Case of the Missing

Pathogens
Anna Nickerson, Alexis Pring,
Teagan Lee, Olivia Cole, Grace Van
Oort

Who Is Guilty?
Dr. Shirley Mo:
attacker

Dr. Ellis Island:

stole pathogens after
Donley was attacked

Motive
Dr. Mo
Holds a grudge against Dr. Donley because Donley keeps all the
good fermentation bacteria to herself.
Dr. Donleys brain is insured for 1 million dollars.

Dr. Ellis Island

Dr. Donley knew Dr. Islands immigration status and was
blackmailing her
Has a crush on Dr. High, who had the eyes for Dr. Donleys twin,

Evidence
Found Dr. Mos fingerprint on Dr. Donleys glass at the party
Dr. Shirley Mos blood type is 0+
O+ blood, not belonging to Donley, found underneath her fingernails
from the Physicians report
Dr. Island and Dr. Mos lip prints on the glass with Donleys
ELISA test positive that Dr. Island and Dr. Mo were exposed to the
pathogens
O+ blood on the insurance document
Physicians report showed that in an attempt to poison Donley, the

Science Behind Evidence

Fingerprints: everyone has unique fingerprints
due to variations in fingertip patterns. These are
taken with ink and are stored in a database of
criminals for future reference.
Blood Type: there are type A and B antigens that
can be found on the surface of red blood cells.
Each person has one of four types of blood: A
(only A on surface), B (only B on surface), AB (A
and B on surface), or O (nothing on surface).
When blood is donated or accepted it must be of
the same type. AB can accept any type though,
and O can be given to all.

Lip Prints: just like fingerprints, each persons is unique but harder to
differentiate.
ELISA Test: used to detect antibodies in the blood. Watch the process
below:

Information on Pathogens
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a bacteria, virus, or a different microorganism that can
cause a disease. Each of the pathogens were viruses including
Smallpox, HIV, and Tuberculosis.

What is a virus?
A virus is classified by its shape also the fact that it is not a living
organism, but also not nonliving, putting t up for debate. A virus does
not fit the criteria for a cellular organism. The type of disease viruses
cause depends on the shape of their capsid- the type of nucleic acid
(RNA or DNA), and whether or not there is an envelope.

Smallpox
Highly contagious
Deadly virus
No cure or treatment
Eradicated from the Earth in the 1980s but small samples have
been kept for research
Samples pose a threat for biowarfare

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Gradually attacks the immune system
With an early diagnosis it can be treated, but not cured
Can be contracted by sexual intercourse, infected needles, childbirth
and breastfeeding
Cannot be contracted through sweat, saliva, or urine
AIDS occurs when HIV goes untreated, it is the last stage of HIV
when the body cant fight off any infections
Leads to death

Tuberculosis (TB)
Infection that attacks the lungs and throat
Airborne
Can be cured with antibiotics that are taken over a six to nine month
period
TB with HIV can be very hard to treat

The Science Behind DNA

Fingerprinting

Crime scenes
Determine who was involved
based on DNA left behind

Purposes of
DNA
Fingerprinting

Used in court - determine guilty

from innocent more accurately

Identifying father
Test one persons DNA against
anothers to determine
similarities
DNA test - compares 13 core
loci from each individual
Highly variable test = more
accurate results

How it Works

1.Obtain DNA source

DNA Fingerprinting:
Process
of separating
a. Bodily fluids (i.e.
blood and
saliva), body
certain DNA
nucleotide
sequences into fragment
tissue,
hair follicles
bands for analysis
b. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used
to replicate DNA if source is limited in
size

2.Cut DNA using restriction

enzymes
a. Enzymes cut DNA at restriction sites,
resulting in different DNA fragment
lengths

3.Separate DNA
a. Agarose gel electrophoresis separates DNA according to size
b. Electricity passed through gel & buffer

Reading a DNA Fingerprint

An example of a DNA fingerprint
Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism (RELP) used to
make this banded pattern
DNA (negatively charged) is pulled toward
positive side when there is an electric
current
Fragments separated by size creating bands
(smallest fragments travel furthest)

Blood stain (DNA at crime scene)

matches suspect John

Data

B
a
n
d

La
m
bd
a/
Hi
nd
ill
siz
e
ma
rk
er

La
m
bd
a/
Hi
nd
ill
siz
e
ma
rk
er

C
ri
m
e
S
c
e
n
e

S
u
s
p
e
ct
1

S
u
s
p
e
ct
2

S
u
s
p
e
ct
3

S
u
s
p
e
ct
4

S
u
s
p
e
ct
5

Di
sta
nc
e
(m
m)

Ac
tu
al
Siz
e
(b
p)

Di
st
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)

Di
st
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)

Di
st
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)

Di
st
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)

Di
st
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)

Di
st
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)

Based on
our data
from the
DNA
fingerprint
, the DNA
from the
crime
scene
matched
Suspect
#3

ELISA Test
The ELISA test was positive for suspect 2 and 3,
which are Ellis and Shirley Mo respectively.
This means they were both exposed to the
pathogens and were therefore in Donleys office
with the pathogens or they stole them
Ellis was the offender who stole the pathogens after
Mo had broken into Donleys office and attacked
her.

The Outcome
Dr. Shirly Mo and Dr. Ellis Island were both
arrested
Dr. Shirly Mo was convicted on charges of
battery and assault
Dr. Ellis Island was convicted of theft

Coroners Report
Blood not belonging to Dr. Donley was found on her hand and
underneath her nails
A faint scent of almond was apparent which means Dr. Donleys
drink was poisoned with cyanide. Luckily her drink was tipped over
before she could have any
Cyanide can shut down the electron transport chain causing one not
to make ATP and carry on normal functions

Bibliograph
y
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