平成20年度大学院工学研究科（博士前期課程）私費外国人留学生

         外国語試験（英語）問題

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1。 Read the致｝110wing text and answer the questions be夏ow．

   Female＊rhesus monkeys a廿ract other mothers’newborns with a fb㎜of”baby talk”that sewes a similar

負mction to the high−pitched babbling sounds humans lnake arouhd babies， a study suggests．

   Some non−human primates， such as rhesus macaques and squirrel血onkeys， make unusual sounds，

particularly＊grunts a耳d nasa1＊whines㎞own as”gimeys，”in the presence of infants of their own（ 1 ）．
1・1989，・即・up・f・e・ea・chers廿・m．th・N・ti・na11・・ti加t・・fChild Health・nd且・m・n D・v・1・pm・nt i・

Maryland， US， fbund evidence that squirrel monkeys use special souhds to interact with their young．

   However， inヒhe case of macaques， experts have previously（ 2 ）that these sounds may be meant to

reassure a baby「s mother that the i曲nt will not be ha㎜ed． This is because fbmale rhesus macaques are o丘en

aggressive and careless around in㎞ts（ 3 ）do not belong to them， and because the animals rarely

．make th6 sounds around their own young．

   To test the hypothesis that the sounds are meant to reassure the infants’mothers， Jessica Whitham

traveled to a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico． Here she studied 19fbmales living on the island over

12months， noting the types of vocalizations they made in th夢presence of infants and their subsequent

actions，，She recorded their behavior fbr a total of 317hours．

，［         ．  X              ］
   It is（ 4 ）that the grunts and girneys convey any real infb㎜ation to the infants． So Whitham

believes that the fbmales simply want to g6t the in㎞tsl attention and play with them．

   Notes： ＊rhesus monkey：asmall monkey， native to southem Asia

          ＊gnlnt：ashort， low sound made by a person or an allimal

           ＊whine：alo且g high sound that ls usually unpleasant or annoying

［Questions］

1，Choose the most appropriate word to fill in（1）一（4）緊

   （1） A．species     B． evidence    C． extinction    D． positions

   （2） A．dismantled   B． deteriorated   C． speculated    D． subtracted

   （3） A，whose，     B． that       C． what    ． D． those

   （4） A．assumed     B． coherently    C． revealed   「 ．D． unlikely

2．Rearrange the fbllowing sentences to complete the par卸graph［ X  ］．
   A．This suggests that the noises made by the macaques are not meant to reassure fbllow fbmales．

   B．To her suΦfise， analysis showed that the fbmales were no less likely to mistreat an infant ifthey

       made gmnts or girneys befbre approaching it．

   C．Fu曲e㎜ore，色maies seemed to direct 80％of their vocalizations towards the in㎞t itself r翫her

      ‘than the infant’s mother。

   D．Instead， she says， the noises most probably represent a unique type of vocalization similar to the

       high−pitched，卿sical”baby talk”that humans use to get the attention of newboms， a type of

       vocalization also㎞own as”motherese．鱒

1
                   2
11．Read the董bllowing text and answer tb閃uestion be夏ow・

     Siberia is experiencing e3rlier springs， a st耳dy has reVealed． The trend ls likely to be triggering more

fbrest丘res and to be linked to global wa㎜ing．

     In a study of a wide range of Siberian ecosystems， Heiko Baltでer of the University of Leicester， UK，

環nd his colleagues fbund that ffom 1982 to l 999 spring began and peaked increasingly earlier fbr almost all

the ec・・y・t・m・・Thg・d・・nce wζ・即eat・・t ih・・b・n・nvi…m・nt・・where（1）一・t・t・1・f 12・6 d・y・

over the l 8 years． The advance was also significant inヰon−evergreen brgadleaf fbrests−an average of O．5

days every year．

     The growing season is st飢lng earlier because of wa㎜er temperatures， which are causing the snow to

melt earlier， Baltzer believ6s the early onset of spring is causing more and more fbrest fires in Siberia．

”During the l gth century， a typical fbrest in Siberia had about 100 years af㌃er a fire to recover bef㌃）re it

burned again． But new observations have shown that（ 2  ）一about every 65 years during the 20th

century，，曹says．Baltzer．              ’                                   、

     Baltzer fbund that．early springs in Siberia were linked to the Arctic Oscillation， an atmospheric   ，

phenomenon similar to the El Ni行。 Southem Oscillation in the Pacific Ocean． He and his colleagues had

P・evi・u・ly・h6w・‡h・t（．3．．）． Hi・1・t・・t・e・ea・ch・ug9・9t・th航yea士・・fhigh A・cti・0・cill翫i・n・・ti・i取

tend to be charact6rized by early springs， as well high fbrest fire activity． The Arctic Oscillation govems

how魚st sto㎜s circle around the No質h Pole， but Baltzer cautions that．this is simply a correlation一

（ 4 ）． ”What is likely is that the Arctic Oscillation hldex is an indicator of large scale cli血ate change．

Imagine molecules in a bottle， As the bottle heatg up， the molecules move faSter，”he said．

     In November 2006， a team led by James Randerson ofthe University of Califbmia at Irvine in the US

・h・w・dth・t釦・e・t∬・e・i・high l・ti加d・・t・nd t・9・・l t琢・1・・al・lim・t・in the long−te㎜・

     But Baltzer says this dQes not necessarily mean Siberia will undergo a negativ6 fbedback IooP， where

（ 5 ．‘），and retum the ecosystem to nomユaL He caution6 that such reasoning does not take into account’

the other effbcts of global warming o耳fbrests． For instance， modeling studies have suggested that fbrests will

move towards the poles as a result ofclimate change．

［Question］

    fbllowing best fills（1）一（5）？
．V而ich of the

A． the vortex does not necessarily cause the fires and the snowmelt

B． fires now return more丘equently

C， the soil tend串to be drier later on in the year．

D． the start of the growing season advanbed by all average of O．7 days per year

E． global wa㎜ing will cause飴rest且res which will in tunl result in cooling

F． fbrest fires in Siberia were linked to this phenomenon

2
 皿．Read the fbllowing text and answer the questions below．

    Only in 1998 did astronomers discover we had been missing nearly three quarters ofthe contents of the

universe， the so−called dark energy一一an un㎞own鉤㎜of energy that surrounds each of us，（A：tug）at us

ever so slightl）∼holding the fate of the cosmos in its grip， but to which we are almost（B：total）． blind． Some

researchers， to be sure， had anticipated that such energy existed， bht even they will tell you that its（1）

ナanks among the most revolutionary discoveries in 20th−century cosmology． Not only does dark energy

appear to make up the bulk of the universe， but its existence， if it stands the test of time， will probably

require the development of new theories of（2）．

    Scientists are just starting the long Process of figuring out what dark energy is and what its implications

are． One realization has already’ iC：sink）in：although dark energy betrayed its existence through its ef〕臨ct on

the universe as a whole， it may als6 shape th6 ev61ution of the universels inhabitants−stars， galaxies， galaxy

clusters． Astronomers may have been staring at its handiwork fbr decades without（D：realize）it．

    Ironically， the very pervasiマeness of dark energy is what made it so（3）to recognize． Dark energy，

unlike matter， does not clump in some places m6re than others；by its very natUre， it is spread smoothly

everywhere． Whatever the Iocation一一be it in your kitchen or in intergalactic space一一it has the same（4）， about

lO−26 kilogram per￠ubic mgter， equivalent to a handfhl of hydrogen atoms． All the dark enefgy in our solar

system amounts to the mass of a slnaU asteroid， niaking it an utterly indonsequential player in the dance of

the planets． Its effbcts stand out only when（E：view）over vast distances and spans of time．

    Since the days of American astronomer Edwin Hubble， observers have㎞own that all but the nearest

galaxies are moving away f士om us at a rapid rate． This rate is proportional to distance：the（5）distant a

9・1砥yi・・th・魚・t・・its recessi・n・S・・h・p・廿・m impli・d th・t g・1・xi・・a・e n・t m・vl・g th・・u帥・pace i早th・

conventional sense but are being carried along as the fabric of space itself stretches． For decades，

astronomers stmggled to answer the obvious fbllow−up question：How does the expansion rate change over

time？They reasoned that it should be slowing down， as the inward gravitation吊l attraction（F：exert）by

galaxies on one another should have counteracted the． outward expansion．

    The first clear observational evidence fbr changes in the expansion．rate involved distant＊supemovae，

massive exploding stars that can be used as markers of cosmic expansiQn， j ust as watching driftwood lets you

measure the speed of a river． These observations made clear that the expansion was（G：slow）in the past than

、
tod琶y and is therefbre accelerating． More specifically， it had been slowing down but at some point underwent

atransition and began speeding up． This striking result has since been cross−checked by independent studies

of the cosmic microwave background radiation by， fbr example， the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

（WMAP）．
    One possible conclusion is that diffbrent laws of gravity apply on supergalactic scales than on lesser

ones， so that galaxies7 gravity does not， in fact， resist expansion． But the more generally accepted（6）is that

the laws of gravity are universal and that some fbml of energy， previously un㎞own to science， opposes and

overwhelms galaxies’mutual attraction， pushing them apart ever faster． Although dark energy is
inconsequential within our galaxy， it adds up to the most powerfUl fbrce in the cosmos．

    As astronomers have explored this new（7）， they have fbund that， in addition to（H：dete㎜ine）the

3
．overall expansion rate of the universe，．dark energy has long−te皿consequences fbr smaller scales． As you

zoom in丘om the entire observable universe， the first thing you notice is that matter on cosmic scales is

distributed in a cobweblike pattem一一a filigree of filaments， several tens of millions of light−years Iong，

i・tersp…ed with・・id・・f・imi1…ize・Sim・1・ti・ns sh・w th・t b・th m・賃・・and d・・k・n・・騨・e・eed・d t・

exりlain the pattem

    That finding is not terribly（1：surprise）， though． The filaments and voids．are not coherent bodies like，

say， a planet． They． ?ａｖｅ not detached fヒom the overall cosmic expansion and established．their own intemal

equilibrium of fbrces． Rather they are fbatures shaped by the（8）between cosmic expansion and their own

gravity． Ih our universe， neither player in this＊tug−ofLwar is overwhelmingly dominaht． If dark energy were

stronger， expansion would have won and matter would be spread out rather庫an concentrated in filaments． If

dark energy were weaker， niatter．would be even more concentrated than it is．

Notes：

＊supemova（pl． supemovae）：astar that suddenly increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic

                         explosion that司ects most of its mass

＊tug−of」war：acontest in which two teams pull at opposite亭nds of a rope until one drags the other over a

            central line

［Questions］

1．Change the words in（C：sink）一（1：surprise）into the most appropriate fb㎜s．

      examples： （A：tug）→（tugging），』（B：total）→（totally）

2，Fill in the blanks（1）一（8）with the most appropriate word丘om the word list below and write the word．

  Do not use any word more than once．

lWor肌is可
a血action， competition， coQPeration， density， detection， easy， energy；hard， hypothesis， less， longevity，

mathematics， more， phenomenon， physics， weight

                                    or魚lse（F）in relation to the infb㎜ation in the text．
3．Decide whether the fbllowing statements are true（T）

（1） Every astronomer anticipated that so−called dark energy existed．

（2） Dark energy looks like matteL

（3） Observers have㎞own that the nearとst galaxies are moving away丘oni us at a rapid rate．

（4） It is quite evident that diffbrent laws of gravity apply on supergalactic scaIes than on lesser ones．

（5） If dark energy面ere stronggr， matter would be spread out rather than concentrated． If dark energy

were weaker， matter would be even more concentrated than it is．