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Nota Pengubah
Tajuk 5.3
PENGUBAH / TRANSFORMER
Objektif Pelajaran
Tajuk:Pengubah
Pengenalan
Pengubah adalah satu alat elektrik yang statik yang digunakan untuk menaikkan atau
menurunkan voltan.Pengubah terdiri dari dua lilitan yang disambungkan melalui teras
magnet. Satu belitan disambung kepada bekalan manakala satu lagi belitan disambung
kepada beban.
Fluks magnet
Teras
Belitan Primer
Bekalan AU
Belitan sekunder
N1
N2
Beban
Binaan asas:
1.Teras
diperbuat daripada kepingan keluli silikon yang berlapis dengan penebat
tebal keluli antara 1mm-5mm
keluli silikon digunakan kerana kehilangan histerisis rendah
teras berlapis bertujuan untuk mengurangkan kehilangan kuasa akibat arus pusar
2.Belitan gegelung
dibuat daripada dawai kuprum berpenebat
terdiri daripada belitan primer dan belitan sekunder
Tajuk:Pengubah
Jenis teras
a.bentuk kelompang ( E-I )
b.bentuk tingkap ( U- I )
Jenis Belitan
a.belitan sepusat
b.belitan apit
Belitan sekunder
Belitan primer
Belitan sekunder
Belitan primer
Tajuk:Pengubah
Simbol Pengubah
Simbol am pengubah
Jenis Teras
Simbol
1.Teras Udara
2.Teras Besi
4.Pengubah Auto
5.Pengubah Sadap
Tengah (centre tap)
6.Pengubah berbilang
sadap (multi tap)
Tajuk:Pengubah
I2
I1
V1
N1
E1
E2
V1
V2
I1
I2
N1
N2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
V2
E2
E1
N2
Tajuk:Pengubah
1.Secara praktikal akan berlaku kehilangan kuasa di dalam pengubah.Bagi tujuan pengiraan,
dianggap pengubah tidak mengalami sebarang kehilangan kuasa atau dianggap unggul.
2.Pengubah unggul adalah pengubah di mana kehilangan yang berlaku di dalamnya
diabaikan dan ianya berkendali dengan kecekapan 100%.
Bagi pengubah unggul, kadar perubahan fluks adalah sama pada kedua-dua belitan primer
dan sekunder,
1
2
Oleh itu :
=
.
1
2
D.g.e. teraruh per lilit adalah malar (tetap).
Diandaikan tiada kehilangan, E1 = V1 dan E2 = V2
V1
V2
=
1
2
atau
V1
N1
=
V2
2
Sekiranya satu beban disambungkan kepada belitan sekunder, arus I2 akan mengalir.
Bagi pengubah unggul, kehilangan kuasa adalah diabaikan dan kecekapan pada 100%.
Oleh itu, kuasa masukan = kuasa keluaran atau V1 I1 = V2 I2 ,
Jadi:
V1
I2
=
V2
I1
N1
I2
= N = I
2
1
Nisbah Pengubah
Nisbah antara nilai voltan primer dengan voltan sekunder atau nisbah antara lilitan primer
dengan lilitan sekunder.
Tajuk:Pengubah
n =
N1
N2
atau
n =
V1
V2
Jika nilai n adalah lebih besar dari 1, voltan primer lebih besar dari voltan sekunder. Oleh itu
pengubah ini adalah jenis pengubah langkah turun (step down transformer)
Jika n < 1 i.e.
Jika n > 1 i.e.
Jika n = 1 i.e.
Contoh
Berikut adalah bilangan belitan bagi tiga pengubah:
(a) N1 = 100, N2 = 2000
(b) N1 = 3000, N2= 2000
(c) N1 = 100, N2 =100
Berapakah nisbah pengubah n dan nyatakan jenis pengubah berdasarkan nisbah pengubah.
(a)
(b)
(c)
N1
100
1
N 2 2000 20
n 1 pengubah langkah naik
n
N 1 3000
1.5
N 2 2000
n 1 pengubah langkah turun
N1
(100)
N2
(2000)
N 1 100
1
N 2 100
n 1 pengubah penjodoh
N1
(3000)
N2
(2000)
N1
(100)
N2
(100)
Contoh latihan 1
Tajuk:Pengubah
Satu pengubah mempunyai 600 lilitan utama dan 400 lilitan sekunder. Jika bekalan voltan
sebanyak 240V,50 Hz dikenakan ke bahagian utama, hitungkan :
(a) nisbah belitan
(b) voltan sekunder
Jawapan :
V1=240V
V2 = ?
N1=600
N2=400
N 1 600 3
N 2 400 2
n = 3:2
(b)voltan sekunder, V2
V1
N1
=
V2
N2
V2
240 2
3
V2 = 160 Volt
Contoh latihan 2
Tajuk:Pengubah
A transformer is to be used to provide a 60 V output from a 240 V A.C supply. Calculate (a)
the turns of ratio required and (b) the number of primary turns, if the secondary is wound
with 500 turns.
Satu pengubah direka untuk mengeluarkan voltan sebanyak 60 V AU daripada voltan
bekalan 240 V AU. Kirakan :
(a) nisbah belitan yang diperlukan
(b) bilangan belitan lilitan primer jika belitan sekunder dililit sebanyak 500 lilit.
Jawapan Latihan 2
V2 = 60 V
V1 = 240 V
N2 = 500
a)
V1
N1
240
=
=
V2
N2
60
b)
N1
4
=
atau 4 : 1
N2
1
N1
4
=
1
500
belitan primer, N1 = 2000 lilit
Latihan 3
Satu pengubah 2000/200V, 20kVA mempunyai 66 lilitan belitan sekunder.Hitung:
Tajuk:Pengubah
(i)
bilangan belitan primer
(ii)
arus primer dan arus sekunder semasa beban penuh
Abaikan kehilangan kuasa.
Jawapan Latihan 3
Rajah 3
Rajah 3 mewakili keadaan pengubah di atas.
n
(i)
V1 2000
10
V2
200
N1
n 10
N2
N 1 N 2 10 66 10 660 lilitan
(ii)
V1 I1 V2 I 2 20 103
arus sekunder, I 2
P 20 10 3
100 A
V
200
I 2 V1
I 1 V2
I1
100 200
2000
arus primer, I1 = 10 A
10
Tajuk:Pengubah
8.1 A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary turns. If the primary
voltage is 240 V, determine the secondary voltage, assuming an ideal
transformer.
8.2 An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2 : 7 is fed from 240 V supply.
Determine its output voltage.
8.3 An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 8 : 1 and the primary current is 3 A
when it is supplied at 240 V. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.
8.4 An ideal transformer connected to a 240 V mains, supplies a 12 V, 150 W lamp.
Calculate the transformer turns ratio and the current taken from the supply.
8.5 How many turns are required for a 36 V secondary if a 240 V primary has 600 N.
8.6 True or false ? If the primary winding of a 1:2 step-up transformer has
3 N/ V, the secondary winding will have 6 N/ V.
8.7
True or false ? The secondary flux of a transformer cancels part of the
primary flux.
Jawapan
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
1440 V
840 V
V2 = 30 volts, I2 = 24 A
turns ratio = 20, I1 = 0.625 A
90
False
True
seconds.
1
11
Tajuk:Pengubah
Tajuk:Pengubah
= 80 11000 = 2200
400
From expression ,
E2 = 4.44 N2 f m volts
c)
400 = 4.44 80 50 m
m = 22.5 mWb
Example 8.5
An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary winding and 40 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
(i) primary and secondary currents on full-load
(ii) secondary e.m.f. and
(iii) the maximum core flux
Solution to Example 8.5
K
(i)
(ii)
N2
40
4
N1 500 50
I1
8.33 A
V1
3000
I2
I1
8.33 50 4 104.2 A
K
E2
K
E1
E2 KE1 (4 50) 3000 240V
(iii)
E1 4.44 fN1m
3000
27 10 3 wb 27 mwb
4.44 50 500
13
Tajuk:Pengubah
Activity 8B
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE TO THE NEXT
INPUT!
8.8
A 100 kVA, 4000 V/200 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has 100 secondary turns.
Determine :
(a)
the primary and secondary current
(b)
the number of primary turns
(c)
the maximum value of the flux
8.9
8.10
A single phase 2200/250V, 50 Hz transformer has a net core area of 36cm 2 and a
maximum flux density of 6 wb/m2. Calculate the number of primary and secondary
turns.
(a)
(b)
(c)
I1 = 25 A, I2 = 500 A
N1 = 2000 turns
m = 9.01 mWb
8.9
8.10
N1 = 459, N2 = 52
14
Tajuk:Pengubah
Kehilangan
Kuprum, Pc
Kehilangan
Kuasa
Kehilangan
Besi, Pi
15
Tajuk:Pengubah
-cara atasi : lilitan bertindih atau sepusat antara primer dan sekunder
Kecekapan Pengubah
Pout
Pin
Pengubah
masukan
keluaran
=95% -98%
kehilangan
besi, Pi
kuprum,Pc
Kecekapan pengubah adalah nisbah antara kuasa keluaran terhadap kuasa masukan.
Kecekapan dinyatakan dalam peratus atau perpuluhan.
Kecekapan ditandakan dengan simbol (eta).
Kecekapan =
kuasa keluaran
x 100 %
kuasa masukan
kuasa keluaran
Kecekapan =
dengan
V2
I2
Kos
Pi
Pc
=
=
=
=
x 100 %
voltan keluaran
arus sekunder
f.k. pada beban
kehilangan besi
= kehilangan kuprum
16
Tajuk:Pengubah
Hasil darab I2V2 adalah kadaran kuasa pengubah atau kuasa keluaran ketara.Unitnya
adalah dalam Volt-Ampere (VA)
Kecekapan pengubah bergantung kepada :
Faktor kuasa
Beban
Kehilangan kuasa
Contoh kadaran pengubah
Kadaran kuasa
maksimum pengubah
Voltan
Masukan
Frekuensi
bekalan
Voltan
Keluaran
17
Tajuk:Pengubah
=
=
V2 I 2 kos
V2 I 2 kos Pc Pi
x 100 %
4 000 0.8
4000 0.8 400 600
x 100 %
3 200
x 100 %
3200 1000
76.19 %
Contoh 2
18
Tajuk:Pengubah
Satu pengubah 110 kVA, 2 000/100 V fasa tunggal mengalami kehilangan besi 750 W dan
kehilangan kuprum 850 W.Faktor kuasa pengubah adalah 0.85.
Hitungkan kecekapan pengubah itu.
Kecekapan =
=
=
93500
x 100 %
93500 1600
98.32 %
Contoh 3
19
x 100 %
x 100 %
Tajuk:Pengubah
In a 50 kVA transformer, the iron loss is 500 W and full-load copper loss is 800W. Find the
efficiency at full-load and half-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
Sebuah pengubah 50 kVA mempunyai kehilangan besi sebanyak 500W dan kehilangan
kuprum sebanyak 800W pada faktor kuasa 0.8.Hitung kecekapan pengubah tersebut:
(a) beban penuh
(b) beban separuh
(a)
(b)
V2 I 2 kos
V2 I 2 kos Pc Pi
x 100 %
50 000 0.8
96.85 %
Kecekapan 1/2
1/2 =
1
( V2 I 2 kos )
2
x 100 %
1
1
(V2 I 2 kos ( ) 2 Pc Pi)
2
2
1
( ) 50 000 0.8
2
x 100 %
1
1
( )(50000 0.8) ( )800 500
2
4
96.6 %
20
Tajuk:Pengubah
I2
21
Tajuk:Pengubah
Jawapan:
(a)i Arus I2 :
V2 I 2 6 kVA
I2
6 kVA
400 V
15 A
( ii)Rintangan RL
RL
V2
I2
400 V
15 A
= 26.6
(iii) belitan primer, N1
N1
V1
=
2
V2
V1 N 2
V2
N1
240 125
400
75 beli tan
kuasa keluaran
x 100 %
kuasa masukan
V2 I 2 kos
V2 I 2 kos Pc Pi
x 100 %
6 kVA 0.9
= 5400 83 W x 100
= 0.9845 x 100 %
= 98.45 %
22
Tajuk:Pengubah
2700
2700 47
1/2 =
(ii)
x 100 %
98.29 %
Kehilangan kuprum
masukan
=
=
=
kuasa keluaran
x 100 %
kuasa masukan
keluaran
100
= 4330 Watts
Masukan
Kehilangan
=
=
=
Keluaran + kehilangan
4330W 6 kVA x 0.7
130 W
23
Tajuk:Pengubah
8.12
8.13
Why are the core losses negligible during the short-circuit test?
8.14
Feedback to Activity 8C
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
0.96
core
Because the primary voltage is very low.
7W
24
Tajuk:Pengubah
SELF-ASSESSMENT 8
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and
check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 8 given on the
next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.
Question 8-1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What is a transformer ?
Draw the circuit diagram symbol for a transformer.
How is a transformer rated.
Name two types of transformer construction.
A transformer has 600 primary turns connected to a 1.5 kV supply. Determine the
number of secondary turns for a 240 V output voltage, assuming no losses.
An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2 : 9 is fed from 220 V supply. Determine
its output voltage.
A step-down transformer having a turns ratio of 20 : 1 has a primary voltage of 4 kV
and a load of 10kW. Neglecting losses, calculate the value of the secondary current.
An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 12 : 1 and is supplied at 192 V. Calculate the
secondary voltage.
A transformer primary winding connected across a 415 V supply has 750 turns.
Determine how many turns must be wound on the secondary side if an output of 1.66
kV is required.
An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 12 : 1 and is supplied at 180V when the
primary current is 4A. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.
Question 8-2
(a)
(b)
The net cross-sectional area of the core of 400/3000V, 50Hz transformer is 600cm 2.
If the maximum flux density in the core is 1.3 wb/m 2, find the number of primary
and secondary turns.
25
Tajuk:Pengubah
(c)
(d)
A single phase, 50 Hz transformer has 40 primary turns and 520 secondary turns. The
cross sectional area of the core is 270 cm2. When the primary winding is connected to
a 300 V supply, determine :
(i)
the maximum value of flux density in the core
(ii)
the voltage induced in the secondary winding
(e)
A 3.3 kV/110 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer is to have an approximate e.m.f per
turn of 22 V and operate with a maximum flux of 1.25 T. Calculate
(i)
the number of primary and secondary turns
(ii)
the cross sectional area of the core
Question 8-3
(a)
A 200 kVA rated transformer has a full loaded copper loss of 1.5 kW and an iron loss
of 1 kW. Detemine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.85 power factor.
(b)
A 400 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.5 and a secondary
winding resistance of 0.001. The iron loss is 2.5 kW and the primary and
secondary voltage are 5 kV and 320 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is
0.85, determine the efficiency of the transformer :
i.
on a full load
ii.
on half load
(c)
A single phase transformer has a voltage ratio of 6 : 1 and the h.v winding is supplied
at 540 V. The secondary winding provides at full load current of 30 at a power factor
of 0.8 lagging. Neglecting losses, find :
i.
a rating of the transformer
ii.
the power supplied to load
iii.
the primary current.
FEEDBACK TO SELF-ASSESSMENT 8
26
Tajuk:Pengubah
(b)
Np
Ns
Ns
E
V
s s
N p E p Vp
(c)
K=
(d)
i. core type
(e)
96
(f)
990 V
(g)
50 A
(h)
16 V
(i)
3000 turns
(j)
15 V, 48 A
(i) 1373
(b)
24; 198
(c)
(i)
(d)
(i)
1.25 T (ii)
3.90 kV
(e)
(i)
150, 5 (ii)
792.8 cm2
800
0.9855 or 98.55 %
27
Tajuk:Pengubah
(b)
(c)
i. 97.91 %
i. 2,7 kVA
ii.
ii.
97.87 %
2.16 kW
iii.
28
5A