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Kuliah Anafilaksis
Kuliah Anafilaksis
REACTION
YUNA ARIAWAN
Anaphylaxis
Reaksi alergi sistemik yang berat, terjadi
secara tiba-tiba sesudah terpapar oleh
alergen atau pencetus lainnya dan dapat
menyebabkan kematian
EPIDEMIOLOGI :
Prevalensi anafilaksis :
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is anaphylaxis?
ANAPHYLAXIS IS A SEVERE, LIFE-THREATENING,
GENERALIZED OR SYSTEMIC HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
Anaphylaxis
Allergic anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated anaphylaxis
Non-allergic anaphylaxis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Anaphylactic reaction (IgE mediated reaction)
- Physical factors
- Idiopathic
Aktivasi komplemen
Bahan dialisis
Asam asetilsalisilat
Antiinflamasi nonsteroid
Histamine levels
Hour
1
48-72
Umum
Prodromal
Pernapasan
- Hidung
- Larings
- Lidah
- Bronkus
Kardiovaskular
Gastrointestinal
Kulit
Gatal, lakrimasi
Mata
Gelisah, kejang
1.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory test are seldom necessary
or helpful initially, although certain
test may be used later to assess and
monitor treatment and to detect
complications.
Blood cell counts
( haemoconcentration ? )
Diagnosis Banding
Gambaran klinis
Diagnosis Banding
Syok
Syok septik
Syok hipovolumik
Syok kardiogenik
Reaksi Vasovagal
PENATALAKSANAAN
Anaphylaxis reaction
(involvement of 2 or more
system / organ)
Management of
anaphylaxis
Observation
Good
Response
(no clinical
manifestation)
No
response
No Response
(be worsen)
worsening
Explore the
prognostic factors
In patient
Ambulatory
Oral
antihistamine
for 3 days
Another
treatment (due to
the problem)
IVFD
AH1 inj i.m
AH2 inj i.v
Steroid inj
Good Response
No Response
(be worsen)
MANAGEMENT OF ANAPHYLAXIS
History of severe allergic reaction with respiratory difficulty or hypotension,
especially if skin changes present
Stop administration of precipitant
Oxygen high flow
Adrenalin / epinephrine (1 : 1000) 0,3 0,5 ml IM (0,01 mg/kg BW)
Repeat in 5-15 minutes if no clinical improvement
Antihistamine 10-20 mg IM or slowly Intravenously
In addition
Give 1-2 l of fluid intravenously if clinical manifestation of shock do not respond to drug
treatment
Corticosteroid for all severe or recurrent reactions & patients with asthma.
- Methyl prednisolone 125-250 mg IV
- Dexamethasone 20 mg IV
- Hydrocortisone 100-500 mg IV slowly
continue by maintenance dose
Inhaled short acting -2 agonist may used if bronchospasm severe
Vasopressor (dopamine, dobutamine) with titration dose
Observation for 2 - 3 x 24 horus, for mild case just need 6 hours
Give Corticosteroid and antihistamine orally for 3 x 24 horus
Elderly ( 60 y.o), CVD adrenalin dose 0,1-0,2cc IM with interval 5-10 mnt
Adrenaline /
epinephrine
A quick-acting hormone
Pharmacology of epinephrine
Epinephrine
1-receptor
vasoconstriction
2-receptor
insulin release
1-adrenergic
receptor
2-adrenergic
receptor
inotropic
bronchodilator
chronotropic
vasodilatation
glycogenolysis
mediator release
Intramuscular inj
82
minutes
Subcutaneus inj.
34 14 (5-120) minutes
10
15
20
25
30
35
PENCEGAHAN
Langkah-langkah Pencegahan
1. Riwayat alergi obat secara terperinci
2. Obat sebaiknya diberikan peroral
3. Observasi pasien selama 30 menit setelah pemberian
4. Memeriksa label obat
5. Menanyakan riwayat obat secara teliti jika ada faktor
predisposisi
6. Mengajarkan untuk dapat menyuntik adrenalin
7. Lakukan uji kulit jika mungkin
8. Pemberian obat pencegahan reaksi alergi
RINGKASAN
Anaphylaxis reaction
is a severe, life-threatening, generalized or systemic hypersensitivity
reaction
Anaphylaxis reaction (IgE mediated)
Anaphylactoid reaction (non IgE mediated)
Epidemiology
The true incidence of anaphylaxis is unknown
Aetiology
The common etiologies of anaphylaxis include drugs, foods, insect
sting and physical factors/exercise, idiopathic
Pathophysiology
Mostly based on IgE mediated
Clinical Manifestations
Various from mild (involve the skin-mucosal only: urtica, pruritus,
angioedema) to severe (shock, death)
Acute management due to emergency concept will
reduce the morbidity and mortality by giving :
Adrenaline, antihistamine, corticosteroid, etc
Prevention
Explore the clinical history, rationale therapy, informed consent,
education (primer prevention, secondary prevention )
Anti IgE antibody injection with regular interval reduce the risk
and severity
KASUS
Laki-laki 65 tahun, di antar ke IGD RS jam 20.00 dengan :
KU : Tak sadar 20 menit yang lalu sebelum masuk RS
RPK :
- Dua puluh menit yll pasien minum obat karena sakit gigi.
- Obat yg di minum, amoksisilin 500mg, asam mefenamat 500 mg dan
- Satu atau dua menit setelah minum obat pasien merasa gatal seluruh
tubuh, diikuti mual, muntah, keringatan dan pasien tidak sadar
- Keluarga kemudian membawa pasien ke RS terdekat.
- Tidak ada riwayat alergi obat & asma
PF : Kesad : soporos, nadi tak teraba, TD teraba, nafas 28 x/ menit,
HR 132 x/ menit, paru : wheezing (+), ronki (-)
hepar, lien tak teraba, ekstremitas hangat.
EKG : sinus takikardi
DIAGNOSIS?
SYOK ANAPHYLAXIS
KASUS
Terapi :
20,00
Oksigen 6 liter/menit
NaCl 0,9 % : guyur (1 liter)
Epinephrine 0,3 ml i.m
Methyl prednisolone 125 mg i.v
20.10 : TD 50/palp. nadi 120 x / menit, lemah
Epinephrine 0,3 ml i.m
20.20 : TD 70/50, nadi 108 x / menit.
. Epinephrine 0,3 ml i.m
20.30 : TD 80/palp. nadi 120 x / menit, lemah
Kesad : somnolen, kontak (+)
Dopamine drip di berikan 5-10 g/kg BB/mnt
Dipenhidramine 10-20 mg iv
TD: 90/70 , nadi : 96 x / menit, apati, kontak (+)
Pasien di pulangkan besoknya dengan TD 130/80, nadi 80 x / menit, kesadaran komposmentis,
aktifitas normal. Terapi pulang methylprednisolone 2 x 8 mg, cetirizine 1 x 10 mg untuk 3 hari
TERIMA KASIH