jkpH;ehL muR

rK:f mwptpay;
© Kjw;gjpg;g[ - 2005
kWgjpg;g[ - 2006
FGj; j iyth; f s;
tuyhW (k)Foikapay; g[ t papay;
(tuyhW ? Foikapay; ? g[tpapay;)
nguhrphpah; Kidth;
jpU/gp/ uhkehjd; . rh/, uhzp bre; j hkiu.
tuyhw;Wj;Jiw. g[tpapay;Jiw.
khepyf;fy;Y}up (jd;dhl;rp). khepyf;fy;Y}hp (jd;dhl;rp).
brd;id - 600 005/ brd;id - 600 005/ vl; l hk; tFg; g [
nkyha; t hsh; f s;
Kidth; f/tp$ah. jpU/ V/ jkpHurd;.
KJepiy tphpt[iuahsh;. KJepiy tphpt[iuahsh;.
tuyhw;wpay; Jiw. g[tpapay; Jiw.
fhapnjkpy;yj; muR kfsph; fy;Y}hp. khepyf;fy;Y
; }hp (jd;dhl;rp).
brd;id - 600 002/ brd;id - 600 005/

E}yhrphpah; f s;
jpUkjp.P.C. ghDkjp/ jpUkjp. V. kPdhl; r p/
KJfiy Mrphpia-tuyhW/ tphpti[ uahsh;/
vd;.nf.o njrpa bgz;fs; khtl;l fy;tp kw;Wk; jP z ; l hik xU ghtr; b ray;
nky;epiyg;gs;sp/ gapwr; p epiyak;/ FKSh;/ jP z ; l hik xU bgU’; F w; w k;
jpUty;ypf;nfzp/ jpUr;rp khtl;lk;
brd;id - 600 005/ jP z ; l hik kdpjj; jd; i kaw; w bray;

j p U k j p . S. b $ a y l ; R k p / jpUkjp. K . nrhgdh/
gl;ljhhp Mrphpah;/ KJfiy Mrphpia (g[tpapay;)/
muR nky;epiyg;gs;sp/ vd;.nf.o. njrpa bgz;fs;/
mUk;ghf;fk;/ brd;id - 600106/ nky;epiyg;gs;sp/
jpUty;ypf;nfzp/
brd;id - 600 005/
jpU. T.S. gf; j tr; r yk; /
gl;ljhhp Mrphpah;/
murpdh; cah;epiyg;gs;sp/
Rg;ghbul;o ghisak;/
jpUts;s{h; - 600 120
jkpH; e hl; L g;
ghl’;fs; jahhpg;g[
jkpH;ehL muRf;fhf gs;spf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;. jkpH;ehL/
ghlE]y; f Hfk;
fy; Y ]hpr; r hiy. brd; i d-600006.
,e;E}y; 60 $p/v!;/vk;/ jhspy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ/
btg; Mg; b rl; Kiwapy; mr; r pl; n lhh; :
 bghUslf; f k; g[ t papay;
gf;fk;
tuyhW
Kft[iu 187
gf;fk;
1/ g[tpapd; cs;sikg;g[ 188
1/ jkpHfj;jpw;F Inuhg;gpah; tUif 1
2/ g[tp efu;tf
[ s; 195
2/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ul;rp ? ntY}h;fyfk; 15
3/ vupkiyfs; 208
3/ M’;fpnyah; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPH; jkpHfj;jpd;
bghUshjhu epiy 27 4/ epy eLf;f’;fs; 225
4/ tpLjiyf;F Kd; jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tp tsh;rr; p 37 5/ ghiwfs; 238
5/ tpLjiyg;nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpHfj;jpd; g’;F 48 6/ MWfs; 248
6/ 19 kw;Wk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpHfj;jpy; 7/ epyj;jo ePu; 265
Vw;gl;l rKjha rPhj; pUj;j ,af;f’;fs; 58
8/ gdpahWfs; 280
7/ tpLjiyf;F gpd; jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tp tsh;rr; p 69
9/ bgU’;fly; miyfs; 293
8/ jkpHfj;jpy; bghUshjhu tsh;rr; p 83
10/ fhw;W 301
9/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l’;fs; 98
11/ bgU’;fly;fs; 312
10/ jw;fhy jkpHfj;jpy; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;od; tsh;rr; p 112 12/ ,aw;if nghplh; tot’;fs; I 326
Foikapay; 13/ kdpj?Mf;f nghplh; tot’;fs; II 354

1/ ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fs; 121

2/ njrpa xUikg;ghL 135
3/ njrpa ghJfhg;g[ Kiw 143
4/ ekJ rK:fg; gpur;ridfSk; jPht
; f
[ Sk; 154
5/ ekJ bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs; 166
6/ kdpj chpikfs; ? bgz; chpikfs; 178
iii iv
 tuyhW
ghlk; 1
jkpHfj; j pw; F Inuhg; g pah; tUif
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ Inuhg; gpah; f s; tUif gw; wp mwpjy; /
2/ M’; f pnyaUf; F k; . gpbu”; R f; f huh; f Sf; F k;
,ilna ele;j Mjpf;fg; nghl;oapidg; gw;wp
g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ uhgh;l; fpistpd; rhjidfisg; gw;wp mwpjy;/
rpwe;j gz;ghl;oidf; bfhz;l ,e;jpa
khepy’;fspy; xd;whd jkpH;ehL. r’;f fhyj;jpy; gy g[fH;
bgw; w murh; f shy; Msg; g l; l J/ jkpH; e hl; o d;
gz;ghl;ow;Fk;. ehfhPfj;jpw;Fk; mth;fs; Mw;wpa gzp
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/ gz;ila jkpH;kf;fs; fpnuf;f kw;Wk;
nuhkhdpa ehLfSld; thzpfj; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUe;jhh;fs;/
nkYk; btdpR efu gazp khh;f;nfh nghnyh ,uz;lhk;
ghz;oa muR fhyj;jpy; jkpHfj;jpw;F tUif je;jhh;/
,e;jpa th;j;jfg; bghUs;fshd thridj; jputpa’;fs;.
gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;L nghd;w bghUs;fisg; gw;wp mth;
Fwpg;g[fs; je;Js;shh;/ mtuJ Fwpg;g[fs; kw;w Inuhg;gp
ah;fisj; jkpHfj;Jld; tpahghuj; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;s
Cf;Ftpj;jd/
fp/gp/ 1453 Mk; Mz;L JUf;fpah; fhd;!;lhd;o
nehgpisf; ifg;gw;wp. kj;jpa jiuf;fly; tHpiaa[k;
milj;;jdh;/ vdnt Inuhg;gpah;fs; fpHf;F ehLfSf;Fr;
bry;y g[jpa fly; tHpia fz;Lgpof;f ntz;oajhapw;W/
15 kw; W k; 16 Mk; E}w; w hz; o d; fz; L gpog; g [ f s;
Inuhg;gpah;fs; fPiHehLfSld;. Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpaht[ld;
thzpfj; bjhlh; g [ bfhs; s tHp tFj; j J/ nkYk;
1 2
nghh;r;Rf;fy; kw;Wk; !;bgapd; ehLfs;
j’; f Sila khYkpfis fly; t Hpg;
gazk; nkw;bfhs;s Cf;Ftpj;jd/
1/nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; tUif : Kjd;
Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpw;F fly; tHpiaf;
th!;nfhlfhkh
fz;Lgpoj;jth;fs; nghh;rR; f;frP pah;fs; Mth;/
nghh;r;Rf;fy; kd;dh;. khYkp b~d;wp.fly;tHpg;gazk;
nkw; bfhs;s khYkpfis Cf;Ftpj;jhh;/ mjd; tpisthf
1498 Mk; Mz;L th!;nfhlfhkh vd;w nghh;rR ; f;frP pa khYkp
nkw;F flw;fiuapYs;s nfhHpf;nfhL vd;w ,lj;ij
mile;jhh;/ nfhHpf;nfhL gFjpia Mz;l rhkhpd; vd;w
kd; d h; th!; n fhlfhkhit md; g [ l d; tuntw; w hh; /
,e;epfH;r;rp nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; j’;fsJ gw;wpl’;fis
jkpH;ehl;oy; mikj;Jf;bfhs;s tHp tFj;jJ/
th!;nfhlfhkhtpd; fly;tHp fz;Lgpog;g[ ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;g[ Kidahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/
gpuhd;rp!;nfh?o?my;bka;lh (1505?1509):
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghh;rR
; f;frP pag; gw;wpl’;fspd; Kjy;
MSeuhf ,th; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,e;jpag; bgU’;flypy;
nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; Mjpf;fk; bgw;wth;fsha;
tps’;fntz;Lbkd mth; tpUk;gpdhh;/ mth; gpd;gw;wpa
bfhs;if ePyf;fly; bfhs;if vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ/
my; n ghd; n rh ? o ? my; g [ f h; f ; F (1509?1515): ,th;
nghh; r ; R f; f P r pa gw; w pl’; f spd; ,uz; l htJ MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,th; ,e;jpahtpy; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd;
Mjpf;fk; tsu moj;jskpl;ltuhthh;/ ,th; fp/gp/ 1510
Mk; Mz;L gp$g;g{h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J nfhthitf;
ifg; g w; w pdhh; / mjd; g pd; nfhth nghh; r ; R f; f P r pahpd;
jiyikaplkhf mike;jJ/
nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; tsh;r;rp: fhyg;nghf;fpy;
nghh; r ; R f; f P r pah; f s; j”; i ria Mz; l brt; t g; g
ehaf;fhplkpUe;J ehfg;gl;odj;jpy; tpahghuk; bra;a[k;
chpikia bgw;wdh;/ nghh;rR ; f;frP pah;fspd; fg;gw;gil 1533
Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Ff; flw;fiuf;F te;J ehfg;gl;odk;
kw; W k; J}j; J f; F o Mfpaj; JiwKf efu’; f isf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ/ brd;idapYs;s rhe;njhk;. nghh;rR ; f;frP pag;
gw;wpl’;fspy; xd;whf mike;jJ/ kJiu ehaf;fh;fs;
nghh;rR
; f;frP paiu ehl;iltpl;L btspnaw;w ntz;Lbkd;W
Kaw;rp bra;J mk;Kaw;rpapy; njhy;tpa[w;wdh;/
nghh; r ; R f; fPr pahpd; tPH ;r ;r pf;fhd fhuz’;f s; :
1/ nghh;r;Rf;fy; kpfr;rpwpa ehL/ ,e;jpah nghd;w
kpfg;bghpa ehl;il. me;ehl;oduhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/
2/ nghh;rR
; f;frP pa tzpfh;fs; neh;ika[ld; bray;glj;
jtwpdh;/
3/ , e ; j p a h t e ; j l r ; R k w ; W k ; M ’ ; f p y
tzpff;FGf;fs; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fspd; ty;yik
tha;e;j nghl;oahsh;fshf khwpdh;/
2/lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : lr;R tzpfh;fs; ~hye;J
ehl;il rhh;e;jth;fs;/ ,th;fs; 1608Mk; Mz;L njtdhk;
gl; o zj; j py; xU bjhHpw; r hiyia mikj; j hh; f s; /
fhiuf;fhy;. g[ypfhl; kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;odk; Mfpa fpHf;Ff;
flw;fiug; gl;oz’;fs; mth;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld/
nkYk; ,th;fs; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fsplkpUe;J brd;idapy;
cs; s rhe; n jhika[ k ; ifg; g w; w pdhh; f s; / mth; f s;
j’;fSila gw;wpl’;fis tYg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ 1689Mk;
Mz;L ehfg;gl;odk;. lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhf
khwpaJ/
lr;R f;fhuh; fspd; njhy; tpf; fhd fhuz’; f s; :
1/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; moik tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhy;.
eP j pkd; w tHf; F tptfhu’; f spy; ftdk; brYj; j
3 4
ntz; o apUe; j J/ ,jdhy; kf; f splj; j py; mth; f sJ
bry;thf;F Fiwa Muk;gpj;jJ/
2/ M’;fpnyah;fspd; fg;gw;gil Mjpf;fj;jpd; tpisthf
lr; R f; f huh; f s; ,e; j pahtpy; j’; f s; gw; w pl’; f is
M’; f pnyahplk; xg; g ilf; f ntz; o a NH; e piy
cUthdJ/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;jpahittpl ,e;njhnerpahtpy;
thzpfk; bra;tjpnyna mjpf <LghL bfhz;ldh;/
3/ M’; f pnyah; f s; tUif : ,e; j pahtpy; thzpfk;
bra;tjw;fhdg; gl;laj;ij ,’;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp
Kjyhk; vyprbgj;jplkpUe;J. ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L
M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpg; bgw;wJ/ gpwF 1639
Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp!;nl vd;gth; re;jpufphp
MSehplkpUe;J brd;dg[hp vd;w ,lj;ij (,d;iwa
brd;id) bgw;whh;/ me;j ,lj;jpw;fhf fk;bgdp rpwpa
bjhifia tUlhe;jpu thlifahf brYj;j Kd;te;jJ/
g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;ill
fp/gp/ 1640 Mk; Mz;L g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;il
brd;idapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/ 1654 Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Fg;
gFjpapYs;s M’;fpy Fonaw;w’;fspd; jiyikaplkhf
g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;il mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ/ gpd; 1681 Mk;
Mz;L flY}h;. gu’;fpg;ngl;il Mfpa ,l’;fspy; g[jpa
Fonaw; w ’; f s; mikf; f g; g l; l d/ g[ d pj nltpl;
nfhl;ila[k; flY}hpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/
4/nldpah;fs; tUif : nldpaf; fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpff;FG
1616 Mk; Mz;L bld;khh;f;fpy; epWtg;gl;lJ/ 1620 Mk;
Mz; L nldpah; f s; ju’; f k; g ho vd; D kplj; j py; Xh;
gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy;.
j’; f Sila ehl; o ypUe; J epjp cjtp fpilf; f hj
fhuzj; j pdhy; nldpah; f s; j’; f Sf; F brhe; j khd
bjhHpw;rhiyfis M’;fpnyaUf;F tpw;Wtpl;ldh;/
,jdhy; ,th;fs; j’;fSila bry;thf;if ,He;jdh;/
5/gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : gpbu”;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf;
fk;bgdp 1664 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; rhe;njhikf; ifg;gw;wp. mij kPz;Lk;
lr;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;fs;/ 1674 Mk; Mz;L
gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; vd;gth; gp$g;g{h; kd;dhplkpUe;J
g[Jr;nrhp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;ijg; bgw;whh;/ Mdhy; 1699 y;
g[Jr;nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/ gpwF. hp!;tpf;
cld;gof;ifapd;go g[Jr;nrhpiag; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs;
jpUk; g g; b gw; w hh; f s; / 1701 Mk; Mz; L ,e; j pahtpy;
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhf g[Jr;nrhp
mwptpf; f g; g l; l J/ j”; r ht{iu Mz; l kuhj; j pa
kd;dh;fsplkpUe;J. 1725 Mk; Mz;L kyghh;
flw;fiuapYs;s kh~p gFjpiaa[k;. 1739 Mk; Mz;L
fhiuf;fhy; gFjpiaa[k; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/
M’;fpnyah; ? gpbu”;Rf;fhuh; ? Mjpf;fg;nghl;o
18Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy;
M’;fpnyah;fSk;. gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fSk; typik kpf;fth;fshf
,Ue;jdh;/ brd;id. fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; gk;gha; Mfpa
,l’;fspy; M’;fpnyah;fs; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiy
ehl;odhh;fs;/ gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; ghz;or;nrhpapy; jkJ
gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ ,UtUk; j’;fsJ Mjpf;fj;ij
,e;jpahtpy; epiyehl;l tpUk;gpdh;/ ,jd; tpisthf
fh;ehlfg; nghh;fs; Vw;gl;ld/
5 6
Kjy; f h; e hlfg; nghh; (1746?48)
fhuz’; f s; : Inuhg; g pahtpy; 1744 Mk; Mz; L
M!;jphpahtpw;Fk;. gpbuc&;ahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; M!;jpupa
thhpR chpikg;nghh; Vw;gl;lJ/ ,e;jg; nghl;oapy;
M!; j phpahtpw; F M’; f pnyah; f Sk; gpbuc& ; a htpw; F
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fSk; Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ mnj neuj;jpy;
M’;fpnyah;fSk; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; j’;fspd;
thzpf nkyhjpf;fj;ij tphpt[g; gLj;j tpUk;gpdh;/
ghz;or;nrhpia eph;tfpj;j gpbu”;R fth;dh; La{g;ns.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J M’;fpnyaiu tpul;l vz;zpdhh;;/
nghh; e pfH; r ; r pfs; : oa{g; n s brd; i dia nehf; f p
gilbaLj;Jr; brd;W. M’;fpy fg;gw;giliaj; njhw;foj;J
g[ d pj $hh; $ ; nfhl; i liaf; ifg; g w; w pdhh; / ,e; j
eltof;ifia M’;fpnyah;fs; Mw;fhl;L ethg;ghd
md; t hUjP d plk; Kiwapl; l hh; f s; / g[ d pj $hh; $ ;
nfhl;ilia M’;fpnyahplk; xg;gilf;Fk;go md;thUjPd;
cj; j utpl; l hh; / Mdhy; oa{g; n s mjw; F ,z’; f
kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{g;nsaplkpUe;J brd;idia
kPlf; md;thUjPd; xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;/ fp/gp/ 1746Mk;
Mz;L milahWf;F mUfpy; cs;s rhe;njhk;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; ehthgpd; gilfs; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fshy;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/ nkYk; gpbu”;Rg;gilfs; brd;idg;
gFjpiaa[k; Niwahor; brd;wdh;/ ,t;btw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dh;
flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;w
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; Kad;wdh;/ Mdhy; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
,e; j Kaw; r p M’; f pnyaj; jsgjp nk$h; yhuhd; ! ;
vd;gthpd; jpwikapdhy; Kwpaof;fg;gl;lJ/
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wj;
jtwpdhYk;. ,g;nghh; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
nkyhz; i kiaa[ k ; . oa{g; n sapd; jpwikiaa[ k ;
btspg;gLj;jpaJ/
tpist[fs; : 1748 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;l
va;?yh?rhg;ngy; cld;gof;ifapd;go Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghh;
Kotile;jJ/ M’;fpnyau;fSf;Fk;. gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; Be¡X - ©ùWgÑ úTôh¥
,ilna Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;go gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs;
brd;idia M’;fpnyahplk; xg;gilj;jdh;/

,uz; l hk; fh; e hlfg; n ghh; (1749?54)

fhuz’;fs; : i~juhghj;ij Ml;rp bra;J te;j ep$hk;
1748 Mk; Mz;L ,we;Jtpl;ljhy;. mtUila kfd; úLôRôY¬
ehrh;$’; gjtp Vw;whh;/ ,jw;F ep$hkpd; ngudhd Krgh;
$’; vjph;g;g[j; bjhptpj;jhh;/ ,ijg;nghd;nw Mw;fhl;oy;
md;thUjPd; jd;Dila khkhthfpa re;jh rhfpg;ig
vjph;jj
; hh;/ Krgh; $’; kw;Wk; re;jh rhfpg; ,UtUk; xd;whf YeLô[
,ize;J gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtpia ehodh;/ Ijuhghj; ¡ÚxQô ®¬ÏPô
kw;Wk; Mw;fhl;Lg; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l mhpaiz VWk;
ùTi
nghl;ona nghUf;F fhuzkhapw;W/ Qôß

nghhpd; nghf;F : 1749 Mk; Mz;L gpbu”;Rg;gilfs; AW©dLPp

Mw;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy; re;jh rhfpg; kw;Wk; K$gh;$’;
Mfpnahh;fspd; gilfSld; ,ize;jJ/ ,f;Tl;Lg;
gilfspd; Kaw;rpahy; md;thUjPd; njhw;fof;fg;gl;Lf; LôúY
¬ 8
bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/ gpwF re;jh rhfpg; fh;ehlf ethghf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{gn
; sapd; cjtpf;Ff; ifkhwhf 1. TZúYtLôÓ ûYûL
tGjht{h.; tpy;ypaD}h; kw;Wk; ghz;or;nrhpf;F mUfpYs;s 2. ùNuû] (AûPVôo)
ghTh; Mfpa ,l’;fis re;jhrhfpg; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Ff; 3. BtLôÓ
bfhLj;jhh;/ 4. YkRYô£
5. Tôi¥fúN¬
,e;jr; NHypy;. md;thUjPdpd; kfd; KfkJ myp 6. LPío CXeûL
fh;ehlfj;jpypUe;J jg;gp Xor;brd;W jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Ck§VlùTÚeLPp
7. TWe¡lúThûP
nfhl;ilapy; j”;rk; g[Fe;jhh;/ mf;nfhl;il re;jhrhfpg;ghy; 8. LôûWdLôp
Kw; W ifaplg; g l; l J/ KfkJ myp M’; f pnyahplk; 9. SôLlTh¥]m
jk;ikf; fhg;ghw;Wk;goa[k;. Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;Fk;goa[k; 10. Ls°dúLôhûP
nfl;Lf;bfhz;lhh;/

7 8
 M’; f py ,uhQqt mjpfhhp ,uhgh; l ; f pist;
Mw; f hl; i lj; jhf; f pdhh; / re; j hrhfpg; Mw; f hl; i lf;
ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J xU gilia
mDg;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; ,uhgh;l;fpist;. M’;fpyj; jsgjp
yhud;Rld; ,ize;J jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kPJ gilbaLj;J
re; j h rhfpg; i gj; njhw; f oj; j hh; / nkYk; Muzp.
fhnthpg;ghf;fk; Mfpa ,l’;fspy; gpbu”;Rg;gilfs;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/
tpist[fs; : ,g;nghhpy; M’;fpnyah; btw;wp bgw;wdh;/
1755 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if
,g; n ghiu Kot[ f ; F bfhz; L te; j J/ KfkJ myp
Mw;fhl;L ethghf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;/
K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg;nghh; (1758 ? 63)
fhuzk; : Inuhg;ghtpy; eilbgw;w VHhz;Lg;nghh;
K:dw
; hk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;F cldof; fhuzkhf mike;jJ/
nghhpd; nghf;F : ft[d;l;?o?yhyp vd;gth; gpbu”;R
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ mth; brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wj;
jpl;lkpl;L flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;iliaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ gpd;dh; mth; j”;rht{iu jhf;fpdhh;/
brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wj; jpl;lkpl;l mth;
Ijuhghj;jpypUe;J gpbu”;Rj; jsgjp g[!;!pia cjtpf;F
miHj;jhh;/ uhgh;l; fpist;. jdJ gilj; jsgjp mah;Tl;
vd; g tiu gpbu”; R g; gilfSld; nghhpLtjw; F
mDg; g pdhh; / te; j thrp vd; D kplj; j py; gpbu”; R f;
fhuh; f Sf; F k; . M’; f pnyah; f Sf; F k; ,ilna nghh;
Vw; g l; l J/ mg; n ghhpy; ft[ z ; l ; ? o?yhyp. mah; T l;
vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ gpbu”;Rg;gFjpfis
M’;fpnyah;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/
rh; mah; T l; ‘te; j thrp tP u d; ’ vd; w gl; l g; b gaUld;
rpwg; g pf; f g; g l; l hh; /
tpist[ f s; : 1763 Mk; Mz; L Vw; g l; l ghhp!;
cld;gof;ifapd;go VHhz;Lg;nghh; Kot[w;wJ/ mnj
9 10
cld; g of; i fapd; g o. ,e; j pahtpYk; ghz; o r; n rhp.
fhiuf;fhy; Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfSk; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fsplk;
kPz;Lk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs;
nfhl;ilfisg; gGJ ghh;f;f TlhJ vd;W epge;jid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L M’;fpnyah;fSf;Fk;
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilnaahd Mjpf;fg;nghl;o
Kotile;jJ/
M’;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; :
1/ gp b u ” ; R g ; g i l j; js g jp fs ; xw ; W i kn a hL
bray;gltpy;iy/ Mdhy; M’;fpnyah;fs; xw;WiknahL
bray;gl;lhh;fs;/ vdnt M’;fpnyah;fs; btw;wp bgw;wdh;/
2/ uhgh;l; fpist;. yhud;!;. mah;Tl; nghd;w rpwe;j
jsgjpfs; M’;fpnyah; trk; ,Ue;jdh;/
3/ Inuhg;ghtpy; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; njhy;tpiaj; jGtpdh;/
vdnt fh;ehlfg; gFjpfspy; M’;fpnyaiu vjph;j;J
mth;fshy; nghl;oapl ,aytpy;iy/
4/ gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fis tpl M’;fpnyahpd; flw;gil
typik tha;ej ; jhf ,Ue;jJ/ Mjyhy; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fshy;
M’;fpnyaUld; nghl;oapl ,aytpy;iy/ ,jdhy;
gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; njhy;tpaile;jdh;/
5/ M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp xU jdpahh; epWtdk;
MFk;/ Mdhy; gpbu”;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp xU
murh’;f epWtdk; MFk;/ Mfnt gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fspdhy;
epjp epiyikia nkk;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/
kjpg;gL
P :
,uhgh;l;fpist; : 1743 Mk; Mz;L uhgh;l; fpist;
M’; f pyf; fpHf; f pe; j paf; fk; b gdp apd; vGj; j uhf
,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;/ gpd;dh; mth; ,uhQqtg; gzpapy;
jk;ik ,izj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/ g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;ilapy; fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
mike;Js;s fpwpj;Jt nguhyaj;jpy; jpUkzk; bra;J 1 / jkpH; e hl; o w; F te; j Inuhg; g pah; f isg; gw; w pj;
bfhz;lhh;/ ,e;jpahtpy; M’;fpy Ml;rp miktjw;F bjhpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
moj;jsk; mikj;jth; ,uhgh;l; fpist; Mthh;/nkYk; 2/ M’; f pnyah; ? gpbu”; R f; f huh; Mjpf; f g; n ghl; o f; f hd
fhuz’;fis Muha;e;jdh;/

Rakjpg; g P L

I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ fhd;!;lhd;onehgps; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L
(m) 1498 (M) 1453 (,) 1492 (<) 1484
,uhgh;l; fpist; oa{g;ns
2/ Kjd; Kjypy; ,e; j pahtpw; F fly; t Hpiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;j Inuhg;gpah;fs;
,th; ‘,e;jpahit btd;wth;’ vd;Wk; miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;/
,uhgh;l; fpist; Mw;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpaJ M’;fpy (m) nldpah;fs; (M) gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs;
fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdpapd; tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;g[ Kid (,) nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; (<) M’;fpnyah;fs;
ahf mike;jJ/ Mfnt mth; ‘Mw;fhl;L tPuh;’ vd
miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;/ mth; bgw;w btw;wp apd; fhuzkhf 3/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ve;j ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
mth; t’; f h sj; j pd; Kjy; MSeuhf (1757?60) (m) ,’;fpyhe;J (M) gpuhd;R
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/mth; t’;fh sj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw
(,) ~hye;J (<) bld;khh;f;
vd;w xU g[jpa eph;thf Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;/
4/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu Kotpw;F bfhz;L te;j
oa{g;ns : ,e;jpahtpy; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij cld;gof;if
epiybgwr; bra;tjpy; oa{g;nsapd; g’;F Fwpg;gplj; (m) ma;?yh?rhg;ngy; (M) ghz;or;nrhp
jf;fjhFk;/ ,th; 1697 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;/ 1731 Mk; Mz;L
t’;fhsj;jpy; cs;s gpbu”;Rf; FoapUg;ghd re;jpuehThpd; (,) ghhp!; (<) myfhghj;
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ 1742 Mk; Mz;L ,th; 5/ Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lth;
ghz;or;nrhp kl;Lky;yhJ ,e;jpahtpYs;s gpbu”;Rg;
(m) oa{g;ns (M) ft[z;l;?o?yhyp
gw;wpl’;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/
(,) g[!;!p (<) ,uhgh;l; fpist;
,e;jpa kz;iz tpl;L M’;fpnyah;fis tpul;Ltnj
mtuJ Fwpf;nfhshf ,Ue;jJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; gpbu”;R Ml;rp
epWtntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; mtuhy; mij
epiwntw;w ,aytpy;iy/

11 12
II. nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ btdpR efug; gazpahd __________ jkpH;ehl;ilg; 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;s lr;Rg; gw;wpl’;fs; ahit>
gw;wp Fwpg;g[fs; je;Js;shh;/ 2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz’;fs; ahit>
2/ ___________ vd; D kplj; j py; 1608 Mk; Mz; L 3/ ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; xU bjhHpw;rhiyia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ 4/ K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ>
5/ te;jthrp tPuh; vd mah;Tl; miHf;fg;glf;fhuzk;
3/ gpbu”;Rf;fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp ____________ Mk; ahJ>
Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
4/ ,e;jpahtpy; thzpfk; bra;tjw;fhd gl;laj;ij V. tphpthd tpilasp :
,’;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp ___________ ,lkpUe;J
1/ nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij
ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa
vt;thW epiyehl;odh;>
fk;bgdp bgw;wJ/
2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu tpthp/
5/ Inuhg;ghtpy; eilg;bgw;w ______________ nghh;
3/ ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz’;fisa[k;
K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;/
nghhpd; nghf;ifa[k; tpthp/
6/ rh; mah;Tl; ___________ vd;w gl;lg;bgaUld; 4/ jkpH;ehl;oy; M’;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz’;fs;
bfsutpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ ahit>
7/ 1763 Mk; Mz; L ghhp!; cld; gof; i fapd; go
_________ Kot[w;wJ/ bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp
1/ jkpH; e hL tiu glj; j py; nghh; r ; R f; f P r pah; f s; .
III. bghUj;Jf : lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; M’;fpnyah;fs; mikj;j
m/ M Fonaw;w’;fisf; Fwpf;ft[k;.
1/ fhd;!l
; hd;onehgps; flY}h; 2/ fh;ehlfg; nghUld; bjhlh;g[ila ,l’;fis
jkpH;ehl;od; tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;ft[k;/
2/ gpuhd;!p!;nfh?o?
my;bka;lh lr;Rf;Fonaw;wg;gFjp
3/ gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; JUf;fpah;
4/ g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;il ePyepwf;bfhs;if
5/ ehfg;gl;odk; ghz;or;nrhp

13 14

ghlk; 2
ghisaf; f huh; f s; g[ u l; r p ? ntY}h; fyfk;
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ jkpHh; f s; M’; f pnyaiu vjph; j ; J Kjd; Kjypy;
nghuhoath;fs; vd;gij bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
2/ fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; Cikj;Jiu nghd;w ghisaf;
fhuh; f spd; jpahfj; j pid bjhpe; J bfhs; S jy; /
3/ M’;fpnyaUf;Fk; kUJ rnfhjuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna Vw;gl;l
nkhjy; gw; wpj; bjhpe; J bfhs; Sjy; /
ghisaf; f huh; f s; g[ u l; r p
jkpH;ehl;oy;. kw;w ,e;jpag; gFjpfisg;nghy
M’; f pnyaUf; F vjpuhd czh; r ; r pfspd; btspg; g hL
cs;ehl;Lf; fpsh;r;rpfshft[k; vGr;rpfshft[k; njhd;wpd/
mtw;Ws; 1799 Mk; Mz;L M’;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpf;F
vjpuhfj; njhd;wpa ghisaf;fhuh;fs; fyfnk
Kjd;ikahdjhFk;/
jkpH;ehl;oy; tpraefug;nguuR Ml;rp bra;j fhyj;jpy;
Fwpg; g hf. kJiuia Mz; l tp!; t ehj ehaf; f hpd;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; njhd;wpdh;/
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; vd;gth;fs; ghisak; my;yJ bghpa
epyg;gug;gpw;F chpikahsh;fs; Mthh;/
ghisak; vd;gJ mth;fsJ ,uhQqt nritiag;
ghuhl;o mth;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjp MFk;/ 17
kw;Wk; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jkpHf
murpaypy; mjpf bry;thf;F bgw;wpUe;jhh;fs;/ ehsiltpy;
mth;fs; j’;fis Rje;jpuk; bgw;wth;fshf
mwptpj;Jf;bfhz;lhh;fs;/ jpUbey;ntypapd; nkw;Fg;
gFjpapy; thH;e;j ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kwth;fs; vd;Wk;
fpHf;Fg;gFjpapdh; ehaf;fh;fs; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/
15
nkw;Fg; gFjpapdh; g[ypj;;njthpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk;.
fpHf;Fg; gFjpapdh; fl;lbghk;kdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk;
thH;eJ; te;jdh;/
M’; f pyf; fpHf; f pe; j paf; fk; b gdp j’; f sJ
thptNypg;ig mjpfhpf;Fk; vz;zj;jpy;. ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
thptNy; bra;a[k; Kiwia vjph;j;jJ/ 1792 Mk; Mz;L
fh;ehlf cld;gof;ifapd;go M’;fpnyah;fs;
ghisaf; f huh; f is j’; f sJ fl; L g; g hl; o d; fP H ;
bfhz;Lte;jdh;/ bjd; gFjpapd; ghisaf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;
M’; f pyf; fpHf; F ,e; j pa fk; b gdpf; F k; ,ilapy;
eilbgw; w Muk; g fhy nghuhl; l ’; f s; murpay;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ/ M’;fpnyah;fs;.
ghisaf;fhuh;fis jk;Kila vjphpfshfnt elj;jpdh;/
ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; btspehl;odh; jk; kPJ Mjpf;fk;
brYj;Jtij tpUk;gtpy;iy/ mjd; tpisthf 1799 Mk;
Mz;L ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ul;rp btoj;jJ/
g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; :
1/ 1792 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;l fh;ehlf kw;Wk;
rPu’;fg;gl;lz cld;gof;iffs; ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
kPJ M’;fpnyah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tYg;gl tHp
nfhypaJ/ ghisaf; f huh; f s; M’; f pnyaiu
jkpH;ehl;oypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;Fj; jf;fj; jUzj;ij
vjph;ghh;jJ
; f;bfhz;oUe;jdh;/
2/ fh;ehlf cld;gof;if K:yk; ghisaf;fhuh;fsplk;
thptNypf;Fk; chpikiag; bgw;w M’;fpnyah;fs;.
thp tNypf;f Ml;rpah;fis epakpj;jhh;fs;/
3/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; M’;fpnyaUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L
gzpg[hpa tpUk;gtpy;iy/
4/ M’; f pnyah; f s; Mf; f ukpg; g [ f ; bfhs; i fiag;
gpd;gw;wpdh;/ ,uhkehjg[uk;. kzg;ghiw. gHdp.
vuf; n fhl; i l. kw; W k; brd; d y; F o Mfpa gy
ghisa’; f is M’; f pnyah; f s; Mf; f pukpj; j dh; /
M’;fpnyah;fspd; ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;g[f; bfhs;ifia
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy/
16
I/g[ypj;njth; :,e;jpahtpy; M’;fp nya
Ml;rpia jkpH; ehl;oypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy;
vjph; j ; j th; vd; w rpwg; g [ bfhz; l th; ;
g[ypj;njth; Mthh;/ ,th; jpUbey;ntypf;F
mUfpy; cs;s bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; vd;w
ghisaj; j py; Mjpf; f k; brYj; j pdhh; /
M’;fpnyaUf;Fk; Mw;fhl;L ethg;gpw;Fk;
fl;Lg;gl;L fg;gk; fl;l kWj;j g[ypj;njth;.
mth; f is vjph; f ; f t[ k ; Muk; g pj; j hh; /
M’; f pnyag; gilfSk; . ethg; g pd;
gilfSk; g[ypj;njtiuj; jhf;fpd/ ,Uthpd;
gilfSk; g[ypj; njthplk; jpUbey;ntyp
vd; D kplj; j py; njhy; t pa[ w ; w d/ ,e; j
btw; w pf; F g; g pd; . M’; f pnyah; ? ethg; g[ypj;njth;
Tl;lzpia vjph;ff ; . ghisaf;fhuh;fs; midtiua[k; xd;W
jpul;l g[ypj;njth; Kad;whh;/ Mdhy; rptfphp. vl;lag[uk;.
gh”;rhy’;Fwpr;rp Mfpa ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ypj;njtUf;F
Mjut[ mspf;ftpy;iy/
cah; mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf nghuhoa tPuDf;F cjhuzkhf
g[ y pj; n jthpd; thH; f ; i f kw; W k; nghuhl; l k; mikfpwJ/
1759 Mk; Mz;L ethg;gpd; gilfs; a{Rg;fhd; vd;w
fhd;rhfpg; jiyikapy; bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; gFjpiaj;
jhf; f pd/ me; j hey; Y }h; vd; D kplj; j py; g[ y pj; n jth;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ gida{h;. thRnjtey;Y}h; kw;Wk;
bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; Mfpa ghisa’;fis ethg;gpd;
gilfs; ifg;gw;wpd/ caph; jg;gpj;J jiykiwthf thH;ej ; mtkjpj;jnjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky; mth;fis ifJ bra;at[k;
g[ypj;njth;. fhd; rhfpg; ,we;jJk;. 1764 Mk; Mz;L
bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; gFjpia kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ 1767
Mk; Mz;L nfg;ld; nfk;bgy; vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg;
gl;l g[ypj;njthpd; filrp ehl;fisg; gw;wpj; bjspthf
mwpaKoatpy;iy/
II.tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; : 1761 Mk; Mz;L
tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; gpwe;jhh;/ 1790 Mk; Mz;L
17
gh”;rhy’;Fwpr;rp ghisaj;jpd; Ml;rpg;bghWg;gpid Vw;whh;/
M’;fpnyahpd; thptNy; bfhs;ifna M’;fpnyaUf;Fk;
fl;lbghk;kDf;Fk; ,ilna tpnuhjk; Vw;gl Kf;fpaf;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ/ 1798 Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; khjk;
gh”; r hy’; F wpr; r pg; ghisak; M’; f pyf; fpHf; f pe; j pa
fk;bgdpf;Fr; brYj;jntz;oa thpj;bjhif epYitapy;
,Ue;jJ/ fLikahd g”;rk; Vw;gl;ljpd; tpisthf
fl;lbghk;kd; fk;bgdpf;Fr; brYj;j ntz;oa epYit
thpia brYj; j ,ayhky; my; y Yw; w hh; / Mdhy;
uhkehjg[ u k; Ml; r pah; epYit thpia cldoahf
brYj;JkhW tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kDf;Fg; gy foj’;fs;
vGjpdhh;/ Mdhy; fl;lbghk;kd; mtuJ nfhhpf;iffis
epuhfhpj;jhh;/
M’;fpnya Ml;rpah; fhypd; $hf;rd; fl;lbghk;kid
uhkehjg[uj;jpy; jk;ik te;J re;jpf;FkhW gzpj;jhh;/
fl;lbghk;kd; thpg;gzj;Jld; jpUf;Fw;whyj;jpy; fk;bgdp
Ml; r pah; $hf; r id re; j pf; f tpUk; g panghJ $hf; r d;
fl;lbghk;kidr; re;jpf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ fl;lbghk;kd;.
rptfphp. rhj; J }h; . mjd; g pd; jpUtpy; y pg[ j ; J }h; Mfpa
,l’;fSf;F Ml;rpah; $hf;ridr; re;jpf;f 23 ehl;fs; gpd;
bjhlh;eJ; brd;whh;/ mjd;gpd;d ; h; uhkehjg[uj;jpy; Ml;rpaiu
re;jpf;FkhW fl;lg;bghk;kDf;Ff; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ/
1798 Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; khjk; 19 Mk; ehs; fl;lbghk;kd;
kw;Wk; mtuJ mikr;rh; rptRg;ukzpagps;is ,UtUk;
uhkehjg[uj;jpYs;s uhkyp’;f tpyh!; vd;w muz;kidapy;
Ml; r pah; $hf; r idf; re; j pj; j dh; / $hf; r d; mth; f is
Kw;gl;lhh;/ fl;lbghk;kd; jd; rnfhjud; Cikj;Jiuapd;
cjtpa[ld; jg;gpr;brd;whh;/ Mdhy; mtuJ mikr;rh;
rptRg;gpukzpag;gps;is ifJ bra;ag;gl;lhh;/
fl;lbghk;kd;. Ml;rpah; $hf;rdpd; elj;ijia
tpthpj;J brd;idf; ft[d;rpYf;F xU fojk; vGjpdhh;/
nkYk; mth; jd;Dila mikr;rh; tpLjiy bra;ag;gl
ntz;Lk; vdt[k; tpUk;gpdhh;/ mg;nghija brd;id
18
MSeuhd vl;th;L fpist; fl;lbghk;kid
mogzpa[khW fl;lisapl;lhh;/ nkYk; vl;th;L fpist;.
Ml;rpah; $hf;rdpd; jtwhd elj;ijf;fhf mtiug; gzp
ePf;fk; bra;J. rptRg;ukzpag; gps;isiaa[k; tpLjiy
bra;jhh;/ vdnt fl;lbghk;kd; ruzilaj; jPh;khdpj;jhh;/
Mfnt vl;th;L fpist; xU tprhuizf; FGit epakpj;jhh;/
1798 Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; 15 Mk; ehs; mf;FGtpd; Kd;
fl;lbghk;kd; M$uhdhh;/
fl;lbghk;kDk; Tl;lzpa[k;: rptf’;if ghisaj;ij
rhh;e;j kUJghz;oah; jd; mz;il ghisaf;fhuh;fSld;
,ize;J xU Tl;lzpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;/
fl;lbghk;kDf;F ,e;jf; Tl;lzpapy; nru Mh;tk;
,Ue;jJ/ Mdhy; mg;nghija Ml;rpah; Y}c&p’;ld;.
fl;lbghk;kd; kUJ rnfhjuh;fisr; re;jpg;gij jil
bra;jhh;/ ,j;jilia kPwp kUJ rnfhjuh;fSk;/ tPughz;oa
fl;lbghk;kDk; M’;fpnyaiu vjph;gg ; jw;F xU rjpj;jpl;lk;
jP l ; o dh; / fl; l bghk; k d; rptfphpg; ghisaj; i j jd;
Tl;likg;gpy; nrh;jj ; pl Kad;whh;/ Mdhy; fpsh;rr; pahsh;fs;
Tl;likg;gpy; nru rptfphp ghisaf;fhuh; kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/
vdnt. fl;lbghk;kd; rptfphp nehf;fp
gilbaLj;Jr;brd;whh;/rptfphp ghisak; M’;fpnyah;fSf;F
jpiw brYj;Jk; ghisakhf ,Ue;jJ/ Mfnt M’;fpyf;
fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp fl;lbghk;kdpd; gilbaLg;ig
jd; mjpfhuj;jpw;bfjpuhd xU rthyhff; fUjpj; jdJ
gilfis jpUbey; n typ kP J gilbaLf; F khW
fl;lisapl;lJ/
M’;fpnyag;gilfspd; Kd;ndw;wk; : M’;fpnya
jiyik MSeh; bty;y!;yp. 1799Mk; Mz;L nk khjk;
fl;lbghk;kDld; nghh; bjhLf;f nk$h; ghdh;nkd;
jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg; g pdhh; / ghisa’;
nfhl; i lapy; brg; l k; g h; 4?Mk; ehsd; W jd; i dr;
re; j pf; F khW fl; l bghk; k Df; F fojk; xd; i wa[ k ;
19
mDg;gpdhh;/ neukpd;ikahy; fl;lbghk;kd; mij
epuhfhpj;jhh;/
gh”;rhy’;Fwpr;rpapd; tPH;r;rp :: brg;lk;gh; khjk; 5
Mk; ehs; nk$h; ghdh;nkd; jiyikapy; M’;;fpnyag;
gilfs; gh”;rhy’; Fwpr;rp nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ld/
ghdh;nkd; gh”;rhy’;Fwp”;rp nfhl;ilf;Fr; bry;Yk; vy;yh
tHpfisa[k; Jz;oj;jhh;/ nkYk; uhkyp’;fKjypahiu
mDg;gp fl;lbghk;kid ruzila[khW ghdh;nkd;
nfhhpdhh; / mijf; fl; l bghk; k d; kWj; J tpl; l hh; /
uhkyp’;fKjypahh; nfhl;iliag;gw;wpa ufrpa’;fisr;
nrfhpj;jhh;/ mjd; mog;gilapy; ghdh;nkd; je;jpukhf
nfhl;iliaj; jhf;f jpl;lkpl;lhh;/ fhsh;gl;o vd;w
,lj; j py; ele; j nkhjypy; rptRg; g pukzpag; g ps; i s
ifjhdhh;/ g[Jf;nfhl;il murh; fsg;g{h; fhl;oy; xspe;jpUe;j
fl;lbghk;kidr; rpiwgpoj;J M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf;
fk;bgdpaplk; xg;gilj;jhh;/
fl; l bghk; k d; J}f; f pyplg; g Ljy; : gh”; r hy’;
Fwpr;rpapd; tPHr; r; pf;Fg; gpwF ghdh;nkd; rpiwf;ifjpfis
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Kd; epWj;jp tprhuiz bra;J. kuz
jz;lida[k; tH’;fpdhh;/ 1799 Mk; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk;
16 Mk; ehs; jpUbey;ntypf;F mUfpy; cs;s faj;jhW
nfhl;ilapy; gy ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;
tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;/
III/kUJrnfhjuh;fs; : 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy;
bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;
fyfk; bra;jdh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; K:fi ; fah gHepag;gd;
kw;Wk; bghd;dhj;jhs; Mfpnahhpd; kfd;fs; Mth;/ K:j;j
rnfhjuh; bghpa kUJ vd;Wk; ,isath; rpd;dkUJ
vd; W k; miHf; f g; g l; l dh; / mth; f Sk; g[ f H; bgw; w
rpd;dkUJ ‘kUJ ghz;oad;’ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/
rptf’;ifia Mz;L te;j Kj;J tLfehj njthplk;
20
rpd;dkUJ gzpahw;wpdhh;/ 1772 Mk; Mz;L Mw;fhL ethg; mjd; tpisthfj; jkpH; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j gy
rptf’;ifia Kw;Wifapl;L ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ vdpDk; rpy ghisaf; f huh; f s; M’; f pnyanuhL nghuhLtjw; f hf
khj’;fSf;Fg; gpwF rptf’;if kUJ mzpjpuz;L te;jdh;/ M’;fpnyag; gilfis
rnfhjuh;fshy; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wg; vjph;g;gjw;fhf rpd;d kUJ 20.000 tPuh;fisj; jpul;odhh;/
gl;L bghpa kUJ rptf’;ifapd; nk 1801?y; M’;fpnyah;fs; fyff;fhuh;fis j”;rht{h.; jpUr;rp
kd;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ Mfpa ,l’;fspy; jhf;fpdh;/ M’;fpnyahpd; gphpj;jhSk;
bfhs;if ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; gilfisg; gphpj;jJ/
fl;lbghk;kd; ,we;jgpwF fyff;fhuh;fs; fhisahh;nfhtpy; brd;wdh;/ mth;fs;
mtuJ rnfhjuh; Cikj; J iu M’;fpyg;gilfshy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;ldh;/ Cikj;Jiu
gh”;rhy’; Fwpr;rpia tpl;L ntW gpogl; L rpur; n rjk; bra; a g; g l; l hh; / uhkehjg[ u k;
,lj;jp;y; j”;rk; g[Fe;jhh;/ khtl; l j; j pYs; s jpUg; g j; J }h; nfhl; i lapy; kUJ
jd;Dila rnfhjudpd; kiwtpw;F rnfhjuh; f s; J}f; f pyplg; g l; l dh; / kUJ rnfhjuh; f s;
fhuzkhd M’;fpnyaiug; gHpth’;f M’;fpnyaiu btw;wp bfhs;shtpl;lhYk; jkpHfj;jpy;
Cikj;Jiu tpUk;gpdhh;/ ,e;jf; njrpa czh;t[ vd;w tpijia Kjd;Kjy; tpijj;jth;fs;
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;. kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; Mth;/ vdnt bjd; ,e;jpaf;fyfk; jkpHf tuyhw;wpy;
rpd;d kUJ rpwg;gplk; bgWfpwJ/
fl;lbghk;kdpd; rnfhjud;
Cikj;Jiuf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[ mspj;J j’;fsJ Mjuita[k; 1801 Mk; Mz;L gpufldk; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf vy;yh
ey;fpdh;/ ,e; j pah; f isa[ k ; xd; w pizj; j Kjy; gpufldkhFk; /
rpd; d kUJ ‘rptf’; i f rp’; f k;’ vd; W miHf; f g; g l; l hh; /
ntY}h; f yfk;

kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; ,r;bray; M’;fpnyaiu
rPww
; kilar;bra;jJ/ M’;fpnyah;fs; rptf’;ifiaj; jhf;fj;
jahuhapdh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fSk; M’;fpnyahpd; ,e;j
vjph; g ; i g re; j pf; f Maj; j epiyapy; ,Ue; j dh; /
rptf’;ifapd; kPJ chpikapy;yhj nghJk; rptf’;ifiaf;
ifg;gw;wp kUJ ghz;oad; Ml;rp elj;jp tUfpd;whh; vd;W
M’;fpnyah; mth; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;odh;/ M’;fpnyahpd;
,r;bray; rpd;d kUJit M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhfg;
nghhplj; J}z;oaJ/ vdnt. rpd;dkUJ 1801 Mk; Mz;L
$Pd; khjk; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf mwpf;if xd;iw
btspapl;lhh;/ mt;twpf;ifapd; xU goiaj; jpUr;rpapy;
ethgpd; muz;kid thapypYk; kw;bwhd;iw _u’;fk;
nfhapy; Rtw;wpYk; xl;odh;/ ,t;thW kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;
M’; f pnyaUf; F vjpuhf vjph; g ; g [ z h; t pid vy; y h
,l’;fspYk; gug;gpdh;/
21
1806 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ntY}h; fyfk; 1857 Mk;
Mz;L Vw;gl;l ,e;jpa rpg;gha;f; fyfj;jpw;F Kd;ndhoahf
jpfH;fpwJ/ ,J jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd
epfH;r;rpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ/ _u’;fg;gl;ldk; nghhpy;
jpg;g[Ry;jhd; bfhy;yg;gl;lJk;. mjidj; bjhlh;e;J
Vw;gl;l epfH;r;rpfSk; ntY}h; rpg;gha;f; fyfk; Vw;gl;lf;
fhuz’; f shapd/ ,f; f yfk; Fwpg; g pl; l FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;Fs; xLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhYk; jkpHf kf;fspd;
kdjpy; xU bgUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ/
1799 Mk; Mz;L jpg;g[tpd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpwF.
jpg;gt
[ pd; g[jy;th;fSk;. g[jy;tpfSk; ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy;
rpiw itf;fg;gl;ldh;/ ed;F gapw;rp bgw;w gy;ntW
ghisa’;fisr; rhh;e;j nghh; tPuh;fs; M’;fpyg; gilapy;
nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;sg;gl;ldh;/ ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j
22
gil tPuh;fs;. M’;fpnyah;fs; bfhz;L te;j cil fpHpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd;
khw;wj;ij vjph;j;J nghhpLtJ vd;W Kot[ bra;jdh;/ bfho gwf;ftplg;gl;lJ/
giltPuh;fs; jiy Koia kHpf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk;. kpft[k; ,f;fl;lhd ,e;j NH;epiyapy; Mw;fhl;oy;
kPiria vLf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;/ j’;fpapUe;j fh;dy; fpy!;gp ntY}Uf;F tpiue;J te;J
b e w ; w p i a my ’; f hpf; F k; kj rpd; d ’; f s; j il fyff;fhuh;fisj; jhf;fpdhh;/ Vuhskhd ,e;jpa tPuh;fs;
bra;ag;gl;ld/ nkYk; rpYitg; bghwpf;fg;gl;l g[jpa bfhd;W Ftpf;fg;gl;ldh;/ fyfk; KGtJkhf
jiyg;ghifia mzpa tw;gW [ j;jg;gl;ldh;/ ,e;J kw;Wk; mlf;fg;gl;lJ/ gpd;g[ ntY}hpy; mikjp jpUk;gpaJ/
,!;yhkpa tPuh;fs; ,ij vjph;jj ; dh;/ rpYit milahsk;
j’;fis kjk; khw;Wk; Kaw;rp vd;W ,e;J tPuh;fs; njhy;tpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; :
re;njfg;gl;ldh;/ vdnt giltPuh;fs; M’;fpnyaUf;F 1/ cjtpiaa[k;. xj;JiHg;iga[k; nfhhp bjd;dpe;
vjpuhf jiyg;ghifiaj; J}f;fp vwpe;jdh;/ mjdhy; jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gy kd;dh;fSf;F fyff;fhuh;fs;
M’;fpnyah;fshy; giltPuh;fs; jz;of;fg;gl;ldh;/ foj’;fs; mDg;gpdhh;fs;/ Mdhy; cjtp fpl;Lk;
Kd;dnu g[ul;rp btoj;jJtpl;lJ
,e;jpa tPuh;fs; M’;fpnyaiug; gHpth’;f jf;f
2/ g[ u l; r pahsh; f is tHp elj; j pr; bry; y j; jf; f
jUzj;ij vjph;nehf;fp fhj;jpUe;jdh;/ nkYk; ikNh;g;
jiyikapy;iy/
gilfs; ntY}h; rpg;gha;fSf;F Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ vdnt.
1805?1806 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf ntY}hpy; 3/ M’; f pnyaUf; F vjpuhf bray; g l jpg; g [ t pd;
fyfk; btoj;jJ/ ike;jh;fsplKk; cwtpdh;fsplKk; nghjpa mst[
jpwik ,y;iy/
fyfj;jpd; nghf;F: 4/ M’;fpnyahpd; gphpj;jhSk; bfhs;if ,e;jpah;fspd;
jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd; cw xw;Wikiaf; Fiyj;jJ/
tpdh;fs; 1806 Mk;
Mz;L $Piy 10 Mk; fw;wy; tpist[fs;
1/ bjd; ,e; j paf; fyfj; j pw; f hdf; fhuz’; f isg; g[ h pe; J
ehs; ntY}h; nfhl; bfhz;ldh;/
iliaf; ifg;gw;wj; 2/ g[ypj;njth;. tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; kUJ
jpl;lkpl;ldh;/ rnfhjuh;fspd; njr gf;jpiag; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
Mdhy; 1806 Mk; 3/ ntY}h;; fyfk; gw;wp g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
Mz;L $Piy 9 Mk;
ehs; es; s putpy; . Rakjpg; g P L
ntY}h; nfhl; i l I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
apy; ,Ue;j tPuh;fs; ntY}h; nfhl;il 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw njhd;wpaJ
j’;fSila Kfhik
(m) nrhHh;fs; fhyj;jpy;
tpl;L btspte;jdh;/ mth;fs; M’;fpnyaiu vjph;ghuhj
tifapy; jhf;fp Jg;ghf;fpr; NLk; elj;jpdh;/ nfhl;ilapd; (M) ghz;oah;fs; fhyj;jpy;
fjt[ f s; milf; f g; g l; l d/ nfhl; i lapy; gwe; j (,) gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy;/
M’;fpnyahpd; bfho. fPnH ,wf;fg;gl;L. Rf;F E}whf (<) tpraefu nguurh; fhyj;jpy;
23 24
2/ jkpHfj;jpy; M’;fpnyaiu Kjd; Kjypy; vjph;j;jth; III/ bghUj;Jf :
(m) g[ypj;njth; (M) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; m/ M
(,) Cikj;Jiu (<) kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;/ 1/ _u’;fg;gl;odk; Mw;fhL ethg;

3/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; Ml;rp g[hpe;j ghisak; cld;gof;if

2/ KfkJ myp 1792
(m) gh”;rhy’; Fwpr;rp (M) rptf’;if
3/ M’;fpnyah; fl;lbghk;kdpd; rnfhjuh;
(,) bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; (<) rptfphp
4/ Cikj;Jiu 1806
4/ ntY}h;fyfk; eilbgw;w Mz;L
5/ ntY}h;fyfk; gphpj;jhSk; bfhs;if/
(m) 1799 (M) 1801 (,) 1806 (<) 1857

IV/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

II. nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : 1/ fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; uhkehjg[uk; Ml;rpah;
,UtUf;Fkpilapy; ele;j re;jpg;ig Fwpg;gplt[k;/
1/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; __________ my;yJ __________ 2/ fl;lbghk;kd; vt;thW J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;>
f;F brhe;jf;fhuh;fs;/
3/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; bgw;nwhh; ahh;>
2/ M’; f pnyah; f s; ___________ cld; g of; i fapd; go 4/ Cikj;Jiu ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kPJ thptNypf;Fk; chpik bgw;wdh;/ 5/ ntY}h; fyfk; njhy;tp mile;jjw;fhd fhuz’;fs;
ahit>
3/ g[ypj;njth; ___________ vd;w ghisaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;/

4/ bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; ethg;gpd; gilfshy; ___________ V/ tphpthd tpilasp :

Mz;oy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ/
1/ ghisaf;fhuh; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; ahit>
5/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; ____________ Mk; Mz;L 2/ g[ypj;njth; vt;thW M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp
gpwe;jhh;/ bra;jhh;>
3/ ghisaf;fhuh; Tl;likg;gpy; tPu ghz;oadpd; g’;F
6/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; jpUbey;ntypf;F mUfpy; ahJ>
cs;s __________ nfhl;ilapy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;/
4/ M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; bray;gl;l
7/ rpd;d kUJ __________ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/ tpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff/

8/ rpd;d kUJtpd; gpufldk; ,e;jpah;fs; ________ f;F 5/ ntY}h; fyfj;jpd; nghf;if tpsf;Ff/
vjpuhf ,iztjw;fhd Kjy; gpufldkhFk;/ bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
9/ 1806 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ntY}h;fyfk; 1857 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j g[fH;bgw;w ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
Vw;gl;l __________ f;F Kd;ndhoahf jpfH;e;jJ/ gl’;fis nrfhpf;ft[k;/
25 26
 ghlk; 3
M’; f pnyah; Mjpf; f j; j pd; fP H ; jkpHfj; j pd;
bghUshjhu epiy
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ jkpH; e hl; o d; bghUshjhuepiy. epythpj; jpl; l ’; f s; .
tptrhak; kw;Wk; ePh;g;ghrdk; Fwpj;J mwpe;J
bfhs;Sjy;/
2/ ifj; b jhHpy; f s; eyptile; j jw; f hd fhuz’; f isg;
g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
bghUshjhu epiy
j k pH; e hl ; o d; b ghU s h jhu k; t ptrh aj ; i j
mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ/ kpfg; gH’;fhyj;jpypUe;nj.
bghJ kf;fSk;. murh;fSk;. ePh;g;ghrd’;fs; mikg;gjpy;
Mh;tj;ijr; brYj;jpdhh;fs;/ gUtkiH jtWjy; kw;Wk;
kiHf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; bts;sk;. g[ay; Mfpaitfs;
cHth;fis kpft[k; ghjpj;jd/
epythp. murh’;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa tUthahf ,Ue;jJ/
mYkpdpa ghj; j pu’; f s; . fhyzpfs; . njhypdhyhd
bghUl;fs; nghd;wtw;iw cw;gj;jp bra;a[k;
bjhHpw;rhiyfSk; fhzg;gl;ld/
,e;jpa bjhHpw;r’;fr;; rl;lk; (1926). Ru’;fr; rl;lk;
(1935). bjhHpyhsh;fs; ec&;l <L rl;lk; (1923) Kjypa
rl;l’;fs; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; eyd; fUjp gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld/
,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gy jkpHh;fs; j’;fs; Kd;ndw;wk;
fUjp. ,y’;if. knyah. rp’;fg;g{h.; gh;kh. bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
Kjypa may; ehLfSf;Fr; brd;whh;fs;/ jkpHh;fs; ,y’;if
njapiyj; njhl; l ’; f spYk; . knyahtpd; ug; g h;
njhl;l’;fspYk;. bjd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; Ru’;f’;fspYk;
ntiy bra;jhh;fs;/ Mdhy; me;j ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; mile;j
gpwF. m’; F thH; e ; j jkpHh; f s; gy Jd; g ’; f Sf;F
Mshdhh;fs;/
27
epythpj;jpl;lk; : M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp. ek;
ehl;od; eph;thfg; bghWg;ig Vw;Wf;bfhz;l fhy fl;lj;jpy;
gytpjkhd epythp tNypf;Fk; Kiwfs; mkypy; ,Ue;jd/
jd;Dila tUthia mjpfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fk;bgdp
epythp Kiwia tphpt[ g Lj; j paJ/ ,e; j Kiwapy;
fk;bgdp gytpjkhd epythp jpl;l’;fis ghprPypj;J
mky;gLj;jpaJ/
epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; : M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa
fk; b gdp 1792 Mk; Mz; L tUtha; j ; Jiwapd;
bray;ghLfis kWrPuikg;g[ bra;jJ/ 1799 Mk; Mz;L
j”;rht{Uk;. 1801 Mk; Mz;L fh;ehlfg; gFjpa[k; fk;bgdp
Ml;rpapd; fPH; te;jJ/ M’;fpy MSeh; vl;th;L fpist;
ehL KGtJk; xnu khjphpahd thptNypf;Fk; Kiwia
eilKiwf;F bfhz;L tu ntz;Lbkd;w nehf;fj;njhL
fhud;thypR gpug[tpd; epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;ij
typa[Wj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;/ ,e;j Kiwapy; thp
tNiy eph;zapf;Fk; bghUl;L midj;J epyg;gFjpfSk;
xU’;fpizf;fg;gl;ld/ mt;thW ,izf;fg;gl;l epy’;fs;
kpl; l h vd miHf; f g; g l; l d/ me; j kpl; l hf; f s;
kpl;lhjhuh;fsplk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ/ 1802 Mk; Mz;L
ghuhk~hypy; ,e;j epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; bfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ/ ghisa’;fs; $kPd;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld/
M’;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp thptNypg;gjpy; Fj;jif
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ/ br’;fy;gl;L. nryk;. jpz;Lf;fy;.
uhkehjg[uk; kw;Wk; jpUbey;ntyp Mfpa ,l’;fspy; ,e;j
epythpj;jpl;lk; njhy;tpa[w;wJ/
fpuhk epyj;jhP i
; tj; jpl;lk; :fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpapd;
vjph;g;ghh;g;g[fis epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; g{h;j;jp
bra;atpy;iy/ vdnt 1804 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1814 Mk;
Mz;L tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; fpuhk epyj;jhP i ; t Kiwia
fpHf; f pe; j paf; fk; b gdp mky; g Lj; j paJ/ ,e; j Kiw
jpUbey;ntyp. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp. nfhak;g[j;J}h;. bjd;
Mw;fhL kw;Wk; tl Mw;fhL Mfpa khtl;l’;fspy;
28
eilKiwg; gLj; jg; gl; l J/ ,e; j Kiwapd; K: yk;
fk;bgdpahdJ tpis epyg;gug;g[fis epyr;Rthd;
jhuh;fsplk; tptrhak; bra;a[k; bghUl;L xg;gilj;jJ/
,e; j epy’; f s; nkYk; gphpf; f g; g l; L cHth; f splk;
Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;ld/ epiyahd epythp jpl;lj;jpw;Fk;.
fpuhk epyj;jPh;it Kiwf;Fk; mjpf ntWghL ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jpdhy; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp. brd;id ft[d;rpiy
uaj;Jthhp Kiwia mky;gLj;JkhW gzpj;jJ/
uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lk; : f h u d ;
thypR gpug[ thp tNy; Kiwia
rP h ; j pUj; j k; bra; a [ k ; bghUl; L
mbyf;rhz;lh; hPl; kw;Wk; jhk!;
kd; n wh Mfpa ,Utiua[ k ;
epakdk; bra;jhh;/ gytpjkhd
epythpf; b fhs; i ffis ed; F
Muha;e;j jhk!; kd;nwh (1820?27)
brd;id khfhzj;jpy; uaj;Jthhp
Kiwia mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhh;/
gpd;dh; nryk;. j”;rht{h;. kyghh;
kw;Wk; uhayrPkh Mfpa
gFjpfspYk; uaj;Jthhp Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ kd;nwh jhk!; kd;nwh
tpd; Tw;Wg;go murh’;fj;jpw;Fk; cHth;fSf;Fk; ,ilna
cs;s neuo bjhlh;ng uaj;Jthhp vd;gjhFk;/ cHth;fs;
murh’;fj;jpw;F neuoahf thp brYj;jntz;Lk; vd;gnj
,jd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/ vdnt ,k;Kiw uaj;Jthhp vd;W
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;r’;fs; :
1/ thp tNy; bra;ag;gLk; epy’;fs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;ld/
2/ epyj; j pd; kP J cHth; f Sf; F cs; s chpik
eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ/
29
3/ epahakhd thp kjpg;gPL bra;ag;gl;lJ/
4/ jhpR epy’;fs; murh’;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPH;
bfhz;L tug;gl;ld/
5/ cHth;fSf;F. thp tNypf;Fk; mjpfhhpfs; gw;wp
KiwaPL bra;a[k; chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ/
6/ thpr; R ik mjpfhpf; F k; nghJ murh’; f j; j plk;
KiwaPL bra;a cHth;fSf;F chpik
tH’;fg;gl;lJ/
uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lj;jpd; epiwfs; :
1/ cHth;fs; murh’;fj;jplk; neuoahf thp
brYj;jpdhh;fs;/
2/ cHth;fs; thp brYj;Jk; bjhif eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ/
3/ thp tNy; K: y k; murh’; f j; j pw; F epiyahd
tUkhdk; fpilj;jJ/
4/ jhpR epy’;fs; cHth;fsplk; jpzpf;fg;gltpy;iy/
uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Fiwfs; :
1/ gy ,l’;fspy; epythp kpf mjpfkhf
tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhy; cHth;fs; md;whl bryt[fSf;nf
my;yYw;whh;fs;/
2/ epythpj; jpl;l’;fis murh’;fk; cHth;fsplk;
neuoahf mky;gLj;jpaJ/ epyj;ij msg;gjpYk;
thpia eph;zapg;gjpYk; murh’;fk; epyg;gpug[ff
; is
fye;jhnyhrpf;ftpy;iy/
1857 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs; jkpHfj;jpd; bgUk; gFjp
uaj;Jthhp Kiwapd; fPH; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/
kfy;thhp Kiw : 1833 Mk; Mz;L kfy;thhp Kiw
tpy;ypak; bgz;o’; gpug[tpdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
,e;j Kiwapy; cHth;fSk;. epy chpikahsh;fSk;
murh’;fj;jplk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F xg;ge;jk; bra;J
30
bfhz;ldh;/ uaj;Jthhp KiwapYk;. kfy; thhp KiwapYk;. khfhzj;jpy; bghJg;gzpj;Jiwia mikj;jhh;/ nkYk;
cHth;fspd; epiyapy; vt;tpjkhd khw;wKk; 1883 Mk; Mz;L Vhp g[Jg;gpf;Fk; jpl;lk; (Tank Restoration
fhzg;gltpy;iy/
tptrhak;
tptrhak; ekJ bghUshjhuj;jpd; KJbfYk;g[
MFk;/ 95 tpGf;fhL jkpHf kf;fs; tptrhaj;ij jkJ
thH; f ; i fapd; Mjhukhff; bfhz; o Ue; j dh; / 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy; kf;fs; bjhif Fiwe;Jk;. tpis
epy’;fs; kpFe;Jk; fhzg;gl;lJ/ vdnt cHth;fs; kpFe;j
epyg;gug;gpy; tptrhak; nkw;bfhz;ldh;/ mjpf mstpy;
czt[g; gaph;fisna gaph; bra;J te;jdh;/ nkYk; mth;fs;
gaph; bra;j KiwfSk;. gad;gLj;jpa bjhHpy;El;gKk;
kpfg;gHikahdjhft[k;. kpf gpw;nghf;fhdjhft[k; fhzg;
gl;lJ/ tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ,ae;jpu’;fs; gad;gLj;jg; fy;yiz
gltpy;iy/ tptrha rKjhak; epykhdpa Kiwia
gpd;gw;wpna fhzg;gl;lJ/ cHth;fs; murUf;F thp brYj;jp Scheme) V h p f s p d ; e p i y i a M u h a ; t j w ; f h f
te;jdh;/ M’;fpnyah;fs; gzg;gaph;fshd gUj;jp. rzy;. Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ 200 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpw;Fk; mjpfkhf
mt[hp. fhfpjk;. fUk;g[. g[ifapiy kw;Wk; vz;bza; ePh;ghrd trjp jUk; Vhpfs; bghJg;gzpj;Jiwapd; fPGk;
tpj; J f; f s; gaph; bra; t ij Cf; F tpj; j dh; / mjdhy; 200 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpw;F Fiwthf ePh;ghrd trjp jUk;
gzg;gaph;fs; tpahghu nehf;Fld; mjpf mst[ cw;gj;jp Vhpfs; tUtha;j;Jiwapd; fPGk; bfhz;L tug;gl;ld/
bra;ag;gl;ld/ vdnt tptrhak; th;jj ; fka khf;fg;gl;lJ/ Vhpfis gGJ ghh;ff ; t[k.; guhkhpf;ft[k; me;j JiwfSf;F
tptrhaj; J iwapy; . njapiy. fhg; g p kw; W k; ug; g h; mjpf mstpy; gzk; mspf; f g; g l; l J/ nkYk;
njhl;l’;fspd; K:yk; th;j;jf tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/ jpUf;nfhapY}h; (1895). nrj;jpah njhg;g[ (1895). ghyhh; (1896)
bghpahh; (1897) Mfpa mizfs; fl;lg;gl;ld/ 1934 Mz;L
eP h ; g ; g hrdk; fl; l g; g l; l nkl; ^ h; miz Rje; j puj; j pw; F Kd; g [
fl;lg;gl;l kpfg;bghpaj; jpl;lkhFk;/
ePh;g;ghrdKiw ,e;jpahtpy; gH’;fhyj;jpypUe;nj
fhzg; g LfpwJ/ fy; y iz gz; i lf; f hy miz bjhHpw; r hiyg; b ghUl; f s; tUif
totikg;gpd; mjpraf;fjf;f mk;rkhFk;/ ,J ,uz;lhk;
E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;j fhpfhy; nrhHdhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhf
1857 Mk; Mz; L nghuhl; l j; j pw; F g; g pwF
ek;gg;gLfpwJ/ 1839 Mk; Mz;oy; fhtphpapy; fl;lg;gl;l
,e;jpahtpypUe;j midj;J M’;fpy gFjpfSk; M’;fpy
nkyiz M’; f pnyah; fhyj; j pd; Kjy; kpfg; b ghpa
Koahl;rpapd; fPHf
; ; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/ uhzp tpf;nlhhpah
jpl;lkhFk;/ Vwf;Fiwa mnj Mz;oy; fPH; miza[k;
mth;fs; murpahf mjpfhug;g{h;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;/
fl;lg;gl;lJ/ ly;b~srp gpug[. 1852 Mk; Mz;L brd;id
31 32
M’;fpy tzpfh;fSf;F ,J xU tug;gpurhjkhf mike;jJ/
Kg;gJ nfho kf;fisf; bfhz;l mg;nghija ,e;jpah.
M’;fpy tpahghhpfspd; re;ijahf khwpaJ/ M’;fpnyah;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;. ,’;fpyhe;J bjhHpw;rhiyapy; cw;gj;jp
bra;ag;gl;l bghUs;fs; jkpH;ehl;ow;F vLj;J tug;gl;ld/
mt[hp. njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp nghd;w njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld/
braw;if ,iHapdhy; bra;ag;gl;l Milfs;
,e;jpahtpw;F bfhz;Ltug;gl;ld/ mitfs;
ghuk;ghpakpf;f fjh; MilfSf;F khw;whf mike;jd/
nkYk; ,e;jpah;fs; M’;fpnyag;bghUl;fis
th’;fntz;Lk; vd tw;gW [ j;jg; gl;lhh;fs;/ uapy; tz;oapd;
,af;F bghwpfSk; (vd;$pd;) kw;Wk; ePuhtp ,ae;jpu’;fSk;
jkpH; ehl;ow;F bfhz;Ltug;gl;ld/ fk;gpapy;yh je;jp.
bjhiyngrp kw; W k; jghy; Kiwa[ k ; mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,Ug;g[g;ghij epWtdj;jpy; xU bgUk;
g[ u l; r p Vw; g l; l J/ 1856 Mk; Mz; L brd; i df; F k;
muf;nfhzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna ,Ug;g[g;ghij
mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ uhag[uj;jpy; M’;fpnyah;fs; 1856y; Kjy;
,uapy;nt epiyaj;ij mikj;jdh;/ uhnk!;tuj;jpw;Fk;.
kz; l gj; j pw; F k; ,ilna ghk; g d; ghyk; xd; W k;
fl;lg;gl;lJ/ xyp gug;g[k; bjhHpy;Jiw tp”;”hdj;ij
M’;fpnyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;/ mijj;
bjhlh;e;J ,e;jpa thbdhyp epiyak; 1936 Mk; Mz;L
Muk; g pf; f g; g l; l J/ M’; f py muRf; F tUkhdk;
njhl;lg;gaph;fs;. fdpk bghUl;fs;. t’;fp kw;Wk; Ma[s;
fhg;gL P . fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; rzy; Miyfs; K:yk;
fpilj;jJ/ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy;
gy bjhHpw;rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; mtw;wpd;
tsh;r;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy/
ifj; b jhHpy; eyptiljy;
iftpidg; bghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjpahsh; vd;w
epiyapypUe;j ,e;jpahthdJ Fiwe;j tpiy
33
K:yg;bghUl;fshd gUj;jp. rzy;. mt[hp kw;Wk; njapiy
Mfpatw;wpid kpFjpahf cw;gj;jp bra;ak [ ; ehlhf khwpaJ/
,ae; j pu’; f spd; cjtpahy; cw; g j; j p bra; a g; g l; l
bghUl; f spd; tuthy; iftpidj; bjhHpw; T l’; f s;
eyptile;jd/ ,ae;jpu’;fspdhy; cw;gj;jpr; bra;ag;gl;l
bghUs; f s; re; i japy; Ftpf; f g; g l; l jhy; fpuhk
iftpid”h;fspd; jpwikapdhy; cw;gj;jpr; bra;ag;gl;l
fiyg; b ghUl; f spd; njit Fiwe; j J/ gy fpuhk
iftpid”h;fs; j’;fSila ghuk;ghpakpf;f bjhHpy;fis
jtph;j;Jtpl;L efu’;fSf;F Fobgah;e;jdh;/
M’;fpnyah;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l uapy;
tz;ofspd; tuthy; iftpidg;bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp
eyptilaj; bjhl’;fpaJ/ uapy; tz;ofspd; cjtpahy;
M’;fpnyah;fshy; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fs; ehL
KGtJk; tpw;gid bra;ag;gl;ld/ cs;ehl;oy; cw;gj;jp
bra; a g; g l; l bghUl; f s; M’; f py murh’; f j; j pdhy;
Mjhpf;fg;gltpy;iy/ iftpidg;bghUl;fspd; Kf;fpa
thof;ifahsh;fshft[k.; Mjuthsh;fshft[k; ,Ue;j Rnjr
kd;dh;fs; j’;fsJ bry;thf;if ,He;j fhuzj;jpdhy;
jkpH;ehl;oy; ifj;bjhHpy; tsh;rr; p eypt[wj; bjhl’;fpaJ/
kl;ghz;l’;fs;. fz;zhog;bghUl;fs;. fhfpjg;bghUl;fs;.;
gUj;jp Milfs;. gidg;bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; fapw;why;
bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fg;gltpy;iy/ ifj;bjhHpy;fs; eypt[ww ; jhy; ntiy
apy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ/ M’;fpy Ml;rp bjhl’;fpa
miu E}w;whz;ow;Fs;. g[fGk; bgUika[k; tha;ej ; ,e;jpaf;
ifj;bjhHpy;fs; gog;goahf eyptile;jd/
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; fhzg;gLk; tptrhak; kw;Wk; ePh; ghrd
Kiwfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
2/ iftpidg; b ghUl; f s; eyptile; j jw; f hd fhuz’; f is
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
34
 Rakjpg; g P L 3/ Vhp g[Jg;gpf;Fk; jpl;lk; tpy;ypak; bgz;o’;
I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 4/ ,e;jpad; ,uapy;nt knyah
1/ ,e;jpa bjhHpw;r’;fr; rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 5/ g[ifapiy ly;b~srp
(m) 1927 (M) 1926 (,) 1934 (<) 1935
2/ epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; IV/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
(m) fhud; thyP!; (M) bty;y!;yp
1/ fpuhk epyj;jPh;itj;jpl;lk; vd;why;vd;d>
(,) tpy;ypak; bgz;o’; (<) ly;b~s!p
2/ epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/
3/ nkl;^h; miz fl;lg;gl;l Mz;L
(m) 1875 (M) 1895 (,) 1897 (<) 1934 3/ M’;fpnyah;fshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lg; gzg;gaph;fs;
ahit>
4/ ,e;jpa bghUshjhuj;jpd; KJbfYk;g[
(m) bjhHpw;rhiy (M) tptrhak; 4/ Rje; j puj; j pw; F Kd; g [ ,e; j pahtpy; fl; l g; g l; l
mizf;fl;Lfs; VnjDk; K:d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf/
(,) tpahghuk; (<) nghf;Ftuj;J
5/ ,e;jpa ifj;bjhHpy;fs; eyptile;jjw;fhdf;
fhuz’;fs; ahit>
II/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f :
1/ M’;fpnyna fth;dh; vl;th;L fpist; xnu khjphpahd V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
__________ Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhh;/
1/ uaj;Jthhp Kiwapd; mk;r’;fs; mjd; epiwfs; kw;Wk;
2/ ___________ v d ; g t h ; uaj;Jthhp Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;/ Fiwfis Muhat[k;/

3/ cHth; f Sf; F thptNypf; F k; ____________ gw; w p 2/ M’;fpnyah; Ml;rpapy; ePh;g;ghrdj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l

KiwaPL bra;a[k; chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ Kd;ndw;w’;fis tpthpf;ft[k;/
4/ 1857 Mk; Mz; o w; F s; jkpHfj; j pd; bgUk; g Fjp 3/ M’;fpnyah;fshy; jkpH;ehl;ow;F bfhz;L tug;gl;l
_____________ Kiwapd; fPH; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/ Miyg;bghUs;fs; gw;wp vGJf/
5/ fy;yiz ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;j
____________ vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/
bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
III/ bghUj;Jf : g{k;gf
[ hUf;Fr; brd;W m’;Fs;s iftpidg;bghUs;fis
m M ghh;j;J bjhpe;J bfhs;st[k;/
1/ ug;gh; njhl;lk; njhl;lg;gaph;
2/ kfy;thhp jpl;lk; 1883
35 36
 ghlk; 4 Rth’; vd;Dk; rPdg;gazp eurpk;kth;k gy;yth; fhyj;jpy;
tpLjiyf; F Kd; jkpHfj; j py; fy; t p
tsh; r ; r p
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ jkpH; e hl; o y; Rje; j puj; j pw; F Kd; g [ fy; t papy; Vw; g l; l
tsh;r;rp gw;wp mwpjy;/
2/ fpwpj; J t FUkhh; f spd; fy; t pj; bjhz; o id g[ h pe; J
bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ nkiyehl; L fy; t papd; tpist[ f is g[ h pe; J
bfhs;Sjy;/
gz; i lf; f hyj; j py; fy; t p
‘,sikapy; fy;’ vd;gJ gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;
tH’;fpa KJbkhHp/ gy jkpH;g;g[yth;fs; fy;tpapd;
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ghLgl;Ls;shh;fs;/ r’;f fhyj;jpy; thH;ej
; j”;rht{hpy; epWtpdhh;/ ,t;thwhf tp$a efu murh;fs;.
murh;fSk;. jsgjpfSk; Tl gy ghly;fis
,aw;wpa[s;shh;fs;/ bgz;fs; gy;ntW fiyfshd ,ay;.
,ir. ehlfk; nghd; w j; Jiwfspy; nkk; g hLw; W
,Ue;jhh;fs; vd r’;f ,yf;fpa’;fs; TWfpd;wd/ bgz;ghw;
g[yth;fshd Xsitahh;. fhf;ifg; ghodpahh;. Klj;jhkf;
fz;zpahh; nghd;w g[yth;fs; r’;f fhyj;jpy; thH;eJ; s;sdh;/
nkYk; r’;f fhy kd;dh;fs; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jdh;/ ,e;jf;
fhy fl;l’;fspy; fpuhk’;fspy; Muk;gg; gs;spf;Tl’;fs;
kuj;jpd; epHypy; my;yJ nfhapy;fspy; braw;gl;ld/
nky;epiyf; fy;tpf;Tl’;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld/ mit
kl’;fs;. gs;spfs; my;yJ tpfhu’;fs; vd
miHf;fg;gl;ld/
gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy;. fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Kd;ndw;wk;
fhzg; g l; l J/ ,e; J . g[ j ; j kw; W k; rkzh; f Sf; f hd
fy; t pf; T l’; f s; fh”; r pg[ u k; nghd; w ,l’; f spy;
mikf;fg;gl;ld/ fh”;rpg[uk; rk!;fpUj bkhHpapd; rpwe;j
,yf;fpaf; Tlkhf jpfH;e;jJ/ ,’;Fs;s ifyhrehjh;
nfhapy; bghJ Mtzf; fhg;gfkhft[k; tps’;fpaJ/ a[th’;
37
fh”;rpg[uj;jpw;F tUif g[hpe;jhh;/ ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd;
nte;juhf ,Ue;j jh;kghyh; fh”;rpg[uj;ij nrh;ej ; th; Mthh;/
irt kw;Wk; itzt kl’;fs; fy;tpia Mjhpj;jd/
tpfhu’;fs;. rkzg;gs;spfs; g[j;j kw;Wk; rkz kjj;
jj;Jt’;fisg; gug;gpd/ vz;zhapuk;. jpUgtzp kw;Wk;
Fd;wj;J}h; Mfpa ,l’;fs; gpw;fhyr; nrhHh;fs; fhyj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l fy;tpf;Tl’;fs; MFk;/
bghpa g[ u hzj; i j vGjpa nrf; f pHhh; brd; i dia mLj; j
Fd; w j; J }iur; rhh; e ; j th; /
fy;tp epiya’;fs; ghz;oah;fs; fhyj;jpy; rhiyfs;
vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ld/ ghz;oah;fs; jpUtde;jg[uj;jpw;F
mUfpYs;s fhe;jS:hr; ; rhiy kw;Wk; ghh;jpgnrfug[uk; Mfpa
,l’;fspy; fy;tp epiya’;fis mikj;jdh;/ j”;rht{iu
Mz;l kuhj;jpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; rungh$p vd;gth;
1824 Mk; Mz;L ru!;tjp kfhy; vd;Dk; E}yfj;ij
ehaf;fh;fs; kw;Wk; kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fs; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F
bgUk;g’;F Mw;wpapUf;fpwhh;fs;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; mnugpa
kw;Wk; ghurPff;fy;tp kjuhrhf;fspd; K:ykhf mspf;fg;gl;lJ/
fpwpj; J tf; FUkhh; f spd; fy; t pj; b jhz; L
15 kw;Wk; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rp
kw;Wk; fpwp!;Jt rka rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;F gpwF Inuhg;gpa
ehl; i lr; rhh; e ; j nghh; r ; R f; f P r pah; f s; / lr; R f; f huh; f s; .
M’;fpnyah;fs; kw;Wk; gpbu”;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jdh;/ mth;fs; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ij gug;gj;
bjhl’;fpdhh;fs;/ nkYk; jkpH;ehl;od; gy gFjpfspy;
fpwpj;Jt FUkhh;fs; gy gs;spfis (Missionary Schools)
epWtpdhh;fs;/
fpwpj; J t FUkhh; f spd; tsh; r ; r p : gjpdhwhk;
E}w;whz;oy; Kjd; Kjypy; nghh;rR
; f;frP pah;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy;
rkaj; bjhz;oid Muk;gpj;jdh;/ mth;fs; VRr’;fk; vd;w
mikg; i g Vw; g Lj; j pdh; / mr; r ’; f ghjphpkhh; f Ss;
mUl;je;ij bgh;zhd;l!; (Father Fernandas) vd; g th;
Kf;fpakhthh;/
38
,th; 1567?y; g[ d ; d f; f hay; vd; D kplj; j py; xU
njthyaj;ija[k.; gs;spiaa[k; epWtpdhh;/ ,e;j VRr’;fk;
brd;id. ehfg;gl;odk;. jpUr;rp kw;Wk; jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa
,l’; f spy; mjpf mstpy; gs; s pf; Tl’; f isa[ k ;
fy;Y}hpfisa[k; mikj;jJ/
kJiu rkag;gug;g[f;FG (Madura Mission) fy;tp
tsh;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa nrit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;/ rpwe;j
mwpthw;wy; bfhz;l uhgh;l;?o?nehgpyp vd;w ghjphpahh;
1605 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehl;ow;F te;jhh;/ 1606 Mk; Mz;L
Kj;JfpUc&z ; g;gehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; kJiuf;F tUif g[hpe;jhh;/
mth; jkJ rka gug;g[g; gzpfis bjd; jkpH;ehl;oy;
Fwpg; g hf kJiuapy; Muk; g pj; j hh; / mth; Xh; ,e; J
rkaj;Jwtpiag; nghy jd;id khw;wpf;bfhz;L ,e;Jf;
fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp. fpwpj;Jt rkaf; bfhs;iffis
kf;fsplk; gug;gpdhh;/ kJiu rka gug;g[f;FGtpd;
kw;bwhU jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j rpwg;g[f;Fhpa mUl;je;ij
$hd; o?gphpl;nlh Mthh;/ mth; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ijg;
gug;g[tjw;fhf uhkehjg[uk; kw;Wk; g[Jf;nfh l;ilf;F
brd;whh;/ tPukhKdpth; vd;W bgUika[ld; mwpag;gLk;
fhd;!;ld;ild; n$hrg; bg!;fp ,e;jf;FGtpy; 1711 Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; 1742 Mk; Mz;L tiu gzpahw;wpdhh;/ nkYk;
,th; jkpHpy; ,yf;fz E}y;fisa[k; mfuhjpfisa[k;
vGjpa[s;shh;/
mbkhpf;f ahH;g;ghz rka gug;g[f;FG vd; w
mikg;g[ 1834 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j mikg;g[
kJiu. jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk; uhkehjg[uk; Mfpa ,l’;fsp;y;
gy gs;spf;Tl’;fis epWtpaJ/ Mw;fhL rka gug;gf [ F
; G
1853 Mk; Mz; L mbkhpf; f hit nrh; e ; j !; f l; l h;
rnfhjuh;fshy; (Scudder Brothers) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ/ mth;fs;
kUj;Jtkidfisa[k;. jh;k!;jhgd’;fisa[k; kw;Wk;
gs;spfisa[k; epWtp moj;jl;L kf;fspilna gpurpj;jpg;
bgw;whh;fs;/ Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; ChP!; (Voorhees)
fy;Y}hpiaa[k; kw;Wk; gy gs;spfisa[k; epWtpdhh;fs;/
39
,f;ndrpa!; ynahyh vd;w rka gug;g[f;FG
brd;idapy; ynahyh fy;Y}hpia epWtpaJ/ jhk;guj;jpy;
brd;idf; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp. ehfh;nfhtpypy; !;fhl;
fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp. kJiuapy; mbkhpf;fd; fy;Y}hp.
jpUr;rpapy; g[dpj n$h!g; fy;Y}hp. ghisa’;nfhl;ilapy;
g[dpj nrtpah; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; brd;idapy; bgz;fs;
fpwpj; J tf; fy; Y }hp nghd; w it fy; t p tsh; r ; r pf; f hf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld/ br’;fy;gl;L kw;Wk; brd;id Mfpa
,l’;fspy; gy fy;Y}hpfSk;. gs;spfSk; epWtg;gl;ld/
gpuhl!;lz;l; FUkhh;fs; brd;id. j”;rht{h;. flY}h;.
jpUr;rp. ghisa’;nfhl;il kw;Wk; ehfh;nfhtpy; Mfpa
,l’;fspy; fy;Y}hpfisa[k; gs;spfisa[k; mikj;jdh;/
ngry; rkagug;g[f; FG (Basel Mission) gapw;rp bgw;w
mehijfSf;F ntiy tha;g;gspj;jJ/ ViH kf;fSf;F
Xh; ek;gpf;if xspia bfhLj;jJ/ yz;ld; rkagug;gf [ F
; G
ehfh;nfhtpy;. bea;a{h; kw;Wk; ghisa’; nfhl;il Mfpa
,l’;fspy; jd; ftdj;ijr; brYj;jpaJ/ ,e;j mikg;g[
fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; mjpf ftdk; brYj;jpaJ/
jkpH;ehl;oy; fpwpj;Jt r’;f’;fs; nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tp
Kiwia Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpd/ fpwpj;Jt
FUkhh;fshy; jpwf;fg;gl;l gs;spfs; rhjp kj ngjkpd;wp
midj;J ,d khzth;fSf;Fk; gapw;rpaspj;jJ/ ,t;thwhf
jkpH; e hl; o ypUe; j fpwpj; ; J t FUkhh; f s; fy; t papd;
Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; Kjd;ikahd g’;F tfpj;jhh;fs;/
M’; f pnyah; tUiff; F gpwF jkpHff; f y; t p
M’;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp nghjpa bghUshjhu
trjpapy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; ftdk;
brYj;jhJ fhyk; jhH;j;jpaJ/ 1813 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar;
rl;lj;jpd; go ,e;j epiyapy; khw;wKk;. fy;tp tsh;rr; papy;
xU g[ j pa bjhlf; f Kk; Vw; g l; l J/ ,e; j gl; l ar;
rl;lj;jpd;go nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf M’;fpy
ghuhSkd;wk; Mz;L xd;Wf;F xU yl;rk; U:gha; epjpia
xJf;fpaJ/ ,ijj; bjhlh;e;J gs;spf;Tl g[j;jf r’;fk;
40
(School Book Society) 1819 Mk; Mz;L bjhl’;fg;ll ; J/ 1820
Mk; Mz;L jhk!;kd;nwh vd;gth; brd;id khfhzj;jpd;
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ mth; fy;tp jpl;l’;fSf;fhfr;
brytplg; gLk; bjhif vd; W k; mHptpy; yhjJ vd
thjpl;lhh;/ mijj;bjhlh;e;J 1822 Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf;FG
(Education Commission) xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ bghJf;fy;tp
thhpak; (Board of Public Instruction) xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L.
xt;bthU khtl;lj;jpYk; muRg; gs;spfs; epWtg;gl;ld/
nkYk; tl;l’;fspYk; gs;spfs; jpwg;gjw;F
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld/ kd;nwhtpd; Kaw;rpapdhy; brd;id
khfhzj;jpy; Vwj;jhH 70 gs;spfs; epWtg;gl;ld/
1823 Mk; Mz;L bghJf;fy;tp ,af;Fdufk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ/
V/n$/mh;g[j;ehl; vd;gth; mjd; Kjy; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;
gl; l hh; /
fPH; nehf;fpg; gut[k; jpl;lk; (Filtration theory) : 1830
Mk; Mz;L. M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp fPH;nehf;fp
gut[k; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ mjd;go fy;tp
nky;kl;l gphpitr; rhh;e;j kf;fSf;F kl;Lk; Kjypy;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ mth;fs; jhk; bgw;w mf;fy;tp mwpit
bghJkf;fSf;F mspf;fntz;Lk;/ nky;kl;l
kf;fsplkpUe;J fy;tpahdJ bghJkf;fis brd;wilahj
fhuzj;jpdhy; ,k;Kiw njhy;tpapy; Kotile;jJ/
brd; i d kUj; J tf; f y; Y }hp (1835). brd; i d
khepyg;gs;sp (1836) brd;idf; fpwpj;;Jtg;gs;sp (1840).
brd;id gr;irag;gd; gs;sp (1841) Mfpa gs;spfs;
bry; t e; j h; f s; kw; W k; cah; F oapdhpd; njitia
epiwntw;wpaJ/ efug;gs;spfisj; jtpu kw;w gs;spfs;
g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld/
rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;if (Charles Wood’s Despatch) : M’;fpyf;
fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp jdJ jtWfis czh;eJ ; / 1854 Mk;
Mz;L rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;ifapd; K:yk; fy;tpapy; rpy
rPh;jpUj;j’;fisf; bfhz;L te;jJ/ fPH;nehf;fp gut[k;
jpl;lj;jpw;F khw;whf rhh;y!; cl; jpl;lk; mike;jJ/ Muk;gf;
41
fy; t papypUe; J fy; Y }hpf; fy; t p tiu midj; J
goepiyfisa[k; ,izg;gnj ,jd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/
nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tpiag; gug;g[tjw;F ,j;jpl;lk; mjpf
tha;g;gspj;jJ/ ,e;jg; g[jpa Kiwapy; khtl;l kw;Wk;
tl;lmstpyhd gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ/
,e;jg; gs;spfspy; jha;bkhHpapy; fy;tp nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ/
M’;fpyk; xU ghlkhf fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ/ tl;lhubkhHpg;
gs;spfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld/
rhh;y!; cl;mwpf;if fy;tp tsh;r;rpapd; ‘kfhrhrdk;’ vd;W
miHf; f g; g l; l J/
gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy; fy;tp rPuhf
tsuj;bjhl’;fpaJ/ nky;epiyf;fy;tp epiyahd totp
idg; bgw;wJ/ 1835 Mk; Mz;o ypUe;J bray;gl;l
khepy fy;Y}hp
kUj;Jtg; gs;sp 1851 Mk; Mz;L kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpahf
tsh;e;jJ/ brd;id apy; bjhl’;fg;gl;l epy
msitg;gs;sp 1857 Mk; Mz;L bghwpapay; fy;Y}hp ahf
tsh;ej
; J/ khepyg;gs;sp khepyf; fy;Y}hpahf cUg; bgw;wJ/
mJ epyg;gpug[ff
; Sk;. murFkhuh;fSk; gof;Fk; fy;Y}hpahf
fhzg;gl;lJ/ 1857 Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;go brd;idg;
gy;fiyf; fHfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1859 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs;
42
mJ KGtsh;r;rp bgw;w gy;fiyf;fHfkhf tsh;e;jJ/
gj; b jhd; g jhk; E}w; w hz; o d; gpw; g Fjpapy; brd; i d.
nfhak; g [ j ; J }h; . nryk; . jpUr; r p. kJiu kw; W k;
ghisa’; n fhl; i l Mfpa ,l’; f spy; fy; Y }hpfs;
epWtg;gl;ld/
~z; l h; FG (Hunter Commission ) 1882 Mk; Mz; L
mikf;fg;gl;l ~z;lh;FG fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; xU
Ma;it nkw;bfhz;lJ/ mjd; K:yk;. Muk;g epiyf;fy;tp
mjpf mstpy; g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lij fz;Lgpoj;jJ/
,e;jpahtpy; kw;w gFjpfisg; nghy jkpH;ehl;od;
fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; fy;tp g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy; Muk;gf;fy;tp
kpFe;j ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shdJ/ Mfnt ~z;lh; FG fy;tpg;
bghWg;ig efuhl;rp kw;Wk; khtl;l ika’;fsplk;
gphpj;Jf;bfhLf;f rpghhpR bra;jJ/
1890 Mk; Mz;L brd;id MSeh; fd;dpkhuhgpug[. fd;dpkhuh
bghJ E}yfj; i j cUthf; f pdhh; /
mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fHfk;
1891 Mk; Mz;L brd;idapy; rl;lf; fy;Y}hp
mikf;fg; gl;lJ/ 1929 Mk; Mz;L mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fHfk; uh$h rh; mz;zhkiy brl;oahuhy;
epWtg; gl;lJ/ ,g;gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpy; MH;fly; caphpay;
Jiw (Marine Biology) cl;gl gy Jiwfs; bjhl’;fg; gl;ld/
43
khzth; f Sf; F k; . Mrphpah; f Sf; F k; tpLjp trjpfs;
Vw; g Lj; j g; g l; l d/ mjpf mstpy; g[ j ; j f’; f isa[ k ; .
gj;jphpf;iffisa[k; bfhz;l bghpa E}yfk; xd;Wk; ,’;F
epWtg; gl;lJ/ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; jkpH;ehL fy;tp
tsh;rr; papy; ey;y Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fz;lJ/ gs;spfs; kw;Wk;
fy;Y}hpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ/
1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpay;
mikg; g [ r ; r l; l g; g o fy; t p khepy murh’; f j; j plk;
xg; g ilf; f g; g l; l J/ 1944?y; rh; $hd; rhh; $ z; l ; o d;
Mnyhridg; go. 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiu cs;s
khzth;fSf;F ,ytrf; fl;lhaf;fy;tp tH’;fg;gl;lJ/
,t;thwhf jkpH;ehl;oy; fy;tp gog;goahf
Kd;ndw;wkilaj; Jt’;fpaJ/
nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfs; :
1/ nkiyehl; L f; fy; t p kf; f spd; Kw; n ghf; F
rpe; j idia tsh; j ; J rKjha kW kyh; r ; r pf; F
tpj; j pl; l J/ ,Ugjhk; E}w; w hz; o d; rpwe; j
jkpH;g;g[ytd; ghujp jd;Dila Kw;nghf;fhdf;
fUj;Jf;fis btspapl;lhh;/ vy;nyhUf;Fk; fy;tp
kw;Wk; rKjha ePjp fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
ghujpahhpd; nehf;fkhFk;/
2/ nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tp kf;fspilna njrpa
tpHpg;gz
[ h;rr; pia tsh;jj
; J/
3/ ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik vd;w nfhl;ghL
tsuj;bjhl’;fpaJ/ gy;ntW gFjpapypUe;J kf;fs;
xUtnuhL xUth; xU’;fpize;J bray;gl;ljhy;
njrpa ,af;fk; tsuj; bjhl’;fpaJ/ ,J murpay;
xw;Wikf;F tHp tFj;jJ/
4/ M’;fpnyah;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,f;fy;tp
KiwahdJ bjhHpy;fy;tpf;Fk;. bgz;fy;tpf;Fk;
njitahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ/
44
jPikfs; : 4/ bghJf; fy;tp ,af;Fdufj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Fdh;
1/ nkiyehl; L f; fy; t pKiw moj; j s kf; f spd; (m) rh; jhk!; kd;nwh (M) rhu;y!; cl;
fy;tpiag; g[wf;fzpj;jJ/ (,) V/n$.mh;g[j;ehl; (<) fd;dpkhuh gpug[/
2/ M’; f pyf; fy; t p gapd; w th; f Sf; F kl; L k;
ntiytha;g;g[ mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ mth;fs; M’;fpy II/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f :
murh’;fj;jhy; vGj;jh;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;/
1/ r’;f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j murh;fSk;. jsgjpfSk;
3/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpKiwahdJ goj;jth;fSf;Fk; __________________ vGjpa[s;sdh;/
ghkuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna xU bghpa tphpriy
Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ 2/ a[th’; Rth’; vd;Dk; rPdg;gazp ____________
vd;w gy;yt kd;dh; fhyj;jpy; fh”;rpg[uj;jpw;F
Rw;Wg;gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhh;/
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
1/ Rje; j puj; j pw; F Kd; jkpH; e hl; o d; fy; t p epiyg; g w; w p 3/ ghz;oah; fhyf; fy;tp epiya’;fs;; ____________
g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ld/
2/ nkiyehl;L fy;tpapd; jhf;fk; gw;wpa mwptpidg;
bgw;wdh;/ 4/ nrf;fpHhh; brd;idia mLj;j _______________
3/ fpwpj; J t FUkhh; f spd; fy; t pj; bjhz; o id vd;w ,lj;ij rhh;e;jth;/
g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ 5/ 1813 Mk; Mz; L gl; l ar; r l; l k; ( Charter act)
nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf ___________
Rakjpg; g P L πgha; xJf;fpaJ/
I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 6/ rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;if fy;tp tsh;rr; papd; __________
vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ/
1/ gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; rk!;fpUj bkhHpapd; rpwe;j
,yf;fpaf; Tlkhf jpfH;e;jJ 7/ 1835 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J bray;gl;l kUj;Jtg; gs;sp
1851 Mk; Mz;L _______________ Mf tsh;e;jJ/
(m) ,uhkehjg[uk; (M) fh”;rpg[uk;
8/ mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; _____________
(,) kJiu (<) ghisa’;nfhl;il vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ/
2/ ‘ru!;tjpkfhy;’ vd;Dk; E}yfk; fl;lg;gl;l Mz;L
III/ bghUj;Jf :
(m) 1813 (M) 1824 (,) 1857 (<) 1882
m M
3/ brd;id khfhzj;jpd; MSeuhf jhk!; kd;nwh
epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1/ brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; nrf;fpHhh;
2/ Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh; 1854
(m) 1820 (M) 1822 (,) 1836 (<) 1841
45 46
 3/ rhh;y!; cl;; mwpf;if r’;ffhyg;gy
[ th;
4/ uhgh;l?; o?nehgpyp 1857
5/ bghpa g[uhzk; kJiu
rkag;gug;g[f;FG
IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ fh”;rpg[uj;ijg;; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[j; jUf/
2/ Mw;fhl;L rkagug;g[f;FG ? Fwpg;g[ jUf/
3/ rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;if gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf/
4/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpapd; FiwghLfs; ,uz;oid
TWf/

V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
1/ fpwp!;Jt FUkhh;fspd; fy;tp bjhz;oid tptup/
2/ fPH;nehf;fpg; gut[k; jpl;lk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff/
3/ ~z;lh; FG gw;wp tphpthf vGJf/
4/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiwapd; ed;ik. jPikfs;
ahit>

bra; K iwg; gapw; r p

cd;Dila gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; fy;tp
epWtd’;fspd; epHw;gl’;fisf; bfhz;L xU glj;bjhFg;g[
(Album) jahhpf;ft[k/;

47

ghlk; 5
tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy;
jkpHfj;jpd; g’;F
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ jkpH; e hl; o y; njrpaj; j pd; tsh; r ; r piag; gw; w p mwpjy; /
2/ jkpH;ehl; o y; ,e; jpa njrpa fh’; f purpd; rhjidfisg;
g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ Rje; j pug; nghuhl; l j; j py; g’; F bgw; w jiyth; f is
milahsk; fz;Lbfhs;Sjy;/
kpjthjpfs;. jPtputhjpfs; kw;Wk; fhe;jp
rfhg; j k;
jkpH;ehL ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpag; g’;F
tfpj;jJ/ gy jiyth;fs; ekJ Rje;jpu nghuhl;lj;jpy;
<Lgl; L Rje; j puj; j pw; f hf j’; f sJ thH; f ; i fia
mh;g;gzpj;Js;shh;fs;/ mth;fsJ jpahfj;jpd; tpisthy;
ehk; M’;fpnyauJ Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy bgw;nwhk;/
njrpaj;jpd; tsh;rr; p : gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;oy; rK:f
rka rPhj ; pUj;j ,af;f’;fs; njhd;wpd/ mjdhy; njrpaj;jpd;
tsh;rr; p jkpHfj;jpy; ntU:dw ; paJ/ ,e;jf; fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;
Rthkp tpntfhde;jh; brd;idapy; j’;fp jd;Dila
njrgf;jp kpFe;j brhw;bghHpt[fis Mw;wpdhh;/ mtuJ
brhw; b ghHpt[ kf; f Sila czh; r ; r pfisg; bghpJk;
J}z;oaJ/ mth; rpfhnfh bry;tjw;F nkw;bfhz;l
flw;gazj;jpw;fhf. ,uhkehjg[uk; murh; bghpJk; cjtpdhh;/
rpfhnfh efhpy; mth; epfH;j;jpa brhw;bghHpt[ kpft[k;
g[fH;bgw;wJ/ mth; jkpHf ,is”h;fis kpft[k; nerpj;J
cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhh;/ jp ,e;J (The Hindu). Rnjrkpj;ud;
(Swadesamitran) kw;Wk; njrgf;jd; (Desabakthan) nghd;w
gj;jphpf;iffs; kf;fis tpHpg;gilar; bra;tjpy; bgUk;
48
g’;F Mw;wpd/ bjhlh;tz;o nghd;w nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
rhjd’;fs;;. njrpa thjpfspd; bfhs;iffis jkpH;ehL
KGtJk; vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;F bghpJk; cjtpd/
brd;id Rnjrp r’;fk; vd;w mikg;g[ jkpHf
kf;fspd; bry;thf;if nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1852 Mk; Mz;L
bjhl’; f g; g l; l J/ mjd; K: y k; jkpHf kf; f spd;
kdf;Fiwfs; M’;fpy murh’;fj;jplk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/
nkYk; 1884 Mk; Mz;L brd;id kfh$d rig vd;w
mikg; g [ bjhl’; f g; g l; l J/ kf; f spd; Fiwfisf;
fistjw;fhf $p/Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;. gp/mde;jhrhh;Y.
bu’;ifa;ah eha[L nghd;w jiyth;fs; ,e;j mikg;gpy;
Kf;fpa g’;F tfpj;jhh;fs;/
,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpurpd; tsh;rr; p : ,e;jpa njrpa
fh’;fpuR 1885 Mk; Mz;L Myd;
Mf;nltpad; ~pa{k; vd;gtuhy;
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/ mijj;
bjhlh;e;J jkpHfj;jpy; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpu ,af;fk; tsuj;
bjhl’;fpaJ/ fh’;fpurpd; Kjy;
khehL lgps;a{/rp/ghdh;$papd;
jiyikapy; Kk;igapy; eil
bgw;wJ/ Myd; mf;nltpad;
~pa{kpd; kpf beU’;fpa ez;g
uhd nryj;ijr; rhh;e;j rp/tp$a
uhfthr;rhhpahh; ,e;jpa njrpa
fh’; f puR vd; w mikg; i g
cUthf; f ghLgl; l FGtp t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is
ypUe;J rpwg;ghf gzpahw;wpdhh;/
brd;idiar; rhh;e;j $p/ Rg;ukzpama;ah; mth;fSk;
fh’;fpuR khehl;oy; fye;J bfhz;L jPhk ; hd’;fs; bfhz;L
te;jhh;/ Muk;g fhyfl;l’;fspy;. fh’;fpuR M’;fpnya muir
vjph;g;gijj; jkJ nehf;fkhff; bfhs;shky;. mikjpahd
Kiwapy; jkJ kdf;Fiwfis btspg;gLj;Jtijna
49
Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;oUe;jJ/ ,e;jpa njrpaf; fh’;fpurpd;
khehl;Lf; Tl;l’;fs; 1887. 1895 kw;Wk; 1898 Mfpa
Mz;Lfspy; brd;idapy; eilbgw;wd/ ,e;j khehLfspy;
rp/tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh; Kf;fpa g’;nfw;W fh’;fpurpd; rl;l
jpl;l’;fis cUthf;fpdhh;/ ,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpurpd;
Muk;gf; fhy tuyhw;wpy; t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is jkpH;ehl;L
kf;fis Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpw;F tHp elj;jpr; brd;whh;/
mth; Rnjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; vd;w epWtdj;ij J}j;Jf;Foapy;
bjhl’;fpdhh;/ mth; M’;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ijj; jPtpukhf
vjph;j;jhh;/ mtuJ nritiaa[k;. jpahfj;ija[k; ghuhl;o
mtUf;F ‘fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd;’ vd;w gl;lg;bgah;
tH’;fg;gl;lJ/
Nuj; gpst[ : 1907 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpurpd;
khehL Nuj; vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilbgw;wJ/ ,e;j khehl;oy;
fh’;fpurpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; jPtputhjpfs;. kpjthjpfs; vd
,uz;lhf gphpe;jdh;/ jPtputhjpfis ghy f’;fhju jpyfh;
tHp elj;jpdhh;/
“Rauh$; $ pak; vdJ gpwg; g [ h pik” vd; g J ghyf’; f hju
jpyfhpd; KHf; f khFk; /
t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is kw;Wk; Rg;ukzpa rpth
Mfpnahh; jpyfUf;F Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ mth;fs; ,UtUk;
jpyfhpd; jsgjpfshf (Lieutenant) fUjg;gl;ldh;/ mth;fs;
te;nj khjuk; vd;w jhuf ke;jpuj;ij giwrhw;wp te;jdh;/
J}j;Jf;Foapy; t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is kw;Wk;
Rg;ukzparpth Mfpa ,UtUk; M’;fpnyah; Ml;rpf;F
vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp bra;jdh;/ mjdhy; 1908 Mk; Mz;L
jpUbey;ntyp kw;Wk; J}j;Jf;Fo g”;rhiyj; bjhHpyh
sh;fs; ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;/ jpUbey;ntyp
khtl;l Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ue;j Mc&; Jiu bjhHpyhsh;fs;
kPJ Jg;ghf;fpr; NL elj;jpdhh;/ bjhHpyhsh;fis Mjhpj;j
jiyth;fs; ifJ bra;ag;gl;L nfhak;gj [ J
; }h;; kw;Wk; nryk;
Mfpa ,l’;fspy; rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldh;/
50
jPtpu thj eltof;iffs; : 1911 Mk; Mz;L. kzpahr;rp
g[if tz;o epiyaj;jpy;. jkpH;ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j njrgf;j
,is”dhd th”;rpehjd; vd;gtuhy; Mc&;Jiu bfhiy
bra;ag;gl;lhh;/ gpd;dh; jd;idj;jhnd Rl;Lf;bfhz;L.
th”;rpehjd; ,we;jhh;/ njrpaf; ftp Rg;ukzpa ghujpapd;
vGj; J f; f s; jkpHf kf; f spd; njrgf; j p czh; t [ f is
J}z; o aJ/ nkYk; t/nt/R/ma; a h; nrud; k hnjtp
vd;Dkplj;jpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspg;gjw;fhf
FUFyk; xd;iw elj;jpdhh;/
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; : 1916 Mk;
Mz;L jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; lhf;lh;
.md; d pbgrd; l ; mk; i kahuhy;
bjhl’;fg;gl;lJ/ mtuJ brhw;
bghHpt[fs; kf;fspilna njrgf;
jpia J}z;od/ brd;id apYs;s
bkhpdh kw; W k; y!; Mfpa
,l’;fspy; mth; brhw; bghHpt[fs;
Mw;wpdhh;/ mtUila vGj;Jf;
fSk; . ngr; R f; f Sk; Rje; j pug;
nghuhl; l tP u h; f s; j’; f Sila
,yf; i f mila bghpJk;
cjtpd/v!; / Rg; u kzpama; a h; . lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l;
jpU/tp/fy;ahzRe;judhh;. lhf;lh;
gp/tujuh$%Y eha[ L kw; W k; </bt/
uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; Mfpnahh; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; tsu
md;dpbgrd;l; mk;ikahUf;F bghpJk; cjtpdh;/
lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l; ‘fhkd;tPy;’ kw;Wk; ‘epa{ ,e;jpah’
vd; w gj; j phpf; i ffisj; bjhl’; f pdhh; /
rp/ tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh;. jpU/ tp/ fy;ahzRe;judhh;.
lhf;lh; gp/tujuh$%Y eha[L. </bt/uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;.
v!;/rPDthrma;a’;fhh;. v!;/rj;jpaK:hj; j
; p kw;Wk; nf/fhkuh$;
Mfpnahh; jkpH;ehl;od; kpj thj jiyth;fs;/ mth;fs;
Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mw;wpa g’;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/
51
xj;JiHahik ,af;fk; : ,e;j ,af;fk; fhe;jpaofshy; cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk; : 1930 Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk;
bjhl’;fg;gl;lJ/ 1919 Mk; Mz;L busyl; rl;lk; kw;Wk; fhe; j paofs; jz; o vd; D kplj; j py; cg; g pd; kP J
mijj; bjhlh;e;J ele;j $hypad; thyhghf; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s thpia vjph;j;J cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk;
gLbfhiyapdhy; jkpHf kf;fs; M’;fpnya murpd;ghy; epfH;j;jpdhh;/ mnj fhyj;jpy; uh$h$p jkpH;ehl;oy;
nfhgk; bfhz;ldh;/ fhe;jpaofs; ehf;g{h; fh’;fpuR khehl;oy; ntjuhz;ak; vd;Dkplj;jpy; cg;gpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l
xj;JiHahik ,af;fj; jPh;khdj;ij bfhz;Lte;jhh;/ thpia vjph;j;J mwg;nghh; elj;jpdhh;/ jpUr;rpapypUe;J
jkpH; e hl; i lr; rhh; e ; j rpwe; j njrpathjpahd rp/
tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh; mk;khehl;ow;Fj; jiyik jh’;fpdhh;/
fhe;jp$papd; jsgjpahd uh$h$p. rj;aK:h;j;jp kw;Wk; </
bt/ uhkrhkp ehaf; f h; MfpnahUld; ,ize; J
xj;JiHahik ,af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;/
1920 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1947 Mk; Mz;L tiu cs;s fhyk;
,e;jpa njrpa ,af;f tuyhw;wpy; ‘fhe;jpaf; fhyk;’ vd;W
miHf; f g; g LfpwJ/

epfH; r ; r pfs; : uh$h$p ifJ bra; a g; g l; L ntY}h;

rpiwr;rhiyapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,ijj; bjhlh;e;J
jkpHfj;jpy; gy gFjpfspy; kf;fs; fpsh;r;rp bra;jdh;/
ePjpkd;w’;fs; kw;Wk; muR mYtyf’;fisg;
g[ w f; f zpj; j dh; / 1921 Mk; Mz; L nty; ! ; ,sturh;
brd;idf;F te;jhh;/ mtuJ tUifia uh$h$p kw;Wk;
bghpahh; nghd;w fh’;fpuR jiyth;fs; g[wf;fzpj;jdh;/ nkYk;
jkpHfj;jpd; gy;ntW ,l’;fspy; fs; kw;Wk; rhuhaf;
filfspd; Kd;ghf kwpay; eilbgw;wJ/
irkd; FG g[wf;fzpg;g[ : irkd; FGtpy; ,e;jpah;
xUtUk; ,lk; bgwhjjhy; rj;jpaK:h;j;jp jiyikapy;
irkd; FG g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1927 Mk; Mz;L fh’;fpuR
bjhz;lh;fs; brd;idapy; fh;dy; ePy; (1857 Mk; Mz;L
g[ul;rpia td;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L mlf;fpa gphpl;oc&;
jsgjp) rpiyia mfw;wf; nfhhp nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;fs;.
gyh; ifJ bra;ag;gl;ldh; vd;whYk; rpiy cilf;fg;gl;L
mfw;wg;gl;lJ/ gpd;dh; uh$h$p 1937Mk; Mz;L brd;id
khfhz Kjy; t uhf bghWg; n gw; w gpd; . mr; r piy
mU’;fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ/
52
Rajaji (C. Rajagopalachari) led a march to Vedaranyam to break the Salt Law
cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk;
uh$h$p jiyikapy; Vwj;jhH 100 njrgf;jh;fs; ntjhuz;ak;
nehf;fp gazj;ijj; bjhl’;fpdh;/ rh;jhh; ntjuj;jpdk;
gps;is. o/v!;/v!;/uh$d;. jpUkjp/ Uf;kpdp yl;Rkpgjp
Mfpa jiyth;fs; ,e;j cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; g’;F
bgw;wdh;/ kf;fspilna M’;fpy murh’;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd
tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia. ,e;epfH;r;rp Vw;gLj;jpaJ/
uh$h$p. fhkuhrh; nghd;wj; jiyth;fs; M’;fpy
murh’;fj;ij vjph;j;Jg; nghuhl;lk; elj;jpajhy; ifJ
bra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;/ jkpH;ehl;od; gy ghf’;fspy; thpbfhlh
,af;fk; elj;jg;gl;lJ/ 1932 Mk; Mz;L $dthp khjk; 11
Mk; ehs; jpUg;g{hpy; fh’;fpu!; bfhoiaf; ifapy; Ve;jp
njrpag;ghly;fisg; ghof;bfhz;L brd;w Ch;tyj;jpd; kPJ
nghyP ! hh; joaog; g punahfk; bra; j dh; / ,jdhy; /
53
tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuuhd jpUg;g{h;; Fkud; caph; ePjj
; hh;/;
rhFk; tiu ekJ njrpaf; bfhoia
tplhky; ifapy; Ve;jpa[k;. ‘te;nj
khjuk;’ vd;w ke;jpuj;ij cr;r
hpj;Jk; jd;Dila njrgf;jpia
btspg;gLj;jpdhh;/ njrgf;jp. tPuk;
kw;Wk; ehl;Lf;fhf jd;id
mh;g;gzpj;j xU tPuDf;F xU
rpwe;j cjhuzkhf jpUg;g{hf
; ; Fkud;
tps’;fpdhh;/
j p U g ; g { h ; f ; F k u d ; ‘b f h o f h j ; j
Fkud;’ vd;W midtuhYk;
miHf; f g; g l; l hh; / jpUg;g{h; Fkud;
fhe; j paofspd; tHpfhl; L jypd; g o. jdp egh;
rj;ahf;fpufk; jkpHfj; jiyth;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ/
MjpnfrtY ehaf;fh;. nryk; Mjp ehuhaz brl;oahh;.
FUrhkp eha[L. nf/fhkuhrh;. Xke;J}h; uhkrhkp bul;oahh;.
gf;jtr;ryk;. rp/ Rg;ukzpak; kw;Wk; Mh;/bt’;fl;uhkd;
Mfpnahh; Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; g’;F bgw;wdh;/
bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk;
Mz; L gk; g hapy; eilbgw; w fh’; f pu!; khehl; o y;
bts; i sand btspnaW ,af; f j; j pd; jP h ; k hdk;
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/ fhe;jpaofspd; Mnyhridia Vw;W
fhkuhrh; nghd;w jiyth;fs; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; g’;F
bgw;wdh;/ gf;jtr;ryk; kw;Wk; Mh;/bt’;fl;uhkd; nghd;w
jiyth;fs; ifJ bra;ag;gl;ldh;/ ,e;j ,af;fj;ij
Mjhpj;Jj; jkpHfbk’;Fk; gy ,l’;fspy; Mh;gg ; hl;l’;fs;
elj;jg;gl;ld/
brd;idapy; Rje;jpug;nghuhl;l tPuh;fs;
Ch;ty’;fis elj;jpdh;/ bts;isand btspnaW vd;W
KHf;fkpl;ldh;/ KG milg;gpy; (Hartal) <Lgl;L bghJ
mYtyf’;fSf;Fj; jP itj;jdh;/ gf;fp’;fhk;; fh;ehlf
54
g”;rhiyj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; brd;idj; JiwKfj;
( Port Trust) bjhHpyhsh; f Sk; ntiy epWj; j j; j py;
<Lgl;ldh;/ tl Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;j nghuhl;lk;
jPtpukile;J bjhiy ngrpiaj; Jz;oj;jy; kw;Wk; je;jpf;
fk;g’;fis mWj;jy; Kjypa td;Kiwr; bray;fspy;
bjhz;lh;fs; <Lgl;ldh;/ mth;fs; nkYk;. ntY}h;;.
gzg;ghf;fk; Mfpa ,l’;fspy; murh’;f fl;ll’;fisj;
jP a pl; L vhpj; j dh; / bjd; Mw; f hL khtl; l j; j pYk;
,k; k hjphpahd fyf’; f s; btoj; j d/ rpjk; g uj; j py;
mz; z hkiy gy; f iyf; f Hf khzth; f s; ntiy
epWj; j j; j py; <Lgl; l dh; / uh$ghisak; . fhiuf; F o.
njtf;nfhl;il. jpUthlhid kw;Wk; g{yhd;Fwpr;rp Mfpa
,l’;fspy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd njrgf;jh;fs; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;ldh;/ M’;fpnyah;fs; Rje;jpu nghuhl;l tPuh;fs;
kPJ jPtpu eltof;if vLj;J/ mlf;f Kw;gl;ldh;/
Rje; j puj; i j nehf; f p ,e; j pah : fphpg; ! ; kw; W k;
fhgpbdl; J}Jf;;FGf;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif g[hpe;J.
,e;jpahtpd; epiyia mwpe;jd/ $tfh;yhy; neU
jiyikapy; ,ilf; f hy muR 1946 Mk; Mz; L
: 1942 Mk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ bksz;l; ngl;ld; gpug[tpd; jpl;lk;
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/ M’;fpyg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpar;
Rje;jpur;rl;lk; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/ M’;fpnyahpd; Mjpf;fg;
gpoapypUe;J ePz;l nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpwF. 1947 Mk;
Mz;L Mf!;l; 15 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;jJ/
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
1/ Rje; j pug; nghuhl; l ,af; f j; j pw; f hd fhuz’; f is
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
2/ kpjthjpfs; kw; W k; jP t puthjpfs; rhjidifsg; g[ h pe; J
bfhz;ldh;/
3/ Rje; j pug; nghuhl; l j; j py; nf/ fhkuhrhpd; g’; f pid
bjhpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
55
 Rakjpg; g P L III/ bghUj; J f :
m M
I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
1/ t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is kzpahr;rp
1/ ,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpuR njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
2/ $hypad;thyhghf; 1930
(m) 1852 (M) 1885 (,) 1907 (<) 1916
3/ cg;g[r;rj;jpahf;fpufk; Rje;jpug;nghuhl;l tPuh;
2/ jPtputhjpfs; fh’;fpurpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;j khehL
4/ jpUg;g{h; Fkud; 1919
(m) Nuj; khehL (M) yhTh; khehL
5/ th”;rpehjd; Rnjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy;
(,) yf;ndh khehL (<) ghk;ng khehL
fk;bgdp/
3/ bts;isnad btspnaW ,af;fk; eilbgw;w Mz;L
(m) 1935 (M) 1942 (,) 1945 (<) 1946
IV/ RUf; f khd tpilasp :
4/ ,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;j Mz;L
1/ brd;id kfh$d rig gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
(m) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 15 Mk; ehs;
2/ Nuj; khehL gw;wp RUf;fkhf vGJf/
(M) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 18 Mk; ehs;/
3/ jkpH;ehl;oy; jPtputhj eltof;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf/
(,) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 20 Mk; ehs;/
4/ jkpH;ehl;od; kpjthj jiyth;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf/
(<) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 25 Mk; ehs;/
5/ irkd; FG gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/
II/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f :
1/ tpntfhde; j h; _______________ vd; D kplj; j py;
epfH;j;jpa brhw;bghHpt[ kpft[k; g[fH; bgw;wJ/ V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
2/ b r d ; i d kfh$d rig vd;w mikg;g[ 1/ jkpH; e hl; o y; njrpa ,af; f k; njhd; w pajw; f hdf;
_______________ Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/ fhuz’;fis tpthp/
3/ ,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpuR _______________ vd;gtuhy; 2/ xj;JiHahik ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthf vGJf/
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 3/ bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk; gw;wp tphpthf
4/ jPtputhjpfis tHp elj;jpr; brd;wth; vGJf/
_______________/
5/ _______________ Kjy; _______________ bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
tiuapyhd fhyk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; 1/ uh$h$p kw;Wk; fhkuhrh; MfpnahuJ Ra rhpijfisg;
fhe;jpaf;fhyk;; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ gof;ft[k;/
6/ jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 1916 Mk; Mz;L _______________ 2/ tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l epfH;rr; pfis fhl;Lk; xU tpsf;f
vd;gtuhy; bjhl’;fg;gl;lJ/ ml;ltiziaj; jahhpf;ft[k;/
7/ jkpH;ehl;oy; uh$h$p _______________ vd;Dkplj;jpy; 3/ jkpH;ehl;od; Kf;fpa tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuh;fspd;
cg;g[ mwg;nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;/
gl’;fisr; nrfhpf;ft[k;/

56 57
 ghlk; 6
19 kw;Wk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
jkpHfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rKjha rPh;jpUj;j
,af; f ’; f s;
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ 19. 20 k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpHfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rKjha
rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f’;fs; gw;wp mwpe;Jbfhs;Sjy;/
2/ ts;syhh; kw;Wk; bghpahh; nghd;w rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspd;
fUj;Jf;fis g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f’;fs; Mw;wpa g’;fpid rPh;J}f;fp
ghh;j;jy;/
19?Mk; E}w; w hz; o y; Vw; g l; l nkiyehl; L f;
fy;tpapd; tpisthf gy Kw;nghf;F rpe;jidahsh;fs;
rKjhaj;jpy; bry;thf;F bgw;wdh;/ jkpHfk; gy rKjha
khw;w’;fisa[k; rPhj
; pUj;j ,af;f’;fisa[k; fhz Kw;gl;lJ/
jkpHfj;jpy;. rjp vDk; cld;fl;il VWk; gHf;fk;.
gyjhukzk;. FHe;ij jpUkzk;. jPz;lhik. bgz;
rpRf;bfhiy nghd;w rKjha jPikfs; eil Kiwapy;
,Ue;jJ/ ,tw;iwbay;yhk; fisa gy rKjha rPhj ; pUj;j
,af;f’;fs; jkpHfj;jpy; njhd;wpd/ mit njhd;wpajw;fhd
fhuz’;fis ,’;F fhz;nghk;/
rKjha rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f ’;f s; njhd;Wtjw;fhd
fhuz’; f s; :
1/ nkiyehl; L f; f y; t p : nkiyehl; L fy; t pahdJ
kf;fspd; kdjpy; tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ Rje;jpuk;.
rkj;Jtk;. $dehafk; nghd;w fUj;Jfs; jkpHf kf;fis
fth;e;jJ/ mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rKjha
58
jP i kfisa[ k ; . K: l g; g Hf; f tHf; f ’; f isa[ k ; vjph; f ; f
Kw;gl;ldh;/ vdnt jkpHfj;jpy; gy rKjha rPh;jpUj;j
,af;f’;fs; njhd;wyhapw;W/
2/ rhjpKiw : jkpHf rKjhaj;jpy; ‘tUzhrpukf;bfhs;if’
bry; t hf; F bgw; w pUe; j J/ cah; e ; j rhjpapdh; jhH; e ; j
rhjpapdiua[k.; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdiua[k; juf;Fiw
thf elj;j Kw;gl;ldh;/ ,j;Jd;g’;fspypUe;J mth;fis
tpLtpf;f gy rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; njhd;wpdh;/
3/ bghUshjhuepiy : M’; f pnya Ml; r pahdJ
jkpHfj;jpd; bghUshjhuj;ij eyptilar; bra;jJ/ mth;fs;
gUj;jp. ,Uk;g[ nghd;w gy;ntW K:yg;bghUl;fis j’;fs;
ehl; o w; F vLj; J r; b rd; w dh; / ,r; b ray; jkpHfj; j pd;
bjhHpy;tsj;ija[k.; thzpgk; kw;Wk; bghUshjhuj;ija[k.;
bgUkstpy; ghjpj;jJ/ ,j;jifa bghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;
rKjha rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk; njhd;w fhuzkhapw;W/
4/ Inuhg;gpa ,af;f’;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jfspd; jhf;fk;:
Inuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;rr; p. rkarPhj
; pUj;j ,af;fk;.
epytpay; fz;Lgpog;g[fs; nghd;wit kf;fspd; kdjpy;
Rje;jpuk;. rkj;Jtk;. rnfhju jj;Jtk; nghd;w fUj;Jfis
gug;gpaJ/ mJkl;Lkpd;wp gpbu”;Rg;g[ul;rp kw;Wk; uc&;a
g[ul;rp kf;fspilna g[ul;rp fUj;Jfis njhw;Wtpj;jJ/
kf;fspila Vw;gl;l rkj;Jt czh;t[ ,e;J rkaj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l gHikahd rl’;Ffis vjph;ff ; Kw;glyhapdh;/
5/ gj;jphpiffspd; g’;F : kf;fspd; kdjpy;
tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;gl gj;jphpiffs; bgUk;g’;fhw;wpaJ/
mit bgUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fis tpHpg;gz [ h;tilar;
bra;J Kd;ndw;wg; ghijf;F miHj;J brd;wJ/
59
 rkurRj; j rd; k hh; f ; f r’; f k;
,uhkyp’;f mofs; (1823 ? 1874):
rkurRj;j rd;khh;ff; r’;fj;ij
njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uhkyp’;f mofs;
Mthh; / ,th; ts; s yhh; vd; W
midtuhYk; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;/
,th; 1823?y; rpjk;guj;jpw;F mUfh
ikapy; cs; s rpd; d kUJ}hpy;
gpwe;jhh;/ ,sk; tajpnyna Md;kf P
czh;t[ epiwe;jtuhf fhzg;gl;lhh;/
jdpikia tpUk;gpa ,th; bgUk;
ghyhd fhyj;ij nfhapy;fspny
fHpj;jhh;/ jdJ 23 tajpy; Jwtwj;ij ,uhkyp’;f mofs;
nkw;bfhz;lhh;/ brd;idapy; j’;f
rhiyapy; rpwpJ fhyk; trpj;jhh;/ j’;f rhiyna jw;nghJ
ts;syhh; efh; vd miHf; fg; gLfpwJ/ Jwtwj; i j
nkw;bfhz;l gpd;dh; tlY}h; brd;W M’;nf xU rK:f
rka mikg;ig 1867y; epWtpdhh;/ mt;tikg;ng rku
Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r’;fk; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
ts; s yhhpd; Kf; f pa nghjidfs;
1/ ,iwtd; n$hjp tothdtd;/ mtnd
mUl;bgU”;nrhjp/
2/ md;g[tHpapy; Md;kPfj;ij milayhk;/
3/ kjr;rl’;Ffs; mh;j;jkw;wit/
4/ jpahdnk tHpghL/
5/ midj;J kj’;fspYk; cs;s cz;ikia czUjy;
ntz;Lk;/
6/ rhjp. rK:f ntWghLfs; mh;j;jkw;wit/
60
rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r’;fj;jpd; gzpfs;
,r;r’;fk; rK:fj;jpy; rka xw;Wikia
Vw;gLj;jiya[k;. tFg; g [ t hjj; i j nghf; F tija[ n k
jiyaha nehf;fkhf bfhz;oUe;jJ/ ,th; rhjpa rka
rl’;Ffis td;ikahf fz;oj;jhh;/ midj;J
caph; f splj; J k; rnfhju kdg; g hd; i kia tsh; f ; f
ghLgl;lhh;/ tWika[k;. grpa[k; rK:fj;jpd; bfhoa
neha;fs; vd fUjpdhh;/
tHpghL elj;Jtjw;bfd;W rj;jpa “hd rigia
fl;odhh;/ nkYk; ViHfspd; grpia nghf;Ftjw;fhf rj;jpa
jUkrhiy vd;w mikg;ig tlY}hpy; epWtpdhh;/ rhjp
rka ntWghod;wp midtUf;Fk; ,r;rigahdJ Mz;L
KGtJk; cztspj;J tUfpwJ/ ts;syhh; kdpjh;fsplj;J
kl;Lkpd;wp jhtu’;fs;. g[G. g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tpy’;Ffs;.
gwitfs; nghd;w midj;J caph;fsplj;Jk; md;g[
brYj;jpdhh;/ ,ijna $PtfhUz;ak; (caph;fsplj;J md;g[
brYj;Jjy;) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;/
gpuhkzh; my; y hnjhh; ,af; f k;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od; Jtf;fj;jpy; gpuhkzh; kw;Wk;
gpuhkzh; my;yhnjhh; Mfpnahhpilna tFg;g[thj
nkhjy;fs; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ/ Ml;rpJiwapy; Kf;fpa
gjtpfs; midj;ija[k; mth;fns tfpj;jdh;/ bkhj;j kf;fs;
bjhifapy; 3 rjtPjkhf gpuhkzh;fs; ,Ue;jnghjpYk; M’;fpy
muR Vuhskhd gjtpfis mth;fSf;F tH’;fpapUe;jJ/
eP j pf; f l; r papd; njhw; w k;
rK:fj;jpy; gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; ey;y epiyapy; ,Ue;j
nghjpYk; murh’;fj;jpy; mth;fSf;F jFe;j me;j!;J
mspf;fg;gltpy;iy/ vdnt 1912y; jpUty;ypf;nfzpapy;
61
Dr. e n l r Kjypahhpd; ,y;yj;jpy; midj;J
gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; xd;W Todh;/ ,jd; tpisthf
brd;id jpuhtplr;r’;fk; vd;w mikg;g[ njhd;wpaJ/ mth;
1912?y; brd;idapy; gpuhkzu; my;yhnjhUf;F vd;W jdp
tpLjp xd;iw Jtf;fpdhh;/
1916y; T.M. ehah; kw; W k; P.T.jpahfuhabrl; o
nghd;nwhh; midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhnjhiu xd;W jpul;o
‘bjd; d pe; j pa tpLjiyf; f Hfk; ’ vd; w mikg; i g
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;/ ,t;tpaf;fk; jpuhtpld; vd;w jkpH;
gj; j phpifia btspapl; l J/ ,Jnt M’; f pyj; j py;
‘$!;o!;’ vd;Wk; bjY’;fpy; ‘Me;jpugpufhrpfh’ vd;w
bgahpYk; btspte;jJ/ ,t;tpaf;fk; 1917y; ePjpf;fl;rp vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;lJ/
bjd; d pe; j pa tpLjiyf; f Hfj; j pw; F ‘eP j pf; f l; r p’ vd; W
bgah; Nl; l g; g l; ; l J.
1920y; eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpia
gpoj;jJ/ brd;id khfhzj;jpy; Kjyikr;ruhf Rg;guhaY
bul;oahh; gjtpnaw;whh;/ 1923y; eilbgw;w njh;jypYk;
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp bghWg;ngw;wJ/ 1926y; eilbgw;w
njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpahdJ njhy;tp mile;jJ/ gog;goahf
jdJ bry;thf;if ,He;j ePjpf;fl;rp 1937y; eilbgw;w
njh;jypy; gLnjhy;tp mile;jJ/
eP j pf; f l; r papd; rhjidfs;
1/ ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp bghWg;gpypUe;j nghJ Ml;rpJiw
kw;Wk; mYtyf’;fspy; midj;J tFg;gpdiua[k;
g’;F bgwr; bra;tjw;fhd tFg;g[ thj Mizia
1921 kw;Wk; 1922 Mk; Mz;L btspapl;lJ/
2/ murh’;f gzpfspy; vt;tpj ghFghod;wp njh;t[
bra;tjw;bfd 1924- y ; n j h ; t h i z f ; F G
mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,jd; mog;gilapy; Kjd;
62
Kjyhf ,e;jpahtpy; muRj; njh;thizf;FG xd;W
1929?y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
3/ 1929?y; cah;fy;tpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Me;jpu
gy;fiyf;fHfk; kw;Wk; mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fHfk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/
4/ 1921y; ,e;J mwepiyar;rl;lk; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ
,jdog;gilapy; gpuhzkuy;yhnjhh; mh;rr; fh;fshf
nfhapy;fspy; gzpakh;j;jg;gl;ldh;/
5/ bgz;fspd; eyDf;fhf ,f;fl;rp ghLgl;lJ/ 1921k;
Mz;L bgz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik tH’;Ftjw;fhd rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ/
eP j pf; f l; r papd; tP H ; r ; r p
fhyg;nghf;fpy; ePjpf;fl;rpahdJ jdJ typikiaa[k;
bry; t hf; i fa[ k ; ,He; j J/ nkYk; ,f; f l; r p Ml; r p
bghWg; g pypUe; j nghJ ehL KGtJk; fLikahd
bghUshjhu beUf;foia re;jpf;fnehpl;lJ/ ehL KGtJk;
gphpl;oc&; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjph;jj
; neuj;jpy; M’;fpnyaUld;
Ml;rp mikj;J eph;thfj;jpy; g’;nfw;wJ/ ,jdhy; kf;fsplk;
jdJ bry; t hf; i f ,He; j J/ nkYk; neh; i k kpf; f
jiyth;fis ,He;jjdhYk; ,f;fl;rp tPHr; r; paile;jJ/
Rakhpahij ,af; f k;
/
M’; f pnyna Ml; r papy; gpuhkzh; f s; kpFe; j
bry;thf;Fld; ,Ue;jdh;/ gpuhkzuy;yhnjhUf;F Ml;rp
Jiwapy; tha;gg; [ kWf;fg;gl;lJ/ nkYk; gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh;
juf;Fiwthf elj;jg;gl;ljdhYk; j’;fspd; khpahijia
ghJfhf; f Rakhpahij ,af; f k; vd; w mikg; i g
njhw;Wtpj;jdh;/ ,t;tpaf;fk; njhd;Wtjw;F Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; </bt/uhkrhkp Mthh;/
63
 </bt/ uhkrhkpapd; thH;f;if tuyhW
bghpahh; vd;W midtuhYk;
miHf; f g; g Lk; </bt/ uhkrhkp
1879?Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; jp’;fs; 17?k;
ehs; <nuhl;oy; bry;tkpf;f
FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;/ ,tuJ je;ijahh;
bt’; f l; l ehaf; f h; / jhahh; rpd; d
jhak;khs; Mth;/ jdJ 19?k; tajpy;
ehfk;ik vd;gtiu kze;jhh;/ mth;
Jwtp nghy; vspikahd thH;f;if
thH;ej; hh;/
</bt/uhkrhkp
Rakhpahij ,af; f j; j pd; njhw; w k;
gphpl;oc&; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;bfjpuhd xj;JiHahik
,af;fj;jpy; </bt/uh g’;F bgw;whh;/ 1925 Mk; Mz;L
fh”;rpg[uj;jpy; eilbgw;w ,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpu!;
khehl;oy; jhd; bfhz;L te;j tFg;g[ thhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nfhUk; jPh;khdk; Vw;fg;glhjjhy; fh’;fpu!py; ,Ue;J
tpyfpdhh;/ mjd;gpd; 1925 Mk; Mz;L Rakhpahij
,af;fj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;/ ,t;tpafj;jpd; bfhs;iffis
gug;gt
[ jw;fhf 1925 Mk; Mz;L FoauR vd;w ,jiH
jkpHpYk; 1928 Mk; Mz; L g[ u l; r p vd; w ,jiH
M’;fpyj;jpYk; Jtf;fpdhh;/
Rakhpahij ,af; f j; j pd; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ gFj;jwpt[r;rpe;jid. Rakhpahij. jd;dk;gpf;if
,tw;iw tsh;j;jy;/
2/ gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; chpikfis ghJfhg;gJ/
3/ bgz;fSf;F vjpuhd bfhLikfs; kw;Wk; rKjha
jPikfis mfw;Wjy;/
4/ K:lek;gpf;iffis xHpj;jy;/
64
Rakhpahij ,af; f j; j pd; rhjidfs;
1/ nfhapy;EiHt[g; nghuhl;lk; :nfushtpy;
itf;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fis nfhapy;fspy;
EiHtij jil bra;jdh;/ vdnt jpUtpjh’;Th; muir
vjph;j;J 1924?y; bghpahh; jdJ nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;/
Mdhy; mt; t uR mtiu rpiwapy; milj; j J/
,Ue;jnghjpYk; mth; jdJ nghuhl;lj;ij bjhlh;e;J
elj;jpdhh;/ vdnt jpUtpjh’;Th; muR xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fis
nfhtpy;fSf;Fs; EiHa mDkjpj;J Miz btspapl;lJ/
,jdhy; bghpahUf;F ‘itf;fk; tPuh;’ vd;W gl;lk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ/
2/ rK:f rPh;jpUj;j’;fs; : jkpHfj;jpy; epytpa
jP z ; l hikia ,t; t paf; f k; fLikahf vjph; j ; j J/
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; MjunthL 1930?y; jPzl ; hik vjph;gg
; [ rl;lk;
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/
$dthp 30?k; ehs; jPz;lhik xHpg;g[ ehshf
mDrhpf; f g; g LfpwJ/
jkpHfj;jpy; rhjpngjkw;w rKjhaj;ij mikf;f
,t;tpaf;fk; ghLgl;lJ/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
nrud; k hnjtp vd; D kplj; j py; epytpte; j FUFy
Kiwapyhd jdpge;jp (gpuhkzh;fSf;F jdp cztplk;)
mikg;ig xHpf;f </bt/uh ghLgl;lhh;/
1938?y; brd; i dapy; eilbgw; w bgz; f s; khehl; o y;
</bt/uhtpw; F bghpahh; vd; w gl; l k; mspf; f g; g l; l J/
3/ bgz;fs; eyk; : Rakhpahij ,af;fk; gy
rl;l’;fis ,aw;Wtjw;fhf jPhk
; hd’;fis epiwntw;wpaJ/
tpjit kWkzrl;lk;. bgz;fSf;fhd brhj;Jhpik rl;lk;.
njtjhrp xHpg;g[ rl;lk; nghd;wit ,t;tpaf;fj;jhy;
epiwntw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpa rl;l’;fshFk;/
65
njtjhrpKiw : jkpHfj;jpy; epytpa rKjha jPikfspy;
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
njtjhrp Kiwa[k; xd;whFk;/ ,k;Kiwapd;go ,sk;
1/ 19?k; E}w;whz;oy; epytpa rKjha jPikfis g[hpe;J
bgz;fs; nfhapy;fSf;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;ldh;/ mth;fis bfhz;ldh;/
‘njtuoahh;fs;’ vd;W miHj;jdh;/ ,k;Kiw bgz;fis 2/ rKjha rP h ; j pUj; j thjpfspd; gzpfis fw; W zh; e ; j dh; /
,Hpt[gLj;Jk; KiwahFk;/ </bt/uh lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp 3/ rKjha jP i kfis vjph; f ; F k; kdmwpit bgw; w dh; /
bul;o nghd;nwhh; ,k;Kiwia fLikahf vjph;jj ; hh;fs;/
,Wjpahf lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o mth;fspd; fod Rakjpg; g P L
Kaw;rpapd; tpisthf 1930?y; njtjhrp xHpg;g[r;rl;lk; I/rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/
1/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r’;fj;ij njhw;Wtpj;jth;/
tujl;riz Kiw : jkpHfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l jPikfspy; (m) bghpahh; (M) ts;syhh;/
tujl;riz bfhLika[k; xd;whFk;/ Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; (,) lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o (<) o/vk;/ ehah;/
jpUkzj;jpd; nghJ bgz;fSf;F jhkhfnt Kd;te;J 2/ gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh;f;bfd jdp tpLjpia brd;idapy;
rPjd’;fis bgw;nwhh;fs; tH’;fpdh;/ Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mikj;jth;/
,k;KiwahdJ tw;gW [ j;jp rPjd’;fis bgWk; Kiwahf (m) jpahfuha brl;o (M) rp/ enlrd;
khwpaJ/ ,k;Kiwapdhy; bgz;rpRf;bfhiy. kzg;bgz;
(,) Rg;guhaY (<) o/vk;/ ehah;/
vhpg;g[. bgz;fSf;F vjpuhf Vuhskhd bfhLikfs;
nghd;wit eilbgw VJthapw;W/ 3/ njh;thizf;FG mikf;fg;gl;l tUlk;
(m) 1931 (M) 1924 (,) 1920 (<) 1917
,k;Kiwia mfw;Wtjw;fhf. </b/t/uh/ 4/ 1920?k; Mz; L eilbgw; w njh; j ypy; eP j pf; f l; r p
Kj;Jyl;Rkpbul;o. ,uhkyp’;fmofs;. $p/Rg;gpukzpa gpd;tUgtUila jiyikapy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ/
Iah;. ghujp. ghujpjhrd; nghd;nwhh; ghLgl;ldh;/ tujl;riz (m) o/vk;/ ehah; (M) Rg;guhaY bul;oahh;
th’;Fgtiu jz;og;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa murh’;fk; 1961?Mk; (,) r’;fud; ehah; (<) jpahfuha brl;oahh;
Mz;L tujl;riz jilrl;lk; (1984y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ)
5/ tujl;riz xHpg;g[ rl;lk; epiwntw;wg;gl;l Mz;L
,aw;wpaJ/
(m) 1971 (M) 1961 (,) 1981 (<) 1969
mJkl;Lkpd;wp bra;jpjhs;fs;. bjhiyf;fhl;rp.
thbdhyp. jpiug;gl’;fs; Mfpa rhjd’;fSk; II. nfhol; l ,l’; f is epug; g [ f :
,f; b fhLikahd Kiwia xHpf; f kf; f spilna 1/ ,uhkyp’;f mofs; ________________ vd;Dkplj;jpy;
tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd/ ,J jtpu ,e;jpa gpwe;jhh;/
bgz;fs; r’;fk;. njrpa bgz;fs; FG. $dehaf khjh;
2/ itf;fk;tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gLgth;; ________________
r’;fk; nghd;w gy mikg;g[fs; tujl;riz Kiwia
Mthh; /
fisa ghLgl;L tUfpd;wd/
66 67
 3/ bjd;dpe;jpa tpLjiyr; r’;fj;jpw;F
________________vd;W kW bgahplg;gl;lJ/
4/ 1925y; bghpahh; ________________ vd;w jkpH; thu
,jiH Jtf;fpdhh;/
5/ 1930 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd;go ________________
mfw;wg;gl;lJ/

IV. RUf; f khd tpilasp :

1/ itf;fk;tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lth; ahh;> mth; Vd;
mt;thW miHf;fg;gl;lhh;>
2/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
3/ Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; nehf;f’;fs; ahit>
4/ ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPH;r;rpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; ahit>
5/ tujl;riz xHpg;g[ rl;lk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf/

V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
1/ jkpHfj; j py; rK: f rP h ; j pUj; j k; njhd; W tjw; f hd
fhuz’;fis tpsf;Ff/
2/ ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfis kjpg;gpLf/
3/ Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs; ahit>

bra; K iw gapw; r p
1/ ,uhkyp’;f mofspd; nghjidfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f/
2/ tujl;riz xHpg;g[ gw;wp ehlfk; eof;ft[k;/

68
 ghlk; 7 1/
tpLjiyf; F gpd; jkpHfj; j py; fy; t p
tsh; r ; r p
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ jkpHfj; j py; fy; t p. mwptpay; bjhHpy; E l; g k;
kw;Wk; jfty; bjhlh; g[ rhjd’; f s; nghd; w tw; w pd;
tsh;r;rp gw;wpa mwpit bgWjy;/
2/ rK: f j; j py; jfty; bjhlh; g [ rhjd’; f spd; g’; i f
g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ tpLjiyf; F g; g pd; Vw; g l; l tsh; r ; r p; f is mwpe; J
bfhs;Sjy;/
,Ugjhk; E}w; w hz; o y; jkpHfj; j py; fy; t p.
mwptpay;. bjhHpy;El;gk; kw;Wk; jfty; bjhlh;g[ nghd;w
Jiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/ rKjha
Kd;ndw;w’;fis bfhz;L tUtjpy; fy;tp rpwe;j g’;F
tfpf; f pd; w J/ nkYk; . mwptpay; kw; W k; bjhHpy;
El;gtsh;r;rp. rKjha murpay;. bghUshjhu epiyfspy;
gy;ntW khw;w’;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ jfty; bjhlh;g[
rhjd’;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l g[ul;rp jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; xU
iky; fy; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ vdnt jkpHfk; midj;J
JiwfspYk; xU khbgUk; tsh;r;rpia fz;lJ/
fy; t p
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;. ekJ ehl;oy; epytpa fy;tp
Kiwapy; khw;wk; bra;a ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ/
khwp tUk; NHYf; F nfw; g ekJ ehl; L kf; f spd;
vz;z’;fSf;nfw;w fy;tp Kiwia bfhz;L tu ekJ muR
gy; n tW fy; t pf; F Gf; f is mikj; j J/ mtw; w py;
Kf;fpakhdit :
69
gy;fiyf;fHf khd;af;FG
2/ ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;FG
3/ nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FG
4/ g[jpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if
5/ njrpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if
1. gy; f iyf; f Hf khd; a f; F G (1948) : lhf; l h;
,uhjhfpUc&z ; d; mth;fspd; jiyikapy; ,e;jpa murh’;fk;
1948?y; gy;fiyf;fHf khd;af;FGit mikj;jJ/ ,f;FG
cah; f y; t papd; juj; i j cah; j ; J tij nehf; f khf
bfhz;oUe;jJ/
lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpUc&;zd; mth;fspd; gpwe;j ehshd brg;lk;gh;
5 Mk; ehs; Mrphpah; jpdkhf bfhz; l hlg; g LfpwJ/
,e; j pa murpayikg; g pd; 45tJ gphpt[ 14
taJf;Fl;gl;l midj;J FHe;ijfSf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf;
fy;tp mspf;f cj;jputhjk; mspf;fpwJ/
,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;FG (1953) : 1953 ?Mk; Mz;L lhf;lh;
A.yl; R kzrhkp Kjypahh; mth; f spd; jiyikapy;
,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;FG mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,J
,ilepiyf; f y; t p mstpy; FHe; i jfs; midj; J
jpwd; f spYk; KGtsh; r ; r p bgwntz; L k; vd; g ij
typa[Wj;jpaJ/ mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,ilepiyf;fy;tpahdJ
cah;fy;tpf;F Maj;jg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;fntz;L
bkd;W Mnyhrid tH’;fpaJ/
nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FG (1964) : njrpa fy;tpf;FG vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;l nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FG 1964 Mk; Mz;L
l h f ; l h ; D.S. n f h j ; j h h p m t h ; f s ; j i y i k a p y ;
mikf; f g; g l; l J/ ,f; F G 1966 Mk; Mz; L jdJ
mwpf;ifia rkh;gg ; pj;jJ/ mt;twpf;i ; fahdJ 10+2+3 fy;tp
Kiwia ehL KGtJk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/
mJkl;Lkpd;wp bjhHpw;fy;tp. mwptpay;. bjhHpy;
El;gfy;tp nghd;wtw;iw typa[Wj;jpaJ/ 1965 Mk; Mz;L
70
Mz; L jkpHfj; j py; Kk; b khHpj; j pl; l k; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
g[jpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if (1986) : 1986 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l
g[ j pa fy; t pf; b fhs; i f kdpj tsh; r ; r pf; F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ/ bgz;fs;. jhH;j;jg;gl;nlhh;.
gH’;Foapdh;. CdKw;nwhh;. rpWghd;ikapdh;
KjyhndhUf;F fy;tp tH’;Fjypy; kpFe;j ftdk; brYj;jp
rK:f ntw;Wikfis ePf;Ftij jdJ Fwpf;nfhshff;
bfhz;oUe;jJ/ nkYk; ,f;fy;tpf;bfhs;ifahdJ ehL
KGtJk; cs;s 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiuapyhd
midj;J FHe;ijfSf;Fk; Muk;gf;fy;tp mspg;gij
typa[Wj;jpaJ/ nkYk; ,f;fy;tpf; bfhs;ifahdJ ,aw;if
ts’;fisa[k; Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHiya[k; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
tpHpg; g [ z h; i t khzth; f splk; Vw; g Lj; J tija[ k ;
typa[Wj;jpaJ/
njrpaf;fy;tpf;bfhs;if (1992) : ,f;fy;tpf;
bfhs; i fahdJ gs; s pfspy; mog; g il fl; l ikg; g [
trjpfis nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf. ‘fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk;’ vd;w
xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ nkYk; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp
K:yk; fy;yhikiag; nghf;Fk; njrpa vGj;jwpt[ ,af;fk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,f;fy;tp bfhs;if ehl;od;
bghUshjhuj; i j cah; j ; J tija[ k ; VH; i k. ntiy
tha;g;gpd;ik nghd;w gpur;ridfis mfw;Wtija[k;
Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
Muk;gf;fy;tp tsh;r;rp :
Muk;gf;fy;tp tsh;rr; papy; ek; khepyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
,lj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ/ 1949?50 Mk; tUl’;fspy; 15.303
Muk;g gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd/ Jtf;fg;gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if
1999 Mk; Mz;L 30.844 Mft[k; jw;nghJ 2003?2004 epjp
mwpf; i fapd; g o 32.242 Mft[ k ; cah; j ; j g; g l; L s; s J/
71
Muk;gf;fy;tp mstpy; ,ilepw;wiy (Dropout) jtph;ff ; t[k.;
fy;tpapd; juj;ij cah;j;jt[k; ,e;jpa muR “rh;t rpf;c&
mgpahd;” (vy;nyhUf;Fk; fy;tp. SSA) vDk; jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfg; g Lj; j pa[ s ; s J/ ,j; j pl; l k; jkpH; e hl; o y;
btw;wpfukhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ/
,ilepiyf;fy;tp tsh;r;rp :
,ilepiyf; f y; t pahdJ Muk; g f; f y; t pf; F k;
cah;fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilna xU ghykhf bray;gLfpwJ.
jkpHfj;jpy; 2003 Mk; Mz;L epytug;go 68.212 Mrphpah;fis
bfhz; L 4.859 ,ilepiyg; gs; s pfs; bray; g l; L
tUfpd; w d/ ekJ njrpa fy; t pf; b fhs; i f (1992)
bjhHpw;fy;tpapd; njitia typa[Wj;jpaJ/ ,f;bfhs;
ifia mog;gilahff; bfhz;L jkpHf muR 1978 $Pd;
khjj;jpy; bjhHpw;fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ jw;nghJ.
tptrhak;. kidapay;. bghwpapay; nghd;w gy;ntW
bjhHpw; ghlg;gphpt[fs; gs;spfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rp :
,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;j gpwF cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rp
ek; ehl; o y; ey; y rpwg; g [ bgw; w J/ cah; f y; t pia
bghJf;fy;tp. bjhHpw;fy;tp vd ,U gphpt[fshf gphpf;fyhk;/
bghJf;fy;tpahdJ fiy. mwptpay;. tzpftpay;
gphpt[fis cs;slf;fpaJ/ bjhHpw;fy;tpahdJ bghwpapay;.
kUj;Jtk;. tptrhak; nghd;w gphpt[fis cs;slf;fpaJ/
tsh; e ; J tUk; khzth; f spd; njitf; n fw; g
jkpHfj; j py; ,t; t puz; L gphpt[ f Sf; f hf gy; n tW
fy;Y}hpfSk; gy;fiyf;fHf’;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/
jkpHfj; j py; gy mwptpay; fiyf; f y; Y }hpfSk; gy
gy;fiyf;fHf’;fSk; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ jkpHfj;jpy;
cs;s fy;Y}hpfspy; 1970 Mk; Mz;L gapw;W bkhHpahf
jkpH; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
72
 mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;gk; :
RªrSôÓ - TpLûXdLZLeLs
jkpHfk; g[fH;bgw;w gy mwptpay; nkijfis
ek;ehl;ow;F mspj;Js;sJ/ mnjnghy; ,e;jpahtpd;
§ÚYsðo mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;g tsh;rr; pf;F ek; khepyk; rpwg;ghf
gzpahw;wpa[s;sJ/ ,uhkhD$k; (fzpjk;) lhf;lh; rh;/rp/
ùNuû]
tp/uhkd; (,aw;gpay;) lhf;lh; re;jpunrfh; (,aw;gpay;)
úYío lhf;lh; V/gp/n$. mg;Jy;fyhk; (tpz;btsp) nghd;w

m
£×W
¡ÚxQ¡¬ X g[fH;bgw;w mwptpay; nkijfs; jkpHfj;ijr; nrh;ej ; th;fs;
Uû

Lôg
iQô vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/
Y
§Ú
RÚU׬ lhf; l h; rh; / rp/tp/uhkd; kw; W k; lhf; l h; re; j punrfh; nehgy;
®Ýl×Wm ghpR bgw; w tp”; ” hdpfs; Mth; /
úNXm
¿X¡¬ DúWôÓ
LPío tptrha Muha;r;rp :
SôUdLp
ùTWmTío cyfg;g[fH;bgw;w tptrha Muha;r;rpahsh; lhf;lh;
Lìo
§Úf£ vk;/v!;/ Rthkpehjd; jkpHfj;ijr; nrh;ej ; th; Mthh;/ mth;

§ÚYôìo
úLôVmTjço ,e;jpa tptrha Muha;rr; pf; fHfj;ij g[zuikj;jhh;/ mhprp
cw;gj;jpf;fhf g[jpa bjhHpy;El;g Kiwia bfhz;Lte;jhh;/
ûP

§iÓdLp mij mjpf kfNy; jpl;lk; (HYVP) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;/

Lôh

jkpHfj;jpy; nfhak;gj [ J
; }h; tptrhag; gy;fiyf;fHfk; kJiu/
dú
×Õ

L
UÕûW û tptrhaf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; gpw ,l’;fspy; gy;ntW tptrha
Le
úR² £Y Muha;r;rpfs; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wd/
®ÚÕSLo Mz;L njhWk; ork;gh; 23 Mk; ehs;; tptrhapfs; jpdkhf
1. ùNuû] CWôUSôR×Wm
TpLûXdLZLm bfhz; l hg; g LfpwJ/
§ÚùSpúY­

2. AmúTjLôo çjÕdÏ¥
NhPlTpLûXdLZLm
7. TôW§Vôo TpLûXdLZLm
bjhHpy;Jiw Muha;r;rp :
3. AiQô
8. TôW§RôNu TpLûXdLZLm
TpLûXdLZLm ,e;jpa mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;Jiw Muha;r;rp
9. Rªrl TpLûXdLZLm
4. RªrSôÓ UÚjÕY fHfk; (CSIR) ehL KGtJk; gy mwptpay; Tl’;fisa[k.;
Lu²VôÏU¬ 10.Auû]jùRùWNô TpLûXdLZLm
TpLûXdLZLm Muha;r;rp epWtd’;fisa[k; mikj;J tUfpwJ/ lhf;lh;
5. AiQôUûX 11. UÕûW LôUWô_o TpLûXdLZLm
$p/o/ eha[L jkpHfj;ij nrh;ej
; g[fH; bgw;w bjhHpy;Jiw
UpLûXdLZm 12.Uú]ôuU¦Vm ÑkRW]ôo ty;Yeh; Mthh;/ brd;id. nfhit. jpUr;rp. nryk;. nkl;Lh;.
6. úY[ôiûU TpLûXdLZLm jpUbey; n typ kw; W k; gy ,l’; f spy; Vuhskhd
TpLûXdLZLm
bjhHpw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd/
73 74
mQqrf;jp Muha;r;rp :
mQqrf;jpia tsh;g;gjw;fhf mQqrf;jpf;FG (AEC)
1948 Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; brd;idf;F
mUfpy; fy; g hf; f j; j py; mQqrf; j p epiyak; cs; s J/
g[fH;bgw;w mQqrf;jp tp”;”hdpahd lhf;lh; rpjk;guk;
jkpHfj;ijr; nrh;ej ; th; Mthh;/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
Tl’;Fsk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; mQqrf;jp epiyak; xd;W
mikf; f g; g l; L s; s J/ mJ mQqrf; j p Jiwapy; gy
rhjidfisg; gilj;J tUfpwJ/
tpz;btsp Muha;r;rp :
tpz;btsp bjhHpy;El;gj;ij njrpa eyDf;F
gad; g Lj; j ntz; L k; vd; w nehf; f j; j pw; f hf ,e; j pa
tpz; b tsp Muha; r ; r pf; fHfk; 1972 Mk; Mz; L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
, e ; j p a F o a u R j ; j i y t h ; n k j F l h f ; l h ; “V / g p / n $ /
mg;Jy;fyhk;” g[fH;bgw;w tpz;btsp Muha;r;rpahsh;/ mth;
mf; f pdp rpwFfs; vd; w E}iy vGjpa[ s ; s hh; /
jkpHfj;jpy; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; knfe;jpufphp
vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,e;jpa tpz;btsp Muha;r;rp fHfk; (ISRO)
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,f;fHfk; tpz;btsp Muha;r;rpapy;
rpwg; g hd gzpfis bra; J tUfpwJ/ bjd; f pHf; F .
Mrpahtpnyna kpfg; b ghpa bjhiynehf; f p ntY}h;
khtl;lj;jpy; fhtY}h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
,J tpz;btsp Muha;r; r; pf;F kpft[k; gaDs;sjhf cs;sJ/
brd; i dapy; mikf; f g; g l; L s; s gph; y h nfhsu’; f k;
khzth;fspilna mwptpay; mwpit tsh;jJ ; tUfpwJ/
bra; j pj; j hs; f s; :
kf;fspilna tpHpg;gz [ h;it Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; bghJ
bjhlh;gr[ ; rhjd’;fs; rpwg;ghd gzpia bra;J tUfpd;wd/
bra;jpj;jhs;fs;. thbdhyp. bjhiyf;fhl;rp bjhiyngrp
nghd;wit Kf;fpa kf;fs; bjhlh;g[r; rhjd’;fshFk;/
75
kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis mwptjpy; bra;jpj;jhs; rf;jp
tha;ej
; bjhlh;gr[ ; rhjdkhf jpfH;fpwJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; gy;ntW
ehspjH;fs;. thu ,jH;fs;. khj,jH;fs;. gUt,jH;fs;.
Mz;L,jH;fs; btsptUfpd;wd/ ,it kf;fSila
rKjha murpay; khw;w’;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wd/ mJ
kl;Lkpd;wp ,it midj;Jk; muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fkpilna
xU ghykhf bray;gLfpd;wd/ vdnt mwpit tsh;ff ; t[k;
gy jfty;fis bgwt[k; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd/
thbdhyp :
,e; ; j pahtpy; 1927 Mk; Mz; L Kjd; K jyhf
thbdhyp xypgug;g[ Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/ vdpDk; ,e;jpa muR
1936 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhf xypgug;g[ fUtpfis
bfhz;L ,e;jpa xypgug;g[ Jiw. xypgug;g[k; gzpia
Jtf;fpaJ/ ,j;Jiw mfpy ,e;jpa thbdhyp vd;W
bgah; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; jpUr;rp. kJiu.
nfhit kw; W k; jpUbey; n typ nghd; w ,l’; f spy;
thbdhyp epiya’;fs; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ jfty;fis
mspj;jy; kw;Wk; kf;fsplj;jpy; tpHpg;gz
[ h;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;
nghd;w gzpfis mfpy ,e;jpa thbdhyp epiyak;
rpwg;ghf bra;J tUfpwJ/ ,e;jpa murh’;fk; xypgug;g[
kw;Wk; jfty; bfhs;iffis cUthf;ft[k;
eilKiwgLj;jt[k; gpur;rhh; ghujp vd;w mikg;ig
Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ/ ,ij jtpu. gy;ntW jdpahh;
miythpirfSk; j’; f sJ epfH; r ; r pfis xypgug; g p
tUfpd;wd/
bjhiyf; f hl; r p :
mwptpay; Vw; g Lj; j pa tpe; i jfspy; bjhiyf;
fhl;rpa[k; xd;whFk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; 1959 Mk; Mz;L
bjhiyf;fhl;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp
kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ekJ gz;ghl;ow;Fk; vz;zw;w
rhjidfis bra;J tUfpwJ/ brd;idapy;
76
bjhiyf;fhl;rp epiyak; 1975 Mk; Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/
,isa kw;Wk; Kjpa jiyKiwapdh;fspd; kdjpy; bghpa
j h f ; f j ; i j b jhiy f; f hl ; r p Vw; g L j; j p t Uf pwJ/
bjhiyf;fhl;rp ehl;oYs;s gy;ntW kf;fspd; fiy.
fl;olf;fiy. ,ir kw;Wk; thH;fi ; fj; juj;ijg;gw;wp mwpa
VJthf cs;sJ/
bjhiyf; f hl; r pia fz; L gpoj; j th; n$/vy; / gpah; L Mthh; /
,ijj;jtpu ,e;jpahtpy; gy;nehf;F braw;if
nfhshd ,d;rhl; (INSAT) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ thdpiy Muha;rr; p. thbdhyp xypgug;g.[
nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,d;rhl; cjt[fpwJ/ njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tnjr
epfH; r ; r pfis neuo xypgug; g [ bra; t jpd; K: y k; .
bjhiyf;fhl;rp cyf kf;fspilna xU beUf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/ nkYk; bjhiyf;fhl;rp. khzth;fSk;
midj;J Jiwfspy; mwpt[ tsh;r;rp bgw cjt[fpwJ/
bjhiyngrp :
bjhiyngrp kw; W k; je; j p Jiwapd; tsh; r ; r p
bjhiybjhlh;g[ tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa rfhg;jkhf
tps’;FfpwJ/ gpuhd;R ehl;il nrh;ej
; vk;/nykz;l; vd;gth;
1787 ? Mk; Mz;L je;jpia fz;Lgpoj;jhh;/ 1857 Mk; Mz;L
ly;b~srpgpug[ je;jp Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy;
g[Fj;jpdhh;/ me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah KGtJk; 753
jghy;?je;jp mYtyf’;fs; epWtg;gl;ld/ je;jp Jiw
tsh;r;rpia kf;fs; bgUkstpy; gad;gLj;jpdh;/ je;jp
tsh;r;rp bjhiy bjhlh;g[ Jiwapy; ey;y Kd;ndw;wk;
Vw;gl fhuzkhapw;W/
1876 Mk; Mz; L mbkhpf; f hit nrh; e ; j mbyf; r hz; l h;
fpufhk; b gy; bjhiyngrpia fz; L gpoj; j hh; /
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; kf;fs; bjhiyngrpia
gad;gLj;jj bjhl’;fpdh;/ 1882 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhf
brd;idapy; bjhiyngrp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
77
bjhHpw;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ jw;nghJ ghuj; r”;rhh;
epfhk; bjhiybjhlh;g[ Jiwapy; (BSNL) ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F
rpwe;j nritia mspj;J tUfpwJ/ jdpahh; Jiwa[k; gy
bjhiyngrp nritfisa[k; bjhHpw; rhiyfisa[k; gy
,l’;fspy; mikj;Js;sJ/ lhlh. gp/gp/vy;. gPbly;
nghd;w gy epWtd’;fs; bjhiyngrp rhjd’;fs; jahhpj;J
tUfpwJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; 2001 Mk; Mz;L epytug;go 1513
bjhiyngrp ,izg;gf’;fs; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd/
nkYk; 2001 Mk; Mz;L fzf;bfLg;gpd; go jkpHfj;jpy;
15. 82. 5 4 0 b jhi yn g r p ,i z g ; g [ fs ; ,Ue ; jjhf
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ/
fzpdp :
Tl;ly; ,ae;jpuk;. mghf!;Kiw. gyifKiw
nghd;W ve;j xU ,ae;jpuk; vz;fis Tl;Ltjw;F
gad;gLj;Jfpnwhnkh mij bghJthf fk;ga ; {l; (Compute)
vDk; bghUs; g l fk; g ; a {l; l h; vd; W miHg; g h; /
,Ue;jnghjpYk; jw;nghJ ,e;j kpd;dD fz;Lgpog;ghdJ
gy;ntW fzf;Ffis bra;a kw;Wk; g[s;sptptu’;fs;
nrfhpf;ft[k;. mg;g[s;sp tptu’;fis njitahd nghJ
ifahst[k;. jfty;fis nrfhpj;J itf;ft[k;.
njitahdnghJ mtw;iw bgwt[k;. jpl;ljpuy;fis
mikf;ft[k; gad;gLfpwJ/ 1953 Mk; Mz;L cyfk;
KGtJk; 100 fzpdpfns ,Ue;jd/ jw;nghJ E}W
kpy;ypad; mstpyhd fzpdpfs; cs;sd/ 10
kpy;ypaDf;Fk; nkyhd tPLfs;. mYtyf’;fs;. tpahghu
epWtd’;fs; gy;fiyf;fHf’;fs; nghd;wtw;wpy; fzpdp
,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ/
fzpdpfs; gy;ntW mstpYk; gy;tif tot’;
fspYk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ/ rpy fzpdpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
gzpfis bra; t jw; f hfnt totikf; f g; g Lfpd; w d/
mtw;wpd; bray;ghLfs; Ez;zpabkd;bghUs; (Microchips)
78
K:ykhf jpl;lkpl;L totikf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,d;W
eilKiwapy; cs;s fzf;fPl;L bghwpfs;. vz;zpay;
fofhu’; f s; . jhdpa’; f pfs; midj; J k; fzpdpia
m o g ; g i l a hf b fhz; n l jah hpf ; f g ; g L f pd; w d/
,e;jpahtpy; fzpdpf; fy;tpia tsh;g;gjpy; jkpHfk;
Kd;ndhoahf cs;sJ/ fzpdpf; fy;tp jpl;lj;jpd; thapyhf
jkpHf muR fzpdpf;fy;tpia tsh;f;f midj;J muR
gs;spfspYk; ,ytrkhf fzpdpfis tH’;fpa[s;sJ/
fzpg;bghwp. bkd;bghUs; jahhpg;g[ nghd;wtw;wpy; tsh;rr; p
epiyia vl; l jdpahh; KjyP L fis jkpHf muR
Cf;fkspj;J tuntw;fpwJ/ jkpHf muR brd;id kw;Wk;
jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; eh’;Fnehp nghd;w ,l’;fspy;
illy; ghh;f; nghd;w tshf’;fs; cUthf;fp m’;F jdpahh;
KjyPl;il ftu tHp bra;Js;sJ/
( E-conference ) K i w i a m w p K f g ; g L j ; j p a [ s ; s J /
ePjpj;Jiwapy; vbyf;uhdpf; khehl;Lj; jpl;lk; (E-confer-
ence) eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vdnt ,iza jsk;
,d;W kf;fs; thH;fi ; fapd; midj;J JiwfspYk; Kf;fpa
g’;F tfpj;J tUfpwJ/
fw;wy; tpist[fs;
1/ jkpHfj; j py; fy; t p kw; W k; mwptpay;
bjhHpy; E l; g j; j py; Vw; g l; l tsh; r ; r pia mwpe; J
bfhz;ldh;/
2/ jfty; bjhlh; g pd; g’; f pida[ k ; ed; i kfisa[ k ; g[ h pe; J
bfhz;ldh;/
3/ tpLjiyf;Fgpd; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpfis mwpe;Jbfhz;ldh;/

,e; j pahtpd; bkd; b ghUs; Vw; W kjpapy; jkpHfk;

,uz; l htJ ,lj; i j bgw; W s; s J/ Rakjpg; g P L
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
,izajsk; :
1/ ,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;FGtpd; jiytuhf
,d; W jfty; bjhHpy; E l; g Jiw gy; n tW epakpf;fg;gl;lth;/
k h w ; w ’ ; f i s re; j pj; J tU fpwJ/ , izajsk;
(m) lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpUc&;zd;
fzpdpj; J iwapy; Fwpg; g plj; j f; f g; gzpfis bra; J
tUfpwJ/ ,e;j ,iza js KiwahdJ mbkhpf;f (M) lhf;lh; yl;Rkz rhkp Kjypahh;
,iza js epWtdkhd vk;/I/o (MIT) vd;gjhy; 1962 (,) lhf;lh; o/v!;/ nfhj;jhhp
Mk; Mz;L totikf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1969Mk; Mz;oy; nkYk;
,k;Kiw tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ/ mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;oy; (<) lhf;lh; re;jpunrfh;
,uhQqtj;Jiwahy; fy;tpa[k;. jfty; bjhHpy;El;gKk; 2/ jkpHff; fy; Y }hpfspy; jkpH; gapw; W bkhHpahf
xU’;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ/ mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L fzpdp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
,izaKiw ( Network) ,iza jsj; j py; gy; n tW (m) 1980 (M) 1970 (,) 1991 (<) 1978
Muha;r;rpfis nkw;bfhs;s cjtp bra;J tUfpwJ/
3/ mf;dp Vt[fidapd; je;ij vd miHf;fg;gLgth;/
,d;W th;j;jfk; g[hpnthhpd; ed;ikf;fhf vbyf;l; (m) lhf;lh; Rthkpehjd;
uhdpf; tzpfk; (E-Commerce); ,iza jsj;;jpd; tHpapy; (M) V/gp/n$/ mg;Jy; fyhk;
eilbgw;W tUfpwJ/ jkpHf muR jdJ jpl;l’;fis
brk;ikahf bray;gLj;j vbyf;lu; hdpf; khehl;Lj; jpl;lk; (,) rh;/rp/tp/ uhkd; (<) $p/o/eha[L

79 80
 4/ ,e; j pahtpy; bkd; b ghUs; Vw; W kjpapy; jkpHfk; IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
bgw;Ws;s ,lk;
1/ jkpHfj;jpy; Muk;gf;fy;tpapy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp gw;wp
(m) Kjy; ,lk; (M) ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;
Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
(,) K:d;whtJ ,lk; (<) ehd;fhtJ ,lk;
2/ jkpHfj; i j nrh; e ; j ehd; F g[ f H; b gw; w mwptpay;
mwp”h;fis Fwpg;gpLf/
5/ bjhiyngrpia fz;Lgpoj;jth; 3/ ,d;rhl; (INSAT) vd;why; vd;d?
(m) mbyf;rhz;lh; gpskp’; (M) ~hh;tp
4/ kf;fs; bjhlh;g[ rhjd’;fs; ahit?
(,) mbyf;rhz;lh; fpu~hk;bgy;
5/ jkpHfj;jpy; ,izajsj;jpd; g’;F ahJ?
(<) Y}ap`gh!;lh;

II. nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f :

V. tphpthd tpilasp :

1/ lhf; l h; ,uhjhfpUc& ; z d; mth; f spd; gpwe; j ehs; 1/ jkpHfj;jpy; cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rpaile;j tpjj;ij tpthp/
________________ vd bfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ/ 2/ bjhiyf;fhl;rpapd; gzpfis kjpg;gpLf/
2/ fUk;gyifj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ 3/ jkpHfj; j py; tptrha Muha; r ; r papy; vLf; f g; g l; l
_______________ fy;tpf; bfhs;if MFk; gy;ntW eltof;iffis tpthp/
3/ jkpHfj;jpd; cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w tptrha mwptpay; 4/ jkpHfj;jpy; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gk; tsh;r;rpaile;j
ty;Yeh; _________________ Mthh;/ tpjj;ij tpthp/

4/ ,e;jpahtpy; thbdhyp xypgug;g[ Jt’;fg;gl;l tUlk;

_______________ MFk;/ bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
5/ bjhiyf; f hl; r pia fz; L gpoj; j th; ____________ 1/ cdJ Mrphpahpd; cjtpa[ld; gph;yh nfhsu’;fk; brd;W
Mthh; / ghh;f;ft[k;/
III. bghUj;Jf : 2/ g[fH;bgw;w mwptpay; mwp”h;fspd; cUtg;gl’;fis
m M nrfhpj;J tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpf;F itf;ft[k;/
1/ lhf;lh; rh;/rp/tp/,uhkd; gy;nehf;F braw;ifnfhs; 3/ cdJ Mrphpahpd; cjtpa[ld; illy;ghh;f; brd;W
2/ fy;ghf;fk; bjhiynehf;fp ghh;f;ft[k;/
3/ fhtY}h; mQqkpd; epiyak;
4/ gph;yh nfhsu’;fk; nehgy;ghpRbgw;wth;
5/ ,d;rhl; (INSAT) brd;id

81 82
 ghlk; 9 ,t;thhpak; bgz;fs;. FHe;ijfs;. Mjpjpuhtplh;.
gH’;Fokf;fs;. mehijfs; nghd;nwhh;fSf;fhd gy
jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l’;fs; jpl;l’;fis bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/

fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s; eythH; t [

1/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l’;fs; gw;wpa mwpit
bgWjy;/
2/ jkpHf murpd; gy;ntW jpl;l’;fspd; gad;fis
g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ bgz;fs; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfs; eyj;jpl;l’;fis g[hpe;J
bfhs;Sjy;/
jkpHf muR xLf; f g; g l; l kf; f spd; rKjha
nkd;ikf;fhf gy;ntW eyj;jpl;l’;fis bray;gLj;jp
tUfpd; w J/ 1953 Mk; Mz; o y; KjyhtJ Ie; j hz; L
jpl;lf;fhyj;jpy; rK:f eyj;jpl;l’;fis rPhpa Kiwapy;
bray;gLj;j kj;jpa rK:f ey thhpak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
,jdog;gilapy; jkpHf muR khepy rK:f eythhpaj;ij
1954 Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ/
czt[. cil. ,Ug;gplk; nghd;w mog;gil
njitfSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; Rfhjhuk; fUjg;gLfpwJ/
“nehaw;w thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;” vDk; gHbkhHp
Rfhjhuj;j;pd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ/ kdpj
tsh; r ; r papd; xU’; f pize; j gFjpahfnt eythH; t [
,Ug;gjdhy; jkpHf muR midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; eythH;t[
mspf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ/ ,j;jpl;lk; Fwpg;ghf eyptile;j
kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ey;y ghJfhg;ig mspj;J
tUfpd;wJ/ 2000 Mk; Mz;oy; jkpH;ehl;od; ,wg;g[ tPjk;
1000 ngUf;F 51 ngh; vd;w epiy ,Ue;jJ/ Mdhy; 2002
Mk; Mz;L 1000 ngUf;F 44 vd;w epiyahf Fiwe;Js;sJ/
,J khepyj;jpd; eythH;t[ Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ/

bgz;fs; kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Cuf eyg;gzpfs; ,af;Feh;.

eyj;jpl;l’;fs; khtl;l’;fsp;y; kUj;Jtg; gzpfs; Fwpj;j midj;ija[k;
jpl;lkpl;L epiwntw;Wk; gzpia fz;fhzpf;fpwhh;/ fpuhk
tpjitfs; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; efh;g;g[w’;fspy; neha; jLg;g[ Kiwfisa[k;
mdhijfSf;fhd gy;ntW eyj;jpl;l’;fisa[k; epiwntw;Wk; bghWg;gpy;
eythH;t[
rK: f jpl;l’;fs;
jpl;l’;fs; bghJ Rfhjhu ,af;Feh; cs;shh;/
eyj; j pl; l ’; f s;
xt; n thh; Mz; L k; Vg; u y; 7?k; ehs; cyf bghJ Rfhjhu
Kjpnahh; kw;Wk;
ehshf mDrhpf; f g; g LfpwJ/
iftplg;gl;nlhUf;fhd
Mjpjpuhtplh; eyj;jpl;l’;fs;
kw;Wk; Muk;g Rfhjhu epiya’;fs; kw;Wk; Jizr; Rfhjhu
gH’;FofSf;fhd epiya’;fs;. elkhLk; kUj;Jtf;FGtpd; Rfhjhuika’;fs;
jpl;l’;fs;
Mfpait neha;jj; Lg;g[ kw;Wk; neha;fisf;fisjy; nghd;w
jkpHf murpd; rK: f eyj; j pl; l ’; f s; gzpfis fpuhkg;g[w’;fspy; bra;J tUfpd;wd/
98 99
jkpHfj;jpd; eythH;t[ jpl;l’;fspy; rpy :
1/ kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;. jLg;g{rpfs;
nghd;wtw;iw ey;y Kiwapy; tH’;f 1977 Mk;
Mz;oy; gy;nehf;F Rfhjhug;gzpahsh; jpl;lk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
2/ FHe;ij gUtj;jpy; Vw;glf;Toa VG bgUk;
neha;fshd. bjhz;il mHw;rp neha;. euk;gj
[ j
; sh;rr; p.
mk;ik. fhrneha;. nghypnah nghd;w neha;fisr;
fl;Lg;gLj;j jLg;g{rpj;jpl;lk; 1979 Mk; Mz;L
jkpHf murhy; tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
3/ gy;ntW jdpg;gl;l jpl;l’;fspd; K:ykhf knyhpah.
ahidf;fhy; neha;. fhrneha; nghd;w bjhw;W
neha;fs; mfw;wg;gl;ld/ nkYk; kj;jpa murpd;
cjtpa[ld; njrpa knyhpah neha; jLg;g[j; jpl;lk;
njrpa ahidf;fhy; neha; jLg;g[ jpl;lk;. njrpa
fhrneha; fl; L g; g hl; L j; jpl; l k; . bjhGneha;
xHpg;g[j;jpl;lk; nghd;w jpl;l’;fs; jkpHfj;jpy;
bray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/
kUj; J tkidfs;
1/ jkpHfj; j py; cs; s muR kUj; J tkidfs; .
khepyj; j pd; jdpahh; kUj; J tkidfSld;
2/
3/
muR bghJkUj; J tkid/brd; i d.
4/
nghl; o apLk; mstpw; F jukhd trjpfis
100
Vw; g Lj; j pa[ s ; s J/ btspehl; o ypUe; J tUk;
nehahspfSf; F r; rpwe; j nritfis mspf; f
jpl;l’;fs; jPll ; g;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,k;kUj;Jtkidfspy;
,e;jpa kUj;JtKiwfshd a[dhdp. Ma[h;ntjk;.
rpj;jh nghd;w Kiwfspy; rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/
nkYk; 2003 ? y; eilKiw rhh;e;j jpl;lkpl;l
bray;jpl;l’;fs; K:ykhf midtUf;Fk; eythH;t[
mspf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ/
rp/vk;/rp/kUj;Jtkid. ntY}h;/
rp.vk;.rp kUj;Jtkid. ntY}h;/
20 khtl;l jiyikapl kUj;Jtkidfspy; cs;s
25 mWit rpfpr;ir Tl’;fSf;Fk;. 64 tl;l
jiyikapl kUj;JtkidfspYs;s 64 mWit
rpfpr;ir Tl’;fSf;Fk; Fsph;rhjd trjp bra;J
jug;gl;Ls;sJ/
fpuhkg;g[w bghJkf;fSf;F Kiwahd brtpypah;
gapw;rpia tH’;ft[k.; fpuhkg;gw[ ’;fspypUe;J tUk;
khzth;fSf;F brtpypah; gzpia thH;f;ifj;
bjhHpyhf nkw;bfhs;s tha;gg ; spf;ft[k; VG g[jpa
brtpypah; gs;spfs; bjhl’;fg;gl;Ls;sd/
,e;jpa kUj;Jt ,af;ffk; gy;ntW nritfis
g[hpe;J tUfpwJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;
101
 g[w’;fspy; mjpf mstpy; kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk;
kUe;J tH’;Fk; ika’;fs; tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/
jkpHfj;jpy; 2000 Mk; Mz;od; g[s;sp tptug;go
muR kUj;Jtkidfs;. Muk;g Rfhjhu epiya’;fs;.
jdpahh; kUj;Jtkidfs; bkhj;jk; 52.237 ,a’;fp
tUfpd;wd/
kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;
14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l FHe;ijfs; kw;Wk; 15 taJ Kjy;
45 taJ tiuapyhd bgz;fSf;F nritfis bra;tjw;F
kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyg;gzpfs; jpl;lk; bray;gl;L
tUfpwJ/ ,j;Jiw fUt[w;w jha;khh;fis ghpnrhjpj;jy;.
jLg;g{rp nghLjy;. ngWfhy guhkhpg;g[ kw;Wk; ngWfhy
gpd; guhkhpg;g[ mspj;jy; nghd;w gzpfis bra;J
tUfpd;wJ/ fUt[ww ; kw;Wk; jha;gg
; hY}l;Lk; jha;khh;fSf;F
neha; jLg;g{rp. kUj;Jt ghJfhg;g.[ rj;jhd czt[ mspj;jy;
nghd;w gy;ntW gzpfis ,J bra;J tUfpd;wJ/
1964 Mk; Mz;L gs;sp khzth; eyj;jpl;lk;
Jt’;fg;gl;lJ/ ,j;jpl;lk; ghyh;fSk;. gs;sp bry;Yk;
FHe;ijfSk; neha[wh tz;zk; ghJfhj;J. Rfhjhu trjpfs;
mspj;J. ,wg;g[ tpfpjj;ij Fiwf;f ghLgl;L tUfpwJ/
FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghl;L jpl;lj;ij bray;gLj;Jtjpy;
jkpHfk; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ/ 1956 Mk; Mz;L gpwg;g[
tpfpjj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j FLk;g ey mWit
rpfpr;irj;jpl;lk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/
,jd; rhh;ghf 1989 Mk; Mz;oy; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o
epidt[ kfg;ngW cjtpj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; thapyhf fUt[w;w ViH jha;khh;fSf;F
ngWfhyj;jpw;F Kd; ,uz;L khjKk; ngW fhyj;jpw;F
gpd; ,uz;L khjKk; gz cjtp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; K:yk; Vuhskhd bgz;fs; gog;goahf
gad;bgw;W tUfpd;wdh;/
102
kfsph; eyj; j pl; l ’; f s;
kfsph; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; Mh;tk; bfhz;l jkpHf muR
gy trjpfisa[k;. epjp cjtpfisa[k; bra;J tUfpwJ/
1947 Mk; Mz;oy; kfsph; eyj;jpl;l’;fis bray;gLj;j
kfsph; eyj;Jiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l’;fs;
kfspUf;F Fiwe;jgl;r Rfhjhu trjpfisa[k; eyj;jpl;l’;
fisa[k; mspg;gij Fwpf;nfhshf bfhz;L bray;gl;L
tUfpwJ/
kfspUf; f hf Vw; g Lj; j g; g l; l Kf; f paj; j pl; l ’; f s;
1/ kfps kz;ly; jpl;lk; : bgz;fspilna
tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;j eltof;if nkw;bfhs;
fpwJ/
2/ bgz;fs; Ml;rpg;gzpfspy; jPh;khd’;fis vLj;J
bray;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; “fpuhkg;gw
[ bgz;fSf;fhd
tpHpg;g[zh;t[ jpl;lk;” Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
3/ bgz;fs; gy;ntW Jiwfspy; ntiy tha;g;g[
bgWtjw;bfd ntiytha;g;g[g; gapw;rp cjtpj;
jpl;lk; 1986 Mk; Mz;oy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
4/ 1989 Mk; Mz;L bgz;fSf;fhf K:tY}h; ,uhkh
mkph; j k; mk; i kahh; jpUkz cjtpj; j pl; l k;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;go 8 Mk;
tFg;g[ tiu goj;j ViH bgz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;
fhf ì /5 0 0 0 e p jp c jtp tH’ ; f tH pti f
bra;ag;gl;lJ/ ,J gpd;dhspy; fy;tpj; jFjp 10?k;
tFg;g[ vd;Wk; muR tH’;Fk; cjtpj; bjhif
ì/10.000 vd;Wk; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ/
5/ bgz;fspd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f 1990 Mk; Mz;L
jkpHf kfsph; Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ/
vdnt murh’;fj;jpd; jpl;l’;fspy; bgz;fSf;F
Kd;Dhpik mspf;f tif bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/
103
 Mjpjpuhtplh; kw; W k; gH’; F oapdUf; f hd
tsh; r ; r pj; j pl; l ’; f s;
,e;jpa murh’;fk; mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jkpHf muR
rKjhaj; j py; gpd; j’; f pa[ s ; s Mjpjpuhtplh; kw; W k;
gH’;Foapdhpd; eyj;jpw;fhf gy;ntW eltof;iffis
nkw;bfhz;L tUfpwJ/
Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH’;FoapdUf;F fy;tp.
ntiy tha;gg ; [ nghd;wtw;wpy; rktha;gg
; [ fpilg;gjw;fhd
cj;jputhjj;ij ekJ murpay; mikg;g[ mspj;Js;sJ/
,th;fSf;F rK:f ghJfhg;g[ mspf;f lhf;lh; B.R/mk;ngj;fhh;
fod Kaw;rpfis vLj;jhh;/
jkpHf kf; f s; bjhifapy; Vwf; F iwa 20/5
rjtPjj;jpdh; Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH’;Fo kf;fs; cs;sdh;/
,jpy; 70 rjtPj Mjpjpuhtpl kf;fs; kw;Wk; 85 rjtPj gH’;Fo
kf;fs; fpuhkg;g[w’;fspy; trpj;J tUfpd;wdh;/ vdnt
mth; f spd; rKjhag; bghUshjhu tsh; r ; r pf; F jdp
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f ntz;oa epiy cs;sJ/ ,ij
czh;e;j muR mk;kf;fspd; Jhpj tsh;r;rpf;fhf gy;ntW
eyj;jpl;l’;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/
Kf;fpa eltof;iffs; :
1/ fy;tp tsh;r;rp/
2/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp/
3/ Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH’;FofSf;fhd rpwg;g[
jpl;lk;/
4/ Mjpjpuhtplh; kw; W k; gH’; F oapdUf; f hd
bghUshjhu jpl;l’;fs; (jhl;nfh)
bghJthd vGj;jwpt[ tpfpjj;ij xg;gpLifapy;
Mjpjpuhtplh;. gH’;Foapdhpd; vGj;jwpt[ tpfpjk; Fiwthf
cs;sJ/ vdnt murh’;fk; mth;fsJ fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F
mjpf ftdk; brYj;jp 2004?2005 Mk; Mz;L epjp epiy
104
mwpf;ifapy; π/448/91 nfho xJf;fpa[s;sJ/ jw;nghJ
jkpHfj; j py; 1018 Mjpjpuhtpl eyg; g s; s pfSk; 277
gH’; F oapdUf; f hd ,Ug; g plg; g s; s pfSk; ,a’; f p
tUfpd; w d/ fzpdp mwptpaiyg; gw; w pa mwpit
khzth;fsplk; tsh;gg ; jw;fhf 31 cah;epiyg;gs;spfSf;F
jkpHf muR fzpdpfis tH’;fpa[s;sJ/ nkYk; 42
Mjpjpuhtpl eyg;gs;spfSf;F mwptpay; Ma;tfj;Jld;
Toa fl;ol trjpia mspj;J mk;khzth;fSf;F fy;tp
fl;lzj;jpypUe;J KGtpyf;F mspj;Js;sJ/
Mjpjpuhtplh; kw; W k; gH’; F oapdUf; F gl; l g; g og; g [
tiu ,ytrf; f y; t p mspf; f g; g LfpwJ/
1974 Mk; Mz; o ypUe; J jhl; n fh vdg; g Lk;
Mjpjpuhtplh;fs; tPlL; tsh;rr; p fHfk; bray;gl;L tUfpwJ/
,f;fHfj;jpd; bjhHpy;El;g gphpt[. tpLjpfs; fl;Ljy;. gs;sp
fl;olk; kw;Wk; tFg;giwfs; fl;Ljy; nghd;w gzpfis
bray;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ/ ,f;fHfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp gphpt[
,k; k f; f spd; Kd; n dw; w j; j pw; f hd eyj; j pl; l ’; f is
eilKiwg; g Lj; j p tUfpd; w J/ ,f; f Hfk; kf; f spd;
bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;fhd njitfspd; mog;gilapy;
jukhd thH;fi ; f thH eltof;iffs; vLj;J tUfpd;wJ/
gH’; F oapdh; eyk;
gH’;Foapdh; eyj;jpw;fhf jdp ,af;Fdufk; 2000
Mk; Mz;oypUe;J ,a’;fp tUfpd;wJ/ gH’;Foapdh;
mjpfkhf cs;s 13 khtl;l’;fspy; ,t;tpaf;fk; rpwg;g[
ftdk; brYj;jp tUfpd;wJ/ 36 tifahd gH’;Foapdhpd;
ml;ltizapy; njhlh;. nfhl;lh. FUk;gh;. ,Ush;. gspah;
kw;Wk; fhl;Leha;ff ; d; nghd;nwhh; Mjpfhy gH’;Foapdh;
vd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ/ xU’;fpize;j gH’;Foapdh;
jpl; l j; j pd; fP H ; ,e; j gphptpdUf; F Kf; f paj; J tk;
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/
gH’; F oapd bgz; f spd; nkk; g hl; o w; f hf
Racjtpf;FGf;fs; Vw;gLj;j typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ/ 2002 Mk;
105
Mz;oy; Jt’;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa kUj;Jt Muha;r;rp fHf
bray;jpl;lk; thapyhf ,e;j gH’;Fo kf;fSf;F kUj;Jt
trjpfis ,f;fHfk; bra;J tUfpwJ/ ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy;
trpf;Fk; gH’;Fo kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf kiythH; gFjp
tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; (HADP) eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
jPz;lhikia xHpf;ft[k;. Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk;
gH’;FoapdUf;F vjpuhd bfhLikfis mfw;wt[k; 1955
Mk; Mz;L chpikfs; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk;. 1989 Mk; Mz;L
Mjpjpuhtplh; kw; W k; gH’; F oapdUf; F vjpuhd
bfhLikfs; jilr;rl;lk; Mfpait ,k;khepyj;jpy;
rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ ,’;’zk;
murhy; vLf;fg;gl;l gy;ntW eltof;iffs; Mjpjpuhtplh;
kw;Wk; gH’;Foapdhpd; rK:f epiyia Vw;wkilar;
bra;Js;sd/
Kjpnahh; eyj; j pl; l ’; f s;
Kjpnahh;fSf;F rKjha ghJfhg;g[ mspg;gjw;fhf
murh’;fk; gy;ntW jpl;l’;fis bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/
khje;njhWk; Kjpnahh; Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; gz cjtp
mspf;Fk; tifapy; 5 tiffshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
mitahtd :
1/ Kjpnahh; Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; (bghJ jpl;lk;) 1962/
2/ cly; CdKw;nwhUf;fhd Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; (1974)/
3/ Mjutw;w tpjitfSf;fhd Xa;t{jpak; (1975)/
4/ Mjutw;w tptrha bjhHpyhsh;fs; Xa;t{jpak; (1981)/
5/ fztdhy; iftplg;gl;l bgz;fs; Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk;
(1986)/
nkw;fz;l jpl;lj;jpd; tHp gad;bgWnthh;fF
; khjk;
π/200 tH’;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,g;gzk; khjj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpy;
106
gadhspf;F tH’;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,ijj;jtpu ,ytrntl;o.
,ytr nriy. rj;Jzt[f; Tl’;fs; K:yk; ,ytr czt[
nghd;wit tH’;fg;gLfpwJ/ nkYk; Mjutw;w kw;Wk;
vt;tpj tUkhdkpd;wp thGk; K:j;jFokf;fSf;F (Senior
Citizen) md;dg{h;zh jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; czt[ tH’;Fk;
gzpia fpuhktsh;rr; p mikr;rfk; bra;J tUfpwJ/ nkYk;
Vuhskhd Kjpnahh; ,y;y’;fs; murh’;fj;jhYk; jd;dhh;t
epWtd’; f shYk; K: j ; j Fokf; f Sf; F cjtp bra; a
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/
Mjutw; n whh; f Sf; f hd jpl; l ’; f s;
1992 Mk; Mz;L cly; CdKw;nwhUf;fhd kWthH;t[
,af; F dufj; i j jkpHf muR mikj; j J/ cly;
CdKw;nwhUf;F rk tha;g;g[fSk; rK:f ghJfhg;g[
mspg;gjw;fhft[k;. epjp cjtp mspg;gjw;Fk; murh’;fk;
1995 Mk; Mz;L cly;CdKw;nwhUf;fhd rl;lj;ij
,aw;wpaJ/ cly; CdKw;w FHe;ijfs; fy;tpbgw 25
rpwg;g[ gs;spfs; khepyk; KGtJk; Jt’;fg;gl;Ls;sd/
mth; f Sf; F ,ytr fy; t p. czt[ . ciwtplk; .
cjtpj;bjhif nghd;wit tH’;fg;gLfpwJ/
mth;fSf;F 3 rjtPj ,lxJf;fPL fy;tp
epWtd’;fspYk; kw;Wk; ntiy tha;g;g[fspYk; muR
xJf;fLP bra;Js;sJ/ bjhHpy;El;g gphpthdJ. mth;fSf;F
rpwg;g[ gapw;rpfisa[k; ,ytr cgfuz’;fisa[k; tH’;F
fpwJ/ 2003 Mk; Mz;oy; kj;jpa murpd; epjp cjtpa[ld;
CdKw;nwhUf;fhd kWthH;t[jpl;lk; njdp. fh”;rpg[uk;.
jpUtz;zhkiy. ,uhkehjg[uk; Mfpa khtl;l’;fspy;
eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ jkpHf muR 10 kWthH;t[
ika’; f is mikj; J CdKw; n whhpd; eyj; j pw; f hf
ghLgl;L tUfpd;wJ/
tpjitfSf; f hd eyj; j pl; l ’; f s;
jkpHf muR ViH tpjitfs;. iftplg;gl;l
bgz;fs;. Mjutw;w bgz;fs; mjhtJ 18 taJ Kjy; 40
107
taJ tiuapyhdth;fSf;F jhk;guk;. flY}h;. nryk;.
jpUbey;ntyp. j”;rht{h;. fhiuf;Fo nghd;w 6 ,l’;fspy;
nrit ,y;y’;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ 1989 Mk; Mz;oy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l lhf;lh; jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh;
tpjit kWkzj;jpl;lk; ViH tpjitfspd; kfSila
jpUkzj;jpw;bfd π/10/000-? epjp cjtp bra;fpwJ/ Mjutw;w
bgz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;F epjp cjtp bra;a[k; tifapy;
md;id bjnurh jpUkzj;jpl;lk; g[Fj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
elj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ ,tw;Ws; rpthde;jh FUFyk;.
cjt[k; fu’;fs;. nrthyak;. nrth epiyak; kw;Wk; gpw
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;/
vdnt jkpHfmuR. rK:fj;jpd; gy;ntW gphpt[
kf;fSf;Fk; gy ey jpl;l’;fis bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/
,k; Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf kf;fspd; rK:f bghUshjhu
epiy bgUkstpy; cah;e;Js;sJ/

mz;ikapy;. ,e;jpa muR 2002 Mk; Mz;oy; fw; w y; tpist[ f s;

tpjitfs; kw;Wk; Mjutw;w bgz;fSf;fhf ‘Rthjh;
1/ rK:f eyj;jpl;l’;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
jpl;lk;’ vd;w xd;iw Jtf;fpa[s;sJ/ ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPH;
,th;fSf;F rKjha. bghUshjhu. kWthH;t[ mspf;f 2/ gy;ntW jpl;l’;fspd; gad;fisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
czt[ . ciwtplk; . Milfs; . kUj; J t cjtp. 3/ kfsph; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l’;fis g[hpe;J
fye; j hnyhridfs; nghd; w trjpfs; mspf; f g; g l; L bfhz;ldh;/
tUfpd;wd/

mdhijfSf; f hd jpl; l ’; f s;
Rakjpg; g P L
jkpHf muR mdhijfSf;Fbfd;W gy jpl;l’;fis
g[Fj;jpa[ss
; J/ I// rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
1/ cyf Rfhjhu ehs; mDrhpf;fg;gLk; ehs;
1/ Mde;jk; vd;fpd;w jpl;lk; 1000f;Fk; nkw;gl;l
mdhij FHe;ijfs; trpf;Fk; mdhij ,y;y’;fspy; (m) Vg;uy; 7 (M) etk;gh; 14
E}yf’;fis Vw;gLj;Jtij nehf;fkhf (,) khh;r; 8 (<) mf;nlhgh; 2
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/
2/ Kj;Jyl;Rkpbul;o epidt[ kfg;ngW jpl;lk; mwpKfg;
2/ bghUshjhu fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;FG gpd; j’;fpa gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
eyptile;j FHe;ijfspd; bghUshjhu fy;tp
tsh;rr; pf;F ghLgLfpwJ/ (m) 1979 (M) 1989 (,) 1990 (<) 2002

3/ 1983 Mk; Mz;oy; mikf;fg;gl;l fpuhkg;g[w 3/ Kjpnahh; khj Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; tH’;Fk; bjhif
kf;fspd; eyr;r’;fk; (WARD) vd;fpw mikg;g[ (m) ¹/400 (M) ¹/200 (,) ¹/100 (<) ¹/500
xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspilna tpHpg;gz
[ h;it Vw;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wJ/ 4/ K:j;j Fokf;fSf;F cztspf;Fk; jpl;lk;
(m) kfpshkz;ly; (M) Mde;jk;
murh’; f j; j hYk; kw; W k; gy; n tW jd; d hh; t
epWtd’; f shYk; Vuhskhd mdhij ,y; y ’; f s; (,) md;dg{h;zh (<) Rthjh; jpl;lk;

108 109
II// nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : 3/ Kjpnahh;fSf;fhd Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;l’;fis Fwpg;gpLf/
1/ jkpHf rK: f ey thhpak; ______________ Mz; L 4/ cly; CdKw; n whUf; f hf mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; l
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ jpl;l’;fis Muha;f/
2/ bgz;fspd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f 1990 Mk; Mz;L
______________ mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ tphpthd tpilasp :
V//
3/ Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH’;Fokf;fSf;F rK:f ghJfhg;g[
1/ midtUf;Fk; eythH;t[ mspf;f murh’;fk; vLj;Js;s
mspf;f fod Kaw;rpfis nkw;bfhz;lth;
eltof;iffs; ahit>
______________ Mthh; /
2/ jkpHf murpd; kfsph; eyj;jpl;l’;fis tpsf;Ff/
4/ kiythH; g Fjp tsh; r ; r p jpl; l k; ______________
,lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
5/ cly; CdKw; n whUf; f hf ______________ Mz; L bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
kWthH;t[ ,af;Fdufk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ/
c’;fs; gFjpapy; cs;s mdhij ,y;y’;fSf;F brd;W tUf/

III// bghUj;Jf :
m M
1/ knyhpah czt[ tH’;Fk; jpl;lk;
2/ 1964 kiythH;kf;fs;
3/ jhl;nfh bjhw;Wneha;
4/ ,Ush; gs;sp Rfhjhujpl;lk;
5/ md;dg{h;zh Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk;
gH’;FoapdUf;fhd bghUshjhu
jpl;lk;

IV// RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

1/ jkpHfj;jpy; cs;s kUj;Jtkidfspd; juk; cah;j;j
muR vLj;Js;s eltof;;iffs; gw;wp xU Fwpg;g[
tiuf/
2/ jhl;nfh gw;wp ePtph; mwptJ ahJ>

110 111
 ghlk; 10
jw; f hy jkpHfj; j py; ,yf; f pak; kw; W k;
gz; g hl; o d; tsh; r ; r p
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ jkpH; e hl; o y; ,yf; f pak; kw; W k; gz; g hl; L tsh; r; rp
gw;wp mwpjy;/
2/ rkfhy ,yf;fpagilg;g[fis milahsk; fhQqjy;/
3/ jkpH;ehl;oy; rkfhy ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L
tsh;r;rp gw;wp g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; jkpH; ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;ghf
ciueil. ftpij. ehlfk; Mfpait kf;fsplj;J rpwe;j
tuntw;ig bgw;wd/ ,j;Jiwfspy; gy gilg;g[fs;
mspf;fg;gl;ld/ rpWfijfs;. g[jpd’;fs;. ehl;oak;. ,ir.
jpiug;glk; Mfpait bgUkstpy; tsh;rr; p bgw;Ws;sd/
vdnt jw;fhy jkpH;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;L Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rpahdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
gzpapid bra; J s; s J/ jkpHf kf; f spd; thH; f ; i f
epiyia khw;wp mikf;Fk; xU rhd;whf ,yf;fpa’;fs;
jpfH;fpd;wd/ ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpahdJ murpay;. rKjha.
bghUshjhu kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpapy; jhf;fj;jpid
Vw;gLj;jpa[ss
; J/
ciueil tsh; r ; r p
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F g[fH; bgw;w jkpHwp”h;
lhf;lh; c/nt/ rhkpehjIah; rpwe;j g’;fhw;wpa[ss
; hh;/ ,th;
r’;f fhy ,yf;fpa’;fspd; gHk; VLfis nrfhpj;J vjph;fhy
re;jjpapdUf;fhf mtw;iw ghJfhj;j bgUikf;F chpath;/
c/nt/rhkpehj Iah; ‘jkpH;
jkpH; j ; j hj; j hh’ vd; W
miHf; f g; g Lfpwhh; /
jkpH;bkhHp tsh;r;rpf;F jkpHwp”h; kiwkiy
mofs; mjpf bjhz;lhw;wpa[s;shh;/ g{z;o ,u’;fehj
112
Kjypahhpd; fr;rpfyk;gfk;. jpU/tp/ fy;ahz Re;judhhpd;
(jpU/tp/f/) KUF kw;Wk; bgz;zpd; bgUik. lhf;lh;
K/tujuhrdhhpd; ‘mfy;tpsf;F ’ Mfpait rpwg; g hf
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd/ ,uh$h$p tpahrh;tpUe;J. rf;futh;jj
; p
jpUkfd; Mfpa E}y;fis vGjpdhh;/ gz;ojkzp fjpnurd;
brl; o ahh; . fdfrig gps; i s. ,uhft Ia’; f hh; .
bt’;flrhkp ehl;lhh;. C.N/mz;zhJiu. xsit Jiurhkp
gps;is Mfpnahh; jkpH; ciueil tsh;r;rpf;F rpwe;j
gzpahw;wpa[ss ; dh;/ njtneag;ghthzh; ‘mfuKjyp’ vd;w
jkpH; mfuhjpia gilj;Js;shh;/
jkpH; g ; g[ j pd’; f spd; tsh; r ; r p
19?Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; g[jpdk; vGJk;
Kiw njhd;wpaJ/ jkpHpy; vGjg;gl;l Kjy; g[jpdk;
ntjehafk;gps;is vGjpa ‘gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;’
MFk;/ ,ijbjhlh;e;J gy g[jpd’;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy;
vGjg; g l; l d/ tuyhw; W g[ j pd’; f s; fy; f p vd; f pw
fpUc&z ; K:hj ; j
; papdhy; kf;fspilna kpft[k; g[fH;bgw;wd/
,e;j tifapy; fy;fpapd; ‘bghd;dpapd; bry;td;’ vd;w
g[jpdk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/ kw;bwhU g[fH;bgw;w ehtyhrphpah;
mfpyd;. jdJ ‘rpj;jpug;ghit’ vd;w ehtYf;F ‘”hd
gPl’ tpUijg;bgw;whh;/ rhz;oy;ad; vGjpa ‘fly;g[wh’
Fwpg; g plj; j f; f J/ b$afhe; j d; . o/$hdfpuhkd; . eh/
ghh; j ; j rhujp. R$hjh. it/K/nfhijehafp mk; k hs; .
rptr’;fhp. ,e;Jkjp. yc&;kp. ,uh$k;fpUc&;zd; Mfpnahh;
rK:f fUj;Jfis ikakhf bfhz;L vGjpa rpy
Kf;fpakhd g[jpd Mrphpah;fs; Mthh;/ ,J jtpu jw;fhyj;jpy;
Jg;gwpa[k; g[jpd’;fSk; vGjg;gl;ld/ n$/Mh;/u’;fuh$dpd;
‘re; j pufhe; j h’ vd; w Jg; g wpa[ k ; g[ j pdk; kpft[ k ;
g[fH;bgw;wjhFk;/ vdnt ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; gytpjkhd
g[jpd’;fs; njhd;wpd/
ftpij
tpLjiyf;F Kd;gpUe;nj kf;fsJ ftdj;ij fth;ej;
kw;bwhU ,yf;fpa totk; ftpijahFk;/ njrpaf;ftp
ghujp njrgf;jp ghly;fs; thapyhf jkpH;ehl;L kf;fis
113
J}z;odhh;/ ehkf;fy; ftp”h; ,uhkyp’;fk; gps;is.
ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk; gps;is. ghujpjhrd; Mfpnahh;
ehl;Lgw;iw tsh;g;gjpYk;. bgz; tpLjiyf;fhft[k; gy
ftpijfis ,aw;wp a[ss ; hh;/ rkPg fhy’;fspy; fz;zjhrd;.
gl; L nfhl; i l fy; a hz Re; j uk; . thzp jhrd; .
g[yikg;gpj;jd;. R$hjh nghd;nwhh; ftpij tsh;r;rpf;F
Vuhskhd ftpijfis gilj; Js;sdh;/ ,f;ftpijfs;
jkpHfj; j py; fhzg; g l; l rKjha gpur; r idfis
mog;gilahf bfhz;lJ/ ,f;ftp”h;fs; kf;fspilna
tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jp a[s;sdh; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy/
fz;zjhrd;
ghujpjhrd;
rp Wfijfs; : g[ J ikg; g pj; j dpd; ‘rhgtpnkhrdk; ’
rpWfijfs;
uh$h$papd; ‘bja;thid’, f/g/uh$nfh ghydpd; ‘tpoa[kh’.
fy;fpapd; ‘jpUld;’, mz;zh Jiuapd; ‘uh$ghh;l; u’;fJiu’
Kjypait rpwg;ghf Fwpg;gplj; jf;f rpW fijfshFk;/
eldk; : eldk; jkpH; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F Vuhskhd g’;fpid
Mw;wpa[s;sJ/ Ez;fiy tsh;r;rpapy; jkpHfk; rpwg;ghd
,lj;ij bgw;Ws;sJ/ gf;jp epiy mile;J ,iwt Dld;
fyf;fntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fj;njhL eldf;fiy nfhapy;fspy;
njhd;wpaJ/ jkpHfj;jpd; midj;J fiyfSk; gf;jpia
ikakhf itj; n j tsh; r ; r p bgw; w d/ rkfhyj; j py;
eldf;fiyfspny gHik ahdJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJk;
‘gujehl; o ak; ’ MFk; / gujehl; o ak; ,d; W k; ek;
fyhr;rhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpwJ/ Rkhh; fp/K/ 4000
Mk; Mz;oy; guj Kdptuhy; vGjg;gl;l ‘ehl;oa
rh!;jpuk;’ vd;w E}ypUe;J gujehl;oak; njhd;wpaJ/ guj
Kdptuhy; vGjg;gl;ljhy; mtuJ bgaiuf;bfhz;L gujk;
vd;w brhy; ‘ehl;oak;’ vd;Dk; bghUspy; mwpag;gl;L
gujehl;oak; vd;w bgah; bgw;wJ/ ‘g’ vd;gJ ghtid
my;yJ mgpeak; kw;Wk; btspg;ghL vd;gjhFk;/ ‘u’
vd;gJ ,uhfj;ij my;yJ ,iriaa[k;. ‘j’ vd;gJ
jhsj;ija[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ/ ,Jnt gujk; vdg;gLfpwJ/
,e;j E}w;whz;oy; gujehl;oak; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j
eldkhf m’;ff P hpf;fg;gl;L ey;y g[ul;rpfukhd khw;w’;fis
Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ/

ehlf’;fs; : jkpH;ehlfj;jpd; je;ij vd;W gk;ky; rk;ke;j

Kjypahh; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ nguhrphpah;
Re;juk;gps;isapd; ‘kndhd;kzpak; ’, Nhpa ehuhaz
rh!;jphpapd; ‘U:gtjp’, mz;zhJiuapd; ‘xh; ,ut[’,
fpUc&;zrhkp ghtyhpd; ‘ghk;ngbkapy;’ nghd;wit
g[fH;bgw;w ehlf’;fs; MFk;/ g[fH;bgw;w fhspjhrdpd;
ehlf’; f s; r’; f ujh!; Rthkpfshy; jkpHpy; bkhHp
bgah;f;fg;gl;ld/ ,Jjtpu o/nf/v!;/ rnfhjuh;fs;.
uh$khzpf;fk; kw;Wk; Mh;/v!;/kndhfh; nghd;nwhh; jkpH;
ehlfj;jpw;F g[j;Japu; Cl;odh;/ gujehl;oak;
114 115
 gujehl;oak; ,e;jpahtpYk;. nkiy ehLfspYk;
jdJ mor; R tLfis gjpj; J s; s J/ Ez; f iyfis
tsh;g;gjw;bfd;nw 1963 Mk; Mz;oy; jkpHf muR ‘,ay;
,ir. ehlfkd;wk;’ vd;w xd;iw Jtf;fpaJ/ gpd;dh;
gujehl; o aj; i j tsh; g ; g jw; b fd; n w Uf; k zpnjtp
mUz;nly; vd;gtuhy; ‘fyhnc&j;uh’ vd;w epWtdk;
brd;idapy; Jt’;fg;gl;lJ/ rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s eluh$h;
nfhapypy; cs;s flt[s; rptbgUkhdpd; gpug”;rehl;oak;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/ ekJ ehl;od; fyhr;rhuj;ij tsh;f;ft[k;
kf;fSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;ft[k; gj;kpdp. gj;khRg;gpukzpak;.
itb$ae;jp khyh. rpj;uh tp!;nt!;tud;. Rjhuhzp kw;Wk;
gyh; ,f;fiyg;gzpia bra;J tUfpd;wdh;/
jkpHf ,ay; ,ir ehlfkd;wk; Mz;L njhWk;
fiy”h;fSf;F ‘fiykhkzp
fiykhkzp
fiykhkzp’ tpUJ tH’;fp bfsutpf;fpwJ/
,ij;jtpu fpuhkg;gw
[ ’;fspy; ehl;Lg[w eld’;fshd
fufhl;lk;. kapyhl;lk; kw;Wk; Fk;kp nghd;w gy;ntW
fpuhkpa fiyfs; jpUtpHhf;fhy’;fspy; eilbgWfpd;wd/
gy rigfs; eldf; f iy”h; f is Mjhpj; J mth; f s;
btspehLfSf;F bry;y Cf;fkspj;J ek; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F
bgUika[k;. g[fiHa[k; <l;o tUfpd;wd/
,ir : kf;fspd; fyhr;rhu thH;tpy; ,ir Kf;fpa g’;F
tfpf;fpwJ/ etPd fhyj;jpy; tha;ghl;L kw;Wk; ,irf;fUtpd;
K:yk; ,irf;fg;gLk; ,ira[k; gpugykhdit/ K:d;W
tpjkhd (Vocal) tha;gg ; hl;L ,ir mikg;gf [ s; cs;sd/
mit fh;ehlf r’;fPjk;. fpuhkg[w ghl;Lfs;. ,d;dpir
nghd;wit/ 17. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; rh; jpahfuha
Rthkpfs;. Kj;JRthkp jPlr; pjh;. rpkhah rh!;jphp nghd;nwhh;
fh;ehlf ,irf;F g[j;Japh; mspj;jdh;/ fh;ehlf ,iria.
brd;id ,irf;fy;Y}hp. jpUitahW ,irg;gs;sp kw;Wk;
,irr;r’;fk; nghd;wit tsh;jJ ; tUfpd;wd/ If;fpaehl;L
rigapy; fPh;j;jidfis ,irj;j jkpHfj;ij rhh;e;j
vk;/v!;/ Rg;g[yl;Rkp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;/ ,ij jtpu
brk;ig itj;jpaehjh;. brk;k’;Fo rPdpthr Iah;. vk;/vy;
tre;j Fkhhp. kfhuh$g[uk; re;jhdk;. ghyKuspfpUc&;zh
kw;Wk; gyh; fh;ehlf r’;fjP j;jpy; gpurpj;jp bgw;wth;fs; Mthh;/
116
jkpHpiriaa[k; mjd; bjhlh;ghd fiyfisa[k;
tsh;f;f 1932 Mk; Mz;L rpjk;guj;jpy; rh; mz;zhkiy
brl;oahh; vd;gth; jkpHpirf; fy;Y}hpia Jtf;fpdhh;/ ,th;
1943?Mk; Mz;oy; brd;idapy; ‘jkpHpirr; r’;fk;’ xd;iw
epWtpdhh;/ 1955 Mk; Mz;L rh; mz;zhkiyr; brl;oahhpd;
(nguuhd) lhf;lh; V/rp/Kj;ijah brl;oahh;
,irf;fy;Y}hpia KG neuf;fy;Y}hpahf khw;w ntz;oajd;
mtrpaj;ij czh;ej ; hh;/ mjdhy; 1955 ? Mk; Mz;oypUe;J
gFjp neuf;fy;Y}hpahf ,Ue;jij KGneuf;fy;Y}hpahf
khw;wpdhh;/
xt;nthh; Mz;Lk; jkpH; ,irr;r’;fk; ork;ghpy; 12
my; y J 13 ehl; f Sf; F ,irtpHhit elj; J fpwJ/
,t;tpHhtpy; K:jj; fiy”h;fs; kw;Wk; Mh;tKs;s ,sk;
fiy”h; f Sf; F fr; n rhp tha; g ; g [ f s; jug; g Lfpd; w d/
,irtpHhtpd; Jtf;f ehspy; xU K:jj ; ,irf;fiy”iu
miHj;J mtUila jiyikapy; ,irtpHh
Jtf;fg;gLk;/ tpHhtpd; Kotpy; mtUf;F
‘,irg;nguwp”h;’ vd;w gl;lk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 1993?Mk;
Mz; L jkpHpirr; r ’; f k; kw; W k; jkpH; ,ir tpHh
,t; t puz; o d; bghd; t pHht[ k ; kpf; f Mh; t j; J ld;
bfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ/
ehl; L g; g [ w ,ira[ k ; . ghlYk; gog; g oahf
kf;fSila ftdj;ij <h;jj ; d/ ,j;Jiwapy; bfhy;y’;Fo
fUg;ghap. g[c&;gtdk; Fg;g[rhkp kw;Wk; tp$ayl;rkp
etePjfpUc&z; d; nghd;nwhh; g[fH; bgw;W tps’;Ffpd;wdh;/
jkpHf ,is”h;fis bghpJk; fth;e;j ,ir
bky;ypirahFk;/ rPhf ; hHp nfhtpe;juh$d;. o/vk;/ brse;ju
uh$d;. n$Rjh!;. v!;/gp/ ghyRg;gpukzpak;. gp/RrPryh.
v!;/ $hdfp kw;Wk; gyh; bky;ypirj;Jiwf;F rpwg;ghf
gzpahw;wpa[s;sdh;/ ,irf;fUtpfs; ml’;fpa ,ira[k;
tuntw;ig bgw;Ws;sJ/ taypd; tpj;jfh; Fd;df;Fo
itj; j paehjd; . tP i z fhaj; h p. ehj!; t uf; fiy”h;
fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhr;ryk; nghd;nwhh; ,irf;fiyapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;/
117
jpiug; g lj; J iw : Rakjpg; g P L
I// rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
20 ? Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jkpHfj;jpy; kpft[k; bry;thf;F
bgw;w fiyahf jpiug;glk; tps’;fpaJ/ rKjha murpay; 1/ ‘jkpH;jhj;jh’ vd;W nghw;wg;gLgth;
kw;Wk; kjr;rhh;ghd fUj;Jfis kf;fspd; kd’;fspy; (m) fjpnurd; brl;oahh; (M) bt’;flrhkp ehlhh;
gug;gk[ ; rf;jp tha;ej
; rhjdkhf jpiug;glk; tps’;FfpwJ/
jw;nghJ jpiug;glk; bghGJ nghf;fpw;fhf gad;gLfpwJ/ (,) c/nt/rhkpehj Iah; (<) kiwkiy mofs;
brd;idapy; 1931 ? Mk; Mz;oy; Kjd; Kjyhf ngRk; 2/ ‘mfuKjyp’ vd;Dk; brhw;fs”;rpaj;ij vGjpath;
glk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ brd;idapy; Vtp/vk;/
(m) xsit Jiurhkp gps;is
kw; W k; tp$ath~pdp nghd; w jpiug; glg; g pog; g [
epiya’;fSk;. nfhak;gj [ J
; }h; gf;cp& uh$h epWtdk;. nryk; (M) njtneag; ghthzh;;
khlh;d; jpnal;lh; epWtdk; nghd;wit jpiug;glj;Jiwapy;
(,) ekr;rptha Kjypahh;
g[fH;bgw;w epWtd’;fshFk;/ jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; V/gp/
ehfuh$d;. o/ uhkz;zh. _jh;. nf/ghyre;jh;. v!;/gp/ (<) lhf;lh; K/ tujuhrdhh;
Kj;Juhkd;. ghujpuh$h. ghf;fpauh$;. kzpuj;dk; nghd;nwhh; 3/ rhz;oy;ad; vGjpa tuyhw;W g[jpdk;
g[fH;bgw;w ,af;Feh;fs; Mthh;/
(m) fly;g[wh (M) ntiyf;fhhp
jkpHpy; btspte;j Kjy; ngRk;glk; ‘fhspjh!;
fhspjh!;’ MFk;/ (,) re;jpufhe;jh (<) FLk;g tpsf;F
4/ jkpH;ehlfj;jpd; je;ij vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lth;
vdnt jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; Ez;fiyfspYk;
Vw;gl;l tsh;rr; p jkpHf kf;fspd; rK:f. murpay; fUj;Jfis (m) gk;ky; rk;ge;jk; Kjypahh;
gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ/ bjhd;ikahd gHf;f’;fs;. (M) kndhd;kzpak; Re;juk;gps;is
fUj;Jfisa[k; g[jpa g[ul;rpfukhd fUj;Jfshy; khw;wp;.
etP d fhy rKjhaj; i j cUthf; F tjpy; fiyfs; (,) o/nf/v!;/ rnfhjuh;fs;
bgUk;g’;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;wd/ (<) Nhpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp
5/ brd;idapy; Kjy; ngRk; glk; btspaplg;gl;l Mz;L
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
(m) 1937 (M) 1931 (,) 1934 (<) 1947
1/ jkpHfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp gw;wp
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
2/ jkpHfj;jpd; rkfhy ,yf;fpa gilg;g[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J II// nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f :
bfhz;ldh;/ 1/ rp/ uh$h$p vGjpa E}y; ____________
3/ jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; gytpj fiyfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ 2/ ____________ vd;Dk; E}y; njrpf tpehafk;
gps;isahy; vGjg;gl;lJ/
118 119
 3/ gj;kh Rg;ukzpak; ____________ Jiwapy; rpwg;g[
bgw;w xU fiy”h;/
4/ v k ; / v ! ; / R g ; g [ y l ; R k p ____________ , i r a p y ;
g[fH;bgw;w nkijfspy; xUth;/

III// bghUj;Jf :
m M
1/ Fd;df;Fo itj;jpaehjd; ehl;oaf;fiy”h;
2/ fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhryk; taypd;
3/ o/vk; brse;juuh$d; ehl;Lg;g[wf;fiy”h;
4/ g[c&g
; tdk; Fg;gr[ hkp ehj!;tuk;
5/ it$ae;jp khyh ghlfh;

IV// RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

1/ jkpH; ciueil tsh;r;rp gw;wp RUf;fkhf vGJf/
2/ jkpH;g[jpd Mrphpah;fs; rpyhpd; bgah;fis vGJf/
3/ jkpHfj;jpd; ehl;oaf;fiy”h;fspd; bgah;fis vGJf/
4/ jkpHfj;jpy; cs;s ,irf;fy;Y}hpfspy; ,uz;oid
Fwpg;gpLf/

V. tphpthd tpilasp :
1/ jkpH;g;g[jpd’;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw;wp vGJf/
2/ jkpH;ehl;od; ftpij tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff/
3/ jkpH; rpdpkh tsh;r;rp gw;wp tphpthf vGJf/

bra; K iwg; gapw; r p

gy;ntW Jiwfspy; rpwg;g[ bgw;w fiy”h;fs; gw;wpa
glj;bjhFg;g[ xd;W jahh; bra;f/

120
 Foikapay;
ghlk; 1
ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf; n fhs; f s;
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J
bfhs;sr;bra;jy;/
2/ njrpa Fwpf;nfhs;fis vt;thW miltJ vd;gij
mwpar;bra;jy;/
3/ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fisg; gw;wp tpthpf;fr; bra;jy;/
,e;jpah 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;L khjk; 15 Mk;
ehs; Rje;jpuk; mile;jJ/ ekJ njrj; jiyth;fs;. ,e;jpa
murpayikg;ig cUthf;f xU murpay; eph;za rigia
mikj;jdh;/ ekJ murpayikg;g[ 1950 $dthp 26 Mk;
ehs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j ehis ehk; FoauR
jpdkhff; bfhz;lhLfpd;nwhk;/ rkj;Jtf; bfhs;if bfhz;l
xU Rje;jpu ehl;il cUthf;f ntz;Lbkd;W ekJ njrj;
jiyth;fs; tpUk;gpdhh;fs;/ Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF
tWik. kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fk;. vGj;jwptpd;ik/
ntiyapd;ik nghd;w rK:f bghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis
ekJ ehL vjph;nehf;f ntz;oapUe;jJ/ mnj rkaj;jpy;
xt;bthU FokfDf;Fk; Rje;jpuk;. rkj;Jtk;. ePjpiaa[k;
tH’;fntz;oa NH;epiyapy; ehL ,Ue;jJ/ ,ij ehk;
ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fis jPtpukhf bray;gLj;Jtjd;
K:ynk mila Koa[k;/ ekJ Fwpf;nfhs;fs; bjspthf
eph;zapf;fg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw epiwntw;WtJk; kpf
vspjhFk;/ ekJ ehl;L tsh;r;rpf;F njrpa Fwpf;nfhs;fs;
xU tHpfhl; o ahf cs; s J/ murpay; mikg; g pd;
Kft[ i uapy; ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf; n fhs; f s; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sd/
kf; f shl; r p
cyfpy; epyt[k; Kf;fpa murpay; bfhs;ifapy;
kf;fshl;rp Kiwa[k; xd;W/ kf;fshl;rp vd;w brhy;
blkh!;. fpnu!p vd;w ,U fpnuf;fr; brhw;fspypUe;Jg;
121
bgwg;gl;lJ/ blkh!; vd;gJ kf;fs; vd;Wk; fpnu!p
vd;gJ. murh’;fk; vd;Wk; bghUs;gLk;/ ekJ ehL
kf;fshl;rp Kiw bfhz;l ehL/ mbkhpf;fhtpd; Kd;dhs;
$dhjpgjp Mgpufhk; yp’;fdpd; fUj;Jg;go kf;fshl;rp
vd;gJ/ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fns elj;Jk; Ml;rp MFk;/
kf;fshl;rp ehLfspy; kf;fspd; fUj;jpw;F Kjyplk;
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/
kf;fshl;rp rkjh;kk;
njrpaf; F wpf; n fhs; f s;
kjr;rhh;gpd;ik rKjhag; b ghUshjhu
murpay; ePjp
ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf; n fhs; f s;
kf;fshl;rp bray;gLk; tpjk; : kf;fshl;rp eilbgWk;
ehLfspy; Fokf;fs; rl;l hPjpahd mjpfhu’;fisa[k;
murpay; mjpfhu’;fisa[k; bgWfpd;wdh;/ thf;Fhpik.
murpay; fUj;Jf;fis btspapLk; chpik.
njh;eb
; jLf;fg;gLk; chpik Mfpait rpy cjhuz’;fshFk;/
kf;fshl;rp eilbgWk; kw;w ehLfs; gw;wp cdJ
MrphpalkpUe;J bjhpe;J bfhs;/
ekJ kf;fshl;rpapy; taJte;njhUf;F thf;Fhpik vd;w
epajp gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ/ ekJ Kd;dhs; gpujk mikr;rh;
uh$Pt; fhe;jp mth;fs; 1985 Mk; Mz;L Xl;Lhpik taij
21ypUe;J 18 Mff;Fiwj;jhh;/ ,e;jpaf; Fokf;fs; vtUk;
murh’;fj;jpd; cah;e;j gjtpf;F njh;e;bjLf;fg;glyhk;/
,iwika[s;s kf;fshl;rpapy;. Ml;rpahsh;fis kf;fs;
122
cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;/ ekJ kf;fshl;rp kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf
bray;gLfpd;wJ/
kf;fshl;rpapd; tiffs; : kf;fshl;rpapy; ,uz;L
tiffs; cz;L neuo kf;fshl;rp kw;Wk; kiwKf
kf;fshl;rp/ neuo kf;fshl;rpapy; kf;fns rl;l’;fis
,aw; w p. njitahd ,l’; f spy; jpUj; j ’; f isr;
bra;fpd;wdh;/ ,j;jifa Ml;rp Kiw Fiwe;j kf;fs;
bjhif bfhz;l ehLfSf;Fg; bghUe;Jk;/ cjhuzk;
Rtpl;rh;yhe;J/ Mdhy; kiwKf kf;fshl;rpapy; kf;fshy;
njh; e ; b jLf; f g; g l; l gpujpepjpfs; kf; f Sf; f hf Ml; r p
bra;thh;fs;/ ,e;jpahitg; nghd;w bghpa ehLfSf;F
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp bghUe;Jk;/ kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; ehk;
K:dW; mLf;F Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wfpd;nwhk;/ mit kj;jpa
muR. khepy muR. cs;shl;rp mikg;g[fs;/ ,k;K:d;W
mikg;g[fSf;Fk; njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;L gpuepjpfs;
njh;eb; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/
kf;fshl;rpapd; nehf;fk; : kf;fs; eyid Kd;itj;J
ekJ Ml;rp eilbgWfpd;wJ/ rKjha bghUshjhu murpay;
thH;fi
; fapy; vy;nyhUf;Fk; rk chpik tH’;fg;gLfpd;wJ/
cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa kf;fshl;rp ehlhf ,e;jpah
tps’;FfpwJ/
njh; j y; Mizak; :
ekJ kf; f shl; r p kug[
fisg; ghJfhf;f kj;jpa
n j h ; t h i z a k; xd; W
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,jd;
jiyik mYtyfk;
g[ J jpy; y papy; cs; s J/
ehL KGtjpYk; njh;jy;
fis neh;ikahd Kiw
apy; elj;Jtnj njh;jy; kpd;dQq thf;Fgjpt[ ,ae;jpuk;
Mizaj;jpd; gzpahFk;/
njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyikj; njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk;
123
,uz;L njh;jy; Mizah;fisa[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ ,th;fs;
$dhjpgjpahy; epakpf; f g; g Lfpwhh; f s; / xt; b thU
khepyj; j pYk; khepy njh; j y; Mizak; cs; s J/
jkpH;ehl;od; njh;jy; Mizak; brd;idapy; cs;sJ/
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; khepy rl;l kd;w’;fSf;Fk; kf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfis njh;e;bjLf;Fk; gzpia njh;jy; Mizak;
bra; f pwJ/ efuhl; r p. g”; r haj; J nghd; w cs; s hl; r p
mikg;g[fSf;Fk; njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ bghJj;
njh;jy;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; ,ilj;njh;jy;fSk; ,ilg;gUt
njh;jy;fSk; njitahd NH;epiyfspy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd/
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpwF 14 bghJj; njh;jy;fs;
elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/ 14tJ bghJj; njh;jypy; Kjd;Kiwahf
ehL KGtJk; kpd;dQq thf;Fg;gjpt[ Kiw/
mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,jw;F Kd;dhy; ,k;Kiw xU rpy
gFjpfspy; kl;Lk; filgpof;fg;gl;lJ/
fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw : kf;fs; Ml;rp ey;y Kiwapy;
eilbgw fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw rpwe;j Kiwapy; bray;gl
ntz;Lk;/ K:d;W Kiwahd fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwfs; cz;L/
mit (1) xU fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw (2) ,U fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw
(3) gy fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw/ ,e;jpah gy fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwf;F
xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;/ ,e;jpahtpYs;s fl;rpfs; njrpaf;
fl;rpfs; khepyf; fl;rpfs; vd ,U gphpt[fshf gphpf;
fg;gl;Ls;sd/gy;ntW fl;rpap idr; rhh;ej ; ntl;ghsh;fs;
ghuhSkd;w mitfSf;Fk;. khepy rl;lrigfSf;Fk;
nghl;oapLfpd;wdh;/
jiyik mjpfhup
thf; f hsu;
thf;Fgjpt[ mjpfhupfs;
kpd;ddq thf;Fgjpt[
124
kf;fs; Ml;rp muR mikf;fg;gLjy; : VnjDk;
xU fl;rpia rhh;ej ; ntl;ghsUf;F kf;fs; j’;fsJ thf;if
mspf; f pd; w dh; / ghuhSkd; w j; njh; j ypy; mWjp
bgUk;ghd;ik bgw;w fl;rp kj;jpa muir mikf;fpd;wJ/
,t;thnw khepy’;fspYk; mWjp bgUk;ghd;ik bgw;w
fl;rp khepy rl;lkd;w’;fis mikf;fpd;wJ/ ,uz;L
njh;jy;fspYnk ,uz;lhtJ bgUk;ghd;ik bgw;w fl;rp
vjph; f ; f l; r pahf bray; g Lk; me; j !; i j bgWfpwJ/
kf;fshl;rp rpwg;g[ld; bray;gl typikg; bghUe;jpa
vjph;f;fl;rp mtrpak;/ ,e;j vjph;f;fl;rpfs; MS’;fl;rp
bra;ak [ ; jtWfisa[k.; Fiwfisa[k; Rl;of;fhl;Lfpd;wd/
njrpa mstpy; ghuhSkd; w Kk; khepy mstpy;
rl;lkd;w’;fSk; rl;l’;fis ,aw;wp kf;fis Ml;rp
bra;fpd;wJ/
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk;
ey;y kf;fshl;rp eilbgwj; njitahd
fhuzpfs; :
kf; f shl; r p ey; y Kiwapy; bray; g l kf; f s;
midtUk; mth;fSila chpikfisa[k; flikfisa[k;
gw; w p ed; F mwpe; j pUj; j y; mtrpak; / murh’; f j; i j
elj;Jtjw;F njitahd rpwe;j gpujpepjpfisj; njh;eb; jLf;f
ntz;Lbkdpy; murpd; bray;ghLfisa[k; jpl;l’;fisa[k;
kf;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;/
125
II rkjh;kk;
ehl; L ts’; f is vt; t pj ntWghLkpd; w p
vy; n yhUf; F k; rkkhf gfph; e ; J mspg; g nj rkjh; k
nfhl;ghlhFk;/ 1955 Mk; Mz;L mg;nghija Kjy;
ke;jphpahf ,Ue;j fhkuhrh; jiyikapy; Mtoapy;
eilbgw;w ,e;jpa njrpa fh’;fpurpd; khehl;oy; rkjh;kf;
bfhs; i f bjhlh; g hd jP h ; k hdk; Kjd; Kjypy;
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/
,e; j pahtpy; rkjh; k bfhs; i fapd; njit :
M’;fpnyah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; tptrhaKk; bjhHpw;rhiya[k;
g[ w f; f zpf; f g; g l; l d/ ,e; j pa bghUshjhuj; j pd;
KJbfYk;ghf tptrhak; tps’;FfpwJ/ ek; ehl;oy; 80
rjtPj kf;fs; fpuhk’;fspy; thH;fpwhh;fs;/ mth;fspd;
bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; tptrhapfshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;/ ekJ
rKjhaj;jpy; ViH. gzf;fhud; vd;w gphpt[fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd/
gzf;fhuh;fs; j’;fspd; vy;yh njitfisa[k; g{h;j; jp
bra;af;Toa epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;/ Mdhy; viHfs; j’;fsJ
mog; g ilj; njitfisa[ k ; g{h; j ; j p bra; a Koahj
epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;/ ,t;tpU gphptpdiug; gphpf;Fk; nfhL
tWikf;nfhL vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/ ,e;jpa kf;fs;
bjhifapy; 1/3 gphptpdh; tWikf; n fhl; o d; fP H ;
thH; f pd; w dh; / ,t; t pU gphptpdUf; f pilna cs; s
,ilbtspia rhp bra;a ntz;oaJ ekJ flik/ xU
rkjh;kf; bfhs;iff; bfhz;l xU murhy; jhd; ,ij
epiwntw;w Koa[k;/
rKjha eyj;jpl;l’;fs; :
1/ ekJ ,e;jpa muR bghUshjhur; rkj;Jtj;ijr;
bray;gLj;j gy jpl;l’;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpa[ss
; J/
(m) bghJ tpepnahf Kiw (M) Fiwe;j brytpy;
126
 tPL fl;oj; jUjy; (,) xt;bthU ,e;jpaDf;Fk;
ntiy tha;gi ; ga[k; fy;tp tha;gi
; ga[k; mspj;jy;/
2/ ,e;jpa epy cr;r tuk;g[r; rl;lKk;. Mr;rhh;ah
tpndhghghnttpd; g{jhd ,af;fKk; epykpy;yhj
tptrhapfSf;F epykspf;f tHptif bra;Js;sJ/
3/ rKjhaj; j pYk; bghUshjhuj; j pYk; gpd; j ’; f pa
kf;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F rKjha ey Mizak;
xd;iwa[k; epWtpa[s;sJ/
4/ mog;gil chpikfs; : (m) rkj;Jt chpik
(M) Rje;jpu chpik (,) Ruz;lYf;bfjpuhd chpik
(<) rka chpik (c) fy;tp fyhr;rhu chpik (C)
murpayikg;g[f;Fl;gl;L ghpfhuk; bgWk; chpik
Mfpa ,t;t[hpikfs; midj;J ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk;
rhjp. kjk;. ghy;. ,dk;. gpwe;j ,lk; vd;w ve;j
ntWghod;wp tH’;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
mog;gil chpikfs; ekJ murpay; mikg;g[ rl;lj;jpy;
III tJ gphptpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ/
5/ muR bewpKiwf; bfhs;ifs; : muR bewpKiwf;
bfhs;iffs; ekJ njrpaf; Fwp;f;nfhs;fis mila
rpy tHpKiwfis muRf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ/ muR
bewp Kiwf;bfhs;iffs;; xU bghJ ey muR
Vw;gLtij nehf;fkhff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ mit (m)
kf;fspd; thH;fi ; f juj;ij cah;jJ
; jy;. (M) thH;fi
; f
trjpfisg; bgUf;Ftjw;F njitahd
tHpKiwfisr; bra; J jUjy; . (,) trjp
tha;g;gw;nwhhpd; eyid ftdpj;jy;. (<) bry;tk;
Xhplj; j py; Ftpahky; jLj; j y; . (c) ,aw; i f
ts’;fis rPhpa Kiwapy; vy;nyhUf;Fk; gadspf;Fk;
tifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy; nghd;witahFk;/ ekJ muR
md; w hl eph; t hfj; j pw; f hd bfhs; i ffisa[ k ; /
rl; l ’; f isa[ k ; cUthf; F k; bghGJ ,t; t Hp
Kiwfis kdjpy; epidt[ bfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;/
127
6/ ekJ muR kf;fspilna cs;s Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis
ePf;f gy;ntW bghUshjhuj; jpl;l’;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ mit (1) 10 Ie;J Mz;L
jpl;l’;fs;/ (2) 20 mk;rj;jpl;lk; (3) $t~h; ntiy
tha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (4) Rantiy tha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (5)
bgz; f s; eyDf; f hd ,e; j puh kfsph; ntiy
tha;gg
; j
[ j
; pl;lk; (6) Kjpnahh;fSf;fhd md;d g{h;zh
jpl;lk; (7) vy;nyhUf;Fk; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; (rh;t rpf;c&
mgpahd;)/
muR bewpKiwf; n fhl; g hLfs; murpay;
mikg; g [ r ; r l; l j; j pd; IV tJ gphptpy; fhzg; g LfpwJ
,j;jifa jpl;l’;fs; rkjh;k murpd; btw;wp
njhy;tpia eph;zapf;Fk; mst[ nfhyhFk;/
III kjr; r hh; g pd; i k
ekJ murpay; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iuapy; ekJ muR
,iwik bghUe;jpa rkjh;k kj rhh;gw;w kf;fshl;rp bgw;w
FoauR vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;gJ
ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;/
1976 Mk; Mz;L 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; go ekJ murpay;
mikg;gr[ ; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;gi
[ uapy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;Dk;
bfhs;if ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;w
brhy; ‘brf; F yk; ’ vd; w ,yj; j P d ; bkhHpapypUe; J
bgwg;gl;lJ/ brf;Fyk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F kjr;rhh;gpd;ik
vd;gJ bghUs;/ ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; muruhd
Kfyha murh; mf;gUk;. k~h uh$h u”;rpj; rp’; vd;gtUk;
19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; rK:f rka rPhj; pUj;jthjpfshd uh$huhk;
nkhfd; u ha; . Rthkp tpntfhde; j h; nghd; n whUk;
kjr;rhh;gpd;ik bfhs;ifia Mjhpj;jdh;/
kjr;rhh;gpd;ikapd; njit : ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J
kjk;. fpUj;Jtk;. ,!;yhk;. rPf;fpa kjk;. i$d kjk;.
128
g[j;j kjk; nghd;w gy kj’;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd/
jw;nghJ gy kjj;jpdhpilna rkag; g{ry;fs; epytp
tUfpd;wd/ ,e;epiyapy; kj ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j
kjr; r hh; g pd; i kf; bfhs; i fia gpd; g w; W tJ kpf
mtrpakhFk;/
,e;jpahtpy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik : ,e;Jf;fs;. K!;yPk;fs;.
fpUj;Jth;fs; my;yJ ntW ve;j kjj;jpduhf ,Ue;jhYk;/
mth;fsJ kjj;ij gpd;gw;w KGr;Rje;jpuk;
tH’;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;gnj ,e;jpa kjr;rhh;gpd;ik
bfhs;ifapd; nehf; fkhFk; / ,e; j pa muR ve; j xU
jdpg;gl;l rkaj;ija[k; mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ my;y/
,e;jpa kf;fs; midtUk; j’;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd kjj;ijj;
njh;e;bjLf;ft[k;. gpd;gw;wt[k;. nghjpf;ft[k; chpikg;
bgw;Ws;sdh;/ kf;fsJ rka nfhl;ghLfspYk;
fUj;Jf;fspYk; muR jiyaplhJ/
kjr;rhh;gpd;ik
ekJ ehl;oy; rkak; vd;gJ muRf;bfhs;iffSf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ/ ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ve;j KiwapYk; tHpgLk;
129
chpik kf;fSf;F tH’;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy;. mnj
rkaj;jpy; kf;fspd; ve;j eltof;iffSk; bra;iffSk;
kw;w kj czh;tf [ is ghjpf;ff;TlhJ vd;w xU epge;jid
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,e;jpa kf;fspilna kjr;rfpg;g[j;
jd;ik tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ/ kjr;rfpg;g[j;jd;ik vd;gJ
gz;ila ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;od; Kf;fpaf;TwhFk;/
,e;jpaf; Fokf;fs;. ve;j kjj;jpduhf ,Ue;jhYk;
ekJ murh’;fj;jpd; cah;ej ; gjtpia tfpf;fyhk;/ j’;fsJ
kj nghjidfisr; bra;at[k.; kjtsh;rr; pf;Fg; ghLglt[k;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s vy;yh kjj;jpdUf;Fk;
ghJfhg;gspf;f ; g;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy; ,j;jifa ghJfhg;igj;
jtwhfg; gad; g Lj; j p kjf; fytu’; f Sf; F tHp
tFf;ff;TlhJ/ ,jdhy; kjr; rhh;gpd;ik bfhs;if gw;wpa
mwpit kf;fspilna tsur; bra;a ekJ muRk; Kaw;rp
bra;fpd;wJ/ kj ey;ypzf;fj;ija[k/; kjr;rhh;gpd;ikiaa[k;
tsur; bra;tjpy; murh’;fj;Jld; xj;JiHg;gJ xt;bthU
,e;jpahpd; flikahFk;/ kjr;rfpg;gj [ j
; d;ik bfhs;ifia
tsh; g ; g jpy; murpay; jiyth; f s; . fy; t pahsh; f s; .
kjj; j iyth; f s; MfpnahUf; F bgUk; g’; F z; L /
kjr;Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ ekJ mog;gil chpikfSs; xd;whf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
IV rK: f g; bghUshjhu murpay; eP j p
ekJ murpay; mikg;gr[ ; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk;
midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjp
tH’;FtJk;. rk me;j!;J mspg;gJk; vy;nyhUf;Fk;
rpe; j pf; f t[ k ; . vz; z ’; f is btspaplt[ k ; Rje; j puk;
mspg;gJk; MFk;/ $hjp. kj. ghypd ntWghod;wp
vy;nyhUf;Fk; jdpf;Foa[hpik tH’;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ murpd;
nritj;jpl;l’;fs; midj;Jk; vy;yh gphptpdiua[k;
brd;wila tHptifr; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ kjr;Rje;jpuk;.
jPz;lhik xHpg;g[. gy;ntW rK:f ey Miza’;fs;
130
epWtg; g Ljy; nghd; w it gy; n tW rK: f j; j pdhpd;
Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis ePf;f tHptif bra;Js;sJ/ fhe;jp$p. </
bt/uh bghpahh;. _ ehuhazFU nghd;nwhh; jPzl; hikia
xHpf;f mUk;ghLgl;ldh;/
rK: f j; j py; bgz; f spd; epiyia cah; j ; j t[ k ; .
FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwiaj; jLf;ft[k; muR gy
rl;l’;fis ,aw;wpa[ss ; J/ r’;f’;fis epWt[k; chpika[k;
murpayikg;g[f;Fl;gl;L ghpfhuk; bgWk; chpika[k;.
Ruz;lYf;bfjpuhd chpika[k; fy;tp fyhr;rhu chpika[k.;
bfhj; j oik Kiw xHpg; g [ k ; ekJ muR midj; J
kf;fSf;Fk; rK:f ePjp tH’;fpa[s;sJ vd;gij cWjp
bra;fpd;wJ/
cj;juthjk; mspj;Js;s bghUshjhu rK:f murpay;
chpikfisg; ghJfhf;f Rje;jpukhf bray;gLk; ePjpj;Jiw
xd;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
1/ ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf; n fhs; f shd kf; f shl; r p. rkjh; k k; .
kjr;rhh;gpd;ik. rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjp
gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
2/ njrpaf; F wpf; n fhs; f is vt; t hW miltJ vd; g ija[ k ;
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
3/ njrpaf; Fwpf; n fhs; f isg; gw; w p tphpthf tpsf; f t[ k ;
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

ekJ Kd;dhs; gpujk ke;jphp ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 1976y; ,e;jpahtpy;

bfhj; j oik Kiw xHpa Kf; f pa g’; F tfpj; j hh; / Rakjpg; g P L
I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
,e;jpah;fs; midtUk;. ,e;jpahtpd;
ve;jg;gFjpapYk; Fonawyhk;/ midtUf;Fk; 1/ kf;fshl;rp vd;gjw;F bghUj;jkhd tpsf;fk; Twpath;
brhj;Jf;fis th’;ft[k.; tpw;ft[k; tpUg;ghd ntiyiar; (m) thc&p’;ld; (M) Mgpufhk;yp’;fd;
bra;at[k.; thzpgk;. tpahghuj;ij nkw;bfhs;st[k; chpik (,) bfd;do (<) cl;nuh tpy;rd;
cz;L/ jFjpapd; mog;gilapy; jpwika[s;sth;fSf;F
2/ thf; F hpik mspf; F k; taij 21ypUe; J 18 Mf
muRj; Jiwfspy; ntiy tha;gg ; spf;f xU njh;t[ Mizak;
Fiwj;jth;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/ kj;jpa njh;thizak; (U.P.S.C.) jkpH; ehL
njh;t[ Mizak; (T.N.P.S.C) buapy;nt njh;t[ thhpak; (R.R.B) (m) ,e;jpuhfhe;jp (M) bkuuhh;$p njrha;
nghd; w Miza’; f s; kj; j pa kw; W k; khepy muR (,) uh$Pt;fhe;jp (<) tp/gp/ rp’;/
gzpfSf;Fg; gzpahsh;fisj; njh;e;bjLf;fpwJ/ 3/ ,J tiu ele;j ghuhSkd;w bghJj;njh;jy;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
ekJ muR. kf; f shl; r p murhf ,Ug; g jhy;
thf;fspf;Fk; chpik midtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ (m) 12 (M) 13 (,) 14 (<) 15
,J taJ te;njhh; thf;Fhpik vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/ 4/ gy fl;rp Ml;rp eilbgWk; ehl;ow;F Xh; cjhuzk;
,jd; mog;gilapy; rhjp. ,dk;. fy;tp. ghypdk;.
(m) ,’;fpyhe;J (M) mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;
cah;en
; jhh;. jhH;en
; jhh; vd;w ve;j ghFghLkpd;wp 18 taij
mile;j midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik tH’;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ (,) ,e;jpah (<) M!;jpnuypah
rl;lk; midtUf;Fk; bghJthdJ vd;gnj ekJ rkjh;k
kf;fshl;rpapd; nehf;fkhFk;/ ekJ murpay; mikg;g[
131 132
II/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : 7/ kjr; rhh;gpd;ik vd;why; vd;d>
1/ ekJ murpay; mikg;g[r; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j 8/ jPz;lhik xHpf;fg;ghLgl;l rK:f rPh;jpUj;j thjpfis
Mz; L _______________/ Fwpg;gpLf/
2/ ‘blkh!;’ vd;why; _______________ vd;W bghUs;/ 9/ rkjh;kk; ? tiuaW/
3/ kf;fshl;rp rkjh;kk; vd;w bfhs;if 1955 k; Mz;L
_______________ vd; w ,lj; j py; ele; j ,e; j pa V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
njrpa fh’;fpuR khehl;oy; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/
1/ ,e;jpah xU kf;fshl;rp muR vd;gij tpthp/
4/ ekJ muR bewpKiwf; bfhs;iffs; murpay; mikg;g[
rl;lj;jpd; _______________ gphptpy; cs;sJ/ 2/ ,e;jpahtpd; kjr; rhh;gpd;ik bfhs;ifia tpthp/

5/ 1976 Mk; Mz;L _______________ jpUj;jj;jpd;go 3/ ,e;jpahtpd; rkjh;kk; gw;wp vGJf/

kj rhh;gpd;ik vd;w bfhs;if ekJ murpay; mikg;g[ 4/ ,e;jpa kf;fspd; rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjp
rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iuapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ/ gw;wp vGJf/

III/ bghUj;Jf : bra; K iwg; g apw; r p

m M 1/ Mrphpahpd; Jiz bfhz;L kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; cdJ
1/ fhe;jpaofs; rk chpik tFg; g [ jiytid njh; e ; b jLf; f xU njh; j iy
elj;jt[k;/
2/ ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Mr;rhh;ah tpndhghghnt
2/ khjphp ghuhSkd;wk; xd;iw bray;gLj;jt[k;/
3/ mog;gil chpikfs; bfhj;joik Kiw xHpg;g[
4/ g{kpjhd ,af;fk; thf;fspf;Fk; taJ 18
Mf Fiwj;jy;
5/ 1985 jPz;lhik xHpg;g[

IV/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

1/ ,e;jpahtpd; njrpa Fwpf;nfhs;fs; ahit>
2/ kf;fshl;rp tiuaW/
3/ taJ te;njhh; thf;Fhpik vd;why; vd;d>
4/ ekJ murpay; rl; l k; mspj; J s; s mog; g il
chpikfs; ahit>
5/ kf;fshl;rpapd; nehf;f’;fs; ahit>
6/ K:d;W tifahd fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwfs; ahit>
133 134
 ghlk; 2
njrpa xUikg; g hL
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ ekJ ghuk; ghpaj; ij mwpjy; /
2/ njrPa xUikg;ghl;od; bghUis bjhpe;J
bfhs;sy;/
3/ ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik vd;w fUj;ij mwpjy;/
cyfpy; cs;s kpfg;bghpa kf;fshl;rp eilbgWk;
ehLfspy; xd;W ,e;jpah/ cyf tuyhw;wpy;
,e;jpag;gz;ghL kpfr;rpwe;jjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ/ ,e;jpah
gy tif ntWghLfs; bfhz;l xU ehL/ ,e;jpahtpy;
gy g[tpapay; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ/
epytpay; ntWghLfs; : ,e;jpahtpy; epymikg;
gpYk; fhy epiyapYk;. ,aw;ifj; jhtu tiffspYk;.
kz; tiffspYk; ntWghLfs; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d/
,e;jpahtpy; cah;e;j kiyfSk;. gPlg{kpfSk; ,Ug;gJ
nghy jhH;epy’;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ gy;ntW fhy
epiyfs; ,e;jpahtpy; epyt[fpd;wd/ ,uh$!;jhdpy;
Kl;g[jh;fisa[k;/ mrhkpy; mlh;e;j fhLfisa[k; ehk;
fhz;fpnwhk;/
gz; g hl; L f; T Wfspy; ntWghLfs; : ,e; j pahtpy;
bkhHp. ,dk;;. kjk;;. rhjp Mfpatw;wpy; ntWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;jpah;fs; vz;zw;w bkhHpfisg;
ngRfpd;wdh;/ ,e;jp. kuhj;jp. F$uhj;jp. g”;rhgp. cUJ.
t’;fhsp nghd;w Kf;fpa bkhHpfs; tl,e;jpahtpy;
ngrg;gLfpd;wd/ jkpH;. kiyahsk;. bjY’;F/ xhpah/
fd;dlk; Mfpait bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk; Kf;fpa
bkhHpfs; MFk;;/ gy;ntW bkhHpfspy; g[fH; bgw;w
,yf;fpa’;fs; gy gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ tl bkhHpapy;
vGjg;gl;l thy;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazk;. fhspjhrhpd;
rhFe; j yk; . jkpH; b khHpapy; vGjg; g l; l fk; g hpd;
,uhkhazk;. jpUts;Sthpd; jpUf;Fws; Mfpait rhjp.
kjk;. bkhHp vd;w ntWghod;wp vy;yh ,e;jpah;fshYk;
135
ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;jpahtpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gy
rpWghd; i k kw; W k; gH’; F o bkhHpfs; ngrg; g l; L
tUfpd;wd/ gH’;Fo kf;fs; ngRk; bkhHpfSf;F vGj;J
totk; ,y; i y/ ,e; j pa ehl; L kf; f s; mth; f sJ
gz;ghl;ila[k;/ bkhHpiaa[k; ghJfhf;fpd;w chpik
bgw; W s; s dh; / jP g htsp. uk; $ hd; . fpwp!; J k!; .
FUehdf;b$ae;jp. g[jj ; g{h;zpkh. kfhtPh; b$ae;jp nghd;w
gjpbdl;L bkhHpfs; ekJ murpayikg;ghy;
m’; f P f huk; bgw; W s; s d/
rka tpHhf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd/ gy
ntWghL fspUg;gpDk; ,e;jpah;fs; kjr;rfpg;gj
[ j
; d;ikia
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;/ fhyepiyapy; ntWghLfs; ,Ug;gjhy;
gaphplg;gLk; gaph;fSk; khWfpd;wd/ gaphplg;gLk;
gaph;fspd; mog;gilapy; czt[g;gHf;f tHf;f’;fs;
,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgLfpd;wd/ vdnt bjd;dpe;jpa
khepy’;fspy;; mhprp Kf;fpa czthft[k;/ tl ,e;jpa
khepy’;fspy; nfhJik Kf;fpa czthft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/
ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wika[k; njrPa xUikg;ghLk;:
xU ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wp
xw;Wik czh;t[ld; mikjpahf xU’;fpize;J thGk;
xU czh;nt njrPa xUikg;ghL vd;gjhFk;/ ek; ehl;od;
tsh;r;rpf;F kf;fs; midtUk; xU’;fpize;J gzpahw;w
njrP a xUikg; g hL tHptFf; f pd; w J/ tFg; g [ t hjk; .
jP t puthjk; nghd; w jP i kfis vjph; j ; J g; nghuhLk;
typikiaa[k; mspf;fpd;wJ/
,e;jpahtpy; njrPa xUikg;ghL : g[tpapay; kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;L ntWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; xw;Wik vd;Dk;
tpaf;fj;jf;f Mf;ff;TW midj;J kf;fisa[k; xd;whf
,izf;fpd;wJ/ ,e;j xw;Wikna ,e;jpa gz;ghl;od;
rpwg;g[ mk;rkhFk;/ ,ijna ehk; ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik
vd;Wk; njrPa xUikg;ghL vd;Wk; miHf;fpd;nwhk;/
136
,e;jpah;fs; midtUk; rhjp. kjk;. bkhHp Mfpatw;wpy;
ntWgl;L ,Ue;jhYk; j’;fis Kjypy; ,e;jpah; vd;Wk;
gpwF jkpHh;fs;. kiyahspfs;. fpwp!;Jth;fs;. K!;yk
P f
; s;
vd;Wk; TWtjpy;jhd; bgUkpjk; milfpd;wdh;/ ,e;jpa
kf;fspilna cs;s ,j;jifa czh;t[ vy;yh ntw;Wik
fisa[k; fise;J xw;Wika[ld; thH tHpbra;fpd;wJ/
xw; W ik vd; w E}yhy; fl; l g; g l; l gy; n tW kyh; f spd;
khiy vd; W ,e; j pah xg; g plg; g Lfpd; w J/
njrPa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;Fk; fhuzpfs; :
1/ e k J g H f ; f t H f ; f ’ ; f S k ; g h u k ; g h p a K k ; : :
tpUe;njhk;gy;. <if. el;g[. md;g[. Raeykpd;ik.
2/ murpayikg;g[f;Fl;gl;l chpikfs; : ekJ
murpayikg;g[ njrPa xUikg;ghl;ow;F tpj;jpLfpwJ/
murpayikg;g[ ,e;jpaf;Fokf;fs; midtUf;Fk;
rkj;Jtk;. Rje;jpuk;. kw;Wk; ePjp tH’;fpa[s;sJ/ rhjp.
kjk;. ,dk;. ghy;. bkhHp ntWghod;wp kf;fSf;F
mog;gil chpikfisa[k; tH’;fpa[ss ; J/ eyptile;j
gphptpduhd Mjpjpuhtplh;fs; kw;Wk; gH’;FoapdUf;Fk;
rpwg;g[ rYiffs; tH’;fg;gl;Ls;sd/
fhe; j paofs; jP z ; l hik xHpg; g jw; F g; ghLgl; l hh; /
rkjh;kk; kw;Wk; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik gz;g[fs; njrpa
xUikg; g hL bgUkstpy; tsu cjt[ f pd; w d/
,e;jpau;fs; xt;bthUtUk; nkw;go bfhs;iffs; tsu
xd;wpize;J gzpg[hpantz;Lk;/

3/ njrpa tpHhf;fs; : Rje;jpu jpdk;. FoauR jpdk;.

LXôfNôWl TuûU njrpa xUikg;ghl;L jpdk;. fhe;jp b$ae;jp nghd;w
TôWmT¬Vl TiTôÓ njrpa tpHhf;fis ek; ehl;Lkf;fs; bfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;/
NêLl LhÓlTôÓLs ,j;jifa tpHhf;fs; gs;spfs;. fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk;
ùUô¯ C]m mYtyf’;fspYk; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/
URm
YôÝm ùS±
§ÚUQm ùRô¯p 4 / njrpaf; bfho kw;Wk; njrpa fPjk;: tPuk;. jpahfk;.
NPeÏLs RôYWm cz;ik. rkhjhdk;. brHpg;g[ Mfpatw;iw gpujpgypf;Fk;
]m
®Xe¡ ûX Ui ekJ njrpaf; bfhof; F midj; J ,e; j pah; f Sk;
LôX¨
khpahij mspf;fpd;wdh;/ ekJ ehl;od; bgUikiag;
nghw;Wk; njrpa fPjk; ek; midtiua[k; cw;rhfg;
gLj;JfpwJ/ ekJ njrpa ghly;. te;nj khjuk;.
njrg;gw;W czh;it kf;fspilna tsur;bra;fpd;wJ/

5 / khepy’;fisr; rhh;e;jpUj;jy; : khepyj;jpw;F khepyk;

rkhjhdk;. fUiz. rfpg;gj [ j
; d;ik nghd;w ghuk;ghpag; g{nfhs TWfSk;. fhy epiyTWfSk; khWgLfpwJ/
gz;gf[ is ,e;jpah Mjhpf;fpwJ/ ,J ,e;jpah;fs; j’;fs; m’;F gaphplg;gLk; gaph;fspd; tiffSk; khWgL
ntw; W ikfis kwe; J xw; W ikahf thH cjtp fpd;wJ/ vdnt khepy’;fSf;F ,ilna czt[ kw;Wk;
bra;fpd;wJ/ bghUs; ghpkhw;wk; eilbgWfpwJ/ nfus khepyj;jpy;
,Ue;J je;jKk;. jkpH;ehl;oy; ,Ue;J btw;wpiya[k;.
137 138
 g”;rhg;gpy; ,Ue;J nfhJika[k; bgwg;gLfpd;wJ/ ekJ
njrpa ftp”h; ghujpahh; njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilg; gw;wp
gy ghly;fisj; jkpH; bkhHpapy; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;/
6 / vy;nyhUk; Xh; ,dk; vd;w czh;t[ : ehk;
vy; n yhUk; ,e; j pah; vd; w
czh;t.[ ghujj;jhapd; g[jy;th;fs;.
vy;yh ,e;jpaUk; vdJ rnfhj
uh;fs;. rnfhjhpfs; vd;w czh;t[
njrpa xUikg; ghl;il
tsur;bra;fpd;wJ/ xd;Wgl;lhy;
cz;L thH;t[ ek;kpy; xw;wik
eP’;fpy; midtUf;Fk; jhH;t[
vd; w czh; t [ ekJ njrpa
xUikghl;ilg; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ/
Mrphpahpd; Jizf; bfhz;L ghujpahhpd; g[fH;bgw;w njrpa
xUikg; g hL ghly; f is mwpe; J bfhs; /
njrpa xUikg; g hl; i l jLf; F k; fhuzpfs;
ehk; ekJ njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilg;gw;wp bgUik
bfhz; l hYk; . ,d; w st[ k ; njrpa xUikg; g hl; i l
tsutplhky; jLf;Fk; gyfhuzpfis ehk; vjph; nehf;fp
tUfpd;nwhk;/
,e; j puhfhe; j p mth; f spd; gpwe; j ehshd etk; g h; 19 Mk;
ehs; njrpa xUikg; g hl; L jpdkhff; bfhz; l hg; g LfpwJ/
tFg;g[ thjk; : ek; ehl;oy; rka’;fspd; mog;gilapy;
,d’;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ tFg;g[ thjk; vd;gJ xh;
,dk; kw;w ,dj;jpd; kPJ njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Raey Mf;fpukpg;g[
vz;zkhFk;/ ,e;j czh;t[ rpy neu’;fspy; tFg;gf [ ; thj
fytu’; f isj; J}z; L fpwJ/ ,j; j ifa tFg; g [ thj
139
fytu’; f spdhy; ; Mapuf; f zf; f hd mg; g htp kf; f s;
caphpHf; f pd; w dh; / vdnt ,e; j pa Fokf; f s; rka
rfpg;gj
[ j; d;ikiaa[k; xd;wpize;j czh;ita[k; fz;og;ghf
tsh;ff ; ntz;Lk;/
bkhHpg; g w; W : 1956 Mk; Mz; L ,e; j pah. bkhHp
mog;gilapy; gy khepy’;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,it
bkhHp thhp khepy’; f s; vd; W miHf; f g; g l; l d/
bghJthf ,e;jpakf;fs; mtuth; jha;bkhHpapy; gw;W
itj;Js;sdh;/ rpy rka’;fspy; kw;w bkhHpfsplj;J FWfpa
kdg; g hd; i kia tsh; j ; J f; b fhz; L . gpw bkhHp
ngRgth;fis btWf;fj; bjhl’;Ffpd;wdh;/ gy bkhHp
ngRfpd;w kf;fis xw;Wika[ld; thHtHp bra;a kw;w
bkhHpfisa[k; kjpf;fj; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
rhjp Kiw : rhjpg;gphptpid ekJ njrpa xUikg;
ghl;ow;F jilahf cs;sJ/ gpwg;ghy; ehk; midtUk;
flt[s; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkk;/ rhjp Kiw
,e;j bfhs;iff;F vjpuhdJ/ ,e;j rhjp Kiw ntj fhyj;jpy;
Jt’;fpaJ/ rhjp Kiw. th;z jh;kk; vd;w mog;gilapy;
cUthfp gpuhkzh;fs;. rj;jphpah;fs;. itrpah;fs;. Nj;jpuh;fs;
vd;w ehd;F gphptpdh; kl;Lnk rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;jdh;/
Mdhy; fhyg;nghf;fpy; th;zh Kiw gy rhjpg;gphpt[fis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ vdnt cah;e;jth;. jhH;e;jth; vd;w czh;t[
kf;fs; kdjpy; tsu Muk;gpj;jJ/ ,j;jifa czh;t[
kf; f shl; r papd; RKfkhd bray; g hl; o w; F k; njrpa
xUikg;ghl;od; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; jilahf cs;sJ/
fw; w y; ; tpist[ f s;
1/ njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa mwpit bgw;wdh;/
2/ njrpa xUikg; g hl; o d; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j g[ h pe; J
bfhz;ldh;/
3/ ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik vd;w fUj;ij g[hpe;Jbfhz;ldh;/
4/ njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsur;bra;a[k; tHpfis
mwpe;jdh;/
140
 Rakjpg; g P L IV/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ ,e;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk; bkhHpfs; ahit?
1/ ,uhkhazj;ij jkpHpy; vGjpath; 2/ ,e;jpahtpd; g[fH; bgw;w ,yf;fpa’;fs; rpytw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpL/
(m) thy;kPfp Kdpth; (M) tpahrKdpth;
3/ ,e;jpahtpy; njhd;wpa rka’;fs; ahit?
(,) fhspjhrh; (<) fk;gh;/
4/ ,e;jpahtpd; rka tpHhf;fs; ahit?
2/ ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;g[ rl;lj;jpdhy; m’;fPfhpf;fg;
gl;l bkhHpfspd; vz;zpf;if 5/ njrPa xUikg;ghL vd;why; vd;d?
(m) 16 (M) 18 (,) 20 (<) 22
3/ ,e;jpa tlkhepy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czt[ V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
1/ ,e;jpah ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhQqk; ehL vd;gij
(m) mhprp (M) nfhJik
tpthp/
(,) nrhsk; (<) ghh;yp 2/ njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
3/ njrpa xUikg; g hl; i l jLf; F k; fhuzpfs; gw; w p
II/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : vGJf/

1/ jPz;lhik vd;Dk; gHf;fk; ______________________

bra; K iwg; g apw; r p
vd;gtuJ Kaw;rpahy; ePf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1/ njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilg; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; xU ehlfj;ij
elj;jpf;fhl;L/
2/ njrP a xUikg; g hl; L jpdk; xt; b thU tUlKk;
2/ ekJ njrpa rpd; d j; i jg; gw; w p tpsf; F k; xU
_________________ehspy; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ/ glj;bjhFg;ig jahh; bra;f/
3/ Xh; ,dk;; kw;w ,dj;jpd; kPJ njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Raey
Mf;f pukpg; g[ vz; zk; _______________ f; F tHp
njrpa xUikg;ghl;L cWjpbkhHp :
tFf; f pd; w J/
ek; ehl; o d; chpik thH; i ta[ k ; . xUikg; g hl; i la[ k ;
ngzpf; f hj; J tYg; g Lj; j r; braw; g Lntd; vd; W cskhu
III/ bghUj;Jf :
ehd; cWjp TWfpd; n wd; /
m M xUnghJk; td; K iwia ehnld; vd; W k; . rkak; . bkhHp.
1/ etk;gh; 19 fhspjhrh; tl; l huk; Kjypait fhuzkhf vGk; ntWghLfSf; F k;
g{ry; f Sf; F k; Vida murpay; ? bghUshjhuf; FiwghL
2/ fd;dlk; njrpa xUikg;ghl;Ljpdk; fSf;Fk; mikjp bewpapYk; murpay; mikg;gpd; tHpapYk;
3/ rhFe;jyk; bjd;dpe;jpa bkhHp epd;W jPh;t[ fhz;ngd; vd;W ehd; nkYk; cWjpaspf;fpnwd;/
4/ 1956 bkhHpthhp khepy’;fs;

141
142
 ghlk; ? 3
njrpa ghJfhg; g [ Kiw
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ ,e; j pahtpd; ghJfhg; g [ Kiw gw; w p mwpjy; /
2/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; K:d;W gphpt[fs; gw;wp
mwpjy;/
3/ ekJ ghJfhg; gpd; rhjidfs; gw; w p mwpjy; /
bjhd;W bjhl;L ,e;jpah mikjpia tpUk;g[k;
xU ehlhf tps’;fp tUfpd;wJ/ ,e;jpah bghJthf cyf
ehLfSlDk; Kf; f pakhf mz; i l ehLfSlDk;
ey;Ywit epiyehl;o tUfpwJ/ mnj rkak; jdJ ehl;od;
vy;iyia me;epag; gil vLg;gpypUe;J ghJfhf;f jdJ
ghJfhg;g[ Kiwia tYg;gLj;jntz;oa[s;sJ/ kw;w
ehLfisg; nghy jdJ kf;fis ghJfhj;J ghJfhg;ig
gyg;gLj;jp epiyepWj;Jk; fl;lhaj;jpy; ,e;jpah cs;sJ/
tuyhw;Wg;gpd;dzp : gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; ek; ehl;L
murh; f s; “rf; f uth; j ; j p” vd; W miHf; f g; g l; l njhL/
ghJfhg;g[g;gilapd; Kjd;ik jsgjpahft[k; ,Ue;jdh;/
nrdhjpgjp vd;w gilj;jiyth;fs; bkshpa murh;fSf;F
cjtp bra;jdh;/ ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; myht[jd P ; fpy;$p. bc&hc
; h&
nghd;w murh;fs; typik tha;ej ; gil bfhz;L j’;fsJ
ehl;ilg; ghJfhj;jdh;/ Inuhg;gpah;fspd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;
M’; f pnyah; f s; xU typik tha; e ; j flw; g ilia
itj;jpUe;jdh;/ Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF ekJ muR
jiug; g il/ flw; g il. tpkhdg; g il Mfpatw; i w
tsh;r;rpa[wr; bra;jJ/
ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; njit : xU ehl;od; rK:f
bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F njrpa ghJfhg;g[ kpft[k;
njitahf cs; s J/ xU ehl; o d; mikjp kw; W k;
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F ghJfhg;g[ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ/
vdnt cs;ehl;Lf; fytu’;fspypUe;Jk; btspehl;Lg; gil
vLg;g[fspypUe;Jk; ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gJ xU murpd;
flikahFk;/
143
,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jjpypUe;J rPdh ghfp!;jhd;
nghd;w mz;il ehLfspd; Mf;fpukpg;g[fis
vjph;bfhz;Ls;sJ/ 1962Mk; Mz;L rPdg; gilbaLg;gpw;F
gpwF ,e;jpah jdJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwia tYg;gLj;Jtjd;
njitia czh; e ; J s; s J/ vdnt ,e; j pa muR
ghJfhg;g[j;Jiwf;F Kd;Dhpikfis mspj;Js;sJ/
,e; j pah epy vy; i yfis ghfp!; j hd; . neghsk; . g{lhd; .
t’; f njrk; . gh; k h. irdh Mfpa ehLfSlDk; fly;
vy; i yia ,y’; i f ehl; L lDk; g’; f pl; L f; bfhs; f pwJ/
,e;jpaf; FoauRj; jiyth; ehl;od; kpf cahpa
jiytuhf ,Ug; g jhy mtnu ekJ ghJfhg; g [
mikg;gf [ spd; jiyikg; bghWg;gpy; ,Uf;fpd;whh;/ ,tnu
,e; j pa Kg; g ilfspd; jiyikj; jsgjpahft[ k ;
tps’;Ffpwhh;/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapy; K:d;W gphpt[fs;
cs;sd/ ghJfhg;g[ mikr;rhpd; nkw;ghh;itapd; fPH;
ghJfhg;g[g; gilfs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wd/ mth; ekJ
ghJfhg;gf [ ; bfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;whh/; ekJ
ghJfhg; g [ Kiwapy; cs; s K: d ; W gphpt[ f shtd
(1)jiug;gil/ (2) flw;;gil/ (3) tpkhdg;gil/
2003?2004 Mz;Lf;fhd epjp xJf;fPl;oy; ghJfhg;g[j; Jiwf;F
770 gpy; y pad; gzj; i j xJf; f pa[ s ; s J/
jiug; g il : jiug; g ilapd; jiyik mYtyfk;
g[ J oy; y papy; mike; J s; s J/ jiyik mYtyh;
“b$duy; ” (jsgjp) vd; W miHf; f g; g Lfpd; w hh; /
jiug;gilapy; fhyhl;gil. lh’;fpfs;. gPu’;fpfs; nghd;w
gphpt[fs; cs;sd/ ,e;j K:d;W gphpt[fisf; ftdpf;f/
bghwpapay; gphpt[ ,Uf;fpwJ/ jiug;gil KGtJk; Ie;J
gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mit
144
 gphpt[fs; jiyik mYtyfk; mYtyfk; g[J oy;ypapy; cs;sJ/ flw;g; ilapd; jiyik
fpHf;F bfhy;fj;jh mYtyh; ‘ml; k puy; ’ vd; W miHf; f g; g Lfpwhh; /
tlf;F cjhk;g{h; flw;;gilapy; K:d;W gphpt[fs; cs;sd/
kj;jpag;gFjp yf;ndh
nkw;F rpk;yh gphpt[ jiyik mYtyfk;
bjw;F g{dh
nkw;F Kk;ig
jiug; g ilapd; gzpfs; : ekJ vy; i yfisg; fpHf;F tprhfg;gl;odk;
ghJfhg; g Jk; nghh; f ; f sj; j py; nghhpLtJk; ekJ bjw;F bfhr;rp
flw;;gil gapw;rpahdJ Kk;ig/ tprhfg;gl;odk;
bfhr;rp Mfpa efu’;fspy; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ nghh;ff
; g;gy;fs;
bfhy;fj;jh fg;gy;jsj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ g[fH;bgw;w

byg;odd;l; nk$h; gPhpnfoah;

b$duy; fh;dy;
b$duy; b$duy;

ml;kpuy; Jiz ml;kpuy; hpah; ml;kpuy; fk; nkhlhh;

byg;odd;l; byg;odd;l; ,uz;lhtJ

nk$h; nfg;ld;
fh;dy; byg;odd;l;

jiug;gilapd; Kf;fpag; gzpfshFk;/ mikjp fhyj;jpy;

nfg;ld; fk;nkd;lh; byl; o dd; l ; byg; o dd; l ; Jiz
fytug; g Fjpfspy; jiug; g il rl; l k; xG’; i f fk;nkd;lh; byg; o dd; l ;
epiyehl;LfpwJ/ bts;sk;. epy mjph;t[. jP nghd;w
,aw;ifr; rPw;w’;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F nrit Ivd; v !; nfhjhthp vd; D k; nghh; f ; f g; g iy ek;
bra;fpd;wJ/ xt;bthU Mz;Lk; $dthp 15Mk; ehs; ehl;Lg;bghwpahsh;fns jahhpj;Js;sdh;/ bfhy;fj;jhtpy;
jiug;gil jpdkhff; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ/ cs;s fhh;ld; hPr; vd;w epWtdKk; kw;Wk; bfhr;rp fg;gy;
flw; g il: ,e; j pahtpd; fly; vy; i yfisa[ k ; fl;Lk; jsKk; ekJ nghh;f;fg;gy;fisa[k; ePh; KH;fpf;
flw;fiuf;F mUnfa[ss ; epyg;gFjpfisa[k; ghJfhg;gJ fg;gy;fisa[k; jahhpf;fpd;wd/ ekJ flw;gil kpfg;bghpaJ
,jd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;/ flw;gilapd; jiyik kl;Lky;yhky; kpf typik tha;ej ; jhft[k; cs;sJ/ ekJ
flw;;gil. I/vd;/v!;. rf;uh/ I/vd;/v!; ePyfphp. I/vd;/
145 146
v!;/ ~pkfphp nghd;w juk; tha;ej
; ePh; KH;fpg; fg;gy;fisa[k; Jizg; g phpt[ f s;
etPdg; nghh;f;fg;gy;fisa[k; bgw;Ws;sJ/ xt;bthU 1/brayhw;Wk; gphpt[ ? ehf;g{h;
tUlKk; ork;gh; khjk; 4 Mk; ehs; flw;gil jpdkhff;
bfhz;lhg;gLfpd;wJ/ 2/gapw;rp gphpt[ ? bg’;fS:h;/
tpkhdg; g il : ek; ehL typikahd etP d khd ~z;lh;. m$pj;. vk;I$p 21. vk;I$p 27. kpuh$; 2000
tpkhdg; g ilia bfhz; L s; s J/ tpkhdg; g ilapd; vd;w nghh;tpkhd’;fis ekJ tpkhdg;gil bgw;Ws;sJ/
jiyik mYtyfk; g[ J oy; y papy; mike; J s; s J/ mf;dp Vt[fiz 1989 Mk; Mz;L nk khjk; 22 Mk; ehs;
tpkhdg;gilapd; jiyik mYtyh; Vh; rPg; khh;cy
& ; vd;W Vtg;gl;lJ/

,e;jpa FoauRj;jiyth; nkjF lhf;lh; Vgpn$ mg;Jy;fyhk;

“mf; d p” Vt[ f izapd; je; i j vd; W miHf; f g; g Lfpd; w hh; /

ghJfhg;g[g; gapw;rp ika’;fs; :

Ho Ïìl ®e
“N.D.A” vdg;gLk; njrpa ghJfhg;g[ ikak; g{dhtpy;
Ho Uôo`p Ho
ûYvUôo`p LmúUôPôo úLlPu LmúUuPo mike;Js;sJ/ Kg;gil mjpfhhpfSf;fhd cah;epiy
gapw;rp tpy;yp’;ld; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/ “I.M.A” vd;Dk;
,e;jpa ,uhQqt fy;tp ikak; nluhLd; vd;w ,lj;jpYk;
,uhQqtg; bghwpapay; fy;Y}hp fph;fp vd;w ,lj;jpYk;
mike;Js;sJ/ fg;gw;gilf;fhd gapw;rp ika’;fs; bfhr;rp
kw;Wk; tprhfg;gl;odj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ/ tpkhdg;gilf;
fy;tp ikak; i~juhghj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ/
úLlPu LmúUuPo ©û]«e ûTXh
B©^o B©^o
xt;bthU tUlKk; mf;nlhgh; khjk; 8 Mk; ehs;
miHf;fg;gLfpd;whh;/ ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil Ie;J bray; tpkhdg; g il jpdkhff; bfhz; l hlg; g LfpwJ/
gphpt[fshft[k; ,uz;L Jizg;gphpt[fshft[k;
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ghJfhg;g[ jsthl’;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;a[k;
ika’;fs; :
mit
gphpt[ f s; jiyik mYtyfk; bg’;fS:hpy; cs;s ,e;J!;jhd; tpkhdk; fl;Lk;
bjhHpw;rhiy vk;I$p 21 ehl;. khUjp nghd;w nghh;
kj;jpa gFjp myfhghj; tpkhd’;fisj; jahhpf;fpd;wJ/ krfhd; fg;gy; fl;Lk; jsk;
fpHf;F c&py;yh’;
bjw;F jpUtde;jg[uk; nghh; f ; fg; g y; f isa[ k ; / eP h ; KH; f pg; fg; g y; f isa[ k ;
bjd;nkw;F n$hj;g{h; jahhpf;fpd;wJ/ lh’;fpfs;. Jg;ghf;fpfs;;. bto kUe;Jfs;
nkw;F jpy;yp nghd;w gilf;fUtpfSk; bghUl;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy;

147 148
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ tp$ae;jh. mh;$d
P ; nghd;w lh’;fpfs;
Mtoapy; jahhpf; f g; g Lfpd; w d/ eP y fphpapy; cs; s
mut’;fhl;oy; uhQqtbto kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
,uz; l hk; epiy gilg; g phpt[ : ,uz; l hk;
epiyg; g ilg; gphpt[ k ; ehl; o w; F cjt[ f pd; w J/
mitahtd:(1) cs; e hl; L g; g il.(2) vy; i yg; g il.
(3) njrpa khzth; gil. (4) flw; f iu fhty; g il.
(5) Ch; f ; f hty; g il/
cs;ehl;Lg;gil : ,g;gil 1949 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;
gl;lJ/ ,J jd; Mh;tKs;s gFjp neu gzp Mw;Wk;
Fokf;fspd; gilahFk;/ ,is”h;fSf;Fg; gilg;gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/ ,g;gapw;rp Fokf;fSf;F ehl;Lg;
ghJfhg;gpy; g’;bfLf;Fk; tha;g;gpid mspf;fpd;wJ/
vy;iyghJfhg;g[g;gil (B.S.F): ,g;gil 1965y; ekJ
ehl;L vy;iyfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf epWtg;gl;lJ/
cs;ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;gpy; jiug;gilf;F ,J cjtpahf
cs;sJ/ rl;l tpnuhjkhd thzpfj;ija[k; fs;sf;flj;
jiya[k; ,J jLf;fpd;wJ/
njrpa khzth; gil ( N.C.C ): ,g; g ilg; g phpt[
fy;Y}hpfspYk; gs;spfspYk; gapYk; ,sk; khztp
ah;fis ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;gpw;F jahh; bra;fpwJ/ ,J xU
jd;dhh;t mikg;ghFk;/ ,e;j mikg;g[ jPur; bray;
ehl;Lg;gw;Wzh;t/[ rK:f nrit nghd;w gz;gf[ is khzt
khztpahpilna tsur; bra;fpd;wJ/
flnyhuf; fhty; g il (Coast Guard) : flnyhuf;
fhty; g ilapd; jiyik mYtyfk; g[ J oy; y papy;
mike;Js;sJ/ ,J ,af;Feh; b$duy; jiyikapd; fPH;
bray;gLfpd;wJ/ ,jd; K:d;W tl;lhuj;jiyikaf’;fs;
Kk;ig. brd;id. nghh;l; gpnsh; Mfpa efu’;fspy;
mike;Js;sJ/ ,jd; Kjd;ikahd gzpfs;
kPd;tsj;Jiwiag; ghJfhg;gJk; fs;sf;flj;jiy jLj;J
epWj;JtJk; MFk;/
149
Ch;ff
; hty;gil : khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xG’;if epiyehl;l
,g;gil 1978 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ/ bts;sk; kw;Wk;
epy eLf;fk; Vw;gl;l fhy’;fspy; ,g;gil nrit
bra;fpd;wJ/ ,J xU nrit mikg;ghFk;/
ekJ ghJfhg;g[g;gilapd; rhjidfs; :
1/ 1971Mk; Mz;L ele;j ,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; nghhpy;
,e; j pah jdJ typikahd gil K: y k;
ghfp!;jhid njhw;foj;J kpfg;bghpa btw;wpia
mile;Js;sJ/ ,g;nghhpd; tpisthf Rje;jpu
t’;fnjrk; njhd;wpaJ/
2/ khyj;jPt[ muR ekJ ghJfhg;g[ gilfSf;F
miHg;g[ tpLj;J m’;F Vw;gl;l uhQqt g[ul;rpia
mlf;fp mikjpia epiyehl;oaJ/
3/ I/eh/ mikjpg;gila[ld; bfhhpah/ tpal;ehk;/
fh’;nfh nghd;w ehLfspy; mikjp fhf;Fk; gilahf
gzpg[hpa ekJ gilf;F miHg;g[ tplg;gl;L
gzpahw;wpaJ/
xt; b thU tUlKk; ork; g h; 7 Mk; ehs; ek; ehl; o w; f hf
caph; j ; jpahfk; bra; j tP u h; f spd; epidthf bfho ehs;
bfhz; l hlg; g Lfpd; w J/
ve;j neuj;jpYk; ekJ ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f ekJ
ghJfhg;g[ gilfs; vg;nghJk; jahh; epiyapy; itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ/ ekJ ,is”h;fs; ghJfhg;g[ gilapy; nrh;eJ;
ehl;ow;F nrit bra;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f
Kd;tuntz;Lk;/ midj;J ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;g[
gilapy; ntiy bgw tha;gg; spf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Fokf;fs;
xt;bthUtUk; ehl;Lf;F nrit bra;tJ flikahFk;/
150
 4/ ,e;jpah kf;fshl;rp Foaurhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l
jiug; g il flw;gil tpkhdg; g il Mz;L
b$duy; ml;kpuy; Vh; rPg; khh;c&y;
byg;odd;l; b$duy; Jiz ml;kpuy; Vh; khh;c&y;
(m) 1947 (M) 1950 (,) 1940 (<) 1951
nk$h; b$duy; hpah; ml;kpuy; Vh; it!;; khh;c&y;
gphpnfoah; fk; nkhlhh; Vh; fk;nkhlhh; II. nfhol; l ,l’; f is epug; g [ f :
fh;dy; nfg;ld; FU:gn ; fg;ld; 1/ jiug;gilapd; jiyik mYtyh; _______________
byg;odd;lf ; h;dy; fk;nkd;lh; tp’;fk;nkd;lh; Mthh; /
nk$h; byl;od;dk; !;fhl;ud; yPlh;
2/ nkw;F ,e;jpa jiug;gilapd; jiyik mYtyfk;
nfg;ld; fk;nkd;lh;; gpisl;
__________ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ/
byg;odd;l; byl;odd;l; byg;odd;l;
3/ ,e;J!;jhd; tpkhdk; fl;Lk; bjhHpw;rhiy;
,uz;lhtJ ? Jiz byg;odd;l; gpisap’; Mgp!h;
_________________ y; cs;sJ/
byg;odd;l; Mf;o’; igyl; Mgp!h;
Jiz byg;odd;l; 4/ flnyhuf; fhty; gilapd; jiyik mYtyfk;
___________________ y; cs;sJ/
fw; w y; tpist[ f s; III. bghUj;Jf :
1/ ekJ ghJfhg; g [ mikg; g [ gw; w p mwpe; J bfhz; l dh; / 1/ fpHf;F flw;gilg;gphpt[ rPd Mf;fpukpg;g[
2/ ekJ ghJfhg;gpd; K:d;W gphpt[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J
bfhz;ldh;/
2/ 1962 ml;kpuy;
3/ njrpag; g hJfhg; g [ Kiw gw; w p tpsf; f f; f w; W f; b fhz; l dh; / 3/ Ivd;v!; rf;uh tprhfg;gl;odk;
4/ ,uz;l hk; epiy ghJfhg; g[ gw; w p mwpe; J bfhz; l dh; / 4/ mf;dp ePh; KH;fpf; fg;gy;
5/ flw;;gil Vt[fiz
Rakjpg; g P L
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ ,e;njh rPdg; nghh; ele;j Mz;L 1/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; K:d;W gphpt[fis Fwpg;gpL/
(m) 1962 (M) 1926 (,) 1962 (<) 1942 2/ jiug;gil gw;wp Fwpg;g[ vGJ/
2/ ekJ Kg;gilfspd; jiyikj; jsgjp
3/ ekJ flw;gilapy; cs;s kpf cah;e;j mjpfhhp gw;wp
(m) gpujk ke;jphp (M) FoauRj;jiyth; vGJ/
(,) MSeh; (<) Kjd;ke;jphp
4/ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghJfhg;g[ jsthl’;fs; cw;gj;jp
3/ flw;gilapd; jiyik mYtyh; bra;a[k; bjhHpw;rhiyfis Fwpg;gpLf/
(m) fkhz;lh; (M) nk$h; 5/ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghJfhg;g[ gapw;rp ika’;fs; gw;wp
(,) ml;kpuy; (<) Vh;rPg; khh;c&y; Fwpg;gpLf/
151 152
V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
1/ ,e; j pahtpy; ghJfhg; g [ Kiwapd; njitf; f hd
fhuz’;fs; ahit?
2/ ,e;jpa flw;gilapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; eph;thfk; gw;wp
tpthp/
3/ ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; eph;thfk;
gw;w p tpthp.
4/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; ,uz;lhk; epiy gil
gw;wp vGJ/

bra; K iwg; gapw; r p

1/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ mikg;g[ gw;wp xU glj;bjhFg;ig
jahh; bra;/
2/ bfhojpdj;ij c’;fs; gs;spapy; bfhz;lhlt[k;/

153
 ghlk; 4 Fiwthd vGj;jwpt[ tPjk; xU ehl;od; bghUshjhu
ekJ rK: f g; gpur; r idfSk; jP h ; t [ f Sk;
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ bgz; f spd; gpur; r idfs; kw; W k; mtw; i w jP h ; f ; F k;
tHpfis mwpjy;/
2/ vGj; j wptpd; i k gpur; r idiaa[ k ; mij vt; t hW
eP f ; f ntz; L k; vd; g ija[ k ; mwpjy; /
3/ FHe; i jj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur; r idfs; kw; W k; mtw; i w
ePf;Fjy; gw;wp mwpjy;/
tpLjiyf;F gpwF ek; ehL gy rK:fg;
gpur;ridfisr; re;jpj;jJ/ mitfspy; Kjd;ikahdit
vGj;jwptpd;ik. bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjp.
FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid MfpaitahFk;/ ,e;jg;
gpur;ridfSf;F cldo ftdk; njitg;gLfpwJ/
vGj; j wptpd; i k
tsh;r;rpiaj; jil bra;fpwJ/ mJ kl;Lkpd;wp rK:f.
bghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;ridfshYk; rKjhak;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mJnghynt jdJ mwpahikapdhy;
vGj; j wptpy; y hjth; muR mspj; J s; s gy; n tW
eyj;jpl;l’;fisg;gw;wp mwpa[k; tha;gg
; pid ,Hf;fpd;wdh;/
nkYk; vGj;jwptpd;ik. FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid.
bgz; rpRf;bfhiy kw;Wk; kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fk; nghd;w
gpur;ridfSf;F tHp tFf;fpwJ/ ,t;thW vGj;jwptpd;ik
xU ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;. tsikf;Fk; jilahf
cs;sJ/
vGj;jwptpd;ikia mwnt ePf;f tHpfs; : fy;tp
fw;Fk; chpik vd;gJ ekJ murpay; mikg;g[r;rl;lk;
cWjp mspj;Js;s mog;gil chpikfSs; xd;whFk;/
1/ vGj;jwptpd;ik mjpfhpf;fr;bra;a gy;fiyf; fHf
fy;tpf;FG (1948?1949) jha;bkhHp gapw;WbkhHpahf
,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd typa[Wj;jpaJ/

gof; f t[ k ; . vGjt[ k ; bjhpahky; ,Ug; g nj 2/ 1968 Mk; Mz; L fy; t pf; bfhs; i f ehl; o d;
vGj; j wptpd; i kahFk; / midj;Jg;gFjpfspYk; xnu khjpahd 10+2+3 fy;tp
,J mwpahik. ntiy Kiwiaf; bfhz;L te;jJ/ ,J vGj;jwptpd;ikia
apd;ik kw; W k; tWik mwnt ePf;Ftij Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;lJ/
Mfpatw;wpw;F tHptFf; 3/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L njrpaf; fy;tpf; bfhs;if fl;lha
fpwJ/ xU ehl;L kf;fspd; Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ/ ,ilapy;
vGj;jwpt[ tPjk; kw;Wk; gog;ig epWj;jpa FHe;ijfs; bjhlh;e;J gof;f
fy;tp me;ehl;od; tsh;r;rp gs;sp rhuhf; fy;tp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
ia eph;zapf;fpwJ/ ,e;jp
ahtpy; epyt[k; rK:fg; gpur; 4/ 1991 Mk; Mz;L nguhrphpah; jnt mth;fspd; fy;tpf;
ridfspy; vGj;jwptpd;ik FG Fiwe;j mst[ fw;wy; jpwd; (MLL) vd;Dk;
fy;tp Kiwia Muk;gf;fy;tpapd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf
xd;whFk;/ vdnt vGj;jwp
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/
tpd;ik tPjj;jpd; tpfpjj;
ij Fiwf;f ,e;jpah jPtpu 5/ 1992 Mk; Mz;L njrpaf;fy;tp bfhs;if/ gs;spfspy;
eltof; i ffis vLj; J mog; g il fl; l ikg; g [ trjpfisj; jUk;
tUfpd;wJ/ ‘fUk;gyifj;jpl;lj;ij’ mKy;gLj;jpaJ/

154 155
 6/ njrpa vGj;jwpt[ ,af;fk; Kjpnahh; fy;tpf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;Js;sJ/
7/ Muk; g f; f y; t pia gs; s pf; f y; t papd; rKjhag;
bghWg;ghsh; thapyhf gutyhf;Ffpd;w Kaw;rpna
rh;t rpf;ch& mgpahd; (SSA) 2003 vd;w jpl;lk; MFk;/
ehL KGtJk; jukhd fy;tpia mspf;fntz;Lk;
vd;w nfhhpf;ifapd; tpisnt ,j;jpl;lk; MFk;/
midj;Jf; FHe;ijfspd; kdj;jpwd;fis tsur;
bra;a mspf;fg;gLk; xU tha;g;ng v!;/v!;/V
jpl;lkhFk;/
2001 Mk; Mz; L kf; f s; bjhiff; fzf; b fLg; g pd; g o
,e; j pahtpy; vGj; j wpt[ tP j k; 65/38% ; Mz; f s; 75/85 %;
bgz; f s; 54/16 %/
jkpH;ehl;oy; vLf;fg;gl;l eltof;iffs; : nkny
Twg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jpa muR bfhs;iffspd; mog;gilapy;
jkpHf muR vGj;jwptpd;ikia mwnt nghf;f fPHf
; f
; z;l
gy jpl;l’;fisj; jPl;oa[s;sJ/
1/ gs;sp taJ FHe;ijfs; midtiua[k; gs;spapy;
nrh;jj
; y;/
2/ 2007 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; midj;Jf; FHe;ijfSf;Fk;
Ie;jhz;L Muk;gf;fy;tpia mspf;fr; bra;jy;/
1990 Mk; Mz;L gd;dhl;L vGj;jwpt[[ Mz;lhft[k; xt;bthU
Mz;Lk; brg;lk;gh; 8 Mk; ehs; cyf vGj;jwpt[ ehshft[k;
bfhz; l hg; g Lfpd; w J/
3/ 2010Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; midj;Jf; FHe;ijfSf;Fk;
vl;L Mz;L fy;tpia mspf;fr; bra;jy;/
4/ 2010 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; gs;sp ,ilepw;wiy mwnt
jLj;jy;/
5/ midj; J FHe; i jfsplk; fhzg; g Lk; rK: f
,ilbtspia 2007 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; mfw;Wjy;/
156
6/ kf;fs; bjhif 300f;F mjpfkhf cs;s midj;J
FoapUg;g[fspYk; gs;sp trjpia Vw;gLj;JJy;/
2001 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd;go
jkpH;ehl;oy; vGj;jwpt[ bgw;nwhh; 73/5% mjpy; Mz;fs; 82/
41% bgz;fs; 64/4%
bgz; f Sf; f piHf; f g; g Lk; meP j pfs;
1991 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd;
go. ,e;jpahtpy; 846/3 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; thH;fpd;wdh;/
mth;fspy; 439/2 kpy;ypad; Mz;fs; 407/1 kpy;ypad;
bgz;fs; Mth;/ kf;fs; bjhifapy; ghjpg;gphptpduhf
,Uf;Fk; bgz;fs;. Mz;fSf;F epfuhf ekJ rK:fj;jpy;
elj;jg;gltpy;iy/ tuyhw;wpd; VLfis nehf;Fk;nghJ.
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; bgz;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; khpahija[lDk;.
bfsutj;JlDk; elj;jg;gl;ldh;/ mLj;J te;j fhy’;fspy;
bgz;fspd; epiy gog;goahf rKjhaj;jpy; tPH;r;rpa[wj;
bjhl’;fpaJ/
bgz; f Sf; F ,iHf; f g; g l; l meP j pfs;
1/ Mz; Mjpf;fk; : je;ij tHp kuig ikakhff; bfhz;L
ekJ rKjhak; ,Ug;gjhy; rKjhaj;jpy; Mz;fspd;
Mjpf;fk;. mjpfkhf cs;sJ/ bgz;fs; rikay; miwf;Fs;
milgl;Lf; fple;jdh;/ bghUshjhu hPjpapy; bgz;fs;
Mz;fisr; rhh;e;jpUf;f ntz;oa epiy ,Ue;jJ/
2/ rjp vd;Dk; gHf;fk; : xU bgz;zpd; fztd; ,we;j
gpwF mf;fztdpd; rpijapnyna mg;bgz;iz capnuhL
vhpf;Fk; gHf;fnk rjp vd;gjhFk;/
3/ tpjitfspd; epiy : FHe;ijj; jpUkzk; tHf;fpy;
,Ue;jjhy; fztid ,He;j bgz;fs; ,sk; tajpnyna
tpjitfs; Mf ntz;oa epiy Vw;gl;lJ/ kWkzk;
bra; J bfhs; s mDkjpf; f g; g ltpy; i y/ nkYk;
rKjhaj;jhy; mg;bgz;fs; ,Hpthf elj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;/
157
4/ bgz; rpRf;bfhiy : rKjhak; bgz; FHe;ijfs; 2/ tpjitfs; kWkzr; r l; l k; 1856 Mk; Mz; L
gpwg;gij xU rhgkhft[k.; Jd;gj;jpd; Cw;whft[k; fUjpaJ/ epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/
,Jnt bgz; rpRf;bfhiyf;F tHptFj;jJ/
3/ lhf; l h; Kj; J yl; R kp bul; o apd; Kaw; r pahy;
5/ tujl;riz Kiw :gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; jha;je;ijah;fs; btspte;j 1929 Mk; Mz;L rhujhr;rl;lk; FHe;ij
jhkhf Kd; te;J j’;fsJ kfspd; jpUkzj;jpd; nghJ jpUkzj;ij jil bra;jJ/
rPjdk; mspj;jdh;/ Mdhy; ehsiltpy; ,g;gHf;fk;
tujl;riz vd;w bgahpy; ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;bghpa rK:fg; 4/ bgz; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ/
gpur;ridahf khwpaJ/
lhf; l h; Kj;Jyl;R kp bul;o jkpH;ehl;od; Kjy; bgz;
6/ fy;tp kWf;fg;gly;: bgz;fSf;F Kiwahd fy;tp kUj; J tuhthh; /
mspf;fg;glhjjhy; rK:fj;jpy; mth;fs; jhH;ej
; th;fshfnt
fUjg;gl;lhh;fs;/ 5/ 1956 Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lk;
K:jhijah; brhj;jpy; rk g’;F
muR bewpKiwfs; kj; j pa murpw; F k; khepy muRf; F k; 14 chpikia bgz; f Sf; F
taJtiu fl;lha ,ytrf;fy;tp tH’;Fk;go mspj;jJ/
mwpt[ W j; j pa[ s ; s J/
6/ 1976 Mz;Lr; rl;lk; bgz;fs;
rK: f rP h ; j pUj; j thjpfs; j’; f sJ ciHg; g pw; n fw; w
Cjpak; bgw tHptFj;jJ/
uh$huhk; n khfd; u ha; . <!; t ure; j pu tpj; a hrhfh; .
jahde;j ru!;tjp. nf/rp brd;. vk;/$p/ uhdnl. gz;oj 7/ 1961k; Mz;L tujl;riz
ukhgha;. n$hjp g{ny. lhf;lh; Kj;J yl;Rkp bul;o. jLg;g[r;rl;lk; tujl;riz
Rg;gpukzpa ghujp. </bt/uh bghpahh;. tPnuryp’;fk; ge;JY th’; F tij jz; l idf; lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o
nghd;w rK:f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; bgz;fspd; epiyia Fhpaf; Fw;wkhf khw;wpaJ/
cah;j;jg; bgUk; g’;fhw;wpa[s;sdh;/ ru;iraJ mfkJfhd;
K!;ypk; bgz; fy;tpf;fhf gzpahw;wpdhh;/ 8/ murh’; f k; bgz; f Sf; F gy Ra ntiy
tha;g;g[j;jpl;l’;fis mwpKfg; gLj;jpa[s;sJ/
1978 Mk; Mz;il I/eh/ gd;dhl;L bgz;fs; Mz;lhf
ntiy kw;Wk; gapw;rpf;fhd Mjut[j; jpl;lk; (STEP)
mwptpj; j J/
bgz;fspd; tUkhdj;ijg; bgUf;ftHp bra;Js;sJ/
bgz; f spd; epiyia cah; j ; j vLf; f g; g l; l
eltof; i ffs; : 9/ 1992 Mk; Mz;L jkpHf muR bjhl;oy;
FHe; i jj; jpl; l j; i j mwpKfg; g Lj; j paJ/
1/ 1829 Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lk; rjp vd;Dk; gHf;fj;ij ,j;jpl;lk; bgz; FHe;ijfis bgz;
xHpj;jJ/ rpRf;bfhiyapypUe;J ghJfhj;Js;sJ/

158 159
 nkny Twg; g l; L s; s Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid
tHpfshy; bgz; f s; epiy cUthfpwJ/
tpiuthf Kd; n dw; w kile; FHe; i jj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur; r idiaj; jP h ; f ; F k;
Js;sJ/ kUj;Jtk;. bghwpapay;.
tHpfs; :
uhQqtk; kw; W k; tpz; b tsp
Muha; r ; r p nghd; w midj; J 1/ murpay; mikg;g[ epthuz’;fs; : ekJ
JiwfspYk; bgz;fs; j’;fsJ murpay; mikg;gpd; 23tJ rl;lg;gphpt[ fl;lha
jpwikia epU: g pj; Js; s dh; / kw;Wk; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwiaj; jil
bgz;fspd; chpikfis bra;Js;sJ/
ghJfhf;f jkpHf muR midj;J
kfsph; fhty; epiya’;fis 2/ 45tJ rl;lg;gphpt[ 14 taJ Koa[k; tiu midj;J
jkpH; e hL KGtJk; epWtp FHe; i jfSf; F k; ,ytrf; fl; l haf; f y; t piar;
a[s;sJ/ bray;gLj;j typa[Wj;jpa[s;sJ/
fy;gdh rht;yh
3/ 39tJ rl;lg;gphptpd; (F) gphpt[ vy;yhtifr;
Ruz;ly;fspypUe;Jk; midj;J FHe;ijfSf;Fk;
,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;J gpwF mbkhpf;f gpui$ahd fy;gdh
ghJfhg;gspf;fntz;Lk; vd;W Twpa[s;sJ/
rht; y h. bfhyk; g pah vd; D k; tpz; b tsp fyj; j py; 5
tpz; b tsp tP u h; f Sld; gazk; bra; j Kjy; bgz; k zp rl; l ’; f s; :
vd; w bgUikf; F hpath; /
1/ 1949 Mz;L FHe;ijfs; ntiytha;g;g[r;rl;lk;
FHe; i jj; bjhHpyhsh; f s; FHe;ijfs; ntiy bra;tjw;fhd taij Kjypy;
14 Mft[k; gpwF 15 kw;Wk; 17 Mf cah;j;jpaJ/
FHe;ijfs; tsh;rr; papy; mf;fiu fhl;lhj ve;j murk;
Kd;ndw;wkilahJ/ vdnt FHe;ijfSf;fhd ey;thH;t[ 2/ 1951 Mk; Mz;L njhl;l bjhHpyhsh; rl;lk; 12
jpl;l’;fisa[k; fy;tpiaa[k; mspj;jy; ekJ murpd; taJf;F Fiwe;j FHe;ijfs; njhl;lg;gz;izfspy;
bghWg;ghFk;/ rh;tnjr bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk;/ “j’;fsJ ntiy bra;tij jLj;Js;sJ/
cly; kw;Wk; kd eyk; ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; Fiwe;j 3/ FHe;ijfspd; cly;. kd kw;Wk; rK:f tsh;r;rpf;F
Cjpaj;jpw;F ePzl
; neuk; ntiy bra;ak [ ; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l njitahd trjpfis mspg;gjw;fhf 1974 Mk; Mz;L
FHe;ijfis FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh;;” vd tiuaWf;fpwJ/ njrpaf;bfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/
FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh;fSf;fhdf; fhuz’;fs; : 4/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; jLg;g[ kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpy; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; vd;gJ xU rK:fg; xG’;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk; 14 taJ epuk;ghj FHe;ijfs;
gpur;ridahFk;/ Vbddpy; ekJ ehl;oy; bgUk;ghd;ik bjhHpw; r hiyfs; kw; W k; Ru’; f ’; f spy; ntiy
FHe;ijfSf;F Kiwahd czt[. cil. ,Ug;gplk; kw;Wk; bra;tij jil bra;fpd;wJ
fy;tp fpilg;gjpy;iy/ mth;fs; rpW tajpnyna filfs;. 5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia mwnt ePff
; 1987k;
cztfk; kw; W k; bjhHpw; r hiyfspy; ntiyia Mz;oy; njrpa FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh; bfhs;if
bra;fpd;wdh;/ tWik. Cl;lr;rj;jpd;ik. vGj;jwptpd;ik cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/
160 161
jkpHf muR vLj;Js;s eltof;iffs; :
1/ 1986Mk; Mz;L FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; rl;lj;ij
jkpHf muR jPtpukhf bray;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ/
2/ 1958 Mk; Mz; L jkpH; e hL czt[ jUtpg; g [
bjhHpyfr;rl;lk; 16tJ taJ epuk;ghj FHe;ijfis
ntiy th’;Ftij jil bra;Js;sJ/
3/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh; rl;lj;ij
kPWgth;fs; jz;of;fg;gl;lhh;fs;/ rptfhrp. jpUg;g{h;
nghd; w ,l’; f spy; gd; d hl; L j; bjhHpyhsh;
epWtdj;jpd; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia ePfF ; k;
KGikahdj; jpl;lj;ij jPtpukhf bray;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wJ/
5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpy; KiwapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;l
FHe;ijfSf;F Kiw rhuhf; fy;tpaspf;f jkpHf
murpd; njrpa FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; jpl;lk;
bray;gLj;jg;gl;L;s;sJ/
6/ jkpH; e hL Foir khw; W thhpak; FHe; i jj;
bjhHpyhsh; xHpg;g[j;jpl;lj;ij brd;id efhpy;
bray;gLj;jpa[ss; J/ 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; FHe;ij
bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia mwnt xHpg;gij
nehf;fkhff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
162
7/ jkpHf bjhHpyhsh; mikr;rh; jiyikapy; FHe;ij
bjhHpyhsUf;fhf jkpH;ehL khepy Mnyhrid
thhpak; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
1987 Mk; Mz; L njrpa FHe; i jj; bjhHpyhsh;
bfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa nehf;f’;fs; :
1/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh; rl;lj;ij
jpwk;gl bray;gLj;Jjy;/
2/ tUkhdj;ijg; bgUf;Fk; jpl;l’;fspd; fPH; FHe;ijj;
bjhHpyhsh; FLk;g’;fisf; bfhz;L tUjy;/
3/ mghafukhd bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s FHe;ijj;
bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F Kiw kw;Wk; Kiw rhuh fy;tp
mspj;jy;/
4/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F bjhHpw;gapw;rp mspf;f
jdpg;gl;l gs;spfis epWt[jy;/
rh; t rpf; c & mgpahd; elj; j pa fzf; b fLg; g pd; go khh; r ;
2003 Mk; Mz;oy; 2/12 ,yl;rk; gs;sp bry;Yk; khzth;fspy;
70.344 ngh; FHe; i jj; bjhHpyhsh; Mthh; f s; /
5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid gw;wpa
tpHpg;gz
[ h;rr; pia gy;ntW rK:fj;jpdhpilna tsur;
bra;a muRk; muR rhuh epWtd’;fSk; Kaw;rpfs;
vLj;J tUfpd;wJ/ ,j;jifa Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;
vLj;j nghjpYk; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; vd;w
,Hpepiy ,d;Dk; ePf;fg;gltpy;iy/
fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
1/ vGj; j wptpd; i kiag; nghf; f muR vLj; J s; s tHpfis
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
2/ bgz; f s; epiyia cah; j ; j vLf; f g; g l; L s; s tHpfis
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
3/ FHe; i jj; bjhHpiy xHpf; f nkw; b fhz; L s; s tHpfis
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
163
 Rakjpg; g P L IV/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
I/rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ 1965 Mz;L njrpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if gw;wp vGJ/
1/ jkpH;ehl;od; Kjy; bgz; kUj;Jth; 2/ vk;/vy;/vy; (MLL) vd;why; vd;d>
(m) gz;oj ukhgha;
3/ fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
(M) lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l;
(,) lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp 4/ vGj;jwptpd;ik vd;why; vd;d>
(<) lhf;lh; rnuh$pdp eha[L 5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;; vd;why; vd;d>
2/ fy;gdh rht;yh rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jiw 6/ bgz; tpLjiyf;fhf ghLgl;l jiyth;fs; ahh;>
(m) bghUshjhuk; (M) tpz;btspg; gazk;
(,) mwptpay; (<) mQq Muha;r;rp
V/ tphpthd tpilasp :
3/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia jLf;Fk; rl;lg;gphpt[
(m) gphpt[ 23 (M) gphpt[ 45 1/ bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjpfs; ahit>
(,) gphpt[ 25 (<) gphpt[ 40 2/ vGj;jwptpd;ikiag; ePf;f nkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfs;
ahit>
II/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : 3/ vGj;jwptpd;ikia nghf;f jkpH;ehL muR vLj;Js;s
1/ Ieh ______________ Mk; Mz; i l gd; d hl; L Kaw;rpfs; ahit>
bgz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ/ 4/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia ePf;f jkpH;ehL muR
2/ ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lk; ___________ Mk; Mz;L vLj;Js;s eltof;iffs; ahit>
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/ 5/ ,e;jpa bgz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;j ekJ muR
3/ bjhl; o y; FHe; i jj; jpl; l k; ____________ Mz; L nkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfs; ahit>
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
4/ KG vGj;jwpt[ bgw ,aw;wg;gl;l fy;tpj;jpl;lk;;
____________ MFk; bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
5/ FHe; i jj; bjhHpyhsh; rl; l k; btspte; j Mz; L 1/ bgz;fspd; bghUshjhu rK:f epiyiag; gw;wp xU
____________ MFk; / tpthjk; elj;Jf/
2/ ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jjpypUe;J fy;tpapy; Vw;gl;l
III/ bghUj;Jf : Kd;ndw;wk; gw;wp xU gltpsf;fk; jahh; bra;/
m/ M
1/ 1979 fy;tpj;jpl;lk;
2/ rh;t rpf;c&h mgpahd; rhujhrl;lk;
3/ 1975 jPagHf;fk;
4/ rjp gd;dhl;L FHe;ijfs; Mz;L
5/ lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp gd;dhl;L bgz;fs; Mz;L
164 165
 ghlk; 5
ekJ bghUshjhug; gpur; r idfs;
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ ehl; o d; Kf; f pa bghUshjhug; gpur; r idfshd tWik.
ntiyapd;ik. tpiy thrp cah;t[. kf;fs; bjhif
btog;g[ Mfpait gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
2/ bghUshjhu gpur; r pidfspd; fhuz’; f is mwpe; J
bfhs;Sjy;/
3/ ,g; g pur; r pidfis jP h ; g ; g jw; f hd tHpKiwfis
bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
ehk; 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;L 15 Mk; ehs; tiu
me;epahpd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPH; ,Ue;njhk;/ M’;fpnyah; Ml;rp
fhyj;jpy; fy;tp. bjhHpy;Jiw ntshz;ik Mfpait
kpft[k; gpd; j’;fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;jd/ tpLjiy mile;J
57 Mz;Lfs; Mfpa[k; ,e;jpah ,d;Wk; gy bghUshjhu
gpur;rpidfis vjph;bfhs;fpwJ/ ,g;gpur;rpidfSs; rpy
tWik. ntiyapd;ik. tpiythrp cah;t.[ kf;fs; bjhif
btog;g[ vd;gitahFk;/
tWik
rK: f j; j py; xU gphptpdh; j’; f s; mog; g ilj;
njitfshd czt[. cil. ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iwf; Tl
epiwt[ bra;a ,ayhj xU rK:f epiy tWik vdg;gLk;/
,e; j pah; f spd; tWik epiyf; F M’; f pnyah; f spd;
Ruz;lny fhuzkhFk;;/ ek; rKjhaj;jpy; mog;gil
trjpfs; bgwhjth;fs; vd;Wk;. mog;gil trjpfs;
bgw;wth;fs; vd;Wk;; ,Ugphpt[fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;j
,U gphptpdUf; F k; ,ilna cs; s ,ilbtsp
tWikf;nfhL vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhifapy; K:dw ; py; xU gFjpapdh;
tWikf;nfhl;ow;F fPH; thH;fpd;wdh;/ tWikapdhy;
kf;fspd; Mnuhf;fpak; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ kf;fspd; jpwik
FiwfpwJ/ ,jdhy; ehl;oy; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J bghUshjhu
166
tsh;r;rp ghjpg;gilfpwJ/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Fd;wpa
ehLfs; kf;fspd; mog;gilj; njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a
,ayhj epiyapy; cs;sd/ ,J efh;g[w’;fspYk; fpuhkg;
g[w’;fspYk; VH;ik epiyia cz;lhf;FfpwJ/
tWikf; f hd fhuz’; f s;:
1/ mjpntf kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fk;/
2/ kf;fspd; Fiwthd tUkhdk;/
3/ kf; f spd; th’; F k; jpwidf; Fiwf; F k;
tpiynaw;wk;/
4/ ntiyapd;ik gpur;rid/
5/ vGj;jwptpd;ik/
tWik xHpg;g[j;jpl;l’;fs; : tWikia mwnt ePf;f
murhy; nkw; b fhs; s g; g l; l eltof; i ffs; tWik
xHpg;gj[ j
; pl;l’;fs; vdg;gLk;/ ,Jtiu xd;gJ Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;l’;fs; bray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/ gj;jhtJ
Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ/ ntshz;ik
kw; W k; bjhHpy; cw; g j; j pia mjpfhpf; f r; bra; t nj
,j;jpl;l’;fspd; Kjd;ik nehf;f’;fs; MFk;/ jdpkdpj
tUkhd mjpfhpg;g[. tWik xHpg;g[. ntiy tha;g;ig
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tJ Mfpait ,j;jpl;l’;fspd; Kf;fpa
Fwpf;nfhs;fs; MFk;/ rkj;Jtj;ija[k; rK:f ePjpiaa[k;
bfhz; l xU rkjh; k rKjhaj; i j cUthf; F tnj
,j;jpl;l’;fspd; mog;gil nehf;f’;fs; MFk;/
1/ Kjy; Ie; j hz; L j; j pl; l k; ntshz; i kr; rhh; e ; j
jpl;lkhFk;/ czt[g; gw;whf;Fiwia ePf;Ftnj
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ/
2/ ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; tpiythrpapid
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtij nehf;fkhff; bfhz;oUe;jJ/
3/ Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; tWikf;nfhl;od; fPH;
thGk; kf; f spd; th’; F k; rf; j pia cah; j ; j
eltof;iffs; nkw;bfhz;lJ/
167
 4/ VHhtJ kw;Wk; vl;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;pl;l’;fs;
tWik xHpg;g[. czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwt[
miljiy Fwpf;nfhs;fshff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
5/ jdpkdpjd; jyh tUkhdj;ij bgUf;FtJ gj;jhtJ
Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;nfhs; MFk;/
6/ tWikia xHpf; f $t~h; ntiy tha; g ; g [ j ;
jpl;l’;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/
7/ VH; i kia mfw; w t[ k ; rK: f j; j py; eRf; f g; g l; l
kf; f spd; thH; f ; i fia cah; j ; j t[ k ; fpuhkg; g [ w
kf;fSf;Fr; rK:f ePjp fpilf;fr;bra;a 1975Mk; Mz;L
20 mk;rj;jpl;lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
ghuj uj;dh tpUJ bgw;w ,e;jpa murpd; Kd;dhs; tptrha
mikr; r h; C.Rg; u kzpak; mth; f s; I/eh/epWtpa FGtpd;
jiytuhfg; gzpahw; w p. tsUk; ; ehLfspd; tWik. grp
,tw; i w nghf; f ghLgl; l hh; /
ntiyapd; i k
ntiyapd;ik tPjk; mjpfhpg;g[ ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa
gpur;ridfspy; xd;whFk;/ ey;y cly; jpwDk; ntiy
bra; a [ k ; jFjpa[ k ; tpUg; g Kk; ,Ue; J k; . ntiy
fpilf;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; epiyna ntiyapd;ikahFk;/
xUth; jdJ jFjpf;F Vw;whw;nghy; ntiy fpilf;fhky;
mjpDk; Fiwe;j ntiyia Vw;Wf;bfhs;Sjy; Fiw
ntiya[ilik vdg;gLk;/
bgUkst[ ntiyapd; i kf; F f; fhuz’; f s; :
1/ ntshz; i k kw; W k; ntshz; i kr; rhh; e ; j
bjhHpy;fspy; ntiy tha;g;g[ kpff;Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ/ bgUkst[ kf;fs; tptrhaj;ijna
ek; g papUj; j y; ntiyapd; i kf; F Kf; f paf;
fhuzkhFk;/
168
2/ ntiy tha;g;gpd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl kf;fs;
bjhifapd; mjpfhpg;g[ tPjk; kpf mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJ
ntiyapd;ikf;F xU fhuzk;/ bgUfp tUk; kf;fs;
bjhif tsh; r ; r p ntiyapd; i kr; rpf; f iy
kpFjpahf;FfpwJ/
3/ ehl;od; fy;tp tsh;r;rp. goj;j gl;ljhhpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sJ/ ,jdhy;
goj;j ntiyapd;ika[k;. Fiw ntiya[lika[k;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ/
4/ tp”;”hd bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wj;jhy; bjhHpw;rhiy
fspYk; tptrhaj;jpYk; ,ae;jpu’;fs; g[Fj;jg;
gl; l d/ ,J kdpj ciHg; i gf; Fiwj; J .
ntiyapd;ik gpur;rpidiaj; jPtpug;gLj;jpa[ss
; J/
ntiyapd;ikg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;f muR
vLj;JtUk; eltof;iffs; :
ekJ muR ntiyapd;ik gpur;rpidiaj; jPhf
; f
; gy
eltof;iffis vLj;Js;sJ/ mtw;wpy; rpy Kf;fpaj;
jpl;l’;fs; gpd;tUkhW :
1/ Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;l’;fSk; ntiy
tha; g ; i g mjpfhpf; f r; bra; j iy nehf; f khff;
bfhz;Ls;sd/ ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; 10
kpy;ypad; g[jpa ntiyfis cUthf;fp ntiy
tha;gi; g mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sJ/ 10tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lk; xU tUlj;jpw;F 10 kpy;ypad; ntiy
tha;g;g[fis mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tij nehf;fkhff;
bfhz;Ls;sJ/
2/ 1980 Mk; Mz;L ekJ muR mwptpj;j njrpa fpuhk
ntiy tha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (NREP) 1000 kpy;ypad;
ntiy tha;g;g[fis mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sJ/
169
 3/ 1983 Mk; Mz;L Cuf epykpy;yh bjhHpyhsh; ntiy
tha;g;g[ cWjp bra;a[k; jpl;lk; (RLEGP) epykpy;yh
tptrhapfspd; FLk; g j; j py; xUtUf; F xU
tUlj;jpw;F 100 ehl;fs; ntiyia cWjp bra;fpwJ/
4/ 1979 Mk; Mz;L Ra ntiy tha;g;g[ bgw fpuhk
,is”h; f Sf; f hd gapw; r pj; jpl; l k; fpuhk
,is”h;fSf;F bjhHpy; El;g mwpt[ bgw tHp
bra;fpwJ/
5/ 1997 Mk; Mz;L efh;g;g[w ViH kf;fs; Rantiy
tha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; efh;g[w ViHfs;; ntiy tha;g;g[
bgw tHp bra;fpwJ/
6/ 1989 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l $t~h;
ntiytha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (JRY) ntiy tha;g;ig
cWjp bra;tnjhL. fpuhk g”;rhaj;Jfs; K:yk; fpuhk
kf;fSf;F epjp cjtpa[k; mspf;fpwJ/
ntiyapd; i kg; gpur; r idiaj; j P h ; f ; F k; tHpfs;
1/ kdpj ciHg;ig ikakhff; bfhz;l Foirj;
bjhHpy;fisa[k;. ifj;bjhHpy;fisa[k; Mjhpf;f
ntz;Lk;/
2/ bjhHpy; El; g f; f y; t pf; F Kd; D hpik mspf; f
ntz;Lk;/
3/ FLk; g f; f l; L g; g hl; L Kiwia jP t pukhfr;
bray; g Lj; j p kf; f s; bjhifg; bgUf; f j; i jf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;/
4/ tptrhaj; j py; mwptpay; Kiwiag; g[ F j; j p
ntiytha;g;g[j; jpwid tsh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;/
5/ Rakhf bjhHpy; Kidnthiu Cf;Ftpj;J epjpa[jtp
mspj;jy;ntz;Lk;/
170
nkw;Twpa tHpfSf;F Kd;Dhpik mspj;J rpwe;j
Kiwapy; bray;gLj;jpdhy; ntiyapd;ik vd;w rpf;fyhd
gpur;ridiaj; jPh;f;fyhk;/
tpiynaw; w k;
,d;wpaikahj gz;l’;fspd; cw;gj;jpa[k; mjd;
njit xU ehl;od; tpiyiaj; jPhk
; hdpf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;/
cw;gj;jp Fiwthft[k;. njit mjpfkhft[k; ,Ue;jhy;
mg;gz;l’;fSf;fhd tpiy mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;/ ,e;j
epiyna gztPf;fk; vdg;gLk;/ gztPf;fj;jpdhy; xU
ehl; o d; bghUshjhu Kd; n dw; w k; jilgLfpwJ/
gzf;fhuh;fs; nkYk; nkYk; gzf;fhuh;fshfpd;wdh;/
ViHfs; nkYk; nkYk; ViHfshfpd;wdh;/
tpiynaw; w j; j pw; f hd fhuz’; f s; :
kf;fs; bjhif tsh;rr; p. ntshz;ikapd; Fiwthd
cw;gj;jp. muR brytpd; mjpfhpg;g[ Mfpait ek; ehl;od;
tpiynaw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuz’;fshFk;/ gUt kiHapd;
ika[k;. Fiwthd tpisr;rYk; czt[ gw;whf;Fiwia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/ nkYk; fs;sf;flj;jy;. gJf;Fjy;. fs;sr;
re; i j MfpaitfSk; tpiynaw; w j; j pw; F fhuz’; f
shfpd;wd/
tpiy ? cah;it fl;Lg;gLj;j
nkw; b fhs; s g; g l; l eltof; i ffs; :
czt[ cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpg;gJk;. tpiy cah;it
fl;Lg;gj;JjYk; ek; Ie;jhz;L jpl;l’;fspd; Kf;fpa
nehf; f ’; f shFk; / Ie; j hz; L jpl; l ’; f spd; tpisthf
ntshz;ik kw;Wk; bjhHpw;Jiw gz;l’;fspd; cw;gj;jp
mjpfhpj;Js;sJ/
1/ Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; ntshz;ik gz;l ; ’;fspd;
cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jJ/ ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lj;jpy; bjhHpy;Jiwapy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/
171
 K:dw; htJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; czt[ cw;gj;jpapy;
jd;dpiwt[ milag;gl;lJ/ ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lj;jpy; tpiyapy; epiyg;g[j;jd;ik Vw;gl;lJ/
2/ bghJ tH’;fy; Kiw thapyhf ,d;wpaikahj
gz; l ’; f s; epahakhd tpiyapy; tH’; f pl
Vw;ghLfs; bra;ag;gl;ld/
3/ ek; ehl;oy; gRikg;gu[ l;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
jPtpu rhFgo jpl;lk;. g[jpa cw;gj;jp Kiw. cah;uf
tpijfs; Mfpait gRikg;g[ul;rpapd; rpwg;g[f;
TWfshFk;/ ,jd; tpisthf ,Jtiu
gad;gLj;jg;glhj epy’;fs; rhFgof;F
bfhz;Ltug;gl;ld/ mhprp. nfhJik Mfpatw;wpd;
cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ/ btz;ik g[ul;rpapd; tpisthf
ghy; . ghy; rhh; e ; j gz; l ’; f spd; cw; g j; j p
mjpfkhfpaJ/ ePyg;g[ul;rp fly; czt[ cw;gj;jp
mjpfhpg;gpw;F tHp tFj;jJ/
4/ fs;sf;flj;jy;. gJf;Fjy;. kw;Wk; fs;sr; re;ijapy;
tpw;wy; nghd;w bray;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fspd;
kPJ muR fLikahd eltof;if vLj;J tUfpwJ/
5/ epaha tpiyf;fiilfs;. Tl;Lwt[ m’;fhofs;
K: y khf ,d; w pikahj gz; ; l ’; f s; Fiwe; j
tpiyf;F tH’;fg;gLfpd;wd/
kf; f s; bjhif btog; g [
,e;jpah vjph; nehf;fpa[ss
; rK:fg; gpur;ridfspnyna
kpfj; jPtpukhdg; gpur;rpid kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fkhFk;/
xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; thGk; kf;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifna kf;fs; bjhif vdg;gLk;/ cyf kf;fs;
bjhifapy; rP d htpw; F mLj; J ,e; j pah ,uz; l hk;
,lj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ/ cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 2/4% gug;igg;
bgw;Ws;s ,e;jpah. cyf kf;fs; bjhifapy; 16% kf;fisf;
bfhz; L s; s J/ 2001 Mk; Mz; L kf; f s; bjhiff;
172
fzf;bfLg;gpd;go ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; bjhif 1.027.015/
247; ngh; ,jpy; Mz;fs; 531.277.078; ngh;; bgz;fs; 495.738.169
ngh; MFk;/ xU ehl;od; tsh;r;rpf;F kdpj tsk; kpf
mtrpak; murh’;fj;ij elj;jt[k; ehl;il ghJfhf;ft[k;.
bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; gzpg[hpat[k; kdpj tsk; njit/ mnj
rkaj;jpy; xU ehl;od; kf;fs; bjhif mr;RWj;Jk; mstpw;F
tsh;ej ; hy; mJehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;rr; pia kpfg;bghpa
mstpy; ghjpf;Fk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; ,g;gpur;rid kf;fs;
bjhif btog;g[ vd;Dk; epiyia mile;Js;sJ/
2001 kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd;go jkpH;ehl;L kf;fs;
bjhif 6.21.10.839 ngh; mjpy; Mz; f s; 3.12.68.654 ngh;
bgz; f s; 3.08.42.185 ngh; /
kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpw;fhdf; fhuz’;fs; :
1/ gpwg;g[ tPjk; mjpfhpj;jYk; kw;Wk; ,wg;g[ tPjk;
FiwjYnk kf;fs; bjhif mjpfhpg;gpw;F Kf;fpa
fhuz’;fs; MFk;/ ,sikj; jpUkz’;fs; gpwg;g[
tPjk; mjpfhpf;f fhuzkhfpwJ/
2/ bgz; f spilna vGj; j wptpd; i k mjpfkhff;
fhzg; g LfpwJ/ bgz; f spd; vGj; j wptpd; i k
mwpahikf;F tHptFf;fpwJ/ ,jdhy; jpl;lkpl;l
FLk;gj;jpd; gad;fis ,th;fs; mwpahj epiy
cs;sJ/
3/ mjpf FHe;ijfs; ,Ue;jhy; mJ FLk;gj;jpd;
tUkhdj;ij tsur; bra;a[k; vd;w ViH kf;fspd;
jtwhd fUj;J. VH;ikia mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tnjhL
kf;fs; bjhifiaa[k; mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpd;wJ/
4/ Mz; FHe;ij ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk; FLk;gj;jpd;
FHe; i jfspd; vz; z pf; i fia mjpfhpf; f r;
bra;fpd;wJ/
173
5/ kUj;Jt tp”;”hd tsh;r;rpahy; ,wg;g[ tPjKk;
Fiwe; J s; s J/ bjhw; W neha; f s; midj; J k;
monahL ePff ; g;gl;Ls;sd/ caph; fhf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;
gy fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ljhy;. xU kdpjdpd; caph;
thGk; taJ 2001Mk; Mz;L. 60f;F nky; vdf;
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ gpwe;j FHe;ijfspd; ,wg;g[
tPjk; kUj;Jt tsh;r;rpahy; kpff;Fiwe;Js;sJ.
$P i y khjk; 11 Mk; ehs; cyf kf; f s; bjhif jpdkhf
mDrhpf; f g; g LfpwJ/
kf; f s; bjhif btog; g pdhy; Vw; g Lk;
tpist[fs; :
kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ xU ehl;od; bghUshjhu
tsh;rr; piaj; jilbra;fpd;wJ/ nkYk; VH;ik epiyf;Fk;.
SUÕ IkRôiÓ §hPeLs
ùTÚ¡YÚm UdLh
ùRôûL
SUÕ IkRôiÓ §hPeLs ùTÚ¡ YWm UdLh ùRôûLdÏ
úTôÕUô]RôL CpûX.
tpiythrp cah;tpw;Fk;. ntiyapd;ik gpur;ridf;Fk;
fhuzkhfpwJ/ tsh;e;J tUk; kf;fs; bjhif xU ehl;od;
Rw;Wg;gw
[ j; J}a;ikf; nfl;ow;Fk;. Rfhjhukw;w epiyf;Fk;
174
fhuzkhfpd;wJ/ ,d;Wk; 1/3 kf;fs; bjhifapdh; tWikf;
nfhl;ow;Ff; fPH; thH;fpd;wdh;/ czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; ehk;.
jd;dpiwt[ milahky; ,Uf;fpd;nwhk;/ ,jdhy; bgUfp
tUk; kf; f s; bjhifiaf; fl; L g; g Lj; J jy; kpf
mtrpakhfpd;wJ/
kf; f s; bjhifg; bgUf; f j; i jf; fl; L g; g Lj; J k;
tHpfs; :
kj; j pa muRk; khepy muRk; kf; f s; bjhif
bgUf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gy jPtpukhd jpl;l’;fis
mwpKfg; g Lj; j pa[ s ; s J/ ,tw; i wj; jtpu kf; f s;
bgUf; f j; i jf; Fiwf; f r; rpy tHpKiwfs; fP n H
jug;gl;Ls;sd/ mit/
1/ jpUkz taij mjpfhpj;jy; mtrpak;/
2/ rpW FLk;gj;jpd; ed;ikiia ghkukf;fs; mwpa[k;
tz;zk;. fy;tp tha;g;g[ mth;fisr; brd;wila
ntz;Lk;/
3/ FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;l’;fspd; ed;ikia
thbdhyp. bjhiyf; f hl; r pfspd; K: y k; fpuhk
kf;fSf;F gpurhuk; bra;tJ mtrpak;/
4/ kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fj;jpd; jPa tpist[fisg;
gs;sp bry;Yk; khzth;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;f kf;fs;
bjhiff; fy;tpiag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpDs; nrh;ff
; g;gl
ntz;Lk;/
5/ ,tw; i wj; j tpu rKjhak; gw; w pa kf; f sJ
fz;nzhl;lk; khw;wg;glntz;Lk;/ mjpf FHe;ijfs;
Fwpg;ghf. Mz; FHe;ijfs; jhd; FLk;gj;jpd; brhj;J
vd;w xU vz;zk; monahL khwntz;Lk;/
VH;ik. ntiyapd;ik tpiythrp cah;t[. kf;fs;
bjhif btog;g[ Mfpa gpur;ridfs; xt;bthd;Wk; xU
ehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf cs;sd/
175
,tw;wpy; kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ gpur;ridf;F Kd;Dhpik III. bghUj;Jf :
mspj;jhy;jhd;. ehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp nkk;gLk;/ m M
1/ fpuhkntiytha;g;g[jpl;lk; cyf kf;fs;
fw; w y; tpist[ f s; bjhif jpdk;
1/ tWik. ntiyapd;ik. tpiythrp cah;t[. kf;fs; 2/ gz tPf;fk; gRikg;g[ul;rp
bjhif btog;g[ nghd;w bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs;
gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ 3/ $Piy 11 Mk; ehs; 1980
2/ gRikg; g [ u l; r p eP y g; g [ u l; r p btz; i kg; g [ u l; r p gw; w p 4/ K:d;whtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; tpiythrp cah;t[
mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
3/ ,e; j pahtpd; bghUshjhu gpur; r idfisa[ k ; mij
ePf;Fk; tHpfisa[k; mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ tWikf;fhdf; fhuz’;fs; ahit?
Rakjpg; g P L 2/ tWikf;nfhL vd;why; vd;d?
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 3/ gRikg;g[ul;rp vd;why; vd;d?
4/ ntiyapd;ik - tiuaW.
1/ tWik vd;gJ
5/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ vd;why; vd;d?
(m) rK:fg;gpur;ridfs;
6/ tpiythrp cah; i tj; j Lf; f muR nkw; b fhz; L s; s
(M) bghUshjhug;gpur;rid tHpfspy; VnjDk; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpL.
(,) bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid
(<) epjpg;gpur;rid V. tphpthd tpilasp :
2/ mz;ikapy; kf;fs; bjhif fzf;bfLg;g[ eilbgw;w 1/ tWikiag; nghf;f nkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfs; ahit?
Mz;L 2/ ,e;jpahtpy; ntiyapd;ikf;fhdf; fhuz’;fs; ahit?
(m) 2001 (M) 1901 (,) 2002 (<) 2003 3/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpw;fhdf; fhuz’;fs; ahit?
4/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tHpfs;
II. nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : ahit?
1/ 20 mk;rj; jpl;lk; _________________ Mz;L bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
1/ cdJ Mrphpahpd; Jizf; bfhz;L kf;fs; bjhif
2/ Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; ________________ f;F
Kd;Dhpik mspj;jJ/ btog;g[ gw;wp xU tpthjk; elj;jt[k;/
3/ ntiy tha;g;gpw;F cj;jputhjk; mspf;Fk; 2/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpd; jPa tpist[fs; gw;wp
___________________ jpl; l k; 1989 Mk; Mz; L xU ehlfk; eof;ft[k;/
eilKiwf;F te;jJ/
4/ cyf kf;fs; bjhifapy; ,e;jpah ______________
,lj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ/

176 177
 ghlk; 6 20 Mk; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fj;jpy; ,j;jifa kdpj
chpikfs; kf; f Sf; F kWf; f g; g l; l d/ nkYk; rpy
kdpj chpikfs; ? bgz; chpikfs; ,l’;fspy; kdpj chpikfs; kPwg;gl;ld/ vdnt kdpj
chpikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; bghWg;g[ I/eh/ mitf;F
fw; w y; ; nehf; f ’; f s; Vw;gl;lJ/
1/ kdpj chpikfspd; bghUs; kw; W k; Kf; f paj; J tk;
gw;wp mwpar; bra;jy;/ xt;bthU tUlKk;/ mf;nlhgh; 24 Mk; ehs; I/eh/
2/ bgz; chpikfs; gw;wp mwpar; bra;jy;/
3/ kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg; g j; j py; I/eh/ mitapd; jpdkhff; bfhz; l hlg; g LfpwJ/
g’;F gw;wp mwpjy;/
If;fpa ehLfspd; kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; :

bghrh’;nf vd;w mwp”hpd; Tw;Wg;go. “rK:fj;jhy; 1945 Mk; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; 24 Mk; ehs; If;fpa
m’;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;L murhy; bray;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhhpf;iffns ehLfs; rig njhd; w paJ/ kdpj chpikfisa[ k ;
chpikfs;” vdg;gLfpwJ/ vh;bd!;l; ghh;ff ; hpd; fUj;Jg;go.
“murhy; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;litna chpikfs;”
MFk;/ xt;bthU ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wk; me;je;j ehl;L
kf;fshy; mDgtpf;fg;gLk; chpikfisg; bghUj;nj
mikfpwJ/ xU kdpjdpd; tsh;rr; pf;F kpft[k; njitahd
cs;shh;e;j chpikfns kdpj chpikfs; MFk;/ rpy
mog;gil chpikfshtd ntiy bra;a[k; chpik.
elkhLk; chpik. ngr;Rhpik kw;Wk; caph; thGk; chpik.
,e;j mog;gil chpikfs; ,aw;if chpikfs; vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;L gpwF mitna kdpjdpd; rl;lg;g{h;t
chpikfshapd/
tuyhw; W g; g pd; d zp
g[fH;bgw;w Mtz’;fshd. ,’;fpyhe;jpd; 1215 Mk;
Mz;L kfhrhrdk;. mbkhpf;fhtpd; 1791 Mk; Mz;L
chpikfs; knrhjh. gpuhd;!; ehl;od; 1792 Mk; Mz;L kdpj mog;gilr; Rje;jpuj;ija[k; kjpj;J ghJfhg;gnj I/eh/
chpikfs; gw;wpa gpufldk; uc&;a g[ul;rp. ekJ Rje;jpug; rigapd; Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/
nghuhl; l k; nghd; w epfH; t [ f spd; tpisthf kdpj
chpikfSf;F murpayikg;g[ m’;ff P huk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ kdpj chpikfs; gw;wp totikf;f xU FG
rK:f bghUshjhu chpikfs; gpwF tsuj; bjhl’;fpd/ mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,f;FG kdpj chpikfs; gw;wpa
fhydp Mjpf;fk;. Kjy; cyfg;nghh;. ~pl;yh;. Knrhypdp gd;dhl;L knrhjhit totikj;jJ/ 1948 Mk; Mz;L
Mfpnahhpd; rh;thjpfhu Ml;rp. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghh;. ork;gh; gj;jhk; ehs; I/eh/rig rh;tnjr kdpj chpikfs;
moik Kiw. ,d btwpf;bfhs;if Mfpa fhuz’;fshy; gpufldj;ij Vw;Wf;bfhz;lJ/
178 179
 vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wp midtUk; rkk; vd;gij
,e;j mwpf;if typa[Wj;Jfpd;wJ/ ,e;j kdpj chpikfs;
rhrdj;jpy; 30 rl;ltpjpfs; cs;sd/ rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfshtd
(1) midj;J kdpjh;fSk; Rje;jpukhft[k.; rk me;j!;JlDk;.
rk chpik bgw;Ws;sdh;. (2) xt;bthUtUf;Fk; thH;tpay;.
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[ bgw chpik cz;L.(3) vtiua[k;
moikg;gLj;Jjy; TlhJ. (4) rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk;
rkk;. ntWghod;wp midtUf;Fk; rk rl;lg;ghJfhg;g[
mspf;fg;gLk;. (5) vtiua[k; fhuzkpd;wp ifJ bra;anth
rpiwapy; itf;fnth. ehL flj;jnth TlhJ. (6) mtuth;
xt;bthU tUlKk; ork;gh; 10 Mk; ehs; kdpj chpikfs;
jpdkhff; bfhz; l hlg; g LfpwJ/
ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs; elkhlt[k; trpf;ft[k; xt;bthUtUf;Fk;
chpika[z;L. (7) ehl;L Fokfd; xt;bthUtUf;Fk;
Foa[ h pik cz; L . (8) jpUkzk; bra; J bfhz; L
thH;fi; fapy; <LgLk; chpik. (9) brhj;Jhpik. (10) rpe;jpf;Fk;
chpik. bray;gLk; chpik kw;Wk; tHpghl;L chpik.
(11) fUj;J bjhptpf;ft[k; vz;z’;fis btspaplt[k; chpik.
(12) mikjpahd Kiwapy; Tl;lk; Tl;lt[k; r’;fk;
mikf;ft[k; chpik. (13) mtuth; ehl;L murh’;fj;jpy;
g’;bfLf;Fk; chpik. (14) ntiy bra;tjw;fhd chpik.
(15) ntiyf;nfw;w Cjpak; bgWk; chpik. (16) vy;yh
FHe;ijfSf;Fk; rK:fg; ghJfhg;g[ bgWk; chpik. (17)
jha; nra; chpik/
,e;jpahtpd; kdpj chpikfs; : kdpj chpikfspy;
cs;s gy mk;r’;fis ekJ murpayikg;gpy; cs;s
Kft[iu kw;Wk; mog;gil chpikfspy; nrh;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ/
Rje; j puk; . rkj; J tk; . eP j p vd; w Kft[ i uapy; cs; s
mog; g ilf; bfhs; i ffs; ekJ murpay; mikg; g [ r ;
rl;lj;jpd; rh;tnjrj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ/ ekJ
murpayikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; K:d;whk; gphptpy; mog;gil
chpikfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd/ mitahtd : (1) rkj;Jt
chpik. (2) Rje;jpu chpik. (3) Ruz;lYf;bfjpuhd chpik.
180
(4) rka Rje;jpu chpik. (5) fy;tp kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L
chpikfs;. (6) brhj;Jhpik. (7) murpay;
mikg;gpw;Fl;gl;L ghpfhuk; bgWk; chpik/
mog;gil chpikfspy; Rje;jpu chpik vd;gJ
ngr;R/ vz;z’;fis btspg;gLj;Jk; chpik. xd;W TLk;
chpik. r’;fk; mikf;Fk; chpik. elkhLk; chpik.
Fonawp trpf; F k; chpik. gzp bra; a [ k ; chpik
Mfpatw; i w cs; s lf; f pa[ s ; s J/ nkny Twg; g l; l
chpikfisa[k; Rje;jpuj;ija[k; ghJfhf;f. kdpj chpikfs;
Mizak; xd;W ,e;jpahtpy; bjhl’;fg;gl;lJ/
njrpa kw;Wk; khepy kdpj chpik Miza’;fs;:
12/10/1993y; njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;ij
,e;jpa muR g[Jjpy;ypapy; epWtpaJ Xa;t[ bgw;w cr;r
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp ,jd; jiytuhft[k;. kw;Wk; ehd;F
jpwikahd ty;Ydh;fis cWg;gpdh;fshft[k; bfhz;L
kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j
cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;/ kdpj
chpikfisg; nghw;wt[k; ghJfhf;ft[k; rl;l hPjpahd
mjpfhu’;fs; ,t;thizaj;jpw;F bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ/ kj;jpa
murpd; Mnyhridfisg; gpd;gw;wp 1996 Mk; Mz;L
xt;bthU khepyj;jpYk; khepy kdpj chpikfs; Mizak;
epWtg; g l; L s; s J/ jkpH; e hL kdpj chpikfs;
Mizaj;jpd; jiyik mYtyfk; brd;idapy; cs;sJ/
kdpj chpik kPwy; gw;wpa tHf;Ffis ,t;thizak;
tprhhpf;fpwJ/ njrpa kdpj chpikfs; MizaKk; khepy
kdpj chpikfs; MizaKk; ,e; j pahtpy; kdpj
chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Kf;fpa g’;fhw;wp tUfpd;wd/
kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhf; f ntz; o ajpd;
mtrpak; :
kdpj chpik kPwYf;fhdf; fhuz’;fs; khepyj;jpw;F
khepyk; khWgLfpd;wJ/ kdpj chpikfs; Mizak;. kdpj
chpikfs; gpufld tpjpfSf; F k; ekJ mog; g il
181
chpikfSf;Fk; Kd;Dhpik tH’;fpa[ss ; J/ mt;thwpUe;Jk;
rK:fj;jpy; eyptile;j kf;fSk; kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSk; kdpj chpik kPwYf;Fg; gypahfpd;wdh;/ kj;jpa
khepy muRfs; kdpj chpik kPwiyj; jLf;fg; gy jPtpu
eltof;iffis vLj;J tUfpd;wd/ cjhuzkhf 1955 Mk;
Mz;L rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lKk; 1989 Mk;
Mz;L Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH’;Foapdh; rl;lKk;
,e;jpahtpy; rPhpa Kiwapy; bray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/
kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rK:f ePjpg; gphpt[ xd;W fhty;
Jiw jiyik ,af;Fehpd; nkw;ghh;itapy; bray;gl;L
tUfpd; w J/ jkpH; e hl; o y; khepy mstpy; khepy
fz;fhzpg;g[ kw;Wk; brayhf;ff; FGthdJ khz;g[kpF
Kjy; mikr;riuj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L ,a’;fp tUfpd;wJ/
2003?2004 Mz;Lfspy; 224/72 , y l ; r k ; πg h a ;
brytHpf;fg;gl;L 1772 ngh; gadile;Js;sdh;/
bgz; chpikfs;
Rje;jpu ,e;jpah gy rKjha khw;w’;fisf; Fwpg;ghf
bgz;fs; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; re;jpj;J te;Js;sJ/ bgz;fSf;F
,iHf;fg;gLk; ntjidfs; kw;Wk; mePjpfisa[k; czh;ej ; thu ,jH; f s; . gj; j phpiffs; . Rtbuhl; o fs; .
,e;jpa muR bgz;fSf;F neUk; mePjpfis ePf;fg; gy
rl; l ’; f is ,aw; w pa[ s ; s J/ ,j; j ifar; rl; l ’; f s;
bgz;fsJ epiyia cah;j;jt[k; Kd;ndw;wt[k; tHptif
bra;Js;sJ/ ,e;jpa murpayikg;g[ Vw;wj;jhH;tw;w rkj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; bgz;fSf;fhd rpwg;g[ rYiffSf;Fk; cj;jputhjk;
mspj;Js;sJ/ (ekJ murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfs; 14. 15. 16)
murpayikg;g[ cj;jputhjk; jtpu murh’;fk; bgz;fs;
eyDf;fhf gy rK:f eyr;rl;l’;fis epiwntw;wpa[s;sJ/
bgz;fSf;fhd rK:f eyr; rl;l’;fs; :
1/ 1955 Mk; Mz; L ,e; J jpUkzr; rl; l k;
bgz;fSf;fhdj; jpUkz taij 17 Mf mwptpj;jJ
mJ jw;bghGJ 21 tajhf cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
182
2/ 1956 Mk; Mz; L ,e; J thhpRhpikr; rl; l k;
bgw; n whh; f spd; brhj; i j mila chpikia
tH’;fpa[ss ; J/
3/ 1961 Mk; Mz;L (1984y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) tujl;riz
jLg;gr[ r; l;lk; tujl;riz th’;Fgth;fSf;F rpiw
jz; l ida[ l d; Toa fLk; jz; l idfis
mspf;fpwJ/
4/ 1956 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjitfs; kWkzr;rl;lk;
tpjitfs; kWkzj;ij m’;fPfhpj;Js;sJ/
5/ ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; (1967 Mk; Mz;od; jkpHf
murpd; jpUj; j g; g l; l r; r l; l k; ) Rakhpahij
jpUkz’; f Sf; F rl; l hP j pahd m’; f P f huk;
mspj;Js;sJ/
6/ 1989 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thhpRhpikr;rl;lk; (jkpH;ehL
murpd; jpUj;jr;rl;lk;) bgz;fSf;F guk;giu
brhj;jpy; rkg’;F fpilf;f tHptif bra;Js;sJ/
7/ jkpH;ehL muR 1999 Mk; Mz;L fz;zpakw;w
Kiwapy; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLtij jil bra;ak [ ; rl;lk;
ifnaLfs; Mfpatw;wpy; bgz;fis fz;zpakw;w
Kiwapy; tpsk;gug; gLj;Jtijj; jil bra;fpd;wJ/
bgz; f Sf; f hd bjhHpyhsh; rl; l ’; f s; :
gzpf;Fr; bry;Yk; bgz;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf
,e;jpa muR gy bgz;fSf;fhd bjhHpyhsh; rl;l’;fis
,aw;wpa[s;sJ/ 1948 Mk; Mz;L bjhHpw; rhiyr;rl;lk;.
1952 Mk; Mz;L Ru’;fr;rl;lk;. 1951 Mk; Mz;L njhl;lj;
bjhHpyhsh; rl;lk; bgz;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ mspf;ft[k;
ve;jtpj ntWghod;wp bgz;fSf;F Cjpak; fpilf;ft[k;
tHptif bra; J s; s J/ 1961 Mk; Mz; L kfg; n gW
eyr;rl;lk; gzpf;Fr; bry;Yk; fUt[ww; pUf;Fk; bgz;fSf;F
Kiwahd Cjpak; kw;Wk; gofSld; kfg;ngW tpLg;g[
cWjp bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/
183
 nkny Twg;gl;Ls;s rl;l’;fs;. bgz;fspd; epiyia fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
cah;j;jpa[s;sJ/ Mdhy; ,r;rl;l’;fs; rl;l rkj;Jtj;ij 1/ I/eh/mit btspapl; L s; s kdpj chpikfs; gw; w p
mspj;jhYk; mij jPtpukhd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;j mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
rK:f tpHpg;gz[ h;it tsh;fF
; k; jPtpu ,af;f’;fspd; njit 2/ murpayikg;gpy; cs;s mog;gil chpikfs; gw;wp
mtrpakhfpwJ/ mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
3/ bgz; chpikfs; gw; w pa[ k ; mjd; Kf; f paj; J tk;
bgz; jiyth;fs; : gw;wpa[k; mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
f!;J}hpgha; fhe;jp. lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l.; rnuh$pdp
eha[L. tp$ayl;Rkp gz;ol;. fkyh neU. gz;oj ukhgha;.
lhf; l h; Kj; J yl; R kp bul; o . Uf; k zp yl; R kpgjp. Rakjpg; g P L
mk; g [ $ k; k hs; . rnfhjhp Rg; g [ y l; R kp nghd; w bgz; I/ nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f :
jiyth;fs; bgz;Qqhpikf;F nghuhoa[s;sdh;/ 1995 ,y;;
rPdhtpd; jiyefh; bga;$p’;fpy; ele;j cyfg; bgz;fs; 1/ mbkhpf; f htpd; chpik knrhjh btspaplg; g l; l
khehl;oy; ‘kdpj chpikfns bgz;zpd; chpikfs;. Mz;L ________________
bgz;zpd; chpikfns kdpj chpikfs;’ vd;w bra;jp 2/ I/eh/ mit njhd;wpa Mz;L ________________
jPh;khdkhf Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/
3/ I/eh/ rh;tnjr kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk;
xt;bthU tUlKk; khh;r; khjk; 8 Mk; njjp gd;dhl;L btspaplg;gl;l Mz;L ________________
bgz; f s; jpdkhff; bfhz; l hg; g l; L tUfpwJ/
4/ njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l
bgz; f Sf; f hd r’; f ’; f s; : Mz;L ________________

bgz; f spd; epiyia cah; j ; j ,e; j pahtpYk; . 5/ kfg; n gW eyr; r l; l k; ________________ Mz; L
Kf;fpakhf jkpH;ehl;oYk; gy bgz;fs; r’;f’;fs; ,a’;fp btspaplg;gl;lJ
tUfpd;wd/ ,e;jpag; bgz;fs; r’;fk;. mfpy ,e;jpa 6/ 1995 Mk; Mz;L cyfg; bgz;fs; khehL
bgz;fs; khehL. ,e;jpa njrpa bgz;fs; mikg;g[/ ________________ vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ToaJ
$dehafg; bgz;fs; r’;fk; kw;Wk; bgz;Qqhpik ,af;fk;
Mfpait g[fH; bgw;w bgz; chpik r’;f’;fshFk;/
,tw;iwj; jtpu muR rhuh jd;dhh;t epWtd’;fshd mhpkh II/ bghUj;Jf :
r’;fk;. nuhl;lhp r’;fk;. ,d;dh; tPy; r’;fk; nghd;wita[k;
bgz;fspd; epiy caug;ghLgl;L tUfpd;wd/ m/ M
1/ kfh rhrdk; 1955
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bgz; (I/gp/v!;/) fhty;Jiw mjpfhhpahd
fpud;ngo/ ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; ga’;fukhd ifjpfisf; bfhz;l 2/ ~pl;yh; khh;r; 8 Mk; ehs;
jp~hh; rpiwr; r hiyapy; btw; w pfukhf gy rP h ; j pUj; j ’; f is
3/ ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; rPdhtpd; jiyefuk;
g[Fj;jp ,e;jpa bgz;fs; rKjhaj;jpw;F xU Kd; khjphpahf
tps’; f pa[ s ; s hh; / 1994 Mk; Mz; L mth; Mrpa kpfg; b ghpa 4/ bga;$p’; rh;thjpfhhp
nehbgy; ghprhd uhnkhd; kf; n !n! vd; w kpfg; b ghpa
tpUija[ k ; bgw; W s; s hh; / 5/ fh;tnjr bgz;fs; Mz;L 1215

184 185
III/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ kdpjdpd; mog;gil chpikfs; ahit>
2/ kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj; j gz; i lf; f hyg;
gpufld’;fs; ahit>
3/ ,e;jpahtpd; kdpj chpik Miza’;fs; gw;wp vGJ>
4/ bgz;Qhpikf;fhfg; ghLgl;l bgz; jiyth;fs; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLf/
5/ gzpahw;Wk; bgz;fSf;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;l bjhHpyhsh;
rl;l’;fs; ahit>

IV/ tphpthd tpilasp :

1/ I/eh/btspapl;Ls;s kdpj chpikfs; ahit>
2/ bgz;Qqhpikfis ekJ muR vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wJ
vd;gij tpthp/

bra; K iwg; gapw; r p

1/ kdpj chpikfs; gw;wpa xU tpthjj;jpw;F Vw;ghL
bra;/
2/ bgz;fSf;fhdr; rl;l’;fs; gw;wpa xU ml;ltiz
jahh; bra;/

186
 g[ t papay;
Kft[ i u
Ke;ija tFg;gf [ spy; goj;jtw;iw rpwpJ epidt[ TWnthk;/
Nhpad; xU el;rj;jpuk;. mJ ~Pypak; kw;Wk; i~l;u$d;
tha[ f ; f isa[ k ; bfhz; L s; s J vd Mwhk; tFg; g py;
goj;jwpe;njhk;/ nkYk;. Rkhh; 5 gpy;ypad; tUl’;fSf;F
Kd;g[ tha[f;fSk; J}Rf;fSk; Nhpaid Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gl;ld/
fhyg;nghf;fpy;. ,e;j tha[tisak; Fsph;e;J. Jz;Lfshfp
g[jd;. bts;sp. g[tp. brt;tha;. tpahHd;. rdp. beg;oa{d;.
a[nud!; kw;Wk; g[Sl;nlh Mfpa nfhs;fshft[k;.
mf; n fhs; f Sf; F 90 re; j pud; f Sk; (Jiz nfhs; f Sk; )
cUthfyhapw;W/ Nhpa FLk;gj;jpy; xd;whd ekJ g[tpapd;
miktplk; rpwg;ghdJ/ mjd; fhuzkhf. g[tp gug;gpy;
caphpd’;fs; njhd;Wtjw;Fk; mit bgUFtjw;Fk; Vw;w
btg; g epiy epyt[ f pwJ/ g[ t p gug; g py; fhzg; g Lk;
caphpd’;fshy; jhd; ekJ g[tp jdp rpwg;gg [ ; bgw;w nfhskhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ/
tspkz;lyk; tha[f;fshy; Md xU nghh;it nghd;wJ/
mjw; F eph; z apf; f g; g l; l g[ w vy; i y VJk; , y; i y;
gog;goahf Fiwe;J tpz;btspapy; fye;J tpLfpwJ vd;W
VHhk; tFg;gpy; goj;Js;nshk;;/ tspkz;ly tha[f;fspy; Rkhh;
80 rjtP j j; i j g[ t p jdJ <h; g ; g [ tpirapdhy; mjd;
nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 20 fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uj;jpw;Fs; jf;f itj;Jf;
bfhz;Ls;sJ/ tspkz;lyj;jpd; ,ay;g[. ntjpapay; TWfs;
kw;Wk; Nhpa xspa[ld; tspkz;ly tha[f;fspd;
brabyjph;t [ f s; Mfpad xU’; f pize;J tspkz;lyj;ij
g[tpj;bjhFjpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpahf khw;wpa[s;sJ/
bgUk;ghYk;. Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Lfpw kiyfSk;.
jpiff; f itf; F k; vhpkiy btog; g [ f Sk; . mr; R Wj; J fpw
epyeLf;f’;fSk;. Xa;tw;w bgU’;fly;fSk; kf;fSf;F Cf;fk;
mspg;gitfshf cs;sd/ mhpg;g[ fhuzpfshy; g[tpapd;
nkw;gug;gpy; g[jpa tot’;fs; ,iltplhky; totikf;fg
;gLfpd;wd/ ekJ nfhsj;ijg; gw;wpa g[jpa tptu’;fs; kw;Wk;
g[ t p nkw; g ug; g py; , aw; i f epyj; n jhw; w ’; f s; vt; t hW
njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gija[k; vl;lhk; tFg;gpy; tphpthfg;
goj;J mwpayhk;/
187
1/g[ t papd; cs; s ikg; g [
fw; w ypd; nehf; f ’; f s;
1/ g[ t papd; cs; s ikg; i gg; g[ h pe; J f; bfhsy; /
2/ g[t papd; mLf;F fis bjhpe;J f; bfhsy;/
Nhpad; xU el;rj;jpuk;; Nhpa FLk;gj;jpy; xd;gJ nfhs;fs;
cs;sd/ ,f;nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; jdJ re;jpud;fSld;
(Jizf; n fhs; f Sld; ) Nhpaid tyk; tUfpd; w d/
,f;nfhs;fis Nhpad; jdJ <h;g;g[ tpirahy; fl;Lg;
gLj;JfpwJ/ vy;yh nfhs;fSk; mtw;wpd; mr;rpy; RHd;Wf;
bfhz;Lk;. mnjneuj;jpy; Nhpaid mtw;wpd; ghijapy;
tyk; te;Jf;bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ekJ g[tpa[k; kw;w
nfhs;fSk; NhpadplkpUe;Jjhd; j’;fSf;Fj; njitahd
Mw;wiy bgw;Wf; bfhs;fpd;wd/
Rkhh; 4/6 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; g[tp jdJ
thH;fi ; fia Jt’;fpajhf mwptpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;/
NhpadplkpUe;J gphpe;J te;j tpz;btsp J}Rfs; (Cosmic
Dust) xd; W ld; x d; W , ize; J bghpa Jfs; f shf
cUbgw;wd/ gpd;dh; bghpa Jfs;fs; xU’;fpize;J
g[tpf;nfhsk; cUthfpaJ/ bjhlh;eJ; g[tp Fspu Jt’;fpajhy;
Rkhh; 4. 2 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; fz;l’;fs; njhd;wp
, Uf; f yhk; vd fUjg; g LfpwJ/ Mdhy; , Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;od; Jtf;fj;jpy;jhd; ekJ g[tpf;nfhsk; K:d;W
mLf;Ffshy; MdJ vd;gij mwptpayhsh;fs; cWjpr;
bra;jdh;/ mitahtd: (m) fUtk;. (M)ftrk; kw;Wk;
(,) nknyhL/
(m) fUtk;(Core):g[tpapd; ikag;gFjp fUtk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tLf;F Rkhh; 7000 fp/kP tpl;lk;
cilaJ/ fUt mLf;fpd; bgUk;gFjp ,Uk;g[ jhJtpdhy;
MdJ/ ,t;tLf;fpy; ruhrhpahf 3000°br/ btg;gepiy
epyt[fpwJ/ ,J ghiwapd; cUFepiy btg;gj;ijf;
188
 Tôû\dúLô[m rjtPjkhFk;/ ftr mLf;F ,uz;L gFjpfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mitahtd: (i) ftr nkyLf;F kw;Wk;
úUúXôÓ
(ii) ftrf; fPHLf;F
10-þ100 ¡Á. (i)ftr nkyLf;F: g[tp nknyhl;od; fPHpUe;J 670 fpnyh
Av§ú]ôv©Vo kPl;lh; MHk; tiuapy; mike;Js;s ftr mLf;Fg; gFjp
LYNm
ftr nkyLf;F vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ftr nkyLf;fpy;
100 Kjy; 200 fpnyh kPl;lh; tiu fhzg;gLk; nky;gFjp
LYNm m!;jpndh!;gpah; (Asthenosphere) vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
úUúXôÓ ¡.Á. m!;jpndh!;gpahpd; ,aw;g[ gz;g[fs; ftr nkyLf;fpd;
§WYm ,ju gFjpfspd; ,aw;g[ gz;gf [ spypUe;J ntWgLfpd;wd/
LÚYm (ii) ftrf;fH
P Lf;F: ftr nkyLf;fpypUe;J fPH; nehf;fp
ùY°dLÚYm 670 fp/kP Kjy; 2900 fp/kP MHk; tiu fhzg;gLk; gFjp
¡.Á.
EhLÚYm §Pm ftrf; fPHLf;F vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j mLf;F mjpf
btg;gj;ija[k; befpGk; (Plastic) jd;ikiaa[k; bfhz;ljhf
, Uf; f pwJ/ , t; t Lf; f pd; kP J brYj; j g; g Lk; mjpf
¡.Á
mGj;jj;jpd; tpisthf. ,’;F cUthfpw fdpk’;fs; ,ju
gFjpapy; cUthfpw fdpk’;fspypUe;J ntWgLfpd;wd/
TPm 3.1. ×®«u Es[ûUl×
,/ nknyhL (Crust) : nknyhL ftr mLf;fpd; kPJ
fhl;oYk; kpf mjpfkhdJ/ Mifahy; fUt mLf;fpy; kpje;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. nknyhl;il ,ju mLf;FfSld;
ghiwfs; jplepiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ ,t;tLf;F ,uz;L xg; g pLk; n ghJ kpff; Fsph; r ; r pahdJ; , Wfyhft[ k ;
gphpt[fis cs;slf;fp cs;sJ/ mitahtd: (i) btsp behW’;Fk; jd;ikf; bfhz;ljhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/ g[tpapd;
fUtg;gFjp (ii) cl; fUtg;gFjp nknyhl;il ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;/ mitahtd:
btsp fUtg;gFjpapd; btg;gepiy fhuzkhf m’;F (i) bgU’;fly;XL kw;Wk; (ii) fz;l XL.
ghiwfs; jput epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,g;gFjpapy; (i) bgU’;fly; XL: bgU’;fly; XL bky;ypaJ/ Rkhh;
ry;gh; gj;J rjtPjk; cs;sJ/ btsp fUtg;gFjp cl; 5 ? 10 fp/kP gUkd; bfhz;lJ/ bgU’;fly; XL 40 rjtpfpj
fUtj;ijr; Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ/ ,g;gFjp 2250 fpnyhkPll
; h; rpypf;fhita[k; 40 rjtpfpj khf;dPrj;ija[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
tpl;lj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ cl; fUtg;gFjpapd; kPJ v”;rpa 20 rjtpfpjk; ,Uk;g[ kw;Wk; ,ju fdpk’;fshy;
brYj;jg;gLk; mjpfkhd mGj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf Rkhh; MdJ/ bgU’;fly; Xl;oy; rpypfht[k; kf;dPrpaKk; mjpf
1220 fpnyh kPll
; h; MHk; tiuapy; ghiwfs; jpl epiyapy; mstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy;. rpypfh vd;w thh;j;ijapYs;s
cs;sd/ rp (SI) vd;w vGj;ija[k; khf;drP pak; vd;w thh;ji; japYs;s
(M) ftrk;( Mantle): fUtj;ijr; Rw;wp ftrmLf;F kh (MA) vd;w vGj;ija[k; nrh;j;J ,e;j XL rpkh (SIMA)
mike; J s; s J/ ftr mLf; F , Uk; g [ . kf; d P r pak; . vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ rpkh ghiwfs; grhy;l; tifiar;
mYkpdpak;. rpypfhd; kw;Wk; Mf;!p$d; Mfpa rpypnfl; rhh;ej; it(glk; 1.2)/ ,it mlh;jj ; p kpFe;jit; fdkhdit/
Tl;Lg;bghUs;fshy; MdJ/ ,J Vwj;jhH 2900 fpnyhkPll ; h; (ii) fz;l XL : fz;l XL 20 ? 70 fp/kP gUkDilaJ/
tpl;lj;ijf; bfhz;lJ; g[tpapd; bkhj;j bfhs;sstpy; 83 fz;l XL 80 rjtpfpjk; rpypfhita[k; 15 rjtpfpjk;
189 190