6P

0 G D G . GV0DWWHU

WWH

KWWSV
P GD G

GVPDWWHU HG D KHD WK D G FRPP

GVPDWWHU

W SDUW HUVK SV KHD WK D G FRPP

W VWRU HV VP

. GV0DWWHU D G 6P
0 G VKDUH WKH RD RI SURPRW
FK GUH V PH WD KHD WK D G H EH
VFKRR V 6P
0 G V D IUHH SUR UDP WKDW SURY GHV UHVR UFHV WR V SSRUW WKH GHYH RSPH W RI
P GI HVV D G PHG WDW R V V 7KHVH V V KH S WR PD D H VWUHVV FUHDVH D DUH HVV RI HPRW R V
PSURYH DWWH W R D G IRF V D G FD SUHYH W G II F W HV IURP HWW
RUVH 7KH 6P
0 G HEV WH
D G VPDUWSKR H SS SURY GH IRUPDW R DER W P GI HVV D G DFW R EDVHG WRR V WR
GH FK GUH
VWDUW
IURP VHYH HDUV D G DG WV WKUR K 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R SUDFW FHV 7KH D VR RIIHU
P GI HVV SUR UDPV IRU VFKRR V F G
IUHH UHVR UFHV D G WRR V WR WHDFK P GI HVV WR VW GH WV
(DU FK GKRRG HG FDWRUV PD I G WKH UHVR UFHV VHI IRU WKH U R
S USRVHV RU WR SURY GH
IRUPDW R WR SDUH WV

:K W

0 GI HVV V D VWDWH RI EH
I
D D H WR IH EH
D DUH D G
G VWUDFWHG
WKH SUHVH W
PRPH W D G REVHUY
IH DV W IR GV WKR W D D V V D G M G PH W ,W V DER W IRF V
DWWH W R R
WKH SUHVH W UDWKHU WKD WK
DER W WKH SDVW RU RUU
DER W WKH I W UH 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R V
D F FD SURYH WRR WR V SSRUW H EH
D G PH WD KHD WK ,W YR YHV VHWW
DV GH W PH
D T HW
VSDFH WR IRF V R WKH SUHVH W PRPH W D G KDW V KDSSH
WHU D D G H WHU D
3UDFW V
0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R KH SV WR GHYH RS WKH VWDWH RI P GI HVV WKDW D R V V WR UHG FH VWUHVV D G
H SHU H FH IH PRUH I

H W W

H HbW W

H W

, WHU DW R D WHUDW UH D G F FD WU D V UHYHD WKDW P GI HVV FD KH S UHG FH D G SUHYH W

GHSUHVV R
DGR HVFH WV VSHF I FD
WK VFKRR VHWW V :KDW V PRUH P GI HVV KDV WKH W R IR G
DIIHFW RI V SSRUW
DFDGHP F S UV WV D G V GHPR VWUDWHG WR D G HDU
PHPRU SURFHVV
D G
HPRW R UH DW R
, DGG W R

0 GI

HVV 0HG WDW R KDV EHH VKR

WR

UHG FH VWUHVV
FUHDVH UHV H FH
FUHDVH SRV W YH HPRW R V
ERRVW VH I HVWHHP
PSURYH DWWH W R D G IRF V

k RPPR

HD WK RI

VWUD D

6P
F

0 G D G . GV0DWWHU

SS W

FK

WKH

WWH

PS

H W

H
' U
WKH PS HPH WDW R RI . GV0DWWHU VFKRR V PD H GHF V R V DER W WKH U RD V VWUDWH HV D G
R WFRPHV
GHU HDFK RI WKH IR U . GV0DWWHU FRPSR H WV R
R U VFKRR PS HPH WV . GV0DWWHU
GHSH G R WKH HHGV RI R U VFKRR FRPP W 7KH 6P
0 G SUR UDP KH SV WR V SSRUW FK GUH V
PH WD KHD WK DW VFKRR D G KDV EHH GHV HG WR FRPS HPH W H VW
PH WD KHD WK D G H EH
SUR UDPV
D YDU HW RI D V
6P
0 G KDV GHYH RSHG D IUHH (G FDW R 3UR UDP K FK F GHV 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R VHVV R V
IRU G Y G D V D G UR SV RI VW GH WV 7KH SUR UDP FD EH IDF WDWHG E WHDFKHUV HG FDWRUV D G RWKHU
H EH
VWDII 6P
0 G D VR RIIHUV G W 3UR UDPV WKDW FR G EH VHG E VFKRR VWDII D G IDP HV
R U FRPP W
YHUV W HV DFURVV WKH RU G KDYH YHVW DWHG WKH SRV W YH PSDFWV RI 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R 6P
0 G KDV VHG WKHVH S E VKHG WHFK T HV D G DGDSWHG WKHP WR SURY GH IUHH R
H SUHYH WDW YH
PH WD KHD WK WRR V
. GV0DWWHU DGGUHVVHV FK GUH V PH WD KHD WK D G H EH
E RR
DW IR U H DUHDV
FRPSR H WV (DFK . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU VFKRR RU V R WKH IR U FRPSR H WV D G WKH 6P
VPDUWSKR H SS D G (G FDW R 3UR UDP FD EH VHG DFURVV D FRPSR H WV

PS

H W

W H FK

F PP

R
DV
0 G

RPSR H W D PV WR FUHDVH D DUH HVV RI PH WD KHD WK D G H EH

IRF VHV R GHYH RS
UHVSHFWI UH DW R VK SV D G D VH VH RI EH R
FRPP W
7KH 6P
0 G UHVR UFHV FD KH S R U VFKRR WR DGGUHVV
UH DW R VK SV EH R
D G F VR

RPSR H W

VFKRR FRPP W HV ,W D VR
D G F VR
WK WKH VFKRR

7DU HW UHD

5HVSHFWI

7K V 7DU HW UHD H FR UD HV VFKRR HDGHUVK S D G VWDII WR FUHDWH RSSRUW W HV IRU VW GH WV VWDII

IDP HV D G WKH GHU FRPP W WR EH YR YHG
D UD H RI VFKRR DFW Y W HV D G FR WU E WH WR VFKRR
SD
R PD PHHW DVSHFWV RI 7DU HW

UHD

SURY G
R U VFKRR FRPP W
WK IRUPDW R DER W P GI HVV D G WKH 6P
0 G
UHVR UFHV
U
WKH 6P
0 G (G FDW R 3UR UDP
R U VFKRR K FK YR YHV VW GH WV VWDII D G
IDP HV
I G
R W I D PHPEHUV RI R U VFKRR FRPP W DUH IDP DU WK P GI HVV WHFK T HV
YW
PHPEHUV RI R U VFKRR FRPP W
KR DUH IDP DU WK P GI HVV WHFK T HV RU D
KHD WK D G FRPP W SURIHVV R D WR U
D PHG WDW R VHVV R IRU VWDII D G IDP HV
IDF WDW
D P GI HVV UR S D G Y W
HYHU R H
R U VFKRR FRPP W

PS

H W

HP W

RPSR H W IRF VHV R V SSRUW

WKH
SURPRWHV IR U FRUH VRF D D G HPRW R D
VRF D D DUH HVV UH DW R VK S V V D G
WKHVH FRPSHWH F HV WR WKH U F UU F P
V V

H W

GHYH RSPH W RI VRF D D G HPRW R D V V IRU D

FRPSHWH F HV F G
VH I D DUH HVV VH I PD
UHVSR V E H GHF V R PD
. GV0DWWHU VFKRR V
D G YH VW GH WV D RSSRUW W WR SUDFW VH D G

k RPPR

HD WK RI

VWUD D

VW GH WV ,W
D HPH W
FRUSRUDWH
WUD VIHU WKHVH

HW

6P

0 G D G . GV0DWWHU

7KH 6P
0 G UHVR UFHV FD KH S R U VFKRR WR DGGUHVV RPSR H W
D G HPRW R D HDU
F UU F P IRU D VW GH WV
6RF D D G HPRW R D F UU F

7DU HW UHD (IIHFW YH VRF D

FRYHUV WKH FRUH VRF D D G HPRW R D FRPSHWH F HV VH I D DUH HVV VH I PD D HPH W VRF D
D DUH HVV UH DW R VK S V V D G UHVSR V E H GHF V R PD
KDV UHVHDUFK HY GH FH RI HIIHFW YH HVV RU V
GHUS HG E D VR G WKHRUHW FD IUDPH RU
V WD KW HIIHFW YH IRUPD D G UH DU
D FR RUG DWHG D G V SSRUWHG D WKUR KR W WKH
VFKRR
R PD PHHW DVSHFWV RI 7DU HW

UHD

KDY
IRUPDW R DER W 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R WKDW FD EH YH WR VW GH WV D G IDP HV
SURY G
VWDII WK WKH 6P
0 G UHVR UFHV WR GHYH RS V V
IDF WDW
0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R
RIIHU
UHVR UFHV V FK DV WKH 6P
0 G 3UR UDP WR WHDFK P GI HVV DV SDUW RI R U VRF D
D G HPRW R D F UU F P WKUR K G Y G D RU UR S VHVV R V
GHPR VWUDW
KR P GI HVV FUHDVHV VH I D DUH HVV VH I PD D HPH W VRF D D DUH HVV
UH DW R VK S V V D G UHVSR V E H GHF V R PD
Y
VW GH WV WKH RSSRUW W WR HDU P GI HVV SUDFW FHV WKDW FD EH VKDUHG WK IDP HV D G
SUDFW VHG DW KRPH
R PD

WH UDWH P GI

H FR UD
KH SI
H FR UD
P GI HVV
V
P GI
IDP HV WR V
YW
IDP

HVV

WR R U VFKRR FRPP

VW GH WV WR GHPR VWUDWH V W DW R V
VW GH WV WR VH WKH 6P

0 G

W E

KH WKH IHH P GI
HEV WH RU GR

HVV WR IRF V
R D SDUW F DU V
SSRUW WKH V
DW KRPH
HV WR V W
R D F DVVURRP P GI

HVV SUDFW FHV

R G EH

RDG WKH VPDUWSKR H

H VH I D DUH HVV D G SURY G

SS WR SUDFW VH
IRUPDW R WR

HVV VHVV R

5HI HFW YH T HVW R V

R

GR R VHH P GI

P KW WK V KH S DFK HYH R U RD V RI V SSRUW

P KW R PHDV UH WKH PSDFW RI P GI

PS

H W

: N

HVV EH

VHG

R U VFKRR FRPP

WK S H W

W "

PH WD KHD WK D G

HVV SUDFW FHV R

H EH

"

R U VFKRR FRPP

W "

F H

RPSR H W
RR V DW KR VFKRR V D G IDP HV FD
RU WR HWKHU WR V SSRUW FK GUH V PH WD KHD WK
D G H EH
7K V FD EH DFK HYHG WKUR K GHYH RS
FR DERUDW YH UH DW R VK SV WK IDP HV
SURY G
SDUH W
V SSRUW D G IDF WDW
V SSRUW HW RU V IRU IDP HV
7KH 6P
0 G UHVR UFHV FD KH S R U VFKRR WR DGGUHVV RPSR H W 7DU HW UHD
R DERUDW YH
RU
UH DW R VK SV WK SDUH WV D G FDUHUV D G 7DU HW UHD
3DUH W D G FDUHU V SSRUW HW RU V
, 7DU HW UHD WK V YR YHV VFKRR VWDII PS HPH W
UH DW R VK S WK SDUH WV D G FDUHUV

VWUDWH HV WR GHYH RS FR DERUDW YH

RU

, 7DU HW UHD
WK V YR YHV WKH VFKRR SURY G
RSSRUW W HV IRU SDUH WV D G FDUHUV WR FR HFW
HDFK RWKHU D G GHYH RS V SSRUW HW RU V D G DFW YH VHH
WR P P VH EDUU HUV WR SDUW F SDW R
k RPPR

HD WK RI

VWUD D

WK

6P
R PD PHHW DVSHFWV RI 7DU HW

UHD

0 G D G . GV0DWWHU
D G 7DU HW

UHD

VKDU
H SHU H FHV RI WHDFK
P GI HVV
WKH F DVVURRP WK IDP HV D G RR
DW KR
FR G EH SUDFW VHG DW KRPH
FR HFW
WKH WRR V D G UHVR UFHV WR FR G FW P GI HVV WUD
VHVV R V IRU IDP HV
FUHDW
VSDFHV D G RSSRUW W HV IRU IDP HV WR FRPH WR HWKHU D G SUDFW VH P GI HVV

PS

H W

HS

FK

WK PH W

KH WK

cF W H

RPSR H W IRF VHV R UHFR V

D G UHVSR G
WR FK GUH
KR PD EH H SHU H F
PH WD
KHD WK G II F W HV ,W D PV WR FUHDVH D DUH HVV RI PH WD KHD WK G II F W HV D G KR WR VHH KH S
7KH 6P
0 G UHVR UFHV FD KH S R U VFKRR WR DGGUHVV
WR VW GH WV H SHU H F PH WD KHD WK G II F W HV

RPSR H W

7DU HW UHD

5HVSR G

7K V YR YHV VFKRR VWDII KDY

R HG H D G V V IRU UHFR V
D G V SSRUW
VW GH WV
H SHU H F
PH WD KHD WK G II F W HV F G
KR WR DFFHVV V SSRUW D G PD H UHIHUUD V
7KH VFKRR D VR RU V WR HWKHU WK IDP HV D G SURIHVV R D V
VW GH WV PH WD KHD WK D G H EH
R PD PHHW DVSHFWV RI 7DU HW

UHD

KR DUH

YR YHG

FDU

IRU WKH U

VKDU
IRUPDW R DER W 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R
WK IDP HV D G RR
DW KR W V SSRUWV
FK GUH D G DG WV KR PD EH H SHU H F
PH WD KHD WK G II F W HV
SURY G
VW GH WV WK P GI HVV V V WR V SSRUW WKH U R R
PH WD KHD WK D G H EH
V SSRUW
FK GUH WR VH 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R R D HHGV EDV V )RU H DPS H GR W PH G U
F DVV RU
D R H R R H VHWW
WK D VW GH W H EH
VWDII PHPEHU
H FR UD
VW GH WV WR SUDFW VH 0 GI HVV 0HG WDW R R WV GH RI VFKRR

H W

H F

W 3

FK

1 :

)HU FR UW 3 E F 6FKRR WHDFKHU U D D 'DY V WD V DER W KR WKH . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU VFKRR V V

6P
0 G (G FDW R 3UR UDP WR PSURYH VW GH WV H EH
R

KDV R U VFKRR EHH

YR YHG

WK . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU "

:H EH D . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU
PG
IH
HDUV SU RU WR WKDW
HPRW R D HDU
SUR UDP FD HG R FH DF
WR R U KR H VFKRR
F UU F P WKUR K WKH SURY V R RI RWKHU V SSRUW
WKH VFKRR SDUW F
FR FHU HG :H Y H HG . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU DV D IUDPH RU WKDW FR G
H HPH WV DFURVV WKH VFKRR FRPP W
:KH G G R EH

WR VH WKH 6P

WKH

H KDG WH UDWHG D VRF D D G

:H HUH HH WR H SD G R WK V
DU
KHUH SDUH WV HUH
DVV VW V
GHYH RS
WKHVH

0 G (G FDW R 3UR UDP"

6P
0 G DV G VFRYHUHG E R H RI R U . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU FW R 7HDP PHPEHUV
D GU YH WR I G
RWKHU SUR UDPV WR V SSRUW VRF D D G HPRW R D HDU
DW D KR H VFKRR HYH :H UHFR VHG WKDW
GHVS WH KDY
D SRV W YH UHVSR VH WR R FH DF VW GH WV HHGHG PRUH WRR V WR DVV VW WKHP WK
WUD V W R V WKUR KR W WKH GD D G H HUD D HW HV :H FR G VHH PPHG DWH WKDW 6P
0 G RW
R
V SSRUWHG WKH FRUH YD HV RI . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU E W D VR IDF WDWHG D H W H D G SUDFW FD
DSSURDFK WR PHG WDW R D G UH D DW R 7KH IDFW WKDW WKH SUR UDP V IUHH D G EDVHG R H WH V YH
UHVHDUFK PHD W WKDW W DV HDV WR SURPRWH WKH 6P
0 G (G FDW R 3UR UDP WR WKH VFKRR
FRPP W D G WR D WKH DSSURYD RI D VWD HKR GHUV
R

GRHV WKH 6P

0 G SUR UDP RR DW R U VFKRR "

k RPPR

HD WK RI

VWUD D

6P

0 G D G . GV0DWWHU

6P
0 G KDV EHH I
WH UDWHG WR GD
VH DFURVV WKH KR H VFKRR WR V SSRUW R U VW GH W
H IDUH SUR UDP ,W V WV HDW
GHU WKH . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU IUDPH RU
K FK IRF VHV R WKH PH WD
KHD WK D G H EH
RI VW GH WV 7KH 6P
0 G (G FDW R 3UR UDP SURY GHV D H FH H W YHK F H IRU
FK GUH WR H S RUH WKH FR FHSW RI P GI HVV WKUR K PHG WDW R
K FK W PDWH FR WU E WHV WR WKH U
VRF D D G HPRW R D H EH
7KH VFKRR GHF GHG WR H D H
SUR UDP :H W VH ERWK WKH D
:H I G WKDW V
6P
VHVV R D G DUH VHWW HG D G H
0 G SS G U
R W RI VFKRR
EHGW PH
R

KDV WKH 6P

VW GH WV
HDU . E V
WKH
D H EUDF HW RI WKH 6P
0 G
H
D G
6P
0 G SUR UDPV WK R U VH RU VW GH WV
HDU
0 G VWUD KW DIWHU
FK V HIIHFW YH DV FK GUH FRPS HWH WKH PHG WDW R
D HG IRU WKH H W HVVR RI WKH GD 6WDII KDYH D VR W VHG WKH 6P
H F UV R V V FK DV VFKRR FDPS
RUGHU WR FD P VW GH WV GR
DW

0 G SUR UDP V SSRUWHG WKH PS HPH WDW R RI . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU DW R U VFKRR "

7KH 6P
0 G SUR UDP FRPS HPH WV WKH RU )HU FR UW 3 E F 6FKRR V GR
WKUR KR W WKH
PS HPH WDW R RI . GV0DWWHU 3U PDU
Y
VW GH WV WKH WRR V RI P GI HVV V H DE
R U VW GH WV
WR FRSH EHWWHU WK GD WR GD VV HV D G V DVV VW
WKH GHYH RSPH W RI UHV H W FK GUH
:KDW VW GH WV D G WHDFKHUV VD DER W 6P
,W GRHV W VWRS R WK
UFKHU D H

0 G

DER W HVWHUGD E W W PD HV R WK

0HG WDW R KH SV PH F HDU R W P P G D G HWV H

0HG DW R PD HV PH IHH FD P D G KDYH D SHDFHI
0RVW VW GH WV
I G W DV D PHD V WR V PS
R D VR I G WKDW WKHUH DUH VW GH WV
KR
YHV

VW II FRPH
GD

KDW V KDSSH

7D RU D H

UH D DIWHU D E V W PH R WKH S D

HD WK RI

0DGH H H D H

WD H R ERDUG VSHF I F R WFRPHV IURP HDFK VHVV R D G

WRU D 6H
HDU
WHDFKHU

k RPPR

DER W

VWUD D

DSS

UR

G KR HYHU

WKHP H VH KHUH

WKH U