40 Elastic Response Analysis Method for Floating Bridges in Waves Shunzo Oka" Koichi Inoue Hideyuki Seto“ Naoki Kumamoto” Kunihiro Ikegami? Shigeru Ueda Tadaaki Maruyama” Floating structures are generally evaluated assumed to be rigid, A slender structure such as a floating bridge, however, has elasticity that must be accounted for. We developed analysis method that lakes structural elasticity into account. The structure, formulated by finite element method (FEM), and fluid, formulated by boundary element method (BEM), interact, An elastic model test in water tank showed that analysis evaluated the influence of structural elasticity properly, confirming the validity of elastic response analysis. A numerical example using this method emphasizes the need to consider the influence of structural elasticity on the dynamic response of the floating bridge to waves. 1. Introduction Floating bridges have already been constructed for use as highway bridges in the USA and Norway. In Japan too, a floating swing bridge to be called “the Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge (tentative name)” is now being constructed to provide traffic access to the seaside area near Osaka, Such floating bridges are considered to be advantageous when the water depth is very large or soft seabed is very thick. However, they are inevitably subject to the influence of strong winds and waves in stormy weather. Hence, an evaluation of the dynamic response of floating bridges to winds and waves is necessary to ensure safety of the structure, Conventionally, the dynamic response of floating structures js estimated on the assumption that the floating body is rigid However, for estimation of the dynamic response of a flexible structure such as a floating bridge, this assumption is no longer valid, and the influence of structural elasticity on wave response needs to be considered as well It is thus necessary to develop an analytical method that takes structural elasticity into account. ‘This paper describes a response analysis method that takes structural elasticity into account, which has been developed for use in designing floating bridges in waves. The paper also reports on the results of model basin test conducted for verification of the proposed method by using a large-scale elasticity model. 2. Outline of floating bridge First, an outline of the floating bridge will be given, because (2) Cotman tpn Nostng ge (2) Separate fate tunton tpn fstng bse Fig. 1 Structural types of floating bridges ‘The. structural types are roughly vided Into continuous type and separated flosting foundation no regular floating bridges have been constructed in Japan™, Floating bridges can be roughly divided into two type as shown in Fig.1 — the continuous type and the separated floating-foundation type. The former type is exemplified by the Washington Lake Bridge and Hood Canal Bridge in the USA, which are made mainly of prestressed concrete (PO) Examples of the latter are Bergséysund Bridge and Nordhord. land Bridge in Norway, of which the pontoon is made of PC and superstructure of steel truss bridge or steel box girder bridge. ‘Though these bridge types have advantages and disadvan- tages, applicability of the continuous type floating bridge is Timited to some extent in view of its influence on the environ: ment and hindrance to sea routes. ‘The Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge (tentative name) now being constructed is, as shown in Fig.2, an arch bridge supported on a pair of steel pontoons moored with dolphins at the ends, and uniquely designed to swing away to clear the sea route completely in case of emergency. 3. Blastic response analysis 3.1 Analysis method Fig.3 shows an outline of the elastic response analysis ‘method for floating bridges in waves. ‘The structure is simplified to a model of three-dimensional elastic framework and formulated by the finite element ‘method. The pontoon is treated as a rigid body and a nodal point is given to its gravity center to take the influence of fluid into account. Fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and simplified to a model of three-dimensional potential flow. The wetted surface of the pontoon is divided into elements and formulated by the boundary element method that expresses a field of flow having free surface when the source is distributed. ‘The combination of structure and fluid thus formulated gives the following equation of motion: (14) + ae) 20+ (Ce) +L) 2) + (CH) + (Aa + Ui) Gd =(0 a where, (4): Mass matrix of structure (without influence of fluid) [uid Added mass matrix of structure by fluid 441 Hiroshima Machinery Works | 442 Hiroshima Research & Development Centr, Technical Headquarters 43 Nagasal Institute of Applied Science ‘1 Natfonal Defence Academy #5 Tottori Unversity #6 Osaka City Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Lid. Technical Review Vol.37 No.2 Jun. 2000)nat of gt 410.000, a1 70000 Seah 280 000, & 51000 14000) 200000 382000 {4000 Fig. 2. Plan and elevation views of the Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge A regular floating bridge, te first construction of this type in Japan, can swing away to clear sea routes ‘ Sip: ete ent med HK T 7 T Wave 2 4 — G Fu Yor: aunt id Fig. 3. Outline of analysis method Tie secure modal fmt y te Site tent method econ i he Bld oblate ye bounany tected [G]: Damping matrix of structure (without influence of fu) (@,]: Wave-making damping matrix [4]: Stiffness matrix of structure (without influence of fd) (ku): Matrix indicating restoring force (hal: Matrix indicating mooring system (x): Nodal displacement vector Meeting song) Moos spn 9) a Wate Gora Fig. 4 Analytical model of floating bridge ‘To make elastic deformation more obvious. rigii is lowered from the actual floating bridge Table 1 Natural periods of principal vibration modes Wait 9 [His bosy model | Wig boy model Tb 7 i 03 fa = is a7 26 ar (f): Wave exciting force vector In this equation of motion, additional mass resulting from fluid, wave-making damping and wave exciting force are a function of frequency. If the frequency response is considered to be regular, the response can be obtained fairly easily. That is, if frequency a is used to express nodal displacement and ‘wave exciting force as equation (2) respectively, equation of ‘motion (1) is expressed by (3) that gives solution (x). (xl=(de™, (N={Fle™ @ (C4) +) +) +i (] +) a? (4) +104) 41=(F) @ ‘Similarly, response to irregular waves can be evaluated by the linear superposition method using an appropriate spectrum of waves, 8.2, Example of numerical analys ‘The example of a floating bridge supported on a pair of pontoons as shown in Fig. 4 is discussed below. 3.2.1 Vibration characteristics ‘Natural periods of principal vibration modes are shown in ‘Table 1 for both elastic and rigid structure models. The most significant difference in vibration characteristics between these two models is seen in the twist mode, which exists in the clastic body model but not in the rigid body model. This is because, ifthe girder is a rigid body, a pair of pontoons are not allowed to move in opposite phase to each other. ‘The elastic body model shows a longer natural period than that of the rigid body model in sway mode. Inthe other modes, no significant differences in characteristics are seen between them, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Technical Review Vol.37 No.2 (Jun. 2000)42 <0: Sate mise Ho : Sate mays roca as Ter Imes mms TSIEN ome soass 4g tsp Toni Eoneeper was © 020 ‘ OS soe = Tori Dosereaer sass 5 ge z° we zo" I Be < 3 i alg $ $ ox] : ; oe gs i & i. oy i, i oc eee e tS bom Pd tae T) Pied ewes 71) Pete ot as 78) td tes Tn) 100 ey 1007 mom : state anaysis. O30 mae ¢ ig body : Fool SENET go a” a My = zo 0.06} = 6 3 i }. Zz a bot & g $ = ON Te aoe I 7 i a gee o 2 4 6 8 WO I o 2 4 6 8 0 12 oe 4 6 8 Ww 12 9 S40 te Pad ot waves T (3) Fig. 5 Results of response Pad at waves 7) Pete of waves 7) Pate waves Ta) ysis Results of conventional analysis are also show for purposes of comparison Baas wiht k 10705 . Fig. 6 Test model of floating bridge Elastic girder is supported on two pontoons, 1/40-scale model 3.2.2 Results of response analysis Fig. 5 shows the results of regular wave response analysis by the elastic response analysis method described above. For purposes of comparison, two other analysis results are also plotted on the graph: one is the static analysis made by statically applying wave exciting force alone in order to take the pontoon phase into account, and the other is the two-stage analysis made by statically applying inertial force of motion calculated from the rigid body model to the elastic body model. ‘These analyses are based on the application of 2 meter-high regular waves at an incidence of 120 deg, to the bridge axis. Firstly, when the member force response is observed, the result of static analysis is smaller than the results of the other ‘two analyses, This is because a force accompanied by the ‘motion of structure is disregarded. Furthermore, when the results of two-stage analysis and elastic response analysis are compared, there is no significant difference between them in axial force F., shearing forceF, or bending moment M,, while a large difference is seen in shearing force F,, twisting moment ‘Mz and bending moment M,, respectively, indicating that the two-stage analysis method makes an unconservative evalua. jon. These differences in analysis results are due to the influence of elastic deformation of the girder and correspond to the difference in natural periods of twist and sway modes. ‘Next, the displacement of the mooring point in irregular ‘waves on the elastic body model will be compared to that on the rigid body model. The conditions of the irregular wave were Tia=5.7 s for the period and Hin=1.4 m for the height of significant wave, and the Bretschneider-Mitsuyasu spectrum wwas used for analysis. The relationships between significant wave and displacement 8, of the mooring point in Y direction and also angle of rotation @s (expected value to both: 1/ 1 000) on Z-axis are shown in Fig. 5. Also, regarding the displacement of the mooring point, which is often considered to be largely dependent on the ‘motion of the rigid body of the floating bridge, the difference responsible for influence of structural elasticity is remarkable and, as a result, the rigid body model is underestimated. Hence, the elastic body model also needs to be used in the study of the mooring system, 4. Verification experiments 4.1. Outline of experiments To verity the elastic response analysis method mentioned above, experiments were conducted on the elastic model using a water basin®. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd Technical Review Vol37 No.2 (lun. 2000)a ese 20) Gir mil expres vale orzo acer / wave ist s 4 8 6 7 8 O Pate of woes) won 2 99 rel dlcomet/ woe Dit 43 (0 Rape wae spre 10 08 os 04 02 oreo placemat / wee hi 00, 5 (rs wave spose Fig. 7 Results of response test “The response peak is clear in regular wave respon test but not obvious in irregular wave responce tet. 4.1.1 Water basin A seawater maneuvering basin (160 m long x 30 m wide x 35 m deep) installed in the Nagasaki Research and Develop- ment Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd, (MHI) was used, It was equipped with a false bottom and wave guide plates to investigate the influence of water depth and sea route. 4.1.2 Test model A floating bridge model composed of an elastic girder made of aluminum and two pontoons to support the girder as illustrated in Fig. 6 was used, with the girder moored at both ends via coil springs. This test model is made to a geometrical scale of 1/ 40 of the actual scale of the Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge (tentative name) and is provided with balance weights to keep the mass distribution generally uniform. However, the clastic girder was designed to have lower rigidity in the horizontal bending direction and twisting to make the elastic deformation more obvious than that of the actual floating bridge. 4.1.3 ‘Test conditions By taking into account the factors that can influence the response, experiments were carried out in various manners by changing the test conditions such as water depth, stiffness of mooring spring, wave direction, wave height and so on. Both regular and irregular waves were used as input, Spectrum characteristics of Bretschneider-Mitsuyasu type were used for irregular waves. All numerical values reported below are equivalent to the actual floating bridge. 4.2. Results of test The test results will be compared to those obtained by using the elastic response analysis method. As mentioned above, numerous tests were conducted under various conditions. For example, the results of the test in the conditions of wave direction at 108° and deep water depth are shown in Fig. 7 as regular wave response and irregular wave response of the horizontal and vertical displacements in the position of girder. In these graphs, the period of wave (the period of significant wave in the case of irregular waves) equivalent to full-scale floating bridge is taken as abscissa and the period of vibration mode (sway or heave/ pitch) is denoted by arrows. Response displacement per unit wave height is taken as ordinate, It is possible to see clearly the peak of response in the natural period of motion from the results of the regular wave response test, while the response curve obtained in the irregu: lar wave response test is generally gentle and the peak is not obvious. As to the horizontal displacement in the domain of natural period, the response is greater in the middle portion of the girder than in the end portions. This indicates that the influence of elastic deformation of the girder is greater. On the other hand, the vertical displacement response in the middle portion of the girder is smaller than in both end portions. This indicates that, because of oblique wave incidence, the pitch of ‘opposite phase motion of two pontoons is more dominant than heave of in-phase motion. ‘The response to irregular wave is considered comparable to that to the actual waves. At the design wave period (7.7) of the Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge (tentative name), the dis- placement rate to wave height is about 0.3 times in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Elastic response analysis represents precisely the situations here the influence of structural elasticity is obvious, asin the ‘case mentioned above, and where two different modes are combined with each other. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Technical Review Vol.37 No.2 Jun. 2000)44 Also, through other tests conducted under varied testing conditions, elastic response analysis was confirmed to be capable of representing satisfactorily the results of such tests, and thus the validity of elastic response analysis method was duly proved 5. Conclusion ‘MHI has developed a wave response analysis method for floating bridges taking into account the influence of structural clasticity, and have experimentally confirmed its validity. The calculated results using this analysis method showed that ‘unconservative evaluation is most possibly made if the influ cence of structural elasticity is not taken into account. Henc is obvious that wave response analysis for floating bridges needed to be made by fully taking into account the influence of structural elasticity This analysis method is already used in the design practice for the Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge (tentative name), such as for calculation of design member force. Development of this analysis method has made it possible to increase the accuracy and efficiency of analysis work from the level of the conven tional analysis method. ‘This paper has reported on an analysis method used in the domain of frequency. Furthermore, in order to analyze the behavior of floating bridges in more detail, we have begun to develop and arrange a time history response analysis method that can handle various nonlinear elements. Through the application of these analysis methods and experimental tech nique, it is intended to contribute to the development of floating bridges in Japan. References () Watanabe, E, Trend in Construction of Floating Bridges and Submerged Tunnels, Strait Crossing, Vol (1997) p.11 (@) Ueda et al, Study on Elastic Response Analysis of Floati Bridge, Proceedings of Ocean Development, Vol13 (1997) p.219, (9) Tkegami et al, Experimental Study on Elastic Response of ‘Movable Floating Bridges in Waves, Proceedings of the 14-th Ocean Engineering Symposium (1998) (4) Maruyama et al., Plan and Design of Yumeshima-Maishima Bridge, The Bridge and Foundation Engineering, Vol32 No2 (41398) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Lid. Technical Review Vol.37 No.2 Jun. 2000)