14)EFF,EFFT
WRITE(2,14)EFF,EFFT
14 FORMAT(2X,'EPSILON EFFECTIVE=',F16.9,2X,
^ 'EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF T =',F16.9)
DL=(H*0.412)*((EFF+0.3)/(EFF-0.258))*((WH+0.262)/(WH+0.813))
WRITE(*,15)DL
WRITE(2,15)DL
15 FORMAT(2X,'DELTA L (mm)=',F16.9)
*------------------FOUNDATIONS------------SEGMA=TANDLT*2*PI*F*ER*EO*1E9
RALFAD=(27.3*ER*TANDLT*(EFFOF-1))/(EFFOF*(ER-1)*LG)
*-----------ALFAC PER MICROSTRIP WAVELENGTH LG
ALFAC=1.6*0.072*SQRT(F)*LG/(W*ZO)
ALFAC=ALFAC/LG
LO=1000*C/(F*1E9)
ALFAD=(27.3*ER*TANDLT*(EFFOF-1))/(SQRT(EFFOF)*(ER-1)*LO)
WRITE(*,19)RALFAD
WRITE(2,19)RALFAD
19
FORMAT(2X,' DIELCTRIC ATTENUATION (DB/mm)=',F16.9)
WRITE(*,99)ALFAD
WRITE(2,99)ALFAD
99
FORMAT(2X,' DIELCTRIC ATTENUATION (DB/UNIT LENGTH
^mm)=',F16.9)
WRITE(*,100)ALFAC
WRITE(2,100)ALFAC
100
FORMAT(2X,' CONDUCTOR ATTENUATION (DB/ mm)=',F16.9)
TOTAL=ALFAC+ALFAD
WRITE(*,101)TOTAL
WRITE(2,101)TOTAL
101
FORMAT(2X,' TOTAL ATTENUATION (DB/ mm)=',F16.9)
TOTAL=ALFAC+RALFAD
82
WRITE(*,101)TOTAL
WRITE(2,101)TOTAL
111
FORMAT(2X,' TOTAL ATTENUATION (DB/ mm)=',F16.9)
*--------------------------Transmission Line Model Paramerers----* Rmetr RLmetr RCmetr Gmetr
R L C G
RLmetr=UO/WH
RCmetr=EFF*WH
Rmetr=TOTAL/SQRT(RCmetr/RLmetr)
OMEGA=2*PI*F*1E9
XC=OMEGA*RCmetr
XL=OMEGA*RLmetr
Gmetr=(CMPLX(Rmetr,XL)/(ZO*ZO))-CMPLX(0.0,-XC)
WRITE(*,800)Rmetr
WRITE(2,800)Rmetr
800
FORMAT(2X,'Resistance ohm / m ',F16.12)
WRITE(*,801)RLmetr*1E9
WRITE(2,801)RLmetr*1E9
801
FORMAT(2X,'Inductance nH / m ',F16.11)
WRITE(*,802)RCmetr*1E12
WRITE(2,802)RCmetr*1E12
802
FORMAT(2X,'Capacitance pF / m ',F24.16)
WRITE(*,803)Gmetr
WRITE(2,803)Gmetr
803
FORMAT(2X,'Conductance mho / m ',F16.12)
GAMA=CMPLX(TOTAL,(2*PI/LG))
Gmetr=((GAMA*GAMA)/CMPLX(Rmetr,XL))-CMPLX(0.0,-XC)
WRITE(*,804)Gmetr
WRITE(2,804)Gmetr
804
FORMAT(2X,'Conductance mho / m ',F16.12)
33
WRITE(*,*)' ENTER 1 FOR NEW SUBSTRATE.'
WRITE(*,*)'
2 FOR NEW Zo,F'
WRITE(*,*)'
3 TO EXIT THIS PART.'
WRITE(2,*)'-----------****** NEW DATA ********-------'
WRITE(2,*)'
'
READ(*,*)NN
GO TO(25,1,2),NN
2
RETURN
END
(-)
( C++) ( functions)
( functions) ( -)
.(Visual C and Microsoft C++)
( Microstrip_line_Synthesis) ( function) ( -)
.
( microstrip_attenuation_calculations) ( function) ( -)
.
83
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <complex>
using namespace std;
typedef complex<double> COMPLEX;
inline complex<double> cmplx(double r,double i)
{ return ( complex<double> (r,i) ); }
(-)
void Microstrip_line_Synthesis(void)
{
double ZO,Y,Y1,Y2,A,B,ER,W,PI,WH,T,H,DEFFT,EFFT,EFFOF,LG,G,F,FP,BB,YY,YYD;
double YY1,YYD1,YY2,YYD2,RLN1,RLN2,EFF,DL,Y11;
int NN,N;
PI=3.1415927;
char output_file[30];
FILE *output;
printf(" \n This program calculate W,LENGTH of Microstrip Line GIVEN Zo,F \n");
printf(" \n programmer Hesham I. M. AL Anwar \n");
printf(" \n Enter output data file name : ");
scanf("%s",output_file);
output=fopen(output_file,"w");
fprintf(output,"\n SYNTHESIS CALCULATIONS
\n");
A25 :
printf("\n SYNTHESIS CALCULATIONS \n");
printf("\n ENTER EPSILON-R : ");
scanf("%lf",&ER);
printf("\n Enter Microstrip substrate thickness h [mm] : ");
scanf("%lf",&H);
printf("\n ENTER cupper thickness t [mm] : ");
scanf("%lf",&T);
A1 :
printf("\n ENTER characterestic impedance Zo [ohm ] : ");
scanf("%lf",&ZO);
printf("\n Enter Frequency [GHz] : ");
scanf("%lf",&F);
fprintf(output,"\n EPSILON-R = %lf \t h [ mm ] = %lf \t t [mm] = %lf",ER,H,T);
fprintf(output,"\n Zo [ohm] = %lf \t F [GHz] = %lf ",ZO,F);
A=((ZO/60.0)*(pow(((ER+1.0)/2.0),0.5)))+(((ER-1.0)/(ER+1.0))*(0.23+(0.11/ER)));
B=((377.0*PI)/(2.0*ZO*pow(ER,0.5)));
if(A>=1.52)
{
W=(H*8.0*(exp(A)))/(exp(2.0*A)-2.0); }
else
{
BB=(2.0*B)-1.0;
RLN2=log(BB);
RLN1=log(B-1.0);
84
W=((H*2.0)/PI)*((B-1.0)-RLN2+(((ER-1.0)/(2.0*ER))*(RLN1+0.39-(0.61/ER))));
}
WH=W/H;
fprintf(output,"\n W/H = %lf \n THE MICROSTRIP LINE WIDTH w FOR ( ZO = %lf ) in
[mm] = %lf",WH,ZO,W);
EFF=((ER+1.0)/2.0)+(((ER-1.0)/2.0)*(1/(sqrt(1.0+(12.0/WH)))));
DEFFT=((ER-1)*(T/H))/(4.6*sqrt(WH));
EFFT=EFF-DEFFT;
G=(0.004*ZO)+(pow(((ZO-5.0)/60.0),0.5));
FP=(15.66*ZO)/H;
EFFOF=(ER)-((ER-EFFT)/(1+(G*pow((F/FP),2.0))));
LG=300.0/(F*pow(EFFOF,0.5));
fprintf(output,"\n FOR EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF F = %lf \t \t LAMPDA GUIDE [mm] = %lf
",EFFOF,LG);
fprintf(output,"\n EPSILON EFFECTIVE = %lf \t \t EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF T = %lf ",EFF,EFFT);
DL=(H*0.412)*((EFFOF+0.3)/(EFFOF-0.258))*((WH+0.262)/(WH+0.813));
fprintf(output,"\n DELTA L length extention of open end fringing effect = %lf [mm]",DL);
printf(" \n LENGTHS CALCULATIONS \n");
fprintf(output," \n LENGTHS CALCULATIONS \n");
A35 :
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR LENGTH RELATIVE TO LAMPDA GUIDE.");
printf("\n
2 FOR ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN DEGREE.");
printf("\n
3 FOR ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN RADIANS.");
printf("\n
4 TO TERMINATE LENGTHS CALCULATIONS. \n : ");
scanf("%d",&N);
if(N==1)
{
printf(" ENTER LENGTH RELATIVE TO LAMPDA GUIDE. : ");
scanf("%lf",&Y);
YY=LG*Y;
YYD=(LG*Y)-DL;
fprintf(output,"\n ( %lf ) of LAMPDA GUIDE IS EQUIVALENT TO LENGTH = %lf [mm] \n
& IF WE CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT= %lf [mm] \n ",Y,YY,YYD);
goto A35;
}
if(N==2)
{
printf(" ENTER ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN DEGREE. : ");
scanf("%lf",&Y11);
Y1=Y11*(PI/180.0);
YY1=(Y1*LG)/(2*PI);
YYD1=YY1-DL;
fprintf(output,"\n Transmission line of ( %lf DEGREE ) of ELECTRICAL LENGTH = %lf
[mm] \n & IF WE CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT= %lf [mm] \n ",Y11,YY1,YYD1);
goto A35;
}
if(N==3)
{
printf(" ENTER ELECTRICAL LENGTH IN RADIANS. : ");
scanf("%lf",&Y2);
YY2=(LG*Y2)/(2.0*PI);
YYD2=YY2-DL;
fprintf(output,"\n Transmission line of ( %lf RADIANCE ) of ELECTRICAL LENGTH = %lf
[mm] \n & IF WE CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT= %lf [mm] \n ",Y2,YY2,YYD2);
goto A35;
}
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR NEW SUBSTRATE.");
printf("\n
2 FOR NEW Zo.");
85
printf("\n
3 TO EXIT THIS PART. \n : ");
fprintf(output,"\n -------------------------- NEW DATA --------------------------- \n \n");
scanf("%d",&NN);
if(NN==1) { goto A25; }
if(NN==2) { goto A1; }
fclose(output);
}
( bold) :
(-)
void microstrip_attenuation_calculations(void)
{
double ZO,Y,Y1,Y2,RS,XC,XL;
double A,B,ER,W,PI,WH,T,H,DEFFT,RLN1,RLN2,OMEGA;
double EFFT,EFFOF,LG,G,F,FP,EO,BB,YY,YYD,TOTAL,LO;
double YY1,YYD1,YY2,YYD2,RALFAD,ALFAD,TANDLT,SEGMA;
double UO,WEFOF,WEFOFO,P,Q,ZOOFF,C,EFF,DL,ALFAC;
double Miou,Miou_r,Epsilon_dash,Epsilon_double_dash;
int NN,N;
double Rmetr,Lmetr,Cmetr,Gmetr;
char ys;
PI=3.1415927;
C=2.99793e8;
EO=8.854e-12;
UO=4*PI*1e-7;
FILE *output;
printf(" \n This program is for Microstrip Line SYNTHESIS AND ATTENUATION
CALCULATIONS \n");
fprintf(output,"SYNTHESIS AND ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS \n");
A25 :
printf("\n SYNTHESIS CALCULATIONS \n");
scanf("%lf",&ER);
scanf("%lf",&H);
scanf("%lf",&T);
A1 :
printf("\n ENTER characterestic impedance Zo [ohm ] : ");
scanf("%lf",&ZO);
scanf("%lf",&F);
printf("\n ENTER tan delta ( Loss tangent ) of microstrip line : ");
scanf("%lf",&TANDLT);
fprintf(output,"\n Zo [ohm] = %lf \t F [GHz] = %lf \n tan delta ( delta tangent ) = %lf
\n",ZO,F,TANDLT);
A=((ZO/60.0)*(pow(((ER+1.0)/2.0),0.5)))+(((ER-1.0)/(ER+1.0))*(0.23+(0.11/ER)));
B=((377.0*PI)/(2.0*ZO*pow(ER,0.5)));
if(A>=1.52)
{
W=(H*8.0*(exp(A)))/(exp(2.0*A)-2.0); }
86
else
{
BB=(2.0*B)-1.0;
RLN2=log(BB);
RLN1=log(B-1.0);
W=((H*2.0)/PI)*((B-1.0)-RLN2+(((ER-1.0)/(2.0*ER))*(RLN1+0.39-(0.61/ER))));
}
WH=W/H;
fprintf(output,"\n W/H = %lf \n THE MICROSTRIP LINE WIDTH w FOR ( ZO = %lf ) in
[mm] = %lf",WH,ZO,W);
EFF=((ER+1.0)/2.0)+(((ER-1.0)/2.0)*(1/(sqrt(1.0+(12.0/WH)))));
EFFT=EFF-DEFFT;
G=(0.004*ZO)+(pow(((ZO-5.0)/60.0),0.5));
FP=(15.66*ZO)/H;
LG=300.0/(F*pow(EFFOF,0.5));
fprintf(output,"\n FOR EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF F = %lf \t \t LAMPDA GUIDE [mm] = %lf
",EFFOF,LG);
fprintf(output,"\n EPSILON EFFECTIVE = %lf \t \t EPSILON EFFECTIVE OF T = %lf ",EFF,EFFT);
fprintf(output,"\n DELTA L length extention of open end fringing effect = %lf [mm]",DL);
RALFAD=(27.3*ER*TANDLT*(EFFOF-1.0))/(EFFOF*(ER-1.0)*LG);
ALFAC=1.6*0.072*sqrt(F)*LG/(W*ZO);
ALFAC=ALFAC/LG;
LO=1000.0*C/(F*1E9);
ALFAD=(27.3*ER*TANDLT*(EFFOF-1.0))/(sqrt(EFFOF)*(ER-1)*LO);
fprintf(output,"\n ----------------------------------------------------------- \n");
fprintf(output,"\n ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS microst.for \n");
fprintf(output,"\n ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS Foundations for Microstrip Circuit
Design \n ( second edition ) page 112 , 113 \n");
fprintf(output,"\n DIELCTRIC ATTENUATION (DB/mm)= %lf ",RALFAD);
fprintf(output,"\n DIELCTRIC ATTENUATION (DB/UNIT LENGTH mm)= %lf ",ALFAD);
fprintf(output,"\n CONDUCTOR ATTENUATION (DB/ mm)= %lf ",ALFAC);
TOTAL=ALFAC+ALFAD;
fprintf(output,"\n TOTAL ATTENUATION (DB/ mm)= %20.10lf ",TOTAL);
TOTAL=ALFAC+RALFAD;
fprintf(output,"\n TOTAL ATTENUATION (DB/ mm)= %20.10lf ",TOTAL);
printf("\n ENTER Miou r : ");
scanf("%lf",&Miou_r);
Miou=UO*Miou_r;
Epsilon_dash=ER*EO;
Epsilon_double_dash=Epsilon_dash*TANDLT;
OMEGA=2.0*PI*F*1e9;
printf("\n Enter (1) if you want to enter Rs Surface resistance.");
printf("\n
(2) if you want the program to calculate Rs Surface resistance for you. \n
scanf("%d",&ys);
if(ys==1)
{
printf("\n ENTER Surface resistance [ ohm ] : ");
scanf("%lf",&RS);
}
else
{
SEGMA=1.0/(TANDLT*TANDLT*PI*F*1e9*Miou);
RS=sqrt((OMEGA*Miou)/(2.0*SEGMA));
}
Lmetr=(Miou*H)/W;
Cmetr=(Epsilon_dash*W)/H;
87
: ");
Rmetr=(2.0*RS)/(W*1e-3);
Gmetr=(OMEGA*Epsilon_double_dash*W)/H;
fprintf(output,"\n Surface Resistance [ ohm ] = %lf ",RS);
fprintf(output,"\n ----------------------------------------------------------- \n");
fprintf(output,"\n Transmission Line Model Paramerers \n Rmetr Lmetr Cmetr Gmetr R L
C G per meter \n");
fprintf(output,"\n Resistance ohm / m = %lf ",Rmetr);
fprintf(output,"\n Inductance nH / m = %lf ",Lmetr*1e9);
fprintf(output,"\n Capacitance pF / m = %lf ",Cmetr*1E12);
fprintf(output,"\n Conductance mho / m = %lf ",Gmetr);
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR NEW SUBSTRATE.");
printf("\n
2 FOR NEW Zo.");
printf("\n
3 TO EXIT THIS PART. \n : ");
scanf("%d",&NN);
if(NN==1) { goto A25; }
if(NN==2) { goto A1; }
fclose(output);
}
( bold) :
(-)
( Microstrip_line_analysis) ( function) ( -)
( -) ( -) .
.( bold)
void Microstrip_line_analysis(void)
{
double ZO,MIN,MAX,H3,ER3,H,H1,H2,ER1,ER2,MINL,MAXL;
int AK;
double A,B,ER,W,LN1,LN2,PI,WH,T,DEFFT,RW,RL4;
double EFFT,EFFOF,LG,G,F,FP,BB,LGO4,EFF;
double AL,E,HW,GGG,WEOH,ZO1,ZOA,ZOD,RNL,DL,PPP;
FILE *output;
printf(" \n This program is for Microstrip Line ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS \n");
fprintf(output,"MICROSTRIP LINE ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS \n");
A4 :
scanf("%lf",&ER);
scanf("%lf",&H);
scanf("%lf",&T);
scanf("%lf",&F);
88
fprintf(output,"\n F [GHz] = %lf \n ",F);

A5 :
printf("\n ENTER MICROSTRIP LINE WIDTH W [mm] : ");
scanf("%lf",&W);
printf("\n ENTER MICROSTRIP LINE LENGTH L [mm] : ");
scanf("%lf",&AL);
PI=3.1415927;
E=2.7182818;
WH=W/H;
HW=H/W;
EFF=((ER+1)/2)+(((ER-1)/2)*(1/(sqrt(1+(12/WH)))));
EFFT=EFF-DEFFT;
GGG=0.5*PI;
if(WH<=GGG){ WEOH=WH+(((1.25*T)/(PI*H))*(1+log(4*PI*W/T))); }
if(WH>=GGG){ WEOH=WH+(((1.25*T)/(PI*H))*(1+log(2*H/T))); }
PPP=3.3;
if(WH<PPP)
{
ZO1=log((4*HW)+sqrt((16*pow(HW,2.0))+2));
ZO=ZO1*(119.9/sqrt(2*(ER+1)));
}
if(WH>PPP)
{
ZOA=((ER+1)/(2*PI*ER))*(log(PI*E/2)+log((WH/2)+0.94));
ZOD=(WH/2)+(log(4)/PI)+(log(E*(PI*PI)/16)/(2*PI))*((ER-1)/(ER*ER));
ZO=((119.9*PI)/(2*sqrt(ER)))*(1/(ZOD+ZOA));
}
G=(0.004*ZO)+(pow(((ZO-5.0)/60.0),0.5));
FP=(15.66*ZO)/H;
LG=300.0/(F*pow(EFFOF,0.5));
RNL=AL/LG;
fprintf(output,"\n F [GHz] = %lf \t input width of microstrip line w = %lf [ mm ] \n input
length of microstrip line L = %lf [ mm ] \n ",F,W,AL);
fprintf(output,"\n --------- output ----------\n");
fprintf(output,"\n Zo = %lf [ ohm ] \n normalized length to lampda guide of microstrip line =
%lf X Lampda guide ",ZO,RNL);
fprintf(output,"\n Lampda guide = %lf [ mm ] ",LG);
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR NEW SUBSTRATE , FREQUENCY");
printf("\n
2 FOR NEW TRANSMITION LINE ");
printf("\n
3 TO EXIT THIS PART.
");
scanf("%d",&AK);
if(AK==1) { goto A4; }
if(AK==2) { goto A5; }
fclose(output);
}
( bold) :
(-)
89
) (- :
) (
) (
) (Zo
) (w,L .
.
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 50
:
)2.16 = ( r dielectric constant
) : (dielectric
)= (tan Loss tangent
0.001
) : (conductor
)0.508 mm = (h
)5.88X107 S/m = (Conductivity
)70 m = 0.07 mm = (t
) : (- )(-
:
) (L = 11.0634mm ).(w = 1.50776mm
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 100
).(-
90
:
) (L = 11.5373mm ).(w = 0.38467mm
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 25
).(-
:
) (L = 10.7139mm ).(w = 3.95003mm
) (- ) (- ) (-

.

25
3.95003mm
90o
10.7139mm
50
1.50776mm
90o
11.0634mm
100
0.38467mm
90o
11.5373mm
) : (- .
) (-
) ( .

) (150
).(CNC
91
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 1 GHz ) (Zo = 50
).(-
:
) (L = 55.3408mm ).(w =1.51072mm
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 10 GHz ) (Zo = 50
).(-
:
) (L =5.51735mm ).(w =1.51096mm
) (- ) (- ) (-
.
) ( .

.
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 50
) (- ). 0.127 mm = (h
:
) (L =11.2007mm ).(w =0.343698mm
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 50
) (- ). 1.575 mm = (h
:
) (L =10.9501mm ).(w =4.85912mm
92
) (- ) (- ) (-
) (h .
0.127 mm
0.343698mm
11.2007mm
0.508 mm
1.50776mm
11.0634mm
1.575 mm
4.85912mm
10.9501mm
) : (- .
) (-
) ( .

) (
) (h.
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 50
) (- ).6.0 = ( r dielectric constant
:
) (L =7.34213mm ).(w =0.704581mm
): (-
) (L ) (w ) ( = 90o g/4
) (f = 5 GHz ) (Zo = 50
) (- ). 10.2 = ( r dielectric constant
:
) (L =5.91995mm ).(w =0.42183mm
93
) (- ) (- ) (-
) (r .
2.16
1.50776mm
11.0634mm
6.0
0.704581mm
7.34213mm
10.2
0.42183mm
5.91995mm
) : (- .
) (- .

) ( )
( .
:
- ).(Zo
- ).(f
- ).(h
- ).(r
) (-
) (Microstrip Low Pass Filter
) (5 microstrip lines ) (
) (characteristic impedance Zo
) ( .
94
) : ( - )(Microstrip Low Pass Filter

)(SMA coaxial connectors
) : ( - )(Filter Layout
95
) : ( -
) ( - :
). 2.2 = ( r dielectric constant
). 1.575 mm = (h
). 0.07 mm = (t
) ( ) (3GHz ) (Zo
) (3GHz Microstrip Low Pass Filter ). (-
)( in degree
)(Zo
1=20.2279
Zo1=150.538
2=70.8735
Zo2=35.9254
3=1=20.2279
Zo3=Zo1=150.538
4=2=70.8735
Zo4=Zo2=35.9254
5=1=20.2279
Zo5=Zo1=150.538
) : (-
:
)(mm
)(mm
W1=0.383781956421755
L1=4.34616948628873
W2=7.66764396065821
L2=14.0949609014343
W3=W1
L3=L1
W4=W2
L4=L2
W5=W1
L5=L1
) : (- )(-
96
) (- )( -
) (Filter Layout ) (Ports .

) (
) (- ) (1 ) (L1 ) (W1 ) (2
) (L2 ) (W2 .
) (
) (h ) (r .
) : ( -
) ( - :
)= (h
. 0.762 mm
). 0.07 mm = (t
) ( ) (3GHz ) (Zo
). (-
:
)(mm
)(mm
W1=0.132411
L1=4.27077
W2=3.47785
L2=13.6522
W3=W1
L3=L1
W4=W2
L4=L2
W5=W1
L5=L1
) : (- )(-
97
) (- ) (-

. ) (-

.
.
) : ( -
) ( - :
). 0.254 mm = (h
). 0.07 mm = (t
) ( ) (3GHz ) (Zo
). (-
)(mm
W1=0.004 mm=4 m
L1=4.445
W2=0.439 mm
L2=7.542
W3=W1
L3=L1
W4=W2
L4=L2
W5=W1
L5=L1
) : (- .
98
) (- ) (10.2 )(0.254
) (1,3,5 ) (W1=W3=W5=4 m
) (Zo1=Zo3=Zo5=150.538
.
) (
) ( - ) . ( -
) (Zo
) (150.538 ) (90 ) (100
.
)(L and S bands
)
( )(X and Ku bands

.

.

.
) (r ) (h ) (t
) (
) (- .
) (power amplifier

) (Dielectric strength ) Thermal
(Conductivity .
) (
.

) (analysis ) (optimization
99
) (final layout
.
)(Technical Report

) (Application Notes ) (datasheets
.
.
) : ( -
) : ( - .
) ( - ) (microstrip matching circuit

) .(5GHz

)(mm
W1=0.1 mm=100 m
L1=12.645
W2=1.1 mm
L2=11.542
W3=1.9 mm
L3=12.258
) : (- .
100
:
). 0.75 mm = (h
). 0.05 mm = (t
) 200
(m ) (0.2 mm
.
:
) (
) (5GHz ) (Zo .
)( in degree
)(Zo
1=171.087
Zo1=95.7127
2=174.185
Zo2=41.0826
3=191.764
Zo3=29.6459
) : (- .
) ( ) (
) (Zo ) (-

:
). 1.575 mm = (h
). 0.07 mm = (t
:
101
)(mm
)(mm
W1=1.098
L1=19.059
W2=5.291
L2=18.222
W3=8.339
L3=19.657
) : (- .
) (- ) (1.098 mm
) (200m
.

) (optimization
.

) (100 m
.
) (
) (
)
(.
) (
) (
.
) (
)
( .
.
102
1992
John Wiley & Sons
1990
Prentice Hall
1987
Artech House
1996
Artech House
2005
Artech House
2001
John Wiley & Sons
1999

Application Note:
TM 3.3.3
2005
Artech House
1992
McGraw-Hill
2005
John Wiley & Sons
1990
Artech House
1999
Faculty of
Engineering - Ain
Shams University
2002
Faculty of
Engineering - Cairo
University
John Wiley & Sons
1994
/
T. C. Edwards

nd
Engineering
Zakarevicius , R. Using Microstrip Circuits
A.
Hoffmann, R. K.
Handbook of Microwave
Integrated Circuits
Gupta , K. C., Microstrip
Lines
and
Garg , Ramesh , Slotlines , (2nd edition )
and Bahl, I. J.
Gunter Kompa
Practical Microstrip Design
And Applications
T. C. Edwards ,
Foundations of Interconnect
M. B. Steer
and Microstrip Design
Rogers
Width
and
Effective
Corporation
Dielectric Constant Data for
Design
of
Microstrip
Transmission Lines
on Various Thicknesses,
Types and Claddings of
TMM
Microwave
Laminates
Noyan Kinayman Modern Microwave Circuits
M. I. Aksun
Robert Collins
nd
David M. Pozar
rd
(3 edition)
Stanislaw
Algorithms for ComputerRosloniec
Aided Design of Linear
Microwave Circuits
Hesham I. M. AL Computer Aided Design of
Anwar
Microwave Planar Six-Port
Reflection Analyzer(M.Sc.
thesis)
Hesham I. M. AL Computer Aided Design of
Anwar
Microwave Planar Diode
Detectors (Ph.D. thesis)
Kai Chang
Microwave Solid-State
Circuits and Applications
103
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

i1
i2
Rogers Corporation
http://www.rogers-corp.com/mwu/
) (Ansoft .
http://www.ansoft.com/
i3
) (APLAC .
i4

.
http://www.circuitsage.com/tline.html
.
http://www.aplac.com
i5
http://www.turnkey.net/rftools.htm
i6
.
Microstrip Analysis/Synthesis Calculator
http://mcalc.sourceforge.net/
i7

.
select downloads link
104
Chapter 4 : Microstrip Components and Discontinuities

:
) (- :
) : ( - .
)
( )
isolator and circulator (MMIC
)
( .
105

) . (discontinuities

.
) ( - .
) radial line (
) (Via
) (90o degree bend
) (Mitered or Champhered Bend ) (T
.
) ( - ) (Chip Capacitor
) (Tapered Microstrip line
) (Interdigital Capacitor ) (Via
) (Step Discontinuity
.
) : ( - .
106
) ( - ) . (bandpass filter
) . (multiple microstrip coupled lines
) (microstrip coupled lines
.
) (microstrip components
) (microstrip discontinuities ) (microstrip coupled lines

.
) : ( - ).(bandpass filter
107
) (- :
) (-
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) open circuit end short
(circuit end ) ( - ) ( - .

) (equivalent circuit models
).(closed form models
) VHF
(and UHF ). (L band

.
) equivalent circuit
(models ) (0.1 pF
) (0.1 nH
) (1 GHz ). (10 GHz

.
) (equivalent circuit models .
) (capacitance evaluation techniques
) variational method matrix inversion method
( Galerkin's method
) (S .
) Articial Neural
(Networks ANN ) Electromagnetic Based
(Articial Neural Network Models
) (Agilent ADS, AWR Suite
) (
). (NeuroModeler
108
)(Layout
90 degree bend
2

Curved bend

degree bend

Mitered or champhered or compensated
bend
Gap (or series gap) discontinuity

Slit or transverse slit

Symmetrical Step Discontinuity

Nonsymmetrical Step Discontinuity

9
)(T
Tee Discontinuity or T-junction
10
)(Y
Y-junction
or junction with arbitrary angle
)(+
11
Cross discontinuity or cross junction

) (+
Unusual cross junction
) : (-
109
12
) (Modeling
) (8
).(1,5
) (built-in libraries
)
( .
.
) (-- : open circuit end
) ( - )(microstrip line with open circuit end

) ( -
) (E
.
) : ( - .
110
) : ( - .
) (fringing effect
) (surface waves .
) ( -

) (fringing effect .
) ( -
) (
): (Cf
)(4.1
pF/m
i 1
5
= exp 2.2036 K log

w
h
i =1
Cf
) (K )
(2 ) (w ) (h .
.
111
) ( -
)(
) (
) ( l :
)(4.2
( w / h) + 0.262
( w / h) + 0.813
+ 0.3
l = 0.412 h eff
eff 0.258
) (eff .
) (4.2
) (w ). ( l
) (1,2,5 ) (4.1 )(4.2
.
)(X
) (X l
) (X l
) (microstrip open circuit end element .
) ( - ) (Microstrip Line
) (microstrip open circuit end element .
.
) : ( - ) (Microstrip Line .
112
) (-- : short circuit end
) : ( - .
) ( - ) microstrip line with short circuit

(end
) (Via ) ( -
.
) (3 GHz

) (good short circuit ). (2
113
) (3 GHz
) (short circuit impedance

). (3 GHz
) good broadband short
(circuit ) (hole )( -

).(vias
) : ( - ) (Microstrip Line .
) (0.25mm to 1.3mm
] ) ( -
[.
) (Via
) (T ) (Via ) (1,9
) (vias ) (vias
) (ellipse .

) (vias
114
) (Via
) ( .
) ( ) (Microstrip Line

) (Via .
.
) (-- :Gap (or series gap) discontinuity
) ( - ) . (series gap discontinuity )( -

.
) : ( - )(series gap discontinuity
) ( - ;
) (CS
) (CP1 and CP2
) (fringing effect ) . (--
115
) : ( - .
) (w1=w2
) (CP1 = CP2 :
)(4.3
s
h w1

Cs = 0.5 h Q1 exp - 1.86 1 + 4.191 - exp - 0.785
h
w
w

2
2
) (s ).( -
)(4.6
)(4.7
)(4.4
Q2 + Q3
Q2 + 1
C P 2 = C L2
)(4.5
Q2 + Q4
Q2 + 1
C P1 = C L1
Q5
w2
} Q1 = 0.04598 0.03 + {0.272 + 0.07 r
h
] 1.5 + [0.3w2 / h
[
]
1
0
.
6
/
+
w
h
1.05
s
+ 2.09
h
116
3.23
s
w
Q2 = 0.107 2 + 9
h
h
)(4.8
1.35
w1
- 0.55
Q3 = exp - 0.5978
w 2
)(4.9
1.35
w 2
- 0.55
Q4 = exp - 0.5978
w
1
1.23
)(4.10
0.9
w
1 + 0.12 1 1
w2
= Q5
) (CL1 and CL2 ) ( ) (4.1

) (w1 and w2 . ) (4.3 ) (4.10 ) (w1 > w2
:
0.1 w1 / h 3
0.1 w2 / h 3
1 w1 / w2 3
< 0.2 s / h
f 12 GHz
and
6 r 13
) (1
.
) : ( ) (Two Microstrip Lines )(gap
117
)(
) (Two Microstrip Lines ) (gap
.
. )( -
) (layout ) ( )(schematic
.
) (-- ): (Slit or transverse slit
) ( ) (slit or transverse slit

) (series coil :
2
)(4.11
) Z o ( air
) 2 Z o' ( air
= Lslit
) Z o ( air ) (w
'
) Z o ( air )(wa
.
: ) (b
) . (Lslit ) (
(a / w)C s ) (CS ). (4.3
) (b
) (w ) (wa ) (b
) (w
) . (Nonsymmetrical Step Discontinuity
.

) (S
118
) (Ansoft Designer , Agilent ADS , Agilent Genesys, AWR Suite

.

) (
) (

.
) : ( ) (Slit or transverse slit .
) (-- ) : (Bend Discontinuities
) (Bend Discontinuities
) . (-
)
119
90 60 (
.
) (flexibility ) microstrip
(circuit layout
... .
) (
.
) ( ) (L1 ) (L2
. ) (w .
) ( ) (
).(T
)(mode
) (Quasi-TEM mode ) the first higher
(order mode cut-off frequency fc :
) fc = 0.4 ( Zo / h
)(4.12
) (fc ) (GHz ) (h ) (mm ) (Zo

.
) : ( .
120
) : ( .
:
} }))C [in pF] =0.001 (h in [mm]) { { ((10.35 r+2.5) (w/h)2 }+{ (2.6 r +5.64) (W/h
)(4.13
)L [in nH ] = 0.22 (h in [mm]) { (1 1.35exp(-0.18 (w/h) 1.39)) } (4.14
:
} }))C [in pF] =0.001 (h in [mm]) { { ((3.93 r+0.62) (w/h)2 }+{ (7.6 r +3.8) (W/h
)(4.15
)L [in nH ] =0.44 (h in [mm]) { (1 1.062exp(-0.177 (w/h) 0.947)) } (4.16
) ( :
) C = C tan( / 2
)(4.17
])L [y + 1.9635 - (1/x

0.87391
)(4.18
y = 0.5223 ln (x) + 0.394
) ) x = 0.5 ( 1 + ( /180
0o < < 180o

) (C ) (L ) (4.13 ) (4.14 .
121
= L
where
and
) : ( ). (Curved bend layout
) : ( .
) (Curved bend ) (
) ( ) . (
:
)(4.19
][fF
) (
)(4.20
][nH
) (
aR
C = 0.5 103 K h
w + b
122
cR
L = K h 103
w + d
)(4.31
( h ) + b (w h )+ c
b = a (w ) + b (w ) + c
h
h
2
)(4.21
)(4.22
a = aa w
)(4.23
c = 0.7492 w 0.0376 h
h
)(4.24
d = 0.2647 w 0.1543 h
h
)(4.25
a a = 15.05 r + 0.07
)(4.26
b a = 11.21 r + 20.62
)(4.27
c a = 0.29 r 1.85
)(4.28
a b = 9.114 r 0.631
)(4.29
b b = 4.08 r + 10.42
)(4.30
c b = 0.563 r 4.356
{ 1.95 R w 0.5 } 0.045 sin 3.27
180
0.114 atan
K=
90
). (18
) ( ) bended microstrip
(lines .
.

) ( ) ( ) (layout ) (
) (schematic .
123
) : (
.
) (-- ): (Step Discontinuities

) (Symmetrical Step Discontinuity ) (
) (Nonsymmetrical Step Discontinuity
) (
).(
) (layout
) (center line ) (
.
124
) (layout
). (
) : ( .
) : ( .
) (
) (L :
)) 0.5( a + (1 / a
1 a 2 1 + a
A + B + 2D
ln
+2
AB D 2
4a 1 a
)(4.32
5a 2 - 1 4a 2 D
+
2
3
A
1
a
125
4a
2 w eff1 Z1
= L
f 1
2
1- a

1+ a
w
+ eff1
21
)(4.33
2
1 + 3a
1 a 2
)(4.34
2
3+ a
1 a 2
2
2a
}) 1 + a 1 + 1 {2 weff 1 /(1
=A
1 a 1 1 {2weff 1 /(1 )}2
}) 1 + 1 {2 weff 2 /(2
2
}) 1 1 {2 weff 2 /(2
a / 2
) ..(4.35
1+ a
=B
1 a
) D = 4a /(1 a 2
)a = weff 2 / weff 1 ...(4.36

) ...(4.37
) weff1, 2 = ( 376.7 h ) / ( Z1,2 eff1,2
) ...(4.38
) 1, 2 = c / ( f eff1,2
) ...(4.39
reff 1 w w w
2
o r 1 1
=C
2
h
c Z1

) ( = 1
) ( = 2
) .( w1 > w2
) ( ) (schematic
.

) ( ) (layout
) ( ) .(schematic
.
) : ( ) (schematic .
126
) (-- :

) (T ) (Tee Discontinuity or T-junction ) (-
) (Y ) (Y-junction or junction with arbitrary angle
) . (- ) (1,6
.
) ( ) : (T ) symmetrical
(T-junction ) . (Nonsymmetrical T-junction
) ( ) (
.
symmetrical
Nonsymmetrical
) : ( ).(T
) (T
) ( ) (center line
. ) (T
)( ) (.
127
) (T
) (center line .
) ( ) (T ) two
(transformers ). (shunt susceptance
) (displacements d1a,d1b,d2 ) (reference planes T1a,T1b,T2
) ( .
) (T )(transformers
) ( )(transformer turns ratio
) (n = na = nb ) (displacements ). (d1 = d1a = d1b
) (T :
)...(4.40
Z1 f Z1
d1

= 0.055 1 - 2
D2
Z 2 f c1 Z 2
Z Z
Z1 f
Z1
d2
- 0.17 ln 1 1
= 0.5 - 0.05 + 0.7 exp - 1.6 + 0.25
Z2
D1
Z 2 Z 2
Z 2 f c1
). ...(4.41
) (fc1 ) (4.12 ).(Zo = Z1
)...(4.42
0.5
D1, 2 = ( 376.73 h eff
) / Z 1,2
1, 2
)...(4.43
2
2
2
f 1 Z1
d2
+ 0.5 -
n = 1 -
D1
f c1 12 Z 2
) (shunt susceptance :
2
2
5.5 D1 d1 n -2 r + 2
Z2
Z1
Z1 f
Z1
- 4.4 exp - 1.3

1 + 0.9 ln + 4.5
- 20
= BT
Z 2
Z2
Z 2 f c1
o
Z 2 1 D 2 r
)...(4.44
128
) : ( ).(T
) (T
) (4.40 ) (4.44 :
) (
. ) (
) (Z1
) (geometric mean .
) ( ) (schematic ) (T
.
) : ( ) (schematic ).(T
129
) (1,6 .

.

) (layout
) (schematic
)(layout
.

) (schematic ) (layout
) (layout
) (schematic .
) ( ) ( .
) ( ) (layout ) (
) (schematic .
) (

.
) : ( ) (layout .
130
) : ( ) (schematic ). (
) (
) (+ ). (
)(
) ( .
) (- ): (microstrip components
) (microstrip components
) (inductors ) (capacitors
) (tapered microstrip line ) (radial line .
) (built-in
. ) (
.
) (tapered microstrip line
) (matching circuits ) (resonator
). (7
131

) (linear ) (nonlinear
) . (
.
) (13 ) (tapered line
) (matching networks )(7
.
) (radial line ) (matching networks
) (resonator ) bias
(networks ) (amplifiers ) (oscillators
) (frequency multipliers .
) (
)(interdigitated capacitor
)(spiral inductor
) : ( .
132
) : ( .

) (series ) (parallel
) ( ) (Butterfly structure
).(
Butterfly structure
parallel radial line
series radial line
) : ( ) (layout .
) ( ) (input impedance Zin

) (f1 , f2, ... .

.
133
) : ( .
circular spiral inductor
rectangular spiral inductor
octagonal spiral inductor
meander line
) : ( .
) (6
.
134
) (spiral inductors
) ( .
) (
) (meander line ).(
) (spiral inductor
) (air bridge

).(
). (9,15, 17
) : ( ).(square shape spiral inductor
)(square shape spiral inductor

) ( :
)(4.45
L K N1.67 A
][nH
2
) (A ) (mm ) . (mil
) (K=0.85 )(mm2
) (K=0.0216 ). (mil2
) (N ). (number of turns
135
) (interdigitated capacitor
) (9,15
.
.
) (interdigitated capacitor
) ( :
][F
)(4.46
+ 1
] C = r Y 2 [(N 3) A1 + A 2
W
) (N ). (number of fingures
) (A1 = 8.85826X10-3 ) (A2 = 9.92125X10-3 ). (pF/mm
) (Y ) (length of overlap ) (r )(W
.
) (
.
) : ( ). (interdigitated capacitor

) (MIM capacitor

) ( ) - -( )Metal-Insulator-
.(Metal or MIM
) ( ) Vertical-parallel
.(plate chip capacitor
136
Vertical-parallel plate chip capacitor

MIM capacitor
) : ( .
) : ( .
) (deposited
) (deposited resistance ). (
) (thin film
) (lossy material ) (nichrome ) (tantalum nitride
.
) (R ) ( :
137
)(4.47
][
L
=
1 L
=
t W
L
=
t W
L
R = Rs
W
= = R s ) (sheet resistance ). (/square

t t
) (material bulk resistivity ).( m

) (material bulk conductivity ).(S / m
) (t ) (L ) (W
).(A
) (9
) (lumped components
.
) (
) (S parameters
.
) (S parameters
) (model fitting
) .(optimization ) (network analyzer
.
)(built-in libraries

.
) (Modelithics
) (SPICE
. ).(i1
138
) (- :
) (microstrip coupled lines )edge-

(coupled microstrip lines
) (directional coupler
) (balanced mixers ) (balanced amplifiers ) phase
(shifters ) (attenuators ) (modulators
) frequency
(discriminators .
) ( - ) (bandpass filter

) . (multiple microstrip coupled lines
) (microstrip coupled lines .
) ( ) symmetrical
(microstrip coupled lines ) (W ) (L ).(S
) ( .
) ( ) (

.
) : ( .
139
) : ( .
) Even and Odd Mode

(analysis ) (the extremes of polarization
)( .
) (The even mode
) (.
) (The odd mode
) ( ) (
.
) (characteristic impedance ) phase
(velocity ) (eff effective microstrip permittivity
.
) even mode characteristic impedances
(Zoe ).(odd mode characteristic impedances Zoo
) (effe
) (go
) (effo ) (ge
.

.
) ( ) (
.
140
) : ( ).(directional coupler
) : ( .
) (S-parameters
.
) (3 ) Transmitted port or direct coupled
.(port
) (4 ).(isolated port
) (2 ).(direct port
) (S-parameters ) (Isolation Coefficient
) (1 ) (4 ) (Magnitude of S41
:
][dB
V
S 41 dB = 20 log 4
V1
) (V1 , V4 )( ) (4 ).(1
141
) (S41
) (4.
) (S11 ) (
) (1 .
][dB
Vreflected at port 1
S11 dB = 20 log
V
incedent at port 1
) (S21 ) (1 ) (2
) (
).(2
V
S 21 dB = 20 log 2
V1
][dB
) (coupling coefficient C :

][dB
)(4.48
P
C = 10 log 3
P1
) (S-parameters :
)(4.49
][dB
V
P
C = 10 log 3 = 20 log 3 = S 31 dB
V1
P1
) (Transmission Coefficient S31 ) (1 ).(3

) (P1 ) (1 ) (P3 ).(3
) (V1 , V3 )( ) (3 ).(1
) (S31 in dB or S31dB ) (|S31|dB
) (S31 ) (complex number ) (Magnitude
).(Angle
) (20 Magnitude
.
) (C = |S31|dB ) (4.49
.
) (20 dB directional coupler
) ( 20 dB
.
142
) (20 dB directional coupler

).( 20 dB
) (C ) (V3/V1
) (P3/P1 ) (1
) .(3 .
) (relative bandwidth = B = {f2f1}/fo
) (C ) (10%.
) (central frequency fo ) (lower edge frequency f1
) (upper edge frequency f2 .
) (W ) (L ).(S
) ( :
- ) (Zoe
) (Zoo ) coupling
(coefficient C ) (Zoe , Zoo :
)(4.50
1 10C / 20
1 + 10 C / 20
Z oo = Z o
1 + 10C / 20
1 10 C / 20
Z oe = Z o
) (Zo ).(50
) (4.50 Z oe Z oo
. Zo
- ) (coupled lines length L :

)(4.51
ge + go
2
= gm
, where
gm
4
=L
) (ge & go ) (3.12 ) (effe & effo
0

eff
= ) g effe ge effo ( go
) ( o = light velocity/frequency = 299792458 / fin Hz

) (.
143
) (
) (L :
gm
)L = (2n 1
) . (n=1,2,3,... ) (L
).(4.51
) (ge & go ) (2 :
300 Z oe
F Z01e
mm
mm
300 Z oo
F Z01o
ge
go
) (F
) (Zo1e ) (Zo1o
Z 01 = Z 0 effo effe
o
) Z 01e = Z 0
(.
- ) (S :
)(4.52
w
w
cosh + cosh 2
s 2
2 h se
2 h so
= cosh 1
h
w
w
cosh cosh
2 h so
2 h se
w
w
) (Zoe / 2 ) (Zoo / 2
h so
h se
) (3.15 ). (3.23
:
144

w
1 2d g + 1
= cosh
h se 2
g +1
)(4.53
w
) (r 6 :
h so
w/h
1
w
1 2d g 1
+ cosh 1 1 + 2
= cosh
s/h
h so 2
g 1
)(4.54
w
) (r 6 :
h so
)(4.55
w/h
4
w
1 2d g 1
+
cosh 1 1 + 2
= cosh
s/h
h so 2
) g 1 (1 + r / 2
:
w s
d = cosh +
h 2 h
s
g = cosh
2 h
&
s w
) (2 .
h h
w
w
- ) (Zoe , Zoo
h so
h se
s
.
h
) (Zoe , Zoo
) ( :
)(4.56
Z oo = c Co Co1
&
Z oe = c CeCe1
). (light velocity c = 299792458 m/s

) ( :
Co = C p + C f + C ga + C gd
145
Ce = C p + C f + C 'f
( Cp = the capacitance between one of the coupled lines and the ground plane)
.
Cf and Cf are fringing capacitances between each coupled line and the ground )
. ( plane
Cga and Cgd represent, respectively, the odd mode fringing field capacitances for the )
( air and dielectric regions across the coupling gap
.(Cgd) ( Cga)
w
Cp =
h
eff
Cp
C f = 0.5
cZ o
C 'f =
= r o
r
1 + ( A h/s ) tanh ( 8 s/h ) eff
Cf
A = exp [ 0.1 exp ( 2.33 2.53 w/h ) ]
C ga = o
K (k ' )
K (k )
k=
s/h
s/ h + 2 w/ h
, k' = 1 k2
: ( k)
( 0 k 0.5) -
2(1 + k ' )
K (k ' ) 1
= ln
1 k'
K (k )
( 0.5 k 1) K (k ' )
=
K (k ) ln { 2 (1 + k )/(1 - k ) }
C gd =
ln coth
s
0.02
r + 1 r2
+ 0.65 C f
h
s/h
( Ce1 = Ce ) ( Ce1 , Co1)

. ( = o) ( Co1 = Co )
146
- ) (Zoe , Zoo )(4.50

) (Zoe , Zoo
.
) (Zoe , Zoo

) (W ) (S .
) (Zoe , Zoo
) Zoe ,
(Zoo
).(S,W
) (coupled lines length L .

) (
.

).(2,14,20

) (LineComp
. ) Agilent
(Genesys ) (Module ) (TLINE
. ).(i4,i5
) (14 ) (BASIC
) (W,S ) (Zoe , Zoo .
) (14 ) (BASIC ) (W,S ).(Zoe , Zoo
) (functions ) (C++
) (14 .
) (- ) (functions ) Visual C and
.(Microsoft C++
) (- ) (function ) (Zoe_Zoo_calculations ).(Zoe , Zoo
). (coupling coefficient C
) (- ) (function )_ (Design_Coupled_Microstrip_Lines
) (W,S ) .(Zoe , Zoo ) (function
.
147

.(C++)
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <complex>
using namespace std;
typedef complex<double> COMPLEX;
inline complex<double> cmplx(double r,double i)
{ return ( complex<double> (r,i) ); }
(-)
void Zoe_Zoo_calculations(void)
{
double Zoe=1.0,Zoo=1.0,C=1.0,Cabs=1.0,Zo=50.0;
cout<<"\n Symmetric coupled lines Zoe , Zoo calculations : \n\n ";
cout<<"\n ENTER VALUE OF characteristic impedance in ohm e.g. [50] : ";
cin>>Zo;
cout<<"\n ENTER VALUE OF Coupling coefficient in dB e.g. [-10] : ";
cin>>C;
Cabs=pow(10.0,(C/20.0));
Zoe=Zo*sqrt( (1.0+Cabs) / (1.0-Cabs) );
Zoo=Zo*sqrt( (1.0-Cabs) / (1.0+Cabs) );
cout<<"\n Coupled Lines Parameters :";
cout<<"\n Coupling coefficient in dB = "<<C;
cout<<"\n characteristic impedance in ohm = "<<Zo;
cout<<"\n Coupling coefficient absolute = "<<Cabs;
cout<<"\n Zoe [ohm] = "<<Zoe;
cout<<"\n Zoo [ohm] = "<<Zoo;
}
(-)
void Equations(double &V,double &U,double &G,double &AE,double &BE,double &ER,

double &AU,double &EF,double &CO,double &EFEO,double &AO,double &BO,
double &DO,double &F,double &H,double &CN,double &EFOO,
double &P1,double &P2,double &P3,double &P4,double &P5,double &P6,double &P7,double
148
&P8,
double &P9,double &P10,double &P11,double &P12,double &P13,double &P14,double &P15,
double &FEF,double &FOF,double &EFEF,double &EFOF,double &Q1,double &Q2,double
&Q3,
double &Q4,double &Q5,double &Q6,double &Q7,double &Qdouble &Q9,double &Q10,
double &ZL,double &ZE,double &ZO,double &ZCE,double &ZCO,double &FU,double PI)
{
V = U * (20.0 + G * G) / (10.0 + G * G) + G * exp(-G);
AE = 1.0 + 1.0 / 49.0 * log((pow(V,4.0) + pow((V / 52.0),2.0)) / (pow(V,4.0) + 0.432)) + 1.0 / 18.7 *
log(1 + pow((V / 18.1),3.0));
BE = 0.564 * pow(((ER - 0.9) / (ER + 3.0)),0.053);
EFEO = (ER + 1.0) / 2.0 + (ER - 1.0) / 2.0 * pow((1.0 + 10.0 / V),(-AE * BE));
AU = 1.0 + 1.0 / 49.0 * log((pow(U,4.0) + pow((U / 52.0),2.0)) / (pow(U,4.0) + 0.432)) + 1.0 / 18.7 *
log(1 + pow((U / 18.1),3.0));
EF = (ER + 1.0) / 2.0 + (ER - 1.0) / 2.0 * pow((1.0 + 10.0 / U),(-AU * BE));
AO = 0.7287 * (EF - (ER + 1.0) / 2.0) * (1.0 - exp(-0.179 * U));
BO = 0.747 * ER / (0.15 + ER);
CO = BO - (BO - 0.207) * exp(-0.414 * U);
DO = 0.593 + 0.694 * exp(-0.562 * U);
EFOO = ((ER + 1.0) / 2.0 + AO - EF) * exp(-CO * pow(G,DO)) + EF;
CN = F * H * 0.000001;
P1 = 0.27488 + (0.6315 + 0.525 / pow((1.0 + 0.0157 * CN),20.0)) * U - 0.065683 * exp(-8.7513 * U);
P2 = 0.3362 * (1.0 - exp(-0.03442 * ER));
P3 = 0.0363 * exp(-4.6 * U) * (1.0 - exp(-1.0*pow((CN / 38.7),4.97)));
P4 = 1.0 + 2.751 * (1.0 - exp(-1.0*pow((ER / 15.916),8.0)));
P5 = 0.334 * exp(-3.3 * pow((ER / 15.0),3.0)) + 0.746;
P6 = P5 * exp(-1.0*pow((CN / 18),0.368));
P7 = 1.0 + 4.069 * P6 * pow(G,0.479) * exp(-1.374 * pow(G,0.595) - 0.17 * pow(G,2.5));
P8 = 0.7168 * (1.0 + 1.076 / (1.0 + 0.0576 * (ER - 1.0)));
P9 = P8 - 0.7913 * (1.0 - exp(-1.0*pow((CN / 20.0),1.424))) * atan(2.481 * pow((ER / 8.0),0.946));
P10 = 0.242 * pow((ER - 1),0.55);
P11 = 0.6366 * (exp(-0.3401 * CN) - 1.0) * atan(1.263 * pow((U / 3.0),1.629));
P12 = P9 + (1.0 - P9) / (1.0 + 1.183 * pow(U,1.376));
P13 = 1.695 * P10 / (0.414 + 1.605 * P10);
P14 = 0.8929 + 0.1072 * (1.0 - exp(-0.42 * pow((CN / 20.0),3.215)));
P15 = fabs(1.0 - 0.8928 * (1.0 + P11) * P12 * exp(-P13 * pow(G,1.092)) / P14);
FEF = P1 * P2 * pow(((P3 * P4 + 0.1844 * P7) * CN),1.5763);
FOF = P1 * P2 * pow(((P3 * P4 + 0.1844) * CN * P15),1.5763);
EFEF = ER - (ER - EFEO) / (1.0 + FEF);
EFOF = ER - (ER - EFOO) / (1.0 + FOF);
Q1 = 0.8695 * pow(U,0.194);
Q2 = 1.0 + 0.7519 * G + 0.189 * pow(G,2.31);
Q3 = 0.1975 + pow((16.6 + pow((8.399999 / G),6.0)),(-0.387)) + 1.0 / 241.0 * log(pow(G,10.0) /
(1.0 + pow((G / 3.4),10.0)));
Q4 = 2.0 * Q1 / (Q2 * (exp(-G) * pow(U,Q3) + (2.0 - exp(-G)) * pow(U,(-Q3))));
Q5 = 1.794 + 1.14 * log(1.0 + 0.638 / (G + 0.5170001 * pow(G,2.43)));
Q6 = 0.2305 + log(pow(G,10.0) / (1.0 + pow((G / 5.8),10.0))) / 281.3 + 1.0 / 5.1 *
log(1.0 + 0.598 * pow(G,1.154));
Q7 = (10.0 + 190.0 * G * G) / (1.0 + 82.3 * G * G * G);
Q8 = exp(-6.5 - 0.95 * log(G) - pow((G / 0.15),5.0));
Q9 = log(Q7) * (Q8 + 1.0 / 16.5);
Q10 = (Q2 * Q4 - Q5 * exp(log(U) * Q6 * pow(U,(-Q9)))) / Q2;
FU = 6.0 + (2.0 * PI - 6.0) * exp(-1.0*pow((30.666 / U),0.7528));
ZL = 60.0 / sqrt(EF) * log(FU / U + sqrt(1.0 + pow((2.0 / U),2.0)));
ZE = ZL * sqrt(EF / EFEO) / (1.0 - (ZL / 377.0) * sqrt(EF) * Q4) - ZCE;
ZO = ZL * sqrt(EF / EFOO) / (1.0 - (ZL / 377.0) * sqrt(EF) * Q10) - ZCO;
}
149
void Coupled_Microstrip_Lines_(double ZOE,double ZOO,double ER,double H,

double T,double F,double &W,double &S,double &EFEF,double &EFOF)
{
/*
Symmetric Coupled Microstrip Lines Calculations
input data:
Zoe[ohm] = ZOE = even mode characteristic impedance
Zoo[ohm] = ZOO = odd mode characteristic impedance
EPSILON R = ER = epsilon r
h [m] = H
= substrate (dielectric) thickness h
t [m] = T
= conductor thickness t
f [Hz] = F = frequency at which we calculate w and lampda guide
output data:
W[m] = microstrip line width w
S[m] = space between microstrip lines
eeffe = EFEF = even mode epsilon effective of f
eeffo= EFOF = odd mode epsilon effective of f
Conditions : \n 0.1 <= w/h <= 10 \n t <= 0.01h \n 1 <= epsilon_r <= 10
*/
\n
f <= 6 GHz
double ZCE,ZCO,PI,ZO,K,AW,UW,F2,F3,KK,U,G,ST,V,AE,BE,AU,EF,CO,EFEO;
double MO,NO,M1,N1,M2,N2,D1,D2,D3,D4,DETER;
double AO,BO,DO,CN,EFOO,P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9,P10,P11,P12,P13;
double P14,P15,FEF,FOF,Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6,Q7,Q8,Q9,Q10,ZL,ZE,FU;
int I;
ZCE = ZOE;
ZCO = ZOO;
PI = 3.141592653;
double A[7]={0.0,1.0,-0.301,3.209,-27.282,56.609,-37.746};
double B[7]={0.0,0.02,-0.623,17.192,-68.946,104.74,-16.148};
double C[7]={0.0,0.002,-0.347,7.171,-36.91,76.132,-51.616};
ZO = sqrt(ZCE * ZCO);
K = (ZCE - ZCO) / (ZCE + ZCO);
AW = exp(ZO / 42.4 * sqrt(ER + 1.0)) - 1.0;
UW = 8.0 / AW * sqrt(AW / 11.0 * (7.0 + 4.0 / ER) + 1.0 / 0.81 * (1.0 + 1.0 / ER));
F2 = 0.0;
F3 = 0.0;
for(I=1;I<=6;I++) { F2 = F2 + A[I] * pow(K,(I - 1)); }
if(K < 0.5)
{ KK = K; }
else
{ KK = 0.5; }
for(I=1;I<=6;I++) { F3 = F3 + (B[I] - C[I] * (9.600001 - ER)) * pow((0.6 - KK),(I - 1.0)); }
if(K >= 0.5) { F3 = 2 * F3 * (1 - K); }
U = fabs(UW * F2);
G = fabs(UW * F3);
ST = 0.00001;
ASTEP1:
Equations(V,U,G,AE,BE,ER,AU,EF,CO,EFEO,AO,BO,DO,F,H,CN,EFOO,P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,
P6,P7,P8,P9,P10,P11,P12,P13,P14,P15,FEF,FOF,EFEF,EFOF,Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6,Q7,Q8,
Q9,Q10,ZL,ZE,ZO,ZCE,ZCO,FU,PI);
MO = ZE;
NO = ZO;
U = U + ST;
150
M1 = ZE;
N1 = ZO;
U = U - ST;
G = G + ST;
M2 = ZE;
N2 = ZO;
D1 = (M1 - MO) / ST;
D2 = (M2 - MO) / ST;
D3 = (N1 - NO) / ST;
D4 = (N2 - NO) / ST;
DETER = D1 * D4 - D2 * D3;
if(fabs(DETER) > 1E-09)
{
U = fabs(U - (MO * D4 - NO * D2) / DETER);
G = fabs(G + (MO * D3 - NO * D1) / DETER);
}
else
{
U = 1.01 * U;
goto ASTEP1;
}
if((ZE * ZE + ZO * ZO) <= (ZCE * ZCO / 1000000))
{ W=U*H; S=G*H;
return ;
}
ST = 0.9 * ST;
goto ASTEP1;
}
void Design_Coupled_Microstrip_Lines_(void)
{
double ZOE,ZOO,ER,H,T,F,W,S,EFEF,EFOF;
AU:
printf("\n Conditions : \n 0.1 <= w/h <= 10 \n t <= 0.01h \n 1 <= epsilon_r <= 10
GHz" );
printf(" \n Enter even mode characteristic impedance Zoe [ohm]" : );
scanf("%lf",&ZOE);
printf(" \n Enter odd mode characteristic impedance Zoo [ohm]" : );
scanf("%lf",&ZOO);
printf(" \n Enter epsilon r" : );
scanf("%lf",&ER);
printf(" \n Enter substrate (dielectric) thickness h [m]" : );
scanf("%lf",&H);
printf(" \n Enter conductor thickness t [m]" : );
scanf("%lf",&T);
printf(" \n Enter frequency at which we calculate w and lampda guide [Hz]" : );
scanf("%lf",&F);
Coupled_Microstrip_Lines_(ZOE,ZOO,ER,H,T,F,W,S,EFEF,EFOF);
printf(" \n microstrip line width = %lf [m]",W);
printf(" \n space between microstrip lines = %lf [m]",S);
printf(" \n even mode epsilon effective of f = %lf ",EFEF);
151
\n
f <= 6
;)printf(" \n odd mode epsilon effective of f = %lf ",EFOF

;)"printf(" \n
;)"printf(" \n Enter 1 if you want to continue and Enter any letter to stop
;int p
;)scanf("%d",&p
} ;if(p==1) { int m=9; goto AU
;int h=8
}
: ).(Bold
)(-
) (2 ) (directional coupler :
) (C = 10dB ) (fo = 5 GHz
).(Zo = 50
:
) (r = 9 ). (h = 1 mm
:
Zoo = 36 ) -
&
(Zoe = 69.5
Z oe Z oo = 50.2 50
-
w
0.85
h
s
0.25
h
Zo
), W 0.85 mm
(S 0.25 mm
- ) (coupled lines length L ): (4.51
= 8.42 mm
gm
4
22.54 + 28.8
= 25.67 mm
2
=L
ge + go
2
= gm
) (C++
.
) Agilent ADS ,
(Agilent Genesys, AWR Suite, APLAC, Ansoft Designer )
( .
152

) (S-parameters ) (4.75 GHz )(5.25 GHz
) (0.5 GHz = 500 MHz )
relative bandwidth
(B=10% ) (C
.
5.25 GHz - 4.75 GHz

0.5
= X 100
X 100 = 10%
5 GHz
5
= B
:
) (S31dB = C ) (11.5dB ) (12.5dB ).(10dB
) (Isolation Coefficient S41dB < 15.5dB ) (4.
) (Reflection Coefficient S11dB < 18.7dB) : (1 ) (
.
) (1 )Transmission Coefficient S21dB ) : (2 (0.5dB
)( ).(2
) (Optimization ) (
) (S31dB = C 10dB ) S11dB, S21dB,
(S41dB .
) ADS ,
(Genesys, AWR Suite, Ansoft Designer .

.
) (

) (
) (Optimization
) (
.
153

) (Optimization

.
) (

) (Optimization
) (57 iterations ) (
:
)L=6.48mm
, W =0.86 mm
.(S = 0.19 mm
:
)(|S31|dB or S31dB = C 10dB
)(|S41|dB or S41dB < 18.22dB
)(|S11|dB or S11dB < 17.58dB
).(|S21|dB or S21dB 0.6dB
.
) ( ) (Optimization
) (4.75 GHz ).(5.25 GHz
) (Optimization
).(

) APLAC SV, Ansoft Designer
(SV ) (APLAC, Ansoft

. ).(i2,i3

.
154
]|S31| [dB] vs F[GHz
) : ( ) (dB ).(GHz
) (directional coupler ) (Zoe , Zoo
) (W ) (S )(11
.
) (TXLine .
).(i6
)(nonsymmetrical microstrip coupled lines

).(11,20

) (multiple microstrip coupled lines
).(11,20

) ( .
155
1987
Artech House
1992
John Wiley & Sons
1990
Prentice Hall
2004
Newnes
1996
Artech House
2005
Artech House
2001
Springer
2000
Artech House
2003
Artech House
2005
Artech House
1991
Artech House
Brian C. Wadell
2005
John Wiley & Sons
I. A. Glover,
S. R. Pennock
P. R. Shepherd
2005
John Wiley & Sons
David M. Pozar
1990
Artech House
Stanislaw
Rosloniec
1999
Artech House
Pieter L.D. Abrie
2001
John Wiley & Sons
2003
Artech House
Jia-Sheng Hong
M. J. Lancaster
Rowan Gilmore
Les Besser
2001
APLAC Solutions Corporation.
Hoffmann, R. K.,
Handbook of Microwave
Integrated Circuits
T. C. Edwards
nd
Engineering
Zakarevicius , R. Using Microstrip Circuits
A.
Leo
Passive RF and Microwave
G. Maloratsky
Integrated Circuits
Gupta , K. C., Microstrip
Lines
and
Garg , Ramesh , Slotlines , (2nd edition )
and Bahl, I. J.
Gunter Kompa
And Applications
Mitsuo Makimoto, Microwave Resonators and
Sadahiko
Filters
For
Wireless
Yamashita
Communication
Q.J. Zhang,
Neural Networks for RF and
K.C. Gupta
Microwave Design
Inder Bahl
Lumped Elements for RF
and Microwave Circuits
Noyan Kinayman Modern Microwave Circuits
M. I. Aksun
156
Transmission Line Design

Handbook
Microwave Devices, Circuits
and
Subsystems
for
Communications
Engineering
rd
(3 edition)
Algorithms for ComputerAided Design of Linear
Microwave Circuits
Design of RF and
Microwave Amplifiers and
Oscillators
Microstrip Filters for
RF/Microwave Applications
Practical RF Circuit Design
for Modern Wireless
Systems, Vol. 1, Passive
Circuits and Systems
APLAC TM 7.61 Reference
Manual Vol.3, Passive RF
components
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1999
Faculty of
Engineering - Ain
Shams University
Hesham I. M. AL
Anwar
19
Artech House
R. K. Mongia
Computer Aided Design of

thesis)
RF and Microwave Coupled
nd
Line Circuits, (2 edition )
2007

21
I. J. Bahl
P. Bhartia
J. Hong
2002
Faculty of
Engineering - Cairo
University
Hesham I. M. AL
Anwar
20

: ( Modelithics)
i1
www.modelithics.com
: ( Ansoft)
i2
: ( APLAC)
i3
: ( Agilent Genesys) ( Agilent)
i4
http://eesof.tm.agilent.com
: ( LineComp) ( WAVECON)
i5
: ( TXLine)
http://web.awrcorp.com/
http://web.awrcorp.com/products/txline.html
http://web.awrcorp.com/Products/Microwave_Office/TXLine.zip
157
i6
Chapter 5 : Computer Aided Design and Analysis Programs

:
) (- :
)(
.

) (SPICE
) (APLAC .

.
:
) (COMPACT, SUPERCOMPACT, TOUCHSTONE, MDS, MicrowaveSPICE, Esope
.

) (MDS ) (hp ) (Agilent
) (Agilent ADS
.

:
) (EM-sim, hp HFSS, Magnet 2D &3Ds, MSC\EMAS, Sonnet EM
) (
.
) (Finite Element Method
) (
) (ANSYS, COSMOS .
158

) (Netlist .

/ .
) (Netlist
) (SPICE
) (APLAC .
) (APLAC ).(APLAC language
) (Netlist
.
)(Schematic

.

.
) (- :
) (Modified Nodal Analysis
)
( .

)(Newton's method, Sparse Matrix Technique
.
).(SPICE
) (5 ) (FORTRAN
).(Modified Nodal Analysis
) (Linear Analysis Methods ) (passive
) .(Nonlinear
159
) (active
) ( ) (Linear Model ) Z or
.(Y or S parameters
) (S parameters analysis ) (
) Connection Scattering Matrix
(Approach, Multiport Connection Method, Analysis by Subnetwork Growth Method
.
) (1 ) (FORTRAN ) (MCAP
) (S parameters analysis ) microstrip and
.(stripline circuits
) (2 ) (FORTRAN ) Connection Scattering Matrix
(Approach ) (Algorithms
) (S parameters analysis
)
(.

)
( .

.
) Finite Element Method, Finite Difference
(Method, Method of Lines, Transmission Line Modeling method, Moment Method
.

.
) (Nonlinear Analysis Methods
) (Nonlinear )(
) (Time Domain ) (
) ( ) (Frequency Domain ) (
.
) (Transient Time Domain
.
.
160
) time-domain
(differential equations .

.

) (Y parameters .
) (Volterra Series Method
) (weakly nonlinear circuits
) (small-signal amplifier
.

) (intermodulation characteristics .
) (strongly nonlinear circuits
) (Harmonic Balance Method
.
) (Harmonic Balance
.

.
) (Large Signal/Small Signal Analysis
.
.
) (Harmonic Balance
.
) (Large-Signal Scattering Parameters Analysis
.
) (

. .
) (ideal components )
( ) Mass
.(Production
) (
) (
161

) (Sensitivity Analysis
) ( ) (
.
) (
) (Yield Analysis
. ) (
.
) (Yield and Sensitivity Analysis
) (Optimization
) (.

.
) (Noise Analysis
) (Noise Sources
) (Noise Figure ) S/N
(ratio .
) (Source Code
) (C++ ) (MATLAB .
.
) (Passive
.
.
162
) (- :

) (modules or options

.
.
) (built-in-libraries
)
(
.
) (under
.
) (modules or options

.
) ( -
.

Agilent
Agilent ADS
Agilent Genesys
Ansoft
Ansoft Designer
http://www.awrcorp.com
AWR
AWR Suite
http://www.linmic.com
AC Microwave GmbH
LINMIC
) : ( -
163
) (
) (AWR ) (APLAC
) (Mentor Graphics ) (ANACAD ) (Agilent
) (Eagleware
) ( .

) (.

.

.

) (Source Code
) (
.

.
) (Agilent ADS
) (AWR Suite .

) (Modules ) (Options
. .
.

) eMule, eMulePlus, LimeWire,
(Kazza, iMesh, Shareaza, Bit Torrent, Bit Search, Azureus

) virus or spyware antivirus (

) (IP address
164

.

) (shareware
) (C/NL2, GSPICE, SCALC, LINC2 .

) ( )(video tutorials

.

.
) (
:
) ( :
) (Netlist )
( ) (Netlist ) (input file
) (Window . ) ( - .
) : ( - ).(Netlist
165
) (Schematic

.
) ( ) drag
(and drop
) (wiring . ) ( - .
) (built-in libraries )
(
) (electromagnetic based models
) (ANN based models
)
( ).(user defined models
) : ( - ) (Schematic
.
) ( : ) linear
(analysis ) (nonlinear analysis ) (electromagnetic analysis
.
166
) (cosimulation ) (ADS, AWR

) (passive
) (
) (Hierarchical Simulation
)( .

.
) (
) ( )
(
) (intermodulation products IM ) (intercept point IP ) load
(pull contours .
.
) (rectangular
) (polar ) (Smith Chart
. ) ( - ) ( - ).( -
) : ( - .
167
) : ( - ).(Smith Chart
) : ( - ).(polar
) ( :
)(Tuning
) ( )
(
168
) (
) ( . ) ( -
.
) : ( -
.
) (Optimization
) Newton's Method, Nelder-Mead's Method, Genetic Algorithm, Random
Optimization, Davidon-Fletcher-Powell Optimization, Simplex Optimization,
(Simulated Annealing,
)( .
) (Tuning )(Optimization
.
) (cooptimization ) (Agilent ADS
) (cosimulation
) (Hierarchical Simulation .
)(Yield Analysis

.
) (Yield Optimization .
) (
169
)
(.
) ( : ) (Layout
) (Mask
. ) ( - .
) : ( - .

) (
) (Layout
) (DXF, GDSII, Gerber, PAD,...etc.
) (extension card ) (GPIB or HPIB ) (

) Computer Aided Manufacturing
. (CAM ) ( - .
170
) : ( - )(GPIB
).(CNC
) (Agilent ADS
) (GPIB or HPIB
)(
) ( ) (
) ( )
( ). ( -
) : ( - ).(DUT
) ( - ) ( )(DUT
) (
) (A,B ) (simulation
171
) ( .
) ( .

.
): (Agilent ADS

.

) (RFIC, MMIC
. ) (Interfaces
) (Sonnet Suite, Cadence Design System, Mentor Graphics
) (NeuroModeler, ICCAP
). (Agilent ADS
) (Agilent ADS ) DC analysis, AC analysis, S-Parameters
analysis, Harmonic Balance, Circuit Envelope Simulation, Transient Time Domain,
(Envelope Simulation, Yield Analysis, Electromagnetic Analysis
) (Optimization ) (Yield Optimization
) (cooptimization and cosimulation .
) (design guide .
) (module ) (Esyn
) (LINECALC .
): (Agilent Genesys

) (modules .

).(SPECTRASYS Module
) (Eagleware ) (Eagleware Genesys
) (Eagleware ) (Agilent .
) (synthesis modules ) FILTER, M/FILTER,
A/FILTER, EQUALIZE, MATCH, OSCILLATOR, PLL, MIXER, AMPLIFIER,
(S/FILTER, TLINE
172
) (PLL
.
. ) (Optimization ) Yield Analysis and
.(Optimization
) (CNC
) (TEST LINK ) Network Analyzer,
(Spectrum Analyzer, Oscilloscope ). (GPIB or RS-232
): (AWR Suite
).(Microwave Office, Analog Office, VSS, SI

) (RFIC, MMIC
) (Microwave Office, Analog Office ). (VSS
) (Netlist ) (SPICE .
) (electromagnetic based models

.
) (Optimization ) Yield Analysis and
.(Optimization
) (layout / ).(DRC
) (Interfaces ) Sonnet Suite,
(Zeland, Mentor Graphics, ADS,
) (Ampsa
) .(Nuhertz Filter ) (Filter Wizard . ) Load
(Pull Wizard . ) (TestWave
.
): (Ansoft Designer

) (RFIC, MMIC
) (Ansoft HFSS .

.
173
) Cadence, Mentor Graphics,

. (Zuken, Synopsys,
) (CNC
).(DXF, GDSII
): (LINMIC

) (MMIC
. ) (Netlist ) (SPICE
.
.
) ( ) FET,
.(HEMT )( .
) . (Zeland Suite
) (IE3D, GDSII .

SONNET
http://www.sonnetsoftware.com
Sonnet Software Inc.
http://www.cst.com/
CST
http://www.remcom.com/
Remcom Inc.
XFDTD
http://www.memresearch.com/em3ds.
MEM Research
EM3DS
CST Microwave
Studio
htm
IMST GmbH
http://www.empire.de/
EMPIRE Xccel
3D Electromagnetic Analysis for Waveguide Technology and Antennas

http://www.mician.com/
Mician
http://www.mig-germany.com
MIG Microwave
Wave Wizard
WASP-Net
Innovation Group
) : ( - .
174

) (3D Electromagnetic Analysis
) EMPIRE Xccel, CST
EM3DS, Ansoft HFSS, Zeland Fidelity, Remcom XFDTD,
(Microwave Studio .
) (
) (2.5D Electromagnetic Analysis
) Zeland IE3D, Agilent ADS Momentum, EMPLAN, Sonnet emSuite, IMST COPLAN,
(JansenMicrowave SFPMIC .
) ( - .
) WASP-NET , Mician MICROWAVE WIZARD or wave
(WIZARD ) (Waveguide technology
) ( -
.
:
) (Ansoft Designer SV, APLAC SV
) (RFSim99
. ).(i6
) (ViPEC
. ).(i7
) (HBFree ) . (Harmonic Balance
).(i8
) Sonnet Lite, Windows FDTD
(Software , Arpeggio . ).(i10, i11, i12

) (Matching Networks ) (Amplifiers
) (Oscillators ) (PLL ) (Filters
) (Mixers .
) (Matching Networks
) (ZZMatch, Mosaic, Wmatch .
) (Mosaic ) (AMPSA
).(AWR Suite
175
) (modules
) (Esyn ) (Agilent ADS ) (MATCH ).(Agilent Genesys
) (Smith Chart
) (winSMITH, Advanced Automated Smith Chart, ARRL Microsmith
) (Smith Chart ) RFdude.com Smith
(Chart Program, Windows Smith Chart/Impedance Matching Tool, RFMatch .
).(i12, i13, i14, i15
) (Amplifiers
) (PACAD ) MultiMatch Amplifier Design
(Wizard ) (AMPSA
) (AWR Suite
) (Agilent Genesys ) (AMPLIFIER module .
) (ClassE ) (Netlist
) .(SPICE ).(i17
) (Oscillators
) (PLL ) (modules
) (PLL ).(Agilent Genesys
) (PLL Design Assistant
) (PLL ) . (CPPSim ).(i18
) (Mixers
) (modules ).(Agilent Genesys
) (Filters
) (FILPRO, Parfil, FilterShop, Elliptic .
) (Nuhertz Filter )(AWR Suite
) (AADE Filter Design, AADE Filter32, FilterCAD
).(i19, i20, i21, i22, i23

) (SCALC, LINC2, C/NL2, GSPICE
.
) ( -
) . (Artech House ).(i9
176
EMPLAN
LINPAR & MULTLIN
PACAD
TRANSLIN
GSPICE
VisSim/microComm
C/NL2
) (Volterra series
) : ( - )(Artech House
) (SPICE
) (SPICE ) HSPICE, MDSPICE,
(GSPICE .
) (SPICE

) (6,7,8
) ( )(NeuroModeler, ICCAP, MODULE OF LINMIC
.
) (SPICE models ) (SPICE .
) (NeuroModeler, ICCAP
). (Agilent ADS
) (Modeling
) (6,7,8
.

.
177

) (Modelithics ) (built-in libraries
) (ADS, AWR
) .(SPICE ).(i26

:
-
.
.
- ) (.
- ) (Modeling .

) (CNC
.
) (CNC ) (LPKF
) (LPKF CircuitCAM
.
) (Agilent ADS, Agilent Genesys
) (CNC .

).(Industrial Software
) Computer Aided Design
(CAD ) Electronic Design Automation Software or
(EDA Software ) Computer Aided Manufacturing
(Software or CAM Software ) Computer
(Aided Engineering CAE ) Electronic Design Automation
(EDA .

) (

).(i23, i24, i25
178
1981
Artech House
1991
Artech House
1998
Artech House
2003
Artech House
1983
Springer
Kishore Singhal,
Jiri Vlach
Computer Methods for

Circuit Analysis and
Design.
2000
Artech House
Artech House
2005
Artech House
John Wood
David Root
Neural Networks for RF and

Microwave Design
Behavioral Modeling of
Nonlinear
RF
and
Microwave Devices
Fundamentals of Nonlinear
Behavioral Modeling for RF
and Microwave Design
2000
Q.J. Zhang,
K.C. Gupta
Thomas R.
Turlington
1988
Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company
Analysis and Design of

Electronic Circuits Using
PCs
1995
McGraw-Hill Inc.
Electronic Circuit and

System Simulation
Methods
10
1993
Artech House
John
Greenbaum,
Les Besser,
Brian Biehl,
Bruce Pollard,
Robert Osann
Lawrence
Pillage,
Ronald A.
Rohrer,
Chandramouli
Visweswariah
Michael D.
Meehan,
John Purviance.
Yield and Reliability in

Microwave Circuit and
System Design
11
K C. Gupta
Computer-Aided Design of
Microwave Circuits
Janusz A
Introduction to Computer
Dobrowolski
Methods for Microwave
Circuit Analysis and Design
Paulo
J.
C. Computer-Aided Analysis of
Rodrigues
Nonlinear
Microwave
Circuits
Stephen A. Maas
Nonlinear Microwave and
RF Circuits, (2nd Edition)
179
1
2
3
4
7
8

. ( Agilent)
i1
. ( Ansoft)
i2
http://www.ansoft.com/products/hf/ansoft_designer
. ( APLAC)
i3
. ( AWR)
i4
http://www.awrcorp.com
http://www.appwave.com/Products/Microwave_Office/Overview.php
. (HSPICE) ( Synopsys)
i5
http://www.synopsys.com
( RFSim99)
i6
http://www.practicalrf.com/$Newsletter/e-letters/February2006/RFSim99.htm
( ViPEC)
i7
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=19792
(Harmonic Balance) ( HBFree)
i8
http://hbfree.sourceforge.net/
. (Artech House)
i9
http://www.artechhouse.com/
Sonnet ) ( SONNET Lite) i10
:(Software Inc.
http://www.sonnetsoftware.com/lite
. ( Arpeggio) i11
http://www.angelfire.com/ca2/BlueFlyer/
( Windows FDTD Software) i12
Windows Smith Chart/Impedance )
: (Matching Tool
http://pesona.mmu.edu.my/%7Ewlkung/
: (RFMatch) i13
http://www.elmarx.com/fontana/rfc16pro.zip
180

i14 :
http://www.fritz.dellsperger.net/Downloads/Setup_smith.exe
i15 ) (Smith Chart :
http://sss-mag.com/smith.html
i16 ) (Ampsa ): (MULTIMATCH ADW, MOSAIC IMW
http://www.ampsa.com
i17 ) (ClassE :
http://tonnesoftware.com/classe.html
i18 ) (PLL Design Assistant ) (PLL
) (CPPSim :
http://www-mtl.mit.edu/researchgroups/perrottgroup/tools.html
http://www.cppsim.com/download.html
i19 ) (WAVECON ) (Parfil, Elliptic :
i20 ) (Nuhertz ): (Nuhertz Filter
http://www.filter-solutions.com/
i21 ) (FilterCAD :
http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/
i22 :
http://www.dxzone.com/catalog/Software/Filter_Design/
i23
:
http://www.circuitsage.com/index.php
i24 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_microwave_CAE_CAD
i25 ) (Microwave Journal
:
http://www.mwjournal.com/BuyersGuide/
Vendors.asp?ParentCatId=10&SubCatId=113&viewall=1
i26 ) (Modelithics
www.modelithics.com
i27 ) (Applied Computational Sciences ): (LINC2
http://www.appliedmicrowave.com/
181
Chapter 6 : Hybrid Couplers, Power Splitters and Bias Networks
) (- :
) (active circuits
).(passive circuits
) (amplifiers ) (oscillators ) (Mixers
) (frequency multipliers
) (frequency dividers ) (frequency discriminators ) (modulators
) (phase shifters
) electronic
(switches ) (detectors
.
.
) (Filters
) (Diplexer ) (Duplexers

) (Matching Networks ) (Hybrid Couplers
) (Power Splitters or Power Dividers ) (Power Combiners

) (Bias Networks ) (Isolators
) (Circulators .

.
) ( - ) (single balanced mixer
) (passive networks ) BPF (LPF
).(Rat-Race Hybrid
) ( - ) (amplifier ).(bias networks

) (- .
182
) : ( - ) (mixer ).(passive networks
) : ( - ) (amplifier ).(bias networks
183
) (- : Hybrid Couplers
.
) (Hybrid Couplers

.
) (accessories
. ) ( - .
) : ( -
) : ( - ).(Hybrid Coupler
) ( - ) (Hybrid Coupler
:
) (1 ) (incident port or input port ).(P1
) (2 ) (through port or direct port ).(P2
) (3 ) Transmitted port or direct port or
(direct coupled port ).(P3
184
) (4 ) (isolated port or uncoupled port

).(P4
) (coupling coefficient C :
)(6.1
][dB
P3
P1
C = 10 log
) (Isolation Coefficient :
)(6.2
][dB
P4
P1
I = 10 log
) (Transmission Coefficient :
)(6.3
][dB
P2
P1
T = 10 log
) (Directivity ) (4
) (3 :
)(6.4
][dB
D=IC
) (S-parameters :
)(6.5
T = S 21 dB
I = S 41 dB
C = S31 dB
) (C = |S31|dB
.
) (3 dB hybrid coupler
) (3 dB .
) (3 dB hybrid coupler
).( 3 dB
) (C .
) (S11
) ( ) (1 ) matching
( .
) (relative bandwidth = B = {f2f1}/fo
) (C , I , T, D .
) (central frequency fo ) (lower edge frequency f1
) (upper edge frequency f2 .
185
) S21 ( S31 .
o
) ( = S21 S31 ) (90

o
) (180
) (central frequency fo
.
)
(matched load ) (Zo = 50
) (isolated port .
) (-- : Branch-Line Hybrid Couplers
) (Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler )

o
(Branch-Line )(90 g/4

( )(Z1 =Zo
) guided wavelength g
)
(series arm
) ( Z 2 = Z o / 2 ) (shunt arm
). ( -
) (Zo=50 ) .( Z o / 2 = 35.355
) (Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler )(rectangular
) (circular ) (3 dB hybrid coupler
) (2
).(3
) ( C = S31 dB = 3dB ) ( T = S 21 dB = 3dB
)B
(relative bandwidth ) (10%
) (Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler .

) (C ).(20%
) ( = S21 S31
o
).(90 hybrid coupler or quadrature hybrid coupler

o
) (10% ) .(90 5
186
:
) (S11=S22=S33=S44
) (S41=S32 ) (2 , 3 ).(1 , 4
) : ( - ) (Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler

.
) : ( ) (Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler

).(5 GHz
: :
). 1 mm = (h
). 0.07 mm = (t
:
) ( - ) (Z1 = Zo = 50
o
) (W1 =2.25 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(L1 = 9.16 mm

) ( Z 2 = Z o / 2 = 35.355
o
) (W2 =3.81 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(L2 = 8.93 mm

:
187
) (L1
) (W1 ) (L2 ) (W2
) .( - .
) (R :
2 R = (2 L1) + (2 L2) = (2 9.16) + (2 8.93) = 36.18 mm
36.18 mm
= 5.758mm
2
=R
) (R
.
o
) ( - ) .(90
: ) (electrical length ) (
o
) (90 g/4 )(angle

o
) .(90

)(Optimization
.
) (Optimization :
L1=8.62 mm
W1=2.35 mm
L2=6.73 mm
W2=3.64 mm
) (W=2.25mm
).(L=6mm
) (Optimization :
W2=3.29 mm
W1=1.89 mm
) (R=4.59 mm
) (W=2.25mm ).(L=5mm
) (Optimization
) ( .
) ( - ) ( -
) (500MHz 10% ) (4.75 GHz ) .(5.25 GHz
o
) ( = S21 S31 ) .(90 0.5
188
) ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB . ) (3dB

) (0.075dB ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB .
) ( - ) (|S11|dB = |S22|dB < 20dB ) (I=|S41|dB
) (20dB .
) : ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ).(
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S41|dB , |S22|dB ).(
189
) ( - ) ( -
. ) (
o
) .(+0.6
) ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB . ) (3dB
) (0.083dB ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB .
) ( - ) (|S11|dB = |S22|dB < 20dB ) (I=|S41|dB
).(20dB
) : ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ).(
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S41|dB , |S22|dB ).(
190
) : ( - ).(Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler
:
) ( - )(Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler
.
). ( - .
) ( ) (Optimization .
.

) (Zo = 50 ).(isolated port
) ( - )(Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler
) (matched load ) (50 ).(Via
) (power splitter or divider
) (1 ).(2 , 3
o
) (90
.
) (power combiner
) (2 , 3 ).(1
191
) : ( - .
) (-- : Rat Race Hybrid coupler
) ( - ) (Rat Race Hybrid coupler

).(Matched Hybrid T
) (Ring ) (1.5 g
) .( Z o 2
).(Zo
) (Zo = 50 ) .( Z o 2 = 70.71
) (electrical length ) (
o
) (90 g/4 ) ( ) (270 3g/4

).( -

o
) .(180 g/2
) (2 , 4 )(5g/4
) (3g/4 .
) (1 ) 2 ,
(3 ) ( S 31 dB = 3dB ) ( S 21 dB = 3dB
192
) (4 ) (B ) (20%
. ).(27.6%
) : ( - ).(Rat Race Hybrid coupler
) ( = S21 S31 ) (0
) (1 ) (2 , 3
.
) (3
o
) (1 , 4 ) ( S13 S43 = 0
) (2 .
) (2 ) (1 , 4
o
) ( S12 S42 =180 ) (3 .

) (4
o
) (2 , 3 ) ( S24 S34 =180

) (1 .
o
) (180 hybrid coupler ).(0 / 180 hybrid coupler
193
) (Rat Race Hybrid coupler

) (SSB generators .
).(1
) (Ring )
( ).( -
) : ( ) (Rat Race Hybrid Coupler
) ( - ).(4 GHz
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm

:
) ( - ) (Zo = 50
) (Wo =4.78 mm ).(Lo = 5 mm
) ( ) ( Z o 2 = 70.71
o
) (W1 =2.69 mm ) (90 g/4 ) (L1 = 13.872 mm

o
) (270 3g/4 ). (L2 = 41.616 mm

) (R :
2 R = (3 L1) + (L2) = (3 13.872) + (41.616) = 83.232 mm
83.232 mm
= 13.247mm
2
=R
) (R
.
) (electrical length
) (geometrical angle .
) ( - ) (
o
) (90 g/4 ) .(60

o
) (270 3g/4
o
) .(180
) ( -
) ( - ) (800MHz 20% )(3.6 GHz
).(4.4 GHz
194
) ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB . ) (3dB

) (0.37dB ) (|S21|dB ) (0.21dB ) (|S31|dB .
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 23.81dB
).(|S41|dB < 23.1dB
) (Optimization
.
) : ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ).(
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S41|dB ).(
195
) (Rat Race Hybrid Coupler

.
) (Optimization

)( -
) .( -
) . (1.84 ).(2
) : ( - ) (Rat Race Hybrid Coupler .

o
) ( )(270 3g/4
o
) (directional coupler ) (90 g/4

) (2 Vias :
) (
= (2 2 ) Z
)(6.6
Z oe = 2 + 2 Z o
)(6.7
Z oo
) (Zo=50 ) (Zoe=170.7
).(Zoo=29.3
196
) ( - )(Modified Rat Race Hybrid Coupler

.
) : ( - ).(Modified Rat Race Hybrid Coupler
) (1 ) Rat Race Hybrid

(Coupler ) (
o
) (270 3g/4 ) (directional coupler

) ( - .
197
) (-- : Lange coupler
) (Lange coupler ) (coupling coefficient C

) (3 dB , 6 dB , ... ) (Octave Bandwidth
) (f2 ) (f1
) (3GHz ) (6GHz ) (4GHz ) (8GHz .
o
) ( = S21 S31 ) (90

o
) (90 hybrid coupler ).(quadrature hybrid

) (Lange coupler ) (
.
.
) ( - ) (Lange coupler )Four-
.(Finger Lange coupler
) ( - ) (Lange coupler ) Six-Finger Lange
(coupler .
) : ( - ).(Four-Finger Lange coupler
198

) (
. ) (CNC
.
) ( - ) (Unfolded Lange coupler
. )(3,5
) : ( - ).(Six-Finger Lange coupler
) : ( - )(Unfolded Lange coupler
199
) (Four-Finger Lange coupler :

) (coupling coefficient C
) (Zoe ) (Zoo :
)(6.8
Zo
4C 3 + 9 8C 2
= Z oe
2C 1 C
1+ C
)(6.9
Zo
4C + 3 9 8C 2
=
2C 1 + C
1 C
Z oo
) (C ) (absolute value
. :
)(6.10
) Cabsolute = 10 (C dB / 20
) (Zoe ) (Zoo ) (W
) (S ) (- .
) (g/4 ) ( -
) (4.51 .
) (3 . ) (4
.
) (4 ).(Six-Finger Lange coupler
) (3 )(Four-Finger Lange coupler
:
) (coupling coefficient ) (10GHz ) ( 10dB
= 0.3162
) ( 10 / 20
. C absolute = 10
: ) (10 dB of coupling
) (C dB = 10dB .
) (Zo=50 :
) ( r =2.23 ). (h = 0.234 mm
) (Zoe = 124 ).(Zoo = 80
200
) (W = 0.593 mm )(S = 0.024 mm

) (24 m .
) (h ) (r

.
) (-- :

) (Multisection Branch-Line Hybrids
) (Impedance Transforming Hybrids
) (Multisection Coupled-Line Couplers )
(lumped components . )(3,5,17
) (Multisection Branch-Line Hybrids
) (CdB = 3 dB ) ( = S21 S31
) (10% ) (Branch-Line Hybrid
.
) (1,17 .
) : ( - ) .(5 branches
201
) ( - ) .(5 branches
) ( - ) (3 branches
:
Zo
2 1
= ZE
Zo
2
= ZM
) (Zo = 50.
) (Branch-Line Hybrids
.
) : ( - ) .(3 branches
) : ( ) ( )(Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler

) (5 GHz :
) ( r =3.38 ) (h = 1 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
) (3 branches ) ( -
) (5 GHz ).(
:
:
) ( - ) = Zo
(50 ). (Wo =2.25 mm
202
Z M = o = 35.355
2
) (WM =3.81 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(LM = 8.93 mm

Zo
= 120.71
= Z E
2 1
) (WE =0.28 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(LE = 9.88 mm

)(LM = 8.93 mm
) (LE = 9.88 mm
).( -
)(
)( ).(LE = 9.88 mm

)(Optimization
.
) (Optimization :
WE=0.38 mm
WM=3.7 mm
LE=8.63 mm
LM=8 mm
) (Wo =2.25 mm
) .(Lo=8 mm ) ( - .
) : ( - .
203
) ( - ) ( - ) (1GHz 20%
) (4.5 GHz ) .(5.5 GHz
o
) ( = S21 S31 ) .(0.46

) ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB . ) (3dB
) (0.2dB ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB .
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 22.59dB )(1
) (4 ) (I=|S41|dB ).(22.59 dB
) : ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ).(
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S41|dB ).(
204
) (
) (Branch-Line Hybrid Coupler
). (
) (Zo
. ).(Zo = 50
) (impedance transformation )(matching

) Impedance
(Transforming Hybrids
.
) (2,17 ) Impedance
.(Transforming Hybrids
) ( - ) Branch-Line Impedance
(Transforming Hybrid .
) : ( - ) Branch-Line Impedance
.(Transforming Hybrid
) (1 ) (ZoS ) (4.
) (2 , 3 ).(ZoL
) (Z1, Z2 ) (ZoS , ZoL :
205
Z oS
K
)(6.11
Z oS Z oL
1+ K 2
)(6.12
Z1Z oL
Z oS
)(6.13
= Z1
= Z2
= Z3
) (K ) (2 ) (3
). (1
) (20%.
) (20%
).(multisection or multi-stage impedance-transforming hybrid
) ( - )2 Section Branch-
(Line Impedance Transforming Hybrid .
) : ( - .
) (1 ) (ZoS ) (4.
) (2 , 3 ).(ZoL
) (Z1, Z2 , Z3, Z4 ) (ZoS , ZoL :
206
t2 r
Z1 = Z oS r
t
)(6.14
2
)(6.15
r
r -
t
)(6.16
Z = Z3 Z oS
2
2
r t2 r
Z 4 = Z oS
t 1
) (K2 ) (2 ) (3
) (1 ) ( r ).(ZoL / ZoS

t = 4 1+ K 2
)(6.17
) ( r ) (0.7 ) (1.3 .
) (Z2 = Z3 .
) (2 ) (ZoS = 50
) (ZoL = 35 ) (2 ) (3 ).(K2=1
) (6.14 ) (6.17 :
)(Z1 = 72.5 , Z2 = Z3 = 29.6 , Z4 = 191.25
) (2 ).(25%
) (matched load ) (ZoS ) (4
) ( - ) ( -
) (1 ) (2 ).(3
) : ( - .
207
) (4 ) Multisection
(Coupled-Line Couplers ) (symmetrical ) (Asymmetrical
) (5 .
) (10%
.
) ( - ) Symmetrical 3 Section
(Coupled-Line Coupler ) .(3 Section Directional Coupler
) ( - ) Asymmetrical 3 Section
.(Coupled-Line Coupler
) : ( - .
.
) ( - ) (branch-line hybrid
) (Reduced-size branch-line quadrature hybrid
) (Branch-line Hybrid Coupler
) (g/4 .
.
208
) : ( - ) (Branch-line Hybrid .
) : ( - ) (ring hybrid .
) ( - ) (Ring Hybrid
) (Reduced-size Ring Hybrid ) Rat Race Hybrid
(Coupler . .

).(MMIC
. ) .(1,6
).(6
209
)built-in-
(libraries
.
) (- : Power Splitters and combiners
) (Power Splitters or Power Dividers ) (Power combiners

.
)(accessories
. ) ( - .
) (power handling
) (Dielectric strength
) (Thermal Conductivity .

.

.
) ( - ) ( ) 2
(Way Power Combiner/Divider ) (1
) (2 , 3 ) (2 , 3
).(1
) ( - ) (
) (N ). (N 3
) ( ) 2 Way Power
(Combiner/Divider ) ( ) (N ) N Way
(Power Combiner/Divider ) .( - ) (7
/
210
/ ) (
.
) : ( - ) ( .
) : ( - ) ( .
) : ( - ) ( ) (N .
211
) : ( - ) ( ) (N .
) ( - ) (
) (50 .
) ( - ) ( -
) ( ) (4 Way Power Combiner/Divider
) .( -
.
) : ( - )( .
212
.
/ ) (T ) (T or Y junction) (Y
) ( - ) (T ) (Y
).(jB

.
) : ( - ) (T ).(Y
) (5 .
) (Yin :
)(6.18
1
1
1
+
=
Z1 Z 2 Z o
Yin = jB +
) (lossless )(B=0
1
1
1
+
=
Z1 Z 2 Z o
)(6.19
) (6.19 ) (1
) (2 , 3 ) (Zo = 50 ).(Z1 = Z2 = 100
1
1
1
+
=
100 100 50
213
) (1
) (2 , 3 ). (Z1 , Z2
) (5 ) (T
) (1 ) (Zo = 50 ) (2:1
) (2 ).(3
) (Z1 , Z2 ) ( - :
) (1
1 Vo2
= Pin
2 Zo
)(6.20
) (2 )(1
)(6.21
1 Vo2 1
11 V2
= Pin = o
2 Z1 3
3 2 Zo
= P1
)(Z1 = 3 Zo = 150
) (3 )(1
)(6.22
1 Vo2 2
2 1 Vo2
= = Pin
= P2
2 Z2 3
3 2 Z o
3 Zo
= 75
= Z2
2
: ) (Z1 , Z2 ) (T ) (Y
) (2/5 ) (2 ) (3/5
) (3 ).(Zo = 50
) : ( ) (T
) (2:1 ) (5 GHz
) (Zo = 50 : ) (r =3.38
) (h = 1 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
:
- ) (T
:
214
) ( - ) (1 ) = Zo
o
(50 ) (Wo =2.25 mm ) (90 g/4

).(Lo = 9.16 mm
) (2 , 3 ) (Z1 = Z2 =100
o
) (W1 = W2 =0.52 mm ) (90 g/4

).(L1 = L2 = 9.71 mm
) ( - ) (T
.
) : ( - ) (T .
) (2 , 3
) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ) ] . (3dB
[ 10 log (0.5) = 3
) (500MHz 10%
) (4.75 GHz ) (5.25 GHz :
) ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ) (3dB )(0.46dB
) (|S21|dB ) (0.63dB ) (|S31|dB
.
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 9.62dB
) (2 ) (3 ) (|S23|dB ) (9.46 dB
.
) ( - ) (|S22|dB > 3.65dB ) (|S33|dB > 3.479dB
.
).(optimization
215
) : ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ).(T
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S23|dB ).(T
) : ( - ) (|S33|dB , |S22|dB ).(T
216
- ) (T
) (2:1 :
) (6.21 ) (6.22 ) (Z1 = 150 ) (Z2 = 75 )(2:1
.
) ( - ) (1 )(Zo = 50
o
) (Wo =2.25 mm ) (90 g/4

).(Lo = 9.16 mm
) (2 ) (Z1 = 150 ) (W1 = 0.1 mm
o
) (90 g/4 ).(L1 = 10.1 mm

) (3 ) (Z2 = 75 ) (W2 =1.06 mm
o
) (90 g/4 ).(L2 = 9.47 mm

) (2:1
) (2 ) (3
) (|S21|dB = 4.77 ) (|S31|dB = 1.761 .

1
10 log = 4.77
3
2
10 log = 1.761
3
) (500MHz 10%
) (4.75 GHz ) (5.25 GHz
) (|S21|dB = 7.05 ) (5 GHz ) (|S31|dB = 1.456 ) (5 GHz
.
) (optimization
:
W2=1.63 mm
W1=0.75 mm
Wo=2.25 mm
L2=9.09 mm
L1=8.56 mm
Lo=8.0 mm
) (5 GHz (|S21|dB = 4.783) : ) (|S31|dB = 1.782

.
) (500MHz 10% ) (|S21|dB ) (4.783 )(4.78
) (|S31|dB ) (1.782 ) (1.788 ) ( - ) (|S21|dB
) (|S31|dB .
217
) : ( - ) (|S21|dB , |S31|dB ) (2:1 ).(T
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S23|dB ) (2:1 ).(T
) : ( - ) (|S33|dB , |S22|dB ) (2:1 ).(T
218
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 30.28dB

) (2 ) (3 ) (|S23|dB ) (6.514 dB
.
) ( - ) (|S22|dB > 3.55dB )(|S33|dB < 9.5dB
.
.
) ( ) (T ) (Y

.
/ ) (Wilkinson Power Divider/Combiner
.
/ . ) ( - /
) (one octave
) (f2 ) (f1 ) (3GHz ) (6GHz
) (4GHz ) (8GHz .
) (1 ) (2 , 3
).(inphase
) ( - ) (
o
) ( Z o 2 ) (90 g/4
) (2 Zo ).(Zo
) ( - ) ( -
.
) : ( - / .
219
) : ( - .
) : ( - .
) ( -
o
) (270 3g/4 ) (Zo

o
) (180 g/2 .
) (r ) (h
. ) (coupling
.
220
) : ( - .

) (deposited resistance .
.
) (- . ) (chip resistor
) (Case .
) (chip resistor
. ) ( -
).(chip resistor
) : ( - ) (chip resistor .
221
) (Case Size ) .(chip resistor

) (1206 ) (L=3.2mm ) (W=1.6mm ) (3.05 x 1.6 mm2
) (L x W ) (0402 ) (L=1 mm ) (W=0.5 mm
) . (1 x 0.5 mm2 ) (chip resistor
).(Case Size
) ( - ) (chip resistor )( -
).(8
)(nH
)(pF
)W (mm
)L (mm
Resistor size
0.4
0.05
0.8
1.6
0603
0.09
1.25
0805
0.05
1.6
3.2
1206
) : ( - ) ( - .
) (chip resistors ) Pro-An Electronic Co Ltd, ATC,

(AVX, Caddock Electronics .
) (
. ) (
.
) (Schematic.

. .
) (9
) .(40 GHz
.
) ( - ) (chip resistor ) .(s
) ( -
.
222
) : ( - ) (chip resistor .
) : ( - .
) : ( ).(4 GHz
:
) (r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm

) ( - .
:
) ( - ) (Zo = 50
o
) (Wo =4.78 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(Lo = 13.61 mm
223
) (
o
) ( Z o 2 = 70.71 ) (Wa =2.69 mm ) (90 g/4

).(La = 13.87 mm
) (2 Zo= 100 ) (1206
. )(Pads
) (Wo =4.78 mm ).(50
) (one octave
) (2.5 GHz ) (5.5 GHz )(|S31|dB = |S21|dB 3 dB
) .(0.416 dB ) (|S32|dB < 10.46 dB
) (|S11|dB < 10.78 dB ).(|S33|dB = |S22|dB < 8.84 dB
) (3.5 GHz ) (4.5 GHz ) (25%
(|S31|dB = |S21|dB 3 dB) : ) (0.093 dB
) (|S32|dB < 19 dB ) (|S11|dB < 18.41 dB
).(|S33|dB = |S22|dB < 15.21 dB
) (optimization
) (2.5 GHz ) (5.5 GHz :
) (Wa =2.95 mm ) .(La = 12.53 mm
) (Wo =4.78 mm ) .(Lo = 13.61 mm ) ( - .
) : ( - )(
) (2.5 GHz ) (5.5 GHz :
) (|S31|dB = |S21|dB 3 dB ) (0.247 dB ).( -
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 12.95 dB
) .(|S33|dB = |S22|dB < 11.66 dB ) ( - ) |S32|dB < 11
.(dB
224
) : ( - ) (|S31|dB , |S21|dB )(
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S22|dB , |S33|dB )(
) : ( - )(
225
) (high power transmitters

/ ). (Gysel
) ( - ) (Gysel
Z1 = Z o 2
o
) (90 g/4
Zo
2
= Z 2 ) (180 g/2
o
) (Zo ) (90 g/4

). (Ro = Zo
) (Ro = Zo = 50 ) ( Z1 = Z o 2 = 70.71
Z 2 = o = 35.355
2
) ( -
) (Zo ) ( - ) ( -
) (4 , 5 ) ( - ) (Ro = Zo
) ( - ) (matched load
.
) (Gysel .

) High Power
(Resistors ) (High Power Terminations .
) : ( - ) (Gysel
226
) : ( -
) TMM 3, TMM 4,
(TMM 6, TMM 10, TMM 10i, RT/duroid 6006, RT/duroid 6010LM,
) (Rogers ) (AD600, TC600 ) (Arlon
.
) (datasheets
.
.

) (chip resistors .
) (datasheets ) Application or
(Technical Notes .
) TT electronics , Florida RF Labs,
(Aeroflex, ATC .
227
) : ( - .
) : ( - .
228
) ( -
) (heat sink ) (
) ( ).( -

.
) ( - ) ( -
.
.

.
) : ( - ) (Gysel )(10 Watts
).(3 GHz
:
) (TMM 3 ) (Hydrocarbon Ceramic
) (Rogers :
) (r =3.27 ) (h = 1.524 mm ) . (t = 0.07 mm
).(11,12
) (50 ) (FT10302N0050J ) .(ATC
) (18 GHz ) (20 Watts ) (10
).( -
) (Gysel :
) ( - ) (Zo = 50
o
) (Wo =3.53 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(Lo = 15.45 mm

) (2,3 ) ( Z1 = Z o 2 = 70.71
o
) (W1 =1.9 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(L1 = 15.86 mm

Z
Z 2 = o = 35.355
2
) (W2 =5.95 mm ) (180 g/2 ).(L2 = 30.18 mm

) ( - )(L2
) (L1 ) (2 L1 = 31.72 mm
) (L2
).( -
229
) (1.2GHz 40%
) (2.4 GHz ) .(3.6 GHz
.
) (optimization
) (2.4 GHz ) (3.6 GHz :
W2=8 mm
W1=2.24 mm
Wo = 3.53 mm
L2=30.66 mm
L1=13.57 mm
Lo=13.13 mm
) (50 ) (Wo = 3.53 mm

) (Pads ) (2 mm
) (Wo =3.53 mm ) (50 ) (Pad
) (
).( -
) : ( - ) (|S31|dB , |S21|dB )(
230
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S22|dB , |S33|dB )(
:
) (|S31|dB = |S21|dB 3 dB ) (0.389 dB ).( -
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 17.61 dB
).(|S33|dB = |S22|dB < 14.99 dB
) ( - ).(|S32|dB < 14.97 dB
) : ( - )(
231

) (Unequal Split Wilkinson Power Divider
) (5
) ( - :
) (1 ) (K2 ) (2 , 3
P3
P2
)(6.23
= K2
o
) ( ) (3 ) (90 g/4

1+ K 2
K3
)(6.24
Z o3 = Z o
o
) ( ) (2 ) (90 g/4

Z o 2 = Z o K 1 + K 2 = K 2 Z o3
)(6.25
) (2 , 3
R = Zo K +
K
)(6.26
) (2 ) (2
R2 = Z o K
)(6.27
) (3 ) (3
)(6.28
Zo
= R3
) (2 , 3 ) (Zo .
) (matching )(2 , 3
) (Zo ).( -
o
) (90 g/4
) (2
Z L 2 = R2 Z o
)(6.29
232
) (3
Z L 3 = R3 Z o
)(6.30
) : ( -
) : ( -
.
233
) : ( -
) (1
) ( - :
) (1 ) (K2 ) (2 , 3
P3
P2
)(6. 31
= K2
) (Z1 ) (90 g/4 ) (Z1

1/ 4
K
Z1 = Z o
2
1+ K
)(6.32
) (Z2 ) (90 g/4 ) (Z2
)(6.33
1/ 4
Z 2 = Zo K 3/ 4 1 + K 2
o
) (Z3 ) (90 g/4 ) (Z3
1 + K 2 1/ 4
Z3 = Zo
K 5/ 4
)(6.34
) (Z4 ) (90 g/4 ) (Z4
Z4 = Zo K
)(6.35
) (Z5 ) (90 g/4 ) (Z5
234
Z5 = Zo / K
)(6.36

1+ K 2
R = Z o
K
)(6.37
) (1
).( -
) : ( ) Unequal Split
(Wilkinson Power Divider ) (2:1
) (3 GHz ) (Zo = 50 :
) (r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
:
) ( - .
) (6.23 ) (6.30 )(2:1
:
1+ K 2
= 51.49418
K3
P3
=2
P2
Z o3 = Z o
Z o 2 = K 2 Z o3 = 102.9884
R = Z o K + = 106.066
K
= 35.35534
Zo
= K2
R2 = Z o K = 70.71068
= R3
Z L 2 = R2 Z o = 59.46036
Z L 3 = R3 Z o = 42.04482
:
) ( - ) (Zo = 50
o
) (Wo =4.77 mm ) (90 g/4 ).(Lo = 18.19 mm

) ( Z o 3 = 51.49418 )(Wo3 =4.56 mm
o
) (90 g/4 ).(Lo3 = 18.21 mm

) ( Z o 2 = 102.9884 ) (Wo2 =1.22 mm
o
) (90 g/4 ).(Lo2 = 18.92 mm
235
) ( Z L 2 = 59.46036 )(WL2 =3.62 mm

o
) (90 g/4 ).(LL2 = 18.35 mm

) ( Z L 3 = 42.04482 )(WL3 =6.16 mm
o
) (90 g/4 ).(LL3 = 18.03 mm

) (R = 106 ) .(1206
) (Pads .
) (Lo2 =Lo3
) (LL2 =LL3
.
) ( )(2:1
) (2 )(3
) (|S21|dB = 4.77 ) (|S31|dB = 1.761
.
) (1GHz 33.3%
) (2.5 GHz ) (3.5 GHz
) (|S21|dB ) . (|S31|dB
.
:
Wo =4.77 mm
Lo = 15 mm
Lo3=15.64 mm
Wo3=4.71 mm
Lo2=15.64 mm
Wo2=1.23 mm
LL3=16.98 mm
WL3=6.16 mm
LL2=16.98 mm
WL2=3.62 mm
:
) (|S21|dB ) (0.115 dB ) (|S31|dB ) (0.11 dB
) ( - ) (|S21|dB ).(|S31|dB
) ( - ) (|S11|dB < 17.58 dB
) (|S22|dB < 11.92 dB ).(|S33|dB < 17.61 dB
) ( - ).(|S32|dB < 13.69 dB
) ( - .
236
) : ( - ) (|S31|dB , |S21|dB )(
) : ( - ) (|S11|dB , |S22|dB , |S33|dB )(
) : ( - )(
237
) : ( - )(
/ ) (octave bandwidth
) (f2/f1 2 ) (f2 ) (
). (f1
) : ( - ) (N
) (Multisecton Wilkinson Divider

) (octave bandwidth ) (decade bandwidth
) (f2/f1 10 ) (f2
) . (f1 ) ( - ) (N .
) (Multisecton Wilkinson Divider
o
) (90 g/4 .
. ) (1
.
238
) (R1,R2
:
2 Z1 Z 2
) (Z1 + Z 2 )(Z 2 Z1 cot 2 P
)(6.38
) 2 R 2 (Z1 + Z 2
R 2 (Z1 + Z 2 ) 2 Z 2
)(6.39
= R2
= R1
f 2 f1
1
0
.
707

2
f
f
+
1
2
=P
) (f2 ). (f1
) (13
) (octave bandwidth :
) (Z1 = 61 , Z2 = 82
) (R1 = 241 , R2 = 98 ) (27.3 dB
) ( - .
) : ( -
) (Excel ) (i1 )(N

) (N Stage Wilkinson divider
.
/ .
) ( -
) ( - .
239
) (Zo = 50 :
R2 = 200
Z2 = 65.8
R1 = 64.95
Z1 = 114

) (20 dB ).(one octave
) (Z1 = 114
) (r ) (h .

) (recombinant three-way Wilkinson divider
).(80
) : ( -
) : ( -
240
) ( -
) ( - .
) (Zo = 50 :
Z4 = 80
Z2 = Z3 =40
Z1 = 36
R2 = 100
R1 = 50
Z5 = Z6 = 40

) (20 dB ).(200%
) : ( -
) : ( -
241

) (Z2 , Z3 , Z4
) (Z6 , Z4 , Z4
.

) (
.
) ( -
) (Compact 3-Way Wilkinson Power Divider ) (15
) (1.7 GHz ) (2.1 GHz .
) (0.35dB
) (15 dB ).(21%
) : ( -
) ( - ) Lim-Eom 3-way
.(power splitter .
) (1 ) (3 , 5
) (2 , 4 , 6 ) (M:N:K .
o
) (90 g/4
o
). (180 g/2
242
) : ( -
1
M
Z2 = Zo
2
N
Z4 = Zo
1
2
Z1 = Z o
Z3 = Zo
2
K
Z5 = Zo
1 = M + N + K
2 = N + K
) (M = 3 , N = 2 , K = 1
:
Z5 = 1.73 Zo
Z4 = 1.22 Zo
Z1 = Z2 = 1.41 Zo
) (R = Zo ) (3 ) (5
) matched load 3 .(5
243
) (M = N = K = 1
).(4
/ .
) ( -
.
) (RFIC, MMIC .
).(130%
) : ( -
) ( - ) ( ) (N ) N Way Power
(Combiner/Divider Z o / N
o
) (90 g/4 ) (N ) (Zo

o
) .(90 g/4 .
:
1 2
N
2N 1
244
N 2 1
2 N 1
1
Sij = 10 log 2
N
) (i , j .
) : ( - ) ( ) (N
) ( ) (N
) (Wilkinson N Way Power Combiner/Divider
) .( -
.
) : ( - ) ( ) (N
245
) ( - ) (
) (2 Way Power Combiner/Divider ) ( ) (N
). (N Way Power Combiner/Divider
).(Corporate Structure
) ( -
. )( ).(Stage
) (M ) (X
X
.(M = 2 1) :
) ( -
3
).(7 = 2 1
) : ( - ).(Corporate Structure
) ( -
) (Corporate 4 Way Wilkinson divider
) ( - )(Zo
.
) . ( -
) (130%
).( -
246
) : ( - .
) ( - ) (
) ( ) (N .
).(Serial or Chain Structure
) ( ).(Stage
) (N ) (X ).(N = X + 1
) ( -
.
) : ( - ).(Serial Structure
247
) (Corporate Structure
) (Serial or Chain Structure /
.

.
) ( - /
. ) ( - /
.
) high power solid state
.(transmitters
) : ( - ) (
/ )(Corporate Structure
) : ( - ) (
/ )(Serial or Chain Structure
248
) : ( )(2.8 GHz
).(5.2 GHz
:
).(Corporate Structure
) ( -
. .
) 2.5
(GHz ) (5.5 GHz ) (
).(4 GHz
) ( :
) (r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
) ( :
) (Wa =2.95 mm ) (La = 12.53 mm ).( -
) (Wo =4.78 mm ).(Lo = 13.61 mm
) (2 Zo= 100 ) .(1206
).( -
)(
) ( -
) (Wo =4.78 mm ) .(Lext = 20 mm

) (mismatch .
) (1 ) 2 , 3 ,
(4 , 5 :
) (|S21|dB = |S31|dB = |S41|dB = |S51|dB = 6.02 dB .

1
10 log = 6.02
4
) (2.8 GHz
) (5.2 GHz ) (optimization .
:
Lext = 19 mm
Wa =2.95 mm
Wo =4.78 mm
La = 12.53 mm
Lo = 9 mm
249
:
) (|S21|dB = |S31|dB = |S41|dB = |S51|dB 6.02 dB
) .(0.197 dB ).( -
) (|S32|dB = |S54|dB < 11.07 dB
) (|S24|dB = |S25|dB = |S34|dB = |S35|dB < 18.75 dB ).( -
) (1 ) (|S11|dB < 14.25 dB ).( -
) (|S22|dB = |S33|dB = |S44|dB = |S55|dB < 18.67 dB
).( -
).(optimization

) (optimization .
) : ( - )(
250
) : ( - )(
) : ( - )(
251
) : ( - ) (1 )(
) : ( - )(
252
) (- : Bias Networks

) (

. ) (16 .

) ( - .
) (3 ) (2
) (1 .

.
) (Meander Line
] ) ( [.
) (DC blocking capacitor or coupling capacitor Cs
) (1 ) (high Q chip capacitor
) 3pF ( )1000pF
( . ) (Cs
) (1 ) (Gap
.
) ( -
) (Zo > 90
o
) (90 g/4 ) (guided wavelength g

) microwave short
(circuit ) (microwave virtual ground

) (microwave open circuit
o
) (90 g/4

) ( - .
) (1 , 2 .
253
) : ( -
) : ( - )(Bypass Capacitor Cb
) ( - ) ( -
) (Bypass Capacitor Cb ) (spikes
) (high Q chip capacitor
) (100pF, 1000pF ....
) ( - ) (layout ).( -
o
) ( - ) (Lb 90 g/4
).(Zo > 90
254
] ) [( -
) (PAD ) (
) (Cb
).(Via
) (PAD ) ( ) (A )( -
) (microwave short circuit )
(microwave virtual ground ) (A
o
) (90 g/4
) (B
.
) : ( - ) (layout )( -
) ( - ) (T
) (Bias T or Bias Tee .
) (Bias Tee
).(Surface Mount Bias Tee
255
) : ( - ) (Bias Tee
) : ( ) (Bias Tee ) ( -
).(3.5 GHz
: :
). 1.575 mm = (h
). 0.07 mm = (t
) (Cs =10pF ) (Cb =1000pF ).(high Q chip capacitor

o
) (Zo=100 )(Lb 90 g/4

) (50 ).( -
).(3.5 GHz
:
) (L =16.18mm ).(w =1.32mm
) (wo =4.77mm )(Lo =10mm
. ) (PAD ) (A ).(8mm 8mm
) (3.5 GHz :
)63.9dB
= (|S32|dB or S32dB
) ( .
) ( S31dB = 63.6dB
.
: ) passive and
(reciprocal circuit ) (S32= S23 ) (S31= S13 .
:
256
) (|S11|dB = |S22|dB = 24.48dB ) (1 , 2

) (S21dB = 0.03dB )(1, 2
.
) (Optimization
) ( . )
( ) (Optimization .
) ( -
) ( - ).( -
) : ( - ) ( -
257
) : ( - ) ( -
) : ( - )(
) : ( - )(
258

.

) (Low Pass Filter LPF
) (Low Pass Structure ) (

.
) ( - ) (layout ) Low Pass
(Structure .

) (Zhigh > 90
) (40 > Zlow > 20
o
) (Lb 90 g/4
) ( - .
) (fc .
) (A ) ( - ) (virtual ground
) (B .
) : ( - ) (layout ).(Low Pass Structure
259
) : ( ) ( -
) (3 GHz ). (5 GHz
: :
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
) (fc central frequency = 4 GHz :
) (30 )(13.29 mm
). (Zlow = 30 Wlow= 9.78 mm
) (100 )(14.15 mm
). (Zhigh = 100 Whigh= 1.32 mm
). (Zo = 50 Wo=4.78 mm
) : ( - ).(
) (S32dB < 62.9dB ) (S31dB < 62.9dB

) (3 GHz ) (5 GHz
) (3 ). (1 , 2
)
(
260
) (Optimization
) (
) (3 GHz ). (5 GHz
) ( - ) ( - ) ( -
).(3 to 5 GHz
) : ( - ).(
) : ( - ).(
261
) : ( - ).(
) ( - ) (layout ) Low
(Pass Structure ) ( -
).(radial line
) (Zo > 90
o
) (Lb 90 g/4
) (135o > > 60o ) (radius
) (g/4 ) (fc
.
) : ( - ) (layout )(radial line
262
) : ( ) ( -
) (3 GHz ) (5 GHz )(
:
) (4 GHz :
) (100
) (14.15 mm ). (Zhigh = 100 Whigh= 1.32 mm
). (Zo = 50 Wo=4.78 mm
) (
) (Zlow .
) ( = 90o )(g/4
).(13.61 mm
) (S32dB < 61.26dB ) (S31dB < 61.26dB
) (3 GHz ) (5 GHz .

) (Optimization
) (
) (3 GHz ). (5 GHz
) ( - ) ( - ) ( -
).(3 to 5 GHz
) : ( - ).(
263
) : ( - ).(
) : ( - ).(
) : ( - ).(
264

).( -
) : ( - .
) : ( - ) (layout
265
) ( -
) (low pass structure .
) (Zo > 90
o
) (Lb 90 g/4
) (135o > > 60o ) (g/4
) (fc .
) (high Q chip capacitor

.
) (chip capacitors
) ( - ) (Q factor or quality factor.
2
f
C
1
=
=Q
=
Rs
Rs
2 f C Rs
Xc
) (C ) (Rs ) (f.
) (Johanson Technology, AVX, ATC
.
.
) : ( -
266
2003
John Wiley & Sons
2008
Inder Bahl
Prakash Bhartia
High
Frequency Andrei
Electronics
- Grebennikov
February 2008
2001
John Wiley & Sons
2007
Artech House
2005
John Wiley & Sons
T. C. Edwards ,
M. B. Steer
R. K. Mongia
I. J. Bahl
P. Bhartia
J. Hong
David M. Pozar
2006
Artech House
David Andrews
1985
Artech House
2001
John Wiley & Sons
E. Ostroff,
M. Borkowski,
H. Thomas,
J. Curtis.
Jeremy Everard
2001
2008
2002
2002
1990
1990
2008
2005

nd
Power Combiners,
Impedance Transformers
and Directional Couplers:
Part III
RF and Microwave
Coupled
nd
Line Circuits, (2 edition )
rd
(3 edition)
Lumped Element
Quadrature Hybrids
Solid-State Radar
Transmitters
Fundamentals of RF Circuit
Design with Low Noise
Oscillators
Jaakko Juntunen Microwave Engineering
APLAC Solutions
Europe 2001 CAD
Corporation
Benchmark
American Technical Ceramic (ATC)
High Power Resistive
Products Catalog
Rogers Corporation
TMM Temperature Stable
Application Note : TM1.1000
Microwave Laminate
Rogers Corporation
High Frequency Circuit
Materials Product Selector
Guide
Engineering
Prentice Hall
Fooks , E. H., Microwave
and Zakarevicius Using Microstrip Circuits
, R. A.
Broadband Printed Circuit
R. Knochel
IEEE MTT-S
0/180 Couplers and High
B. Mayer.
Int. Microwave
Symposium Digest
Power Inphase Power
Dividers
Power Combiners,
High
Frequency Andrei
Grebennikov
Impedance Transformers
Electronics
and Directional Couplers:
January 2008
Part II
Artech House
Gunter Kompa
And Applications
267
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
2006
John Wiley & Sons
Hee-Ran Ahn
1999
Faculty of
Engineering - Ain
Shams University
Hesham I. M. AL
Anwar

Asymmetric Passive
Components
in Microwave Integrated
Circuits
thesis)
17
18

/
:
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/couplers.cfm
:
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/calpowerdivider.cfm
:
http://www.microwaves101.com/downloads/Wilkinson101_Rev1.3.xls
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/wilkinson_Excel.cfm
:
http://www.microwaves101.com/content/downloads.cfm
(Rogers Corporation)
i1
i2
http://www.rogers-corp.com/mwu/
( Pro-An Electronic Co Ltd)
i3
http://www.proan.com.hk
http://www.globalsources.com/proan.co
( AVX)
i4
( ATC)
i5
( Aeroflex)
i6
( Johanson Technology)
i7
http://www.avxcorp.com/
http://www.atceramics.com
http:// www.aeroflex-kdi.com
http://www.johansontechnology.com
268
Chapter 7 : Filters and Multiplexers

:
) (- :
) (Filters
.
.
) Low
(Pass Filter LPF ) (High Pass Filter HPF
) (Band Pass Filter BPF ).(Band Stop Filter BSF

) (Dual Band Filter ) (Directional Filters .
) (
.
) ( ) (S Parameters
) (LPF ) (|S21|dB
) (3dB ) (cut off frequency fc
) (|S11|dB
.
) (HPF ) (|S21|dB
) (3dB ) (cut off frequency fc
) (|S11|dB

.
269
) : (
) : (
270
) (|S21|dB = 0 dB ) (|S21| = 1
.
) (|S21|dB = 10 dB ) (10 dB
.
) (|S11|dB = 0 dB ) (|S11| = 1
) (1 .
) ( ).(lossless
) (reciprocal

) (S11 = S22 ).(S21 = S12

) (Insertion Loss IL :
)(7.1
P
IL = 10 log L dB
PIN
) (PL ) (PIN .
) (IL = 3 dB
).(|S21|dB = 3 dB
) (Return Loss RL :
P
2
RL = 10 log R = 10 log ( o ) = 20 log ( o ) dB
PIN
)(7.2
) (PR ) (PIN ) (o .
) (RL = 0 dB ) (PR = PIN
).(|S11|dB = 0 dB
) (Filter Rejection RJ :
)(7.3
P
RJ = 10 log L (IL at f o ) dB
PIN
) (PL ) (PIN
) (IL at fo .
) (1 dB
) (fx ) (31 dB ) (fx
).(RJ = 30 dB
271
) : (
) : (
). (B3dB
) ( ) ( ) (GT
. ) (B3dB
). (3dB
) (cut off frequency fc .
) (fc .
) (B3dB ) (f1
) (f2 ) (fo .
272
) (B3dB
) (f1 ) (f2 ) (fo
.
) : (
) : (

) (
) (stop band
) (Filter Approximation
. ) (
).(filter order n
273
) (n=3 ) ( 20 dB
) .(n=5
).(stop band
) : (

) (ripples
) (Filter Approximation
.
) (Filter Theory ) (Filter Approximations
) (Butterworth
) (Chebyshev ) (Elliptic ) (Bessel
GT ) (attenuation
/ .
) ( .
) (Butterworth ) (maximally flat
) (Chebyshev
) (ripples .
) (Elliptic
) (ripples . ) (Bessel
)( .
274
) (1 ) (8
.
) (8 ) (BASIC
) (lumped element filter .
) : (
) (Filter Approximations ) (
) (filter order n ) (
) (normalized elements values gi ) (LPF
.
) (gi
)
(.
) (gi
.
) (normalized elements values gi
) (Butterworth
) (Chebyshev ).(1
275
) : ( ) (L1=g1
) : ( ) (C1=g1
276
) ( ) (LC ) (gi
) (n odd ) (n even
) (L1 = g1) (C2 = g2) (L3 = g3 .
) ( ) (gi
) (n odd ) (n even
) (C1 = g1) (L2 = g2) (C3 = g3 .
) (Butterworth
) (RS = go= RL = gn+1 = 1 ) (gi
:
)(7.1
] [2k - 1
g k = 2 sin
2n
, k = 1, 2, , n
) ( - ) (gi ) (Butterworth
).(n = 8
g6
g5
g4
g3
g9
g8
g7
1.0
0.5176 1.0
1.2470 0.4450 1.0
1.6629 1.1111 0.3902 1.0
1.0
0.6180
1.4142
1.8019
1.9615
1.0
0.7654
1.6180
1.9318
2.0
1.9615
1.0
1.0
1.8478
2.0
1.9318
1.8019
1.6629
g2
1.0
1.4142
2.0
1.8478
1.6180
1.4142
1.2470
1.1111
g1
2.0
1.4142
1.0
0.7654
0.6180
0.5176
0.4450
0.3902
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
) : ( - ) (gi
) (Chebyshev ) (gi :
go = 1
)(7.2
2 a1
)(7.3
)(7.4
, k = 2, 3, , n
277
= g1
4 a k -1 a k
b k -1 g k -1
= gk
)(7.5
for n odd
1
g n+1 = coth 2 for n even
4
)(7.6
, k = 1, 2, , n
] [2k - 1
a k = sin
2n
)(7.7
, k = 1, 2, , n
k
bk = 2 + sin 2
)(7.8
= ln coth
17.372
)(7.9
2n
= sinh
)(7.10
A = 10 log 1 + 2
) ( ) (ripples ) (A
.
) ( - ) ( - ) (gi
) (Chebyshev ) (RS = go= RL = gn+1 = 1
) (ripples.
g9
g8
g7
g6
g5
n g1
g2
g3
g4
3 1.18111 1.82142 1.18111
5 0.97660 1.68494 2.03666 1.68494 0.97660

7 0.91273 1.59470 2.00209 1.87037 2.00209 1.59470 0.91273
9 0.88538 1.55131 1.96146 1.86164 2.07173 1.86164 1.96146 1.55131 0.88538
) : ( - ) = (0.01 dB
g9
g8
g7
g6
g5
g4
g3
g2
g1
1.24466
1.50168
1.26152
2.22199
1.51955
1.68293
1.30134
2.23927
2.29571
1.55594
1.68038
1.68293
1.43286
2.24110
2.23927
2.22199
1.59373
1.55594
1.51955
1.50168
1.43286
1.30134
1.26152
1.24466
) : ( - ) = (0.1 dB
278
n
3
5
7
9
g9
g8
g7
g6
g5
g4
g3
g2
g1
1.5
1.40755
1.51189
2.44460
1.41692
1.54062
1.53996
2.45311
2.50767
1.43493
1.53492
1.54062
1.63306
2.44027
2.45311
2.44460
1.43616
1.43493
1.41692
1.40755
1.63306
1.53996
1.51189
1.50000
n
3
5
7
9
) : ( - ) = (0.25 dB
g9
g8
g7
g6
g5
g4
g3
g2
g1
1.78229
1.29208
1.78962
2.71630
1.29608
1.39214
1.80691
2.71773
2.77344
1.30248
1.38476
1.39214
1.86369
2.69145
2.71773
2.71630
1.28036
1.30248
1.29608
1.29208
1.86369
1.80691
1.78962
1.78229
n
3
5
7
9
) : ( - ) = (0.5 dB
g9
g8
g7
g6
g5
g4
g3
g2
g1
2.20246
1.13079
2.20391
3.15397
1.13061
1.20201
2.20715
3.14695
3.20772
1.12798
1.19368
1.20201
2.21565
3.10248
3.14695
3.15397
1.08839
1.12798
1.13061
1.13079
2.21565
2.20715
2.20391
2.20246
n
3
5
7
9
) : ( - ) = (1 dB
) ( ) ( ) (RS=R1 )(RL=R2
) . (R1 R2 ) (3
).(complex load
) (Butterworth ) (RS=R1 ) (RL=R2
) (R1 R2 :
) (
)(7.11
Kn
1 + ( / c ) 2n
0 Kn 1
279
= ) G ( 2
) (Kn ) (c )(radian cutoff frequency

) .(3-dB bandwidth ).(c = 2 fc
) (L1 = g1 ) (
)2 R1 sin(/2n
(1 - ) c
)(7.12
= L1

)(7.13
4 sin 4m3 sin 4m1

] [ 1 2 cos 4m2 + 2
= L2 m1C2 m
)(7.14
4 sin 4m1 sin 4m+1

] [ 1 2 cos 4m + 2
= L2 m+1C2 m
2
c
2
c
1
m = 1, 2, 3, , n
2
)m = (m ) / (2 n
)(7.15
1/n
) 1 (R 2 / R1
=
) 1 + (R 2 / R1
for R2 R1
1/n
for R2 R1
(R / R ) 1
= 2 1
(R 2 / R1 ) + 1
) (Chebyshev ) (RS=R1 )(RL=R2

) (R1 R2 :
) (
)(7.16
Kn
) 1 + C 2n ( / c
0 Kn 1
= ) G ( 2
) (Kn ) (c ) (radian cutoff frequency ) 3-dB

(bandwidth ) ( ) (ripple factor .
) (L1 = g1 ) (
2 R1 sin 1
) c ( sinh a - sinh x
)(7.17

280
= L1
)(7.18
4 sin 4m3 sin 4m1

) f 2m1 (sinh a , sinh x
= C2 m L2 m1
)(7.19
4 sin 4m1 sin 4m+1

) f 2m (sinh a , sinh x
= C2 m L2 m+1
2
c
2
c
1
m = 1, 2, 3, , n
2
)m = (m ) / (2 n
)(7.20
)(7.23
)(7.21
1- kn
1
sinh -1
=x
)(7.22
1
1
sinh -1
n
=a
fm(sinh a , sinh x) = sinh2 a + sinh2 x + sin2 2m 2 sinh a sinh x cos 2m
for n odd,
(R / R ) 1 2
2
1

K n = (1 + ) 1 -
(R 2 / R1 ) + 1
for n even.
1 (R / R ) 2
2
1

K n = (1 + ) 1 -
+
R
1
(R
/

2
)1
) (7.11 )(7.23
) (R1 ).(c = 2 fc
) (Chebyshev
).(Butterworth
)( .
) (selectivity .
) (LPF ) ( )(
) (gi .
) ( :
) ( ) (Zo ) (gi
) (c = 2 fc
gi Z o
)(7.24
281
= Li
) (gi ) (c = 2 fc
gi
)(7.25
Z oc
= Ci
) (denormalization
) .(impedance and frequency scaling
) (gi ) (1
. ) (7.24 ) (7.25
).(LPF
) (HPF ) (BPF
) (BSF ) (Filter Transformations
) (L ) (C ) (LPF ) ( )(
.
) : ( ) (LPF )(HPF
) (HPF ) (gi
) (LPF ).(
)(CHP
)(7.26
1
gi Z o c
= C HP
)(LHP
)(7.27
Zo
gi c
).(c = 2 fc
282
= LHP
) : ( ) (LPF )(BPF
) ( ) (LPF
) (BPF ) (Lserial ) (Cserial
) (Lparallel
) (Cparallel ) ( .
) (BPF ) (
) (f1 ) (f2 )(BPF
) (gi:
)(7.28
)(7.29
) ( f 2 f1
) 2 f1 f 2 (Z o g i
gi
2 ( f 2 f1 )Z o
= C serial
= C parallel
Z o gi
) 2 ( f 2 f1
,
,
= L serial
( f 2 f1 )Z o
) 2 f1 f 2 (g i
= L parallel
) ( ) (LPF
) (BSF ) (SLparallel )(SCparallel
) (SLserial
) (SCserial ) ( .
) (BSF ) (
) (f1 ) (f2
) (BSF ) (gi:
283
)(7.30
)(7.31
1
2 ( f 2 f1 ) g i Z o
( f 2 f1 )g i
) 2 f 1 f 2 (Z o
= SC parallel
= SC serial
( f 2 f1 ) g i Z o
2 f1 f 2
Zo
2 ( f 2 f1 )g i
= SL parallel
= SL serial
) : ( ) (LPF )(BSF
) (8 ) (filter order n
) (Butterworth ) (Chebyshev ) (attenuation
).(
) (Butterworth
:
)(7.32
log 10 / 10 1

2 log
c
=n
) ( ) .( = 2 f
).(c = 2 fc
) (Chebyshev
:
284
)(7.33
10 / 10 1
cosh 1
2
=n

cosh 1
c
) ( ) .(=2f ) ( )(ripples
. ).(c = 2 fc

cosh 1 x = ln x + x 2 1
) (4 ) (filter order n
) (HPF ) (BPF ).(BSF
) (3 to 8 and 10 .
) : ( ) (LPF )(Butterworth
) ( ) (fc = 1.5 GHz ) (n = 5 )
( ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
g5
0.618034
g4
1.61803
g2
1.61803
g3
2.0
g1
0.618034
) (7.24 ) (7.25 ) (fc =1.5 GHz

]L5 [nH
3.278772
]C4 [pF
3.433566
]L3 [nH
10.61033
]C2 [pF
3.433566
) ( ) ( .
285
]L1 [nH
3.278772
) : ( )(
) : ( ).(n = 5
) : ( ) (LPF )(Chebyshev
) ( ) (fc = 1.5 GHz ) (n = 5
) (0.2 dB ) ( ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.2 dB
g5
1.33948
g4
1.33701
g3
2.16609
g2
1.33701
g1
1.33948
) : ( - ) = (0.2 dB
286
) (7.24 ) (7.25 ) (fc =1.5 GHz

]L5 [nH
7.10598
]C4 [pF
2.83724
]L3 [nH
11.4913
]C2 [pF
2.83724
]L1 [nH
7.10598
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( )
( .
) : ( )(
) : ( ) (
)(
287
) : ( ) (HPF )(Chebyshev
) (fc = 1.5 GHz ) (n = 5
) (0.2 dB ) ( ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.2 dB ).( -
) (7.26 ) (7.27 ) (fc =1.5 GHz

]C5 [pF
1.584246
]L4 [nH
3.967932
]C3 [pF
0.9796758
]L2 [nH
3.967932
]C1 [pF
1.584246
) ( ) ( .
) : ( )(
) : ( ).(n = 5
288
) : ( ) (BPF )(Chebyshev
) (f1 = 1 GHz ) (f2 = 1.4 GHz ) (n = 5
) (0.2 dB ) ( ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.2 dB ).( -
) (7.28 ) (7.29
]L5 [nH
26.64811
]L4 [nH
1.700542
]L3 [nH
43.09299
]L2 [nH
1.700542
]L1 [nH
26.64811
]C5 [pF
0.6789626
]C4 [pF
10.63959
]C3 [pF
0.4198610
]C2 [pF
10.63959
]C1 [pF
0.6789626
) ( ) ( .
) : ( ).(n = 5
) : ( )(
289
) : ( ) (BSF )(Chebyshev
) (f1 = 2.925 GHz ) (f2 = 3.075 GHz ) (n = 3
) (0.5 dB ) ( ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 3
) (0.5 dB
g3
1.5963
g2
1.0967
g1
1.5963
) (7.30 ) (7.31
]L3 [nH
0.2118483
]L2 [nH
48.37389
]L1 [nH
0.2118483
]C3 [pF
13.29365
]C2 [pF
0.05821813
]C1 [pF
13.29365
) ( ) ( .
) : ( ).(n = 3
) : ( )(
290
. ) (Q ) quality
(factor . ) (Q
. ) (Q
.
) (chip inductor )
TOKO, COILCRAFT,
(PANASONIC, TDK ) (Q
. ) (chip capacitor
) (ATC, EPCOS, TDK, Johanson Technology, AVX, MURATA .
.
) (module ) Agilent
(Genesys , AWR Filter Wizard
) (Q .
)(built-in-libraries

.
) (11 ) (Agilent Genesys
) (Q
.
) Network
(Analyzer ) (test fixture
.
) high Q chip
(capacitor .

) (
) resonsnce
(elements .
.
) ( .
) (9 ) (BASIC
.

.
291
) : (
) coaxial
(connectors ) leadless surface mount SMT drop-in
(plug-in . ) ( .
) : (
292
) (- :
) (inverters ) (impedance inverters
) (admittance inverters )(
.
)(J
)(K
) : ( ).(inverters
) (K ) ( )( )(Z
) (
K2
= Z
Z
)(7.34
).(K inverter
) (J ) (
) ( ) (Y ) (
J2
Y
)(7.35
= Y
).(J inverter
) (K inverter ) (J inverter
) (resonator
.
293

) ( ) (shunt capacitor
) (K .
) (series inductor
) (J ).(
) : ( .
) : ( .

. )(LPF
) ( - ) (
) .(
:
Z o La1
g o g1
)(7.36
294
= K 0,1
)(7.37
)Lai La (i+1
, i = 1,2, , n1
g i g i+1
Lan Z n+1
g n g n+1
)(7.38
= K i , i+1
= K n , n +1
) (Lai ) (Zo , Zn+1 .
) : ( .

) .(
:
YoCa1
g o g1
)(7.39
)(7.40
)CaiCa (i+1
, i = 1,2, , n1
)(7.41
= J 0,1
g i gi+1
CanYn+1
g n g n+1
= J n , n +1
) (Cai ) (Yo , Yn+1 .
295
= J i , i+1
) : ( .
) (BPF
) ( ).(
) : ( .
) ( ) (BPF
) (
) ( ) ( :
)(7.42
)(7.43
, i = 1,2, , n
Ls i = La i
BW
OS
1
2
OS
Ls i
, i = 1,2, , n
= Cs i
) (c rad/sec ) (1 .
296

)(7.44
OS = 1 2
2 1
OS
= BW
) (K :
)(7.45
)(7.46
Z o BW OS Ls1
c g o g1
)Lsi Ls (i+1
, i = 1,2, , n1
)(7.47
g i gi+1
= K 0,1
BW OS
c
BW OS Lsn Z n+1
c g n g n+1
= K i , i+1
= K n , n +1
) : ( .

) (
:
)(7.48
)(7.49
Yo BW OS C p1
c g o g1
)C pi C p (i+1
, i = 1,2, , n1
g i g i+1
297
= J 0,1
BW OS
c
= J i , i+1
BW OS C pnYn+1
)(7.50
c g n g n+1
)(7.51
= J n , n +1
1
Cp i
, i = 1,2, , n
2
OS
= Lp i

) ( ).(
) : ( .
) (BPF
) ( :
)(7.52
)(7.53
Z o BW x1
c g o g1
= K 0,1
xi xi+1
g i g i+1
BW
c
, i = 1,2, , n1
)(7.54
BW x n Z n+1
c g n g n+1
298
= K i , i+1
= K n , n +1
OS
)(7.55
) OS dX i (
= xi
2 d =
) (7.55 ) (Xi ).(OS
) : ( .
) (BPF
) ( :
Yo BW B1
c g o g1
)(7.56
)(7.57
bi bi+1
g i g i+1
, i = 1,2, , n1
BWbnYn+1
c g n g n+1
)(7.58
)(7.59
OS
= J 0,1
BW
c
= J i , i+1
= J n , n +1
) OS dBi (
2 d =
= bi
) (7.59 ) (Bi ).(OS
299
) (K inverters ) (J inverters
.
o
) (K ) (90 g/4 ) (Zo = K

o
) (J ) (90 g/4
) .(Zo = 1/ J .
) : ( ).(K
) (K ) (/2
) (Zo ) ( ).(
)(7.60
K = Z o tan
2X
)(7.61
= tan -1
Z
o
)(7.62
K / Zo
X
=
Z o 1 (K / Z o )2
) (J ) (/2
) (Zo ) ( ).(
)(7.63
)(7.64
2
2B
J = Yo tan
= tan -1
Yo
300
)(7.65
J / Yo
B
=
Yo 1 (J / Yo )2
) : ( ).(J
) : (
) (K ) (ABCD
)(7.66
m jK
0
A B
C D = 1
jK
) (J ) (ABCD
301
A B 0
=
jJ
C D
0
m j J
)(7.67
) ( ) (7.66 ) (7.67
. ) (
) (7.66 ) (7.67
.

) (Richard's Transformations
) (Kuroda's Identities .
) (
) (
).(commensurate length or equal electrical length
) (Richard's Transformations )(
) (Zo ) (Unit Element UE ).(
) : ( .
) (ABCD
)(7.68
j Z o sin
cos
A B cos
C D = j sin / Z
o
) (ABCD ) (Zo
)(7.69
t Zo
1
A B
1 1
= C D
1 t 2 t / Z o
t = j tan
)(7.70
302
. ) (L ) (Z=jL
) (short circuit end ) . (
o
) (45 g/8 ). (Zo = L
) : ( ) (short circuit .
) (C ) (Y=jC
) (open circuit end ) .(
o
) (45 g/8 ). (Zo = 1 / C
) : ( ) (open circuit .
303
) (Kuroda's Identities
.

.
) (redundant
).(redundant filter synthesis
) (Kuroda's Identities ) (ABCD
) (ABCD .
) (
) ( ) (Unit Element UE :
)(7.71
Z2
Z1
n2 = 1+
o
) (UE ) (45 g/8

).(
) : ( ) ( .
) (
) (Unit Element UE .
304
:
)(7.72
Zo
1+ Z oYC
)(7.73
Z o2 YC
= Z2
1 + Z oYC
= Z1
:
)(7.74
)(7.75
Z1 = Z o + Z C
ZC
) Z o (Z o + Z C
= Y2
) : ( ) ( .
) ( .
) (SC ) (Short Circuit End ) (OC )
.(Open Circuit End
) (1 ).(
305
) : ( .

) ( ) (

.
) (redundant
. )(
.
) (
) (
. ) (
) (n2 ).(7.71
306
) : ( .
) : ( ) (LPF
) (Chebyshev ) (fc = 1.5 GHz ) (n = 3
) (3 dB ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 3
) (3 dB :
g3
3.3487
g2
0.7117
g1
3.3487
) : ( ) (.
307

) (L1=g1 ) (C2=g2 ) (L3=g3 ).(
) ( ) (short circuit
o
) .( ) (45 g/8
. ) (L1
) (Z1=g1=3.3487 ) (L3
) (Z3=g3 =3.3487 .
) (C2 ) (open circuit
o
) .( ) (45 g/8
). (Z2= 1 / g2 = 1.405086
) ( .
) : ( ) (.
) (a,b
o
) (45 g/8 ) (Za =Zb = 1

) (1 . ) ( .
) : ( ) (a,b ) (.
308
) series short circuit

(transmission lines ) (1 , 3
) (a , 1 ) (e ) (d
) (3 , b ) (m
) (k ).(
: ) (n = 3 ) (n2
) (7.71
1
= 1.29862
3.3487
n2 = 1+

) ( . :
Zk
2
Zm
2
= n Zb
= n Z3
1.29862
4.348689
Z2
1.405086
Ze
2
Zd
2
= n Z1
= n Za
4.348689
1.29862
) : ( ) (
) (impedance scaling
) (1 )(50

Zk
64.931
Zm
217.434
Z2
70.2543
o
Ze
217.434
Zd
64.931
) (45 g/8
.
.
309
) (e , m ) (r
) (h
).(fc = 1.5 GHz
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 3.175 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
).(50
) ( ) (schematic
(T discontinuities) T .
) : ( .
) (L ) (W ) (fc = 1.5 GHz :
Lk
][mm
][mm
18.41
Wk
][mm
6.383
Lm
][mm
19.62
][mm
Wm
L2
][mm
18.48
][mm
0.149
W2
5.565
Le
][mm
19.62
][mm
We
0.149
Ld
18.41
][mm
Wd
6.383
) (50 ) (Wo= 9.698 mm

o
) (45 g/8 ).(Lo= 18.163 mm

) (l = 1.431 mm ) (Ld , Lk ) (l = 1.401 mm
) (L2 ) (fringing effect . ) (l
) (4.2 ) (-- ) (- ) (-
.
310

) (|S21|dB ) (|S11|dB ).(
(T discontinuities) T
.
.
) : ( ).(
) (Optimization
) (|S21|dB ) (|S11|dB
) (Optimization :
Lk
][mm
][mm
20.0
][mm
Wk
7.89
Lm
][mm
18.14
][mm
Wm
L2
][mm
23.0
][mm
2.367
W2
9.0
Le
][mm
18.14
][mm
We
Ld
20.0
][mm
2.367
Wd
7.89
) (Wo= 7.0 mm ).(Lo= 22.0 mm

) ( . ) (
.
311
) : ( ).(
) : ( ).(
) (5 ) (n=3
) (4 GHz ) (6
) (n=5 ).(10 GHz

.
) (
.
.
) (1,2,4,6,9
.
312
) (-
: Stepped Impedance
) (Stepped Impedance Filter

) ( .
) (n = 3
) (n = 5 ) (coaxial connectors ) (SMA
.
) : ( )(Stepped Impedance
) LC
(ladder ) ( ) ( .
) (Zhigh
) (Zlow ).(
) : ( )(Stepped Impedance
313
) .(Zlow < Zo < Zhigh ) (Zo = 50

) (20 < Zlow < 40
) (90 < Zlow < 120 .
) (Zlow
).(Wlow
) (Zhigh
) (Whigh .

) (g-low
) (g-high ) (C :
)(7.76
g low 1
) sin (c C Z low
2
= Llow
) (L :
)(7.77
L
g high
sin 1 c
Z
2
high
= Lhigh
) (c = 2 fc . ) (1 ) (Llow ).(Lhigh
) : ( ) (Stepped Impedance Filter
) (Chebyshev ) (fc = 3 GHz ) (n = 5
) (0.1 dB ).(50
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.1 dB :
g5
1.146813
g4
1.371213
g3
1.975003
g2
1.371213
g1
1.146813
) (
) (fc = 3 GHz ) (gi ) (7.24
) (7.25 :
]L5 [nH
3.042016
]C4 [pF
1.454902
]L3 [nH
5.238859
]C2 [pF
1.454902
]L1 [nH
3.042016
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
314
) (Zlow= 40
).(Zhigh = 90
) (L ) (7.76 ) (7.77 ) (W
) (fc = 3 GHz :
][mm
L5
][mm
7.63
][mm
W5
1.77
L4
][mm
12.66
][mm
W4
L3
][mm
13.15
][mm
6.69
W3
1.77
L2
][mm
12.66
][mm
W2
L1
7.63
][mm
6.69
W1
1.77
) (L1 , W1 ) (1 ) (L2 , W2
) (2 ) ( .
) (Zo = 50
) (Wo= 4.77 mm ).(Lo= 15 mm
) : ( )(

) (symmetric step discontinuities
) ( .
) (|S21|dB ) (|S11|dB ).(
315
) : ( )(
) : ( )(
) (Optimization ) (|S21|dB
) (|S11|dB :
L5
][mm
][mm
9.16
][mm
W5
1.5
L4
][mm
10
][mm
W4
L3
][mm
12.9
][mm
W3
1.5
L2
][mm
10
][mm
W2
L1
9.16
][mm
W1
1.5
) (Wo= 5 mm ).(Lo= 14.81 mm

) ( . ) (
.
316
) : ( ).(
) : ( ).(
) (-
:
) LC
(ladder ) ( ) (
).(L-C Ladder Lowpass Filter with Open-Circuited Stubs
) (Zhigh
) (Zlow
) (open circuit shunt stub ). (
317
) : (
.

) (20 < Zlow < 40
) (90 < Zlow < 120 .

) (g-low
) (g-high ) (C :
)(7.78
g low
) tan 1 (c C Z low
2
= Llow
) (l ) (Llow ) (fringing effect

. ) (l ) (4.2 ) (-- .
) (L :
)(7.79
L
g high
sin 1 c
Z
2
high
= Lhigh
) (c = 2 fc . ) (1 ) (Llow ).(Lhigh
) : ( ) L-C Ladder Lowpass Filter with
(Open-Circuited Stubs ) (Chebyshev ) (fc = 3 GHz
) (n = 5 ) (0.1 dB
).(50
318
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.1 dB :
g5
1.146813
g4
1.371213
g3
1.975003
g2
1.371213
g1
1.146813
) (
) (fc = 3 GHz ) (gi ) (7.24
) (7.25 :
]L5 [nH
3.042016
]C4 [pF
1.454902
]L3 [nH
5.238859
]C2 [pF
1.454902
]L1 [nH
3.042016
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
) (Zlow= 40
).(Zhigh = 90
: ) ( -
.
) (L ) (7.78 ) (7.79 ) (W
) (fc = 3 GHz :
][mm
L5
][mm
7.63
][mm
W5
1.77
L4
][mm
9.6
][mm
W4
L3
][mm
13.15
][mm
6.69
W3
L2
][mm
9.6
][mm
1.77
W2
6.69
L1
7.63
][mm
W1
1.77
) (L1 , W1 ) (1 ) (L2 , W2
) (2 .
) (l = 0.775 mm ) (L2 , L4 ) (fringing effect
. ) (l ) (4.2 ) (--
) (- ) (- .
) (Zo = 50
) (Wo= 4.77 mm ).(Lo= 15 mm

) (
319
. ) (|S21|dB
) (|S11|dB ).(
) : ( )(
) : ( )(
) (|S11|dB :
][mm
L5
][mm
7.63
][mm
W5
1.9
L4
][mm
10.99
][mm
W4
L3
][mm
10.38
][mm
4.9
W3
1.63
L2
][mm
10.99
][mm
W2
7.63
][mm
4.9
) (Wo= 4.85 mm ).(Lo= 15.13 mm
320
L1
W1
1.9
) ( . ) (
.
) ( ) ( .
) : ( ).(
) : ( ).(
321
) (- :

) (Elliptic .

.
) (Elliptic
) (Cauer Filter ) (elliptic integrals
) ( ) (
.

) Semilumped Lowpass Filters with Finite-Frequency Attenuation
.( Poles
) (Zhigh
) (Zlow
) (Zlow
) (open circuit stub ) (
) ( ) (
).(
) ( ) ( .
) : ( ) (Elliptic )(n=7
322
) : ( ) (Elliptic )(n=8
) : ( ) (n=7
)(
) : ( ) (n=8
)(
323

) ( Semilumped Lowpass Filters with Finite-Frequency Attenuation Poles :
: ) (gi
) (Elliptic ).(Cauer Filter
) (1, 8 , 10 ) (gi
.
:
) (7.24 ): (7.25
gi
Z oc
= Ci
gi Z o
= Li
) ( ) (Zo ).(c = 2 fc
:
.
) (15 < Zlow < 40
) (90 < Zlow < 120 .

) (g-low
) (g-high
) (C :
g low
) sin 1 ( c C Z low
2
= Llow
) (l ) (Llow ) fringing
(effect . ) (l ) (4.2 ) (--
.
) (L :
g high 1 c L
sin
Z
2
high
= Lhigh
) (1 ) (Llow ).(Lhigh
:
. ) (Optimization
.

.
324
) (1
) ( Semilumped Lowpass Filters with Finite-Frequency Attenuation Poles ).(n=6
) (- : Hairpin LPF
) (14 ) (Hairpin LPF

) (Hairpin )(Stepped Impedance Hairpin Resonator
).(
) : (
)(Stepped Impedance Hairpin Resonator

).(14
) (
) (Zoel ) (Zool

325
) (Zoes ) (Zoos
).(open circuit
:
) (Yoel =1/ Zoel ) (Yool =1/ Zool ) (Yoes =1/ Zoes ) (Yoos =1/ Zoos

jYo cot Yoel + Yoes Yoos + Yool cot 2

= S 21
Y1 cot 2 Yoel Yoos Yoes Yoos + jYo Y2 cot
Y2 = Yoel + Yoes + Yoos Yool cot 2
Y1 = Yo2 + Yoel Yool + Yoes Yool

o
) (Zo =1/ Yo . ) ( = 90 gm/4 )(gm

) (4.51 .
) (14 ) (Zoel = 79.7 ) (Zool = 43.78
) (Zoes = 43.8 ) (Zoos = 28.1 ) (Zoes = 44.9
) (Zoos = 26 ) (Zoes = 46.2 ) . (Zoos = 22.7

.
) : ( ) (Hairpin LPF )(n=3
326
) (Zo = 50
) .( )(Hairpin LPF
) (fc = 3 GHz ) (n = 3 ).(50
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
o
) ( = 90 ) (Zoel = 79.7 ) (Zool = 43.78

) (Zoes = 46.2 ) (Zoos = 22.7
.
) (-
) (L , W , S .
:
) (LL = 22.76 mm ) (WL = 3.22 mm ).(SL = 0.335 mm
:
) (LS = 12.43 mm ) (WS = 6.85 mm ) (SS = 0.016 mm

.
) ( ) (Hairpin LPF ).(n=5
) (14 ) (Hairpin LPF
.
) : ( ) (Hairpin LPF )(n=5
327
) (- : Coupled Lines BPF

) (Microstrip Parallel Coupled Lines BPF or Edge Coupled BPF
.
) (

) (2 . ).(0.15 or 15%
) : (
) : (
) (gi )
(
) (cascaded J-inverters ).(
328
) (
)(Microstrip Coupled Lines BPF
). (
) : (
) (gi :
)(7.80
)(7.81
BW
2 g o g1
1
g i g i +1
, i = 1,2, , n1
)(7.82
J 0,1 = Yo
BW
2 g n g n+1
BW Yo
2
= J i , i+1
J n , n +1 = Yo
) (BW ) (Zo =1/ Yo ) (n

. ) (go , gn+1 ) (normalized impedances .

:
)(7.83
, i =0, 1,2, , n
2
J
i
i
+
+
,
i
1
,
i
1

+
Z oe i.i +1 = Z o 1 +
Yo
Yo
329
)(7.84
2
J
J i , i +1
i , i +1
Z oo i.i +1 = Z o 1
+
Yo
Y
o
, i =0, 1,2, , n
).(/2 90 gm/4
) (gm ) (4.51 . ) (g
) (gm .
) (n :
)(7.85
()
cosh -1 L'a 1 / L'r 1

n
) cosh -1 (c1 / c2
L'a = 10(La / 10 ) , L'r = 10(L /10 ) , c1 = sin ( BWA /4) ,

r
BWA = 2 ( f a f o ) / f o
c2 = sin ( BW /4 ) ,
) (fo ) (fa ) (stop band )(La

) (fa ).(Lr
.
) (6 ) Microstrip Parallel
(Coupled Lines BPF .
) (1 ) (Microstrip Parallel Coupled Lines BPF
) (Chebyshev ).(n=5
) (Parallel Coupled Lines BPF
) (short circuit end ) (2.
) : ( ) (Microstrip Parallel Coupled Lines BPF
) (Chebyshev ) (fo = 3 GHz
) (BW= 0.15 0.45 GHz ) 2.775GHz ( 3.225GHz
) (Lr= 0.5 dB
).(50
:
) (gi
).(0.5 dB
330
) (fa =3.7 GHz ) (La=18 dB

) (7.85 ) (n = 3
) (gi :
g2
1.096681
g3
1.59633
g1
1.59633
) . (go = g4 = 1
) (
) (7.80 ) (7.82 :
J3,4
0.384188
J1,2
0.178078
J2,3
0.178078
Jo,1
0.384188
) (
.

) (7.83 ) (7.84 :

Zoe 0,1 = 76.589441
Zoo 0,1 = 38.170618
Zoe 1,2 = 60.489469
Zoo 1,2 = 42.681698
Zoe 2,3 = 60.489471
Zoo 2,3 = 42.681697
Zoe 3,4 = 76.589446
Zoo 3,4 = 38.170618
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm

) (L ) (W ) (S
o
. ) .(90 gm/4 ) (gm

) (4.51 . ) ( :
)(L
)(W
)(S
21.1 mm
3.49 mm
0.17 mm
18.83 mm
4.5 mm
0.86 mm
18.83 mm
4.5 mm
0.86 mm
21.1 mm
3.49 mm
0.17 mm
331
) (50 ) (Wo = 4.8 mm

).(Lo = 18 mm

) (
.
.

. .
) (|S11|dB ) (mm :
)(W
)(L
)(S
17.71
1.09
0.96
17.48
4.99
0.25
17.48
4.99
0.25
17.71
1.09
0.96
) (Wo= 4.899 mm ).(Lo= 26 mm
) : ( )(
332
) ( . ) ( .
)(1 , 4
).(2 , 3
) : ( )(
) : ( )(
: ) (
) (50
o
) (90 g/4 ) (L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 18.15 mm

.
333
) (- : Stub Loaded Structure

) (BPF with parallel short circuit shunt stubs
) ( ) (0.15 or 15% .
) : (
)(BPF with parallel short circuit shunt stubs
) (Ji,i+1
) (BPF with parallel short circuit shunt stubs ) (
) (Zi = 1 / Yi
) (Zi , i+1 = 1 / Y i , i+1
) (Ji,i+1 ) (gi
) ( :
J
Y1 = Yo g o (1 d ) g1 tan(1 ) + N1, 2 1, 2
Yo
)(7.86
)(7.87
for i = 2, 3, , n 1
J i ,i +1

Y
o
334
J
Yi = Yo N i 1,i + N i ,i +1 i 1,i
Yo
)(7.88
J
Yn = Yo (g n g n+1 d g o g1 ) tan(1 ) + Yo N n1,n n1,n
Yo
)(7.89
J
Yi ,i +1 = Yo i ,i +1
Yo
for i = 1, 2, , n 1
Ca
g2
)(7.90
)(7.91
for k = 2, 3, , n 2
C a g n +1
g o g n1
)(7.92
2
)(7.93
)(7.94
go Ca
g k g k +1
= go
= go
J 1, 2
Yo
J k ,k +1
Yo
J n1,n
Yo
J
) g C tan(1
N k ,k +1 = k,k +1 + o a
Yo
Ca = 2 g1 d
) (2 BW
4
= 1
) (BW ) (Zo =1/ Yo ) (n

). (d=1

o
) .(90 g/4 .
) (9 ) (BPF with parallel short circuit shunt stubs
) (Chebyshev ).(70% 0.7
) : ( ) (BPF with parallel short circuit shunt stubs
) ( ) (Chebyshev ) (n = 5
) (fo = 3 GHz ) (BW = 0.5 1.5 GHz
) 2.25 GHz ( 3.75 GHz
) (0.1 dB ).(50
:

) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.1 dB :
335
g4
1.371213
g5
1.146813
g2
1.371213
g3
1.975003
g1
1.146813
). (go = g6 = 1
: ) (7.85
) (La dB ) (fa .
.
: ) (7.86 ) (7.94 )(Zi
) (Zi , i+1
) ( :
Z1 , 2 = 38.659475
Z1 = 28.367935
Z2 , 3 = 35.873729
Z2 = 14.415389
Z3 , 4 = 35.873727
Z3 = 14.654487
Z4 , 5 = 38.659474
Z4 = 14.415389
Z5 = 28.367967
:
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 0.787 mm ). (t = 0.07 mm
) (mm :
L1 , 2 = 17.992
W1 , 2 = 3.410
L1 = 17.767
W1 = 5.165
L2 , 3 = 17.935
W2 , 3 = 3.783
L2 = 17.385
W2 = 11.707
L3 , 4 = 17.935
W3 , 4 = 3.783
L3 = 17.393
W3 = 11.488
L4 , 5 = 17.992
W4 , 5 = 3.410
L4 = 17.385
W4 = 11.707
L5 = 17.767
W5 = 5.165
) ( .
) (50 ) (Wo = 2.33 mm
).(Lo = 15 mm
:
. ) (
).(Optimization
336
) : ( )(
) (|S11|dB ) (mm :
L1 , 2 = 15.46
W1 , 2 = 3.27
L1 = 18.06
W1 = 6.06
L2 , 3 = 15.598
W2 , 3 = 3.63
L2 = 18.09
W2 = 12.07
L3 , 4 = 15.598
W3 , 4 = 3.63
L3 = 18.08
W3 = 12.56
L4 , 5 = 15.46
W4 , 5 = 3.27
L4 = 18.09
W4 = 12.07
L5 = 18.06
W5 = 6.06
) (Wo= 2.3 mm ).(Lo= 16.22 mm

) ( . ) ( .
)(Via
) (Strap )(
.
) (Via
).(Ribbon Wire Ground Strap
337
) : ( )(
) : ( )(
338
) (- :
) (
) (End Coupled Resonators BPF .
o
) ( 180 g/2
) (Zo
) .(gap discontinuity ) (-- .
) : (
).(Ji,i+1
) (gi
) ( :
)(7.95
)(7.96
BW
2 g o g1
1
g i g i +1
, i = 1,2, , n1
)(7.97
J 0,1 = Yo
BW
2 g n g n+1
BW Yo
2
= J i , i+1
J n , n +1 = Yo
) (BW ) (Zo =1/ Yo ) (n

) (radians :
)(7.98
radians
)] i = 0.5(tan 1 [2 Z o Bi-1,i ] + tan 1 [2 Z o Bi,i+1
339
) (Bi,i+1 ) ( C gi ,i +1
. ) (Bi,i+1 :
Yo
)(7.99
J i,i +1
1 i,i+1
Y
o
Bi,i +1
Yo
:
Bi,i +1
)(7.100
= C gi ,i +1
) (o = 2 fo .
)( :
g
i lie1 lie 2
2
)(7.101
= li
) ( lie1 ) ( lie 2 .
) ( C ip,i +1 ) ( C ip1,i :
g o C ip,i +1
2 Yo
)(7.102
= lie 2
g o C ip1,i
2 Yo
= lie1
) (-- .
] [Y :

Y12
Y22
= ] [Y
Y11
Y21
:
) Im(Y11 + Y21
)(7.103
= Cp
:
) Im(Y21
)(7.104
= Cg

) (End Coupled Resonators BPF :
: ) (gi
) (.
: ) (Ji,i+1 ) (7.95 ). (7.97
340
: ) (Bi,i+1 ) .(7.99
) (7.98
) ( C gi ,i +1 ). (7.100
:
). (Zo
: ] [Y ] [S
) ( C gi ,i +1 .
) (S parameters fitting )(Si,i+1
) .( C gi ,i +1 ] [S
] [S ) ( C gi ,i +1 .
) (Si,i+1 ] [Y
) (7.103 ) . (7.104
) .(7.101 .
:
. ) (Optimization
.
) (1 ) (End Coupled Resonators BPF
) (Chebyshev ).(n = 3
) ( - : Hairpin BPF
). (Hairpin BPF
) ( )Hairpin-
(line BPF ) .(n=4
) (Hairpin resonator ).(U
) ( ).(n
) (0.04
).(0.2

) (stripline ) (microstrip line ).(15
341
).(1 , 6
) : ( ).(Hairpin-line BPF
) : ( ).(Hairpin-line BPF
) (Hairpin BPF
) (Parallel Coupled Lines BPF or Edge Coupled BPF
) (- ) (U
) .(Hairpin resonator
) (- ).(Hairpin BPF
) (Hairpin BPF ) (filter design by coupling
) ( coupling
.
342
) ( :
) (Wr=Wo ) (Zo
) (S ) (tap distance t
.
) (t ) (S
.
).(X = 2 Wr
o
). (2 L 180 g/2
) (Zo .
. ) (1 , 6 .
) (Hairpin-line BPF :
: ) (gi
) (n )
(.
: ) (coupling
) ( ) .(ki,i+1 ) (q
) (quality factors .
) (qe1 ) (qen :
)(7. 105
g n g n +1
BW
= qe n
g o g1
BW
= qe 1
) ( ) (ki,i+1 :
)(7. 106
, i = 1,2, , n1
BW
g i g i +1
= k i , i+1
) (BW ) (go , gn+1 ) normalized

(impedances .
: ) (Wr
) (Zr .
) (6 ) (Zr = 50 = Zo ) (1
) (Zr = 68.3
).(X = 2 Wr
o
).(2 L 180 g/2

) (2 L , X , Wr .
) (Zo ).(Wo
343
: )(tap distance t
.

) (Si,i+1 ) (ki,i+1 ).(7. 106
) (external quality factor
) (t ) (qe ).(7. 105
) 1 ,
(6 .

) (S
) (k ) (t ) .(q .
) (16 ) (s ) (k
) (t ) (q .
) (16 ) (S
) (Hairpin ) (k ) (
) (t ) (q ) (Hairpin ).(
) : ( ) (t ).(S
) (t ) (qe ) (7. 105 :

)(7. 107
) (Z o / Z r
sin -1
2
q
2L
344
=t
:
. ) (Optimization
.

) (multiple coupled lines

) (17 .
.
) : ( ) (Hairpin BPF
) (Chebyshev ) (n = 5 ) (fo = 4 GHz
) (BW = 0.04 160 MHz ) 3.92 GHz
( 4.08 GHz ) (0.1 dB
).(50
:
:
) (gi ) (n = 5
) (0.1 dB
g5
1.146813
g3
1.975003
g4
1.371213
g2
1.371213
g1
1.146813
). (go = g6 = 1
:
) (q ) (7. 105:
qe1 = qen = 28.675

) ( ) (7. 106:
k23 = k34 = 0.024308
k12 = k45 = 0.031898
:
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 0.254 mm ). (t = 0.05 mm
) (Zr = 50 = Zo .
).(Wr = Wo = 0.734 mm

).(X = 2 Wr = 1.468 mm
345
).(2 L = 27.53 mm
: ) (tap distance t ) (7. 107 :
t = 2.07 mm

) (6 ) (Si,i+1 ) (ki,i+1
) (7. 106 :
) (S12
) . (S45 ) (S23
)(S34
S12 = S45 = 0.4826 mm
S23 = S34 = 0.6096 mm
) (Wo = 0.734 mm
) (Lo = 10 mm .
:
.
) (coupling
) (coupling .
) (|S11|dB ) (mm :
Lo =9.662
Wo =0.713
2 L = 22.904
L=11.452
Wr =0.825
S45 =0.380
S12 =0.381
S34 =0.533
S23 =0.541
) (Optimization :
X2=2.131
X1=1.963
X4=2.143
X3=2.082
X5=1.978
) (X1 ) (X2
.
346
) ( . ) (
.
) : ( )(
) : ( )(
: ) (
)
(Tuning
347
) (Optimization
.
).(Hairpin BPF
) (18 ) (Hairpin BPF
) (Hairpin ) Stepped Impedance Hairpin
(Resonator ) .(
) .(Folded Hairpin Resonator
) Cross Coupled Microstrip
(Hairpin Resonator Filters ) (19 .
) ( - : Interdigital BPF
) (Interdigital BPF
) symmetric multiple coupled
(lines
) (asymmetric multiple coupled lines ) (1
. ) (
) (Interdigital BPF ) .(n ) (n
.
.
) (Interdigital BPF
) (asymmetric multiple coupled lines .

) (symmetric multiple coupled lines ) = W1 = W2 = ...
(Wn ) .(Z1 = Z2 = ... = Zn .
) (BW
).(0.6
o
) (l1 = l 2 = ... = l n ) (/2 90

.
348
) (Zt = 1 / Yt
).(Zo
) (S12
) (S23 .
) (t = tapping position ) (
.
.
) : ( ).(Interdigital BPF

:
)(7. 108
)(7. 109
1
Y1 + Y1,2
i=2,3,,n2
= Zoo 1,2
1
Y1 Y1,2
1
= Z oe 1,2
2Y1 (1 / Z oe i1,i ) Yi ,i +1 Y i1,i
349
= Z oe i,i+1
i=2,3,,n2
)(7. 110
1
Y1 + Yn 1,n
)(7. 111
1
) 2Yi ,i +1 + (1 / Z oe i,i+1
= Z oo n 1,n
1
Y1 Yn 1,n
= Z oo i,i+1
= Z oe n 1,n
) (7. 108 ) (7. 111 :

)(7. 112
i = 1, 2 , , n 1
)(7. 113
i = 1, 2 , , n 1
Y1
) tan (
)(7. 114
)(7. 115
)(7. 116
=Y
Y1 Y n 1,n
vp
BW
1
) (radians
2
2
= Cn
= C1
Y1 Y i1,i Y i,i+1
vp
Y i,i+1
vp
= Ci
= Ci,i+1
Y12, 2
Yt = Y1
Y1
)(7. 118
)(7. 120
Y1 Y1,2
vp
i=1,2,,n1
)(7. 119
Y
g i gi+1
= J i ,i+1
i=2,3,,n1
)(7. 117
) Yi ,i+1 = J i ,i+1 sin (
Y sin 2
sin
Yo go g1
= t
)1 (BW / 2
-1
cost sin 3t
= Ct
1 cos2t sin 2t
oYt 2 +
2
Y
Y
t
o
) (vp phase velocity ) (3.2

) (3.42 . ) (t ) (radians ) (BW
) (Zo =1/ Yo ) (n ) (gi
350
) (go , gn+1
) (normalized impedances .
) (Ci self-capacitances per unit length ).(i
) (Ci,i+1 the mutual capacitances per unit length between adjacent line elements
.
) (Ct
) the capacitance to be loaded to the input and output resonators in
order to compensate for resonant frequency shift due to the effect of the tapped input
.(and output
) (Zt = Zo = 1 / Yt ) (Y1 = 1 / Z1 ) (7. 112 ) (7. 118
) (Zt ) (Wt ) (Z1
) (W1 ) = W1 = W2
.(... = Wn ) (t ). (7. 119
) (l2 = l 3 = ... = l n-1
:
i= 2,3,,n1
)(7. 121
li = ( gi / 4) li
) (l ) (fringing effect ) (4.2 )(--

) (- ) (- . )(g
.

:
l1 = ln = ( g / 4) l + lC
)(7. 122
) lC = ( g / 2 ) tan-1(2 fo Ct / Y1
)(7. 123
g
t
2
)(7. 124
= lt

) (7. 108 ) (7. 111
) (ki,i+1 :
351
)(7. 125
Z oe i,i +1 Z oo i,i +1
Z oe i,i +1 + Z oo i,i +1
= ki ,i +1
) (Si,i+1 ) (ki,i+1 ) (7. 125

).(4
) (Interdigital BPF ) (4 ) filter
(design by coupling ) ( coupling
)(
:
: ) (gi
) (n )
(.
: ) (coupling
) ( ) .(ki,i+1 ) (q
) (quality factors .
) (qe1 ) (qen ) .(7. 105
) ( ) (ki,i+1 ). (7. 106
:
) (W1 ).(4
) (W/h ) (W ) (h
) (S/h ) (S
) ( ) (k .

.
) (16 ) (S
) (k ) (t ) (lt
) (q . ) (4
.
) (Si,i+1 ) (ki,i+1 .
) (L ) (7. 121
).(1 , n
) (lt or l
) (4 ) (l /L ).(q
352
) (Wo ).(Zo
:
. ) (Optimization
.

) (20 ) (Combline Filter .
.
) (1 , 4 ) (Interdigital BPF
).(symmetric multiple coupled lines

) (Combline Filter ) (Pseudocombline Filter
) (1 , 21.
) ( - :
) (High Pass Filter HPF

) (- ) (- ) (n = 5
).(
) (Quasilumped Element HPF

) (interdigital capacitor
) .( ).(22
) (interdigital capacitor ) (4.46
.
) (
) (W ) (S ) (h
) (W :
) (
]C [in pF] = 3.937 10-5 L ( r + 1) [0.11(n 3) + 0.252
353
) (L in m ) (n ) (r .
) (interdigital capacitor :
)(7. 126
]C [in pF
]3.937 10 ( r + 1) [0.11(n 3) + 0.252
) (
-5
= ]L [in m
) : ( .
) : ( )(interdigital capacitor
354
) (ZL ) (
) (coil value L ) (fc :
2
tan
2 fc
gL
ZL
= tan
ZL
2 fc
= coil value L
) ( :
2 fc L
tan
)(7.127
= ZL
) ( ) (HPF ) (n=5
.
).(
) : ( ) (HPF )(n=5

) (MMIC
.

) (chip capacitor ) (
) (7. 127
)(interdigital capacitor
.
355
) : ( ) (n=7 .
) ( - :
) (
) (n ) (
) (Zi = 1/Yi ) (c
) (Zi,i+1 = 1/Y i,i+1 ).(2c
).(i = 1 , 2 , ... , n
) : ( .
356

) (fc :
180o
f = o 1 f c = rad 1 f c
c
)(7.128
) (1 ) (c .
) (
) (0.1 dB ) (c
).(Zo = 50
Z1,2
= Zn-1,n
Z1
= Zn
44.05985
323.9181
44.80407
226.5519
25
30
275.088
45.88545
44.61298
162.5752
253.936
35
162.7286
45.77916
174.703
45.30586
103.5325
210.686
47.44823
44.99924
124.6758
222.8065
46.95365
126.7652
46.36413
154.7988
168.5829
49.24362
45.73854
82.60776
184.4338
48.2523
45.2325
111.9319
207.7447
103.554
47.576
113.6751
46.67706
145.9769
46.1672
69.03789
151.373
50.05807
45.98758
75.65556
171.9809
48.64286
45.37246
106.6212
199.6965
48.17234
95.02993
47.89501
107.7981
46.85157
141.4587
50.82282
64.47786
50.44085
72.63958
48.85007
103.9587
Z3,4
Z3
= Zn-2
Z2,3
= Zn-2,n-1
Z2
= Zn-1
25
30
35
25
30
35
25
30
35
25
30
35
) : ( ) (c
) (Chebyshev ).(0.1 dB
) ( )(interpolation and extrapolation

) (c
.
357
) : (
) (Chebyshev ) (fc = 1.5 GHz ) (n = 3
) (0.1 dB ) ( ).(50
:
o
: ) (c = 35 ) (7.128
) (fc = 1.5 GHz ).(f = 6.2143 GHz
180
= 6.2143
1 1.5
35
) ( )(n = 3
o
) (c = 35 :
- ) (Z1 = 124.6758
o
) .(c = 35
- ) (Z1,2 = 47.44823
o
) .(2c = 70
- ) (Z2 = 103.5325
o
) .(c = 35
- ) (Z2,3 = 47.44823
o
) .(2c = 70
- ) (Z3 = 124.6758
o
) .(c = 35
) ( .
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.05 mm

) (L ) (W ) (fc = 1.5 GHz :
]L3 [mm
14.853
]L2,3 [mm
28.266
]L2 [mm
14.71
]L1,2 [mm
28.266
]L1 [mm
14.853
]W3 [mm
0.752
W2,3
5.18
]W2 [mm
1.23
W1,2
5.18
]W1 [mm
0.752
][mm
][mm
) (Zo = 50
) (Wo= 4.78 mm ).(Lo= 20 mm
358
:
. ).(
) : ( )(
) (|S11|dB :
]L3 [mm
14.04
]L2,3 [mm
24.96
]L2 [mm
13.77
]L1,2 [mm
24.86
]L1 [mm
14.01
]W3 [mm
2.21
W2,3
4.94
]W2 [mm
3.29
W1,2
4.99
]W1 [mm
2.25
][mm
][mm
) (Wo= 4.8 mm
).(Lo= 25 mm
) ( ) ( .
) : ( )(
359
) : ( )(
) ( - :
) (23
) (Ring Bandstop Filter ).(
) : ( .
360
).(Zo = 50
) (n g
).(n= 1 , 2 , ...

o
) (/2 90 g/4 .
.

) (0.6 ) (Optimization
.
) (23 .
) : ( ) (Ring BSF
) ( ) (fo = 2 GHz ) (0.6
) (|S21|dB 3 dB ) (1.4 GHz ) (2.6 GHz
).(50
:
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.05 mm
).(g
) (4.79 mm ) (109.22 mm
o
) (90 g/4 ) (27.31 mm

.

.
) (Optimization

) (|S21|dB 3 dB ) (1.4 GHz ) (2.6 GHz :
) (1 mm ) (116.23 mm
).(29.01 mm
) (Wo = 4.899 mm ). (28.52 mm
) ( .
361
) : ( )(
) ( - :

) (U ) (Ring Resonator
) (L .
) : (
362
) : ( )(L
) ( ) (n
) .(L ) (1
).(n = 5
o
) (L ).(90 g/4
.

) (L :
: ) (gi
) (n )
( . :
2
1
=
g o g n +1
)(7.129
)(7.130
go
g i BW
ZU
Zo
Z
xi = Zo U
Zo
) (ZU ) (L
) (reactance slope x ) (BW ) (Zo
) (go , gn+1 ) (normalized impedances .
) (go = gn+1 ).(Zo=ZU
: .
:
) (1 ) (50 .
363
: ) (L
) (1 ) (50 .
) (L ) /2
o
.(90 g/4 .
: ) (L
:
) (S ) (L
) (x / Zo :
x
fo
=
Z o 2 BW3dB
)(7.131
) (BW3dB ).(|S21|dB 3 dB
) (
.
).(S
) (Si ) (xi / Zo
).(7.130
:
. ) (Optimization
.
) : ( )(L
364
) ( - :Open Circuit Stubs

)(open circuit stub
) (50 ) (90o ). (
) (A ) (90o
) (B .
.
) : (

).(

o
) .(/2 90 g/4 ) (l
) (fringing effect ) (4.2 ) (--
) (- ) (- .
) (1
) (Richard's Transformations ) Kuroda's
(Identities ).(-
) (1
.
365
) : ( Open Circuit Stubs )(n
) ( ) (
) (Open Circuit Stubs ) (
) (0.1005 ).(BW
Z1,2
Z1=Z2
BW
53.2595
55.9021
58.9227
62.4173
66.5132
71.3857
77.2798
84.5494
93.7277
105.655
121.723
144.446
213.511
164.549
131.52
107.596
89.3575
74.9064
63.0963
53.196
44.7143
37.3051
30.7174
24.7611
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
) : (
) (Open Circuit Stubs )(n = 2
366
Z1,2=Z2,3
Z2
Z1=Z3
BW
53.7779
59.55501
63.64157
68.36298
73.88034
80.41171
88.26437
97.88184
101.2002
115.1278
133.8724
159.9386
131.3681
78.99893
62.89783
51.28836
42.48016
35.53458
29.88447
25.16774
24.20089
20.04225
16.38614
13.16267
217.2402
132.4363
106.6212
87.87964
73.54455
62.12955
52.73928
44.80247
43.39713
36.24449
29.85502
24.14771
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
) : (
Z2,3
Z1,2=Z3,4
Z2=Z3
Z1=Z4
BW
58.71508
63.21672
68.35737
74.27986
81.17278
86.27979
99.00402
106.8536
125.5304
138.997
169.3423
204.1816
56.97876
60.84798
65.25456
70.3225
76.22184
80.61266
91.5181
98.28783
114.4112
126.0907
152.5274
183.0094
89.84565
69.33082
55.52224
45.53651
37.93195
34.09362
26.97526
24.19292
19.26745
17.00038
13.33828
10.78884
158.9471
123.8666
100.1181
82.82808
69.55651
62.94375
50.17964
45.29396
36.26842
32.19036
25.34083
20.57215
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
) : (
367
Z2,3=Z3,4
Z1,2=Z4,5
Z3
Z2=Z4
Z1=Z5
BW
59.65306
64.42386
69.95747
76.1232
83.75209
91.78522
101.4219
114.5134
130.5313
148.584
174.9475
211.0239
57.42638
61.41525
66.04584
71.20377
77.61806
84.31845
92.43511
103.4383
116.8115
133.0885
155.0291
186.0742
80.24781
62.2479
50.14492
41.2657
34.17028
29.16064
24.94798
20.99923
17.86997
14.84578
12.42875
10.07831
85.80303
66.40724
53.35211
43.77709
36.17631
30.8326
26.32133
22.07944
18.75152
15.6312
13.00481
10.52893
154.0595
120.3601
97.30466
80.41429
67.00257
57.4244
49.42323
41.56
35.67428
29.74969
24.91405
20.23677
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
) : (
) : ( ) (Open Circuit Stubs

) ( ) (fo = 3 GHz ) (0.8
) (|S21|dB 3 dB ) (1.8 GHz ) (4.2 GHz
).(50
:
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ). (t = 0.05 mm
) (
.
Z1,2=Z2,3
Z2
Z1=Z3
BW
73.88034
42.48016
73.54455
0.8
) (fo = 3 GHz :
]L3 [mm
18.54
]L2,3 [mm
18.55
]L2 [mm
18.03
]L1,2 [mm
18.55
]L1 [mm
18.54
]W3 [mm
2.52
W2,3
2.5
]W2 [mm
6.09
W1,2
2.5
]W1 [mm
2.52
)mm
][mm
][mm
(l1 = l3 = 0.6856 ) (fringing effect
) (L1 ) (L3 ) (l2 = 0.7687 mm ) (fringing effect

).(L2
368
) (Zo = 50
) (Wo= 4.79 mm ).(Lo= 18 mm

.
) (|S11|dB :
]L3 [mm
17.01
]L2,3 [mm
16.27
]L2 [mm
17.45
]L1,2 [mm
16.35
]L1 [mm
17.01
W3
3.3
W2,3
1.6
]W2 [mm
7.56
W1,2
1.71
W1
3.3
][mm
][mm
][mm
][mm
) (Wo= 4.9 mm
).(Lo= 23.68 mm
) ( ) (
.
) : ( ) (
369
) : ( ).(
.
) (optimization
) (unwanted pass band )(stop band
.
) (microstrip BSF
) (optimization
) (unwanted stop band ) (pass band
.
370
) ( - ):(Multiplexers
) (
) (Multiplexers ) (n
) (n .
) (LPF
) (HPF ) (BPF )(BSF
).(Multiplexer

) (broadband signal ) (
.
) (Multiplexers )
(
).(channelizer or combiner
) (Multiplexer ) (n=2 ) (diplexer
) (n=3 ) (triplexer ) (n=4
) (quadruplexer ) (n=5 ) (quintaplexer
) (Multiplexer .
) (Multiplexer ).(MUX
) (n

) (Multiplexers .
) (24 ) (Multiplexer
:
- ).(Manifold Multiplexer
- ) (Circulator Coupled Multiplexer
).(Circulators
- ) (Hybrid Coupled Multiplexer
) (Hybrid Couplers .
- ) (Directional Filter Multiplexer
) (Directional Filters .
371
) : ( )(Multiplexer
) ( ) (Multiplexers

) (Tuning ) (Switches
) (24 ) (Multiplexers
.
) (Multiplexer .
) (overlapping channels

) (contiguous channels
).(non-contiguous channels
) ( ) (Hybrid Coupled Multiplexer
) (diplexer ) (Hybrid Couplers
) (H .

.

) (phase deviation .
) ( ) (diplexer
).(
372
) (Multiplexer
.
)(
.
) : ( )(Hybrid Coupled Multiplexer
) : ( )(diplexer
373
) : ( ) (Microstrip Multiplexer
) (diplexer ) 2.3 GHz (2.4 GHz
) 2.5 GHz (2.6 GHz ).(50
: ) (
:
) ( r =2.2 ) (h = 1.575 mm ).(t = 0.07 mm
) (Gysel ) (-
) ( - ) ( -
).(2.5 GHz
) ( ) (
) ( ) (|S32|dB .
) : ( ) (|S31|dB , |S21|dB )(
374
) : ( ) (|S11|dB , |S22|dB , |S33|dB )(
) : ( )(
) (Microstrip Parallel Coupled Lines BPF

) (- ).(
:
) (Chebyshev ) 2.3 GHz ( 2.4 GHz
) (0.5 dB ) .(n=6 ) ( .
375
) : ( )(
:
) (Chebyshev ) 2.5 GHz ( 2.6 GHz
) (0.5 dB ) .(n=6 ) ( .
) : ( )(
376
) (
. ) ( )(
.
) : ( ) (diplexer )(
377
) (Multiplexers
) (Tuning
) (electronic switches ) (dc voltage

) (banks .

) (Multiplexers ) (2,3,4,16,40,...etc. .

.
) Agilent , K & L microwave , Teledyne KW Microwave , Keithley , National
(Instruments . ).(i1 to i5
378
2001
John Wiley & Sons
1980
Artech House
Jia-Sheng Hong
M. J. Lancaster
G. Matthaei,
L. Young,
E.M.T. Jones
2006
CRC Press
Wai-Kai Chen
2003
John Wiley & Sons
2005
John Wiley & Sons
Inder Bahl
Prakash Bhartia
David M. Pozar
2005
Artech House
2005
John Wiley & Sons
1989
Heinemann Newnes Stefan

Niewiadomski
1990
Artech House
Stanislaw
Rosloniec
2002
Newnes
Steve Winder
2004
John Wiley & Sons
Joseph F. White
1992
Artech House
Max W. Medley
2002
Faculty of
Engineering - Cairo
University
Hesham I. M.
AL Anwar
2008
IEEE APMC
Sha Luo,
Lei Zhu,
Sheng Sun
1979
Artech House
J.A.G. Malherbe
2008
IEEE - ICSPCS
Cornelis Jan
Kikkert
Noyan Kinayman
M. I. Aksun
I. A. Glover,
S. R. Pennock
P. R. Shepherd
379

Microstrip Filters for
RF/Microwave Application
Microwave Filters,
Impedance Matching
Networks, and Coupling
Structures
Passive, Active and Digital
Filters
nd
rd
(3 edition)
Modern Microwave Circuits
Microwave Devices,
Circuits and Subsystems for
Communications
Engineering
Filter Handbook a Practical
Design Guide
Algorithms for ComputerAided Design of Linear
Microwave Circuits
Analog and Digital Filter
Design (2nd edition)
High Frequency Techniques
- An Introduction to RF and
Microwave and RF Circuits
Analysis, Synthesis and
Design
Compact ChebyshevFunction Low-Pass Filters
with Stepped-Impedance
Hairpin Unit
Microwave Transmission
Line Filters
A Design Technique for
Microstrip Filters
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
2004
2001
High Frequency
Electronics
- March 2004
Springer
M. A. Imparato,
R. C. Groulx,
R. Matarazzo
Design of a Microstrip
Bandpass Filter Using
Advanced Numerical Models
M. Makimoto
S. Yamashita
Microwave Resonators and

Filters for Wireless
Communication-Theory,
Design and Applications
Jia-Sheng Hong Cross-Coupled Microstrip
Hairpin-Resonator Filters
M. J. Lancaster
1998
IEEE-MTT
Vol. 46, No. 1,
JAN. 1998
2004
2007
RF Design
JAN. 2004
Artech House
2003
Artech House
2004
John Wiley & Sons
Kai Chang,
Lung-Hwa Hsieh.
2005
John Wiley & Sons
Kai Chang
A. Bhargava
R. K. Mongia
I. J. Bahl
P. Bhartia
J. Hong
Inder Bahl
17
18
19
Combline filter design

simplified
RF and Microwave Coupled
Line Circuits, (2nd edition )
20
Lumped Elements for RF

and Microwave Circuits
Microwave ring circuits and
related structures (2nd
edition)
Encyclopedia of RF and
22
21
23
24

(Agilent)
i1
(Teledyne KW Microwave)
i2
(Keithley)
i3
(K & L microwave)
i4
(National Instruments)
i5
http://www.teledyne.com
http://www.keithley.com
www.klmicrowave.com
www.ni.com
www.ni.com/switches
380
Chapter 8 : Fabrication, Test and Measurement

:
) (-
:CAD/CAM

) (Computer Aided Engineering CAE
) (CAD
).(CAD/CAM
) Computer Aided
.(Measurement
) Agilent
(ADS , Agilent Genesys . ).(i1
) : (
381
) .(
) (Circuit Specifications ) (Preliminary Design
).(Analysis and Optimization
) / ( ) (Yield Analysis

.
) (Yield Optimization
.
) (Preliminary Design .
) (Layout Production ).(Fabrication
) (Test & Measurement
) (Tuning ) (moving stripes
) (Laser Trimming .
) (Yield analysis and optimization
) ( ) ( ) (Yield Analysis
) (LPF .
.
) : ( ) (|S21|dB )(Yield analysis
382
) : ( ) (|S21|dB ) (|S11|dB
)(Yield analysis
) ( ) (Yield Analysis
) (Yield Optimization
.
) : ( ) (|S21|dB ) (|S11|dB
) (Yield optimization

).(CNC
383

.
.
) (- :PCB Fabrication
) (3,4,5,6 .
) (3 :
) (Mask ) (Layout
) (Transparency Film ) (Plotter ).(Laser Printer
) : Plotter
) (minimum track width ) (120 m
) (120 m
) (minimum space between tracks ) (90 m
) (90 m (
) (Handling ) knit nylon
(gloves ). (non-absorbent material
.

.
)
(.
.
) (PCB Dryer .
) (photo resist material
) (spray .
) (Mask
) Ultraviolet
(Source or UV source .
384
) : ( .
) (Sodium Hydroxide NaOH

) (etching in developer solution
.
).(spray wash
) : ( ) Sodium
(Hydroxide NaOH ).(etching in developer solution
385

.
) (Etching ) (Ferric Chloride

. . .
) : ( ) (Etching )(Ferric Chloride

.
) (Vias
.
) : ( )(coaxial connector
386

) Bungard Elektronik , 911EDA Inc , Advance Reproductions
(Corporation , Taiwan Union Technology Corp. ) (i2
).(i6

) (notch
) ( /
) ( .
.
) : ( .
) Computer Aided
(Manufacturing CAM
) (Layout )(extension card
) (GPIB or HPIB ) (
. ) (4 , 5 ).(CNC
) (CNC .
) CNC milling and drilling
(machine or CNC Router ) Laser CNC
(Machine ).(Vias
387
) : ( ) (CNC
.
) : ( )(CNC
388
) (CNC
) (DXF, GDSII, Gerber, PAD,...etc.
.

) (CNC ) (ADS , Genesys .
) (CNC
) (LPKF CircuitCAM ) (LPKF
) (InstantCAM ) (Bungard
) (ISOPRO ).(T-Tech
) x-y zero
(position ) (options .
.

.
) ( ) ( ) (option
.
) (solder paste .
) (Measurement Camera
.
) (Vias ) LPKF EasyContac
.( and LPKF ProConduct
) (CNC ) (Laser Trimming
) (Network Analyzer .
) (CNC ) (7
.

.

.

.
) (200 m to 100 m
.
389
) (50 m
) (25 m .
) (CNC ) (
.

) (Vias

) (datasheets and catalogs
) (model.
0.1 mm = 100 m
0.05 mm = 50 m
) (
0.1 mm = 100 m
0.025 mm = 25 m
0.0075 mm = 7.5 m
0.002 mm = 2 m
resolution
0.005 mm = 5 m
0.002 mm = 2 m
repeatability
minimum track width

) (
minimum space between tracks
) : (
) (CNC ) Bungard Elektronik ,

(LPKF , MULTICAM , T-Tech . ).(i2,i7,i8,i9
) (CNC ) Jinan XYZ-TECH CNC
Equipment Co., Ltd. , Perfect Laser (Wuhan) Co., Ltd. , uhan Gland Machinery
(Co., Ltd. .
).(i10,i11,i12,i13
) (CNC /
) (option .
) (i2
) (CNC ).(Bungard Elektronik
390
) (- : Coaxial Connectors

) (transition ) (launcher
.
) (transition
.

) (Coaxial to Microstrip Transition )( -
) ( - .
) (8 ) (transitions
) (Waveguide to Microstrip Transition
) (Coaxial to Microstrip Transition
.
) (
).(4-Flange SMA female connector
) (4 Flanges )(SMA
) (female ).(Jack
) ( )(4-Flange SMA female connector
.
) : ( )(4-Flange SMA female connector
391
) : ( )(4-Flange SMA female connector

.
) : (
) (4-Flange SMA female connector .
) ( ) 4-Flange SMA female

(connector .

.
392

) (outer conductor .
) (inner conductor
) (
) ( ).(

.

) (outer conductor )
( ) (inner conductor
.
) ( )(transition
) (launcher .
) : (
.
393
) ( ) (
.
) (
Special Coaxial Connectors
Standard Coaxial Connectors
SMA, SMB, SMC, SLB, SSMB, SSMC, AFI, QMA, FAKRA, AMC, QDS,
SSLB, SSMA, 7 mm (APC 7) , 7/16, Mini QDS, G874, MTNC, QN, MMBX,
BMA, TK, SC, HN, N-Type, , SMPM, MMS, MMT, SMCC, SBX, SBY.
TNC, ATNC, 3.5 mm (APC 3.5), SMP,
SSMP, 2.9 mm, 2.4 mm, 1.85 mm, BNC,
MCX, MMCX.
K-Type (2.92 mm), V-Type (1.85 mm),
W1 Connector (1 mm).
) : (
) (coaxial connectors )(Zo = 50

) (Zo = 75
.
:
) (SMA ) (Sub-Miniature-A

) (18 GHz
) (precision connectors ) .(26.5 GHz ) (
.
) (N-Type ) (11 GHz
) (precision connectors ) .(18 GHz
) ( .
) (TNC ) (Threaded-Navy-Connector
) (12 GHz ).(18 GHz

) .(Vibrations ) ( .
394
Jack (Female)
Plug (Male)
(SMA) : ( )
Jack (Female)
Plug (Male)
(N-Type) : ( )
Plug (Male)
Jack (Female)
(TNC) : ( )
395
) (APC7 ) (Amphenol Precision Connector 7 mm

) (sexless - no male or female distinction
) (18 GHz .
) (APC3.5 )(Amphenol Precision Connector 3.5 mm
) (34 GHz .
) (BNC ) (Bayonet-Navy-Connector
) (4 GHz .
) (SMB ) (Sub-Miniature-B
) (moderate vibrations ) (4 GHz
) inter- or intra-board connections of
.(RF or digital signals
) (SMC ) (Sub-Miniature-C
) (vibrations
) (10 GHz ) microwave telephony and
.(other nonmilitary telecommunication

).(Special Connector
) (adapter )
(.
)SMA (Female) to N (Male
)TNC (Female) to SMA (Male
)SMA (Female) to TNC (Male
) : ( )(adapter
) electrically and
(mechanically compatible
.
396
) SMA , 3.5 mm , K ,
(2.92 mm ) (V , 2.4 mm , 2.0 mm , 1.85 mm ).(W1 , 1 mm
) (SMA ) (3.5 mm
) (2.4 mm )(1.85 mm
. ) .(adapter

) Silver, Copper, Gold, Brass, Zinc, Nickel,
.(Stainless Steel
) inner and outer conductor of
.(coaxial connector ) .(Teflon, Tefzel, polypropylene
:
) (Corona ) (
) minimum voltage requirement at which the breakdown of air gaps between
.(conductors will not occur
) (DWV ) (
).(Dielectric Withstanding Voltage
.
) (Insertion Loss IL ) . (.
) (VSWR .
) (Working Voltage ) ( ) maximum safe
operating voltage of the connector over its rated frequency range and atmospheric
.(conditions
) (RF Leakage
).(the amount of signal which radiates from the connector with respect to frequency
)(datasheets and catalogs

.
) Aeroflex/Weinsche , Amphenol RF ,
.(Anritsu , Applied Engineering Products ) (i14 ).(i18
) Jiangsu Dongya Electronic Co., Ltd.
,Danyang Hengtong Electronic Co., Ltd. , Changzhou Wujin Senyu Electronics Co.,
.(Ltd. ,Nanjing Moyi Import & Export Co., Ltd. ) (Aliner .
) (i19 ).(i24
397
) (Maury , Agilent
) (connector gauge
) (inner and outer conductor of coaxial connector
) (pin depth, setback and dielectric protrusion

).(to prevent connector damage
) (connector gauge
. ).(i1 , i25
) (- :
) (datasheets
) (
) susceptible to damage by
.(electrostatic discharge ESD
) (Surface Mounting Technology
.
) (
.
) ( ) (coaxial connector
.
/
)
(.

) (
) ( -
).( -

) (MMIC
398
) (Adhesives
).(
) : ( ) (Adhesive

.
) (0 Volt ).(
1
ESD protective wrist strap
Antistatic finger cots
Antistatic bag
Antistatic tweezers
Antistatic table mat
Antistatic floor tiles
Antistatic footwear and

antistatic heel-strap
Static Control Test Station
)(0 Volt

) (0 Volt

) : (
399
) : (
) (

:
CAUTION
Contains parts and
assemblies susceptible to damage by
)Electrostatic Discharge (ESD

.
) microstrip mixers
(and detectors ) (350m X 720m ) (270m X 760m
.
) (Conductive Adhesive
:
/
) to remove any contamination from the
microstrip lines, which may affect the chemical, physical or electrical performance of
.(the circuit
) aqueous based, solvent based
.(or a mixture of both
) ( )
( .
) (
).(
400
) : ( ) (Conductive Adhesive

) : (

. .

.
) (
.
401
) : (
) Perchloroethylene C2Cl4 ,
.(Trichloroethylene C2HCl3 , Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 , Trichlorotrifluoroethane

:
Axarel 32/Petroferm , HydrexAC/Petroferm , HydrexA-plus/ Petroferm ,
Vigon SC/Zestron , AtronSP 200/Zestron , AquanoxA A4512/Kyzen ,
IonoxFCR/Kyzen.
) (Adhesives ) (conductive .
) (paste
) (conductive adhesives are silver-filled epoxies
) high level of thermal
(conductivity ) allow components to dissipate heat and
.(operate in their normal temperature range
.
) (conductive adhesives ) (isotropic
.
) (anisotropic conductive adhesives ACA
.
) (nonconductive or electrically insulative adhesives
) (silica or alumina .
402
) (
.

Tapco Circuit Supply
http://www.circuitsupply.com
E-SOLDER 3012,
3017, 3021, 3025,
3026, 3056, 3069,
3083
POLYSOLDER
Conductive
Adhesives LT, LS,
SE 3001
Dynaloy 325, 326,
536, 836, 1931
1-8000-EPOXIES
40-3900,40-3905,
40-3910, 40-3916,
40-3920
Loctite 3441, 3446
Cookson Electronics
http://www.cooksonsemi.com
Dynaloy LLC
http://www.dynaloy.com/
Epoxies, Etc.
http://www.epoxies.com
Henkel
http://www.loctite.co.uk
Nanopoxy 60 ,
Transene Company Inc.
Semiconductor
Products
http://www.transene.com/
Silver Epoxy Paste ,

Gold-Epoxy Paste,
GE-10, GE-20, GE-30
and GE-40
) : (
)(commercial conductive adhesives
) (11

.
) Technology
Bridge Corp., Guangzhou Miradur Specialty Chemicals PTE Ltd., Hunan LEED Thick Film
.(Paste Co., Ltd. ) (i26 ).(i29

) (packaging
) (MMIC
. .
403
) Beryllia or
(BeO
) (Hermetic, Metal/Beryllia Package
) .
(.
) (-
:Packaging and Assembly
.
.

) (vibrations and mechanical stress
.
) (thermal analysis )
( .
) (- )
( .
) ( ) ( - ) ( - .
) (-
.
) (
.

.
) ( .
) (
).(Bulkhead
) ( ) .(SMA Bulkhead 4-Flange Connector

.
404

. . ) ( .
.
).(coupling
) : ( )(SMA Bulkhead 4-Flange Connector
) : ( ) (SMA Bulkhead 4-Flange Connector

.
405
) (inner conductor of the coaxial connector

) (
).(
) : ( ) SMA
(Bulkhead 4-Flange Connector .
) : (
406
) ( )(

.
) ( ) (bulkhead
. .
) : ( ) (bulkhead

) : (
407
) (heat sink
.
) ( .
) (thermal analysis

.
) : (
/
CST GmbH
CST Microwave
http://www.cst.com
Studio
Agilent
Agilent HFSS
http://www.agilent.com/find/eesof
ANSYS, Inc.
ANSYS
http://www.ansys.com
Ansoft, Corp.
Ansoft HFSS
http://www.ansoft.com
The Japan Research
http://www.jri.co.jp/english/index.html JMAG-Works
Institute
Zeland Software,
FIDELITY
http://www.zeland.com
Inc.
Remcom, Inc.
XFdtd
http://www.remcom.com
) : (
408

. ) (
.

) (Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC
.

) Microwave
.(Packaging Technology Inc. , Q Microwave , AdTech Ceramics

).(i30, i31, i32
) (13
) (IEC 61000-X , CISPR XX
) (EN 300 XXX , EN50 XXX , EN55 XXX , EN6X XXX

) (RF Emission
).(RF immunity
/ .
) ( )
(
.

.
) (RF Leakage
) RF Field Strength Meter , RF Field Strength Analyzer
. (, RF Signal Strength Analyzer , RF Field Strength Power Meter )(
.
) (anechoic chamber .

.
) (14

.
409
) (14 .

.

AlphaLab Electromagnetic Instruments
http://www.trifield.com
North Country Radio
http://www.northcountryradio.com
CORNET Microsystems Inc.
http://www.cornetmicro.com
Precision Test Systems
http://www.ptsyst.com
B&K Precision Corporation
http://www.bkprecision.com
) : (
) (- :Test and Measurement

): (15
) (International Reference Standards
.
) (Primary Standard
) (NIST
) (LCIE
.
) (Transfer Standard
) (Primary Standard
.
) (Working Standard
.
410
) (Shop Level and Secondary Standards

.
) (Gauges/Instruments

).(working standards or secondary standards

. ) (15,16
.

)
Network
Vector
)(S parameters
(Analyzer VNA
) Large Signal
(Network Analyzer

)(Large Signal S Parameters
) Scalar Network
(Analyzer

)(S parameters magnitude
) Nonlinear
)(X parameters
(Vector Network Analyzer NVNA

)(Spectrum Analyzer
)(power vs. frequency

)(power
)(Power Meter
) Noise Figure
(Analyzer

)(Noise Figure vs Frequency
)(Noise Figure Meter
)(Noise Figure
)(Frequency Counter
) : (
.
411
) signal
(measurement ) (power ) (noise
) (time domain ) (frequency domain ) modulation
.(domain yields the time dependence of frequency
) (network measurements
) (S parameters
) (X parameters ) (gain ) (attenuation
) (VSWR .
.
) Harmonic Distortion, Gain Compression, Intermodulation
(Distortion, Phase Distortion, Adjacent Channel Interference, Error Vector Magnitude

) (12,16 .
) (
.

) (Agilent ) (Test Systems
) Satellite Payload Test
(Solutions ) (Phase Noise Test System .
) AWR Suite, ADS,
(Genesys .
) (Vector Network Analyzer VNA
) (calibration .
) (accessories
) (calibration kit )
.(Waveguide
)
( .
.
.
) (coaxial open circuit
) (coaxial short circuit ) (coaxial matched load
) (sliding load
) .(calibration kit )
(Thru ) . :
412

) (connector gauge
(.
) (ECal calibration kit

).(ECal calibration kit
) (indication
.
) (coaxial connector )
(Waveguide
.
) (17 .
) (verification kit
) to verify that the network analyzer system is
(operating properly
).(Primary Standard Laboratory
) attenuators and mismatch
(attenuator .
.
) (Waveguide
.
.

.
) (Agilent ) (CD

.
) (Test and Measurement Accessories
. ) (
.
413

Adapters and Connectors
Amplifiers
Attenuators
Power Limiters

Power Dividers and Splitters
) (
Switches
Attenuator/Switch Driver
DC Block
Detectors
)Terminations (Loads

Impedance Matching Adapters
Mixers
Power Sensors
Directional Couplers and Bridges

Frequency Meter

High Frequency Probe
) : ( )(Test and Measurement Accessories

) (Anritsu , GigaLane ) UTF universal test

(fixture
) .(CPW
).(i33, i34
) (Maury, Focus
) (Load Pull and Source Pull Measurements
. )(i25, i38
) (Oscilloscope
) (DSO81304A , DSO81204A , DSO81004A ).(Agilent
/ ) Waveguide
(Circuits ) (posts.
414
)(trimmer
.
) : (

) (

) ( .

.

) (

.
) (oscillators .

).(
) (
) (

.
415

.
) (CNC ) (Laser Trimming
) (Network Analyzer .
) (CNC
) (7 .
) (Yield and Sensitivity Analysis
.

) (ANN Models

.
) : ( /

416
) : (

) : (

) Agilent, Anritsu, Rohde & Schwarz,

.(keithley, Tegam, Maury, FOCUS Microwaves Inc, Tektronix ) i1,
.(i34, i35, i36, i37, i25, i38, i39
417
) & Quzhou Senio Electronics

Machinery Co., Ltd., Shanghai Total Industrial Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Atten Electronics
.(Co., Ltd. ).(i20, i40, i41, i42
)
(
) (Network Analyzers ) Spectrum
(Analyzers ) (Frequency Counters ) (Power Meters
) (Impedance Analyzers ) (Frequency Synthesizers
.
) (CNC ) .(Thick Film and Thin Film Technologies

) .
.
(.

) (undergraduate

) (microsatellite
).(18
).(i43, i44, i45

.

.
418
1993
Artech House
M. D. Meehan,
John Purviance.
2003
Artech House
2007
2008
Master Thesis Faculty of Electrical

Engineering Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia
McGraw Hill
Harri Eskelinen
Pekka Eskelinen
A. K. B. M. Isa
2005
McGraw Hill
Clyde F. Coombs,
Jr.
R. S. Khandpur
2002
Newnes
Jon Varteresian
2001
MICROWAVES &
RF - JUNE 2001
2001
John Wiley & Sons
1996
Prentice Hall
J. E. Reinhardt,
A. V. Fogle,
D. E. Dunstone
T. C. Edwards ,
M. B. Steer
Samuel Y. Liao
2004
Artech House
Pekka Eskelinen
2005
William
Andrew, J. J. Licari,
Publishing Inc.
D. W. Swanson
2001
CRC Press
Mike Golio
2007
Newnes
Tim Williams
2000
Newnes
2002
Newnes
Tim Williams
Keith Armstrong
Joseph J. Carr
2008
CRC Press
Mike Golio
2003
Agilent Technologies
1999
PERGAMON
- Elsevier Science
Fei-Bin Hsiao
419

Yield and Reliability in
Microwave Circuit and
System Design
Microwave Component
Mechanics
Electromagnetic Band Gap
(EBG) for Microstrip
Antenna Design
Printed Circuits Handbook

(6th edition)
Printed Circuit Boards
Design, Fabrication,
Assembly and Testing
Fabricating Printed Circuit
Boards
Automated Process Cuts
Filter Tuning Time From
Hours To Minutes
Microwave Devices and
Circuits (3rd edition)
Introduction to RF
Equipment and System
Design
Adhesives Technology for
Electronic Applications
Materials, Processes,
Reliability
The RF and Microwave
Handbook
EMC for Product Designers,
(4th edition)
EMC for Systems and
Installations
Practical Radio Frequency
Test and Measurement.
A Technician's Handbook
RF and Microwave Circuits,
Measurements, and
Modeling, (2nd edition)
Agilent Electronic vs.
Mechanical Calibration Kits:
Calibration Methods and
Accuracy
Microsatellites as Research
Tools, Volume 10
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

. ( Agilent)
(CNC) ( Bungard Elektronik)
i1
i2
http://www.bungard.de/component/option,com_frontpage/Itemid,1/lang,english/
(CNC)
http://www.bungard.de/content/view/13/41/lang,english/
( 911EDA Inc.)
i3
http://www.911pcb.com/
( Taiwan Union Technology Corp.)
http://www.tuc.com.tw/
i4
( Advance Reproductions Corporation Corp.)
i5

http://www.advancerepro.com/

i6
http://pcbvendor.com/vendors.asp
(CNC) ( T-Tech)
i7
(CNC) ( LPKF)
i8
(CNC) ( MULTICAM)
i9
http://www.t-tech.com
http://www.lpkf.com/index.htm
http://www.multicam.com
(CNC) i10
http://www.made-in-china.com/products-search/hot-china-products/CNC_Router.html
(CNC) ( Jinan XYZ-TECH CNC Equipment Co., Ltd.) i11
http://xyz-tech.en.made-in-china.com
(CNC) Perfect Laser (Wuhan) Co., Ltd. i12
http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/perfectlaserco
(CNC) ( Wuhan Gland Machinery Co., Ltd.) i13
http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/wuhangland
( Aeroflex/Weinschel) i14
http://www.aeroflex-weinschel.com
http://www.aeroflex.com/ams/weinschel/micro-weinschel-prods.cfm
420

( Amphenol RF) i15
http://www.amphenolrf.com
( Anritsu) i16
http://www.anritsu.com/
( Applied Engineering Products) i17
http://www.aep.us/
i18
http://www.theelectricalresource.com/category/rf-connectors.html
( Aliner) i19
http://www.aliner.com.tw/home.htm
i20
http://www.alibaba.com/
( Jiangsu Dongya Electronic Co., Ltd.) i21
http://dy-china.en.alibaba.com/
( Danyang Hengtong Electronic Co., Ltd.) i22
http://dyhengtong.en.alibaba.com/
( Changzhou Wujin Senyu Electronics Co., Ltd.) i23
http://sen-yu.en.alibaba.com/
( Nanjing Moyi Import & Export Co., Ltd.) i24
http://njmoyi.en.alibaba.com/
( Maury) i25
http://www.maurymw.com/index.htm
i26
http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?SearchText=
Adhesive+Conductive&Country=CN&CatId=0&IndexArea=product_en&ssk=y
( Technology Bridge Corp.) i27

http://tbcl001.ebigchina.com
http://www.tbcl.com.twhttp://www.tbcl.com.tw
( Guangzhou Miradur Specialty Chemicals PTE Ltd.) i28

http://miradur.en.alibaba.com
421

( Hunan LEED Thick Film Paste Co., Ltd.) i29

http://leed.en.alibaba.com
( Microwave Packaging Technology Inc.) i30
http://www.mptcorp.com/index.htm
( Q Microwave) i31
http://www.twinkie.net/body_packaging.html
( AdTech Ceramics) i32

http://www.adtechceramics.com
( GigaLane) i33
http://www.gigalane.com
( Anritsu) i34
http://www.anritsu.com
( Rohde & Schwarz)
http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com
( keithley)
http://www.keithley.com
( Tegam)
http://www.tegam.com
( FOCUS Microwaves Inc)
http://www.focus-microwaves.com
( Tektronix)
http://www.tek.com
( Quzhou Senio Electronics & Machinery Co., Ltd.)
http://qzsenio.en.made-in-china.com
( Shanghai Total Industrial Co., Ltd.)
http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/xiushunjie
( Shenzhen Atten Electronics Co., Ltd.)
http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/attenelectronics

i35
i36
i37
i38
i39
i40
i41
i42
i43
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119169077/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
i44
http://astronautics.usc.edu/student-projects/microsatellite-project.htm
i45
http://www.faqs.org/abstracts/Business-general/University-research-anddevelopment-of-a-microsatellite-The-influence-of-firms-technologicalcapabil.html
422

.

.

.

.

.
.
.

.

.
423

Microstrip Circuits Design and Fabrication

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Microstrip Circuits Design and Fabrication

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Microstrip Circuits Design and Fabrication

Practical Microstrip Design And

Chapter 3 : Microstrip Transmission Line

) (-- short circuit end

) (-- Gap discontinuity

) (- Power Splitters and

Chapter 7 : Filters and Multiplexers

Packaging and Assembly

) (- Test and Measurement

Chapter 1 : Microwave Engineering and Technologies

) : ( - )(Ranges of Radio Waves

) (millimeter waves )40-

] ) (sterilization ) (Microwave Imaging

) (Planar Microwave Technonogies

)(double Ridged Waveguide

) (power splitters ) (attenuators

)( - )(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits

)( - )(Multichip Module - MCM

)( - )(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS

)( - ) Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits

) : (- )(SMA coaxial connectors

) : (- )(Microstrip Low Pass Filter

) (- ): (High Frequency Laminates

) (- ) (High Frequency Laminate

) (Moisture absorption ) (volume resistivity )surface

)(h = 0.01 0.0007 inch

) (t = 1.4 x 0.001 x 25.4 mm = 0.03556 mm

) (improved edge quality

Electrodeposited Copper Foil

John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons

Rogers Corporation USA

Rogers Corporation USA

Modern Microwave Circuits

Chapter 2 : Network Analysis and Essential Definitions

) (- ): (Ideal Transmission Lines

) : ( - ) (schematic ). (Ideal Transmission Lines

) (attenuation constant ) (phase constant

) input impedance of the transmission

) input impedance of the lossless transmission

) (transmission line electrical length :

(terminated or matched transmission line ) (ZL=Zo )(2-12

) (sc ).(short circuit

) (oc ).(open circuit

) (quarter wave transformer

) ( - ) (two port network

] (admittance matrix or Y matrix) [Y

) ( (hybrid matrix or ABCD matrix

) (S, Z , Y and ABCD

) : ( - )(normalized wave variables

) (lossless passive network ) (N

) (column ] [S )(conjugate of the column

(1 + S11 )(1 S 22 ) + S12 S 21

( z11 1)( z 22 + 1) z12 z 21

(1 + S 22 )(1 S11 ) + S12 S 21

( z11 + 1)( z22 1) z12 z21

(1 + S 22 )(1 S11 ) + S12 S 21

(1 y11 )(1 + y22 ) + y12 y21

(1 + S11 )(1 S 22 ) + S12 S 21

(1 + y11 )(1 y22 ) + y12 y21