Practice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Page J of 7 SWORD AL UNDERGROUND CONCRETE PITS PURPOSE SCOPE APPLICATION ‘This practice establishes guidelines for the design of underground concrete pits. ‘This practice ineludes the following major sections: GENERAL ‘DESIGN CONDITIONS. z 2 g 2 JOINTS. HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS CATCH BASINS AND MANHOLES CIRCULAR CONCRETE TANKS ‘SUPPLIER FURNISHED CONCRETE PITS REFERENCES ATTACHMENTS: ‘This practice should be used for the design of underground concrete pits, sumps, boxes, cor similar structures. ‘The most common types of underground pits encountered are sumps, manholes, valve ‘nd electrical pull boxes, and API (American Petroleum Institute) separators. Summps, manholes, and valve boxes vary in size, shape, and depth, They may or may not be covered with a concrete slab, Floors of these structures are usually sloped and may have a basin for cleanout purposes. “The typical API separator consists of a channel or channels of relatively Jong length and shallow depth to allow time for oil particles to surface and be removed by a slotted pipe ‘A series of vertical baffles near the channel inlet is used to distribute the flow uniformly. ‘A sloping floor slab is used with basins located atthe upstream end forthe collection of sludge. A baffle, weir (used to separate clean water from oil), and sump pit are located at the downstream end. ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Page 2 of 7 ee LOR DANIEL —— ‘UNDERGROUND CONCRETE PITS DESIGN CONDITIONS Lond Cases Soil Beariog, Soils Information Consider the following loading conditions in the design of underground pits: Dead load - weight of pit Lateral earth pressure ‘External water pressure Anternal water pressure ‘External surcharge - due to traffic or construction equipment Buoyancy Internal hydrostatic pressure should be checked without soll pressure acting on outside af walls, Exteral earth and surcharge pressure and buoyancy shouldbe checked with pitempy. Normally, soil bearing pressure is not excessive for concrete pits. It should be checked ‘when the foundation is placed on weak soil or fill, or whencver a special type of foundation is used. If the structure rests on more than one kind of soil, necessary provisions should be made to prevent differential settlement, Concrete pit walls should be designed for lateral earth pressure based on the a rest ot active state condition depending on the likelihood of the wall to move. The coefficient of earth pressure at rest (Ko) depends on the relative density of the soil and the process by which the deposit was formed. To change the coefficient of earth pressure to the ‘active state, the soil must be fee to expand laterally, which implies the top of the wall ‘must move with the applied load. If the position of a wall is fixed, the earth pressure twill ikely be a value similar to the at rest earth pressure. Walls of pits analyzed using ‘2-way bending typically use at rest pressures, while cantilever walls are generally designed using active pressures. Lateral earth pressure coeficients can range from 0.3 for sands to 0.7 or more for clays and are largely aflcted by compaction methods used in backfilling, Typical earth pressure coeficients for various types of soil can be found in Bowles or similar soil mechanics textbooks. Appropriate pressure coefficients or equivalent fluid pressure diagrams should be obtained from the Geotechnical Enginecr, 2s well as location ofthe ground water table, allowable soil bearing, sulfate content of soil and ground water, and recommended soil preparation. Soil preparation under the base slab is necessary whenever weak oF unstable soil ‘conditions occur. Sand beds, gravel beds, stabilized material, or geotextiles have proven ‘successful in providing a stable surface on which to cast the base slab. A vapor barrier ‘may be necessary when pouring slab over coarse sand or gravel to prevent loss of moisture into soil voids Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 284un96 Page 3 of 7 FLUOR DANTEL, === UNDERGROUND CONCRETE PITS BASIN DESIGN ‘Wall Design Slab Design. “The possibility of creating a perched water table should be investigated when using granular backfill materials in excavations cut into clay or similar impervious soils. Depending on the length-to-height relationship, the analysis of the walls should be performed as follows: ‘© Ifthe length of the wal is more than 3 times its height, the wall is to be designed as ‘vertical cantilever. If the height of the wall is excessive, counterforted walls may ‘be advantageous. = Ifthe length of the wall is equal to or less than 3 times its height, the wall is to be designed for ?-way bending using the coeficents in Engineering Monograph Number 27, Moments and Reactions for Rectangular Plates, by the United States Department ofthe Interior, or similar design ad such as Rectangular Concrets Tanks by the PCA (Portland Cement Association). Reinforced concrete walls will be a minimum of 6 inches thick witha single layer of reinforcing. Walls 10 inches or thicker will have reinforcement on each face. ‘Minimum wall reinforcement, vertical and horizontal, wll be according to ACI (American Concrete Institute} 318-89, Section 14.3, based on the wall cross section with continuous bars placed horizontally in the top ofthe wall and additional bars placed around the perimeter of openings. ‘Minimum bar size will be Number 4 and maximum spacing will be 12 inches. “The walls wil be designed with contraction joints at 30 foot centers (maximum). ‘Joints will meet the requirements outlined in ACI 318-89, Section 6.4 ‘Top and bottom slabs will be designed as either 1-way or 2-way slabs. Strip analysis vill be used for top slabs with numerous openings to determine the most critical section. ‘Moments transferred from wall into slab will be included in the design of slab reinforcing. ‘Minimum stab reinforcing will be that required for shrinkage and temperature stresses according to ACI 318-89, Section 7.12 ‘Reinforcing will be placed continuously across the entire slab. Whenever slab thickness is 10 inches or more, 2 layers of reinforcing will be use. Slab wil be designed with contraction joints at 30 foot centers (maximum). Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Page 4 of 7 OR DAN UNDERGROUND CONCRETE PITS Buoyancy CONCRETE MIX REQUIREMENTS REINFORCING ‘REQUIREMENTS ‘Shear keys and waterstops will be provided as required at the joint between the slab and he wall for watcrtighiness. Gravel borioms and French drains may also be wtlized in areas of high water tables to maintain a dry pit. ‘A minimum factor of safety against flotation of 1.2 will be used for the empty condition. ‘Wall or slab thickness may be increased or an apron (toe) added to resist buoyant effects. “Make provisions during construction to prevent flotation of basins prior to backfilling. Flotation may be prevented by the use of openings or check valves. Concrete needed for most underground pit applications must be impervious. Low permeability and good durability are essential to prevent seepage and cracking, and 10 provide adequate protection tothe reinforcing, Sclection of cement type should be in pecordance with ACI 318-89, Section 4.2. Water cement ratio (which is a function of f'c) should be as low as possible, consistent with obtaining satisfactory workability, and fof good densification. ‘This water cement rato will be in accordance with ACT 318-89, Chapter 4. ‘Concrete will be air entrained with a maximum slump of 3 inches. “The use of admixtures such as superplasticizers, water reducing agents, pozzolans, Dy ash, siliea fume, or other products available may be considered to achieve required imperviousness. Engineer will thoroughly investigate the effects that each ofthese ‘admixtures has on concrete strength, slump, workability, durability, and overall cost. ‘Trial mixes should be made with the admixture and job matcrials at temperatures and humidities anticipated on the job to determine the effects ofthe admixture on the ‘properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Proper and complete curing is essential minimize cracking. ‘Additional construction materials are covered in Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1239: Cooling Tower Foundations. ‘The use of working stress design versus ultimate strength design should be decided by the Design Engineer, bearing in mind the severity of service ofthe structure and the extent of crack control desired. Control of cracking is particularly important if reinforcement with a yield strength in excess of 40,000 psi (Pounds Per Square Inch) is used. Smaller bars at moderate spacing are more effective in controlling cracking than larger widely spaced bars of equivalent area. ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Page 5 of 7 Sa rEegeTserE get erage SEeECgtssEee eae FLOR DANTE, 1.2 0.K. wv Check soil bearing: (Assume operating case - full of water) Structure & soil = 2146.0K Water = (10.0)5(14.5)(0.0624) = 90.5 Total= 304.5 K 304.5 SB. = Gz33\1235) =2.00KSF < 3.00KSF OK. ~ Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Attachment 01 Page Sof S FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1: UNDERGROUND VALVE BOX Bottom Slab Desian (Assume 1-6" thick) Bottom reinforcing: Design to cany the same vertical cantilever moment at the bottom of the wall. M,= 10.99 K-FT M, = 1.55(10.98) = 17.0 K-FT d= 18-3" 1/200") = 14. bd?_ _ 12(14.5)? 12000 ~ 12000 =0.210 a= 44d = 0.26 in? / FT An * 0,0033(12)(14.5) USE: #6 @ 12° E.W. (Bottom) (A, = 0.4 in? / FT) ‘Top reinforcing Design top reinforcing to carry moment caused by soil bearing (empty case) WE 214.0K/ (12.339 = 1.41 KSF We = (1.41 = 1.5(0.150)) = 1.19 KSF ‘Assume plate fixed along four edges with applied uniform load 9.57 in? FT Reference; Monograph No. 27 pg. 49 12.33 FT a/b=1.0 wWa=0; yp=0.5 Critical location M, = 0.0500(1.19)(12.33)? = 9.05 K-FT M,= 1.55(9.08) = 14.0 KFT R, = 0.4989(1.19)(12.33) = 6.44 K .55(6.44 K) = 9.40 K d= 16"- 2"- 172(1") = 15.5" ver pAGGOO, -s0spsis2/~ OK Fo pee 0.240 Kus Me 2S -58 a= 4.45 2 My. 140 9.20 in? A ‘aud 4.45(45.5) Oa Saad = 2 $Aq= $10.20) = 0.27 in? /FT gun = 0,0033(12)(15.5) = 0.61 in? / FT USE: #5 @ 12" E,W. (Top) (A,= 0.31 in? /FT) Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Attachment 02 Page 1 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: APISEPARATOR. 42'-B" [ror 20-0" a = = WATER SUMP ‘CO parFu AE SKIMMER FLOW 90'-0' 104" PLAN ‘SLUDGE COLLECTORS (DIMS TYP EA CHANNEL} 645!" 26" y al SS IF 9! bi re 3 |4_ EQ SPCS| 5' WALL OPNG'S < 2 @ 2-6"-10" HES EA CHANNEL —# Structural EngineeringPractice 670 218 1240 ‘Publication Date 2844n96 Attachment 02 Page 2of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR W130 Yam 9/9 10-4 @ BV WN BdAL B % @-@ NOWI3S oe ssv19uaeld nB/EXnS 7M ATWO) HTT b/LX¥XS7 “W130 Y3NxOO SHOOH GuvanNv Ls: v-v NOWLO3S (NOD) LOBRdOL .9BS* (ASNVUL) LOG .80Se- CASNVELIGOL 899+ MVE Te LUBARUOH uBBd> Ol: 3d07S 2 LYSARUOH uBOvs LUBARZINOH .8O+e: 4a LUBA 98S 43 ZIMOH 6396 “o-b0l a 90L Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 285un96 Attachment 02 Page3 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR DESIGN CRITERIA AND CODES: ACI 318-89 USD CONCRETE: f.=4000 PSI REINFORCING: f,=60,000 PSI SOIL PARAMETERS: ALLOW SOIL BEARING = 3 KSF ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION @-15° SOIL WEIGHT Y= 110 PCF BUOYANT SOIL WEIGHT 7 =70PCF GROUND WATER LEVEL = ELEV 95'-0" lk SUMP FLOW 20'-0" WATER SUMP FLOW 20'-0" 4-0" 90'-0" Etta ai taicietie WEIR EL+100'-0" c 2 EL+101'-6" (OUTER WALL) Boca ee iz t £1-97'-6" CentER WALL) E fi s0 SLOPE_ 1 £ ELEVATION 2 Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Attachment 02. Page 4 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL ae SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR. EXTERIOR WALL DESIGN: Due to the large length to height ratio, side walls will be designed as vertical cantilever. Case: (Basin full of water) (USE: 1 FT strip) TC P, = 0.0824(109%(1/2) = 3.12 K i M=3.42K (109 (1/8) = 10.4 K/ FT F ‘i 7 a Case Il: (Basin emply - External earth pressure) Cooft, active earth pressure: Ke =tan?(45~$) if a =tant(45—12) -0.59 os, (lee i: w, = 0.110 (6.0)(0.58) = 0.32 KSF v2 | 4, W, = 0.32 + 3.5" (0.070)(0.59) + 0.0824) = 0.68 KSF P=P,+P,+P,= 12 (0.32)(6.0) + 0.32(3.5) + 1/2 (8.59(0.68 - 0.32) P= 0.80 + 1.12 + 0.63 = 2.55 K/ FT M=0.80 (2.5 + 5.0/3) + 1.12 (3.5/2) + 0.63 (3.5/3)=6.8K/FT Reinforcina: Case I controls (Use same reinforcement each face) Vy= 1.48.42) = 4.37 KI FT M,= 1.4 (10.4)= 146K) FT ‘Assume 12" wall d= 12-2" 1201) = 8.5" =45P81< 21% =126.5PS OK, .090 Ms. 148 9.35 in? “ad HaBeH 055 FT (0.35) = 0.47 in? / FT As Ann = 0.0033 (12)(9.5) = 0.38 in? / FT USE: #5 @ 8" each face (vertical) (A, = 0.41 in? FT) Horizontal stee!: (Per ACI 318-89, Section 14.3) Min, steel = 0.0025 (12)(12) = 0.36 in? = 0.18 In? / face =~ USE: #4 @ 10" each face (horizontal) (A, = 0.24 in*/ FT) Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Attachment 02 Page Sof 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR Check crack control; (Per ACI 318-89, Section 10.6) 2=fe(deA)? < 145 KJ in 1, = 0.6(60 KSI) = 36 KSI a, A=2(2.3)(12°) 912 = 41.4 in? = 36((2,3)(41.4))3 = 164 K J ine 145 Kin USE: 6" spacing to satisfy crack control CENTER WALLDESIGN: (Assume 8" wall w/ single layer reinforcement) Design as cantilever with water in one channel (1"-0" strip) P, = 0.0624(69*(1/2) = 112K Vy= 14 (1.42) = 1.87 KFT M,= 1.57 (6) 18 = 3.14 FT vor REZAMOD — sop s1<2/fE =1268PS OK. Fa hth = OE -o018 a= 4.35 48 in? / FT An = 0.0033 (42)(4) = 0.16 in? / FT USE: #4 @ 10° single layer (vertical) (A, = 0.24 in? / FT) Horizontal stee! (Per ACI 318-89, Section 14.3) Min, steel = 0.0025 (128) = 0.24 in? USE: #4 @ 10° single layer (horizontal) (A, = 0.24 in?/ FT) Check crack control: (Per ACI 318-89, Section 10.6) z= fe(deA)} $145 K/ in {, = 0.6(60 KSI) = 36 KSI d, = 4"; use 2" max. A= A(12") 10/12 = 40.0 in* 2=36((2)(40))3 = 155 K/in 2 145 Kin USE: 8* spacing to satisty erack control INTERIOR WALL DESIGN: Interior walls and weirs designed in a simi USE: 8" thick walls w/ #4 @ 10" single layer (vertical & horizontal) if manner 2 Pw Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Attachment 02 Page 6 of 9 HLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR BAFFLE DESIGN: USE: Same wall thickness and reinforcing as interior walls HECK BUOYANCY, (High ground water elev. = 95'-0") Weight of structure: Slab = 104'¢42,67)(1.5)(0.15) = 998.5 K Endwalts = (@'*10)(17(40.679(0.15) = 115.9K Sidewalls = 2(104)(9'+40)(0/2)(1(0.15) = 296.4K Center wall = 92'6'6)(1/2(8/12)(0.15)= 80.8 K Interior walls = 40.67(69(8/12)(0-4 244K Weir = 4'(40.67)(8/12)(0.15) = 163k Baffle = 3.51(40.679(8/12\(0.15) = 442K Total= 4516.3K Upward bouyant force = (4'+54(1/2)(104)(42.679(0.0624) = 1246.1 K FS = 1516.3 K/ 1268.1 K= 4.22 > 1.20 OK. BASE SLAG DESIGN: Case: Basin full of water) Weight per foot Slab = 1.51(62.679(0.15) = 96K 2 Endwalls = 2(1)(10)(0.18) 3.0K Genter wall = 0.67(69(0.15) = osk Water = (40,67(10)-8'(0.67))(0.0624) = 251K Total = 383K SB. = 98.3 K/ 42.67" = 0.898 KSF < Allowable O.K. UN. S.B. = 1.4 (0.898) = 1.257 KSF M,@ slab base = 1.4 (0.0624)(10}? (1/2)(10/3 + 1.5) = 21.1 KFT Water & Slab (UIt) = 4.4 [1.5(0.15)+10(0.0824)] = 1.189 KSF 123 K 0.49 K 1.23 K mss | asf C t nee Kk’ 1.188 1.257 ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 283un96 Attachment 02 Page 7 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL, SAMPLE DESIGN 2: APISEPARATOR Ut. net load @ end walls = 10'(17(0.15-0.0624)(1.4) = 1.23 K Ltt. net load @ center wall = 6'(0.67)(0.15-0.0624)(1.4) = 0.49 K Maximum moment occurs at centerline Moun) = 24-4 KeFT + 4.23 K(21.33) - (1.257-1.189)(21.33)? (1/2) = 31.9 K-FT (Top reinforcing) Case || (Basin empty w/ extemal earth pressure) w, = 0.32 KSF Ww, = 0.32 + 5.0" ((0.070)(0.58) + 0.0624) = 0.84 KSF PEP, +P, +P, = 1/2 (0.32)(8.0) + 0.32(5.01 + 1/2 (6.07(0.84 - 0.32) P= 0.80 + 1.60 + 1.30= 3.70K/FT M, @ slab base = 1.4 [0.8(6' + 518) + 1.6(572) + 1.3679)] = 16.1 KFT 98K 30K Center wall = 06K Total = 13.2K S.B. = 13.2 K/ 42.67' = 0.309 KSF < Allowable OK. Un. S.B. = 1.4 (0.309) = 0.433 KSF UI. slab weight = 1.4 (1.5(0.15) = 0.215 KSF Ult. net load @ end walls = 10'(17(0.15)(1.4) = 2.10 K Uk. net load @ center wall = 6'(0.677(0.15)(1.4) = 0.84 K Maximum moment occurs at end Meua(#)= 16.1 K-FT (Bottom reinforcing) 20K ose K 210K miss 2.33" ssn se ots 1 0.433 PI —» By fv? | Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 28Jun96 Attachment 02 Page 8 of 9 FLUOR DANEEL a SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR, ase (One channel of basin full Weight per foot: slab = 98K Endwalls = 3.0K Center wall = osk Water = 20(6)(0.0624)= 749K Total = 20.69 K 2 M=10.33' P, = 10.33' (7.49 K) # 77.4 KFT e=M/P= 77.4 KFT /20.69K = 3,74 P (1488) -1420.60)(, , 83.74%) uit 5.8,-B (1282) = 4GR09 (4 2 SET) 1.086 KSF a = 0.322 KSF Wt. water & slab (Uit.) = 1.4[4.5(0.15) + 6'(0.0624)] = 0.839 KSF Ult. slab weight = 1.4 (1.5)(0.15) = 0.315 KSF Ut, net load left wall = 1.4 (40.15) + 6'(0.15 - 0.0624)] = 1.58 K Uit. net load center wall = 1.4(0.15 - 0.0624)(6)(0.67) = 0.49 K UIt. net foad right wall = 1.4(10.0)(0.18) = 2.10 K M, @ slab base = 1.4 (0.0624)(6)? (1/2)(6/3 + 1.5) = 5.50 K-FT My=2.4x-(0.322-0:318(%) - $0010.879-0.322)(4) (3) My = 2.1x~-0.0035x? —0.0028x* 2.4 —0.007x-0.0084x? 0.007 = {007} -42.1)0.0084) _ | 40, 20,0084) M, = 2.4(18.42) - 0.0035 (15.42)? - 0.0028(18.42)" = 21.3 K-FT (Top reinforcing) se oes aK ket Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1240 Publication Date 283un96 Attachment 02 Page 9 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: API SEPARATOR Controlling slab design moments: Top reinforcing: M,=31.9KFT Bottom reinforcing = M,= 16.1 K-FT For 18" thick stab: = 18"- 2°- 122(1") = 15.5" pen = 18" = 3*= 1121") = 14.5" Me 318 yd” 439(15.5) = 0.47 in? /FT bag $047 20.88 /FT Ann = 0.0033 (12)(15.5) = 0.62 in? / FT USE: #6 @ 8" 0.c. Transverse (Top) (A, = 0.66 in? / FT) ‘Bottom reinforcing: My k= Me = Mu 16.4 Aen gud” Faata) te. 21 aa 0.25 in? / FT Ang = 4(0.25)= 2) FT $a. = $0.25) = 0.33 in? / Amn = 0.0033 (12)(14.5) = 0.87 in? / FT USE: #5 @ 8" 0.c, Transverse (Bottom) (A= 0.48 in? ET) Longitudinal steel: (Temperature & Shrinkage as a minimum) A, = 0.0018 (18) (12) = 0.99 in*/ FT = 0.20 in?/ FT (Top & Bottom) OR steel required to take wall moment USE: #4@ 10° 0.c. Longitudinal (Top & Bottom) (A, = 0.24 in? / FT) min. USE: #5 @ 6" o.c. spacing to match vertical wall reinforcement Structural Engineering