DESIGN BY EVOLUTION ‘The process of developing a design by introducing small, appropriate changes in the preceding ones, as dictated by the new needs perceived from time to time is called design by evolution. Characteristics of Design by Evolution Slow and tedious process. No information transmission between designers. Absence of records. Hence, further changes, dictated by need, were difficult and time consuming. Crude and cumbersome, but the only way in earlier times. Used by craftsmen as well as early industrial designers. Bicycles, steam locomotives, automobiles, airplanes, etc. have all passed through this process. 8. Even today, this is used to some extent. Inadequacy of the Evolutionary design Methods for Modern Times Modern design problems are more complicated than traditional ones and cannot be handled by the traditional methods because of the following reasons: 4.The traditional design method focused on just the product as a complete unit; but toda products have to be designed in the context of the system in which they will work. 2-Traditional designs were on a small scale; penalty for wrong designs and gains from good designs were limited. In contrast, in this age of mass production, the risks and stakes are high. 3. The increased scale of production also means products have to be designed to perform under a variety of conditions. 4. The rapid changes in technolo, small changes in design. 5. The modern designer has to design products keeping in mind the technology that will become available in the future. . DESIGN THROUGH MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The word morphology means study of shape or from, so that morphological analysis is a way of creating new forms. It is a systematic and structured approach to problem definition and solution that uses a simple matrix or morphological box. Morphological analysis works best when the problem can be readily broken down into components or sub-problems. Each component should represent a meaningful and identifiable part of the major problem. Various solutions or blocks are thought up for each part and these blocks are then recombined; and a good design is one that selects the most advantageous atid matching combination of the components. This way, itis ncover combinations that would not ordinarily develop from normal processes. NOR WN pe gy make drastic and novel demands which cannot be met by possible to ui Procedure: 1. Identify the parameters of the design; these may be functions or qualities. 2. Determine the number of possible ways of achieving each of these parameters. 3. Set up a matrbs, the extreme left column listing thie parameters and the rows against them the possible achieving them. 4, Study all combinations of the sub solutions for feasibility and 1 on some valid criteria, be taken to ensure that parameters are independent; the solution to one ‘olution of another. methods ¢ select the be Care shou should not compelROLE OF CREATIVITY IN THE DESIGN PROCESS Design as a problem solving process demands creativity from the designer. Iti ability to generate multiple ideas. This process can be thought of as méving from an amorphous idea to a well-structured idea, from the chaotic to the organized, from the implicit to the explicit. Creative thinkers are distinguished by their ability to take existing ideas and concepts, combine them in Some unusual and imaginative ways and thus synthesize new and exciting ideas and concepts of meaningful and useful forms. Qualities of a Creative Thinker ‘A creative thinker usually exhibits the following characteristics: A broad background of fundamental knowledge with tremendous inquisitiveness, - Intuitive perception, ingenuity, and fertile imagination. . Initiative, enthusiasm, drive, and persistence. Great self-confidence, constructive discontent, and an extremely positive outlook. Very sensitive and the same time very open-minded. ». Dedicated and devoted to his pursuit. . The ready willingness to change approaches. NOM Pune Factors that Prevent Creativity Following mental locks hinder creative thinking: +. Wanting the right answer. 2, Desire to be logical 3. Tendency to follow rules, 4. Wanting to be practical. 5. Avoiding ambiguity. 6. Afraid of making mistakes. ~ 7. Not wanting to appear frivolous: 8. Thinking that it’s not one’s area. 9. Afraid of appearing foolish. 10. Labeling oneself as ‘not the creative type’ How to Develop Creativity sted beiow are some positive steps to enhance one’s creative abilities: L Develop a creative attitude. Build up confidence by successes in solving small problems initially. 2.Unlock your imagination. Rekindle the vivid and lively imagination you had as a child. 3.Be persistent. Remember Edison’s comment “Invention is 95% perspiration and 5% inspiration”. - 4.Develop an open mind. You don’t know where ideas might come from. 5.suspend your judgment. Don't start being critical when the idea is still in a nebulous state. 6.Set problem boundaries. Defining the problem clearly and setting boundaries help focus.on creativity.~ Cost goes beyond this in its pursuit of cost savings, as indicated by the list DESIGN FOR PRODUCT COST Introduction The cost Of a Product is a mafor factor in determining its commerial success. Cast affects the price, and so the profit. Ifthe product is too expensive, it will fall to survive the competition Though a nontechnical one, it would still be a failure. Design for Product Cost sranlen for product cost (DFC) refers to the efforts ofa company to specicaly identify how design edsions affect costs and to develop ways to reduce cost through design. Typical Product cost components Improved manufacturabilty, no doubt, usually results in lower cnst, but the scope of design for product of typical product cost components: 1 Product development and design 2. Manufacturing engineering 3. Materials 4, Manufacturing 5, Inspection 6. Distribution 7.Overhead Guidelines for Design for Product Cost Following techniques can ensure reduction in product cost by favourably influencing the various cost ‘components of a product: $ffective automation. 4.Attempt for compact design. 15.Moke foldable stackable design. 16 Use available stock of materials. oKaYO LE Fool eT Finance and Product DevelopmentDESIGN FOR SAFETY Introduction Until about 1950, companies took protection under “caveat emptor”"it is the buyer’s outlook”. However, during 1950s and 1960s, increasingly aware public started challenging such ethics on the part of manufacturers, and this gradually led to the consumer lecisiation in many countries. Today, companies realize the tisk they run in the area of customer relations if they ignore safety aspects. Design for Safety © & Gefety isa very important consideration in product design. Design for safety should lead to a product that will perform with minimal hazard to the user and the environment. Importance of Design for Safety 1. Regardless of who pays for the accident, user Is the ultimate sufferer. 2. Unsafe system may result in abrupt stoppage of work or even accidents, 3. Environmental pollution amounts to exploiting it for personal gains. 4. A polluted environment is unsafe for both human beings as well as other living things. 5. Safety considerations mean extra cost and additional burden on the designer, but safe, reliable and eco-friendly products will enrich society and win acceptance in the long run. 6. Besides the explicit warranty, manufacturers are committed to an implied guarantee of safety to the user. 7. Legal aspects are involved in case of accidents due to unsafe products. iyo Products are required to work under rea-ife conditions and allowing for human 4 as permitted by ergonomic factors. Se es ‘There are many conditional safety standards for products: 1. As safe as they can possibly be 2, Safe, according to industry-wide standards 3. Safe, if used in the manner and under situations specified in the instructions. 4, Safe for a chil. Guidelines 4, Manufacturer must bear in mind that he is likely to be sued in case of accidents, loss, etc. due to unsafe products. 2. He must be aware of all the rules and requlation governing the safety of the product he produces. 3. Designs should account for certain realsife situations like powes fers, accidental overheating, etc a Certain human errors like slight ignorange, 2, abuse, Instructions for proper use, dos and Gon" in connection with seety should be provided. 5. Critical warnings concerning saf 6. Quality assurance and quality 7. Date and batch coxling help. tra “after it leaves the company 8. “Adefectfree or failsafe design ¢ Since 2 functional repair is much an daniage from an accident, fail- safe designs are "considered superior and even necossary Incase of may products. Examples: Safety fuses, pressure release valves, circvit breakers, thermostats, radiators, fans, etc. J