THERMODYNAMICS OF VAPORISATION OF A PURE LIQUID

Table 1: Primary obtained data

Reading
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Temperature / C

Internal
Height / cm
81.8
81.0
80.4
79.9
79.2
78.4
77.5
76.8

28.3
30.5
32.5
34.1
36.00
38.00
40.00
42.2

Patm = 701 mm Hg
760 mm Hg = 101325 Pa

701 mm Hg

701mm Hg

101325 Pa
=Patm =93459 Pa
760 mm Hg

Sample Calculation for Table 2, using Reading No. 1

Equation (7):

P=Patm dg(h I hE )

P=Patm dg( h)
h=81.8 cm23.6 cm=58.2 cm

1m
=0.582m
100 cm

d=13550 kg m-3 ,

m s-2

g=9.807

P=( 93459 )(13550)(9.807)(0.582)

P=16120

Pa

P ( standard pressure )=1 atm=101325

Pa

External
Height / cm
23.6
24.4
25.1
25.6
26.3
26.9
27.8
28.6

 ln

16120
)=1.838
( PP )=ln ( 101325

Table 2: Processed Data for Cyclohexane

T/K
301.45
303.65
305.65
307.25
309.15
311.15
313.15
315.35

1
T

/ K-1

h / m

Pressure(P)
/ Pa

ln

( PP )

3.32 10-3
3.29 10-3

0.582

16120

-1.838

0.566

18246

-1.714

3.27 10-3
3.25 10-3

0.553

19974

-1.624

0.543

21303

-1.559

3.23 10-3
3.21 10-3

0.529

23163

-1.476

0.515

25023

-1.398

3.19 10-3
3.17 10-3

0.497

27415

-1.307

0.482

29409

-1.237

Figure 1: Measured Pressure at different temperature

Figure 2: Relationship between natural log for pressure and inverse

temperature

From Figure 2:

y=mx +b

m (Slope) = -4.00 103

Intercept = 11.5

m=

vap H m
=4.00 103
R

vap H m=(4.00 10 3 ) ( 8.314 )

33256

J K-1 mol-1

vap S m
Intercept=
=11.5
R
vap Sm =( 11.5 ) ( 8.314 )
95.61

J K-1 mol-1

 vap S m=

T b=

vap H m

Tb

vap H m 33256
=
=347.8 K
vap Sm 95.61

DISCUSSION
Table 3: Literature, Calculated and percentage error for values of vap H m
,

vap S m and T b .

vap H m
vap S m
T b

Literature
(Reference)
30100 J mol-1

Calculated

Difference

%Error

33256 J mol-1

3256

10.5%

85.1 J K-1 mol- 95.61 J

1
mol-1
353.85 K
347.8 K

K-1 10.51
6.05

12.4%
1.7%

Sample calculation for table 3;

%error ( vap H m )=

|Reference valueCalculated value|

Reference value

|3010033256|
30100

100

100

10.5

The percentage error values calculated for

vap H m , vap S m

and

T b

are

small (difference between the reference and calculated values is small),

this errors may be due to the fact that cyclohexane used was not pure and
air in the U-tube was not removed at all. The temperature of a liquid is
directly proportional to its vapour pressure (as the temperature is
increased the vapour pressure also increases.

CONCLUSION
The values for

vap H m , vap S m

and

Tb

for cyclohexane were found to be

33256 J mol-1, 95.61 J K-1 mol-1 and 347.8 K respectively and they are close
to their literature values of 30100 J mol-1 , 85.1 J K-1 mol-1 and 353.85 K

respectively, thus can be concluded that the experiment conducted was a

success.

Answers to Questions
1. The Enthalpy of vaporisation ( vap H m ) will not be temperature
dependent (the change in vap H m

will not affect the temperature)

and hence the pressure will be temperature independent (as the

temperature is altered, there will be NO change in pressure) and
we wouldnt see a linear relationship in P vs T function.
2. The pressure will be decreased which will lead the slope of the
graph to decrease.
3. The errors may be due to air linkages, cyclohexane was not pure
and the temperature was not stable. In the table below are reported

values of vap H m , vap S m and T b and their errors.

vap H m

%Error
10.5%

vap S m

12.4%

T b

1.7%

4. Trouton rule states that: The entropy of vaporization is almost the

same value about (85-88 J K-1 mol-1) for various kind of liquid of their
boiling points. The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio
between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature,
thus the liquid studied does not conform Trouton rule based on the
results obtained for entropy of vaporization ( 95.61 J K-1 mol-1). The
liquid intermolecular interaction in the liquid was not good because
the entropy of vaporization ( 95.61 J K-1 mol-1) does not lies in the
range 85-88 J K-1 mol-1.