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Pokorny Julius Proto Indo European Etymological Dictionary
Pokorny Julius Proto Indo European Etymological Dictionary
Pokorny Julius Proto Indo European Etymological Dictionary
Proto-Indo-European
Etymological Dictionary
A Revised Edition of Julius Pokornys
Indogermanisches Etymologisches
Wrterbuch
2007
HTTP://DNGHU.ORG/
Pokornys text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected),
except for some rearrangement of the Material.
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abhro- (*hebhro-)
English meaning: strong, mighty
Deutsche bersetzung:stark, heftig
Note: The Root apelo- : strength seems related to Root abhro- (*hebhro-): strong, mighty
[the shift l > r].
Material: to M.Ir. Prefix abor-, Welsh afr- very much ; Goth. abrs get strong, violent ,
adv. abraba very much , bi-abrjan before were astonished beside oneself , O.Ice. Prefix
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abh- (*hebh-)
English meaning: quick, abrupt
Deutsche bersetzung: rasch, heftig
Note: alter r/n- stem
Material: Gk. straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently (old abstract noun
quickness), for what, nevertheless, probably at first , suddenly.
Here at most O.C.S. abje straight away, directly , but uncertainly O.Ind. ahnuya
directly, straight away, instantly, speedily (rather to har, han- day p. 7).
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abhroPage(s): 2
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ab(n) (*heb-)
English meaning: ape, *water demon
Deutsche bersetzung: Affe
Note: (Celt. neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been
named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).
Material: Hes. is maybe (acc. pl.) to read and
still before the consonatic mutation in Gmc. stubby; hence, in. api m. Monkey, gate , O.S.
apo, O.H.G. affo m., affa, affin f., O.E. apa m. Monkey, O.Cz. opice comes aRuss. opica
from the Gmc.
References: WP. I 51 f.
See also: compare ab-water and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.
Page(s): 2-3
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ad-1 (*hed-)
English meaning: to, by, at
Deutsche bersetzung: zu, bei, an
Material: Phryg. - he does ; Maced. - (Schwyzer Gk. I 69); Lat. ad to,
with, in , preverb and preposition m. acc., also gen. atque, ac and in addition, and also,
and (*ad-que; not at + que; also Umbr. ap in which place, in what place, where, when,
after, since, although chronologically, with extended - in ape), Umbr. ar- preverb, -ar
postposition m. acc., Osc. adpud as far as , otherwise with s- extension Osc. az to,
toward preposition m. Akk .; O.Ir. ad- preverb (e.g., ad-gludur call upon, appeal to ),
Welsh add-, Gaul. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iant: Welsh addiant longing, Admurus: O.Ir.
mr large ); Welsh , with vowel ag with (ad + ghe, O.Ind. ha, not = Lat. atque and, as
well as, together with); Gmc. *at preverb and preposition mostly with dative = loc., rare m.
acc. (Goth. WestGmc. from the time, O.E. also from the place), O.Ice. also with gen.: Goth.
at to, by , O.Ice. at to, by, against, after , O.E. t, O.S. at, O.H.G. az to, by, in .
zero grade: ved. t-srati creeps, creeps up , O.H.G. zagn (: Goth. *-agan fear),
O.H.G. z-ougen, M.H.G. zugen, O.S. t-gian compared with Goth. at-augjan with raised
up eyes, point, show .
References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.
See also: Perhaps to ad-2.
Page(s): 3
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ad-2
English meaning: to establish, put in order
Deutsche bersetzung: festsetzen, ordnen
Material: Umbr. arsie (*adio-) venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and
class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one , arsmor (*admon) a form
of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite , arsmatiam (*admatio-) relating
to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual , armamu you shall be ordered, set in order,
arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated , Armune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- settle, order ;
O.Ir. ad n. law, pl. ada ceremonious customs , from it adj. lawful, adas proper, Welsh
addas suitable, eddyl (*adilo-) duty, purpose ; probably also Gmc. *tila- suitable
opportunity in Goth. til n., ga-tils suitably , O.E. til suitable, useful as n. goodness,
suitability = O.H.G. zil purpose , preposition O.E. O.Ice. til to, for .
References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mel. Pedersen 224.
Page(s): 3
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: water, river; Root eghero- : lake, inner sea; Root ad(u)-, ad-ro- : water current: Illyr.
pannon. VN [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt -gh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root aku- water, river nasalized in *akuent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root au(e)9,
Material: Avest. au water run, brook, canal , Ven.-Illyr. FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po), *Adulia>
Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula St. Gotthard (probably named after the rivers
streaming there), oberAustrian FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder (Hessen),
maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), Sicil. FlN and
Ven.-Illyr. name of Oder -; further Ltv. FlN Adula.
Note:
The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from
the oceO.N. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god
Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites. Atlas *mountain probably named after the
rivers streaming there : , - m. Atlas (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God
who carries the columns of the sky; originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which
were spread then by the epic in general and especially (by Ionic seafarers?) was
transferred to the Atlas Mountains in West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas
as a personification of the world axis Tiche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber drur mountain .
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agh-(lo-)
English meaning: disgusting
Deutsche bersetzung: widerwrtig
Note: Root agh-(lo-) : disgusting derived from an extended Root agos- : fault, sin
produced.
Material: Goth. agls opprobrious, ignominious, aglia, agl hardship , us-agljan press
, O.E. eg(e)le offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate , eglan add pain (Eng. ail hurt;
indisposed his ), eglian to be felt painfully , M.L.G. egelen cause grief , Goth. aglus
adv. agluba , difficult ; also (with puzzling suffix) Goth. aglaitei f. -i n.
licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense , O.H.G. agaleizi f.,-i n.
discomfort; zeal , agaleizo, O.S. aglto, agalto adv. sedulous, keen .
Possibly here ow. agh- (=Av. a-) nasty, n. horrible, damage , aghal- bad .
Here maybe to M.Ir. ulad n. wound (*agloton), M.Welsh aele(u) painful, aeleu m.
pain (*aglou-).
References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Decl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.
Page(s): 8
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aghl(u)- (*heghel-)
English meaning: rainy weather
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa dunkle Wolke, regnerisches Wetter
Material: Gk. fog, darkness
Maybe Alb. agull bad vision
O.Pruss. aglo n. rain (u- stem), Arm. *alj- in ajaj, ajamujkh darkness (Meillet MSL. 10,
279).
References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Ar. and Arm. Stud. 126.
Page(s): 8
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agh- (*hegh-)
English meaning: to fear
Deutsche bersetzung:seelisch bedruckt sein, sich furchten
Material: Gk. n. fear, pain, grief , , grieving, sorrowing, mourning
(Aor. , , perf. ), , mourning, groaning ,
sadden; here probably load, grief (* ), thereof to be loaded, be
depressed .
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*aghos) ankth fear [common Alb. -s > -th phonetic mutation].
O.E. ege m. fear, egisi-grima gl. ghost, spectre, evil spirit , n. es- stem *agiz = Gk.
get a fright;
Note: common Gk. -gh- > -- phonetic mutation
compare O.H.G. egis-lh dreadful , egisn get a fright and to o- and en stems extended
Goth. agis n. fear, anxiety, fright , O.H.G. agiso, egiso m., egisa f. fear, fright figure ,
O.E. egesa m. fear ; O.N. agi m. (-en- stem) Fear, O.H.G. eg; M.H.G. ege f. fear,
fright, punishment ; Goth. -agan in un-agands are not afraid , af-agjan frighten, us-
agjan frighten somebody , in-agjan snub somebody ; preterit present Goth. g (gum)
fears me , ni gs fear nothing (old short vocal subjunctive *giz), O.N. a-sk be afraid
; Goth. gjan snub somebody = O.N. gja get a fright; O.N. gn f. fright , tti m.
fear , O.E. ga f. fright .
O.Ir. ad-agor,-agur fear (because of the ablaut equality with Goth. g supposes
Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 484 origins from older perf.), verbal noun uigthiunder
References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.
See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)
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agos- (*hege-)
English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt
Deutsche bersetzung:Fehl, Schuld, Sunde
Material: O.Ind. ugas- n. offence, injury, sin, fault, change by ablaut with Gk. heavy
guilt, blood guilt ; O.Ind. nugas-, Gk. innocent, guiltless ; , curses
, .
O.E. acan, c hurt (Eng. ache), N.Ger. ken hurt, fester, dent, blow , M.Du. akel grief,
wrong, pity, nFris. akelig, aeklig wretched, vehement .
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*ngas) nknj, Gheg angj groan, sigh, complain of pain, evil
(*enq-); prove the link between Root agos- : [fault, guilt, blame, sin (damage, injury,
sacrilege, evil)] and Root enq-, onq- : (to sigh, groan) [see below]
Note: It is possible Root agos- (*hege-): fault, sin, *blood guilt is a zero grade of Lat.
sangue blood, Alb. gjak blood see Root s(u)eko-s : sap, pitch, *blood.
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agu(e)s, aks
English meaning: axe
Deutsche bersetzung: Axt
Material: Goth. aqizi, O.N. x, O.E. acus, x, O.S. acus, accus, O.H.G. achhus, accus,
aches, Ger. Axt (Gmc. forms *aqwizi and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza
GG. 89 from a gradating *agus : *agusius), Gk. ax, hatchet
Note: common Gk. -gh- > - - phonetic mutation
Lat. ascia ax of the carpenters (from *acsiu like viscus: , vespa from *vepsu).
maybe Alb. (*asca) ashka shavings, wood splinter, (*viscus) vishk, fishk make thin,
wither.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Decl. 150, Schwyzer Gk. I 4654.
Page(s): 9
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agro-s
See also: s. agPage(s): 9
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ag- (*heg-)
English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle
Deutsche bersetzung: treiben (actually probably mit geschwungenen Armen treiben),
schwingen, in Bewegung setzen, fuhren
Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.
Note: old laryngeal centum - > a-, e- : satem - > s- ;
Material: ag: O.Ind. jati drive, aj- m. a drove, troop; a driver; uji - m./f. running match,
combat, Av. azaiti drive, lead away , Arm. acem lead, bring ;
maybe Alb.Gheg (*), ago leader, chief; ag- dawn, beginning of the day, agon to
dawn, start the day : Lat. ago agere egi actum to set in motion, drive; of animals, to drive
or hunt, agon -onis m. a contest in the public games, agonalia -ium and -orum n. a
festival of Janus.
Gk. lead (Aor. Aor. , are new), Lat. ag to set in motion, drive, lead,
negotiate (Pf. g with ablaut innovation), Osc. Imper. actud = Umbr. aitu agito , Osc.
acum agere , O.Ir. ad-aig (*aget) adigit , O.Welsh agit, hegit, more recently yt (*agti),
besides the strong inflection in Welsh Corn. Bret. a (*aget) goes; t- Preterit O.Ir. ro-da-
acht driven away , Welsh aeth (*ag-t) to put in motion etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451
following, O.Ir. uin activity, play (from *agnis), Gallo-Rom. *and-agnis big step , Fr.
andain swath, scythe slash , aFr. wide step, O.N. aka driving (Preterit k like O.Ind.
Gram. uja); O.E. ac however, but, yet (wrtl. go! like Lat. age); Toch. B ak-, AB uktravel, lead;
Maybe Alb. ec- walk, travel on foot, vocative hec, eja come!.
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to- participle: , Lat. uctus put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted, *amb
(i)-aktos, actually, sent around (: O.Ir. imm-aig) messenger, servant in Gaul. (-Lat.)
ambactus vassal, slave , Welsh amaeth servus arans (from Celt. derives Goth.
andbahts, O.H.G. ambaht servant , from which the kinship with Ger. Amt).
As IE Instrumental noun in-tru here O.Ind. at ru goad to drive the livestock , Av. atru
whip, scourge .
Maybe Tokharian: B uk n. zeal (Adams 35), AB uk- lead, guide, drive (36).
lengthened grade formations: O.Ind. uji -h m. f. race, fight , M.Ir. ug (gen. uga, u- stem)
fight, uga, uige leaders (cf also Gaul. PN Ago-murus = O.Ir. gmar warlike; Com-
ugius), Lat. only in compounds: ambugs, around a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in
speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity (conservative stem like O.Ind. j- to lead
= Lat. ag Inf. pass., and like O.Ind. aj- in prtanuj- in the fight pulling , however, with
stretch in the composition), indugs and indugo,-inis surrounding and driving of game ,
o- stem: ved. aj-h activity, train; driver , Gk. leader, military leader , , Att. Ion. - military leader, (originally Doric) leader , Lat. prdigo
-igere -egi -actum to drive forth; to spend, waste, prd-igus profuse, extravagant; rich,
abounding in. adv. prodige (from prd-igere), abiga plant which has the power of
producing abortion; ground-pine ( close to miscarriage from ab-igere = , O.Ind.
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ammentum (*agmen-to-m) in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with
throw straps ; maybe (Schw. Gk. I 49210) with o- graduation Gk. field furrow, road
of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing .
lo- stem: O.Ind. ajir- quick, nimble (however, Lat. agilis flexible, nimble is a
neologism); Gk. herd, crowd , Lat. agolum shepherds stick .
Gk. race, competition ; street (part. perf.), from which about newer *
Lat. aga a gangway in a ship; lak. Cret. tol. leads, brings , ep. Ion. ,
ds. (: and , like - towards -- and -, also from an
ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gk. I 694, 696). about see Schwyzer Gk. I 5227 and
under sug-.
Lat. rmex, rmigure, rmigium, ltigure a rower, oarsman and other verbs in -(i)gure. Presumably Lat. indigits the local divinities and heroes (indigiture a divinity call ,
ag-slis) strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor , exumen (see above),
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agna the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves (formation
as for example coquna), Gk. also weigh (with acc. of the weight), weighing as
much, of like value, worth as much as (from *, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s weight,
actually:) from suitable weight , hence, worth, solemnly , worth just as much
as, equally.
still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, uctus quadrutus a field measure of 120 feet in the
square , and acttum straight away, immediately, forthwith , agus footman, driver,
hostler , ag, -nis of the priests killing the sacrificial animal (from agere in meaning
sacrifice), agnium a victim, beast for sacrifice below likewise
Here maybe Gaul. exacum the herb centaury if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-
pure-craving ). But better to *ak- sharp , see there.
Further belong here:
Lat. axis axis = Lith. ai s, O.Pruss. assis, O.C.S. os f. ds .; O.H.G. ahsa, Ger. Achse,
O.E. eax ds .; in. oxull (from urg. *ahsulaz) axis; M.Ir. ais axis (*aksi-lu in Welsh echel f.
axis, Bret. ahel).
Lat. ula shoulder, from which the usual meaning wing, from *agslu (cf Dimin. axilla
armpit) = in. oxl, O.E. eaxl, O.H.G. ahsala, Ger. Achsel, where near lengthened grade
Dutch oksel ds., and without l- formant: O.H.G. uochisa, M.H.G. uohse, uehse and O.H.G.
uochsana, O.E. xn armpit, in. st f., str m. Cervical pit, O.E. custa, xta m., Eng.
oxter armpit; av aayu gen. Du. of both shoulders , Arm. anut shoulder pit (at first
from *asnut ).
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ag-ro-s field, camp (to *ag as herd to drive wie, also originally place where the
cattle is being driven, pasture ).
O.Ind. jra-h surface, camp, fields (without respect on agriculture), Gk. field,
land (in contrast to town), Lat. Umbr. ager field, Goth. (etc.) akrs, O.H.G. ackar, ahhar,
Ger. Acker (Acker and O.E. cer also a certain land measure, so much a bottom plate
can oxen plow during one day ), Arm. art field (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see
Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artaks out , prefix arta- from).
O.Ind. ajrya- located in the plain = Gk. on the field, outside growing or living,
wildly ; wildly living , Lat. agrestis a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude
. (about Goth. akran, dt. Eckern, however, see under *g- grow.)
maybe Alb. egr wild, rural, crude, ager donkey (pulling a wagon), Illyr. TN Agrianes.
References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.
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agh-no-s (*hegh-no-s )
English meaning: lamb
Deutsche bersetzung: Lamm
Note: (z. T. also *agnos?)
It seems that from Root ag- : to lead, *drive cattle derived Root agh-no-s : lamb.
Material:
Note: The old laryngeal centum - > a-, e- : satem - > s- in PIE; only Alb. and Umbr. and
Slavic preserved the old laryngeal through Alb. - > k- phonetic mutatIon.
Alb.Gheg kinxh, tosk (*egh-) qengj lamb : Umbr. habina(f) of a lamb : Lat. haednus of
a kid : O.C.S.: (j)agne lamb [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic
mutation].
Gk. (*agnos, abnos) derived from an earlier *abnos lamb [common Gk. k > p, g
> b phonetic mutation, later b > mb > m common Illyr.-Gk. phonetic mutation]
Gk. m. f., f. lamb;
Lat. agnus, - , fem.-a lamb (agnle sheep stable, lacking suffix affinity with O.C.S. jagnilo
place where the sheep lamb , a derivative of the verb jagniti to lamb); O.Ir. an Welsh
oen, O.Corn. oin, Bret. oan lamb (urk. *ognos with -gn- would have derived from *-ghn-,
not-*gn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;
o- probably influence from *ouis sheep); O.E. anian, Eng. to yean to lamb, Dutch
oonen ds. (from *aunn from *auna- = IE *aghno-); O.C.S. (j)agne lamb (with formants et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnc lambkins contain full
gradatIon. Or is placed IE *g(h)no- : to *g(h)no-?
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mutatIon.
Lat. avillus lambkin because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *aghnelos.
Note: common Lat. - Italic gw- > v- phonetic mutation] Lat. avillus (*abillus) lambkin : Rom.
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Hes.
From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably Lat. aestus, - utis warm season,
summer (from *aisto-tut-, IE *aidh-to-); aestus, - s (from *aidh-tu-) heat, glow, surf,
asans harvest time, summer [common Alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence
Vesta goddess of hearth and its sacred fire was an Illyrian goddess, also Alb. vatra (*vastra) hearth with -tre suffix.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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chimney, fire stove (however, O.H.G. essa chimney, hearth see under us- burn ); Av.
vn-estejach, Berneker 275) from *aidh-s-to; in addition zro grades *idh-s-to- in Slov.
isteje, steje pl. stove hole ; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also O.Ind. it aku of burnt bricks ,
Av. itya- n. brick, (backed brick) .
In *indh- goes back: Alb.Gheg idhun, Tosc idht bitter, Tosc idhrm bitterness,
anger, irritation, h dhite pl. nettle (Jokl studies 29).
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abbreviated Alb. (*abe) kam hold, possess, have, common Alb. - > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -
m- phonetic mutations found in Corn. caf(f)os, cafes, M.Bret. caf(f)out, Bret. kavout have;
also zero grade in Alb. preterite (ha)pata I held, possessed, had, see Root ghabh- : to
grab, take
Lat. aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble ; O.N. eikenn
dismays wild, furious , O.E. ucol excited, dismayed , nNor. eikja, eikla continually with
attacks, contradictions, assertions torment , eikjen argumentative; Toch. aik(a)re (= Lat.
jeza rage, Pol. jedza fury, witch (gruff, sullen), Cz. jezinka forest woman (etc., see
Berneker 268 f. ; in *jega, not *aigu, is consequently to be led back also:) Russ. bba jag
witch (s. Bruckner KZ. 45, 318);
O.Ice. ekki pain, grief = O.E. inca pain, suspicion, quarrel , O.Fris. inc (d. i. jinc)
angry, also nEng. inkle anticipate, foresee , inkling whispering, notion, indication, sign.
References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.
Page(s): 13
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aig-2
English meaning: oak
Deutsche bersetzung: Eiche
Material: Gk. an oaken kind (see under), presumably also -, an uncertain type of tree (possibly hard oak).
The outcome from appears Hes., cf . , ,
bowl, bark and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo,
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aig-3
English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate
Deutsche bersetzung: (sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren
Material: O.Ind. jati stirs, moves, trembles , jathu-h the quake of the earth ,
vicvamjaya- making everything shake , nasal present igati, igate stirs, moves ,
Kaus. igayati sets in motion, touches, shakes , udigayati swings , samigayati sets
in shaking movement (form relation like between : O.Ind. indhate);
from Gk. here very probably . Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12:
), strands (probably from
arise the connection s in the surf of the sea ; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16),
gale, storm cloud;
the shield of Zeus (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,
thunderstorm shield), gust of wind moving down suddenly from
storm, attack down, drive off (from , , ), attack
near, thrust near ; probably also lance (on the grounds of * the catapults
or projectile); presumably also shine, from the flickerof the light and the warm air
to the south; common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the
crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goats
skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.
Hence Root aig- : (goat) is identical with Root aig-3 : (to move swiftly, move violently, swing,
vibrate).
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Eichhorn with support of Eiche oak and Horn horn, O.E. ucweorna,-wern, M.L.G. keren,
khorn, O.N. korne (k old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition?), neuNor. also
eikorne, O.S. korne (was based on the concept flexible, swinging itself from branch to
branch ; in earliest with one to *uer-, uuer- squirrel, weasel the belonging second limb:
*aik-werna); aksl O.C.S. igr, igra play , igrati, perfective vzigrati , hop, jump,
dance (from *gr; Lith. with Berneker 422).
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older root Root deigh- : to prick; tick derived Root aig- : goat and Root ug- : goat
[common Balt - Illyr. - Alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the Gk. cognate
derived from Proto-Illyr.
Material: Gk. , - nanny goat, Arm. aic nanny goat; zero grade Av. izana- from
leather (actually, from goatskin as Gk. , cf the same importance relations with
*ago- goat ).
References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.
Page(s): 13
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ai-2
English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm
Deutsche bersetzung: worauf eindringen, treiben, uberwltigen, krnken
Material: present *(a)i-neu-mi : O.Ind. inti, nvati, Imper. inuh, participle -inita- (upenita-
pushed, cut into ), penetrate into something, master , Av. inaoiti, Inf. anahe violate,
hurt , ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) not violated, not painedly (from ai nas- n.
Crime, sin, misfortune = Av. anah- act of violence, crime , in addition m. evildoer?),
Av. intay- rape, injury; torture , O.Ind. in- strong; m. master , maybe also ti-h f. plague,
need; Gk. tremendous;
maybe Alb. inati anger; ire; rage; dander; dudgeon; rampage; down; disappointment;
malice; blood; rancour; rancor; pique; spunk; miff; temper; must.
maybe here-in- in Goth. far-ina guilt, reproach, O.H.G. firinn sin, O.Ice. firn n. pl. the
extraordinary (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning (as in the Heliand) act of
violence .
References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.
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to take, grab, reach, *give > Root pi- : comrade > Root ai-3 : to give.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na us + ep give) give us (*take) : Hitt.
service-tree, rowan tree (*oiuu) = Lat. va a grape, berry of the vine ; [see Root ei-3 :
multicoloured; reddish]
Also Illyr. (*avetor) Aetor : Ven. (*avimos) Aimos suffixed with the common satem -tar
formant as IE roots are suffixed with -tar or -ska formants. Tocharian cognate belongs to
the (-ts <*-tska) suffixed roots.
Ven. MN Aimos, Illyr. MN Aetor.
Maybe Alb. (*-eip) Gheg ep, Tosc jap I give : Lycian pije, pibije to give : Hittite pai, pija
to give Alb. j- stands for the lost laryngeal -.
Hitt. p(-ia)-an-they give : mess. pi-do to give are zero grades of Root ai-3 : to give
Note: The old laryngeal - could have been created from Balt-Illyr. d- > zero phonetic
mutatIon.
Root d- : d-, also d-u- : du- : du- : to give > Root ai-3, (*hei-) : to give
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mutations.
References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-Gmc. 10
f.
See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-toPage(s): 10-11
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ai-r
English meaning: a k. of grass
Deutsche bersetzung: Grasart
Note: Root ai-ru : a k. of grass is a reduced root *ai-tra from which derived also Root ai-tro-
: bitter, sharp.
Material: O.Ind. raku a grass kind , Gk. weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel
, from ryegrass, darnel ), Ltv. aires, airenes ryegrass, darnel .
maybe through metathesis Alb. (*aires > ser) egjr Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel
[common Alb. -s- > -gj- shift].
References: WP. I 12, Specht Decl. 2061.
Page(s): 16
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ais-1
English meaning: to wish for, search for
Deutsche bersetzung: wunschen, begehren, aufsuchen
Note: The Root ais-1 : to wish for, search for is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska
sko-: isaiti wishes); O.H.G. eiscn research, ask, demand, (Ger. heischen demand with
h after heissen hot), O.S. scn, scian demand, O.E. uscian, uxian try, demand, ask,
O.H.G. eisca demand, O.E. sce f. investigation;
in Balt-Slav. with non-palatal k of the present suffix-sk (towards ar. Arm. -sk-), what is not
to be explained by borrowing from the Gmc.; Lith. ekau, iekoti look, Ltv. ieskt to
delouse , O.C.S. isko (and ito), iskati look, iska wish.
References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.
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ais-2
English meaning: to be in awe, to worship
Deutsche bersetzung: ehrfurchtig sein, verehren
Note: The Root ais-2 : to be in awe, to worship is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -
eir considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess ; of it O.H.G. rn,
rn honor, spare, betake , O.E. urian honor, spare, betake , O.N. eira spare.
Osc. aisusis abl. pl. sacrifices, marruc. aisos D. pl. gods, plign. aisis gods , volsk.
esaristrom sacrifice , Umbr. esono- divine, sacred , come from EtruscO.N. Differently
Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.
d- extension: Gk. (from *aiz-d-) shies, reveres , , - reverence,
shyness, shame , (*-) ; Goth. aistan, -aida avoid, pay attention
; zero grade O.Ind. d reveres, praises, implores .
References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.
Page(s): 16
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ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-toEnglish meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion,
cut, contribution
Deutsche bersetzung: Anteil
Note: Root ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to- : part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock,
proportion, cut, contribution is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root ai-2 : to drive,
to overwhelm, harm with the formant -tra.
Material: Av. ata- the proper part ( punishment ; dual guilt and punishment ).
Gk. (* ) interest, destiny , Hom. , better the proper interest ,
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; . Hes.;
promising good talent, favorabe , certain from the destiny, proper ,
apply, use, consume , dispenses justice, it rules ;
(maybe dissimilated from *) be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life =
leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking , hence,
referees office and life-style, life arrangement , well-chosen, particular .
Osc. gen. aeteis partis, attum portionum.
From Gk. here probably also responsible, guilty ( after ), from which later
guilt, cause ; also , demands as requires his interest ; ablaut.
m. Destiny.
O.Ir. ues n., Welsh oes f. period, age from *ait-to-, O.Ir. ues m. People from *ait-tu-,
Welsh oed m. Age from *aito.
References: WP. I 2, Hirt IE Gk. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gk. 1 4213, 6969, 7057.
Page(s): 11
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aetatu) age, time of life , aeternus of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless,
forever in adverbial *aiui.
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*aetas), jet life, lifespan.
Goth. o-stem aiws m. time, eternity, world ; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiui) = O.Ice. , ei
(also in ei-gi not), O.E. u, , O.H.G. io ever, always , Goth. ni aiw never, O.H.G. neo,
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vi f. (*aiui-) life, age ; u-stem in O.H.G. wa f. time, eternity , thereof O.H.G. wid
eternity, wg forever; Goth. aju-k-ds f. eternity from *ajuki- (= O.E. ce forever),
with IE g-suffix + IE-tti;
Toch. A uym- mind, life which m attributed to unm- life .
References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumzil
BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Decl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.
See also: From this derived *iuuen- (ieu-3) young; Specht also wants very much risquly
be put in addition *aig-, oak (= vitality ?).
Page(s): 17-18
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ai
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iron.
Material: O.Ind. yas- n., Av. ayah- n. metal, iron;
Lat. aes, g. aeris; Goth. aiz (Proto-Gmc. *a(i)iz- = IE *aies-) copper ore, and the alloy of
copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle , O.H.G.
phonetic mutation of the old laryngeal - > a-, i-] : Gaul. Isarno- PN, Ven. FlN I, later
Isarcus, Ger. Eisack (Tirol); urIr. PN I(s)aros, O.Ir. Ir, balkanIllyr. iser, Messap. isareti
(Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.); Celt. FlN Isaru, Ger. Isar, Iser, Fr. Isre; *Isiu, Fr. Oise; *Isuru, Eng.
Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161); Ger. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller, Ltv. FlN Isline, Islcis,
wRuss. Isa, Alb. VN Illyrii.
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akk
English meaning: mother (childrens speech)
Deutsche bersetzung: Mutter (Lallwort)
Material: O.Ind. akku mother (gram.), Gk. nurse of Demeter , ghost ,
be coy, position oneself stupidly , Lat. Acca Lurentia Laren mother, Roman
hall goddess (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp.
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ocoluin, nWelsh hogalen, M.Bret. hygo(u)len, Bret. higolenn whetstone (with the unclear
second component; to explain Bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); mc. cyfogi
vomit, fight , with secondary io-suffix O.Welsh cemecid, nWelsh cyfegydd (*kom-okio-)
pickaxe ;
with zero grade: O.Welsh diauc, nWelsh diog, mbr. dieuc (*d-uko-) decayed, spoiled ,
M.Welsh ym-am-ogawr (*-uku-r) one stirs, is active (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug,
Bret. eok ripe, made soft (*eks-uko-), to Gaul. exucum centaurion lepton (Ernault
GlO.S.S. M.Bret. 201); compare also above S. 5;
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egle, eglinc ds., Ger. Swiss egel, Dimin. egli, O.S. agh-borre ds., maybe also Swe. agg
rancor, hatred , agga sting, torment, Nor. dial. agge tooth, point (*akuko- or expressive
Gemination?), as well as (with secondary Gmc. vowel gradation a : u or from *akuko- with
assimilation a in u?) Nor. dial. ugg sting, frightening, Swe. dial. ugg point, tooth, O.N.
uggr fear, Nor. dial. ugge fin; Lith. akuotas* awn, aka (*ako-ku) fish bone, bran =
wRuss. osoka sedge, O.Pruss. ackons (*akno-) ds.
maybe (*esel), egjr Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel [common Alb. -s- > -gj- phonetic
mutation], zero grade in Alb. (*osoka-) shqir sedge.
---------------------*Bal.-Slav. forms with k prove none IE beside the form ak-, but is partially loanword from
Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the Baltic and Slavs
(Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on top S. 15.
---------------------2. i- and j- stems:
Arm. asen needle (from *asin, Meillet Esquisse 43); Gk. , - point, sting ; Lat.
acis keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look or keen
vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. MiLith., battle line; hence battle,
battlefield ; O.S. eggja f., O.H.G. etc ekka point, sword edge, Ger. Ecke (Proto-Gmc.
*ai, O.N. egg edge, cliff backs, eggja sharpen, spur on, O.E. ecg edge, blade, sword
(from it borrows M.Ir. ecg edge, Bret. ek point), egle pl. awns, Eng. ails; O.C.S. osla
(*osla), Russ. osok m. whetstone, Cz. osina f. awn.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*askel), hal needle, fishbone, awn, [common Alb. sk- > hphonetic mutation], older Alb. (*haskel) hakl needle, fishbone : Lat. aculeus -i m. sting,
point; fig., esp. in plur., painful thoughts, cutting remarks. It seems Alb. [together with
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Ger. Achel f. ear point, awn from N.Ger. aggel (with spirant. g) from IE *aku-lu; O.E. uwel
m. fork, O.N. so-ull meat fork (Gmc. *ahwala-, IE *ku- olo-); if here gallo-Lat. opulus
common maple (Marstrander, Corr. Gmc.-celt. 18), would be placed IE *oku- olo- ; about
O.N. uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about O.E. ar see s-formant; Welsh ebill drill, mbr. ebil peg,
nail (*aku-li o-);
Note: The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, Lat. and Gk.
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*outa m. Thistle in Church Slavic st, Russ. ost. On account of here Toch. A ucuwe
rough (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?
see under *ku-s fast (sharp in the movement) .
4. With m-formant:
akmo-/-u
Gk. point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point ( adv.,
, ); Swe. dial. m marsh grass, Cladium mariscus (Gmc. *ahma-, compare
finn. Lw. ahma equisetum ).
ak-men-/-merO.Ind. asman- n. Stone, sky (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), asmar- stone
, Av. asman- stone, sky (O.Ind. gen. snah, instr. snu, Av. gen. an, abl. anuat with -
n- from -mn-; instr. pl. O.Ind. asnuih after o-stem); Phryg. PN ; Gk. anvil ,
; Lith. mens m. pl. Edge , akmu, -es m. stone .
5. With n-formant:
akenO.Ind. asni-h head of the arrow, missile; Av. sg-, O.Pers. aanga- stone (*ak-
en-go, Benveniste Orig. 28); Gk. point, sting; longitudinal dimension (however,
about Lat. acuna a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap, deficiency, loss
see WH. I 9), whetstone , , - spear (for older , *- after the
participles), throw the spear , thistle kind, prickly head plant ,
fruit carry prickly heads , thistle (from * - sting flower),
thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish , goldfinch (from *),
barque , , womans shoe (*aknto-, probably from the pointed
form); Lat. agna ear of grain (from *aknu); Goth. ahana f. chaff , O.N. ogn, O.E. egenu
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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aker-, okerNote: Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: aker-, oker-
O.Ir. a(i)cher sharp (from the hoist), because of the gen. sg. Akeras (PN in the Ogham)
not Lat. Lw .; O.Bret. acer-uission with sharp fingers (biss), ocerou pl. sharpened,
O.Welsh ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; Lith. aerys, eerys river perch; pol. dial. jesiora (from
*aseru); O.N. ogr ds. (from Proto-Gmc. *agura-, IE *okr-o-), WestNor. augur (from *ogurr,
newer development from ogr), influenced from auga eye,
From the extension of Root ak-, ok- (*hek-): sharp; stone with r-formant derived the
labiovelars: aker-, oker- whose zero grade produced Alb. (*kerna), gurr stream
[common Alb. rn > rr shift], (*ker-) gur stone;
Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):
Lat. acer, -eris n. the maple tree or maple wood (from acer arbor became V.Lat.
acerabulus, Meyer-Lubke REW. 93), Dan. r ds. (Gmc. *ahira-); Ger. dial. Acher ds. (Gmc.
*ahura-);
Gk. Hes. (*, meaning as beside ;
to stem compare also Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos maple
(Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); O.H.G. ahorn maple
(from Swiss and other oral kinds would devop certainly u -, however, u -would have arisen
also of peoples etymological distortion, like M.L.G. unhorn, ulhorn;ahorn (IE *akrno-) is up
to the declension class = , while Lat. acernus of maple is syncopated from *acer-
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inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the former adjective Material
developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation of both elements.
Rather that counts for Gk. (*-) yellow thistle kind ds., maybe here
also Kalmus, his spicy root , compare with other forms still f.
odoriferous flower , basil (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).
akri-, akroO.Ind. srih corner, edge, border , catur-asra-h square; Gk. sharply, ,
, point, mountaintops (also in as have sharp hearing, sharpen the
ear, and , - grasshopper, short form for tiptoe , ;
point of the boughs , see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 241);
Lat. (to u see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) ucer, ucris,-e (aLat. ucra, -um) sharp, piercing,
penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent, Osc. akrid sharply, fiercely, keenly , Umbr.
peracri- fat, plump, corpulent (= Lat. perucer very sharp, compare to meaning Gk.
, also uppermost, excellent , and o), Lat. acerbus acidic, sad, harsh, bitter,
unripe (from *ucri-bho-s); compare Gaul. AXPOTALVS with high forehead , O.Ir. r
high (from *akros); Lith. arus, atrus, O.Lith. atras, O.C.S. ostr sharp (t - interpolated
wording).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*akri) hakrronj threaten, frighten.
okri-, okroWith shading o-: Gk. f. sharp mountain point, corner, edge , aLat. ocris m. rough
mountain , Lat. mediocris average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling,
moderate, ordinary , actually to be found halfway up (here ablaut could be displayed in
the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tells), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea splint,
a greave, legging, Umbr. ocar, ukar, gen. ocrer mountain, castle mountain , marr. ocres
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akes- : aksGk. chaff from *ak-s-nu, afterwards reshuffled ds. instead of *; Gk.
- Barley (awned, bristly , formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); Gk. ,
Hes. - with igneous point , two-edged, with long point
(maybe only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ;
however, lies lengthened grade *uk- also before in Ion. , , Hes.,
Hes., compare to meaning climax of life).
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*-) kash-t chaff (*barley) where -t is the neuter ending,
(*), san chaff.
additional formations in Gk. sharp, compare to formation Lith. tamsus to O.Ind.
tumas-, Lith. tamsa (in addition harrow Hes.), wine vinegar. - Also
* sharpened seems to be * --, Hirt IF. 12, 225.
Note: common Gk. -gh- > - - phonetic mutation
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ak-stiWelsh eithin m. pl. gorse, furze (*akstno-), from it borrows M.Ir. aittenn ds. (with
unclear sound gradation); Lith. aksts following smoked spit (= Russ. ost point, ear,
spike ), kstinas m. Sting, spur = O.C.S. ostn m. sting, Cz. osten ds.
maybe Alb. (*osten ) hosten stick for driving cattle [Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal so this cognate is not a Slavic loanword], zero grade (*ak-sti- ) hesht spear, [Lat. hasta
spear, sting]. Alb. suggests that Root ghasto-1, ghazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root
O.Welsh ocet, Corn. ocet, Bret. oguet: O.H.G. egida, M.H.G. eg(e)de, O.E. eg(e)de f. (Ger.
Egge renewed from the verb eggen from O.H.G. egen, ecken, Proto-Gmc. *agjan, on its
part only from the Subst. *agi revert formation);
Lith. akeios, ekeios harrow, O.Pruss. aketes harrows, instead of e derives from the
verb *aki in Lith. akeju, aketi, besides akeju, eketi; the anlaut (initial sound) a- frequently
has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel (Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 36).
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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See also: S. under *ok-tu eight, actually both points of the hands (without thumb) .
zero grades k- stuck probably in stems kemen-, kemel-, kmen- stone, skies , komor-
stone hammer , ki-, ki-, ki- sharpen, whet , k- sharp, spit, spear .
Page(s): 18-22
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Material: O.Ind. asnuti (inserted Inf. asi-tum etc.) eats, consumes, sanam n. food, sna-
h greedy, lengthened grade usayati allows to dine, prutar-usa-h breakfast; Av. kahrkusa chicken eater = vulture etc.;
Gk. f. acorn (as food, compare formally O.Ind. asu-sa-h greedy),
bite;
Maybe Alb. ha eat, bite, consume : bite;
Root ak-, ok- (*hek-): sharp; stone : Root ak-1, ak- (*ek-): to eat.
Note: Only Gk. and Alb. have preserved the old laryngeal -
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akru
English meaning: tear
Deutsche bersetzung: Trne
Material: Ved. sru n., later also sram tear, Av. asr- n., Lith. aara and ara f., Toch.
ukr pl. ukrunt ds., compare O.Ind. asruyumi, Lith. aroju cries. The relationship to IE
*dakru tear is unsettled. compare Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 32, 141.
Note: Root akru : tear derived from Root dakru- : tears. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero
is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutatIon. Compare Root del-5 : long: Balt with
unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. lgas, f. ilg, Ltv. ilgs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. long
: Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long, da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. length. This is
a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
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From Root ang(h)i- : snake, worm derived Root aku- (more properly ku): k: water, river; Root eghero- : lake, inner sea; Root ad(u)-, ad-ro- : water current: Illyr.
pannon. VN [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt -gh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root aku- water, river nasalized in *akuent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root au(e)-
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, , swindler;
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[common Gk. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b- phonetic mutation].
Material: Gk. , barley, pearl barley, barley flour , lakon.
Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in : from which
by intersection with then -, - - sees a relation as between O.Ind. sth-i : asth-
n-h, what would guarante older Proto-IE of the word); Alb. elp (elbi) barley (N. pl. *albh-).
Iran. *arbhi- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. Alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) S. 16 ff. from turkotatar. etc arba barley.
relationship to *albh- white assumes Specht Decl. 68 O.N.
From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:
Protoform: *rp
English meaning: barley, millet
Turkic protoform: *arpa
Mongolian protoform: *arbaj
Tungus protoform: *arpa
Japanese protoform: *p
Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a
Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared
with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gk. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to
*arpasyu- (or *arbasyu) (- 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the
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albho- (*hele-bho-)
English meaning: white
Deutsche bersetzung: wei
Note: Root albho- (*helba-): white derived from Root el-1, ol-, el- : red, brown (in names of
trees and animals) extended in -kho-, -bho- formants. see Lat. olor swan (*els); Gk.
m. f. stag (white spotted) .
Material: Maybe Alb.Gheg alka, alk (*alkha) white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool.
Gk. white rash , Hes. (also Hes., s. below), FlN
; common Illyr.- Gk. -k- > -p- phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. albus white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig.,
fortunate , Umbr. alfu white , Osc. Alafaternum Alafaternum Alfaternorum, prLig. Alafis
Albius (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to Osc.-Umbr. root alf-, as
Lat. alb-, s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from Lat. albus also must be that of
Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus whitefish , albarus
white poplar , albcus asphodel plant etc.;
Maybe Lat. albulus -a -um whitish; f. as subst. Albula -ae (sc. aqua), old name of the
Tiber.
Welsh elfydd m. earth, world from *albio- (compare O.C.S. svet light, world );
O.H.G. albiz, elbiz, O.E. aelbitu, ielfetu, O.N. elptr, olpt f. (Gmc. *al-it-, -ut-) swan,
(forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f.,
Specht Decl. 229; also:) O.C.S. lebed, Russ. lebed lebjad, in the ablaut to Pol. abedz,
Serb. labud, Cz. labud swan (Proto-Slav. *olb-ed, -ed, -od, compare to the latter
suffix form Lith. bal-adis pigeon, dove , actually white ;
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probably whitish nebulous figures ) a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil
spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.
Albis, Albia, from Gmc. *Al, gen. Aliz =), O.N. elfr river and river name (in addition
probably also M.L.G. elve riverbed ), compare Gaul. FlN Albis, Albu (now Aube; contrast
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Dubis, Dubu, i.e. black, deep water ), Lat. Albula, Gk. (see esp. Schulze
SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).
Note: common Gk. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b- phonetic mutation
raibas in different colors, multicolored, dappled beside rainas; Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 388
f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand is possible
according to Brugmann aaO.
to Lith. alvas tin ( white metal ), O.Pruss. alwis lead, plumbum, Russ. lovo tin (from
IE *aluo-? Balt correspondences are borrowed according to Niedermann from the Slav.)
stand in a similar relation, as Gk. - to Lat. curv-us crooked, curved, bent, O.Ind.
palu-la-h (: paluv-ah) to O.Pruss. pelwo, also go back to a word root *al[u]-: *alu-: *alu- (in
Arm. aawni and Slav. words);
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family:
Protoform: *niulp
English meaning: tin, lead
Tungus protoform: *nulban
Japanese protoform: *nmri
Note: An interesting TM -Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8).
Protoform: *ulpa
English meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms
Turkic protoform: *ulpMongolian protoform: *alba-n
Tungus protoform: *albaKorean protoform: *rphaJapanese protoform: *aparNote: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
Gk. is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are
exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *ale-bh-;
here as the shining one Gaul. alausa European shad, twaite shad (Fr. alose,
spO.N. alosa), compare also Gaul. GN Alaunos, Alounae, Brit. FlN Alaunos (nEng. Aln),
Welsh PN Alun as well as Arm. aauni pigeon, dove from *alu-n-.
A stem form ali- white is not provabe, in spite of Specht Decl. 114, because Hitt. ali-
white appears very uncertain (Couvreur H 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and Gk. ,
, i are to be explained differently.
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er- .
References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.
Page(s): 30-31
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eldij f. river small boat , also Lith. eldijele smoking frying pan.
Nor. lodje Russian vessel, boat , Swe. lodja, M.L.G. lod(d)ie, loddige are borrowed
from Russ. odj (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 underolde).
References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.
Page(s): 31-32
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rakati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning root areq-),
, the epic proper names, after becoming known as the cock were used
for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff.,
Boisacq 1091 f.); defend, refuse, fend , defends, helps ,
Protection, defense, help , Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the walls;
help (*--), defense, help and thickness, strength (latter meaning, although
in itself from vigorous defense understandable, maybe by flowing together with another,
M.Pers. ark work, effort, trouble to suitable words, see Bartholomae Heidelbg. SB. 1916,
IX 10); Hom.; strong, hard, potent; from weapons: resistable,
suited to the fight ;
O.E. ealgian protect, defend (*algjan); Goth. alhs (f., conservative stem) temple ,
O.E. ealh, O.S. alah m. ds., Run.-Run. aluh amulet (?), O.Lith. elkas, alkas m. holy
grove, place on a hill where one has made of early victims , Ltv. lks m. Idol, god (Gmc.
and Balt words originally holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove );
maybe Alb. alka protective layer of milk, cream, isolating layer of milk.
Toch. alusk remove.
References: WP. I 89 f.
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algh- (*helgh-)
English meaning: frost, cold
Deutsche bersetzung: Frost, Klte
Material: Maybe Alb.Gheg alka, alk white (cold white), cream, wool fat ;
Lat. algor frost, cold , alge, -re freeze, to be cold , belong algidus cold according to
Lidn, studies z. O.Ind. and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to O.Ice. gen. sg. elgiar, Mod.Ice.
elgur m. snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow . Gmc. s-stem *aliz- disguised
itself with Lat. algor, IE *alghes-.
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Ar. under Arm. Stud. 126.
Page(s): 32
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Material: Lat. uls beyond , *ulter, -tra, -trum ulterior, situated beyond (ultr, ultra),
compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus = Osc. ultiumam the utmost, extreme, the highest, first,
greatest, loWest, meanest ;
Maybe Alb. ult, ult low, ul to low, sit below : Lat. ulterior -ius compar. as from ulter,
farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote.
aLat. ollus that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic,
the former, (sometimes the latter) (*ol-no-s, compare below Ir. ind-oll and Slav. *oln),
newer olle, oll then, next, ollc he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there ; lengthened
grade lim in the distant past, once (probably after im, exim reshaped and with O.Ind. par-
uri third-last year [compare -] to be equated *li, loc. adverb, also the glosses
olitana the aged, old, ancient, of long standing , olitinata old, inveterate, ancient, former,
of old times can reject - or o? - ), Umbr. ulo, ulu that, that yonder, that one;
emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, that ;
influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille that, that
yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes
the latter).
Slav. *oln (IE *oln-ei) = O.C.S. lani, Cz. loni, Pol. loni in the last summer, last year (
that year , compare Lat. oll at that time, then).
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rana- far, strange (= Av. auruna- wild?), rud from a distance, ur far seems
possible. Moreover also maybe O.Ind. ar of strangers, stranger , ar(i)y- suitable,
proper to the stranger (compare O.H.G. eli-lenti foreign land ), then Subst. hospitable,
lord, master, ruler, man , in addition ur(i)ya- to ar(i)y- , suitable, hospitable , hence, VN
Arier = Aryan, uryaka- venerable man , aryamn- n. Hospitality , m. Guests friend ;
maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.
Av. airy (= urya), O.Pers. uriya (= ariya), Aryan , Av. airyaman guest, friend , Pers.
air- in front of , thus standing in the first place , (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354); mythical Ir.
ancestor remn is scholar neologism to Eriu Ireland . see under ario- lord, god, master
.
--------------------*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix Gk. -( reduced grade
-), e.g. - easily (the stranger) recognizable , O.Ind. ar- etc surely must lead
back to IE *er- . Thieme puts further here O.Ind. sri - master, ruler, lord as su-ri-
hospitable and ri-sudas worry for sustaining the stranger .
---------------------O.Ir. oll adj. honorable, large, extensive , actually above (the ordinary) going out
(formally = Lat. ollus, IE *olnos), compounds (h)uilliu farther, more , adv. ind-oll ultra,
extreme , from which maybe also innonn, innunn over, beyond (with assimilation in
collaboration with inonn the same, identical;
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oldaas when I, when he , actually about (the) outside, what I am, what he is , inaill
certain, sure , actually situated on the other side (of it inoillus confidence, security;
inuilligud protection, safety; with ol(l) ultra, beyond maybe corresponds ol says as
ultra, beyond, further , originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol
because, sice keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with Welsh ol
footprint .
Besides with a: O.Ir. al (with acc.) on the other side, over - beyond (simplification from
*all in the pretone), adv. tall (*to-al-nu) on the other side, there , anall from on the other
side, from there, over here , with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer alla
beyond, on the other side (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the
prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f., thus
not from without ending IE *ol or *al); Derivatives: alltar the world of the dead, the other
world, hereafter , also from to savage areas situated on the other side , alltarach
otherworld, ulterior, thithertho .
Gaul. alla another, other, different , allos second (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Allo-
broges = M.Welsh all-fro exiled, ostracized, banished (to bro land), all-tud foreigner ,
O.Welsh allann, nWelsh allan outdoors, outside ; O.Ir. all-slige the second cutting out .
Goth. alls, O.Ice. allr, O.E. eall, O.H.G. all all, besides in the compound Gmc. ala(without -no-suffix) in aGmc. matrons names Ala-teivia, Ala-gabiae etc, Goth. ala-mans all
people, humanity , O.H.G. ala-wuri totally true (Ger. albern); compare O.Ir. oll-athair
(epithet of Ir. Gods father Dagdae the good God ) = O.N. al-for (epithet of Odin), all
father .
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alios other :
Arm. ail other ;
Gk. other (Cypr. ), n. , compare - from elsewhere, from
another place, strange (= Lat. aliud, forms as in Lat. longinquus far removed, far off,
remote, distant), in addition etc each other, makes different, changes
, variation, change, exchange, trade : becoming another, strange ,
from O.Ind. anytra somewhere else corresponding adverb;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*nytra) tjetr other [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] :
O.Ind. anytra somewhere else.
Lat. alius = Osc. allo other things, n. aliud = Gk. , in addition from the adverb ali:
alinus strange (from *ali-ies-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum
one from two = Osc. alttram alteram (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in
altrinsecus, altrvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also
alterure, adulter, alternus, altercuri;
Gaul. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), O.Ir. aile (*alios), n. aill (from adverbial all from *al-nu;
paLat. l comes from aile), Welsh ail, Bret. eil (from *elius, Comparative *aliis), doubled
O.Ir. alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill, M.Welsh etc arall, pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);
Goth. aljis other, but only in compositions, as O.S. eli-lendi n. foreign land , O.H.G.
eli-lenti ds. = Ger. woefulness , Goth. alja-leik other, different , O.Ice. elligar, ellar,
O.E. ellicor, elcor other, otherwise, , O.H.G. elichr further , and in adverbs, like O.E.
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elles, Eng. else other, different , O.N. alla otherwise etc.; a comparative formation
*alira is O.E. elra other ;
Toch. A ulya-k, alye-k (*alie-k, Pedersen Groupement 26, Tocharisch
117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ulak other , ulam each other,
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al-2
English meaning: to grow; to bear
Deutsche bersetzung: wachsen; wachsen machen, nhren
Material: O.Ind. an-ala- fire ( the glutton , W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);
Gk. cheerful, strong ( + al-; about see below);
Lat. al, -ere, -ul, -itum to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up ; alscere grow up,
prosper , coalscere grow together, adolscere grow up (adultus grown up, adult,
mature ), abolscere to perish (in addition appears abole, -re destroy, exterminate
as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augsc : (ad)auge, esp., however,
after synonymous dlv, dle;
the reminiscence in , would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), Lat.
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*alti also in Goth. alds f. period, lifetime , O.E. ield period, lifetime, age, old age (pl.
ielde, O.S. eldi people, humans), O.N.old f. time, age, pl. people; *altio in Osc. altinum,
thus food, provisions, aliment = Lat. *altinum; O.Ir. comaltae foster brother =
M.Welsh cyfeillt serf, slave, nWelsh cyfaill friend (*komal-tios), M.Welsh eillt (*altios)
pupil, hero, O.Ir. inailt (*eni-alt) servant , Goth. aleis (*altios) old = O.Ir. alt(a)e
brought up ;
*altro- in O.Ir. altram food , altru nursing father (Welsh athraw teacher etc., see
Pedersen KG. I 137); O.N. aldr m. (gen. aldrs) age, lifetime, old age, O.E. ealdor life,
O.S. aldar, O.H.G. altar old age, age.
With m- formant:
Gk. n. grove, epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also , name of
Poseidon in isthmian Troy, , for what Hom. tree nursery as an abstract
noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); Lat. almus nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating,
sweet, kind, sublime. Maybe here FlN Thrac. Almus, Illyr. (?) Alm (Rom), Almu (Etruria),
O.Brit. *Almu, Eng. Yealm.
mabe Alb. helm healing drug, posion, medicine, herb similar to Sanskrit ula- poison.
obviously Alb. and Gk. have preserved the old laryngeal -.
clearly Alb. shows that from Root al-2 : to grow; to bear; grove derived Root el-3 : ol-: to
rot, poison.
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aldin tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn) .
References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.
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al-4
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen
Material: O.Ind. alutam n. fire, blaze, coal (also ulmukam fire); Lat. adole to worship,
offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell , adolsc,
-ere flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to
burn (o from a as in etymological-different adolscere to grow up, come to maturity, to be
heaped up, or perhaps to burn to al, see under *al-2 grow), alture fire altar (with
difficult o ablaut Umbr. uretu toward turning to vapor );
Mod.Swe. ala blaze, flame (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lith.); but in
question Gk. Hes.; view also from Lat. alacer quick, lively, animated,
Goth. aljan n. zeal etc. was possible as igneous, quick-tempered (Johansson aaO.);
about O.E. lan burn see *aidh-.
Maybe belongs here Gaul. MS Alatus, M.Ir. alad multicolored, dappled, striped (if
originally burnt) = Ir. aladh trout (aluto-).
Maybe Alb. alle red color.
References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.
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al-5 (*hel-)
English meaning: to grind
Deutsche bersetzung: mahlen, zermalmen
Material: O.Ind. nu- fine, thin, very small (*al-nu-), Hindi and Bengali ut u flour (below
likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Decl. 125).
Av. aa (*arta-) crushed, ground (Hubschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9, 178 A.
1).
Arm. aam grinds, aauri (*alatrio-) mill , aleur- flour (in spite of l instead of not
borrowed from , Hubschmann Arm. Gk. I 414), aaxin servant , aij young girl
(Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 37, 72).
Gk. : grinds, crushes *, millstone, grindstone , and
the milling, the grinding , mill, grind, [F], pl.
(stretched from ; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) flour (from it contracted * called
out of the new sg. Hes.; - Hippocr., Rhinthon),
(*-F-) wheat flour, flimsy ( pulverized, crushed, ground),
miller who grinds the spelt, wheat (from it Lat. alica spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt
ds).
---------------*) Also millet, spelt, , Att. ground coarse grain (*F-, not
after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *F-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then
word root would be *el-, *ol-, *el-).
maybe Alb. (*hol-) holl flimsy, thin
Note: Only Gk. and Alb. preserved the old laryngeal -.
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al
English meaning: interjection
Deutsche bersetzung: under likewise hallo!
Material: O.Ind. alalu(bhavant-) alert, awake, smart becoming (mind. ar, r du da!
rather to ar foreigner, stranger, Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S. 24).
Gk. , hallo, hurra!, , schlachtruf, stoe den
Schlachtruf from (similarly Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf, stoe den Kriegsruf
from); Lith. aluoti hallo cry (borrowing from dem Deutschen not probable) besides aliti
through Geschrei aufscheuchen; O.C.S. ole, Bulg. olele interjection; e.g. Fick I4 356 (Ger.
hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from O.H.G. haln, holn get, fetch
entwickelte Rufworte).
Auf hnlichem al- seems to based on Lith. nu-aldeti ring out; sound , ulduoti coo
(Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).
References: WP. I 89.
See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lu-.
Page(s): 29
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ambhi, mbhi
English meaning: around, from both sides
Deutsche bersetzung: um-herum, zu beiden Seiten
Material: Arm. amboj entirely, unscathed (to oj healthy ), Gk. around (-
to both sides , with the same adverbial -s as z. . , , s.Brugmann Grdr. II2 2,
737);
Lat. amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambig), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amput, amici
from *am[bi]jaci) inseparable prefix round about, around, all around , aLat. also
preposition am around m. acc. (ambi - for the purposes of both also anceps which is
against late formation it points to amb), Umbr. amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum to carry
round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify , by
carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news ), an- (an-
ferener bearing round ), Osc. amvannud a going round, circling, revolving, revolution,
detour , amnud a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive,
inducement, occasion, opportunity (barely *amb-beno- : veni, however no- derivation, s.
v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter-e, intere (see v. Planta II 455, WH. I
36);
Umbr. ampretu, ambretuto ambit, circuit, maybe also Osc. amfret flanked (rather to
Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent they bear round,
;
not Lat. trails of the same -er- extension in amfructus a turning, a bend. Transf., legal
intricacies, circumlocution, digression , rather from am-fructus); about PN Amiternum s.
Schulze Lat. Eig. 541;
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mbhi: O.Ind. abh-tah, Av. aiwito to both sides, ringed (about Av. aibi, O.Pers. abi
more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19, Beiheft S. 106;
the ending -s in in historical connection with that of Gk. ?);
O.Ind. abh is possible the meaning around, circum , O.Pers. abiy, Av. aib, aiwi in the
meaning about, in regard to, from from derived *mbhi or IE *obhi or continuing in *ebhi ;
Gaul. ambi- around, circum (e.g. - living on river Dravos ),
Welsh am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), Corn. Bret. am-, em-, O.Ir. imb-, imm- around;
O.H.G. O.S. umbi, O.Ice. umb, O.E. ymb, ymbe around (absorbed in Goth. from bi ).
bhi: Goth. bi in meaning around, with final sound extension in stressed position O.S.
O.E. be-, b-, O.H.G. bi-, b-, Ger. bei (about dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437
under bil II space, period , 73 and 1437 under billede image ).
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ambhe) mb at, in, (*ambhi) mbi on upon.
Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II space, period , 73 and 1,437 under billede picture).
ambh(u) both :
Gk. both (derivative ); Lat. amb, -ae, - both ;
O.Ind. ubhuu both , Av. uwa- ds.; Lith. abu, O.C.S. oba ds.; Goth. bai m., ba n., gen.
*baddj (bajs, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 77; different - in the outcome to
Lat. nostrutes - of our country, native Fick III4 255), O.S. b thie, O.E. bu, u, Eng. both,
O.H.G. beide, bde, O.N. buer, gen. beggja both (: Goth. *baddj < baii); Toch. A
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Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in O.H.G. amusla, amsala,
O.E. sle blackbird , full grade the second syllable in Lat. merula a blackbird; a fish, the
sea-carp (Kluge EWb.12 s. v.) and Welsh mwyalch, O.Corn. moelh, Bret. moualch
blackbird (possible basic form *mesalku oder *misalku after Pedersen KG. I 73, where
difficult suppositions about Ir. sml, smlach thrush).
Differently - because of IE meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare2 367, 3II 140, Fick
II4 205: merula from *misula, Welsh mwyalch etc from meisalku, finally, with -oi- O.H.G.
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am(m)a, am
English meaning: mother
Deutsche bersetzung: Mutter, Lallwort
Material: Alb. am aunt, mother, out of it riverbed , residuum from Flussigkeiten;
O.Ice. amma grandmother, O.H.G. amma mother, wet nurse , Ger. Amme; Gk. ,
mother Hes., Osc. Amma, Ammae, i.e. Matri (Gttername). About O.Ind. amba
mother s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von am-, ami- (see Brugmann II2, I 496) shaped are
Lat. amcus friend and amita VaterschWester (compare Lith. anuta schwiegermutter :
Lat. anus altes woman). About V.Lat. amma owl s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.
Alb. mik friend zero grade of Rom. amic friend not from Lat. amcus friend
A Verbalableitung is perhaps Lat. amure lieben (compare M.H.G. ammen wait, hold
on, care to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather EtruscO.N.
After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also Lat. amoenus here. Von a Lat.
*amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as
Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through Gk. ; (to o) besides
(to ) gestutzt;
Toch. ammakki (voc.) mother from *amma + akki (O.Ind. akku).
References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mel. Pedersen 163.
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ant (ent)
English meaning: door posts
Deutsche bersetzung: Turpfosten
Material: O.Ind. utu (usually PL utuh as Lat. antae) Umfassung, Rahmen a door, Av. aiyu
acc. pl. doorposts , Arm. dr-and doorpost (Hubschmann Arm.Stud. I 19); Lat. antae
after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstrkten Wnde, die den Pronaos
eines Tempels or die Prostaseines Hauses einschlieen = O.N. ond Vorzimmer (Bugge
KZ. 19, 401).
References: WP. I 59, WH. I 52.
Page(s): 42
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enderic a bull-calf; also of the young of other animals , Welsh enderig bull, ox , Bret.
ounner (Trg. annouar, Vannes annor) young cow ;
moreover Fr. (l)andier m. Fire goat, Aries , also poppy (= young girl , compare Ital.
madona, fantina poppy), further to Basque andere woman, iber. FN Andere, Anderca,
MN Anderus; maybe Celt. Origin? (*andero- blossoming, young ?).
According to Schwyzer Gk. I 339 here Gk. - came out, bubbled out; , reside on top of , - canopied, covered , etc.
In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *ndh:
O.Ind. dhvan m. = Av. advan m. way, road , for what ai adhvar-h religious action
(*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony (originally course of action, way - ceremonious way )
from *ndhuero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*ndhuro-) Ice. ondurr m. a kind of
snow shoe .
References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.
See also: Here belongs probably: andher-, ndher-.
Page(s): 40-41
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an()-3 (*ena-)
English meaning: to breathe
Note: Root an()-3 : to breathe derived from a reduction of Root anghen- : smell, odour;
person as in Arm. anjn (for older *anj), gen. anjin soul, being, person : O.N. angi m.
odour, smell : Alb. anj swell, puff [common Alb. ng > nj phonetic mutation].
Deutsche bersetzung: atmen, hauchen
Material: O.Ind. niti breathes (also thematically nati), nila-h breath, breeze, wind,
una-h (maybe breath or mouth, nose , una-nam mouth, muzzle, face with ind. Vrddhi;
mouth as breathe, the breathing ); pruniti breathes;
Av. untya, paruntya of the inhaling and exhaling (*anti- breathing with u and paru;
see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- mildness see, however, AIran. Wb. 125 f.).
Gk. breath, wind , (with stretch in the compound), windless,
calm , v rich in wind (- metrical stretch), ( windy , i.e.:) trifling, in
vain (dissimilated from , see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about that probably
from *-vo by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones in vain,
without success ); different Risch 113;
compare Frisk Indog. 15; Hes. are to change in , .
Maybe here youth as F-- new wheeze , after Schwyzer Gk. I 4263; also
breathlessness, suffocation , aaO. 337.
Lat. animus mind, soul , anima wind, breath, soul, lives (Osc. anamum air, a
current of air, breeze, breath, wind ), of it animal living being, animal , hul, - ure
breathe, smell (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here
attained and also penetrated in an(h)-lure; about latter see *an 4).
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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eneff, M.Bret. eneff (pl. anaffon) Bret. anaoun soul (umlauted Corn. and Bret. forms
probably Lw. from Lat., see Vendrys De hib. voc. 112 f., Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);
in addition O.Ir. osnad sighs (uss-anad), further (catch ones breath = rest, relax ) anaid
remains, rests, stops , con-osna desist, cease (com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen KG. II
455 f., 672); M.Welsh anant pl. bards, poets , cyn-an in word, praise ;
Goth. uz-anan (preterit uzn) exhale; with t-formant: O.N. ond, g. andar f. breath,
breath of life, life, soul (= Gk. ), anda, -aa breathe, gasp = O.E. ian puff
strongly, O.N. andi m. breath, mind, soul, O.Fris. omma (*an-ma) breath, O.E. oro
(*uz-an-) breath *; maybe here O.H.G. unst, O.Ice. O.E. yst f. storm from *n-sti-;
maybe Alb. anda taste, smell [common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutation] : O.N. anda, -aa
breathe, gasp.
--------------------*) In addition also O.S. ando, O.E. ana, anoa excitement, rage, sorrow, O.H.G.
anado, ando, anto annoyance, rage, M.H.G. ande feeling of insult, O.H.G. anadn,
antn, M.H.G. anden let out ones rage, Ger. avenge under a mid definition gasp before
excitement (Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schrder bl. 9). About
second a from O.H.G. anado, O.E. anoa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.
-----------------------
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Clearly the initial meaning in Alb.Gheg j, Tosc nj I swell, impregnate was puff with air.
Toch. AB unm- life, mind, unme intention, A uncum (* untemo-) existence, living,
mind (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Toch. 48); also onolme, wnolme living
being?
Arm. holm wind (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet Lith. 6, 3) (see Liden Arm.
stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47, 246). - O.Ind. utman soul rather to O.H.G. utum breath, see
t-men.
Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like O.Ind. ani-ti, ani-lah, Celt.*ana-tlo- etc, and
such like -, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus Lat. *an-slo- > hul, O.N.
ond (etc).
References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.
See also: ansu-, antro-.
Page(s): 38-39
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unt- from *ant- in Lith. ntis, O.Pruss. antis, Proto-Slav. *oty, Serb. utva, aRuss. utov
(acc.), Clr. utj duck.
Lat. anatna (scil. caro) ducks meat: Lith. antena ds.
Maybe Swedish anka duck
References: WP. I 60, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10.
Page(s): 41-42
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angh- (*hengh-)
English meaning: narrow, *press
Deutsche bersetzung: eng, einengen, schnuren, partly also von seelischer Beklemmung,
Angst
Material: Verbal: Av. azah to press, lengthened grade Av. ny-uzata she squeezes
herself into her corset , ny-uzayn to wedge oneself in (with u = u; ved. ahma possibly
let us arm = gird on the sword is remote to the meaning; anuha RV. 8, 46, 5 is unclear);
Maybe zero grade Alb.Gheg (*anza-) zan to capture, grasp, press, Tosc z : Av. azah
to press [common Alb. -gh- > -z- phonetic mutation].
Gk. ties up, strangles , Lat. ang to press tightly; of the throat, to strangle,
throttle; in gen., to hurt, distress; of the mind, to torment, make anxious ;
O.C.S. as i- verb oo, oziti restrain ; in addition with zero grade very probable O.C.S.
veo, vezati bind (suggestion that v- is filling hiatus, see Meillet MSL. 14, 369, maybe
becomes steady through influence from viti coil, bind, wind which may also have
influenced meaning?).
anghu-s narrow : O.Ind. only in amhu-bhd f. narrow lacuna and in the abl. sg. n.
amhh crowdedness, quality of tightly packed together, affliction (derivative amhur-
pressed, unhappy ); Gk. in (see below); Lat. in angiportus (*angu-portus) narrow
alley, a narrow street ;
Goth. aggwus narrow (at first from *aggus, as manwus from *manus; w comes from the
oblique cases), O.N. ongr, ngr, O.E. enge, O.S. engi, O.H.G. angi, engi narrow , M.H.G.
bange adv. (bi + adv. ango), Ger. bange; furthur derivatives with g: Arm. anjuk narrow ,
mit k O.C.S. oz-k narrow .
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*an-tO.S.
Words for nape as the narroWest place between head and trunk ( the idea also
plays a role where one strangles one in light of this?): Gk. Eol. and nape
(after Schulze GGA. 1897, 909 A. 1, as *F- substantivization of u-adj. *anghu-s by
means of forms -en-;
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narrow, *press
Material: Lat. anguis = Lith. angs (f.), O.Pruss. angis serpent, snake (Ltv. uodze f.
snake ), O.C.S. *o, Russ. u, Pol. wa snake , Arm. auj (gen. -i) snake (Meillet
Esquisse 154, Dumzil BAL.-SLAV. 39, 100);
M.Ir. esc-ung eel (*water snake , esc water + *angh), Welsh llys-yw-en, pl. -yw-od
ds. (Fick II4 15; to Brit. zero grade from g before u see Pedersen KG. I 107).
In addition with zero grade and voiced-nonaspirated (the latter could be in itself also in
the Lat. and Balt-Slav.) O.H.G. unc snake, adder , Gk. (illyr). Hes. (*ngi-).
Note: Common Gk. g > b, k > p phonetic mutatIon.
agulja, jegulja eel probably from Lat.). Hirt IF. 22, 67 connects these Gk. and Balt-Slav.
eel names to an independent equation (nevertheless, compare the r-suffix of O.H.G. angar
etc, see under).
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Paeones].
While Alb. ngjala (*Encheleae) eel similar to Alb. gjndem (*ghend-) be found , gjnj,
gjenj, Gheg gjj find (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187, Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet find,
regain , s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.); from Root ghend- and ghed- : to grab, grip.
Hence Gk. (illyr). Hes. (*ngi-) : Alb. ngjala eel the same as Gk.
(*ghend-) take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch, Aor. (*ghnd-),
Fut. (*ghend-s-), perf. : Alb. gjndem (*ghend-) be found , gjnj, gjenj,
Gheg gjj find [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Otherwise in Alb. ch- > s- > gj- since the shift -s- > -gj- is a common Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
In the meaning worm, maggot and with r-suffix (compare above etc): O.H.G.
angar grain maggot engirinc larva , Ger. Engerling, Lith. anktirai maggots, cock
chafer grubs, grubs (and similar forms, see Trautmann O.Pruss. 301), Ltv. anksteri
maggots, cock chafer grubs , O.Pruss. anxdris (i.e. anxtris), however, adder (about the -
st- these Balt forms compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 71), Russ. ug(o)r
blister, raised bubble on the skin that is filled with pus, fin (also eel, see above), Pol.
wagry blister, raised bubble on the skin (Bezzenberger GGA. 1874, 1236, BB. 2, 154; not
better about angar, ugor ders. GGA. 1898, 554 f.).
Nasalized forms:
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ank-1
English meaning: need, necessity
Deutsche bersetzung: Zwank, Notwendigkeit
Material: Gk. necessity, compulsion (normally as reduplicated respectably), Ion.
ds. (from indispensable, necessary , compelled, forced,
obliged );
O.Ir. cen (c- from *ank- or *nk-), M.Welsh anghen, Welsh angen, Corn. Bret. anken
need, necessity, im Ir. also spoliation, act of violence.
Although compulsion from hostile distress, pursuit were comprehensible, it makes
does Gk.-Celt. meaning - concordance, nevertheless, doubtful, whether phonetically
correspondent O.H.G. uhta hostile pursuit , Ger. Acht, O.E. ht (Proto-Gmc. *ant),
Gmc. EN uctumrus (i.e. n. utumraz, 1. year A.D.; Brugmann Grdr. I2382) wherewith Ir.
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ank-2, angEnglish meaning: to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor
Deutsche bersetzung: biegen
Material: Illyr. TN Encheleae (Enchelleae) Illyr. TN associated with the coils of the snake,
Ilirus and Kadmos.
O.Ind. acati (M.Pers. anctan) and (zero grade) cati bent, crooked , participle -akna(with u-, ny-, sam-),-akta-(with ud-, ny-) crooked, bent; aka-h m. bend, hook, bend
between brost and hip , kas- n. Bend, inflection, curve, crook (= Gk. valley,
gulch, canyon, gorge ), akasam side, points ; aku- in akyant- curvatures, bends,
searching side ways ;
maybe Alb. (*anh-) an side , (*anho-), anoj bend
Av. anku-psmna- with hooks, adorning themselves with clasps ;
O.Ind. ankuc-h hook, fishhook, elephants sting , akura-h young shoot, scion
(originally germ point, crooked germ), hump, tumefaction, a heavy swell (= Gk.
crooked , dt. Angel, O.N. ll, ull cotyledon, germ, sprout, bud see below);
Av. Aka m. hook, bait , axnah (Bartholomae Stud. 2, 101, AIran. Wb. 359) rein;
Gk. bow, elbow (D. pl. to = ), -- fixed planks in
the ribs of the ship (Dderlein, Bechtel Lexil. 129), all writhed, humped, curved,
stooped , fishhook ; crooked , strap, thong, brace (=
O.N. l, ul ds.), anchor ; elbow, bay, all stooped ; (see above).
maybe Ancyra -ae f. capital of Galatia, in Asia Minor. (ancient district in central Anatolia - a
Celtic, (Illyrian?) settlement).
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uncnus hook, barbed hook ); ungulus a finger-ring, a ring Pacuvius, from Festus 514
L. as Osc. called, ungustus hook-shaped stuff Paulus ex Fest. 519, see below under ang); Hes.;
Maybe from also Lat. unguiculus -i m. a finger or toe-nail, unguis -is m. a finger or toenail; of animals, claw, hoof, ungula -ae f. a hoof, claw, talon : Rom. unghie nail and in
zero grade Alb. (*unguiculus), glisht finger, toe [common Alb. -s > -st shift].
Lat. ancus somebody having a crooked arm, ancrae an enclosed valley, valley, gorge
( curve, canyon, a bay; an inlet as = Gmc. *angra-);
O.Ir. cath fish hook = Welsh anghad clutch, hand (to craf-anc claw ) from
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*ankn-), O.N.l, ul f. long strips, thongs, riems (basic form *nhul, compare , or
at most *anhl, standing near Gk. );
Slav. jemy barley as thistly, thorny, spiky (Berneker 268), compare the above
words for point, sting, cusp ;
Lith. anka f. noose, snare, loop (= Gk. Hes.); O.C.S. okot hook (see
above);
Toch. A acl bow, arch, curve , unkar- fangs, bulwark ; also A onkalm,
ekkja ankle, heel ; Dimin. O.H.G. anchal, enchil (reinterpreted anklo m., anchala, enchila
f., M.H.G. M.L.G. enkel, O.Fris. onkel, onklu, Ger. Enkel,
O.E. (reinterpreted) anclow, Eng. ankle, O.N. okkla (*ankulan-) ankle on the foot ; also
Lat. angulus (which is unrelated to O.C.S. og()l angle, nook ) m. a corner, angle;
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an-1 (*-an-)
English meaning: male or female ancestor
Deutsche bersetzung: Bezeichnung fur mnnlichen oder weiblichen Ahnen
Note: babble-word
Root an-1 (*an-) : male or female ancestor derived from zero grade of Root gen-1, gen-,
gn-, gn- : to bear (mother, father) [origin of the old laryngeal g- > -]
Material: Arm. han grandmother, Gk. Hes., compare Inschr.
; Lat. anna f. nursing mother ;
Illyr. EN , , Annaeus etc, as well as Messap. Illyr. ana = Illyr. origin (W.
Schulze KZ. 43, 276 = Kl. Schr. 214, Krahe IF. 46, 183 f.); compare furthermore Lat. anus, -
s an old woman; also used like adj., old, also Anna -ae f. sister of Dido; Anna Perenna,
an Italian goddess.
Note: Arm., Gk. and Illyr. have preserved old laryngeal -;
Illyr. and Lat. display common -ila diminutive suffix, suggesting the same origin.
Maybe Alb.Tosk aneja mother, Alb. an side, bloodline similar to Ger. Ahnenreihe
genealogy, line of descent from an ancestor, Alb. anoj to incline, like.
O.H.G. ano, M.H.G. ane, an, ene, Ger. Ahn grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather ;
O.H.G. ana, M.H.G. ane grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestress . diminutive
formations are: O.N. uli (*anilo), O.E. Anela, O.H.G. Anelo family names; M.H.G. enel
grandfather, grandson .
Further O.H.G. eninchil, M.H.G. enichln, Ger. Enkel (the young ancestor). The grandson
was looked by Indo Aryans as an effigy or substitute of the grandfather; compare Gk.
.
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enl, nl, Austrian nl, unl etc the meaning of grandfathers and grandson carry and the
one here with same occurance has to do like with Ger. Vetter (originally of the fathers
brother, then also of the brothers son); the salutation is returned by the grandfather to
the grandson. This older view is notable (compare the literature by Hermann aaO.).
Pruss. ane old mother; Lith. anuta mother-in-law.
Hitt. an-na-a mother; a-an-na-a (anna) grandmother, Lyc. nna ds.
Probably rightly puts M. E. Schmidt KZ. 47, 189 Arm. aner father of the woman
moreover. It is similar formation like in Lat. matertera mothers sister, maternal aunt ,
Welsh ewythr uncle, O.Corn. euitor; Bret. eontr (Proto-Celt. *aventro-, see Pedersen Kelt.
Gk. I 55). *anero- had the original meaning anything like the forefather.
It is unsafe O.H.G. hevianna from which reshuffled M.H.G. hebamme. Because
O.H.G.*anna woman is not to be covered, Kluge11 238 origin from *hafjan (d) j accepts
the lifting from which the later close interpretations have originated. However, compare
PBB. 30, 250.
References: WP. I 55 f., WH. I 50, Pedersen Lyc. under Hitt. 26, 66.
Page(s): 36-37
Page 133
an-2
English meaning: there, on the other side
Deutsche bersetzung: Demonstrativpartikel dort, andererseits
Material: Gk. probably, possibly, in any other trap ( from , Ion. from * ,
from ); Lat. an conj.: in direct questions, or; in indirect questions, or whether ,
secondarily interrogative particle, extended anne, O.Ir. an-d here , Goth. an then, now ;
Lith. an-gu or , O.Pruss. anga-anga whether = or whether .
maybe Alb. (*ane) andej there : O.Ir. an-d here [rather common Alb. shift n > nd].
Thereof derived:
atras, Ltv. uotrs beside Lith. ataras, E.Ltv. utors ds., Slav. *oter, *otor in Cz. uteru m.
Tuesday , O.Sor. wutory other, second. About O.C.S. vtor- second s. ui- asunder,
apart .
Note:
It seems Root an-2 : there, on the other side is a zero grade of the extended Root al-1, ol: besides; other into *alny-, *any-.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*nytra) tjetr other [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] :
O.Ind. anytra somewhere else.
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Material: Av. ana, O.Pers. anu (Urar. *ana or *anu) about there (m. acc. or instr.), along,
on (m. acc.), Av. anu, O.Pers. anuv after, according to; up there (m. acc.), lengthwise,
along (m. loc.), also preverb;
maybe Alb. ans along
O.Ind. nu after (timewise m. acc., bl., gen.), after (order), after there, along, behind,
according to, with regard to, against (m. acc.), adv. on it (auslaut-u appears to be
comparable in Lesb. Thess. beside Att. . Against Wackernagels explanation from
IE *enu along, according to see WH. I 677; to-u see under ap-u); Arm. am- in am-barnam
ham-barnam I raise, uplift , ham-berem I endure maybe from -an (the h by mixture with
a borrowed sound from the Pers. ham- together ;
Ion.-Att. , on, upwards, along , Dor. bot. ark. Cypr. , Lesb. Thess. ark., z.
Part Cypr. , isolates ark. Cypr. (from ) ds. (the monosyllabic form appears the
original and to be extended only after ; compare Schwyzer Gk. I 622; it is likely
according to Schwyzer Gk. I 275 originated from ; adv. upward, up ;
A Lat. remainder appears an-hl breathes strongly and with difficulty (an + *ansl);
Umbr. an-, (with en in become synonymous and with it alternately, hence, en-tentu
beside:) an-tentu intendito, anseriato observatum, anglar oscines (*an-klu to clamo) etc
Maybe here O.Ir. an-dess from the south etc;
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Page 138
crepidae the eyelets on the straps of the shoe soles through which the shoelaces were
pulled = Lith. as f. (acc. asa) pot handle, loop with the knot apron (compare also Lat.
ansutus = Lith. astas (furnished with or having a handle) with a handle ), Ltv. uosa
handle, loop, eyelet , next to which i-stem O.Pruss. ansis hook, pot hanger, kettle hanger
, Ltv. uoss (acc. uosi) handle ;
Maybe Alb. (*ues) vesh handle, ear
O.Ice. s f. (*ansj) hole in the upper edge of the shoe leather for pulling through of the
straps = M.L.G. se f. ring-shaped handle, loop (out of it LateM.H.G. Ger. Ose; or
WestGmc. word to Ohr according to Kluge and Weigand-Hirt s. v.?); M.Ir. (i)si pl. rein ,
Gk. , Dor. ds. (*v).
Maybe truncated Alb. (*enha) ena pot (*pot handle) [common Alb. -s- > -h- phonetic
mutation].
References: WP. I 68, WH. I 51, Trautmann 10.
Page(s): 48
Page 139
Page 140
*unz-num (IE *ns-nu-me), whereupon then sg. ann, and new weak preterit *un-a (O.H.G.
onda, O.N. unna) beside O.H.G. onsta, O.S. gi-onsta; then also M.H.G. gund, O.N. ofund
(suffix-ti-) new creations have become after s- part to unnum, unnO.N.
Also Gk. - friendly, - unkind, hard (: ab-unst) is the most likely =
*-, - (see Brugmann aaO.).
In divergent formal judgement Bechtel Lexil covers. 49 Gk. - on neutr. Subst.
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antro-m
English meaning: cave, hole
Deutsche bersetzung: Hhle, Luftloch
Material: Arm. ayr, gen. pl. ayric cave, hole , Gk. ds.
References: WP. I 561, Schwyzer Mel. Boisacq II 2341, KZ. 68, 222, Gk. I 532, Pisani KZ.
68, 161 f.
See also: Perhaps to an()-atmen, as originally Luftloch.
Page(s): 50
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ant-s
English meaning: forward, before, outer side
Deutsche bersetzung: Vorderseite, Stirn
Material: O.Ind. nta-h end, border, edge (therefrom antya-h the last );
Alb. (*nta) ana side, end.
Gk. gen. sg. (= ) down the forefront , dat.-loc. (Schwyzer Gk. I
5486, 6225), acc. - in the face (*ant-m), -, -, - etc (W.
Schulze, Kl. Schr. 669, Schwyzer Gk. I 632under), adverbal towards, opposite ,
thereafter meets ; about see Schwyzer Gk. I 722 under.; about s.
Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 687;
O.Ir. tan (*antono-) forehead ; perhaps here M.Welsh enhyt, Welsh ennyd time,
moment (*ant-iti- to O.Ind. it- gait, way ), M.Welsh anhaw old (*ant-auo-), Ir. ata
old; age (*ant-odio-?), compare Loth Rc. 48, 32; 50, 63;
Hitt. a-an-za (ant-s) forefront , therefrom a-an-te-iz-zi-i (antezzi)= *ant-etios;
Lyc. tawata leader (Pedersen Lyc. under Hitt. 17);
Toch. A antule outside, to ... before , antus also.
see also under antios.
In addition as pristine cases:
Page 144
bellum war before the town , antcus the front (c after posticus behind ), antquus
old (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus; IE *anti +*ok-
looking ), ants, -ium rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines), originally possibly fronts
(about antae see, however, under *antu door post ).
Hitt. a-an-ti (anti) in front, esp., in particular .
against,
opposite, also in verbs normally from - away : Goth. anda-, and (e.g. andniman accept
, andanms agreeable, pleasant , andbindan unbind, untie, be confined ), O.N. O.S.
O.E. and, O.H.G. ant-, int-, M.H.G. Ger. ant-, (e.g.Antlitz, Antwort, entbinden).
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nti
A weaker ablaut form (*nt-) shows Goth. and m. dat. , for, around , una- (*nto-) in
Page 146
*anti- (Gmc. *andja-) in Goth. andeis, O.N. endir, O.S. endi, O.E. ende m., O.H.G.anti,
enti m. and n., Ger. Ende; also Gk. against (in addition ds.,
situated against; opponent ) probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gk.I 379) to *.
Against it is from *anto- (see above) derived ntio- in O.N. enni n., O.H.G. andi, endi n.
forehead = Lat. antiae the hair growing upon the forehead, forelock .
A quite different word is Ger. and, O.H.G. unti, anti, enti under likewise, O.S. endi, O.E.
Eng. and and, O.N. en(n) and, but , with O.Ind. thu thereupon, thereon, then, ditto ,
Av. au also , Osc. ant m. acc. usque ad, Lith. it m. acc. after (however, see above),
Toch. entwe also belongs to *en, n in.
Also Alb. in (*ende) edhe and, also, zero grade (*ende) dhe and, but.
References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f., Feist 46, Schwyzer Gk. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f., 722,
726, II (B V 2 b d 3).
Page(s): 48-50
Page 147
> r].
Page 148
From the reduced Root ghabh- : to grab, take, derived Root ap-1 (exact p-) : p- : to
take, grab, reach, *give > Root pi- : comrade > Root ai-3 : to give.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na us + ep give) give us (*take) : Hitt.
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*apuod (from *apuot having reached ). Additional form apor, apur (mars.-Lat. apur finem)
points on originally-d;
Lat. apex, -icis cusp , esp. the top of the conical cap of the Roman flamines, or the
cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark
over a vowel , maybe belongs to *api; compare also EM. 60;
Toch. A oppcci clever (Van Windekens Lexique 82);
Hitt. e-ip-mi (pmi) takes , 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi).
Note:
The original root was Root ap-1 (exact p-) : p- : to take, grab, reach, *give > Root pi- :
comrade > Root ai-3 : to give.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na ep) give us (*take) : Hitt. e-ip-mi (pmi)
take, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : Gk. give a hand. [see above]
About O.Ind. upi -h friend , Gk. o friendly see below pi-.
References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hitt. 128, Couvreur H 93.
Page(s): 50-51
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apa away from ; about privatives *ap- in Iran, and Gk. see Schwyzer ZII. 6, 230 ff.; Gk.
, m. gen. (= *ablative) away from, ex, from ; Maced. -, -;
Alb. prap again, back (*per-ap); Lat. ab m. bl., prep. with abl. (1) of motion or
measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation,
difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of
part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands
of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of : a tergo, in the rear; hence in connection
with, as regards (before voiced consonant from ap, still in aperi from *ap-ueri; perhaps
also in aprcus, s. WH. I 59; about Lat. af s. just there 1; abs = Gk. back, again ; out of
it as- before p-, as-port; u before voiced consonants), Umbr. ap-ehtre from without, from
the outside; on the outside, outwardly (about other, unsafe Osc.-Umbr. Belege s. v. Planta
I 209, 426, II 454 f.);
Goth. af prefix and preposition m. dat. from, away from, from here , O.N. af adv. and
preposition m. dat., O.E. f, of, O.S. af, O.H.G. aba, ab- from, away from , Ger. ab-.
compare also Lith. apaia the lower part (as turned away part , *apotiu, to O.Ind.
, ua in consideration (Thurneysen Gk. 524), so that of all Brit. it remains quite unsafe.
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aften afterwards.
O.Ind. para- back, later, following, other , adv. -m after, later , Av. ap. apara-
back, later, following , adv. -m, -am, Sup. O.Ind. apam-, Av. apma- the one farthest
away, the most distant, the last ;
Goth. afar adv. and preposition with dat. and acc. after, afterward , O.H.G. avar, abur
(latter from *apu-r-m, as O.N. aur- bottom, lower, nether, back in compound, see FalkTorp, 11 f.) again, once more, against it (Ger. aber), O.N. afar esp., very much
(compare to meaning O.Ind. para- also outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary ,
Lidn Stud. 74 ff.; O.E. eafora, O.S. aaro descendant ). see still * upero- shore .
maybe Alb. (*apar) par first, top, afr *away, close, afrm relative, descendant, (*uper) prej from.
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big, bicht), O.E. *afoc in Eng. awkward, from *apu-ko-s (or from *opu-ko-s : , so
that in the ablaut to Goth. ibuks being on the decline , O.H.G. ippihhn roll back ?
Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the consonant relegating to -, see also Falk-Torp under
avet).
p:
Av. pa-zdayeiti let to move away, scare off ; Lat. po-situs, pn to put down, set down,
put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit from *po-s[i]n, po-li, po-lbrum, prcet to keep off, keep
back, to hinder, restrain from *po-arcet; Alb. pa m. acc. without , pa- un- (Gl. Meyer Alb.
Wb. 317); O.Fris. fn from, of , O.S. fana, fan, O.H.G. fona, fon m. dat. (= *abl.) from, of
(O.H.G. -o- is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to derive from IE *pu beside *po).
A similar form pursues Trautmann O.Pruss. 389 in O.Pruss. pan-s-dau thereafter. Is
totally unsafe whether Arm. oork polished, slippery, smooth contains according to Liden
Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from *po-.
Maybe suffixed Alb. pas behind, back pastaj later, thereafter.
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*po-s.
Maybe Alb. (*po-s) posht below, under from the same root as Slav. languages Slav. po-
d below, under from Root apo- (p, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root pd-2, pd- :
(foot, *genitalia).
ap-u stands beside *apo (Lith. see below *pu) in ark. Cypr. Lesb. Thess. , in O.H.G.
abo = aba, O.N. au-viri n. contemptuous person (Falk-Torp 11 f.), compare also above
*apu-ro- beside *apero-, *apu-ko-, and *pu beside *po. That -u maybe enkLith. Particle
and, also (Feist a, 508a, WH. I 87). compare also Schwyzer Gk. I 182.
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appa
English meaning: father
Deutsche bersetzung: Vater; Lallwort
Material: compare Gk. , , , (Theokrit) dad ; Toch. appakke
father (this -(a)kke from ammakki Mutter).
References: WP. I 47.
See also: compare also pap(p)a.
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aps
English meaning: asp
Deutsche bersetzung: Espe
Material: O.H.G. aspa, Ger. Espe, O.E. spe, O.N. osp f. ds., Ltv. apse (from *apuse),
O.Pruss. abse ds., N.Lith. apui s f., Lith. apue , epue f. aspen, trembling poplar (after
Bezzenberger BB. 23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *apsu), Russ. osna
(*opsna) aspen , Pol. osa, osika, osina aspen .
The fact that in this aspen name the sound result -ps-, is not the original -sp-, confirm
among others Turk.-Osm. apsak poplar , Chuv. ews aspen as a loanword from the
Proto-Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of Gk. ,
Hes. a root noun ap- .
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ar
(er, or?), r
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ardamas a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves to
make it taut) (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920)? Petersson KZ. 47, 245
(the Lith. words not better according to Leskien abl. 329 to arduti split, distinguish , see
under er- rare, loose, crumbly ).
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(cf. Gk. H., ), Arm. arcui (< *arci-wi) eagle prove that
from Root er-1, or- : eagle, *fast derived extended Root ar(e)-g- (arg-?), rgi- : glittering,
white, fast and its subsequent zero grade Root reg-1 : right, just, to make right; king.
Material: O.Ind. rju-na-h bright, white ; rajat- whitish , rajatm hranyam whitish
gold, i.e. silver , rajatm silver with flashy, in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero
grade r (or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with Av. rzata- n., O.Pers. ardata-
silver (r-) : TN Illyr. Ardiaei common Alb. - Illyr. -g- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. argentum, Osc. aragetud silver, O.Ir. arggat, M.Ir. airget, Welsh arian(t), Corn. M.Bret.
argant, Bret. archant silver , Gaul. PN Arganto-magus; arcanto-dan .. coin minter, mintmaster, the master or superintendent of a mint ,
Maybe Alb. (*argento) argjend silver.
Arm. arcat silver, Toch. A urkyant N. pl. f.; with other formation Gk. silver (in
spite of these equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure,
see about that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II2 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39,
235 f., Festschr. Streitberg 228), Messap. argorian (: ) ds., argora-pandes
(*arguro-pondios) quaestor, state treasurer .
Thrak. (*white) mouse , FlN (*Argios).
Gk. white, fast , in compounds - : - with shining thunderbolt ,
- with brilliantly white teeth (thereafter also * for , further
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e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for Goth.
unarkns impure, unclean , arknia cleanness, genuineness , O.H.G. erchan right,
just, real, true, genuine , O.N. jarknasteinn, O.E. eorcnanstun precious stone, jewel (in
addition also O.N. jarteikn n. emblems from *jar[kn]-teikn, Lidn by Noreen O.Ice. Gk.3 p.
281, 6); compare also Feist 25b.
As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of Gmc. words, however, was concerning
the vocalism intersection from Gmc. *ark- = IE *arg- with *erk- = O.Ind. rcati, IE *erk- at
least conceivable.
About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for Lith. ruolas, auolas, dial.
uuolas, E.Lith. dial. uolas oak , see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263, Trautmann
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arcunus shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential ; from Lat. derives Goth. etc arka
boxes, money boxes, ark ;
maybe Alb. ark box, money boxes, ark .
O.H.G. arahha, archa ark and from Gmc. again O.C.S. raka burial cave, O.Pruss.
arkan acc. sg. ark), arx fortified hill, castle, fort , arcera canopied chariot (suffix after
cumera, compare WH. I 63) Osc. trbarakavum to build, erect, establish; to create, frame
(constitutes beforehand *trbark- to enclose a house, to put up a fence around a house );
O.H.G. rigil, M.H.G. rigel latch, bolt , M.Eng. rail (O.E. *reogol), Guntert Kalypso 136;
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Maybe Alb. (*ark-) varg row, chain, ring; common prothetic Alb. v- before bare initial
vowels.
Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of Welsh archen clothes, shoe ,
Bret. archenna wear shoes (M.Ir. acrann shoe, clothes probably reconverted from
arkadri- see Justi IA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadri mountain ravine, mountain gorge
), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altIran. Wb. 105 Anm. 1, 116.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. kodra, kodrin (dim.) hill from a truncated O.Pers. (H)ara-kadri
mountain ravine.
Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from Slav. raiti
want, grant .
As form mit o-gradation (or at most with or = r) covers Lat. Orcus Orcus, the infernal
regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead (uncertain lock,
seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up ?).
References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.
See also: Similarly aleq- refuse, protect and areg- (see d.).
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a- after arure);
M.Ir. airim to plough , Welsh arddu (from *arj-) to plough , arddwr plowman , M.Ir.
ar n. arable land , Welsh ar f. ds., M.Ir. ar-n bread , arathar (*artrom), Welsh aradr,
Corn. aradar, M.Bret. arazr, Bret. arar plow ; M.Ir. airem (*ariom), gen. aireman
plowman , also PN Airem-n;
maybe Alb. ar arable land, field.
Goth. arjan, O.N. erja, O.E. O.S. erian, O.H.G. erran, M.H.G. ern to plough, till , O.N.
arr plow , O.H.G. art furrowed land , O.E. ear, ier f. furrowed land, yield (see also
under *ar- yield, acquiesce about Ger. Art), M.H.G. arl, Ger. Arl, Arling plow (from
loanword from Slav. *ordlo? genuinely Gmc. after Meringer IF. 17, 121);
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ar()u-:
Arm. haravunk arable land (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), Lat. arvus, -a, -um plowed,
plowed land , esp. arvum plowed land, a field; in gen., a region , Umbr. arvam-en in
plowed land (= dem Lat. fem. arvas A. pl.), ar(u)via crops, field crops ;
M.Ir. arbor (*arur) grain , dat. arbaim, gen. (already O.Ir.) arbe (*aruens), pl. N. A.
arbanna (r/n-stem: Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom airmnech the
man who owns a lot of grain , Corrnacs Gl., with -mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ. 38, 458);
Gk. arable land (formally not yet clearly; probably after Benveniste Norns 113
from *-F, extension of -F from *aro-ur, compare M.Ir. arbor. Unglauhhaft
Otrebski KZ. 66, 78).
Through its old e- divergence Welsh erw f. field , pl. erwi, er-wydd, Corn. erw, ereu ds.,
O.Bret. M.Bret. eru, Bret. ero furrow belong against it to O.H.G. ero earth , Gk. ,
Arm. erkir earth (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197 likewise * eru- as a basis),
however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one *ar()uo-.
From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance
with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.
References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gk. I 362, 683.
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ario-?
English meaning: master, lord
Deutsche bersetzung: Herr, Gebieter
Note: Root ario-? : master, lord, derived from Root ar-1*, themat. (a)re-, schwere Basis ar-,
r- und i-Basis (a)r -, ri- : to move, pass: Gk. best in birth and rank, noblest.
Material: O.Ind. ar(i)y- mister, convivial , ur(i)ya- Aryan , uryaka venerable man ; Av.
maryak- male (Pedersen Celt. Gk. II 100). Against it belongs M.Ir. ruire not here, but
from ro + r king of kings .
About O.Ind. aryamn n. hospitality , m. guests friend , Av. airyaman-, Pers. rmun
guest , see above under al-1.
W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly Run. arjostR N. pl. the most
distinguished, the noblest , thus would have to be attached indeed an Run. *arjaR posh,
lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately, highbred,
exclusive and an IE *ario-, in the O.Ind. phonetically with a derivative from ar- alien,
stranger would have collapsed.
Kelto-Gmc. PN Ario-vistus however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for *Hario-.
Also O.Ir. aire, airech suitor are ambiguous, see above under al-1.
Maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.
References: WP. I 80.
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and Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born
derived from the same root Root er-1, or- : eagle.
Material:
-----------------*)
E.-M. 74 determine because of Arm. eri horses hock or point of shoulder, shoulder of
animals , y-eriurel fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust; accommodate;
readjust; bring into line; mate posit a basic form *er- . But Arm. eri derives after Liden Mel.
Pedersen 88 f. back to IE *rito-, *riti ! compare Trautmann 242.
------------------Av. arunte they settle, get stuck , O.Ind. ar-h wheel spoke , aram, lam adv.
(ramkar-, alamkar prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink and be in
service; serve; do ones service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of use ,
for what probably r-t- servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower and ru-t-
willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating , Av. ruiti compliant, servant )
suitable, enough ;
Av. arm suitable, accordingly (arm-piwu midday = the time suitable for the meal
, next to which ra-piwu ds. With zero grade ra- besides *ara-, from what arm adv.,
Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu- m., judge, arbitrator and period (of time)
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y-ar , I consent, conjoin, continue, press so (arar has done, has made = Gk. ),
whereof yarem add, subjoin, splice (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), ar bad; poor; unsavory;
unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable; decayed;
wrong;
faulty;
amiss;
maladjusted;
uneasy;
evil;
unkind;
wicked;
corrupt;
off;
unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick with negative [= o] not suitable (Bugge aaO. 23);
Gk. , perf. join together , annexed, appended, attached,
appendaged, suitable , wife (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gk. I
434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root*ser- or root *uer-, -F); in addition have
close relations with ;
also chats confidentially ; - ironclad, armoured , also - Pind.,
- limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle) , connection; connexion; contact;
touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction; conjunction; coupling; communication;
link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination; association; incorporation; compound;
relation; relationship; marriage; wedding; society; union; juncture, friendship ,
joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct, collective ; with t- suffixes homer. ---
housewife ( the woman in charge of the house ), Eol. Hes.;
Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the underworld (Schwyzer Gk. I
451, 5); - in even out, ease, reconcile, settle, redress, compensate for,
equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction , It suits me, I
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tut- as keenly praised would like to compare; uncertain because of Gk. - very
much, very see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); better, best , left,
on the left .
With lengthening - appealing well, complacent , husband; hostage,
pledge , to meet ; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was lit. companion, the
blind person who goes with his leader .
From Slav. perhaps Pol. ko-jarzyc attach, connect, combine (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100,
Berneker 31, 532).
About maybe related Gk. , Lith. ir s. 4. ar now, thus .
Toch. A urwar, urwer, urwar ready , rm, ere face (compare Lat. figura a
form, shape, figure). Van Windekens BAL.-SLAV. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the same
place 173.
rtu-h certain time, order, rule , rt-h f. kind, way (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9, 193;
see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), Av. aipi-rta- appoints,
destines, firmly assigned ;
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*- joint together,
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arti, -ire insert tightly, wedge, crowd, join fast, press together (more recently arture);
artus, -s the joints; dolor artuum, gout; poet., limbs , articulus in the body, a small
joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point ;
Lith. art near (loc. ti-stem);
M.H.G. art f. kind, manner and way , O.N. ein-arr simple, sincere, einord
reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness ;
Toch. ar(t)kye rich, valuabe (?).
m-formations:
A. From the light basis ar-.
Arm. y-armar suitable, adequate (Bugge KZ. 32, 21);
Gk. seam, assemblage, joint , just, recently ( connect, join,
adapts, orders , connection, alliance, regularity, harmony ), chariot
(about these words see Sommer Gk. Lautst. 133, Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 28, c.-r. 21 f. [*arsmo?], Schwyzer Gk. I 306; farther Lith. by Boisacq 79), assigned food, provisions ;
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rmede (gout , i.e.:) gout in the joints , irm-liga gout, arthritis (see Trautmann O.Pruss.
347);
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girad even (only from numbers) , Ger. gerad (only from numbers divisible by 2; different
from gerad = straight ahead), with new ablaut O.N. t-rr actually count after tens (Fick
III4 336); Goth. raj number, bill, account , O.S. rethia account , O.H.G. radja, redea
account, speech and answer, story , O.Fris. birethia accuse , O.S. rethin, O.H.G.
red(i)n talk (determines the precise correspondence from raj with Lat. ratio a
reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation e.g. Kluge11 s. v.
speech to the assumption of borrowing Gmc. words under influence from garaian; more
properly Falk-Torp 886 raj to determine as primary -in-derivative from Gmc. root *ra-
[garajan]).
Whether here also O.N. ro row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn,
run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining along
the shore , M.L.G. rat f. row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn, run,
procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank ? (Fick III4 337; row; line; series;
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rum aim, purpose, target our *r-maybe suit as to arrange in ones mind, calculate , if,
besides, this (the previous newer proves) Subst. rum must have been as formation with
formants-mo- starting point.
trim;
attire; array;
adorn;
considers, thinks over , cmr. amraud suppose, think, mean , Welsh amrawdd
conversation with ders. meaning as O.Ir. no-ruidiu, no-rudim says, tells , M.Welsh
adrawd tell and Goth. rdjan, O.N. ra talk (compare further also placed above Ger.
Rede, reden; no-ruidiu and rdjan, like sl. raditi, kaus.-iter. *rdhei ); Goth. gardan
whereupon be judicious, take precautions , urrdan judge, determine (compare to
meaning esp. Lat. rr), undrdan procure, grant , O.H.G. rutan advise, confer,
contemplate, plan, incite, indicate (riddle), request, to look after something, procure,
provide, get , O.S. rudan, O.N. rua, O.E. rdan (latter also read , Eng. read), Subst.
O.H.G. rut m. available means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention,
precaution, stock, supply , similarly O.S. rud, O.N. rud, O.E. rd; O.C.S. raditi take care;
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rte in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly
(loc. one beside r-tu-s lying conservative stem *r-t-);
O.Ir. rm number, uram (*ad-ri-mu) ds., do-rmu counts , Welsh rhif number, O.N. rm n.
reckoning, calculation , O.S. unrm immense number , O.E. rm n. number, O.H.G.
rm m. row, order, number (the meaning verse, rhyme from O.N. and M.H.G. rm
probably after Kluge10 s. v. Reim from Fr. rime, which has derived from rythmus).
Maybe also *ri- thing (Lat. rs a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance etc) after
Wood ax 226 must be added as root noun meaning stacked up goods, piled-up
possessions .
Maybe is to be added also *ri- thing (Lat. rs etc.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun
meaning having stacked up property .
In addition probably as dh-extension ri-dh- (compare above r-dh- besides r-):
Goth. garais arranged, certain , raidjan, garaidjan prescribe, determine , O.N. g-
reir ready, easy, clear , greia disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay, disburse,
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gereite, bereite, O.H.G. bireiti ready , antreit series, ordo , Ltv. riedu, rizt order , raids
raring, ready , ridi, ridas device, clamp .
Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from O.C.S.
rdo, -inis a series, line, row, order (also Umbr. urnasier seems to be = ordinariis of order,
usual, regular, ordinary, Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection
agrees with ar- put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree, which would have been
needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes.
under artus, -s), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-ei as a causative iterative
vocalism.
Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as k-extensions of the bases ar-,
ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added:
Maybe Alb. (*arunea) arnoj to repair, mend, sew, weave, arn patch, piece of fabric from
Lat. arunea, -eus spider ?
Gk. spider , Lat. aruneus of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb , arunea, -eus
spider (*ar-k-snu; the word ending to *sn- to spin; weave, interweave, produce by
spinning as a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net ?); supposedly in
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*orkyta, Serb. rkita red pasture and Ltv. ercis, Gk. juniper as shrubs with
branches usable against lichen.
References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.
See also: S. unten arqu- and erk-.
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ar-3
English meaning: nut
Deutsche bersetzung: Nu
Note: (extends by -i-, -i-, -u-)
rieksts nut, hazelnut , O.Pruss. buccareisis beechnut (see Trautmann O.Pruss. 314)
accepts Specht Decl. 62.
References: WP. I 77.
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ar-5
English meaning: to refuse; to lie
Deutsche bersetzung: verweigern, leugnen?
Note: (with n- formant)
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aro-m (*gher-)
English meaning: reed
Deutsche bersetzung: schilfrohr?
Material: Gk. n. bistort, kind of reed , - therefrom a small kind ;
Lat. harund a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for
catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherds pipe; a flute; a
weavers comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse; to formation compare hirund a
swallow and nebrundines : the kidneys.
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*harundinis ) dalndyshe a swallow : Lat. harundo -inis f. a reed; meton., for
an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds : hirundo -inis, f.
swallow. Similar phonetic setting Alb. dimn winter : Lat. hiemo -are to winter, spend the
winter [see Root ghei-2 : ghi- : winter; snow
Lat. and Alb. prove that the original Root aro-m : reed was (*gher-). Only Lat., Alb. and
Gk. have preserved the old laryngeal -.
There is no doubt that from Illyr.-Alb.- Lat. (*harundinis ) dalndyshe a swallow [common
Alb. gh- > d- phonetic mutation] derived Gk. swallow, therefore Root ghel- : to
call, cry derived from Root aro-m : reed (*gher-) where r/l allophones.
From Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added Lat. arista the beard of an ear of grain;
hence the ear itself; also a harvest , aristis holcus, a green vegetable is defeated
because of his suggesting to genista f. the broom-plant under likewise suffix strongly to
the suspicion to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178).
From Mediterranean language?
References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.
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ardea a heron ds. (*ard-), O.N. arta, O.S. rta teal , Dimin. O.N. ertla, Nor. erle
wagtail , Serb. rda stork (*rdu).
Maybe truncated Alb. (*) rosa, ros duck, rika duckling, duck, Rom. (*rada) rau
duck.
Note:
Alb. and Rom. prove that from Root ant- : (duck) derived Root ard-, ard- : (a kind of
waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r]
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arquitenns) a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow , arquutus, arcuutus (morbus) icteric,
yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer from
jaundice , probably eig. rainbow-colored, green and yellow looking (compare Thes.);
Ital. arcobaleno rainbow > Rom. curcubeu rainbow > Alb. ylber rainbow
Umbr. arclataf a round cake; acc.pl. , wherefore v. Planta I 341, Gtze IF. 41, 91 (*arkelowith loss of the labialisation); Goth. arazna f. dart, arrow (ara-zna, compare
hlaiwazna), O.N. or (gen. orvar) f. dart, arrow , O.E. earh f. ds. (Eng. arrow), Gmc. *arhv.
Maybe Alb. hark bow [Alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal -]
For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu-) would speak Russ. rakta, Cz. rokyta, Serb.
rokita etc a kind of willow tree , where *arqta (Miklosich EWb. 226, Torbjrnsson BB. 20,
140) forms the basis, and Gk. juniper , which word with with all likelyhood
concerning this is to be drawn Liden IF. 18, 507; in addition juniper berry .
Indeed, Lidn takes relationship with Gk. net (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for
what one compares under ar-1, S. 61.
Another connection for Gk. and Russ. rakta etc seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff.,
which more properly compares Ltv. ercis, ecis (*ercis) juniper ;
further ercties torment oneself, grieve, straiten , ercea a very quarrelsome person ;
Ltv. erk(k)is thorn shrub would be to Endzelin mixture from *erks and Lith. erke tis a
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aru (*heru)
English meaning: intestines
Deutsche bersetzung: Darm?
Material: Gk. f. bowel , Lat. arvna f. grease, fat, lard, bacon , originally intestinal
fat ? (compare O.H.G. mitta-garni recumbent fat in the middle of the bowels );
. Hes. is Lat. Lw.
Note:
Gk. (*horua) , Alb. (*ghorna) zorr bowel [common Alb. gh- > z- phonetic mutation]
prove that Root aruu (*heruu): intestines derived from Root gher-5, ghor-nu : bowels.
This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE.
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beginning vowel stands firm through Lat.-Celt. (Greek) as IE a-, and it gives no good reason
before, Balt-Slav., Gmc. (and ar.) forms can be attributed to IE *o-, by the book - following
rules in a (very) strict way just because it would be a textbook example of ablaut to eformed from *eti bildete. With eti (see there) at least equality meaning and exchange
existed in the use. Is ati reduction grade to eti?
Material: O.Ind. ti about- onto (adnominal m. acc.), exceedingly, very much (adv. and
preverb), Av. aiti-, O.Pers. atiy- ds. adv. (as 1. compound part and preverb (before i- go
as go by, pass by and bar- carry, bear as bring over again, to carry ); ar. ati can also
represent IE *eti.
Gk. presumably in - however (compare from ; Brugmann-Thumb
623, KVG. 616; by connection with , Goth. sundr, the Att. it remained kind of
unexplained). Lat. at but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection,
but, you may say from increasing - to opposing beyond it , what latter meaning in at-
avus, at-nepos (not in apprm under likewise, see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).
Gaul. ate- (from *ati-) in Ategnutus (= M.Bret. (h)aznat, Bret. anat acquainted, known )
under likewise, O.Brit. Ate-cotti the very old , O.Ir. aith-, preceding ad- against, un- ,
M.Welsh at-, Welsh ad-, ed- (Belege e.g. by Fick II4 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);
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atah thenceforth ? rather Pron.-stem *e- with abLat. adv.-forms -tos); IE *ati (and *eti)
would be in addition loc.; both remain very unsafe.
The double aspect Lith. ata-: at- reminds in pa-: p (see *apo), (see *apo), and it is
doubtful about whether one may see in ablative *atd a kind of o-stem formatIon. In the
Slav. the form on long vowel is formed further in Russ. etc. otva grommet , as O.Pruss.
attolis, Lith. atlas, Ltv. atls, atals grommet speaking for IE older short vocalized form
Lith. atu- = IE *ato- (compare to ending *apo, *upo):
O.Ir. do-, to- prefix to with (IE?) zero grade of anl. vowels (Meillet aaO., Stokes BB. 29,
171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also Illyr. to-, Alb. te to, by (Skok by Pokorny UrIllyr.
50).
References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.
Page(s): 70-71
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Gk. year : Lat. annus year (*atnos ) year : O.Ind. huyana- yearly, huyana- m. n.
year prove that Root en-2 : year : Root at-, *atno- : to go; year : Root uet- : year
[prothetic u- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ghei-2, ghi-, ghei-men-, *gheimn- :
winter; snow.
Material: O.Ind. tati goes, walks, wanders . Moreover Lat. annus year from *atnos =
Goth. dat. pl. anam year. compare Fick I2 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16,
196 f. (meaning development like with Gmc. *jram year to i- go ).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ant) vajt, Tosc vete, vajti aor. to go, (*iti) viti go around, year, all year
around [common Alb. prothetic v- before initial bare vowels - proof of ancient laryngeal .
Lat. has followed Alb. phonetic mutations t > nt > n, clearly Lat. annus year derived from
O.Ind. (*antanti) tati]
Note:
Etruscan follows Alb. phonetic mutations Etruscan Avil : year, Avilxva :yearly // derivated
from Avil, by adding a adjectival suffix -xva.
Osc.-Umbr. corresponds akno- year, festival time, sacrificial time (with -tn- to -kn-,
Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Received the word is durable in compounds Lat. perennis the
whole year; continuously [perennis -e lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial,
perennitas -atis f. duration, perpetuity, perenno -are to last many years.], sollennis
festive, annual, customary, returning or celebrated annually, solemn, ceremonial, ritualistic;
usual (additional form sollemnis absolutely analogical results; Thurneysen AflL. 13, 23 ff.,
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Probably Root aug- : to glance, see, dawn derived from Root aues- : to shine; gold,
dawn, aurora etc..
Material: Gk. shine, ray, daylight; eye , shines, illuminates; sees , shining very much ;
Alb. agj dawns , agume aurora, morning, dawn (see Persson Beitr. 369);
Note:
Root aug- : to glance, see, dawn derived from Root aues- : to shine; gold, dawn, aurora
etc.
Gk. Hom. *(uuss), gen. (), Att. (with accent innovation) , Dor. ,
F, changing through ablaut Eol. aurora (Proto-Gk. []), bot. and
(*);
near the morning , tomorrow (*-); Hom. radiative
morning ; - rooster, cock (*uusi- singing in the morning early morning );
Maybe Gk. near the morning : Alb. agu dawn s/ h allophones : Estonian agu
daybreak, dawn : Latvian ausma, sujums dawn
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]
from also Slav. iug south (Fick KZ. 20, 168), Russ. uin, uina?
Probably wrong etymology since Slav. iug south : Alb. jug south must have derived from
Lat. iugum -i n. a yoke - a constellation in the southern night skies. see Root ieu-2, ieu-,
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au1
English meaning: interjection of pain
Deutsche bersetzung: Ausruf of Schmerzes, der Verwirrung, Entrustung
Material: O.Ind. o, Lat. au Oh! , O.E. a, M.H.G. ou(w), Ger. au, Ltv. au, u (disyllabic au,
avu with displeasure, refusal, astonishment, surprise), Pol. au, Cz. ounder
References: WH. I 78.
Page(s): 71
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[probably O.C.S. avilys beehive < vaulys; but prothetic v- before bare initial vowels has
been attested in Illyr., Alb. and Slav. tongues; maybe through metathesis au > ua Alb. tosk
(*hau-lo-) huall, Gheg huell, hoje pl. beehive, cavity = Lat. alvus beehive, cavity
[common Alb. shift l > j], Alb. holl narrow, thin, Alb. is the only language to have
preserved the old laryngeal -. Clearly the Lat. cognate derived from Illyr. and Slav.
cognates.
From (*halvus, alhwus) Lat. alvus beehive, cavity derived Rom. albinu bee, Portuguese
abelha bee, Spanish abeja bee, French abeille bee [common Italic and Greek -hw- > b- phonetic mutatIon.
O.C.S. ulica f. street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass , Lith. aulas
f., O.Pruss. aulinis bootleg , O.Pruss. aulis shinbone .
Maybe zero grade in Alb.Tosk udh ull road, street [the common Alb.-Illyr.-Lat. -dh- > -ll-,
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slke, whose basic meaning likewise tube, pipe is (Falk-Torp 474 and 1492 under jol and
from Schroeder to Gmc. ablaut 58 f. likewise boat name jolle dinghy).
Here with Lat. rearrangement of aul- tu alu- also alvus m. f. belly, womb, stomach; hold
of a ship, beehive , alveus a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship;
bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table , although time and limitation of the
rearrangement are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21, 177, Sommer Hdb.2 78).
References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122.
Page(s): 88-89
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au-3 (aue); u
English meaning: from, away, of
Deutsche bersetzung: herab, weg von -
Material: O.Ind. va from, down , mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely preposition
m. abl., Av. ap. ava prefix down and (while more the purpose than the starting point of the
movement came to the consciousness) whereupon to, to what, near (e.g. avabar- to
take there, carry away and to take there, procure, supply, get ), also preposition m. acc.
there, there in ; therefrom O.Ind. vara- inferior and Av. aoru after, below, down (after
gan-h single, pathetic (: gan-h troop, multitude ; Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 54);
Gk. - probably in , Hes. (Schulze Qunder ep. 60);
Illyr. au- (of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at in proper names? (Krahe IF.
49, 273);
Lat. au- away , off, gone in aufer to take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw, remove
(= Av. va-bharati, Av. ava-bar-), aufugi to flee away, run away, escape;
Gaul. au-tagis ? (Vendryes BAL.-SLAV. 25, 36);
O.Ir. perhaps , a from, with, by , as a preposition m. dat., O.Welsh hou, more
recently o if, o preposition from;
O.Pruss. Lith. Ltv. au- away, from (e.g. Ltv. au-manis not- sensical, nonsensical ),
O.C.S. u prefix away, from , e.g. u-myti to give a wash, wash away (u-beati flee
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auja- (N. sg. *aueis or *aus) desolate, leave (*remote ), auida desert , O.H.G.
di, Ger. de, O.N. aur desolate ; O.Ir. athad item, particular, sort . - goes to the
frightening wilderness, wilderness also M.Ir. ath fright, terrible (are to be kept away
Welsh uthr terrible , Corn. uth, euth, Bret. euz fright )? At least is their connection with
Lat. pavre to quake with fear, panic; transit. to quake at, tremble everything rather than
sure, see pou- fear .
Beside aut(i)o- steht perhaps changing through ablaut u-to- in Alb. hut in vain, blank,
vainly , ue-to- (see unten *u- ) in Gk. not free of charge, not without reason ,
(F by Homer) in vain, without success, pointless .
Maybe truncated Alb. (*hot) kot in vain, without success, pointless ; Alb. is the only IE
language to preserve the old laryngeal - > k-.
to combine *u- with *au- probably under *aue-:
Lat. *ve- in vscor to eat, feed on; to use, enjoy originally whereof to eat up (: esca),
from which back formation vscus greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling off);
underfed ;
again Alb. eshk fungus : Lat. esca food, victuals, esp. as bait. Prothetic v- added to
bare initial vowels is an Alb.-Illyr. phonetic mutatIon.
v- to indication faulty too much or too little, v-cors senseless, mad, moves, treacherous
, v-grandis diminutive, not large, tiny , vsunus mad, insane; of things, furious, wild ,
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Also in Alb. v- to indication faulty too much or too little: Alb. vshtir difficult, hard from
(v- shtir (participle of Alb. shtynj push with difficulty) see Root (s)teu-1 : to push, hit.
ues-: With O.Ind. avs down attached together formant Gmc. wes- in Ger. West,
O.H.G. Westar Westwards , O.N. vestr n. Westen , adv. in the West , against West
(*ues-t(e)ro-, compare O.N. nor-r), O.H.G. Westana from West etc (Brugmann IF. 13,
157 ff.; about the explanation of the Wisigothae as West-Goths, Visigoths s. Kretschmer
Gl. 27, 232).
Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, IE uesperos and
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au-4, u- (: u , uo-)
English meaning: that; other
Deutsche bersetzung: Pronominalstamm jener, also gegenuberstellend alter, alius,
andrerseits, hinwiederum, in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Satzgliedern gesetzt dr
einerseits - dr andrerseits, einerseits - andrerseits.
Material: auo: O.Ind. Av. O.Pers. ava- that ; O.C.S. aRuss. ov- - ov- on the one hand
- on the other hand which appears - other , ovogda - ovogda one time - the other time
(from this correlative use only Pol. ow corresponds to English deictic "I" and Serb. ovaj a
deictic word meaning "that", also nBulg. -v [*uo-s] developed).
u-: O.Ind. amu- (acc. sg. amum etc) that, yonder, arise from acc. sg. m. *am (= IE *e-m
eum) + *um (acc. sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III 550 f.
Toch. A ok, uk still , A oki as, and , A okuk up to , perhaps only *u-g (zero grade
to Goth. auk); from in addition om(p)ne, omte there ?
Particle O.Ind. u thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it , emphasizing
esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles (n and not, not = na u, ath = atha u), Gk. -
in - even very much ,
Goth. -u interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uh from -u-qe, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173);
this u also in O.Ind. a-suu m. f. that, yonder, Av. huu m. f., ap. hauv m. that, yonder,
Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.
Particle O.Ind. u-tu, in both parts on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon, - as
, or only in the second part, a little bit opposing and, thus (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-uta,
praty-uta),
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ku ad illam, ures illis (orer ose rather with o = u as = Lith. au); perhaps here,
well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now") ( after
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u-, uo-: meaning or (= on the other hand ) esp. in O.Ind. vu or (also even, yet;
meanwhile; probably, possibly ; also confirming vui), Av. ap. vu or (particle of the
emphasis and assurance),
O.Ind. Av. vu - vu either - or , Gk. -(F), (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress for (F), as yet in the second part of the double question),
Lat. -ve or (also in ceu, sve, seu, nve, neu), also probably Ir. n, O.Bret. nou or (if from
*ne-ue or not with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences,
Thurneysen Grammar 551;
not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative *neue of the verb Ir. at-
v corresponds Gk. (F) only ( * just only ), Av. ava-, O.Pers. aiva- an, one
(compare with no- demonstrative IE *oi-no-s an, one ).
References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II2 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m. Lith. II2 3,
987,
Schwyzer Gk. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. , etc
WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80.
Page(s): 73-75
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auq(h)- : uq(h)- and probably lengthened grade ueq(h)English meaning: cooking pot
Deutsche bersetzung: Kochtopf, Wrmepfanne
Material: Lat. aulla, aula, vulg. lla jar, pot from *auxlu, Dimin. auxilla (fal. olna in ending
after urna); probably Alb. an f. vessel (from *auqnu? Jokl. Stud. 3); O.Ind. ukh-h m.,
ukhu pot, saucepan ; Goth. auhns m. (*uknos) oven, stove , with gramm. variation
aNor. ogn, O.S. oghn ds.
Maybe Alb. (*ahna) ena dish : Indic AnvA oven, furnace.
Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: Gk. , older
stove (after Fick III4 29 between, Otir WuS. 5, 217, Guntert abl. 25 from *ueq-ns; not
*uqns, s. Boisacq m. Lith.), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from *F through
dissimilatorischen sound change?? (W. Schulze GGA. In 1897, 908);
Note:
Common Gk. - celt. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b- phonetic mutatIon.
Bret. offen f. stone trough in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from *uppu; O.E. ofnet
small vessel , ofen, O.H.G. ovan, O.N. ofn stove, oven (likewise leadable back in
*ueqnos; beginning u- caused as in wulfa- wolf the development from -lv- to -f-, during
Goth. etc auhns goes back to IE *uq-ns; then the loss of w- in Ofen then must be
explained indeed from influence of this sisters form *uhna-).
From the assimilated form O.S. omn, mundartl. umn stove is probably borrowed O.Pruss.
wumpnis oven, umnode bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove . S. Meillet MSL. 9, 137, Meringer
IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Gmc. Lw. studies, Falk-rp under ovn, weigand herdsman and clever
under Ofen.
To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f.
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aus- (*heuks)
English meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood
Deutsche bersetzung: schpfen
Root aus- : to draw (water), ladle derived from the stem: au//-, auent-: of Root au(e)-9,
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Material: O.Ind. ugr- immense (compounds Sup. jyas-, jitha- the stronger one,
strongest ) = Av. ugra- strong, hard (compounds Sup. aojyah-, aojita-).
Lat. auge, -re to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend , auctor (= Umbr. uhtur)
a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc, aucti an increasing; hence, from
the bidding, an auction , augmen(tum) an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake (=
Lith. augmu increase, growth , O.Ind. jman- m. strength ), augur a seer, soothsayer,
diviner, augur from *augos aggrandizement (WH. I 83);
Goth. aukan (preterit aauk), auknan increase , ana-, bi-aukan to append, subjoin,
add on , O.H.G. ouhhn, O.S. kian increase , O.E. acian increase , ecan increase
, O.N. auka (preterit jk and aukaa) increase , st. participle O.E. acen, O.S. kan
increased, pregnant ;
Lith. ugu, ugti (lengthened grade) increase, grow , auginu, -nti allow to grow,
educate, bring up , changing through ablaut pa-ge ti grow up , ugis growth, annual
growth , Ltv. audzt, audzint gather , O.Pruss. auginnons particle perf. Akt. drawn,
pulled ,
O.Ltv. aukts high = Lat. auctus to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend, Ltv. augt
grow , as also Thrac. - high ford , O.Pruss. Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan
authority , aucktimmien chief ,
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vavksa), Av. uxyeiti grows ; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Goth. wahsjan grow (= O.Ind. vaksayati, IE Iter.-Kaus. *uoksi; with it that combined gradation perf. whs to the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189);
Gk. (F) grow, increase , grows ; , grow, increase , Lat.
wahstus accretion, growth, body size , O.H.G. wa(h)smo growth under likewise;
Toch. A oksi grows , A oku, auku old ; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also here
AB oko fruit , A okar plant ; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Here with zero grade ug-: Goth. wkrs m. interest , O.E. wcor f. progeny, interest
(compare Gk. in the same meaning), O.H.G. wuohhar m. yield of the ground, fetus,
progeny, profit, interest, usury (in addition steIr. wiech extensive, excessive, rich in
leaves as umlaut?
A little bit differently Schroeder abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form aueg- the
grade ueg- is covered in O.Ir. fr, Welsh gwair grass, herbage ; probably with the same
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river, derived from zero grade of Root ghugh- : young of an animal or bird; common Gk.
vuyasa-h bird, crow ; verbal Av. u-vayeiti flies up (from divinities), O.Ind. vvyat
flutters .
Note: Common zero grade in Alb. (*avidos) vide, vidhez dove : O.Ind. vh, vh m. bird.
as) Hitt. u-u-a-a (ua) grandfather that was abbreviated into Root auo-s:
grandfather; Root ss- (*ghus): parent : Alb. (*ua) gjysh grandfather.
Alb. vi-do, vito, vidheze dove ;
Note: Common Gk. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b- phonetic mutatIon. Hence Root auei- (uei-?) : bird,
water bird evolved simultaneously with Root aku- (*ku): k- : water, river.
Lat. avis f. bird (therefrom auca bird, esp. goose ;
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hav bird, cock, hen can have indeed suggestion -h, but also as *pu- belong to *pu-
the young, boy (Slav. pta bird etc).
References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.
See also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for egg, see under u-.
Page(s): 86
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uuis-: lengthened grade O.Ind. uvi s adv. apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar, Av.
uvi adv. apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen (Pers. ukur clear, bright; O.Ind.
uvist ya-h, Av. uviya- offenkundig); O.C.S. ave, jave adv. kund, apparent, manifest,
obvious (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -e reshaped from *av, whereof:) aviti,
javiti offenbaren, kundmachen, show (Lith. vytis sich in Traume sehen lassen Lw. from
dem Slav.).
full grade: Gk. , Aor. wahrnehmen (*F--); Lat. audi hear
from *auiz-dh-i, compare oboedio from *b-avizdhi about *obodi; Gk. (neologism to
Aor.-(), ) vernehme, hear (*F-), belongs, ruchbar, bekannt.
Here probably Hitt. u-u-i I see, observe, a-u-zi sees , -u-ri-i (from a-u-wa-ri-i)
Ausschau, Warte, iterat. uk- wiederholt sehen.
References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.
Page(s): 78
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ue-d- perhaps in Gk. fragrant ; in ue-dh- correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting
still , , Hes.).
d. r-, l- Derivatives: Gk. aerial breath, draft (places light root form aue- ahead, as
, , Wetter, see under); but , gen. smoke, fog, air stays away, see
under uer- bind, hang up .
Gk. , Eol. storm (*F-); Welsh awen inspiration , awel f. wind,
breath , O.Corn. auhel aura, heaven, breeze , M.Corn. awel weather , Brit. Lw. M.Ir.
ahl (h hiatus sign), aial wind, breath . According to Thurneysen Grammar 125 O.Ir. oal
mouth from *auelu.
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a. u-, u-: O.Ind. vuti, Av. vuiti blows , Gk. ds., Cypr. (read with from
*dj-) Hes. (that in perhaps prothetic; from light root form come Gk. Hes.;
maybe Alb. (**u-nts) vesh strike, blow, hit.
sharp blowing , adverse blowing , excessive blowing with
stretch in compound); besides the participle *u-nt- blowing (O.Ind. vunt-, Gk. acc. )
stand *u-nto-s wind in Lat. ventus, Goth. etc winds, O.H.G. wint, Welsh gwynt wind ,
wherefore Lat. ventilure (*expose to a draught, brandish, fan), oscillate, vibrate,
ventilubrum throw shovel , Goth. diswinjan separate the grain (the wheat) from the
chaff , winiskaur throw shovel (Gmc. , next to which with gramm. variation d in:)
O.H.G. wintn winnow, fan , winta, wintscvala winnowing shovel , O.E. windwian to
expose to the hoist, winnow, fan (Eng. winnow); Toch. A want, yente wind .
About Hitt. hu-u-wa-an-te-e (h(u)uante) hoist (?) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the
word as (hurrying) clouds to hu-wa-a-i runs, flees , which also belongs here; see
Couvreur H 119 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 6804 .
n- present: Gk. from *F-- (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gk. I 694) and
from *F clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves , F
Hes. (delivers ; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on such zero
grade n- present, but in meaning blow, thus O.Pruss. wins air, acc. winnen weather?
io-present (or from root form *ui- ?): O.Ind. vuyati blows , Av. fravuyeiti goes out ,
Goth. waan waw , O.E. wuwan, O.H.G. wujan, wuen blow , O.C.S. vejo, vejet blow
and winnow, fan (therefrom Russ. vejalo, Sloven. vevnica, Pol. wiejaczka winnowing
shovel, a winnowing-fan ); nominal: Lith. vejas blow ; O.Ind. vuyu-h, Av. vuyu blow,
wind, air .
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vjlica snow flurry (also vejlica!), vjuga blizzard, snowstorm , zavjt snowcovered, covered with snow , Cz. vti (*vjati) blow (only Slav. developments from
vortonigem vej-?);
R.C.S. vichr (*uisuro-) whirlwind (in any case, at first to Russ. vichat shake, move
, vichljat toss, fling , s. Brugmann Grundr. II1 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70, and probably as
whirl, swing in the circle to *ueis- turn );
Lith. vudra, vidras gale (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lith. very rare forms -dra - compare
really Lith. vetra storm - urges to caution);
Hom. , , from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last
meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), Gk. root F-; M.Welsh awy s. 82 above.
b. au-d-: O.H.G. wuzan, wiaz, M.H.G. wuzen blow, exhale, inflate , wuz gust of wind
, Lith. vednti ventilate, cool ; at most Gk. breathes from *F- (rather,
however, Gk. neologism of after other verbs in -);
presumably also (from *au-d-ro-) Lith. udra m. storm , n. thunderstorm , O.Pruss.
wydra blow . About O.Ind. dhar n. chillness, cold , Av. ar, aota ds. compare
Persson Beitr. 11.
c. u-lo- perhaps in Lat. vlutus scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly,
whence vlubra something winnowing the grain (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in O.H.G. wula m.
n. fans (if not from *w-la, see under)?
d. u-s-: O.Ind. vusa-h, vusaka-h fragrance , vusayati fills with fragrance , samvusitah makes stinking ; Ice. vus frigid aura , vsa exhale, blow, breathe , Dutch waas
white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance , Lith. vestu, vesti cool off, become chill or become
aerial , ves chill air, coolness , vesus chilly, aerial .
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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e. t- further formations: O.Ind. vuta-h, Av. vut blow , O.Ind. vutula-h (see under), Gk.
blowing, wind , windy, aerial = O.Ind. vutula windy (also mad;
crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced ; in addition also
perhaps Gk. sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked after Brugmann BSGW.
1901, 94; in spite of ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to O.Ind. yutu-h spook, ghost
);
Lat. vannus winnowing-fan (from *uat-n-s, compare the Dimin. vatillum originally a
small winnowing shovel ; from Lat. comes O.H.G. wanna, O.E. fann winnowing-fan , also
Ger. Wanne);
O.N. vl, vli whisk, tail (about syncopated *vela- from *vaila-), O.H.G. wedil ds.;
O.H.G. wadal tail, fan , adj. wandering, fickle, beggar , wadaln sweep in a curve,
rove (Proto-Germanic *wala-, IE *u-tlo-), O.E. waol wandering , wdla beggar,
poor , wdl poverty , wdlian beg, be poor (Proto-Germanic *wla-), next to which
O.H.G. walln wander, gad about, pilgrimages , O.E. weallian wander; roam; travel;
journey; drift; float; rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp (from *wul-ja-n);
O.H.G. wula fans (from *w-la- or *w-la-, see above); Lith.vetra storm, thunder storm, O.C.S. vetr air, blow, O.Pruss. wetro blow; Lith. vetyti winnow, fan.
Maybe Alb. (*vetytinj) strike (lightning) : Lith. vetyti winnow, fan
About O.Ind. up-vujayati make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them)
(composed from Punini as Kaus. to vu-) see Wackernagel KZ. 43, 292.
Maybe Alb. vatra, vatr hearth, (place where one blows the fire)
Maybe here Gk. (see au-11 strive oneself ) as gasp, pant, wheeze ?
References: WP. I 220 f., Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gk. I 680.
Page(s): 81-84
Page 225
From Root ang(h)i- : snake, worm derived Root aku- (more properly ku): k: water, river; Root eghero- : lake, inner sea; Root ad(u)-, ad-ro- : water current: Illyr.
pannon. VN [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt -gh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root aku- water, river nasalized in *akuent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root au(e)-
auent-:
Hisp. FlN Avo[s] > spO.N. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga; Gaul. FlN Aveda > prov. Avze (Gard),
t), Ital. FlN Avns in Sabine land (therefrom Aventnus m. hill of Rome?), Aventia (Etrurian),
Gaul. Aventia, spring nymph of Aventicum > Fr. Avenches (Schweiz), numerous FlN
Avantia (*auntiu) > Fr. Avance, La Vence, O.Brit. *Avantsu > Welsh Ewenni; O.Lith. FlN
Avant, Ltv. avuts (*auontos) sources, wellspring, spring .
b) aued-, aud-, d-;
Note: The zero grade of Root aku- water, river has been suffixed in nasalized -(n)dor, -
Page 226
The following phonetic mutations have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)kuent- > guet,
zero grade in Slav. (a)hueda- > voda, zero grade in Phryg. (a)kuedu > [common
Greek g> b, k> p phonetic mutation]:
Arm. (*gwet) get river (basic form *ued, Sandhi form to uedr, compare under Slav.
voda; it corresponds also Phryg. water, i.e. *ved from *ued, Kretschmer Einl. 225).
Maybe Alb. (*guet) det sea : Arm. get river common Alb. gu- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Note: Maybe Phryg. water : nasalized Illyr. Bindus water god [common Illyr. gu- > b-
phonetic mutation].
Maybe Alb.Gheg bdor, vdor, dzbor snow, snowfall : Gk. water common Illyr.
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Maybe Alb. uj neut. pl. water is a truncated derivative of Luwian wida- watery, Hitt. witi
in water.
Luwian watti ?
D-LSg wa-at-ti: KBo XXIX 25 iii 10.
Could be cognate of Hitt. witi in water, but unprovable.
Page 228
u-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-ya-an-za: 43 ii 9.
u-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-an-za: 19,4*.
AbIn u-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-ti: 19,8*.
Mere guess based on shape & context. Far from assured!
Luwian witatt(a)- ?
ASg u-i-ta-at-ta-an: 43 ii 11.
Perhaps again a derivative of water. A 2nd pl. imv. of wida(i)is highly unlikely in the context.
Luwian NINDA wiyattatar ?
N-ASg NINDA u-i-ya-at-ta-tar: XVII 24 ii 3.
Lat. (*hunda) unda, f. water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people (with n- infix
from the present; compare O.Pruss. (*gwundan) wundan n., unds m. water and O.Ind.
(*hundati) untti, undti as well as Lith. vandu, -es, vndeni, em. unduo, Ltv. udens m. f.
water, and in addition Schulze EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 281, 283, Trautmann 337);
(*huter) uter, utris hose, tube (*udri-s * water hose , compare Gk. ), lutra otter
(l- after lutum mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle ).
Umbr. (*hutor) utur n. water (= ), abl. une (*udni).
O.Ir. (*hudesko) u(i)sce water (*udeskio-), odar brown (*udaros), coin fodorne otters
(water dogs ).
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Uterna; with nasalization within the word (compare above to Lat. unda) probably Goth.
wintrus, O.Ice.vetr, O.E. winter, O.H.G. O.S. wintar winter as wet season (Lidn PBrB.
15, 522, Falk-rp under vinter; not better to Ir. find white , see under sueid- shine );
perhaps to Wasser also O.H.G. O.E. (*hwaschan) wascan, O.Ice. vaska, Ger. waschen,
wusch (*wat-sk-); with lengthened grade of the root shaped from O.Ice. vutr, O.E. wt,
Eng. wet wet, soaked .
In Gmc. also with O.E. waum m. wave , zero grade O.Ice. unnr, ur, pl. unnir wave
, O.S. thia, ia, O.E. y, O.H.G. (*gvundra) undea wave, billow, flood , like from a root
variant *uet-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the t
of the type O.Ind. yakr-t.
Lith. (*gvoundu) vandu etc (see above); Lith. (*hudras) udra, O.Pruss. udro f., E.Lith.
udras, Ltv. udris m. otter ; O.C.S. (*gvudras) vydra, Ser.-Cr. vdra (Bal.-Slav. d- : Lith.
vnd-eni; see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lith.; to compare Pedersen Et. Lith. 54 f.);
Maybe Alb. vidra sea otter Slavic loanword.
O.C.S. (*gvoda) voda water (become Fem. because of the ending -a, here for IE -[r]);
lengthened grade O.C.S. vedro , (with attuning well in the meaning,
s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337);
Hitt. wa-a-tar (*gwutar, wutar ) water, gen. u-te-na-as (e-grade as Phryg. , a of
nom. from e?). nom. pl. u-wi-ta-ar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hitt. 167.
Page 230
vur to rain , med. allow to rain, let rain ), O.Ind. vur f. water, Av. vairi- m. sea;
Toch. A wr, war water;
Arm. gayr marsh, mud (*uerio-);
Gk. perhaps in scoops , if *F [] (see *aus- scoop, draw water, ladle );
Alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) vrnd light rain (nt- participle); hur-d
pond, tank, marsh (*r-), shure urine , shur (postverbal) f. urine (prefix sh from Lat.
Albanian preserved the old laryngeal - > s- like satem languages Alb. (*srna) shura
urine : Hittite ehur urine : Lat. rna urine . But in Alb. hur-d pond, tank, marsh
Alb. preserved - laryngeal like centum languages.
Welsh gwer m. suet, sebaceous, tallow ;
O.N. vari m. liquid, water .
2. r-, auer-: Lat. rna urine (in which meaning influenced by ?), rnor, -ur to
dive , rnutor a diver ;
Maybe Alb. urela water-pit : Basque ura water.
O.N. r fine rain, yra to rain subtly , rigr dew-covered, O.E. rig ds.;
perhaps O.N. rr, gen. rar (u-stem), O.E. r, O.H.G. ro, rohso, Lat. Lw. rus a kind
of wild ox , Swe. dial. ure randy bull, a bull in heat (*one that scatters, drops, one that
inseminates as O.Ind. vran- etc, see under);
Page 231
Eure, Aurana > Ger. Ohrn (Wurttemb.), Ar-auris > Fr. Hrault, Vi-aurus > Fr. Le Viaur;
O.Pruss. Aure, Lith. Aur-yte; O.N. aurigr wet , aurr wet, water , FlN Aura, O.E. ar sea
;
O.Pruss. wurs (*ras) pond, pool, irin acc. sg., iuriay pl. fem. sea, O.Ltv. jri- m., Ltv.
jura, Lith. jres, jrios pl. fem. sea, esp. the Baltic Sea (see above to Lat. rna; jpresumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204);
Lith. jaurus swampy, marshy , jura, juras marshy place, marshy ground, swamp
bottom from *eur- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lith.).
Maybe Arm. jur, gen. jroy water [not from (*ghro-) see Root gher- : to run, flow
] : Alb. (*jura > uja) uj, ujra pl. water.
3. Verbum: Lith. vrdu, vrti bubble, surge, cook , versme wellspring , vyrius
whirlpools , atvyrs counterstream on the shore , Ltv. verdu, virt soak, bubble, boil, cook
, atvars whirl ,
O.C.S. vrjo, vreti stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook , vir whirlpool , izvor
wellspring (bubbling water) , wherefore with from cook developed meaning heat , Ltv.
Page 232
ursen- discharging semen = virile , O.Ind. vrn- virile, m. manikin, man, stallion .
thereof derived Av. varna- virile, O.Ind. vrsa-, vrsabh- bull, vrsni- virile, m. Aries,
ram (= Av. varni- ds.), vrana- m. testicles ;
Specht (Decl. 156) places here (from Gmc. *wrai-njan-) without s-extension O.H.G.
reineo stallion , O.S. wrnio ds., O.E. wrne horny, lustful ; O.H.G. wrenno stallion
is back-borrowed from M.Lat.
uers/i-: Lat. verrs, -is boar, Lith. veris calf, Ltv. versis ox, rother, cattle.
References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418,
IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of uers- with ers-). About
finn. vesi, stem vete water s. Mikkola Mel. van Ginneken 137.
WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Decl. 18 f.,
Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gk. I 519, 548, 838.
Page(s): 78-81
Page 233
ues-, us- in O.Ind. vasar-hn- striking in the morning early morning, vusara- early
morning, m. day (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword
Page 234
starn; against it with IE -t(e)ro-, O.H.G. star eastern and adv. the after east ,
Ger.Oster-reich, O.N. austr n. East and adv. eastwards ,
O.E. compounds asterra more to the east , in addition ostrogothae, older Austrogoti as
the eastern Goths ; O.H.G. stan from the east , O.E. aste f. East, O.N. austan from
the east ; *uuss in O.E. arendel morning star , O.H.G. MN Orendil;
Lith. aura f. aurora, auta day is breaking, Ltv. ust ds.; Lith. autri nis (vejas)
north-east wind , Ltv. ustra f. daybreak , ustrums m. East; in ablaut em. apuriai m.
daybreak ;
O.C.S. za ustra (about utro, jutro morning from *aus(t)ro- compare Trautmann
19, Mikkola Ursl. Gk. 179 and Berneker 462 f. m. Lith., wherefore Bruckner KZ. 46, 212,
ausPol. uscic shine reconstructs sl. *usto lustre, shine), ustr relating to summer
(see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).
compare to ablaut J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 23 f., Hirt abl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39, 69.
maybe Alb. (*n in + aura), nesr, nesret, nesr tomorrow morning, tomorrow
References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Decl. 10, WackernagelDebrunner O.Ind. Gk. Ill 213 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231; Leumann IF. 58, 121 ff.,
Schwyzer Gk. I 349, 514, 557.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 235
Page 236
au-11 (ue-d(h)-?)
English meaning: to try, force
Deutsche bersetzung: sich muhen, anstrengen?
Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects O.Ind. vuyati, -t gets tired, is exhausted, tires
with Gk. drudgery, contest (*F-), , fight, cut-throat price,
battlefield , whereby - assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form *au-
besides *u-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing the Gk. words
with M.Ir. feidm effort ,
fedil persistent, persevering , O.Ir. ni fedligedar (he, she) does not stay (whereby
formal measure relationship would be comparable as *m- (apportion by measure), allot,
(*cut) : *med-, *u- blow : O.N. ver, Ger. Wetter), wherefore Pedersen KG. I 110, Welsh
gweddil remnant, leavings (out of it M.Ir. fuidell) places; here Toch. waimene difficult,
hard ?
However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts. For vuyati exert itself as basic
meaning in would put the question through the meaning dry up from vuna dry , upa-
Page 237
*ovz), but a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise barely as *F here.
After Specht Decl. 298 would be assumed rather IE *aui- besides *aues- (*auesnu >
avna).
References: WP. I 24, WH. I 81, Trautmann 21.
Page(s): 88
Page 238
vuh, participle ta-, vu-uta- (also das present vyati weaves can be after Wackernagel
O.Ind. Gk. I 94 an -eio-present v-yati, so that Fut. vayiyati, vuya- weaver only in addition
one would be new-created), tu- m. woof of fabric , vuna- n. the weaving .
To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vutave
weave, twist , vunam (W. must understand ta- as neologism to vyate after hta- :
hvyate).
dh-extension 1. au-dh-, 2. (a)u-dh-, u-dh-:
1. Arm. z-aud strap (z-audem connects, ties together ), y-aud strap, limb, joint (y-
audh- luck, possession, wealth : Illyr. PN Audarus, Audata (: Gmc. Audo-berht), paIon.
PN Aud-len (Krahe IF. 58, 132), Welsh udd (*audos) master, mister (different LewisPedersen 14),
Bret. ozach landlord (*udakkos), Loth RC. 41, 234; O.S. dan, O.E. aden, O.N. auinn
granted from the destiny, grants , O.N. auna destiny, luck , aur wealth , O.E. ad
possession, wealth, luck ,
Page 239
allodium), M.H.G. klein-t jewel , Goth. audahafts makes happy , audags blessed,
fortunate , O.H.G. tac happy, rich .
2. O.N. vu f. fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net , pl.vuir
gowns, clothes , O.E. wd (*wi-) f. clothes, rope , O.S. wud clothes , O.H.G. wut,
gen.-i clothes, armament ;
O.N. var m. rope, string, fishing line , Swe. Nor. vad n. drag net (O.N. vozt f. spot
for fishing at sea from *waa-st), M.H.G. wate, wade f. drag net, trawl net , M.H.G.
Page 240
vaditi accuse ;
nasalized O.Ind. vandate, -ti praises, praises, greets with respect , vandanam praise,
price, reverential greeting , vanduru- appreciative, praising ; see still Uhlenbeck O.Ind.
Wb. under vallak a kind of sounds , vallabha-h minion, favourite .
Gk. [i.e. F] Hes., (F) qui i F, i. e. , [i.e.
F] Hes.;
zero grade , (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) sings, glorifies ,
, (Theognostos . 19, 26) ( ballad, song rather to the wedding call
: other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb.2 under su, Boisacq s. v., again different
Risch 50).
Lith. vadinu, vadnti shout, call .
Page 241
Page 242
bersetzung:
gern
haben;
daher
einerseits
verlangen,
andrerseits
ma-h comrade ; O.Ind. avitr- m. patron, sponsor, patronizer (from which 2-syllable
root form as Fut. aviyati, perf. 2. sg. uvitha, as well as participle ta- and:) ti -h delivery,
help;
Arm. aviun violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate passion,
lust (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);
Gk. -F in 2. part of Greek family names ( )? compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232
f., different Schwyzer Gk. I 487, 3; 521; (Theokrit) friend, lover ;
Lat. ave, -re (basis au[i]- as in preceding) be eager, have a wild desire, long for,
desire , avidus desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious (therefrom
aude, -re to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to ), avurus covetous, greedy ;
O.Ir. con i protects, Welsh ewyllys favor, wish desire, Corn. awell desire, abr. a-iul
unaided, wantonly, voluntarily, M.Bret. eoull, youll favor, wish desire , as a name
Page 243
Page 244
auo-s (*ua)
English meaning: grandfather
Deutsche bersetzung: Grovater mutterlicherseits
Note:
The original root was Hitt. u-u-a-a (ua) grandfather branched into Root auo-s:
grandfather in centum languages and Root ss- (*ghus): parent : Alb. (*ua) gjysh
grandfather in satem languages; old laryngeal centum - > a-, e- : satem - > s- ;
Material: Arm. hav, gen. havu grandfather, Lat. avus grandfather; poet., in gen., an
ancestor ; fem. Lat. avia grandmother (see finally Leumann-Stolz5 204), dubious Gk.
as primordial mother earth (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 473;
Lat. also -hu- > -v- phonetic mutatIon.
different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avtus of a grandfather,
ancestral is probably shaped after martus, older i-stem in Lith. avunas brother of the
mother ;
differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avtus large-scale
fatherly, angestammt is formed probably after martus, old i-stem in Lith. avynas brother
of the mother ;
io-derivative O.Pruss. awis uncle, O.C.S. *uj ds. (ujka aunt), O.Ir. (h)ue a grandson,
a nephew , M.Ir. (a), ua ds.; en-stem: Goth. aw grandmother, O.N. afi grandfather, ui
great-grandfather , O.E. am, O.Fris. m, O.H.G. heim,
Ger. Oheim, Ohm (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz the one (he) who lived in
grandfathers home ), after R. Much Gmc. 205 from *auhaim < IE *auos koimos dear
grandfather, compare Welsh tad cu [*tatos koimos] grandfather),
Page 245
Page 246
Material: Maybe O.Ind.: abal- m. the plant Tapia Crataeva {Crataegus roxburghii (H.
Ebel KZ VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].
Lat. Abella (Osc. town, city in Campanien) malifera apple-bearing, after Verg. Aen. 7, 740,
might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic form
*ablonu. The apple is not named possibly only after the town.
In the Celt. the names are to be distinguished for apple (*ablu) and apple tree
(*abaln-). Gaul. avallo fruit , Aball (n-stem) PN, Fr. Avallon, O.Brit. PN Aballuva, GalloRom. *aballinca Alpine mistletoe (Wartburg);
Maybe Illyr. PN Aulona
O.Ir. ubull (*ablu) n. apple, Welsh afal, pl. afalau, Corn. Bret. aval m. apple, but M.Ir.
aball (*abalnu) f. apple tree, O.Welsh aball, M.Welsh avall pl. euyill (analogical) f.,
O.Welsh aballen, Welsh afallen apple tree (with singulative ending).
The same ablaut forms in the Germanic:
KrimGoth. apel (Goth. *apls?), O.H.G. apful, afful, M.H.G. apfel, O.E. ppel (Eng. apple),
O.N. epli n. (apal-grur apple-gray) apple. Gmc. probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu-. Further O.N.
apaldr apple tree, O.E. apuldor, ppuldre, O.H.G. apholtra (compare Ger. Affoltern PN),
M.H.G. apfalter apple tree (*apaldra-).
The Baltic shows clear tracks in IE completely isolated l- declension *ubl, G. sg. *ubeles.
Page 247
GISHASHUR-an-za:
XLIV 4+ Vo 28.
Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luwian nt. nom.acc. sg. amluwan=za also possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff.
From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *amlu(wa)- > Root ubel-, ubl-, abel- :
apple in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon Illyr.
Alb. sa > zero, phonetic mutation Luvian *amlu(wa)- apple-(tree) > Lat. malum -i n. an
apple, or other similar fruit; Alb.Gheg moll apple.
Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemel; jmela; jmelo {2} [Page in Trubacev: VI 2627]: Russ. omla mistletoe [f u], Old Russ. imela mistletoe [f u], Czech omela (dial.)
mistletoe [f u]; omelo (dial.) mistletoe [n o]; jmel, mel (dial.) mistletoe [f iu], Slovak
jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) mistletoe [n o]; imelo, jmelo (dial.) mistletoe [n o], Pol.
jemioa, jamioa mistletoe [f u]; imioa (dial.) mistletoe [f u], Upper Sorbian jemjel
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 248
malas, emalas mistletoe [m o] 3b, Latv. amuols; emuols (BW); amuls; umals; umuls
mistletoe, clover [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. emelno (EV) mistletoe.
Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135
NOTE s: {1} The forms with u- may show the influence of buls apple, clover. {2} This
plant name is probably a borrowing from the Illyrian Venetian substratum language. The
Slavic forms with *jm- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoes sap is used to
produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati to take. An etymological connection with PIE *h1m- to
take is doubtful, as is the connection with *H3eHm- raw .
maybe Gk. Compounds: plant growing in the same time as the apple-tree,
medlar, = .
Probably Tocharian B: mula* a kind of intoxicating drink; Paradigm: [-, -, mula//]
Examples: se sa [mune] mot mula trikelyesa sakse yokm puyti
maireya] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tumem prwettsai mulasa yokalle then it
[is] to be drunk with an aged drink (W-33a5).
Derivatives: mulatstse* drunken: arncacu epreta Mur
...
spyarkatai-me O courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Muras drunken bite
(241a2/3).
References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2.
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etc): day the same as Root akru : tear derived from Root dakru- : tears. The phonetic
shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon. Compare Root del-5 : long: Balt
with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. lgas, f. ilg, Ltv. ilgs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv.
long : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long, da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. length.
This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, WackernagelDebrunner III 310 f.
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older root Root deigh- : to prick; tick derived Root aig- : goat and Root ug- : goat
[common Balt - Illyr. - Alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the Gk. cognate
derived from Proto-Illyr.
Material: O.Ind. aj-h he-goat, aju she-goat , M.Pers. azak goat, Pers. azg ds.;
Alb. dh goat (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from * adhi, as
Maybe a zero grade in Alb. (*ughi) dh goat [the common Alb. shift -gh- > -d-], older
Alb.Gheg (*ughi) edha goats, sheep.
Lith. oys (*ugi os) he-goat, oka goat, O.Pruss. wosee goat, wosux he-goat;
O.Ind. ajna-m fur, fleece;
Lith. oi nis belonging to he-goat , oi ena billy goats meat ;
Church Slavic (j)azno (*azno) skin, leather .
References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also aig-.
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ik- : k
English meaning: spear, pike
Deutsche bersetzung: spie; with einer spitzen Waffe treffen
Note: Both Root ak-, ok- : sharp; stone and Root uik- : k- : spear, pike are reduced roots
of an older root *heg-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **helga. This older
root was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heg-el) igla needle [f u]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero phonetic mutation from the older BalticGermanic languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon.
Compare Root del-5 : long: Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. lgas, f. ilg, Ltv.
ilgs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. long : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long, da-luga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. length.
Hence from Root dhelg- : to stick; needle derived the alledged Baltic Root/ lemmna
**helga from which Church Slavic: (*heg-el) igla needle [f u], then Both Root ak-, ok- :
sharp; stone and Root uik- : k- : spear, pike.
Finally Alb.Gheg gjilpan n. f. needle is a compound of *gjil- needle + peni thread; Alb.
common zero grade *ilga > *gil- needle phonetic mutation corresponds to zero grade in
Lower Sorbian: ga needle [f u].
Material: Gk. Hes., Gk. Hes., Cypr. or
(in the latter pitfall from *) wounds , Gk. spear, spit (*aik-
smu), O.Pruss. aysmis spit, broach , Lith. iemas, jiemas spit, broach , (basic form
*aikmos or Gk. exact congruent *aik-smos); from moreover O.Pruss. ayculo, Church Slavic
igla etc needle, with g instead of (compare S.181)? Lat. c (analogical ci), -ere hit,
wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain , ictus slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat ,
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i-4
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen, leuchten
Material: from O.E. ufor sharp, violent , O.H.G. eibar, eivar harsh, bitter, pungent, rough,
shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage; unpolished, uncouth; frightful,
horrible derived from *aibhro- not is to be connected certainly.
Maybe but here Gk. warms up from *i(i)-ani; see under eis-1 move, shake
violently .
See also: S. under ai-dh-, uier-, aios-, aisk-, ai-tro-.
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l-3
English meaning: to wander, roam
Deutsche bersetzung: planlos umherschweifen, irren; also geistig irre sein
Material: Gk. the vagrancy, the wandering about , (horn. Pf. ),
wanders about *, beggar ,
wander, begging around , in vain (Spiritus asper admittedly, still
unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the assumption of anl. F-);
from a basis alu-, aleu- Gk. Im beside myself **, ds. (Hom.; Fut.
Hippocr.), restiveness, worry, concern, fear, alarm , (from ) angst ,
, - (Plut.) idle hanging around, boredom ; common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic
mutation;
with the concept wander around, around a dangerous place or thing not to come near to ,
also , avoids , (*-, compare Aor. ) escapes ,
avoid, flee , ds., defense (*F formation as ).
------------------*)
Lautg. 89 with O.Ind. rosati, rusyati be cross with, be angry , but from Uhlenbeck O.Ind.
Wb. 256 is placed more right to Lith. rustas unfriendly, unkind .
-------------------With u-: wanders around , be demented , Med. wander around ,
(Dor. Theokr.) foolish, futile, vain , trifling, in vain, brainless,
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ulea a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck ).
Lat. ambul to walk, go for a walk, travel, march (Umbr. amboltu a walk, a stroll); (Lat.
alcinor to wander in mind, dream, talk idly is probably borrowed from under formal
support in vuticinor ).
In addition Ltv. alut, alutis wander around, get lost , with u Ltv. ula half-mad
person , ulutis behave foolish, gestures clownish .
Toch. AB ul- distinguish, remove .
References: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambul to Gk. , stem el-).
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p-2
English meaning: water, river
Deutsche bersetzung: Wasser, Flu
Note: It seems that from Root aku- (more properly ku): k- : water, river [through the
shift g > b, k > p attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root ab- :
(water, river) and Root up-2 : water, river.
Material: O.Ind. up- f. water, e.g. pl. Norn. upah, acc. aph, gen. apum, Av. nom. sg. uf,
acc. sg. upm, instr. sg. apu(-ca), O.Ind. upavant- watery, in older contraction with
reduplication-stem in -i, -u auslaut prefixes (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137
f.) pratpa- directed against the stream , npa- low lying, deep-recumbent , anpa-
situated, lying in water ,
dvpa- island, sand bank in the river , antarpa- island; the same contraction with in -o
ending 1. part in Gk. river names I, ( : , ; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62);
Gk. Peloponnes, - ds., lokr. -, Illyr. (different Krahe
ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation and upuli of Lower Italy,
river names (Arcadia), (Thessaly), Thrac. (Dacia),
Uppia-Bach (Tirol), Fr. Sinope (Manche), Brit. harbour Rutupiae, Sicil. (compare
Lith. Kakupis), compare the Thrac. FlN , ;
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assus dried, roasted; n. pl. as subst. a sweating bath ), urea a level or open space, site,
courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play (lit. burnt-out, dry place
); O.H.G. essa f., Ger. Esse (*asin), Run. aRina, O.Ice. arinn exaltation, elevation,
hearth, fireplace , O.H.G. erin floorboard, ground, bottom (*azena); Toch. AB aspresent, us- perf. and causative dry up , A usar to dry ; Hitt. a-a-i-i (ai) loc. on
the hearth (aa).
Perhaps here M.Ir. un igneous, radiant, noble (*us-no-). About Gk. , s.
Schwyzer Gk. 1, 724.
Because r in Hitt. a-a-ri (uri) becomes hot does not belong to the stem, it must be
distinguished Lat. ure to be dry, be parched not from ura a structure for sacrifice, altar.
Formant extensions:
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azg- Arm. aiun ash (Meillet Esquisse 29), Gk. (*-) soot (ash throw ), Gmc. *askn in O.Ice. aska, O.E. asce, sce, O.H.G. asca, Ger. Asche.
Maybe zero grade Lat. cinis -eris m. f. ashes < Arm. aiun ash; Alb. (*aski) hi ash
[common Alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].
Note: Root ken-2, ken-, keni-, kenu- : to rub, scrape off; ashes must have come from zero
grade of an extended Root us-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)- : to burn into usk-en with the suffix
-en. This assumption is proved by Alb.Gheg (*askini) hini ash [common Alb. ski- > hiphonetic mutation].
azgh-? in Arm. azazim dries (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), Goth. azgo ash (*azgn).
About the difficult relation from Gmc. *askn : *az-gn s. Feist 72b; again different Specht
Decl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness Arm. examples are not quite flawless.
References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164.
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bare initial vowels from Illyr. This phonetic mutation in Alb. took place before the invasion of
Slavs into the Balkans because Alb. and Rom. share the same cognate.
Perhaps as burnt also Lat. uter dead black, dark; poet. clothed in black. Transf., dark,
gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous = Umbr. atru, adro black, coal-black, gloomy, dark ;
but Lat. utella = Osc. Aderl[u] (*utrolu, e.g. v. Planta I 551), Lat. utrius = Osc. Aadriis (v.
Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1. 4, 38, Schulze Lat. Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly Etruscan
origin.
Maybe Illyr. Adria deep, dark water, sea, zero grade in Alb. (*uter) terr dead black, dark.
Possibly affiliation from Ir. ith (gen. tho) f., Welsh odyn f. oven, stove , s. Fick II4 9.
References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.
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Ezzilo), O.Fris. aththa ds., O.H.G. atto father, forefather, ancestor (tt by running always
besides unpostponed neologism), O.C.S. tc (*attiks) father; Alb. at father, josh
(on the maternal side) grandmother (*ut-siu?), Hitt. at-ta-a (atta) father.
Note:
ethili, O.E. aeele noble, aristocratic , lengthened grade O.H.G. uodal, O.S. thil, O.E.
el, O.N. al (fatherly) genotype (compare also O.H.G. fater-uodal, O.S. fader-il
property inherited from a father, patrimony );
here Goth. haimli n. genotype , compare with the same vocal length O.H.G. Uota
(actually great-grandmother ), O.Fris. dila great-grandfather ; Toch. A utl man ;
here also Av. uwya- name of the fathers rataonas as from noble parentage ?
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baba-, (*bal-bal-)
English meaning: barbaric speech
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallwort, Lallwort for unartikuliertes undeutliches Reden
Note: also bal-bal-, bar-bar- with multiple dissimilations, onomatopoeic words
Material: O.Ind. bababu-karti from the crackle of the fire; Gk. , upon my soul,
damn it all! (out of it Lat. bb, pp ds., as babaecalus perhaps fop, dandy from
*), chats, talks indistinctly (different is the sound conceivability from
chirps );
Lat. babit (glO.S.S.) he/ she shall make happy, gladden, bless, babiger (glO.S.S.) stupid;
Ital. babbo father (Welsh baban kid, child is Eng. Lw.);
Maybe Alb. baba father : bebe child
Alb. beb the newborn kid, child; Eng. baby kid, child, Swe. dial. babbe kid, child, small
boy (see also unter buxmb- swell ), M.H.G. bube, bbe missis; old woman, mother
(about buobe boy see under bhrutr brother); Lith. bba, O.C.S. baba old woman ;
Serb.-Church Slavic bblu, bbati stammer , Serb. bbocem, bobtati clatter with the
teeth etc; Ltv. bibinut babble, murmur , O.Pruss. bebbint mock .
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barbaru stranger, foreign, alien ), Serb. brboljiti, brbljati babble (see also under bher- to
drone, buzz, hum ), Lat. baburrus foolish, silly , Gk. Hes. (about
Lat. burrae trifles, nonsense s. WH. I 124).
Here perhaps also O.Ind. bula-h young, childish, simple , possibly also Slav.
relationship from Russ. balkat twaddle , balamut babbler, stunner, head turner . Unredupl. presumably also Gk. talks, patters , speech, ,
Hes.;
But Gk. invoking, imploring, exorcising; bewitching, casting a spell; spreading
malicious gossip, speaking badly of; slanderous; envious, jealous , bewitches,
envies has derived as magic word through borrowing from Northern language, perhaps
Thrak. or Illyrian, from to bhu- speak belonging to present *bha-sk speaks, discusses
(; this also in Hesychs ?) (Kretschmer Einl. 248 f.);
Lat. fascinum giving it the evil eye, spell casting, invocation (exorcism (?)); the male
member; initially (at first) as a preventative against being bewitched , fascinure enchant,
bewitch, envy are borrowed from Gk. and are adapted only in f- folk etymology in fur etc.
After Specht Decl. 133 here Lat. Osc. bl-ae-sus lisping, babbling ; different WH. I 107 f.
Maybe Alb. (*phlas) flas speak not from Lat. fubula a narration, narrative.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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badios
English meaning: gold, brown
Deutsche bersetzung: gelb, braun
Note: (only Lat. and Ir.; maybe from one, at most not IE, language of ancient Europe?).
Material: Lat. badius brown, chestnutcolored, bay ; O.Ir. buide gold, yellow (compare to
Lautl. O.Ir. mag field, gen. muige; Gaul. Bodiocasses because of rather for boduo-,
about which under *bhaut- hit ). Gk. , derives from Lat.
References: WP. II 105, WH. I 92.
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buben small Junge, toddler, Ser.-Cr. buban kind of bean, bubla clump, Cz. boubel,
bublina vesicle, blister, Pol. babel vesicle, blister.
Unverschobenes *baxmb- or verschobenes bhaxmbh- in Swe. dial. bamb paunch, Nor.
dial. bamsa greedy devour, pampfen, Dan. (Jut.) bams thick person, Ger. Bams thick
porridge, mash, M.H.G. bemstn die einen dicken Bauch hat.
Verschobenes baxmb- or unverschobenes paxmp- in Swe. dial. pampen aufgedunsen,
Dan. dial. pampe sich brusten, brag, boast, Nor. dial. pempa seg (*pampjan) sich with
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pampstu, pampau, pampti swell up, pamplys Dickbauch, pumpa knob, handle, button,
pommel, Teichrose, pimpilas m. penis, Ltv. pmpt, pempt, pumpt to swell, pampali
Kartoffeln, pimpala das mnnliche limb, member, pumpe hump, hunchback, swelling,
blister (die u-forms are as contamination with *pup-aufzufassen);
O.Bulg. pup navel, Russ. pup navel, pupy bud, bulge , Pol. pep spigot ;
O.Ice. ffl giant; rogue, Einfaltspinsel, fimbul- verstrkendes prefix, O.E. ffel
seeungetum, giant (*pempelo-), O.Ice. fimbul-, fambi Erztropf.
Besides with auslaut Gmc. Tenuis Dan. fomp, Nor. dial. fump, famp thick fool .
With Tenuis asp. Arm. pamput bladder.
References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205.
See also: see also *baxb- ds.
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bait or pait?
English meaning: goatskin
Deutsche bersetzung: Ziegenfell, out of it gefertigter Rock
Material: the relation from Gk. tent or skirt from (nanny goats) fur to Goth. paida f.
body skirt, petticoat , O.S. pda skirt, O.E. pud mantle , O.H.G. pfeit shirt, shirtlike
vestment, shirtlike piece of apparel is decided there, that Gmc. word is borrowed from Gk.
words;
from dem Gmc. again finn. paita and perhaps Alb. petk, petk clothes ; Gk. is
probably Thrac. Lw. or goes back to Alb. forms in Illyr. *paitu ?
References: WP. II 104, Feist 381 f., Bonfante BAL.-SLAV. 36, 141 f.
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-cc- in Dimin. bacillum, for which repeatedly delivers baccillum, compare also imbcillus
(without support) weak, frail from -baccillos. Pisani (REtIE. 3, 53) places baculum as *bat-
bucuros glad.
Note: In many lang. the name of weasel and good come from the same root.
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It seems Root bal-, balbal- : to shake, dance derived from Root baba-, (*bal-bal-):
barbaric speech through an Old Indic intermediary (see above).
Material: O.Ind. balbalti whirls , balv- crooked ; Gk. (in Sicily) dances , out
of it borrows Lat. ballure dance .
Maybe Alb. (*bal-) valle dance [common Alb. b > v shift]
References: WP. II 109, WH. 1, 95, Wackernagel O.Ind.-Gk. I 181.
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band- (*gheid-)
English meaning: drop
Note: Considering Phryg. water : nasalized Illyr. Bindus water god, Root band-
(*gheid-): drop : Root oid- (*gheid-): to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water
derived from a zero grade of Root au(e)-9, aued-, auer- (*akuent-): to flow, to wet; water,
etc.
Deutsche bersetzung: Tropfen?
Material: O.Ind. bindu-h drop (probably for *bandu-h under influence of ndu-h drop),
related to Corn. banne, banna, Bret. banne drop (from which is borrowed M.Ir. banna,
bainne drop, milk ), really Irish buinne to gush forth, spring up, flood ; Illyr. FIG Bindus
(*Bendus), Apul. fons Bandusiae?
Note: O.Ind. bindu-h drop : Illyr. FIG Bindus prove that Illyr.- Phryg. were the
References: WP. II 110, Petersson Heterokl. 204 f., . r Gl. 29, 69 ff.
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bau
English meaning: sound of barking
Deutsche bersetzung: Nachahmung of Hundegebells, Schreckwort
Material: Gk. dog barking , barks, blasphemes , bugbear,
Hecate , Lat. baubor, -ur to bark gently or moderately ; a little bit differently uses Lith.
baubti bawl, bellow from ox, baubis cattle God as bawler , Serb. bau bau fright word
, baukati get a fright etc
Maybe Alb. (*baubi) bubi dog.
Gk. sleep is, like penis, folklike code word.
References: WP. II 104, WH. I 99, W. Oehl IF. 56, 119.
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Material: O.Ind. pippala-h berry, paradise fig tree , pippalaka-h brost nipple . piplu-h
pimple, mole, mark on the body ("witchs tits" - any kind of mark on the body that a witch
could use to suckle a demon) (probably eig. blister, vesicle ); Lat. papula a pimple,
vesicle , papilla ds. nipple, teat, brost ; Lith. ppas nipple, teat, brost, tit , pop ulcer ,
pupuolo thick bud (u can be Reduct.-stem to a, or assimilated in following uo, but also
the root derived form pup- ).
Unchanged or neologism Swe.-Nor. dial. pappe womens brost , M.Eng. pappe, Eng.
pap nipple, teat, brost ; besides u- forms see under p(h)- inflate, swell .
Also besides under baba- combined babble and child words, like Eng. baby, stand
M.H.G. buoben pl. feminine brosts , West Flem. babbe growth, swelling, lump (IE bh or
in the onomatopoeic word unpostponed b) which will belong from the image of the inflated
cheeks in our circle.
References: WP. II 107.
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bomme, bambe drum , Du. bommen to drone (compare also Ger. bum bum; a little bit
similarly Ger. bammeln, bimmeln ring, sound );
Lith. bambeti hum , in ablaut bimpti ds., bimbalas, bimbilas gadfly, horsefly ; R.C.S.
buben, bubon drum , Russ. bubnt chat, babble, Pol. beben drum .
References: WP. II 107, Trautmann 26, WH. I 111.
Page(s): 93-94
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b(h)- inflate, swell , wherewith root b(h)ed- (:b(h)u-d-, -t-) had the origin from the image
of the inflated cheeks together.
Lat. bassus stout, fertile, fat , roman low, menial , stays away.
References: WP. II 109, WH. I 98, 477, 851, Kretschmer Gl. 22, 258 f.
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bel-1
English meaning: to cut off
Deutsche bersetzung: ausschneiden, graben, hhlen??
Material: Perhaps Arm. pelem excavates, digs , at most also M.Ir. belach cleft, gap,
pass, way and Celt. *bolko-, -u in Welsh bwlch m. fissure , Bret. boulch ds., M.Ir. bolg f.
(das g after tolg ds.)?
References: WP. II 110; about not existierendes O.Ind. bura Offnung s. Wackernagel
under Debrunner KZ. 67, 171 f.
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bel-2
English meaning: strong
Deutsche bersetzung: stark
Material: O.Ind. bla-m n. force, strength, power , blyun stronger , blistha-h the
strongest ; Gk. , better , , best (this -- by
reorganization from *, * after etc);
Lat. dbilis feeble, weak ; O.C.S. boljj greater, bolje adv. more, rather, to a greater
extent, plus and very, more . Uncertain Dutch-N.Ger.-Fris. pal motionless, steadfast .
With lengthened grade O.Ind. bula-h young, childish , m. boy, kid, child, f. girl .
Maybe in i- grade Alb. (*bula) bila girl , bir son, boy : O.Ind. bula-h, where l/ r are
allophones.
References: WP. II 110 f., WH. I 326 f.
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Material: M.Ir. benn horn, summit (*bnd-no- or *bend-no-?), bennach pointed , Welsh
bann m. hill, summit, horn (*bnd-no-), M.Bret. ban eminence, overhang, haughtiness,
pride , Gaul.*ande-banno- > Fr. auvent (*protection roof) canopy, shield, shelter (eig.
big horn ), Jud Rom. 49, 389 f., Gaul. dial. lacus Bnucus, if for Bennucus, the horned
(Sirmione), from *benno- (IE *bend-no- or*bnd-no-);
West-Flem. pint cusp, point , M.L.G. pint penis, M.H.G. (M.L.G.) pinz awl , O.E. pintel
penis (Eng. pintle also still peg ), Nor. pintol penis, wherefore probably with ablaut
Ger.-Bav. pfouzer, pfunzer sharpened cudgel, club ;
With Celt. forms to suitable n-suffix (*penn- from *bend-n-) and. pin wooden pin, peg,
small stake , M.L.G. pin, pinne pin, point, nail, peg , M.H.G. pfinne f. nail , O.E. pinn
peg, staff, stick, Late O.Ice. pinni m. ds., ablaut. *pann- in E.Fris. penne = pinne, N.Ger.
pennen latch a door (with a bolt) , O.E. on-pennian open (*the pen), Eng. pen enclose
so as to prevent from escaping; shut in, confine (shut in a pen) , O.E. penn m. pen, fold .
Maybe Alb. pend pair of oxen tied together [common Alb. n > nd shift] homonym to Alb.
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buahin- he who is prone to howling and snarling / hissing , buxti- howl, hissing ?), Gk.
howling .
Maybe Hung. bagoly owl (*horned bird?)
Perhaps M.Ir. bchna sea (*roaring breaker; basic form *boukaniu); Lith. bukius
stammerers , Ltv. bukkt resound vaguely ; Slav. buk- (from zero grade of *bouk-) in
R.C.S. buati drone, roar , Serb. bum, bukati roar , bum, buati roar (from the sea)
;
Maybe Alb. (*buati) buas roar (from the sea)
*bk- in Russ. etc byk bull (*roar of the bull); about angebl. *buk- in O.C.S. bela, bela
bee (compare Russ. byat hum, from bees ) see under bhei- and WH. I 555; nasalized
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beuken hit, bump , Swe. boka, bauka, buka ds. (however, also dig, spade, thrash about
, as O.Ice. bauka; this versch. word? see also WH. I under faux), Eng. to poke bump,
sting , Nor. pok, pauk crude cudgel, club , perhaps M.Ir. balaim hit (*bougl ..., or to
bhuu-d- hit).
Maybe from the extended Root b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : expr. sound of hitting derived Root bheg-
, bheng- : to break in: Alb. (*beuka) buka bread : Phryg. bread, actually crumb.
References: WP. II 112 f., WH. I 111, 119, 124, 470.
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creation crosses the sound-lawful development, so that e.g. Gmc. forms with pu- from IE
bu-, but from unpostponed IE or new pu- are explainable. From the concept of the inflated
cheek the meaning swell, plump bloated (then convex) of the most different kind , also
make bulge, stuff, darn and blow, cough under likewise . Originally differently the
onomatopoetic words b(e)u-1 for vague onomatopoetic sounds and bu- lip, kiss .
Material: Gk. ,
; presumably here also hill (dialect), a turnip kind , v
piles up , any plant of the Umbelliferae family ; redupl. the groin,
glands near the genitals, part. in morbidly swollen state ; Mod.Ice. pa blow, breathe .
Reduplicates as , also Lith. bubsu, bubseti throw up bubbles (from water
or fermenting dough), M.L.G. bubbeln throw up bubbles, surge , Swe. bobba bombast,
grandiloquence, fin, insect , bubba louse and Trollius europaeus under likewise (with
IE bh or with consonant shift prevented by new creation of b), O.N. byfa (*bhbhin-) big,
lumpy foot , Nor.dial. bve, bva thicker, uncouth, clumsy person, scarecrow, also a word
for male member .
With certain bh-: O.Ind. bh-ri-h rich, a lot, immense , compounds bhyas-, bhvyas-,
superl. bhyit ha-h, Av. biri- plentiful, full, complete , compounds-adv. baiy (more,
timewise =) longer, on longer than , superl. bitm most, greatest number of things, very
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bedly pl. oral fungi, funguettes in oral or nasal cavity ; from Arm. here besides poytn (see
above) also ptu, gen. ptoy fruit and ptuk, gen. ptkan green branch, young shoot and
brost, nipple, teat .
O.Ir. buiden troop, multitude, crowd, Welsh byddin, O.Bret. bodin ds. has root-like u and
belongs likewise here.
Labial extension: O.E. pyffan blow out, puff out, Eng. puff puff, blow, be inflated , Nor.
pukti pant, gasp, wheeze ); Swe. puk swelling, lump, growth, tubers , O.N. poki m.
sac, bag, sack, bag, Eng. poke ds., Ger. dial. Pfoch sac, bag, O.E. pohha, pocca sack,
bag, sac, bag, Eng. pocket pocket, M.N.Ger. Mod.N.Ger. pogge, pugge frog, toad;
swelling, lump, growth in the abdomen with cows and mares , O.E. pocc blister, Ger.
(actually N.Ger.) Pocke, dial. Pfoche blister; O.N. pki m. devil , O.E. pca, pcel, Eng.
puck fairy demon, ghost (from Gmc. derived Ir. pca ghost , perhaps also Ltv. pkis
dragon); zero grade N.Ger. pk subnormal person in growth , Nor. dial. pauk small,
weak person, knave, boy (about Goth. puggs sac, bag, purse, O.N. pungr, O.E. pung ds.
and scaz-(p)fung purse s. though Feist 385).
With Gmc. b: M.Eng. nEng. big (*bugja-) thick, big, large, conceited ; Nor. dial. bugge
mighty man , M.Eng. bugge (Eng. bug) a lump of (semi-)dried nasal mucus, booger;
chafer, bedbug; bugbear, spectre, bogeyman , Ger. dial. bogg(e) booger, the core in fruit
or the carpels of an apple or a pear, bugbear, spectre, bogeyman .
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buck bucket, pale and O.Ice. bkr belly, body ; O.E. bc belly, crock, pitcher, O.H.G.
bh, Ger. Bauch, in addition Ltv. bugarains tubercular , buga hornless cow , budzis
swelling, blister, unripe Fruit ; but Lith. bauas hornless, buy scarecrow, bogie,
spectre , bys bedbug, louse, buoe club, mace, joint, pinhead (uo probably from u,
compare above S. 99 ) can contain Balt as single-linguistic forms and are based
on the unextended root.
s-extension:
Gk. > (*, to : s. Schwyzer Gk. I 692), (*), ,
to cram, fill, chock, stuff, ram up , , bung, clot, thrombus , (-)
crushed, thrusted, thronged, full ; Alb. mbush fill ; M.Ir. bas sac, bag, pocket, belly
(*bhousto-, compare O.Ice. beysti ham ),
Note:
pfausen, O.E. pos catarrh, waterfall , Eng. pose a cold in the head, catarrh , M.N.Ger.
psten pant, sniff, snort, pster bellows , Ger. pusten (actually N.Ger.) dial. pfausten,
O.N. pstr slap in the face, box on the ear (as Fr. soufflet to souffler); Nor. ps swelling,
lump, growth, peysa, psna to bloat, bulge, swell , Swiss pfsig swollen, Ger.
Pfausback, with N.Ger. anlaut Pausback (besides Bausback with Gmc. b-, see under); Nor.
dial. pusling toddler, fairy demon, ghost, goblin , Swiss Pfosi toddler, clumsy, stupid
person (short and thick); Nor. ps, pysa mud puddle , O.N. pyss ds. (in place names).
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Bausback, Bausch swelling, turgescent, bulgy cushion, stuffed brost , M.H.G. bsch
bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, wad, plumper , O.N. busilkinna woman (
with chubby cheeks), a chubby-cheeked woman , Nor. baus proud, rollicking, wanton,
violent, quick-tempered , O.H.G. bsi stonyhearted, bad , Ger. bse, M.Eng. bsten,
nEng. to boast brag, boast (*blow up ), Ger. beysinn thick, wide and large (from
clothes), bstinn ds., O.Ice. beysti ham, Ger. dial. Baust bulge; bead; lip; torus;
wreath; roll; bulb , bauste(r)n to swell, O.H.G. biost, Ger. Biest-milch (actually fat milk
), O.E. bost, bysting, Eng. beastngs, biestings ds., Nor. dial. budda (*buzdn-) ds.
(insecure is, whether Swe. dial. buska fresh, fermenting beer and associated with it as
*beuza- is to be added O.H.G. bior, O.E. bor beer as frothing at the mouth, foaming,
bubble-throwing, blistering ; about other interpretations of beer see Kluge11 and WeigandHirt).
Russ. buchnut to bloat, bulge, swell, gush, well up, sloven, buhnem, buhniti to bloat,
bulge, swell, sich inflate, bloat, buhor vesicle, blister , kasch. bucha pride, hauteur
(*bausu).
There is used probably the following group which meaning blasting forth, sallying forth
from swell can be developed: O.Ice. bysia stream out with big power ; Nor. dial. bysa
storm forth ; Swe. busa dismay, hurtle out ; E.Fris. bsen be violent, roar, make a
noise, attack (and live the high life, high on the hog / or high off the hog, have a
luxurious lifestyle , compare above M.H.G. bsen indulge oneself), bsterig stormy ,
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b, b
English meaning: sheeps bleating
Deutsche bersetzung: Nachahmung of Schaflautes
Material: Gk. , Lat. bb, -ure bleat, shout, from a young deer, bulure and V.Lat. blure
bleat , Ger. bh, Slav. (e.g. Clr.) bkati bleat , Ltv. be, beku, biku Interj. bleating,
grousing, blatant , O.Ice. bekri Aries, ram , Swiss bckeln (*from the alpine chamois);
similarly O.Ir. biccithir bellow, roar , Welsh beichio bellow, perhaps also O.Ind. bkuru
voice, sound, tone, all single-linguistic neologisms. Similarly O.Ir. beiccithir roars, Welsh
beichio mugire, perhaps O.Ind. bkuru voice, tone , all single-linguistic new formations.
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bhabh
English meaning: bean
Deutsche bersetzung: and anklingende words for Bohne, under zw. broad bean
Note: compare to Sachlichen Hoops Waldb. 350, 400 f., 464 f., Hehn Kltpfl. 8 221, 570,
Russ. etc bob, O.Pruss. babo ds. Probably reduplicated babble-word and as inflated,
bulged pod, tumescence related to Gk. m. lentil: Alb. bath f. broad bean
(*bhaku).
Note: common Alb. shift -kh > -th also -gh > -dh
Also O.Ice. baun, O.E. ban, O.H.G. bna bean (Baunonia Frisian island by Plinius) have
originated probably through dissimilation from *banu to *aunu.
Note:
The assumption of a duplicated Root bhabhu (bha-bhu) seems to be wrong. Common Lat.
k > p phonetic mutation corresponds to common Gk. g > b phonetic mutation : Gk.
clean, gleaming, , clean, smudges (*bhoig-o-), ,
(*bhig-) impure, unclean. That means Gk. m. lentil and Alb. bath f.
broad bean derived from an intermediary root (*bhaku) and that one from Root bheig- :
to shine.
Obviously Germanic forms *banu derived from Illyr. *bathna (Alb. bath f. broad bean );
common Alb. nasalization t > nt > n.
References: WP. II 131, WH. I 436.
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bhag-1
English meaning: to divide
Deutsche bersetzung: zuteilen; as Anteil bestimmen or (originally medial?) as Anteil, as
Portion erhalten
Material: O.Ind. bhajati allocates, apportions, divides = Av. bag- (baat ) be determined
as an interest , O.Ind. bhaga-h property, luck , Av. baga-, baa- n. favorable interest,
attractive lot ; O.Ind. bhaga-h allocator, master, mister, epithet of Savitar and another
uditya = Av. baa- master, mister, god , Pers. ba god : O.C.S. bog god (formal
also =Gk. -);.
Maybe suffixed Alb. (*ba-) bagti sheep (animal god)
ur-ind. (Withanni) PN Bagarriti (= *bhaga-rti- blessing stream ), GN Bagbartu (= *bhaga-
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bhag-2
English meaning: sharp
Deutsche bersetzung: scharf, also vom Geschmack??
Material: Kret. whetstone , , pointy heads, pointedheads,
pointheads (from * after crooked *(with a pointed angle?) would compare
from Liden Arm.-stem 57 ff. with Arm. bark (could be = ) bitter, sharp from taste;
violent, angry compared, yet bark could belong also to IE *bhorgo-s .
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bhardh
English meaning: beard
Deutsche bersetzung: Bart
Note: Root bhardhu : beard derived from the fussion of suffixed Root ger-1, ger- : to
devour; throat + zero grade g(h)i- snake, worm, fish Root ang(h)i- : snake, worm, *fish.
Material: Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ger- gha) verza (*throat), gill of fish Latvian burda gill of
fish : Latvian: burda beard [f u]; burzda (dial.) beard [f u] : Greek , gill
of fish = Root ger-1, ger- : to devour; throat + zero grade of Root ang(h)i- (*eghi-,
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M.Ir. barc f. onrush (esp. the waves, billows); whereas derives M.Ir. barc f. fortress
probably from Gallo-Rom. *bar(i)ca framehouse, a wooden house (compare Bollelli LIt.
dial. 17, 147 f.);
Toch. A prukr, prukre firmly fixed in place; not easily moved; physically stable (Van
Windekens Lexique 100).
References: WP. II 134 f., WH. I 456 f., Loth RC. 38, 303 f. Zweifel by EM 332.
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Material: bharsLat. fastigium (*bharsti-) the gable end, pediment of a roof; hence a slope, either up or
down; of measurements looking up, height; looking down, depth; abstract, high rank,
dignity; principal point in a subject , here perhaps fastus, -s m. pride, haughtiness,
arrogance (tu-stem), in addition fastdium loathing, squeamishness, disgust, dislike;
hence scorn, haughtiness, disdain (from *fasti-tdium, to taedium); s. also Pisani Rc. R. Ist.
Lomb. 76, 2, 17 f.;
O.Ir. barr top, point, summit, foliage , Welsh Corn. bar, Bret. barr ds., O.Brit. PN Cuno-
barros fierce, furious like a battle dog , Gaul. *barros bush, treetop (M.-L. 964).
bhorsM.Ir. borr stout, proud, swollen, M.Welsh bwrr ds., Corn. bor fat;
O.H.G. parrn stand up stiffly , parrunga pride, O.Ice. barr- needle, conifer , O.E.
brs, bears, M.H.G. bars, Ger. Barsch, O.H.G. bersich barse, perch ; ablaut. Swe. aghborre (*borzan, IE *bhrs-) ds.;
N.Ger. (out of it Ger.) barsch (*bhors-ko-) coarse, stern, rough; M.Eng. burre, borre
burdock, roughness in the throat , Eng. bur(r) ds., Dan.-Swe. borre burdock, Swe. sj-
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bhrsti-, bhorstiO.Ind. bhrst-h f. prong, spike, cusp, peak, edge, point = Gmc. *bursti- in O.Ice. burst f.
bristle, ridge of the roof , O.E. byrst f. bristle, O.H.G. burst, borst m. n., bursta f. bristle,
M.H.G. burste bristle brush (from dem pl. from burst bristle mass ); Slav. *brstio- in
Russ. bor acanthus , bor red turnip soup , etc
With formants -dho-, -dhu-:
bhrezdhO.E. breord, breard m. edge, bank, border, shore, surface, plain, area (*brerdaz),
besides briord (*brerdia), O.S. brdder ds., Mod.Swe. brdd, etc
Maybe Alb. (*bhrez) brez hillside, (*border) strap, belt the same in Rom. ??? similar to
Russ. brozd bridle, rein .
bhrozdhAlb. breth, bredhi fir; O.Ir. brot sting, prick , O.Corn. bros, Bret. broud ds., compare
M.Ir. brostaim spur on, drive on, goad, incite, arouse from *bhros-t- (Loth RC. 42, 70),
mistakenly ORahilly Eriu 13, 169 f.; O.H.G. brart edge, border, stem, stem bar, stem post
, Swe. dial. bradd.
bhrezdh-, bhrozdhM.Ir. brataim loots, robs (in addition bratn salmon ) = Welsh brathu sting, bite, drill
through ; *bhrozdh- or *bhrzdh- to Gmc. *bruzd- in O.H.G. brort edge, border, O.E. brord
m. cusp, peak, germ, sprout, leaf , wschs. brerd (*brozdi-),
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broch ds., whether originally pointy or sharp snouted, rat faced, incisive looking, spiky to
Lat. (Celt.) broccus to with protruding teeth , Gaul. *broccos cusp, peak, spiky, Fr.
broche spear etc Unclear is, to what extent M.Ir. brocc smut , Gael. brocach mottled,
speckled, *tabby , Welsh broch rage, fury, din, fuss, noise, scum, froth, foam , Mod.Bret.
broched mad, wicked, evil (= stung, bitten) are to be owed to secondary semantic
change or belong to different stems.
It is striking Pol. (Ven.-Illyr.). FlN Brok, perhaps signifies river badger.
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bhasko- (*bhedh-sko)
English meaning: bundle, heap
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa Bund, Bundel
Note: Root bhasko- : bundle, heap is a truncated formation of an older root *bhedh-sko
from which derived both Root bhedh-2 : to bow, bend and Root bhasko- : bundle, heap
(see below). The alledged root *bhedh-sko derived from bhegh- [common Illyr. -gh- > -dhphonetic mutation].
Material: Maked. and (these genuine Gk.
vowel form), Hes.; perhaps here Gk. leather sack ;
Lat. fascia bandage, band, girdle, girth, strap, land stripe , fascis alliance, bundle,
parcel; the fasces with excellent hatchet as a token of the imperious power ;
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
Maybe Alb. bashk together, bound, bashkonj put together, unite, bashk fleece (a
bundle of wool).
Note:
Alb. proves that from an early root *bhegh- [common Illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation]
derived Root bhedh-2 : to bow, bend and Root bhadh-sko- : bundle, heap (see below).
M.Ir. basc collar, neckband , O.Brit. bascauda brazen rinsing boiler (perhaps
originally an earthen and burnt vessel formed about a twisted skeleton good as basket),
Welsh baich burden, load , M.Bret. bech, Bret. beach ds.; Gallo-Rom. *ambi-bascia
load, O.Leon. ambaissi kneader for the sheaves (Jud Rom. 47, 481 ff.).
References: WP. II 135 f., WH. I 97, 459 f.
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bezzir(o), bezzist, Ger. besser, best; in addition das adv. of compar. O.Ice. betr, O.E. bet
(*batiz), O.H.G. baz (*bataz, congealed Neutr. benefit );
O.Ice. bati m. improvement, salvation, O.Fris. bata m. benefit, advantage , M.H.G.
bazze ds.; Goth. gabatnan acquire benefit , O.Ice. batna become better , O.E. batian,
O.H.G. bazzen ds.;
with ablaut Goth. bta f. benefit, O.Ice. O.E. bt improvement, replacement , O.H.G.
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bhghu-s
English meaning: elbow, arm
Deutsche bersetzung: Ellbogen and Unterarm
Material: O.Ind. buhu-h m. arm, esp. forearm; with animals forefoot , Av. buzuu- arm,
gen. buzv (Arm. bazuk from dem Iran.);
Gk. , Eol.-Dor. elbow, forearm , O.Ice. bgr, acc. PL bgu arm,
shoulder, O.E. bg shoulder, arm; twig, branch, O.H.G. buog (Ger. Bug) shoulder, hip,
haunch, point of shoulder of animals ;
Toch. poke, pauke arm.
References: WP. II 130.
Page(s): 108
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bhgo-s
English meaning: beech
Deutsche bersetzung: Buche
Grammatical information: f.
Material: Gk. , Dor. f. oak (compare Specht KZ. 66, 59); Lat. fugus f. beech
; Gaul. bugos in PN Bugucon, Bugono-; O.H.G. buohha beech (bkn-, compare silva
Bucenis resin by Caesar and M.Lat. Bcnia Rhn -an area in Germany ),
O.Ice. bk f., O.E. bc, bce (bkjn-), in addition Goth. bka f. alphabetic letter , O.Ice.
bk, O.E. bc, O.H.G. buoh f. n. book (as the wood of rune-tablets) , O.H.G. buohstap
alphabetic letter, actually beech stick for scratching .
Ice. beyki n. beech forest is (because of bki ds.) writing variant from *bki, a late
collective to bk; also is to define perhaps Mod.Ice. beykir cooper . Unclear is mir O.Ice.
bukr, baukr first aid kit, medicine box , after Cleasby-Vigfusson 85b a Lw. from M.Lat.
apotheka bin, box, case, crib, tank, bucket is soil?
Slav. *buza- : *bz- elder in Russ. buz m. : Slov. bz, Russ. dial. boz stay away
probably; also kurd. bz a kind of elm , goes back to older vz (from IE *uigs).
M.H.G. bche, biuche lye , biuchen, bchen boil or wash in lye belongs rather to root
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bhuti-h light, bhuna-m n. the shiners, apparition (compare O.Ir. bun white, O.E. bnian
polish), bhunu-h light, ray, sun (: O.S. banu-t), bhuma-h light, shine;
Av. bu- shine, appear, seem only with u- (avuntm the resembling, the similar ), fru
(fra-vuiti shines out ) and vi- (vi-bu- gleam, shine , Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 32, 86 f.),
Alb. uses a taboo explanation which reflects the religious aspect of the cognate.
O.Ir. bun white, ob f. (*opi-bhu) apparition, beauty;
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s-extension bh-s-: O.Ind. bhus- n. (ved. also disyllabic), instr. bhusu light, shine, glory,
magnificence, power , subhus- having beautiful shininess , bhu-sati glares, gleams ,
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bh-2
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche bersetzung: sprechen
Material: O.Ind. probably in sabhu congregation, meeting (*conversation, discussion;
bhu- in O.Ind. indeed otherwise - up to bhnati, see under - only in the meaning shine,
appear, seem, shine);
Arm. ban (*bhu-nis), gen. -i word, speech, reason, judgement, thing, bay, gen. bayi
word, verbalism (*bh-ti-s = Gk. ); bay particle (he, she) says (= , also bam =
, bas = Lesb. from *bhusi);
Gk. , Dor. say, , Dor. knowledge, shout, call, revelation (= Lat.
Maybe Alb.Gheg me fol to speak, fjal word, Tosc flas I speak : Lat. for speak [r/ l
allophones].
Lat. fucundus eloquent, fluent, ready of speech , futum an utterance, esp. a divine
utterance; hence destiny, fate, the will of a god , fuma a report, rumor, saying, talk,
tradition (Denom. Osc. faamat perhaps calls ), fubula talk, conversation; a tale, story,
fable, drama, myth (*bhu-dhlu), fus actually divine command or law; sometimes fate,
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t-s, Lat. fateor, -r, fassus to confess, admit, allow; to reveal, make known = Osc.
fatum speak , Lat. Futuus speaking by inspiration, epithet of foretelling Faunus;
Maybe Alb. (*fateor) fajtor guilty (*confess, admit guilt), then truncated Alb. faj guilt.
O.Ice. bn, bn request, prayer , O.E. ben request, soccage (*bhu-ni-s; or with gradation as Gk. ?); O.E. bian brag, boast (as Lat. fr from *fui r, Slav. bajo);
Russ.-Serb.-Church Slavic baju, bajati tell, discuss, heal, cure, Church Slavic basn
fable, spell, charm , O.C.S. balji, gen. -je physician, medicine man, magician .
At a present *bh-en- based on O.Ind. bhnati speaks ; auf *bhn-u- (or auf Gmc.
reshuffling after spannan) O.H.G. bannan redupl. verb. summon by proclamation (esp. to
arms); curse or damn; pronounce an ecclesiastical curse upon , O.E. bannan redupl. verb
summon, order ,
O.Ice. banna schw. Verb. forbid , whereof O.H.G. ban, PL banna order under penal
threat (Ger. Bann, Bannwald), O.E. gebann, O.Ice. bann n. forbid, ban .
Toch. A pu-, pu-c- beg (Van Windekens Lexique 87 f.).
After Kuiper (. XII 262) here (*bh-s-) O.Ind. bhiakti heals, bhiaj- physician,
medicine man, magician, jAv. -bis- healing ; about Av. biazjut compare Kuiper
NasalprO.S. 44 f.
References: WP. II 123 f., WH. I 437 f., 450, 458 f., 525 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 674 f.
Page(s): 105-106
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1).
References: WP. II 135.
Page(s): 111
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bust tree stump etc), fsterna knot, burl, burr, stump, snag ;
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift, maybe Alb. fut, fus hit, insert, copulate
O.Ir. bibdu culpable, fiend (*bhe-bhud-uts), M.Ir. bualaim hit from *bhuud-l- ... (or
*boug-l- ... to Ger. pochen above S. 98); probably also O.Ir. bodar deaf, stuns, dazes,
deafens, baffles, Welsh byddar deaf (*budaro-);
O.Ice. bauta (-aa) hit, bump, poke, O.E. batan (bot), O.H.G. boz(z)an (biez or schw.
Verb) ds., M.H.G. boz, bz, bz m. blow, knock, Ger. Ambo, O.E. butel hammer,
M.L.G. botel ds., M.H.G. bzel beetle, hammer, O.Ice. bytill penis of horses ; O.Ice.
butr short piece of a tree trunk ; with expressivem tt: N.Ger. butt dull, clumsy (in addition
the fish name Butte),
M.H.G. butze truncated piece, clump , O.E. buttuc bottom, piece land, Nor. dial. butt
stump, clot, chunk (also wood skid). But O.E. bytt flask, a large cask or barrel, used esp.
for wine, ale, or beer derives from Lat. buttis barrel, vat, cask , also Welsh both flask;
O.Ice. beysta knock, hit (*bhaud-sti-, compare Lat. fstis); with -sk-suffix perhaps
M.H.G. bsch cudgel, club, blow, knock (*bhd-sko-), perhaps different from bsch wad,
bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb , see above S. 101.
b) with t-formants:
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bhu-2
See also: s. bhu-1
Page(s): 112
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bhedh-1
English meaning: to pierce, dig
Deutsche bersetzung: stechen, especially in die Erde stechen, graben
Material: Lat. fodi, -ere, fd to dig; also to dig out; to excavate. Transf. to prick, prod, jog
, fossa ditch, trench, channel, fodicure sting repeatedly, dig, jog ;
Gaul. bedo- canal, ditch, trench, channel (Wartburg I 313), Welsh bedd, Corn. bedh,
Bret. bz grave ; Gaul. *bodca fallow field (M.-L. 1184);
Goth. badi n. bed, O.E. bedd ds., O.H.G. etc betti bed, a garden-plot (to be) filled with
plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown , O.N. ber m. bedspread,
eiderdown (IE *bhodhio-), originally a bed burrowed in the ground , compare Ger.
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bhedh-2
English meaning: to bow, bend
Deutsche bersetzung: krummen, beugen, drucken, plagen
Material: O.Ind. budhat throngs, presses, plagues, Desid. b bhatsat is shy of
something, feels disgust , ju-budh- bending knee ;
Alb. bint, med. bindem be bent (*be convinced, pressured) , bashkr together ,
Alb. proves that from an early root *bhegh- [common Illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation]
derived Root bhedh-2 : to bow, bend and Root bhadh-sko- : bundle, heap (see above).
Goth. bida prayer, O.H.G. beta f. request, Goth. bidjan (sek. -bidan) bid, beg, ask,
pray , O.Ice. bija, O.E. biddan, O.H.G. bitten, O.Ice. kn-ber m. knee pad , O.E.
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From an extended Root b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : expr. sound of hitting derived Root bheg-,
bheng- : to break, Root bhengh-, bhngh- (adj. bhnghu-s) : thick, fat, Root bheug-1 : to
flee, *be frightened, Root bheug-2, bheugh- : to clear away, free, Root bheug-3, bheugh- :
to bow, Root bheug-4 : to enjoy, *consume, bite as taboo words.
O.Ir. bongid, -boing breaks, reaps, harvests, wins (*gains) verbal noun buain (*bhog-ni), enclitic -bach, -bech (*bhogo-m), Thurneysen Grammar 447, 461; pass. preterit -bocht,
perhaps = bocht poor ;
dropping the nasal the preterit buich has probably secondary u (compare O.Ir. mag field,
dat. muig < *mages), so that it is not necessary, to go back in *bheug(h)- bend;
M.Welsh di-vwng inflexible ; to meaning defeat, conquer compare O.Ir. maidid break
out = defeat. To grade point at also M.Ir. boimm morsel, bite, mouthful from *bhog-
smn;
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bingus gamy (of horses), bengiu, bengiau, begti finish , pabang f. termination;
pr. pobanginnons moves, weighs ; in the meaning finish, end come into being through
ablaut derailment forms with ei, ai (compare Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 60) in Ltv. beigas pl. end,
inclination, slope , Lith. pabaig ds., beigiu and baigiu end, Ltv. bidzu ds.;
here Ltv. buoga also stands for stony place, here belongs probably also Russ. buga
flooded tract of forest ; different about beig- (to bhei- hit) Kuiper Nasalprs. 184.
The following forms are to be kept away because of the auslauts and because of
meaning and to indicate probably as onomatopoeic words:
Gmc. *bang- hit in O.Ice. banga hit, bang din, fuss, noise, Eng. bang knock, hit,
with ablaut M.H.G. M.L.G. bungen drum; N.Ger. bengel club, cudgel, boor = Ger.
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bgu, bgt flee, with ablaut kausat. boginu, bognti flee something, to get there quckly ;
Slav. *bego in Russ. begu (Inf. bet), Clr. bihu (Inf. by) run, in addition as neologism
O.C.S. pribegno, pribegnoti etc flee, as well as O.C.S. beo, beati flee etc;
Toch. A pknt (pkt) remote, distant, apart, separated (Van Windekens Lexique 96).
References: WP. II 184 f., Trautmann 29, Meillet Slave commun 2 220, 235, Schwyzer Gk. I
717.
Page(s): 116
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bheidh-1
English meaning: to advise, force
Deutsche bersetzung: jemandem zureden, zwingen, med. sich einreden lassen,
vertrauen
Material: Gk. lets me persuade, follow (Aor. , Hom. , ;
perf. trust), Akt. (sek.) , Aor. persuade, convince, , -
persuasion , (for *) reliable, loyal, faithful, relying, , -, - loyalty,
reliance, Hom. in reassurance (*--);
Alb. b f. oath, vow, pledge (*bhoidhu = O.C.S. beda need), E.Gheg per-bej curse,
hex (in addition neologism bese f. faith, belief, pact, covenant, loyalty);
Note: Alb. b f. oath derived from a truncated Alb. betim oath
fids trust, confidence, reliance, belief, faith , Dius Fidius the god of faith, a surname of
Jupiter ; Umbr. combifiatu (*bhidhiu-) you shall trust, confide, rely upon, believe, be
assured; about Osc. Fiisiais, Umbr. Fise, Fiso, Fisovio- s. WH. I 494;
Note:
Alb. Alb. f, fja religion, fejonj perform engagement ceremony (marriage vows?) : AN
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Page 344
bheidh-2
Deutsche bersetzung: binden, flechten
See also: s. bhidh-.
Page(s): 117
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btan, O.H.G. bzzan bite (= O.Ind. bhdati, Gk. ); Kaus. O.Ice. beita allow to
bite, allow to graze , O.E. btan rein, curb, restrain, hunt, chase, O.H.G. M.H.G. beizen
ds., corrode, O.Ice. beizl set of teeth, bridle, rein (*baitislan), O.E. gebtu N. pl.,
gebtel n. set of teeth ; O.Ice. biti m., O.E. bita m. morsel, mouthful, O.H.G. bizzo m.,
bizza f. morsel, mouthful, nip; Goth. baitrs bitter (bitting from taste );
changing through ablaut O.Ice. bitr biting, sharp, painful, O.E. biter, bitter, O.S. O.H.G.
bittar biting, sharp, bitter; O.Ice. beiskr sharp, bitter (*bait-skaz); Goth. beist sourdough
(*bhei[d]-sto-); O.E. bitela biting, bitel beetle, chafer, Eng. beetle;
Maybe Alb. bisk branch, twig (*beam?)
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btel chisel, M.H.G. beizel sting, prick (: O.Ind. bhdura-h, bhdira-h thunderbolt).
The fact is that bheid- extension to *bhei()- hit seems possible.
References: WP. II 138 f., WH. I 500 f.
Page(s): 116-117
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fid(h)b(h)a sickle = O.Welsh uiidimm lignite , Welsh gwyddyf scythe, pruning knife =
gallo-Lat. vidubium hack, mattock, hoe (*vidu-bion wood hoe ), compare M.Ir. PN Fal-
be (*weapon, magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killer (*vailu-bios); O.Ir. binit f. rennet,
cleaver (incisive, *bi-n-ant), M.Ir. bian skin, fell, fur, O.Ir. bail hatchet, O.Welsh bahell,
Welsh bwyell, bwyall ds., M.Bret. bouhazl ds. (*bhiili-), O.Ir. bimm n. blow, knock (*bhei-
smn), Corn. bommen ds., Gaul. *biliu tree stump, Fr. bille;
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-dhlo-: R.C.S. bilo n. a louse rake or comb , Ser.-Cr. bilo the transverse piece of wood at
the front of a wooden rake (to rake leaves with) , Cz. bidlo shaft, pole, Russ. bo beetle,
hammer; btva fight, struggle, blow, knock (: Messap. ), O.C.S. bi whip, scourge
(from Slav. Ger. Peitsche); in ablaut O.C.S. u-boj m. murder, Ser.-Cr. bj, gen. boja
battle, Russ. Cz. boj ds. (: Illyr. Boii).
References: WP. II 137 f., WH. I 503 f., 506, Trautmann 33, Lidn KZ. 61, 12, Karstien KZ.
65, 154 f.
See also: S. above under bheid-.
Page(s): 117-118
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Page 350
Material: The short form still in O.Ice. b-fluga, Alem. b, bO.Ir. beij; besides forms with n
(barely extracted only the weak Decl.), as O.H.G. bini n. bee, ablaut. ba f. (*b-n- = O.E.
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Page 352
Page 353
Material: From Gmc. probably in addition M.L.G. bolte(n) bolt for a door, dart, arrow,
O.H.G. bolz, Ger. Bolz, Bolzen, O.E. bolt bolt for a door, dart, arrow, Swe. bult bolt for a
door (*bhld-),
perhaps also Ger. Balz, Vb. balzen andbolzen, Nor. dial. bolt m. male forest bird; tomcat,
male-cat, Ger. Bolze tomcat, male-cat; Nor. dial. bolta rumble, storm ahead,
older Dan. bolte curl up, roll oneself , Swe. bulta knock, Swe. dial. bultra wallow, romp,
Nor. dial. bultra rant, roister, romp, abl. Nor. dial. baltra wallow, romp;
Lith. beldu, -eti and bldiu, blsti hit, knock, ablaut. bildu, bildeti din, drone, rumble,
bldau, -yti knock, stark rumble, baldas pestle; Ltv. belzt hit (perhaps contamination
from *belu = Lith. bldiu with telz- hit, Muhlenbach-Endzelin Ltv.-dt. Wb. 278).
References: WP. II 184, WH. I 560 f.
Page(s): 124
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Material: bhelg-: O.Ind. bhrgas- n. radiative lustre, shine (*bhelgos); Bhrgavah, pl.
mythical priests of the flash fire ; Ltv. balgans whitish;
perhaps here O.C.S. blag good, Russ. (old and mtdarl.) blogo adv. good, eig. light
(contrast dark: mad, wicked, evil); Toch. AB plk- burn, gleam, shine, get hot , A plk,
pilko look, A polkumts stars (: Lith. blgans), empalkaitte careless, neglectful
(Negation + *palk- gleam, shine besides plk-);
bhleg-: Gk. burn, singe, ignite , singe, to set on fire; intr. burn, be in
flames, n. blaze; inflammation; mucus, f. inflammation, ignition;
ferventness, passion; rutting, Hes. (adj. fiery red) ,
flame;
Lat. flagr, -ure to blaze, burn, glow, flame, also to glitter. Transf., to glow or burn with
passion; to suffer from , wherefore probably flamma a flame, blazing fire; Transf. a source
of light, torch, star, lightning; luster, glitter; the fire or glow of passion; devouring flame,
destruction as *flagmu, Osc. Flagiu perhaps an interpreter of lightning ;
Maybe Alb. (*flagr ) flegra (*ardent, passionate breathing) nostrils, flakroj I shine,
flak fire;
besides flug- (red.- grades *bhlegr-, *bhlegmu or because of , rather
*bhlogmu) stand zero grades bhlg-, Lat. fulg- in Lat. fulg and fulge, -re, fuls to flash, to
lighten; in gen., to shine, glitter gleam; fig., to be distinguished, to shine , fulgor, -ris
Page 355
blecken show the teeth ; O.H.G. blecchazzen, M.H.G. blecken flash , M.Du. nDutch
blaken flame, burn, glow, O.E. blcern, blacern candlestick, flambeaux , O.Ice. blakra
blink, glitter, flash; here probably as burnt (compare nd. blaken from blackening lamp
flame), sooty , O.E. blc black, n. ink, O.H.G.blah ds.;
nasalized Gmc. *blenk-, *blank- in M.H.G. Ger. blinken, M.H.G. blinzen (*blinkatjan), Ger.
blinzeln (besides with Gmc. g older Dan. blinge blink, glitter, flash under likewise, s. FalkTorp under blingse); O.H.G. blanch, M.H.G. blank blinking, gleaming, gleaming, white,
Ger. blank, O.E. blanca m. steed (eig. from bright color, compare:) O.Ice. blakkr sallow,
paled, poet. steed (dun horse, grey, *white horse ), O.S. blakker sallow, paled, dun
(horse), but also black, dark (from Gmc. borrows Fr. blanc, Ital. bianco). From this nasal
form also pr. blingis pallid ;
Lith. blgnytis sober oneself up; lighten up, O.Lith. blinginti shine.
A variant on -g- perhaps in Ltv. blzt shimmer , blzma (blug-ma) reflection of
moonlight on the water .
References: WP II 214 f., WH. I 510 f. 865, Pedersen Toch. 162, 218, Van Windekens
Lexique 17, 98, EM. 398.
See also: Beside bheleg- stands synonymous to bhereg-, see there.
Page(s): 124-125
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bealo evil, mad, wicked, evil, O.Ice. bol, dat. bolve misfortune, O.H.G. balo, gen.
balawes ruin; Goth. bliggwan (*bleuuan) hit, O.H.G. bliuwan, Ger. bleuen ds., M.Eng.
blowe blow, knock, O.Ice. blege m. (*blauuian-) wedge;
O.Bulg. bol sicker, boleti be ill .
About Ger. Block etc see under bhel-5.
References: WP. II 189, Hirt IE Gk. II 150, Feist 79, 100, Specht Decl. 133.
See also: Besides a root form bhlu-: bhlu- : bhl-, see there.
Page(s): 125
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Material: O.Ind. barh- n. sacrificial grass, (*sacrificial bed of straw) = Av. barzi- n.
cushion, pillow, cushion, Pers. buli pillow, cushion; O.Ind. upa-brhana-m, upa-brhan
f. cover, cushion;
Note:
Clearly Alb. bar grass, straw derived from Indian languages. Hence Alb. is a direct
descendant of Sanskrit. Clearly Alb. belongs to satem family.
Whether with Asp.-Diss. against forms -ha- here O.Ind. brjaha-h udder?
Ir. bolgaim swell, bolg f. bubble, bolg m. sack, bag, belly, husk, trouser , M.Ir.
bolgach f. swelling, blister, bubble, blister; pox, bolgamm gulp, Welsh bol, bola, boly
belly, sack, bag,
bul seed capsule, seminal shell (PL. of boly), Bret. bolch linen pod , Vann. pehl-en
(from *pehl-) ds., Gaul. bulga leather sack (out of it O.H.G. bulga water container made
of leather ); Gaul. Belgae the angry (*a warlike people in the north of Gaul) ;
Goth. balgs m. hose, O.Ice. belgr m. stripped animal skin, bag, belly, O.H.G. M.H.G.
balg bag, hose, bellows, sword scabbard , O.E. bielg, byl(i)g sac, bag, Eng. belly belly,
bellows bellows (Gmc. *ali- m., compare O.Pruss. balsinis; perhaps hat also O.Ind.
barhis-, Av. barzi- IE -i-s- as extension dieses i-stem);
O.Ice. participle bolginn swollen, Kaus. belgja make swell up, O.S. O.E. belgan stemV. be angry , O.H.G. belgan swell up, refl. be angry with, O.Fris. participle ovirbulgen
angers;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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divide
Material: O.Ind. bhulam n. lustre, shine, forehead, sam-bhulayati glances (lengthened
grade); baluku a cranes kind with b- after bak-h a herons kind ;
Arm. bal pallidness, paleness ;
Maybe Alb. bal badger (animal with white spots in the snout), balo a dog with white spot
on the forehead.
Gk. white Hes., Hes., (F) gleaming, white, whitefronted , , Dor. - ds., , Dor. - coot (*bald-headed) ,
bald-headed ,
Note: Dor. - coot (*bald-headed) , bald-headed related to Alb.
balta sea swamp ; ligur. *bolu swamp, marsh (M.-L. 1191b), FlN Duria Bautica (from
*Baltica), perhaps here mare Balticum (Ven.-Illyr.?) Baltic Sea (Einhard, 9. Jh), compare
Bonfante BAL.-SLAV. 37, 7 f.;
Note: clearly Illyr. Albanoi TN derived from the IE root *bal white
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fls, -is f. a polecat, cat, marten; hence a thief here belongs, is dubious because of
mls, -is f. marten, badger;
Celt. belo- luminous, white in Welsh beleu (*bheleuo-) marten, O.Ir. obell m. blaze,
glow, heat (f. spark, glowing coal) = Welsh ufel m. spark, fire (*opi-bhelo-), M.Ir. Bel-tene
festival of 1st May (= beacon), Gaul. GN (Apollo) Belenos, (Minerva) Belisama
(SuperLat.), FlN Belenu > Fr. Bienne, Swiss Biel; aFr. baille paleness (out of it
M.Bret.baill ds.) could on ablaut. Gaul. *balio- go back, compare frz PN Bailleuil < *Balio-
fulica), Ger. Belche coot, BergN Belchen (to suffix s. Brugmann Grundri II 1, 511, Specht
Decl. 213 f.), lengthened grade O.Ice. bul flame, O.E. bl pyres, funeral piles (*bhl-).
Whereas are Gmc. *pl- in O.E. pl, Eng. pool, O.H.G. pfuol pool, ablaut. Dutch peel
(*pali-) morass, O.E. pyll, Eng. pill (*pulia-, older *blio-) probably from Ven.-IH. borrows
(see above *bolu); different Petersson Heterokl. 205;
Lith. blas white and snowdrop , bal f. white anemone and m. swamp, marsh,
moor, fen, pool, balu, balau, blti become white; Ltv. lengthened grade bls pallid, pale,
wan ; O.Pruss. ballo f. forehead and *balo swamp, marsh in PN;
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blato sea, Ser.-Cr. blato sea, ordure, Russ. boto swamp, marsh;
Lith. blnas white (with glottal stop, IE *bholnos), baladis baptism , balnda
orache , Russ. lebed, Serb. lobda ds.;
Slav. *bolna f. (with trail tone, IE *bholnu) in Cz. Slov. blna membrane, skin,
cutaneously, Russ. boon sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood, (dial.) lump , bon f.,
splint in wood, originally identical with Cz. blana meadow, grassland, Pol. bon f., bonie
n. ds., Russ. boonje n. deeply situated meadows ;
perhaps Toch. palsk-, plsk, A pl(t)sk cogitate (*see, compare O.Ind. sam-
bhulayati);
whether here Gk. (*bhel-so-), cork, oak cork , rocky ground ,
even (*of land, ground, etc.: level, flat, not hilly or sloping; of uniform height) ,
scale, flake (ones of reptile)?
References: WP. II 175 f., WH. I 108 f., 559 f., W. Schulze Berl. Sbb. 1910, 787 = Kl. Schr.
111, Trautmann 25, 29 f., Specht Decl. 116 f.
See also: Here further bhel-2; bheleg-; bhlei-, -g-, -k-; bhlendh-; bhles-; bhleu-, -k-, -s-;
Page 362
bhel-2
English meaning: in names of henbane
Deutsche bersetzung: in Bezeichnungen of Bilsenkrautes
Note: probably with bhel-1 identical
belsa);
Slav. *belena-, *belenu in R.C.S. belen m., Russ. belen f., Slav. *beln m. in Slov.
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Bulle);
Maybe Alb.Gheg pallosh penis : Gk. penis
in addition (formation as ), whale (compare that probably
borrowed through Illyr. mediation Lat. ballaena; also M.H.G. bullich calls big fish kinds;
identical is moth, about and supplementary see above Z. 1; about
see below phel-; after Persson Beitr. 299 also () Great mullein, plant
with thick woolly leaves, as *bh(e)lo-mo-s?
Probably Phryg. -, - Hes., also penis; Thrac. VN
-.
Lat. follis a leather bag; a pair of bellows; a purse; a puffed-out cheek (*bhlnis or
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bhl- (bhel-) in O.S. bulin, bolin swollen, bulde, bolde, byld hump, ulcer; O.Ice. bulr, bolr
m. tree truck, trunk, M.L.G. M.H.G. bole f. plank (Ger. Bohle); O.Ice. boli bull, O.E. bula
ds., bulluc young bull, Eng. bull, M.L.G. Ger. Bulle (as *bull-n = Gk. * from a stem
*bulla- = -); hess. bulle vulva; O.Ice. bolli m. drinking bowl (*spherical vessel;
M.Ir. balln drinking vessel probably from Nord.), O.E. bolla m. bowl, hafodbolla
brain box, cranium , O.Fris. strotbolla larynx, O.S. bollo drinking bowl, O.H.G. bolla f.
vesicle, blister, fruit skin or knot of the flax , M.H.G. bolle f. bud, spherical vessel, O.H.G.
hirnibolla cranium, Ger. Bolle, Robollen, M.H.G. bullich, bolch big fish among others
cod (compare ), compare also O.H.G. boln, M.H.G. boln roll, throw, toss, fling
and with the meaning swollen = thick, big, large, Swe. dial. bl, bol thick and large,
strong, very daring , O.Ice. poet. bolmr bear; here probably O.Ice. bulki ship load, Swe.
Dan. bulk hump, nodules, tubers;
in heterokl. paradigm (?) *bhelr, gen. *bhelns interprets O.H.G. bilorn m. f. gums
(*bilurn swelling, bulge;
bead;
lip;
torus;
wreath;
roll;
*beluzn;
Gmc. *bel-n- also in hess. bille penis (: bulle), M.L.G. (ars-)bille, Dutch bil buttock, Swe.
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bali elevation along the the edge of the lake bank; small rise on ground level ; with
formants -to- and the meaning swollen, inflated = arrogant, bold , Goth. bal-aba adv.
boldly , balei f. boldness , O.Ice. ballr dreadful, dangerous, baldinn defiant, O.E.
beald bold, audacious, O.H.G. bald bold, audacious, quick, fast, Ger. bald adv.; in
addition O.E. bealdor prince, lord, master, mister, O.Ice. GN Baldr.
With coloring gradation *bhl- probably Nor. bl in heat, rutting, of the sow (changing
through ablaut bala rutting, be in heat ).
root form bhl-:
Gk. gossip, talkative, -, - be talkative; as
from bhu-, Aor. bubble out;
Lat. fl, flure to blow; intransit., of winds, persons and instru- ments; transit., to blow,
blow forth; to blow on an instrument; to cast metals, to coin (probably from *bhl-i), but
flmina varicoses is probably Lw. from Gk. ; Nor. dial. blma bleb on the skin,
skin vesicle ; O.S. blmma ds.; O.H.G. blut(t)ara, O.S. bludara blister, bubble, O.E.
bldre ds., reduplication-stem O.Ice. blara vesicle, blister, bubble, O.H.G. etc blat leaf;
O.Ice. blu- in Zs. excessive, very; with prevalent meaning blow O.H.G. io-present blujan,
bluen blow, swell, blow out, O.E. bluwan blow (here w from perf.), O.H.G. blut, O.E.
bld blow, breath, breeze, gust of wind, O.Ice. blr gust of wind; with -s- Goth. ufblsan
inflate, bloat, O.Ice. blusa blow, pant, gasp, inflate, bloat; uPers.: swell up, O.H.G.
blusan blow, blusa bubble, blust blast, breath, breeze, O.E. blst, O.Ice. blustr
(*blstu-) blast, breath, breeze, snort, rage, fury;
Maybe Alb. plas blow
Ltv. blnas prank derives from Russ. Lw. bldis confidence trickster, swindler .
Maybe Alb.Gheg blenj I buy, bargain, strike a deal) similar meaning shift as Lat. c -ere
hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain
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Material: Gk. leaf (*bhuliom), Lat. folium ds.; M.Ir. bilec leaf (from *bile < *bhelio); moreover probably O.Ir. bile n. tree;
Maybe Alb. (*) pyll forest [common Alb. shift u > y]
bhl-, mostly bhl- in: Lat. fls, -ris m. a flower, blossom. Transf., the prime, flower of
anything, the best, the pride; on the face, first beard, down ; flre, -re to bloom, flower.
Transf., to be in ones prime, to prosper, flourish, be in repute; with abl. to abound in, swarm
with ; Osc. Fluusa the goddess of flowers, whose festival was celebrated on the 28th of
April, often with unbridled license , Fluusasias of the festivals of Flora , sabin. Flusare
of or belonging to the festival of Flora, of the Floralia .
M.Ir. bluth m. bloom, blossom, flower, Welsh blawd, O.Corn. blodon bloom, blossom
(*bhl-t-), M.Bret. (with -men-suffix) bleuzven, Bret. bleun(v)enn ds., with s-derivative
M.H.G. bluost bloom, blossom, Ger. Blust, O.E. blstma, blsma, blstm flower,
blossom, O.N. blmstr ds., Dutch blsen bloom (= M.L.G. blsen blush, see below
bhles- shine);
Goth. blma m., O.H.G. bluomo m. flower, blossom, O.Ice. blomi m. ds., blm collective
flower, blossom; O.H.G. bluojen, bluowen, O.S. bljan, O.E. blwan bloom; O.H.G. bluot
f. blossoming, bloom, blossom = O.E. bld f. scion, shoot, twig, branch, flower, blossom,
fruit; but Goth. bl n., O.Ice. bl, O.S. O.E. bld, O.H.G. bluot blood probably to
*bhel- effervesce.
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balko balk, beam; O.Ice. balkr partition wall, dividing off, partitioning off, bolkr dividing
off, partitioning off;
zero grade O.E. bolca m. gangplank; but O.H.G. bloh(h), M.H.G. bloch, Ger. (N.Ger.)
Block clot, chunk, balk, plank contains IE u, also from IE *bhluko- or, whether with Gmc.
consonant increase, from *bhlugo-, to M.Ir. blog piece, fragment, further perhaps to Goth.
bliggwan, O.H.G. bliuwan, Ger. bleuen hit, from IE *bhleu-ono-; see under bheleu-.
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blins, blzins m. prop, E.Ltv. blgzds m. props connected in the wood sledge level ,
Ltv. pablsts m. prop, handle, grasp, handle in the plow , blzt, pablstt prop, sustain;
Russ. dial. (Gouv. Olonez) blozno thick board, Slov. blazna roof beam, crossbeam of
the sledge, stake, stanchion; kaub. bozno the runners connecting the sledge skids .
References: WP. II 181 f., WH. I 559, Trautmann 25 f.
Page(s): 122-123
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bhel-6
English meaning: to sound, speak, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: schallen, reden, brullen, bellen; Schallwurzel
Material: O.Ind. bhas-h barking, baying (*bhel-s-), bhusat talks, speaks, prattles;
bhandat (Dhatup.) speaks, jeers, rebukes (*bhel-n-d), bhnati talks, speaks (*bhel-n)
are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 32 f. nichtIE
O.Ice. belja roar, bellow, M.Du. belen bark, bay; O.Ice. bylja, bulda threaten, drone,
roar, bylr gust of wind, O.E. bylgan roar, bellow, M.H.G. boln cry, roar, bellow;
With Gmc. ll (consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words), O.H.G. bellan bark, bay,
O.E. bellan roar, bellow, bark, bay, grunt; O.H.G. bulln howl (from the wind), bark, bay,
roar, bellow, Ice.-Nor. bulla babble, chat; O.Ice. bjalla, O.E. belle, Eng. bell, M.L.G. belle
bell, Ger. (lit. N.Ger.) Bellhammel bellwether (with bell);
With Gmc. ld (probably from a present dh- and perhaps with Lith. bldu to compare,
because latter contains most probably IE dh) Dan. baldre, Nor. dial. baldra, schwed dial.
ballra rant, roister M.L.G. Dutch balderen ds., Dan. buldre, Swe. bullsa, M.L.G. Dutch
bulderen, bolderen, M.H.G. buldern, Ger. poltern; O.Pruss. billit say, speak, Lith. blstu,
bilau, blti to start to talk , blu, biloti talk, bilju, -ti say, talk, byl-au, -ti ds., byl
speech, pronunciation, conversation, entertainment, Ltv. bilstu, bilu, bilst (in Zs.) talk,
address, speak to, bildt address, speak to; Ltv. billt (from *bilna) weep, cry; with
formants -so- Lith. balsas voice, sound, tone;
Toch. AB pl-, pul- praise, laud (Van Windekens Lexique 89).
References: WP. II 182, WH. I 516, Trautmann 25.
See also: From this derived *bhl- bleat.
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Probably from Av. ap. basta- n. ligation derived Alb. bes pact, covenant, faith, belief,
armistice, previously Illyr. TN Besoi [common Alb. shift st > s]; clearly Illyr. displays
simultaneous satem and centum characteristics since it was created before the split of Indo
European family. Because the institution of besa is the most important pagan medium that
surpasses monotheistic religions in Alb. psyche, that means Alb. are the descendants of
Illyr. Only Alb. and Indic languages relate to the fact of blood bond. The institution of besa
marks the ancient code of blood revenge and the victory of patriarchy or the blood line of
the father.
Av. banda- m. band, manacle (: O.Ice. O.S. bant, O.H.G. bant n., Ger. Band; Goth. bandi,
O.E. bend f. ds.; Lith. band cattle, see under); O.Ind. bndhu-h m. kinsman, relative (as
).
Gk. rope, hawser, rope, cable (from *, Schwyzer Gk. I 287, compare
Brugmann IF. 11, 104 f., also for and ), father-in-law (*linked by
marriage );
Here after Pedersen (REtIE. 1, 192) also suffer as is bound, is entrapped , as
also Lat. offend to strike against, knock; to hit upon, fall in with; to shock, offend,
displease; intransit. to knock, strike; to run aground; to stumble, make a mistake, to give
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binn, and through romO.N. mediation Ger. dial. benne carriage boxes, Dutch ben basket,
trough; basic form *bhendh-nu); M.Ir. buinne strap, bangle (*bhondhiu);
Goth. O.E. bindan, O.Ice. binda, O.H.G. bintan bind, Goth. andbundnan is unfastened
, Goth. bandi etc see above;
Lith. bedras partner, comrade (formant associated with Gk. ), band herd of
cattle (eig. the tied (down) cattle, the bound cattle ).
Here also Goth. bansts m. barn (*bhondh-sti; compare in other meaning O.Fris. bst
matrimonial union from *bhondh-stu- bond;
N.Ger. banse silo, garner, barn, O.E. *bs, Eng. boose cattle shed, O.E. bsig crib,
O.Ice. buss m. room for keeping, cattle stall (*band-sa-);
Jut. bende divided off room in cattle shed erases probably every doubt about the
relationship of above group with binden.
References: WP. II 152, WH. I 102, Feist 79, 80 f., 93.
Page(s): 127
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bahul- thick, dense, vast, spacious, big, large, rich, much, a lot of (= Gk. adv.
by Aristot., if these not newer formation); bmhat (uncovered) increase, multiply ,
bunka (and bunga) small heap, swelling, blister, Dutch bonk clump, lump under likewise;
Note:
Alb. bung kind of edible oak fruit : with -u- grade Alb. (*beuka) buka bread : Phryg.
bread, actually crumb prove that from an extended Root b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : expr.
sound of hitting derived Root bheg-, bheng- : to break, Root bhengh-, bhngh- (adj.
bhnghu-s) : thick, fat, Root bheug-1 : to flee, *be frightened, Root bheug-2, bheugh- : to
clear away, free, Root bheug-3, bheugh- : to bow, Root bheug-4 : to enjoy, *consume,
bite as taboo words.
Ltv. bezs dense, thick, bezums thickness, fatness;
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bhredhos- in O.S. O.E. bred board, O.H.G. bret n., therefrom O.H.G. britissa, Ger.
Pritsche;
bhrdho- in Goth. ftu-baurd n. splint , O.Ice. bord n. board, table, desk, O.E. bord n.
ds., O.H.G. bort ds. = Umbr. forfo- ds. in furfant they lay on the board ; probably with it
identical O.Ice. bor edge, border, ships rim , O.H.G. M.H.G. bort ds. (Ger. Bord from
N.Ger.), O.E. bord board, edge, shield; O.E. borda m. edge, ornament, decoration,
O.H.G. borto, Ger. Borte;
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brhat (= Ir. Brigit, Gmc. Burgund), Av. brzant- (Pers. buland), f. brzait high, in
compound brzi- (: *brzra-), brz- high and height, mountain (= Pers. burz ds., Ir. bri
; the nom. Av. bar Subst. could contain ar. -ar-, but also ar. -r-, Bartholomae IF. 9, 261),
zero grade Av. uz-barzayeni I shall allow to grow up (in addition -
improve luck , Iran. *barzana-), barzan- m. barzah- n. height, barnu- m. elevation,
height, sky, heaven, head, barzyah- higher, barzita- the highest, the most suitable ;
Pers. bul-u height (*barz-), burz (see above);
O.Ind. brhnt- stands for also big, large, vast, grand, thick, massive and brmhati makes
fat, obese, invigorates, strengthens, increases, furthers, brhnu adv. dense, tight, firm,
strong, proficient; very, absolutely, paribrdha-h standing firm, dense, solid.
Arm. berj height in erkna-, lerna-berj sky-, mountainous (*bherghos), barjr high
(*bhrghu-), (ham-)barnam (*barjnam, Aor. barji) lift up etc.
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Bornholm (Danish island) (eig. the high-rising ) and name Danish and Nor. islands,
O.H.G. Purgunt womens name, in addition Burgundines, family name.
Goth. baurgs f. town, city, tower, O.H.G. burg etc castle is genuine Gmc. equivalent
of Av. brz-, Celt. brig- with the meaning fortified height as refuge; With it is coincident
though Lat. burgus castle, fort, that is borrowed from Gk. tower, an oriental
loanword from urart. burgana palace, fortress derives (820 v. Chr., s. Adontz REtIE 1,
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bherem-1
English meaning: to stick out; edge, hem
Deutsche bersetzung: hervorstehen, eine Spitze or Kante bilden; Kante, Spitze?
Material: bhorm-:
O.Ice. barmr edge, hem, ey-barmr the edge of an island , Nor. dial. barm extremity,
border, brim, edge, rim (e.g. in the sail), N.Ger. barm, berme a ledge at the bottom of a
bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank; a
narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch .
bhrem-: bhrom- :
Perhaps Lat. frns, frondis f. a leaf, foliage; meton., a chaplet or crown of leaves
(*bhrom-di-, as gluns from *glan-di-);
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
O.N. brum n. leaf buds , O.H.G. brom, brum ds., Swiss brom flower bud, young twig,
branch, ablaut. brume ds.
In a basic meaning bristly, thorn go back: O.E. brm m. broom (*bhrmo-), M.L.G.
brum blackberry bush, broom, O.H.G. brumo m., bruma f. briar, blackberry bush ,
brumberi, Ger. Brombeere, O.E. brmel, Eng. bramble (Proto-Gmc. *brumil), ablaut. mnl.
bremme, O.H.G. brimma broom and M.L.G. brme, brumme ds.
With the meaning edge, border: M.H.G. brm n. border, edging, edge, Ger.
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bherem-2
English meaning: to buzz, drone
Deutsche bersetzung: brummen, summen, surren
Material: O.Ind. bhramar-h bee;
Gk. , - f. zither, because of suffixes loanword? Initial sound variant *bremprobably in boom, blaster, sough, rustle, bawl, blaster, m. noise, crackling
, f. thunder (*-);
Lat. frem, -ere roar, murmur, growl; with acc. to murmur out something, grumble,
complain ; frontsia thunder and lightning is Lw. from Gk. (to );
Maybe Alb. frym breath, exhalation, frynj blow
Welsh brefu bleat, roar, bellow; O.H.G. breman drone, grumble, roar, bellow, O.E.
bremman roar, bellow, brymm n. flood, sea, M.H.G. brimmen ds., ablaut. brummen
drone, grumble (in addition brunft heat, rut, rutting season ); M.L.G. brummen and
brammen ds., O.H.G. O.S. bremo gadfly, brake, M.H.G. breme, O.S. bremmia, O.H.G.
brimisse, Ger. Breme and (from dem N.Ger.) Bremse;
Pol. brzmiec sound, clink, buzz (*brm-), Bulg. brm buzz, drone, hum, brmkam
ds., brmb-al, -ar, -r bumblebee, beetle, chafer.
Maybe Alb.Gheg diminutive (*brum-el) brumull, Tosc brumbull bumblebee, beetle, bug
[common Alb. m > mb phonetic mutation]
As extensions *bhrem- perhaps here the onomatopoeic words: O.Ind. bhrga-h giant
black bee; Pol. brzek sound, tinkling, clinking; gadfly, brake, Russ. brjkat clang, clink,
clatter, Cz. brouk beetle, chafer; Lith. brinkterti fall chinking etc;
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brezg in Russ. brjzgi pl. empty gossip; R.C.S. brjazdati sound, clink.
References: WP. II 202 f., WH. I 544 f., Trautmann 37.
Page(s): 142-143
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*festi(n)-, -n- haste, hurry, Erweit. to *festi- (from *fersti-) in cnfestim immediately,
without delay (from *com fest with haste, hurry);
M.Ir. bras quick, fast, stormy (*bhresto-), Welsh brys ds. (*bhrsto-), M.Bret. bresic,
brezec hasty;
Lith. bruz-g-us quick, fast, bruz-d-us movable, nimble, besides burz-d-ulis ds., burz-
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bero, berv cooked, boiled, Gaul. GN Borvo (from spa, mineral spring), compare with other
suffix Borm above S. 133; perhaps also Fr. bourbe slime, mud from Gaul. *borvu mineral
water; O.Ir. bruth blaze, glow, fury, M.Ir. bruith cook, enbruithe broth, meat broth (to
en- water, see under pen-2), O.Welsh brut courage, spirit, vivacity; also pride, arrogance
, Welsh brwd hot (cymmrwd mortar from *kom-bru-to-, compare M.Ir. combruith
simmer, seethe, boil), brydio seethe, froth, O.Corn. bredion dealer, broker (Umlaut),
O.Bret. brot jealousy , Bret. broud hot, fermenting.
About Gmc. bru-forms see under B.
B. ablaut bhru- and (partially again) bhr-:
At first in words for wellspring = bubbling over (r/n-stem, perhaps bhrur , bhrun-,
bhrun-); Arm. abiur, abeur (gen. aber) wellspring (from *bhrw(a)r =) Gk. , -
stream, brook (*F-, -, Hom. , consigns ); M.Ir. tipra f. wellspring
(maybe from O.Ir. *tiprar < *to-eks-bhrur ), gen. tiprat (*to-eks-bhruntos); O.Ir. -tiprai
streams against... (*to-eks-bhru-t?); from stem bhrun- the case obliqui from as en-stem
Proto-Gmc.*brun, *brun(e)n-, Goth. brunna, O.H.G. brunno, O.E. brunna, burna well,
water hole, spring (O.Ice. brunn), with metathesis Ger. (N.Ger.) Born.
Maybe Alb. buronj spring, originate, burim origin, source, spring, bubbling water (as if
boiling) : Russ. bruj current; also Alb. (*bruth) burth Cyclamen europaeum (burning of
donkeys mouth) where -th is a diminutive Alb. ending.
Note:
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brujic urinate, pass water (this meaning also in M.H.G. brunnen and in Ger. dial. brunzen,
bO.Ir. brunnlen urinate, pass water from Brunnen), formal next to Lith. br(i)ujs, br(i)utis
push forward with brute force (*bhru-), Ltv. braulgs horny, lustful; also O.Pruss.
bhru- : bhruu- in: O.H.G. briuwan, O.E. browan brew, O.S. bryggja (from *bryggwa)
ds.; Gmc. *brua- in: O.Ice. O.E. bro, O.H.G. pro broth (: defrtum, O.Ir. bruth, Thrac.
; M.H.G. brodelen, Ger. brodeln);
Gmc. *braua- in: O.Ice. brau, O.E. brad, O.H.G. brt bread (from the ferment); about
O.H.G. wintes prt storm; tempest, whirlwind s. Kluge11 692.
References: WP. II 167 f., WH. I 333 f., 487.
Page(s): 143-145
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bherg-, bhrgEnglish meaning: to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm
Deutsche bersetzung: glnzen, wei
Note: equivalent with bherk-, s. d. the groups bhereg-, bherek- shine, appear, seem to be
extensions to bher- bright, brown. Similar to extension bheleg- besides bhel- shine.
Material: O.Ind. bhrujat glares, gleams, shines; O.Pers. bruzaiti ds. (*bhrg), Pers.
beraht, M.H.G. berht gleaming (also in names O.H.G. Bert-, -bert, -brecht), O.E. beorht
gleaming, radiating (Eng. bright), O.Ice. biartr light, bright; Welsh berth gleaming,
beautiful, PN Bret. Berth-walart, Ir. Flaith-bertach; Lith. javai brt the grain becomes
white ; probably also Nor. dial. bjerk very bright (compare noch berk white trout , Swe.
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lutus = ;
Maybe Alb.Gheg frashn ash-tree : Lat. fruxinus ash-tree;
O.H.G. birihha (*bherg-iu), O.E. beorc, birce, O.Ice. bjork (*bhergu) birch;
Lith. bras m., pl. brai birch, ablaut. brtva f. birch forest ; birliai birch twigs ,
Ltv. berzs m., O.Pruss. berse birch; Russ. berza, Ser.-Cr. breza, ch. brieza birch
(the old color meaning still in Bulg. brez white spotted = Nor. bjrk s. ., Slov. breza
name of a white spotted cow or nanny goat);
Maybe Alb. brez stripe
with formants -to- (= Goth. barhts) and intonation change Slav. *berst in Russ. brest m.
elm, framework , Ser.-Cr. brijest, Cz. brest ds., but with the meaning birch against Russ.
bersta f., bersto n. birch bark , Cz. bresta upper birch bark .
O.H.G. -brecht could, if this vocalization instead of -ber(h)t not a innovation is, are
applied to bherek-, as also in Goth. barhts, Welsh berth, Hitt. parkui.
References: WP. II 170 f., WH. I 458, 510 f., 544, Trautmann 32, 37 f., Specht Decl. 57.
Page(s): 139-140
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braga sparkle, glitter, flame, burn, brag (*blink) moment , with originally bare prs. -dhalso O.Ice. brega, preterit bru quick, fast move, swing, reproach, O.E. bregdan, brdan
st. V. quick, fast move, swing, Eng. braid flax, wattle, braid, upbraid reproach, O.H.G.
brettan, M.H.G. bretten pull, tear, twitch, weave (in addition O.H.G. brdel, O.E. brdel,
older brigdels bridle, rein);
with formants -uo- Goth. bra in in braa augins , in a flash, at the
moment (compare O.Ice. augnabrag n. blink, winking the eyes ) and lengthened
gradees *brhwu, *brwu in O.Ice. bru f. eyelash, O.E. brw, braw, brg m. eyelid,
O.S. bruha eyebrow, slegi-bruwa eyelid, O.H.G. bruwa f. brow, wint-pruwa eyelash
(the meaning brow oriented from *r- brow, IE*bhr-); that in spite of Schwyzer Gk. I.
350, 4636 and Specht Decl. 83, 162 O.H.G. bruwa could go not back to *bhruu, is proved
through the grammat. variation in O.E., the form with -ku- assumes (Sievers-Brunner 200).
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Alb.-Illyr. and celt.- Slav. languages prove that from a zero grade of Root bheregh- : high;
mountain derived Root bhergh- : to hide, keep. Cognates deriving from those two roots
mark of wave of IE people who introduced burial mounds in Europe.
Maybe Alb. nasalized (*bergo) breng concern, sadness (for a dead person?), brengos
sadden : O.C.S. brego, breti care, worry.
Slav. *bergo in O.C.S. brego, breti care, worry in nebreti neglect, Russ. beregu,
ber beware, preserve, protect, spare, look after, spare, Ser.-Cr. older brem, brijeci
guard, watch, preserve, protect, care, worry; hold festivities; changing through ablaut Clr.
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bher-1
English meaning: to bear, carry
Deutsche bersetzung: tragen, bringen etc (also Leibesfrucht tragen; med. ferri), also
aufheben, erheben
Grammatical information: The root bher-, forms the exceptional both themat. and athemat.
present, because the durative recognizes neither Aor. nor perf. in IE
Note: Beside bher-, with them. vowel bhere-, sees a heavy basis bher : bhr-.
Material: O.Ind. bhrati carries, Av. baraiti ds. (and ride), O.Pers. barantiy 3. pl. ds. (=
Arm. berem, Phryg. -, Gk. , Lat. fer, O.Ir. biru, Alb. bie, Goth. baira,
O.C.S. bero); O.Ind. bhrti (also as Gk. , Lat. fert old unthem. form), bibhrti, bbharti,
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bhrtar-, bhartr- bearer, provider , prbhartar- carrier (of the sacrifice), Av. fra-brtar carrier of things, secondary priest (compare Lat. fertr-ius, Umbr. arsfertur), fem. O.Ind.
bhartr , Av. barr supporter, upholder, mother; lengthened grade O.Ind. bhura-h
bundle, work, load, bhurin- bearing, carrying, bhurman- (n.) bringing, attendance,
bhurya-h to bear, carry, support, nourish (== O.H.G. buri or = *bhrio- in Gk. );
ba-bhr-h bearing, carrying, borne.
Arm. berem bear, bring (Aor. eber = , bharat), bern, gen. berin burden, load
(compare Gk. dowry), ber yield, fruit, fertility and movement, run, -ber bringing,
bearing, carrying, e.g. in lusaber light-bringing, morning star, secondary instead of -vor,
e.g. lusa-vor light-bringing (compare Lat. Lci-fer, Gk. -); bari good, barv-ok
good, best; bard heap; compound, lengthened grade *bhr- in burn hand, fist; force,
might;
Phryg. () (also ) ( injury, evil) cause, carry ;
gr bear (only present system, once participle ; Ipv. ), med.
moves me fast (also O.Ind. bharat, Lat. ferr, compare above Arm. ber and under Alb.),
Iter. bear etc (= Alb. mbaj); about the best, noble , compar.
see above S. 128 and Schwyzer Gk. I 3002, 535, 538; about s. Boisacq s. v. and S.
132;
Note:
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Illyr., Mess. and later Alb. display satem characteristics the same as O.Ind. and Av. Not
only Illyr. shares with O.Ind. and Av. the cognates for bear but also the institution of
priesthood and earth fertility: Mess. ma-beran, beram etc, tabara priestess : Av. fra-
brtar- carrier of things, secondary priest (compare Lat. fertr-ius, Umbr. arsfertur), fem.
O.Ind. bhartr , Av. barr supporter, upholder, mother;
Alb. [causative bjer] bie (*bher), 2. pl. birni bring, bear, lead, guide, also fall, fail, hit ,
ber, beronje dart, arrow; kompon. *dz-bier, vdjer etc fall, lose, destroy, ndzjer bring out
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vdor etc snow (prefix dz-, d- and *bhru eig. the falling down, falling off );
iterative *bhori in Tosc mbanj, mbaj, older mba, Gheg mba, mbaj keep, tend, look after,
observe, bear, N.E.Gheg also used from carrying pregnant animals, with restored r also
mbar, bar bear, drag; [common Alb. b- > mb- phonetic mutation]
Note:
Alb. (*nd-bor) dbor, dzbor, vdor, bdor, xbor, bor snow is a translated Germanic
cognate.
Albanian nd- below, low + (*bher) fallen = Swedish nederbrd snowfall (nedan
below + brd descent, fall (birth, descent, ancestry, lineage, parentage) = German
niederschlagsmenge (nieder-schlagsmenge).
Alb. abbreviated (*nde-bor) zbor snow: Rom. zbura fly, fly out, flight, flit, tower, flash,
career, sweep, hover, sail, dart, dash, flee, fleet, slip, glide , zbor flight, soar, soaring, fly,
flying, race, volitation, gliding, towering .
Latvian birt to snow (*fall, descend) : Latvian: brt scatter from O.C.S.: brati gather,
select [verb], bero : Polish zbr (church) gathering : Russian sobr church, assembly,
meeting
Also Alb. bor (fallen) snow : Latvian birt to pour, fall, rain, snow, hail : Hungarian porh
n. snow.
Altaic etymology :
Protoform: *poru
English meaning: to snow, rain
Turkic protoform: *boraMongolian protoform: *borua
Tungus protoform: *pur-
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contamination with which should explain Mong. *b- (one would expect *h- with low tone and
shortness).
Kaus. *bhrei in Gk.-Alb. bonj, pass. bonem from mating of the mares and cows, eig.
make bear, make pregnant, and dzbonj (etc) chase away, drive out, drive away (*make
fall away, make flee); mbar good, lucky, barr load (*bhornu, compare Goth. barn n.
kid, child); mberat pregnant, bark belly etc, bar grass, herb (*bhoro- yield);
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*brauk) barku belly derives from Root bhreu-s-1 : to swell (see below).
bir son (*bher-, compare Goth. baur son), bij, Gk. cal. bil daughter (with diminutive
suffix -l, -j) : O.E. byre son;
Note:
Maybe Alb. l/r are mere allophones as in Alb. gjarpn, gjalpr snake.
burr (*baur) man, husband (compare to meaning O.H.G. baro man, husband; Alb.
basic form *bhornos, reduplication-stem besides Goth. barn); presumably also mburr
praise, mburem boast, brag, be proud .
Maybe kurd. bere offspring
Lat. fer, ferre to bear, bring, carry; to bring forth, produce; to bring to a place or a
person, fetch, offer; to bear away, carry off; to bear along, move forward, put in motIon.
Transf., to move, impel, carry away; without object, to lead, tend (as Gk. only
present system), Umbr. fertu you shall bear etc, volsk. ferom bear, carry , marruc.
ferenter they are carried, they are born (compare from compound ad-, affer: Goth.
atbara; effer: , O.Ir. as-biur); ferux fertile;
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forda f. pregnant (do- extension of adj. *bhor-s bearing, carrying, s. WH. I 527); fr
thief (= Gk. , s.o.; to Lat. s. WH. I 569);
fors nom. (= IE *bhrtis), forte abl. chance, luck = pl. forte pl. chance, hap, luck, fate,
fortune ;
fortna chance, fate, lot, luck, fortune. Transf., lot, condition, state, mode of life;
property, possessions (from tu-stem *bhr-tu-s).
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift.
O.Ir. 1. sg. biru, -biur, 3. sg. berid bear, carry, as-biur tell, do-biur give, Welsh
cymeraf take etc; M.Ir. bert m. bundle, load, f. feat, dead, act, plan, birth etc, birit sow
= O.Ind. bhranti bearing, carrying;
O.Ir. M.Ir. breth and (eig. dat. acc.) brith, breith (gen. brithe carrying, parturition (Verbaln.
to biru); birth; judgement (*bhrtu); Welsh bryd thought, notion (rather *bhrtu- as *bhrti-, s.
Lewis-Pedersen 345), Corn. brys thought, notion, brys womb; Gaul. uergo-bretus Office
title, whether for *-britos;
Ir. barn judge, Welsh Bret. barn judgement (probably *bhornos, compare above Alb.
tu-); Gaul. *com-boros the amassed , out of it M.H.G. kumber rubble, heap of rubble ,
Ger. Kummer.
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barm brost, lap, O.Ice. bamr bosom, O.H.G. O.S. barm lap, O.E. bearm ds. (= Gk.
? s. S. 137); O.H.G. baro man, husband;
Swe. dial. bjre (*eron-), bare (*aron-) ( carrying, i.e.) luck-bringing magical creature ;
O.Ice. pl. barar, barir, borur barrow, bier, O.E. bearwe, Eng. barrow, E.Fris. barwe, Dutch
empor, O.H.G. burian, M.H.G. burn raise, uplift; here obd. borzen overhang = O.E.
borettan swing (Gmc.*-atian), in addition Ger. Burzel under purzeln; O.H.G. giburian,
M.H.G. geburn occur, happen, close juridically, to be due, O.S. giburian, O.E. gebyrian,
O.Ice. byrja be proper, befit, be suitable, O.Ice. byrja also begin, eig. * lift, raise;
Maybe Alb. buronj begin, gush, spring, originate
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brat ds. etc (Slav. *brati derived from an older *brti after the preterite stem Bal.-Slav.
*biru-), O.C.S. breme load, burden, Ser.-Cr. breme, Russ. dial. bermja, a. brieme
(*bher-men-), O.C.S. s-bor congregation, meeting; Church Slavic bred pregnant,
Russ. beraja pregnant (from the mare), Ser.-Cr. breda ds. from cows (*bher-diu), in
forms similarly Lat. forda; O.C.S. brano dish, nourishment, food see under bharesbarley.
Lith. brnas youngling; farm laborer, O.Lith. kid, child, Ltv. brns kid, child; probably
Ltv. bars heap, bulk, mass.
Here with specialization on delivering the seminal grain: transitive Lith. beriu, beriau, berti
strew, distribute (from grain, then also from flour, ash, cinder etc), Ltv. beru, brt ds., in
ablaut intransitive Lith. byru, birau, brti strew, distribute, fall out, Ltv. birstu, biru, birt fall
out, fall off, drop , etc.
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ku-pre if, tprem if, tupr(k) yet, whether to Gk. - ... - as long as
(see129).
About Hitt. bar-a-zi hunts, scuds, chases s. Pedersen Hitt. 185.
Specht will restore here also (Decl. 148), with i- and u-forms, O.E. bri-d, bird young bird,
Gmc. br-tis wife, woman, bride, O.Ind. bhrna- embryo, Ltv. brauna, ch. brnka
(*bhru-nka) placenta, afterbirth . S. but under bh(e)reu- gush, well up, soak .
References: WP. II 153 f., WH. I 483 f., 527, 569, 865, 866, Trautmann 31, E. Hermann
Stud. Bait. 3, 65 f.
Page(s): 128-132
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bher-2
English meaning: to boil, swell; to get high
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa aufwallen, von quellendem or siedendem Wasser (also vom
Aufbrausen beim Ghren, Kochen, as well as vom fire) sich heftig bewegen
Note: often with m- forms; also as heavy basis bher- : bhr- , bh(e)ri-, bh(e)r -. compare
bher-6.
Material: O.Ind. bhurti (*bhr--ti) moves, shrugs, jerks, flounces, flounders, Intens. jr-
bhurti ds.; also: flickers, from fire; bhuranyti shrugs, jerks, is restless; sets in violent
movement, stirs, stirs up with m-forms O.Ind. bhramati, bhrumyati wanders around, turns
round ,
bhram-h whirling flame, whirlpool, bhrmi-h movable, nimble; whirlwind (see under
O.Ice. brimi etc); bhrni-h violent, angry, irate, wild, keen, eager, might be based as
*bhrni- likewise on the heavy basis;
here probably Av. avabaraiti streams from, uzbarnte they stream forth (?), barnti
jrbhurti); presumably also mix up, mix (if originally from bubbling up from cooking;
basic form *bhori with u- colouring conditioned by the labial of the reduction vowel),
wherefore chaos, in a mess , perplexity, mix, mingle, stir
chaos, knead, bewilder.
About Lig. and Ven. names see under.
Alb. burm fully ripe (*fully cooked) from *bhormo-.
Maybe Alb. burim spring, bubbling up, buronj to spring, bubble
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fermentum leaven, sourdough, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion, (: O.E.
beorma, Eng. barm, nd. barme, from which Ger. Burme brewers yeast ); also fervre S.
144;
O.Ir. topur, Ir. tobar wellspring (*to-uks-boro-), M.Ir. commar = Welsh cymmer
confluence (*kom-bero-); Lig. FlN Comberanea; M.Ir. fobar wellspring, subterranean
stream, brook = Welsh gofer stream, brook, Bret. gouver ds. (*u[p]o-bero-), Welsh beru
drip, trickle, M.Bret. beraff flow, Gaul. FlN Voberu, Fr. Woevre, Voivre etc; with m-forms
Celto-Lig. aquae Bormiae, GN Borm, Hisp. PN Bormute, FlN Borma, dak. PN ,
Ven. FlN Formi (but Gaul. GN Borv belongs to bhereu- boil). ber M.Ir. bro flame
see under.
O.E. beorma m. etc (see above); from of a root form *bh(e)r- : bh(e)r-: O.H.G. brudam
m. breath, breeze, heat, M.H.G. brudem haze, mist, Ger. Brodem, O.E. br haze,
mist, breath, breeze, blow (Eng. breath), O.Ice.brur stormy, hot tempered, hasty, bru
tarred wood, creosoted , bruna melt, intrans., O.H.G. brutan, O.E. brdan fry; ablaut.
M.L.G. brien singe, brood, M.H.G. bruejen, bruen, Ger. bruhen, O.E. brd f., Eng. brood
brood, breed, breeding; M.H.G. bruot f. heat, Brut, O.H.G. bruoten brood; unknown
origin are O.H.G. bruto m. soft eatable meat (Braten previously are reinterpreted M.H.G.
time to roasted meat ), Ger. Wildpret, O.N. brudo calf, late Lat. borrows brudo ham,
O.E. brde m., O.Ice. bru raw meat.
Beside the very productive root form bhereu- (see there) has to be recognized probably
also bh(e)ri-, bh(e)r - . These are based on O.Ind. jar-bhur-ti, Gk. *-, *-
(see above);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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bher-3
English meaning: to scrape, cut, etc.
Deutsche bersetzung: with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten, ritzen, schneiden,
reiben, spalten
Material: O.Ind. (gramm.) bhrnuti (?) injures, hurts, disables = Pers. burrad cuts, slices;
Av. tii-bura- with with sharp edge (= Arm. bir, compare also Alb. borg(); perhaps here
O.Ind. bhrvati chews, consumes (Av. baoirya- what must be chewed, baourvachewing) from *bharati is transfigured through influence of O.Ind. crvati chews up.
Arm. beran mouth (originally cleft, fissure, orifice ), -bir- digging up in getna-, erkra-,
hoa-bir digging up the ground, ransacking (*bhro-), in addition brem (*birem) digs out,
hollows out, drills out , br-i hack, mattock, hoe; bah, gen. -i spade (*bhr-ti-, perhaps
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britm september and October (if eig. harvest, autumn, due to *bhr-ti- the reaping );
bres bitter root, chicory (bitter = incisive; -s from -tiu, borg()) splinter, chip (*bhrm. form. -ig).
Maybe Alb. mbres print, shock [common Alb. b- > mb- shift]
Lat. feri, -re to strike, knock, smite, hit; esp. to strike dead, slay, kill; colloq., to cheat
(see also WH. 1481 to ferenturius a light-armed soldier, skirmisher ). About forma form,
figure s. WH. I 530 f.
for, -ure to bore, pierce (meaning as O.H.G. born, but in ablaut different;
denominative of *bhoru the drilling ), forumen hole, opening, aperture ; forus, - the
gangway of a ship; a block of seats in the theater; plur., tiers of cells in a beehive ; but
forum (aLat. also forus) an open square, marketplace not as space surrounded by
planks here (Umbr. furo, furu forum); see under dhuer-.
M.Ir. bern, berna f. cleft, gap, slit, bernach cleft;
probably also M.Ir. bairenn cliff piece (in addition bairnech mussel plate ); O.Ir.
barae, M.Ir. bara (dat. barainn) rage, fury, bairnech angry, irate, Welsh bar, baran rage,
fury.
O.Ice. berja (preterit bara) hit, bump, poke, berjask fight, bardage battle, O.H.G.
berjan, M.H.G. berjen, bern hit, knock, knead, O.E. bered low-spirited (Gmc.*arjan =
Slav. borjo), O.Fris. ber attack; M.H.G. bur f. balk, beam, bar, gate, barrier, enclosed
land (: Lat. forus, -um), Eng. bar bar, gate, barrier, O.Ice. berlings-uss balk, beam; Gmc.
is probably (different Wartburg I 260) also M.H.G. barre balk, beam, bar, bolt and rom.
family of Fr. barre, barrire etc (-rr- from -rz-);
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*aru-ha, -ga- castrated pig (perhaps with Slav. *borv- based on *bhoru-s castrated
animal and ending in -ha-: -ga- after *farha- pork, pig extended) in: O.H.G. barug, barh,
Ger. Barg, Barch (Borg, Borch);
Maybe Alb. bariu shepherd, herdsman (of pigs?) phonetically equal to Ltv. baru, bru, brt
scold, chide (see below) not a truncated Gk. herdsman, shepherd.
O.E. bearg, bearh, Eng. barrow, O.Ice. -borgr a castrated boar (in addition also O.Ice. val-
bassi wild boar as *barh-s-an? s. Falk-rp under basse N.); O.H.G. O.S. born, O.E.
borian, O.Ice. bora, -aa bore (see above); O.H.G. bora borer, O.E. bor, byres ds.;
O.Ice. bora hole (auga-, eyra-bora).
Lith. bras, Ltv. bars grain swath, strip of cut grain ; Lith. baru (and bariu), brti scold,
chide, vilify, refl. be quarrelsome, Ltv. baru, bru, brt scold, chide (== sl. borjo);
Maybe Alb. (*brti) brtas scold, yell, scream, mbaroj, extinguish, finish, end, make
ashamed, Alb.Gheg (*bar-) mbare , marre shame, sth to be scolded, [common Alb. b- >
mb- shift].
Lith. barns (acc. barni) quarrel (=O.C.S. bran); Lith. burn mouth = Bulg. brna lip
(basic form *bhornu, compare above Ir. bern and to meaning Arm. beran).
Here with Balt forms : Ltv. berzt rub, scour, rub, clean, intrans. birzt crumb, spall,
crumble , brze sowing furrow , Lith. biri s f. field furrow .
With of a basic meaning notch: Lith. burtai pl. lot, fate, charm, spell = Ltv. burts mark,
token, sign the magician, alphabetic letter, Lith. burti conjure, perform magic, Ltv. burt
conjure, perform magic, burtains perform wood-carving notch ; Gk. remedy,
magical cure, magic potion; philtre (probably not IE) has nothing to do with it.
O.C.S. borjo, brati fight (frequent reflexive), Russ. borju, bort subjugate, prostrate,
refl. fight, Pol. dial. brc sie wrestle, struggle; O.C.S. bran fight, struggle, aRuss.
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boron fight, struggle, Russ. bron forbid, Cz. bran weapon, armament, armor under
likewise, Russ. za-br fence, plank fence ;
maybe Alb. (*bron) mbronj defend, mburoj shield, armour : Pol. bronic defend
[common Alb. b- > mb- shift]
(as Lat. forus on the concept board rejecting: compare Russ. alt. zaborolo wooden town
wall, scaffold, trestle, Cz. zbradlo handrail, parapet under likewise); Russ. boron
harrow, and with Slav. -zda-forms Slav. *borzda in O.C.S. brazda, Russ. borozd furrow;
maybe Alb. brazda furrow a Slavic loanword.
Russ. brov hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull , Ser.-Cr. brv sheep, cattle
, dial. castrated pig, slovak. brav castrated pig, Pol. dial. browek fattened boar, porker
(see above Gmc. *aruha-); *brt drilling, cavity (*bhorti-) in Russ. bort the hollow of
the tree in what bees have nested etc.
References: WP. II 159 f., WH. I 481 f., 537, 865, 866, Trautmann 27, MuhlenbachEndzelin 354.
See also: compare the related root forms bheredh-, bhri- (bhrig-, -k-, see there also about
bherg-), bhreu-, bhreu-q-, -k- cut, clip, bhreus- break, rupture, bherug- gullet.
Page(s): 133-135
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bher-4
English meaning: to roar, buzz, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: in Schallworten brummen, summen under likewise
Note: An extension at most in *bherem- drone, grumble and treated onomatopoeic words
barbeti clang, clink, birbiu, -iau, birbti buzz, burbiu, burbeti drone, grumble, bubble,
seethe under likewise;
Maybe Alb. (burbut-) burbuqe ladybug a compound *burbiu bug + kuqe red (Lat.
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bher-5
English meaning: shining; brown
Deutsche bersetzung: glnzend, hellbraun
Note: extensions of bher- shine, appear, seem, bhereg-, bherek- shine.
Material: O.Ind. bhalla-h, bhallaka-h bhallka-h bear (-ll- from -rl-); O.H.G. bero, O.E. bera
bear (*bheron-), O.Ice. biorn ds. (*bhernu-, whose u as like from O.Ind. bhallka-h from
the stem *bheru- derive might) = O.E. beorn warrior, chieftain;
O.Ice. bersi bear (s as in Fuchs : Goth. fauh, Luchs: Swe. lo); ablaut. Lith. beras, Ltv.
brnn ds.; Russ. dial. brynet white, gray shimmer, changing through ablaut brunet ds.
(*bhrou-no-?) and (from *bhr-ono-, -eno-) R.C.S. bron white; varicolored (from horses),
Russ. bron (and dial. bryn), Clr. brenty become dun (of a dull or dingy brown colour, dull
greyish-brown), ripen, O.C.S. brnije (brenije) ordure, excrement , Slov. brn river mud ;
O.Ind. babhru-h reddish brown; giant ichneumon kind , Av. bawra-, bawri- beaver;
Lat. fiber, fibr beaver (also feber s. WH. I 491; probably i has changed for e, as also) Celt.
(only in names): *bibros, *bibrus in Gaul. PN and FlN Bibracte, O.Brit. VN Bibroci, M.Ir. VN
Bibraige (*bibru-rgion), PN Bibar (*Bibrus) besides *bebros in Gaul. FlN *Bebru, Fr. Bivre;
Bebronnu, Fr. Beuvronne, Brevenne etc; O.H.G. bibar, O.E. beofor (oldest bebr), M.L.G.
bever, O.Ice. birr ds. (urg. *eru-); compare also Ger. FlN Bever, old Biverna;
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bawraini- of the beaver ; O.H.G. bibarn, Gaul. bebrinus (Schol. Iuv.), Lith. bebrinis ds.;
Toch. B perne, A parno luminous, therefrom B perne, A parm majesty, grandeur .
References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f., Van Windekens Lexique 93.
See also: compare further bhel-1 with similar meaning.
Page(s): 136-137
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bher-6
English meaning: to roast, cook
Deutsche bersetzung: rsten, backen, kochen
Note: with g-extensions, before partly i-, u- vowels; it derived from bher-2 move violently,
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bher-7
English meaning: to weave
Deutsche bersetzung: flechten, weben?
Material: Hom. = Att. n. (*F) kerchief, cloth, canvas, fabric, velum,
cover; (?) , Hes.; pannier, mat;
Lith. burva a kind of garment, Ltv. burves pl. small sail (-u- suffix as in Gk. *F),
Ltv. buras ds., Lith. bure sail. S. to vocalism Walde Streitberg-Festschrift 176.
References: WP. II 164, Specht Decl. 182.
Page(s): 137-138
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bhes-1
English meaning: to smear, spread
Deutsche bersetzung: abreiben, zerreiben, ausstreuen
Material: O.Ind. bbhasti chews up, 3. pl. bpsati; bhsma- n. ash resulted through
verbal extensions of psu(i)-, ps/i/-, ps(i)-, ps- in O.Ind. psuti consumes, Gk. ,
rub, ds., touch, baldheaded , f., Dor. pebble,
rub off, grind, pulverize;
, soot, smoke; f. sand, beach, seaside from *,
compare frail, breakable (*bhs-bh-) and Lat. sabulum coarse sand, gravel
(*bhs-bhlo-?);
with already IE sporadic alteration of anlaut. bhs- to s-: Gk. sand (= M.H.G. samt);
through various contaminations and ds., in addition naked, bald,
bleak, bare, drop etc;
Alb. fin, pin, min sweep, thresh;
Maybe Alb. feh, pef, mef cover, hide, sweep away [common Alb. p- > mp- > mphonetic mutation].
Lat. sabulum sand (see above), wherewith EM. 881 compares Arm. awaz ds.;
M.H.G. samt (*samatho-) besides O.H.G. sant sand (*samtho-, Gmc. sanda-, out of it
finn. santa);
Toch. A ps- diffuse, sprinkle (?).
References: WP. II 189, Boisacq 48, 1074, Kluge11 s. v. Sand, Schwyzer Gk. I 328 f., 676;
Specht Decl. 255, 325, Van Windekens Lexique 91.
Page(s): 145-146
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bhes-2
English meaning: to blow
Deutsche bersetzung: hauchen, blasen
Note: probably onomatopoeic words
Material: O.Ind. bbhasti blows, bhstru f. bellows, hose, bhast f. rump, bhmsas n.
abdominal part;
Gk. - blow (to suffix s. Hirt IE Gk. 3, 256), breath, breeze, soul.
Here probably - cools off (originally through blast), coldness, s
cold etc in spite of Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 165 ff.; after Schwyzer Gk. I 329
onomatopoeic, as also lisping.
References: WP. II 69, WH. I 477, Boisacq 1075, Uhlenbeck O.Ind. W. 186, 198.
Page(s): 146
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Page 425
From Root bheudh-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : to be awake, aware derived Root peu-1, peu- :
buide contentedness, gratitude ; here also O.Ir. ad-bond- announce, promulgate , ussbond- call off, cancel, refuse (e.g. Verbaln. obbad); zero grade O.Ir. robud
admonishment , Welsh rhybudd warning, rhybuddio warn (: Russ. probudt awaken
);
Goth. anabiudan order, dispose, faurbiudan forbid, O.Ice. bja offer, bid, give
recognition, O.E. bodan, O.S. biodan, O.H.G. biotan offer, bid, proffer , Ger. bieten
gebieten, verbieten, Gebiet lit. (area of) command ; O.Ice. bo n., O.E. gebod n., M.H.G.
bot n. commandment, O.H.G. etc boto summoner, O.H.G. butil (Ger. Buttel), O.E. bydel
summoner, court servant; Goth. bius, -dis table, desk; O.Ice. bjr, O.E. bod, O.H.G.
beot, piot table, desk; dish , eig. which is offered on tray (in addition also O.H.G. biutta,
Ger. Beute kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch, beehive ).
With (compare Hirt IE Gk. II 96): Goth. anabsns f. commandment (*-bhudh-sni-),
O.S. ambsan f. ds., O.E. bysen f. model, example, O.Ice. bysn n. wonder, miracle
(from *warning), bysna foretoken, warn;
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budinu, -inti waken, arouse, revive, budrus watchful, wakeful; causative baudiu, bausti
punish, curse, chastise, castigate ; refl. intend, mean, aim (*bhoudh-i), baudiava
socage, compulsory labour ,
Lith. bauslys command, order, Ltv. bauslis command , Ltv. bauma, baume rumor,
defamation (*bhoudh-m-), Lith. pasibaudyti rise, stand up, sally , baudnti to cheer up,
liven up; ginger up, encourage, arouse, awaken ones lust , O.Pruss. etbaudints to raise
from the dead, reawaken .
Themat. present in O.Bulg. bljudo, bljusti look after; protect, beware, look out, Russ.
bljudu, bljust observe, notice (about Slav. -ju from IE eu s. Meillet Slave commun2 58).
causative in O.Bulg. budo, buditi waken, arouse, revive, Russ. buu, budt ds. (etc;
also in Russ. buden workday, probably eig. working day or day for corve ); stative
verb with -suffix in O.Bulg. bdo, bdeti watch, perfective (with ne-/no- suffix as in Gk.
--, wo -- from -nno-, Schwyzer Gk. I 700) vz-bno awake (*bhud-no-,
shaped from Aor. of type Gk. , etc, s. Berneker 106 f.;
Maybe truncated Alb. (*zbudzic) zgjoj awaken : O.C.S.: ubuditi awaken [verb]; vzbuditi
awaken [verb]; phonetically equal Alb. -gj- : Pol. -dzi- sounds budzic awaken, arouse
[verb], perf. zbudzic awaken, arouse.
also about Ser.-Cr. badnj dn Christmas Eve , badnjuk wooden log which one lays in
the in the fire of Christmas Eve etc), O.Bulg. s-na-bdeti ; O.Bulg. bdr
; willing, ready, bdr ds., Russ. bdryj alert, awake, smart, strong, fresh,
Ser.-Cr. bdar agile, lively.
Toch. paut-, A pot honour? (Van Windekens Lexique 87).
References: WP. II 147 f., Feist 41, 97, Meillet Slave commun2 202 f.
Page(s): 150-152
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bheug-1
English meaning: to flee, *be frightened
Deutsche bersetzung: fliehen
Note: after Kretschmer (Gl. 30, 138) to bheug(h)-2 (Av. baog- in the intransitive meaning
escape )
Material: Gk. (Aor. , perf. ) flee, f. (= Lat. fuga) escape, a
fleeing, flight, running away , Hom. (*) ds., acc. - to flight, to flee of
consonant-stem *-;
perhaps in Ven. PN (Westdeutschl.) refuge, escape castle ;
Lat. fugi, fg, -ere to take to flight, run away; to pass away, disappear. Transit., to flee
from, run away from, avoid; with infin., fuge quaerere, do not seek; of things, to escape
the notice of a person, fuga f. flight, running away; esp. flight from ones country, exile,
banishment. Transf., swift course, speed; avoiding (with genit.);
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
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Here Illyr. Buctor : Ven. Fuctor : Av. baoxtar- liberator proves that Av. a satem language
can display centum characteristics. Alb. follows the same Illyr. - Ven. pattern in -tor,-tar
suffixes. The tendency in Illyr. -g- > -ct- shows the intermediary phase from centum to
satem in later Alb.: common Alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- phonetic mutation in the middle of the
word.
Goth. usbaugjan sweep up, sweep out, sweep away, Ger. dial. Bocht rubbish, crap,
muck; moreover probably also M.H.G. biuchen cook in lye , originally clean, bche f.
lye (with secondary ablaut).
The doubleness Gmc. gh : ar. g- also by bheugh- (Ger. biegen): bheug- (O.Ind. bhujati
etc) bend. Probably identical with it.
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bhuju twist, arm, bhga-h coil of a snake; ring (: O.H.G. boug); nis-bhuj- push, pass.
flunk, escape; to get away ;
perhaps bierher Alb. but soft, flexible from *bhug(h)-to- pliable;
common Alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- phonetic mutation in the middle of the word.
Ir. fid-bocc wooden bow, probably also bocc tender (*pliable), Ir. bog soft
(from*buggo-), KZ. 33, 77, Fick II4; for O.Bret. buc rotten, putrid; loose, crumbling, friable,
flabby , pl. bocion rotten, decayed , Bret. amsir poug soft, mild weather , allowed to
expect Brit. -ch- = Ir. -gg-, Pedersen KG. I 161 considers borrowing from Ir.
In Gmc. *bheugh-: Goth. biugan, O.H.G. biogan bend, O.Ice. participle boginn bent,
curved; ablaut. O.E. bgan be bent , with fram flee;
Kaus. O.Ice. beygja, O.S. bgian, O.E. began, O.H.G.bougen, Ger. beugen; O.Ice. bigr
bent, curved , O.H.G. biugo curve; O.Ice. bogi, O.E. boga (Eng. bow), O.H.G. bogo,
Ger. Bogen (O.H.G. swibogo Christmas candle arcs (which literally means an arched
buttress) from *swi[bi-]bogo); perhaps in addition Goth. bugjan let out, lend, buy , O.Ice.
byggia obtain a wife, O.E. bycgan, O.S. buggian buy (compare Ger. dial. be bent by
something = acquire, take); in addition probably Ltv. bauga and baugurs hill.
Intensive (with intensification) Gmc. *bukjan in M.H.G. bucken, Swiss bukche; M.L.G.
bucken, O.Fris. buckia to stoop, bend forward, bend down (Wissmann nom. postverb.
171, 181).
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bheug-4
English meaning: to enjoy, *consume, bite
Deutsche bersetzung: genieen
Material: O.Ind. bhunkt (with instr., newer acc.) enjoys, compare bhunkti, bhujati
grants pleasure, enjoys, consumes, bubhuksu hunger, bhga-h enjoyment;
about O.Ind. bhujisy- see above under bheug-2;
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Alb. bung f., bunk, bungu m. kind of edible oak fruit (as nourishing or nutritious tree
, post-verbal = food granter );
Note:
Alb. bung kind of edible oak fruit : with -u- grade Alb. (*beuka) buka bread : Phryg.
bread, actually crumb prove that from an extended Root b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : expr.
sound of hitting derived Root bheg-, bheng- : to break, Root bhengh-, bhngh- (adj.
bhnghu-s) : thick, fat, Root bheug-1 : to flee, *be frightened, Root bheug-2, bheugh- : to
clear away, free, Root bheug-3, bheugh- : to bow, Root bheug-4 : to enjoy, *consume,
bite as taboo words.
Lat. fungor to occupy oneself with anything, to perform, execute, undergo, usually with
abl.; absol. in special sense, to be affected, suffer , with acc., later abl., dfungor to
perform, discharge, have done with, bring to an end, survive , perfungor to perform fully,
execute, discharge; to go through, endure .
References: WH. I 565 f., Wackernagel Synt. I 68, Jokl L.-k. Unters. 179.
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ii, bhu-iie-si, bhu--si etc as verb be supplies often paradigm of es- be; extended root
bheu-, bhuiMaterial: O.Ind. bhvati is, there is, happens, prospers, becomes = Av. bavaiti becomes,
originates; happens; will be , O.Pers. bavatiy becomes; Fut. O.Ind. bhaviyati,
Av. byeiti participle byant- will come into existence (latter = Lith. bsiu, Church
Slavic byeteje ,
compare Gk. ); Aor. O.Ind. bht (= Gk. ) and bhuvat, perf. babhva, participle
perf. Akt. babhvun, f. babhvu (: Gk. , , Lith. buvo, O.C.S. byvati), Inf.
bhvitum, Absol. bhtvu (compare Lith. btu passive to be, O.Pruss. bton Inf.);
O.Ind. bhta-h, Av. bta- become, being, O.Ind. bhta-m entity (: Lith. buta been ,
O.Ice. b f. dwelling, Russ. byt entity, way of life, lifestyle ; with u Gk. , O.Ir. -
both one was , both f. cottage, Lith. butas house); pr-bhta-h rich, numerous, Pers.
Inf. bdan be;
O.Ind. bhti-h, bhti -h f. being, well-being, good condition, prospering; flourishing (Av.
bti- m. name dava? = O.C.S. za-, po-, pre-byt, Russ. byt, Inf. O.C.S. byti, Lith. bti;
with u Gk. ).
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bhavtram world (ablaut. with Gk. nature, gender, sex and Lith. bkla dwelling
etc, and with Gmc. *bula- and *bla-, next to which with formants -dhlo- Cz. bydlo);
bhavana-m the development, becoming; dwelling, house (: Alb. bane, but M.Ir. ban
unwavering, steadfast from *bhou-no-), ablaut. bhuvana-m entity;
O.Ind. bh- f. earth, world, bhm, bhmih-, Av. ap. bm-, Pers. bm earth, O.Ind.
bhman- n. earth, world, being (= Gk. ), bhman- m. fullness, wealth, bulk, mass,
wealth ; pra-bhu-h mighty, salient ;
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bhavanam), banoj stay, dwell; bun() chalet (*bhunu); perhaps also bte earth, bottom,
world, people (*bhuu-tu or *bhu-tu).
Note:
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ft (*bhu--si, *bhu--ti); Osc. fiiet (*bhuiient) they become, they are made, Umbr. fito good
deeds, benefits?, fuia he/she will become, he/she will be made , fuiest he/she will make
(*bhu-i besides *bhuii as in Lesb. , see above);
Lat. nominal formation only in dubius doubtful; act., wavering; in opinion, doubting;
uncertain; as to action, hesitating, irresolute; pass., uncertain, doubted, doubtful,
dangerous, critical (*du-bhu-iio-s of double form, consisting of two parts , compare
Umbr. di-fue split into two parts < *dui-bhuiom), probus good, excellent, fine; morally
good, upright, virtuous, right (*pro-bhuos : O.Ind. pra-bhu-h salient, superb ), Osc. am-
prufid dishonest, lacking probity , prufatted has shown, marked, indicated, manifested,
proven , Umbr. prufe upright, honest, proper ; Lat. super-bus haughty, exalted, proud;
arrogant, overbearing; brilliant, splendid .
About Lat. moribundus see Niedermann Mel. Meillet 104, Benveniste MSL. 34, 189.
O.Ir. ba benefit (*bhu-iom), ban steadfast, good (*bhouno-, in addition Welsh bun
queen, wife, woman); M.Ir. baile home, place (*bhu-liio-);
O.Ir. buith be (originally dat. of u- stem both < *bhutu = Welsh bod, Corn. bos, Bret.
bout = O.Ir. both f. cottage, Welsh bod f. dwelling: Lith. butas house; moreover also
M.Ir. for-baid burial cloth, shroud, barrow, bier), Fut. -ba will be (= Lat. fiat), preterit 1.
sg. bu (*bhuum), 3. sg. bo (*bhue), pass. preterit -both one was (*bhu-to-); the
paradigm of the verb Subst. and the copula exists from forms von es- and bheu-, e.g. hat 1.
sg. present Konj. O.Ir. bu (*bh-es) the anlaut related to bheu-;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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f, besides *bhu- in O.Ir. bth, M.Welsh bit ([Imperative Future Tense] you will be = Lat.
ft);
Gaul. PN Vindo-bios (*-bhuiios), compare Welsh gwyn-fyd luck (weie world, byd),
O.Ir. su-b(a)e pleasure, joy (*su-bhuiio-), du-b(a)e (du = Gk. -) mourning, grief;
Goth. bauan stay, dwell, inhabit, ald bauan lead a life , gabauan erect a house
(*bhu, vocalism as in O.Ind. bhuvayati, bhuva-h, Slav. baviti),
O.Ice. ba (bj, binn) stay, dwell, bring in good condition, equip , O.E. ban and buw(i)an
(bde, geben) stay, dwell, farm (besides O.E. bgian, O.Fris. bgia stay, dwell, phonetic
type based on Goth. stja from *stwij and as initial vowel), O.H.G. ban (bta, giban)
stay, dwell, farm, Ger. bauen; O.Ice. byggja live at a place, farm, populate, later
construct, build (from *buwwjan?*bewwjan?); O.Ice. b n. domicile, household , O.E. b
n. dwelling (pl. by n. of i-stem *bwi- = O.Ice. byr m. dwelling, residential site, court ;
similarly Lith. bvis permanent stay, residence ), O.H.G. b, M.H.G. b, gen. bwes m.,
seldom n. tilling of the field, dwelling, edifice, Ger. Bau;
O.Ice. b f. dwelling, tent, cottage; O.S. b, M.L.G. bde, M.H.G. buode and bde
cottage, tent , Ger. Bude (*bh[u]-tu); M.L.G. bdel fortune, bl estate, O.E. bold and
botl n. dwelling, house, *byldan, Eng. to build to build, O.Fris. bold and bdel house,
household utensil, household appliance, property (*bla- from IE *bh[u]tlo- and *bula-,
compare Lith. bkla and Westsl. bydlo), also O.Ice. bl n. dwelling [(see above also to bl
den (of animals) ];
O.Ice. br n. pantry, zenana (part of a house for women in India), O.E. br m. cottage,
room, O.H.G. br m. house, cage, Ger. (Vogel-)Bauer, whereof O.H.G. nuhgibr, O.E.
nahgebr, Ger. Nachbar, Eng. neighbour and O.H.G. gibr(o), M.H.G. gebr(e), then br,
Ger. Bauer farmer, peasant ;
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btas been , Fut. bsiu (Ltv. buu), preterit buvo he was (compare also buv-ju, -ti
care to be and O.C.S. Iter. byvati); Opt. O.Pruss. bousai he is, preterit bi, be he was
(from an expanded basis with -i-);
Lith. bvis m. being, life, buvineti stay here and there a while , O.Pruss. buwinait
live!;
Ltv. buana being, entity, condition , O.Pruss. bousennis state, condition ; Lith. butas,
O.Pruss. (acc.) buttan house;
Lith. bklas (*btla-) nest, den, hideout, lair of wild animals , pabklas tool, utensil;
apparition, ghost, bkla, bkle presence (of mind), dwelling, E.Lith. bukle ds. (see above;
in addition buklus wise, sly, cunning);
O.C.S. byti become, be, lo- participle byl been (therefrom bylje herb; healthy herb
, compare to meaning ), Aor. be was (*bhu-t);
Imperf. beae, Fut. participle Church Slavic byeteje, byateje , Kondiz. 3. pl.
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mb- shift]
O.C.S. zabyt oblivion , pobyt victory, prebyt abode, residence, Russ. byt entity,
creature; facts (of the case), facts (of the matter), matter of fact ; present O.C.S. bodo
become, , as Fut.: will become (if Lat. adj. in -bundus?);
maybe reduced Alb. (*bodo) do Future: will become
Kaus. O.C.S. izbaviti free, release under likewise (: O.Ind. bhuva-yati, compare to
vocalism also Goth. bauan and O.C.S. zabava stay, activity, pastime); Cz. bydlo
whereabouts, dwelling, Pol. bydo cattle (from *state, prosperity, possessions ).
Maybe Alb. (*zabava) zbavit entertain, (*pastime)
Perhaps here (Pedersen Toch. 2281) Toch. pyautk-, A pyotk-, AB pyutk- come into
being , med. bring about .
From the basis bh(e)u-:
Pers. Imp. b-d be!; O.Pers. Opt. b-yuh is placed by Wackernagel KZ. 46, 270 = O.Ind.
bh-yu-h, -t;
Gk. n. germ, sprout, scion, shoot = , produce, sow, plant;
Lith. alt. bit(i) he was, also Kondit. 1. pl. (suktum-) bime; Ltv. biju, bija I was, he was
(Ltv. biju- extended from athemat. *bhu-); ablaut. O.Pruss. bi, see above;
maybe Alb. bujis germ, sprout, scion, shoot, bloom
O.C.S. Kondit. 2. 3. sg. bi were, would be (*bhu-s, *bhu-t), wherefore secondary 1. sg.
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bhava- blessing; benediction, boon, salvation, -- etc unsere root as *bhau, not as *bheu-. see also above S. 91.
Page(s): 146-150
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kymwy (: M.Ir. combug ds.) fight, -boawc = M.Ir. bugach warlike ; whether Welsh bai
fault, error, beio rebuke in addition belongs, it must contain IE *bhgh-;
O.H.G. bugan, (bugn?) squabble, quarrel, O.Ice. buga, bgja oppose, resist, O.H.G.
buga quarrel, fight, O.S. bug m. vainglory, boastfulness , M.H.G. buc, -ges m. loud
yelling, quarrel , O.Ice. buge, bugi adversary , bugr difficult, hard, sullen, obstructive; it
is presumed whether Gmc. family is not borrowed from Celt., ablaut Gmc. : Celt. u (IE );
Ltv. buztis be angry (*bhgh-), Endzelin KZ. 52, 118;
Russ. bazel bawler, crier , bazgala malicious (Scheftelowitz KZ. 54, 242);
perhaps Toch. pakwure evil, bad (Adverb), A pknt hindrance (*bhgh-), Van
Windekens Lexique 85, 96.
References: WP. II 130.
Page(s): 115
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bh2, bh
English meaning: a kind of particle
Deutsche bersetzung: Partikel especially the Beteuerung and Hervorhebung
Material: Av. bu, but , b, bit (the latter, as Lith. bei, probably with strengthening particle
*id) particles of the protestation and emphasis, bua yea, in truth (if O.Ind.
bai possibly not yet?, Konj. if not, ja-bai if, O.H.G. ibu, oba, M.H.G. ob(e) if, whether
etc, s. Kluge11 422);
Lith. b yes, of course; certainly; sure , ben at least, not only but also , E.Lith. b (=
O.Pruss. bhe), bei (see above) and, be, b, bs, bau interrogative particle, O.Pruss. beggi
for; O.C.S. (etc) bo for, i-bo , u-bo also, ne-bo-n for indeed ; changing
through ablaut Clr. ba yes, of course; certainly; sure , Cz. Pol. ba trusted, yea, in truth.
maybe Alb. po if, whether, yes : Pol. ba yea, in truth.
References: WP. II 136, Trautmann 22 f.
Page(s): 113
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From Root bh- : bh- : to warm, fry, *bath : Root bhoso-s : naked derived from Ossetic:
bgng [adj] naked of Root nog-, nogod(h)o-, nog-no- : naked common Indo Iranian
m-/n- > bh phonetic mutation : Gk.-Illyr. .
Material: O.H.G. buen, bujan, Ger. bhen (*bhi ) warm with covers, bake bread , in
addition with IE-to-suffix O.Ice. ba steam bath , O.S. bath, O.E. b, O.H.G. bad spa,
bath; in addition also Nor. dial. bara clean with warm water , Swe. bara warm up .
Note:
The cognates O.Ice. ba steam bath , O.S. bath, O.E. b, O.H.G. bad spa, bath are
created according to Alb. phonetic laws -g > -th, -d; maybe euphemistic Alb. mbath get
dressed, wear, zbath get naked, get undressed (to have a bath?)
Root bh- : bh- : to warm, fry, *bath : Root bhoso-s : naked as in: O.H.G. bar naked,
bare (*baza-), Ger. bar, O.E. br, O.Ice. berr naked, bare; Lith. bsas, Ltv. bass, O.C.S.
sich becheln bask, get warm, lounge in the sun ; besides with intensive consonantsharpening O.H.G. backan, Ger. backen;
Gk.-Illyr. ; Hes. (v. Blumental IF. 49, 175);
In addition perhaps (as burning desire, ardent wish ) Russ. bai t, baat wish, want,
whereupon starve , Cz. baiti, perf. zabahnouti ask for something .
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bhedh-2 : to bow, bend, Root bhadh-sko- : bundle, heap and in -i grade Root bhidh- :
vessel, cauldron (see above).
Material: Gk. n. barrel, vat, cask, wine cask , , Att. ds., Lat. fidlia
(*fides-liu) earthenware vessel, pot, pan; presumably O.Ice. bia f. milk tub , Nor. bide
n. butter tub (*bidjan-), bidne n. vessel.
There from Lat. fiscus a basket; hence a money-bag, purse; the state treasury; under
the empire, the emperors privy purse , fiscina a small basket (from *bhidh-sko-) may be
reconstructed for its family a basic meaning twisted vessel , it belongs probably to a root
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Page 448
Root bhlagh-men- : priest derived from the extended Root bhlag- : to hit, meaning Aryan
priests assumed they would gain the grace of gods through immolatIon.
Material: O.Ir. brahmn- m. magic priest, brhman- n. spell, charm, devotion ; Messap.
priest; Lat. flumen, -inis m. the priest of some particular god, sacrificial priest (not
the old *-n).
Because of the numerous congruities in the religious terminology between the Italic and
Indic this is equation of the preferred explanation of flumen from *bhlud-(s)men, angebl.
sacrifice, immolation (to Goth. bltan worship , O.N. blta, O.E. bltan, O.H.G. bluozan
sacrifice, O.N. blt n. sacrifice, oblation [-es-stem, compare finn. luote chant,
incantation from Proto-Gmc. *bltes], O.H.G. bluostar n. ds., etc). compare also Dumezil
REtIE. 1, 377, still compares Arm. bajal strive after .
Maybe Alb. lut chant, pray : finn. luote chant, incantation
References: WP. II 209, WH. I 512 f., 865 f., Feist 100 f., 580 a.
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flugitium a disgraceful action, shameful crime; shame, disgrace; meton., scoundrel, rascal
(originally public castigation and suppression ; conflages places exposed to all the
winds, place blown by the winds Paul Fest. 35 a appears a spoil for conflgs);
Maybe Alb. flak hurl
O.Ice. and nNor. dial. blaka, blakra strike back and forth, fan, flutter, flap , O.Ice. blak
blow, knock, O.Ice. blekkja (*blakjan) hit (Nor. flicker), Swe. dial. blkkta (*blakatjan),
M.Du. blaken fan, flutter, shiver (in Gmc. phonetic coincidence with the family of O.Ice.
blakra blink, glitter, flash etc, see below *bheleg- shine; so is e.g. Nor. blakra fan as
well as shine).
Lith. blakau and blokiu (-k- from -g-sq-) fling sidelong, travel here and there, run
around here and there .
References: WP. II 209, WH. I 511 f.
Page(s): 154
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Page 451
bhlei-2
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche bersetzung: aufblasen, schwellen, strotzen, uberflieen
Note: extension from bhel- ds.
Material: Nor. dial. bleime, O.S. blma bleb on the skin (compare Nor. blema ds. under
bhel-, bh(e)l-); Dan. blegn(e) vesicle (*blajjinn), O.E. blegen f., Eng. blain, M.L.G.
bleine, older Dan. blen(e), O.S. blena vesicle (*blajinn).
That Gk. : door pillar, door post eig. (* tumid =) thick balk, beam is required only
of foreign confirmation (Prellwitz2 and Boisacq s. v.; basic form *bhl-uu or -su);
haematoma, effusion of blood is corrupted from Lat. flmina a bloody swelling or
congestion of blood about the ankles.
bhleis-: O.Ice. blstra blow, whistle? (compare Goth. -blsan under bhel-, bh(e)l--; new
variation with i to the imitation of the bright tone?); perhaps Serb. blhum, blhati flood; spit;
have diarrhea; blhnm, blhnuti splash, spray, Bulg. bli, blkn, blkvam pours out of
me, flows out (if not as Proto-Slav. *blychajo to u-variant from Gk. etc).
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Page 453
Material: O.E. blge (*blaigin-) gudgeon (type of freshwater fish) ; mnl. M.L.G. blei(g)
and bleger, Ger. Bleihe, Blei fish names ; besides M.H.G. blicke carp ,
Ger. Blicke (Nor. dial. blekka, Ger. Blecke dace (*white fish) from the e-root bhleg-?); in
other meaning change (shine : glance, look) O.Ice. blgr looking staringly and rigidly ,
blgja stare
In addition Russ. blknut bleach, fade, wither, wilt, blklyj sallow, paled, faint, languid,
wilted; faded, flaccid, withered , blkot fools parsley, Aethusa cynapium , Pol. blaknac
fade, expire .
References: WP. II 211.
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blanden mix, tarnish (Ger. Blendling hybrid, mongrel, half breed ); to Gmc. a compare
the iterative-causative: O.H.G. blendan (*blandjan) darken, blind, O.E. blendan blind (:
blandutis, O.C.S. bladiti); O.Ice. blunda close the eyes, blundr slumber , M.Eng.
blundren stir, bewilder, nEng. blunder be grossly mistaken, wander ;
Lith. blendiu, blesti sleep; stir flour into soup, talk nonsense, become cloudy , Ltv.
blendu, blenst have poor eye-sight, be short-sighted ; Lith. blandaus, -utis low the eyes
down, be ashamed , Ltv. bludties ds.; roam, be ashamed ,
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*flenj) fl, Tosc fle die, sleep; [rare Alb. ph- > f- phonetic mutation, found
in Gk. and Lat.]
Lith. bladas sleepiness, turbid weather, cloudiness , blandus dim, cloudy, thick (soup),
murky; dark; Lith. blista, blndo, blsti dim, dusky, cloudy, become dark; become cloudy,
from water,
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prublinde (and priebland) dusk, twilight; here also blide, blends, blunde sallow ;
maybe Alb.Gheg bl, blini, Tosc bliri linden tree n/r stem
O.C.S. bledo, blesti err; wander; , bled gossip, prank, Slov. bl-dem, blsti
maunder, drivel, fantasize, O.Cz. blsti (2. sg. blede) maunder, drivel ; O.C.S. blod
debauchery, depravity, adultery, Pol. bad mistake, delusion , O.C.S. blodo, bloditi err,
indulge in debauchery , Ser.-Cr. bludm, bluditi err, wander, cheat, deceive, spoil, caress
etc.
maybe Alb.Gheg bl, Tosc blenj (*cheat), barter, buy similar shift of the meaning in Gk.
cheat, barter, exchange .
References: WP. II 216, 218, Trautmann 34 f., Endzelin KZ. 52, 112, Specht Decl. 58, 117.
Page(s): 157-158
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Material: M.H.G. blas naked, bald, bleak, pallid (Ger. bla) n. torch, burning candle, O.E.
blse torch, fire, Eng. blaze blaze, glow; white forehead spot ,
O.H.G. blas-ros horse with with a bright spot (with a bright spot on the forehead), M.L.G.
bles, blesse (*blasj) paleness, O.Ice. *bles- in blesttr marked with a white spot and in
compound on -blesi.
References: WP. II 217.
Page(s): 158
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bhleu-(k)-, (-s-)
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen
Note: extension from bhel- shine.
Page 458
Material: Swe. dial. bloslin weak, norweg. blyr mild, lukewarm, blyra weakling, wimp ,
Ger. schwb. blsche(n) slow, idle: Lith. apsi-blausti despond, despair, become sad .
References: WP. II 214.
Page(s): 160
Page 459
Material: Gk. (F) to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be
brimful , (*, lengthened grade), ephes. (*F) epithet of Dionysos
as a vegetation God; presumably from the lushness of growth also Att. , jon.
reed plant ;
(*F) swell, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be in
bloom, blossom, growing excessively or exceedingly succulent , ,
epithet of Dionysos and the Kore as vegetation divinities probably also ,
bark, husk;
changing through ablaut surge up, bubble, chat; be fruitful ,
Hes. m. gossip, gossip, prank; buffoon ;
Lith. bliuju, bliviau, bliuti roar, bellow, bleat, blivauti roar, bellow, Ltv. blaunu,
blaut ds.; O.C.S. blujo, blvati spit, vomit (based on old preterite stem, compare Lith.
bliuvo from IE *bhluuu-); in addition perhaps also O.Pruss. bleusky reed (would be correct
in the meaning to Gk. !).
With a s-extension nd. blustern violent blow, storm, pant, sniff, snort, Eng. bluster
boom, blaster, rant, roister and Ser.-Cr. bljuzgati stream noisily, chat silly stuff ; also
Ser.-Cr. blhati etc? (see under bhlei-s-).
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conflgs aLat. confluence of two stretches of water, fluvius river (from present flu
from), flustra nom. PL calm (at sea) (*flugstrom); if here (with nasalization) Welsh blyngu
become angry , blwng angry, irate, Bret. blouhi rebuke?
References: WP. II 213 f., WH. I 519 f., Trautmann 35; different EM. 372.
Page(s): 158-159
Page 461
Page 462
Material: O.E. blcan shine, as, blkan shine, O.H.G. blhhan st.-V. become pallid ,
M.H.G. blchen st.-V. shine, blush, O.Ice. blkja, bleik appear, gleam, shine;
O.Ice. bleikr, O.E. bluc, O.H.G. bleih pallid, pale, wan; O.H.G. bleihha dace, roach , Nor.
bleikja and blika ds.; O.Ice. blik n. bright lustre, shine; gold, gold plating ,
O.H.G. bleh (*shiny) thin metal panel , Ger. Blech, M.L.G. blick ds.; O.E. blike m. (*bliki-)
bare place ; O.H.G. blic, -eches quick highlight, flash, lightning, M.H.G. blic, -ekes
lustre, shine, look, lightning, Ger. Blick, O.H.G. blecchazzen (*blekatjan), M.H.G. bliczen,
Ger. blitzen; O.S. bliksmo lightning, O.S. blixa blink, Mod.Swe. also flash.
Lith. blizgu, -eti flicker, shine, blukiu, blyke ti sparkle, glitter, shimmer, shine, blyktu,
blykau, blykti blanch, pale, ablaut. blaiktaus, -utis clear up, of the sky; Ltv. blaiskums
spot, mark, meln-blaiskain dark grey.
R.C.S. blesk lustre, shine (*bhloig-sko-); changing through ablaut O.C.S. blisk
lustre, shine and *blsk in Cz. blesk, gen. old blsku lightning, O.C.S. blto, bltati
shine, Iter. bliscajo, bliscati se.
References: WP. II 21 If., EM. 398, Trautmann 34, Meillet Slave commun2 133, Specht
Decl. 144.
Page(s): 156-157
Page 463
Material: Gmc. *blia- (*bhlei-tio- or rather *bhl-tio-) light, cheerful, fair (of sky, heaven,
then of the looks, appearance, the mood:) cheerful in Goth. bleis merciful, mild,
O.Ice. blr mild (of weather), friendly, pleasant, O.E. ble cheerful, friendly, O.H.G. bldi
cheerful, blithe, glad, friendly, O.S. blthn, O.H.G. blden be glad .
As. bl n. paint, color, adj. coloured , O.Fris. bl(e)n paint, color, bli beautiful, O.E.
zna scar; because of the parallel forms under bhlu-1 barely with WH. I 517 to bhlg-.
Lith. bluvas purple, mauve, violet-blue ; perhaps Lith. blaivas sober (if not as *blaid-
vas to related *bhlido-s), blaivaus, -utis clear up, become sober ; perhaps Ltv. blnet
lurk, a furtive (glance), blink.
Toch. A. plyaskem meditation?? (Van Windekens Lexique 97).
References: WP. II 210.
See also: see also under bhlu-1 and bhlido-s.
Page(s): 155-156
Page 464
Page 465
Material: Russ. blju- ivy (Specht Decl. 117); Pol. bysk (*bhl-sk-) lightning; sorb. blu-
zn scar, wRuss. blu-zn weaving flaw ; Ltv. blau-zgas, blau-znas, Lith. blu-zganos
dandruff , Ltv. bl-zga peeling skin , blu-zga small particles, drill dust etc
Maybe Alb. bluanj grind, mill
References: Specht Decl. 117.
See also: compare the parallel formation under bhli-1.
Page(s): 159
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Page 467
bhl-uo-s
English meaning: a kind of colour (blue, gold)
Deutsche bersetzung: von lichten Farben blau, gelb, blond
Note: also bhl- uo-s, bhl-ro-s, bhl-ro-s, derivatives from the root bhel-1, bhel-
Material: Lat. fluvus golden brown, red-yellow, blond , Osc. Flaviies G. sg. of or
belonging to the college of priests for the Flavian family (from IE *bhl-), besides fulvus
red-yellow, brown-yellow from *bhl-uo-s; flrus yellow , also PN, from *bhlros = Gaul.
*bluros (Wartburg), M.Ir. blur forehead with white spot, spot, field , Welsh blawr gray,
besides *bhl-ro- in M.L.G. blure paleness, blessige, white spotted cow.
Maybe Alb. blernj blossom, be green (see below Root bhlido-s : pale)
O.H.G. bluo, Ger. blau (M.H.G. blu also gold, yellow), O.E. *bluw or *blw, O.Ice. blur
blue from *bhl-uo-s; s. also S. 155;
O.Ir. blu yellowish? is late O.E. Lw.? About Gmc. *blwa- lead see under bhlei-1.
Lith. blvas, Ltv. blvs bluish, gold, yellow are Gmc. Lw.
References: WP. II 212, WH. I 513 f., different EM 367.
Page(s): 160
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bhlido-s
English meaning: pale
Deutsche bersetzung: licht, bla
Note: to bhli- shine, from extension root form *bhli-d-
Material: O.C.S. bled pallid, pale, wan = O.E. blut pallid, livid; O.H.G. bleizza
paleness. Perhaps Lith. blaivas sober (if from *blaid-vas; or from the an extension root
bhlei-, s. d.),
blaivaus, -utis become sober; clear up, from the sky . Alb. blernj blossom, be green
from adj. *bler from *bled-r (e = IE ai or oi), blhur pale, wan, pallid.
In addition probably the Illyr. PN Blaedarus.
Note:
Page 470
bhlg- (: *bhlig-)
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche bersetzung: schlagen, schmeien
Note: also bhlgu- (Gk. Celt.), to indicate from uo- present *bhlg-u.
Material: Aol. Ion. push, press, squeeze (about see under dhlas- contuse,
squeeze ); Welsh blif m. catapult, pallista, blifaidd quick, fast;
Lat. flg, -ere hit, beat or dash down (*bhlg, or at most with through flxi, flctum
assesses u- loss from *fligu);
maybe Alb. (*bhlg-) mbledh squeeze (the hand into a fist) [common Alb. -g > -dh shift]
Ltv. blazt squeeze, clash, hit, blizt hit; O.C.S. bliz, bliz adv. nigh, near (lit.
adjacent ).
References: WP II 217, WH. I 517, EM. 369.
See also: about Russ. blizn see under bhli-1.
Page(s): 160-161
Page 471
*bhres-;
Lith. blazgu, -eti intr. clatter, blazginti clatter, rattle, clash.
References: WP. II 218.
Page(s): 161
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*baki-, O.H.G. bah, Ger. Bach, besides *bakja- in O.Ice. bekkr, O.E. becc m. ds.
With regard to O.Ind. bhaga-h, Lith. bang billow could be related to the root bheg-
shatter, break, rupture.
References: WP. II 149 f., 187.
Page(s): 161
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bhorgo-s
English meaning: unfriendly
Deutsche bersetzung: barsch, unfreundlich
Material: Arm. bark violent, angry, irate; herb, bitter, sharp from taste (*bhrgos); O.Ir.
borb, borp crazy; M.Ir. borb (*burbo-, IE *bhorgo-) raw, ignorant, Ltv. bargs stern, hard,
unfriendly, pitiless ; Swe. dial. bark willful, unfriendly person , barkun rough, harsh.
References: WP. II 188, Trautmann 27.
See also: compare also bhag-2.
Page(s): 163
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bhoso-s
English meaning: naked
Deutsche bersetzung: nackt
Note:
From Root bh- : bh- : to warm, fry, *bath : Root bhoso-s : naked derived from Ossetic:
bgng [adj] naked of Root nog-, nogod(h)o-, nog-no- : naked common Indo Iranian
m-/n- > bh phonetic mutatIon.
Material:
Avestan: LAv. mana- [adj] naked (< PIr. *magna-)
Khotanese: bnaa- [adj] naked (< PIr.*bagnaka-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) nk [adj] naked, (Chr.) ny [adj] naked
Middle Persian: brahnag [adj] naked (with secondary -r-)
Ossetic: bgng [adj] naked
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nnk [adj] naked
O.H.G. bar naked, bare (*baza-), Ger. bar, O.E. br, O.Ice. berr naked, bare; Lith.
bsas, Ltv. bass, O.C.S. bos barefoot ; Arm. bok barefoot (*bhoso-go-).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*bhas-) zbath- barefoot, mbath wear shoes [common Alb. -s > -th shift]
: Ltv. bass barefoot .
As Gk. - probably to bhes- abrade, scrape (and grind ), also originally from
barren, (naked) sharp places, compare Kretschmer KZ. 31, 414.
References: WP. II 189, Meillet Esquisse 38, Trautmann 28.
Page(s): 163
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bhoukos
English meaning: a kind of buzzing insect
Deutsche bersetzung: summendes Insekt
Material: Lat. fcus, - m. a drone bee = O.E. baw m. gadfly, brake, N.Ger. bau ds.
References: WP. II 184, WH. I 555 f.
Page(s): 163
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abibht, participle bibhvun = Av. biwivu were afraid ); O.Ind. bhiyuna-h were afraid ;
bh -h f., bhti-h f. (: Ltv. Inf. btis) fear, bhma-h dreadful, bhta-h were afraid, horrified ,
bhru-h timorous, shy, coward (if r = IE l, changing through ablaut with Lith. bile, bailus);
Pers. buk fear (from *bhyaka-); with IE simplification of ui to u before consonant here
O.Ind. bhuma-h perhaps fierceness, fury, bhumita-h fierce, grim.
Gk. , m. ape (from * ugly, zero grade *bhidh-).
Lat. foedus (*bhoidhos) foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting .
O.H.G. bibn, O.S. bibn, O.E. beofian, O.Ice. bifa, -aa and bifra (these in ending
directed after *titrn tremble) to urg. *iai-mi; *in is probably only after to the other
coexistence from -n- and -n- secondary verb besides one from the Perfect form
developed grade *in .
Bal.-Slav. originally present *bhi-, preterit-stem *bhiiu-, Inf. *bhti; O.Pruss. biutwei
fear, dread, kausat. pobaiint punish, curse; Lith. bijaus, bijtis (also not reflexive) be
afraid, Ltv. bstus, bijus, btis and bijujuos, bijtis be afraid; Lith. baijus dreadful,
terrible, hideous; baidau, -uti frighten, Ltv. baidu, baidyt and bidt daunt, scare;
Maybe Alb.Gheg mbajt be afraid, nuk ma mban I am afraid
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broterelis brother (dim.) [m io]; Latvian: brlis brother [m io]; brutartis brother (dim.) [m
io]; O.Pruss.: bruti (Ench.) brother; brole (EV) brother; bratrkai (Ench.) brother (dim.)
[Nomp];
Also Alb.Tosk (*vhraterei) vllazri member of a (family, fraternity, brotherhood);
Lat. fruter brother, Osc. fratrum, Umbr. fratrum, fratrom brothers etc around
LateesLat. frutruis s. WH. I 542);
O.Ir. bruth(a)ir brother, member of a big family, Welsh sg. brawd, brodyr, O.Corn.
Page 485
Buhle); O.Pruss. bruti (voc. brote) brother, Lith. broterelis, short form brois, batis, brlis,
Ltv. b(r)lis baby brother , brutartis dear brother!;
O.C.S. bratr, brat brother, short form Serb. baca, ch. bta ds., Russ. btja, bka
father, priest.
Also Alb.Gheg bac father, leader : Serb. baca father, priest.
compare noch O.Ind. bhrutra-m brotherhood ; Gk. , jon. ds.; O.Ind.
bhrutrya-m : Gk. , O.C.S. bratrja, bratja ds., Lat. frutria wife, woman of brothers.
Toch. A pracar (Dual pratri), procer.
References: WP. II 193, WH. I 541 f., 866, Specht KZ 62, 249, Fraenkel REtIE 2, 6 f., Risch
Mus. Helv. 1, 118.
Page(s): 163-164
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bhreg-1
English meaning: to break
Deutsche bersetzung: brechen, krachen
Material: O.Ind. giri-bhrj- bursting out from the mountains ;
Lat. frang, -ere, frgi (: Goth. *brkum), fructum break in pieces, dash to pieces,
shiver, shatter, fracture , fragilis frail, breakable, easily broken, brittle, fragile etc (*bhreg), fragor m. a breaking; a crashing, a noise of breaking, crack, crash, noise, din ; with u
(after fructus etc): suffrugium a voting tablet, a vote, noisy applause, approval; the right to
vote, franchise; in gen. judgment; approval, support; suffrugins f. the hollows of the knee
(suffragines, are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur, that is,
they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm) , lit. bend, kink ;
M.Ir. braigid farts , Verbaln. braimm, Welsh Corn. bram m. breaking wind, fart, M.Ir. t-
prgen (*brkjan), Causative to brechen; zero grade Goth. gabruka f. piece, fragment,
gobbet (*bhreg-) == O.E. bryce m. the break, lump , O.H.G. bruh break, cracked ; O.E.
brocian press, broc woefulness ; with gemination O.H.G. brocco broken , Ger.
Brocken;
Page 488
brk, pl. brkr thigh, trouser, O.E. brc, O.H.G. bruoh, Ger. Bruch ds., Swiss bruech
pubic region ; geminated O.E. etc braccas britches ;
here (rather to bhres-) belong Lith. braku, braketi crack, creak (*bhreg-sk), Ltv.
Page 489
bhreg-2
English meaning: to stick (?)
Deutsche bersetzung: steif emporstehen
Note: extension from bher- stand up, edge, bristle etc, seeks Persson Beitr. 22 f. A. 2 in:
Material: O.Ind. bhraj- stiffness (of the member), rigor(?); Ice. Nor. brok stiff grass, grass
bristles ; quite dubious also in O.Ice. borkr (*bhorgu-s), M.L.G. borke,
Ger. (eig. N.Ger.) Borke rough, outer bark (from the rough angularity? Similar is Gk.
hard, rough skin, esp. pigs skin to un extension to place root bher-).
An analoge g-extension from of a i-basis bhrei- could at most exist in Nor. brikja stick up
high, to show off, shine, brik a tall woman keeping her head high , briken fresh, agile,
lively; showy, gleaming, pleasant, brikna glory, magnificence, lustre, shine, pleasure, joy
(Wood KZ. 45, 66), if not perhaps shine, shine out is the basis of this meaning.
Brikena Illyr. PN
A bhri-k- presumably in Gk. , - shuddering, quiver, stare, , -,
stare up; shiver (*flicker?) common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; Welsh
Bret. brig acme, apex (*bhrko-).
Maybe Alb. (*, ) frik shuddering, fear, older (*) friksoj make shiver,
scare.
References: WP. II 201.
Page(s): 166
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Material: O.Ir. probably in brenn- (*bhrendh-uu-) spring up, bubble, effervesce, e.g.
bebarnatar 3 pl. preterit, with to-ess- : do-n-eprinn gushes forth , M.Ir. to-oss- : toiprinnit
interior flow, flow into , Kaus. M.Ir. bruinnid allows to gush forth, streams out etc;
compare also Thurneysen Grammar 461;
Maybe Alb. brenda, prbrenda inside, inward, (*inward inflow), brendsi inside, entrails :
O.Pruss. pobrendints weighted
Lith. brestu, brndau, bresti swell, ripen, participle brndes ripening, bristu, brndau,
bristi gush, well up (e.g. from peas), brand ripeness, rich harvest , brandus grainy ;
Ltv. bristu, briu, brist gush, well up, to swell, ripen, brus thick, strong; O.Pruss.
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bhrsta-h not succumbing ; also bhramsa- with originally bare present, then further grown
exuberantly nasalization? or old double forms? O.Ir. brc lie, falsity (*bhrenku) is the half
meaning not so certain with O.Ind.bhrams-h to compare, that chosen in the latter sense.
Kuiper (NasalprO.S. 141 f.) builds *bhrek-mi next to *bhre-n-k; nevertheless, his
etymological comparisons are not persuasive.
References: WP. II 204.
See also: To bhreg-1?
Page(s): 168
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bhren-to-s
English meaning: herdsman, *wanderer, horn
Deutsche bersetzung: Geweihtrger, Hirt
Material:
Messap. (from *) Hes., deer head Hes., brunda ds.,
short form (besides Brenda) to PN Brundisium,
older Brindisi, Illyr. VN ; Ven. FlN Brinta Brenta; still today in Ital.
mountain names and plant names (Bertoldi IF. 52, 206 f.);
compare in addition Alb. br, brni horn, antler (*bhr-no-), Plur. Gheg brena; raetorom.
brenta pannier ;
maybe Alb. brinja rib, bone
Note:
Clearly Alb. is an Illyr. Dialect; Alb. bredh wander suggests that there is a link between
Root bhred(h)- : to wade, wander and Root bhren-to-s : herdsman, *wanderer.
Mod.Swe. dial. brind(e), Nor. (with g from d) bringe male elk (*bhrents), ablaut. Nor.
Baltic lang. were created before Slavic lang. hence the vocabulary shared by Baltic and Alb.
is of Illyr. origin.
Perhaps to bhren- overhang, edge; different Specht Decl. 120.
References: WP. II 205, WH. I 116 f., 551, 852, A. Mayer KZ 66, 79 ff., Krahe Festgabe
Bulle 191 f.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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Material: Ir. braine front part of the ship; guide, leader; edge, border, Corn. brenniat ds.
With formants t: Lat. frns, -tis m., new f. the forehead, brow, front ; O.Ice. brandr
sword (*bhron-t-); in wider meaning stick, board; sword against it probably from
*bhrondho- to bherdh- cut, clip.
With formants d: O.E. brant, O.Ice. brattr high, sharp (*bhrondos), Ltv. brudin ridge
of the roof.
bhren-q-: Gmc. *branha- in O.S. bru-, Mod.Swe. br- sharp in PN; O.Ice. bringa brost,
thorax, brostbone of birds, Mod.Ice. bringr small hill;
maybe Alb. (*bhren) brinj rib, chest bone, hillside
Note:
Alb. proves that from Root bhren-to-s : herdsman, *wanderer, *horn derived from an
extended Root bhren- : to stick out; edge.
Lith. brank the swelling, brankoti, branksoti jut out stiffly (of bones, laths); ablaut.
brnkstu, brnkti to swell; Slav. *brekno, *breknoti in Russ. nabrjknut to bloat, bulge,
swell etc.
bhren-g- perhaps in O.Ice. brekka (*brinkn) steep hill, older Dan. brink, brank upright
, M.Eng. nEng. brink edge, border, bank, shore, M.L.G. brink edge of a field, field
margin, meadow, M.Du. brinc, nDutch brink edge, grass strip, border of grass, grass field
.
References: WP. II 203 f., WH. I 551, Trautmann 36.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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bhreu-k- (-k-)
English meaning: to strike; to throw
Deutsche bersetzung: streichen, streifen
Note: only balto-Slav., probably extension from bhru-1. For -k- compare above S. 18 Anm.
Material: Lith. braukiu braukiau braukti whisk, stroke; move slowly ; Ltv. brucu bruuu
brukt move;
ablaut. Lith. bruku brukau brukti wave flax, wedge , Ltv. brukt crumble , brucint
abrade, stroke the scythe;
Iterat. Lith. braukuti, Ltv. braucut stroke (with unoriginal intonation) and Lith. brukis m.
stripe, line, Ltv. bruce f. scratch, scar, in addition Lith. brukne, brukns f., Ltv. bruklene f.
cranberry ;
Slav. *bruo *brusiti (originally iterative) in Bulg. brusja (brusich) shake off, get rid of,
beat off, chop, cut, reject, Ser.-Cr. brusim brusiti whet, Cz. brousiti ds., in addition O.C.S.
ubrus veronica (the impression of the face of Jesus believed by some to be miraculously
made on a head - cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face as he went to his crucifixion;
the cloth used for this) , Ser.-Cr. brus (gen. brusa), Russ. brus (gen. brusa; mostly brusk)
grindstone, whetstone; Russ. etc brusnka cranberry (lightly strippable ); ablaut.
R.C.S. brsnuti scrape, shave, Russ. brost (dial. brokt), brsit throw, brsnut
peel flax, bros offal etc in ablaut to Bulg. br rub off. With the iterative grade:
O.C.S. s-brysati scrape , brysalo a painters brush or pencil; style .
Perhaps here skR.C.S. brut nail, Bulg. brut ds. as *brukt, compare to meaning Lith.
brukti put by force , to form Ltv. braukts knife for cleaning the flax.
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Brumath (Alsace); in addition places Krahe (Gl. 17, 159) Illyr. VN : Breones (from
*Breuones).
Note:
Illyr. VN : Breones (from *Breuones) evolved according to Alb. phonetic laws -t > -nt
> -n hence *Breuones < *Breuontes. But only Alb. displays the common -k > -th, -t shift
found in Illyr. VN Breuci : Illyr. VN (from *Breuones), hence Alb. is a dialect of Illyr.
Both Alb. and older Illyr. display centum and satem characteristics.
Finally Gaul. PN B-, today Brumath (Alsace); has evolved according to Illyr. Alb.
phonetic laws -g > -th as Alb. (mag-) math big.
About Russ. brykt kick, reject etc s. Berneker 93.
References: WP. II 197, Trautmann 36 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 119.
Page(s): 170
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bhreu-s-1
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche bersetzung: schwellen; sprieen
Note: (compare above bhreu-)
Material: O.Ir. br f., gen. bronn belly, body (*bhrus-[n]: -n-os), brach big-bellied
(*brusukos), Welsh bru m. venter, uterus (*bhreuso-);
Maybe Alb. bark, barku (*bhrauk) belly : O.Ir. brach big-bellied
O.Ir. bruinne brost (*bhrusnio-), O.Welsh Welsh bronn f. brost, Bret. bronn, bron ds.
(*bhrusnu) in place names also round hill, M.Welsh brynn, Welsh bryn m. (*bhrusnio-)
hill (from Celt. derives Goth. brunj f. (brost)-armor, O.H.G. brunja, brunna coat of mail
);
Maybe Alb. brinj rib, side, hillside : Goth. brunj f. (brost)-armor
Alb. proves that Root bhreu-s-1 : to swell derived from Root bhreu-k- (-k-) : to strike; to
throw. Hence centum languages predate satem language because of the -k > -h > -s
phonetic mutations.
O.Ir. brollach bosom (*bhrus-lo- with formants-uko-); M.Ir. brasach with large, wide
brost (from bhreus-to- = O.S. briost).
M.H.G. briustern swell up, O.Ice. u-brystur f. pl. beestings (also broddr ds. from
*bruz-da-z), Swiss briescht ds. (besides briesch ds. from *bhreus-ko-); O.S. briost N. pl.,
O.E. brost, O.Ice. brist brost, zero grade Goth. brusts f. pl., O.H.G. brust, Ger. Brust;
O.S. brustian bud (Slav. *brst bud), Ger. Brs-chen (from md.) mammary gland of
cows, schwb. Bruste, bO.Ir. Brusel, Briesel, Bries ds., Dan. brissel, Swe. kalfbrss, with ksuffix Dan. bryske, Eng. brisket brost of the animals .
Page 501
brausche, brauschig swollen; of style, turgid, bombastic, torose , brauschen swell up.
Maybe Alb. (*brausch) bark belly
Russ. brjucho lower abdomen, belly, paunch, dial. brjuchnut yield, gush, well up, to
bloat, bulge, swell, Cz. alt. bruch, brucho, nowadays brich, bricho belly etc (*bhreuso-s, -
m);
here also Clr. brost f. dial. brost m. bud, Bulg. brs(t) m. young sprouts, Ser.-Cr. brst
m. ds., brstina foliage, leaves.
Maybe Alb. bisht(n)aj legume, pod, bisht tail (shoot?)
here Clr. brost f. dial. brost m. bud , Bulg. Brs (t) m. younger shoots , Ser.-Cr. br ^
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bhreu-s-2
English meaning: to break
Deutsche bersetzung: zerbrechen, zerschlagen, zerkrumeln under likewise
Note: extension from bhru-1.
Material: Alb. breshn, breshr hail, if eig. granule, mica (e = IE eu); Lat. frustum a bit,
piece, morsel, gobbet (from *bhrus-to-);
O.Ir. bru shatter, smash (*bhrsi , Gaul. brus-, Fr. bruiser), M.Ir. brire, brile piece,
fragment, bruan ds., bruar fragment, broken piece, brosna (*brus-tonio-) faggot,
brushwood bundle , Gaul. *bruskiu undergrowth, brushwood , aFr. broce ds., M.Ir. brusc
tiny bit etc; O.Ir. bronnaim damage (*bhrusnumi) (subjunctive robria from *bris- break,
rupture borrows, see under bhri-);
M.Welsh breu, Welsh brau frail, easily broken , M.Corn. brew broken (*bhruso-);
M.Bret. brusun tiny bit (*brous-t-);
O.E. briesan (*brausjan), brysan (*brsjan) break, rupture trans., shatter, Eng. bruise
injure, probably also O.H.G. brsma, M.H.G. brsem, brseme, brsme bit, flake, crumb;
O.E. brosnian molder .
References: WP. II 198 f., WH. I 553.
Page(s): 171
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helped (similarly akr. brujm, brujiti buzz, hum from an swarm of bees, Berneker 89).
Material: M.H.G. brsen boom, blaster, roar, brs the boom, N.Ger. brsen boom,
blaster, simmer, seethe, boil; be hasty (from people); spread out, grow new shoot (from
plants); sprinkle, besprinkle (compare Ger. Brause) (out of it Dan. bruse ds.), Dutch
bruisen, previous bruischen foam, froth, bubble, roar, boom, blaster, N.Ger. brsken ds.,
M.H.G. brsche douche, shower, spray, sprinkler , O.S. brsa storm ahead , Nor. dial.
brosa storm gust , O.Ice. brusi he-goat, billy goat , Ice. bruskr tussock, besom , Eng.
brush bristle brush, paintbrush, brush, tail (of foxes), brushwood shrubbery, bush,
shrubbery , M.Eng. bruschen, Eng. to brush comb with a brush, Nor. dial. brauska,
bruska and brausta, brusta make room, rush out forcefully ; Swe. bruska rustle, rant,
roister.
With Gmc. *bruska-z brushwood , *bruskan crackle, rustle (-sk- could be IE zg) one
compares the Bal.-Slav. groups Lith. bruzgai pl. brushwood , briauzg babbler , bruzgu,
-eti rustle, Russ. brjuzgju, -t mumble, murmur, brjuat drone, grumble, murmur,
growl etc; yet are the verb perhaps are only Bal.-Slav. onomatopoeic word formatIon.
Because of the Gmc. meaning spray is perhaps on the other hand to be compared with
Russ. bruzgaju, -at spray, sprinkle, bubble etc.
References: WP. II 199 f., Trautmann 38.
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Page 506
Material: O.Ind. bhrnanti be hurt (Pf. bibhruya Dhutup.), Av. pairibrnnti be cut all
around , brir-taa- dashing sharply , M.Pers. brn determined, fixed.
Maybe Alb.Gheg pre- pierce, cut
Thrak. (?) barber.
Lat. fri, -ure rub, grind, crumb, spall, crumble, fric, -ure to rub, rub down, rub off
(from *fri-co-s rubbing, scraping), refrva faba ground bean, frvolus (from *fr-vo-s
triturated ), breakable, trifling, worthless; n. pl. as subst. sticks of furniture .
Maybe Alb. (**frico-) frkonj rub possible Lat. loanword.
With frvolus to be compared Welsh briw broke; wound; briwo break, rupture, injure;
with s-extension here Gaul.-Lat. brsure break, shatter , Fr. briser etc gallorom.
*briscure curdle, coagulate, harden , Swiss bretschi ds. (Wartburg), O.Ir. brissid breaks
(from participle Pert. *bristo-), M.Ir. bress f. din, fuss, noise, fight, struggle, breissem ds.,
O.Ir. PN Bres-(u)al (*bristo-ualos), Corn. M.Bret. bresel fight, Bret. bresa quarrel, M.Ir.
brise frail, breakable, br. bresk ds.; compare the parallel formation under bhreus-2.
Hereupon probably also Welsh brwydr fight, struggle, O.Ir. briathar word, *argument as
*bhrei-tru quarrel, argument (to Welsh brwyd torn, perforates ), compare Lith. brti
scold, chide, refl. be quarrelsome, O.C.S. brati fight, s. bher-2.
Maybe Alb.Gheg brit, Tosc brtas to scold, chide, quarrel, yell : Lith. brti scold, chide.
Page 507
selo-.
Maybe Alb. brisk razor
g-extension bhrei-g- presumably in Lith. breiu, breti scratch, scrape, Iter. brai-, -uti
ds., and O.Ice. brk f. board, low wooden wall, low bar; compare with *bhrei-g- parallel gextension the einf. root bher- in Ltv. beriu, berzu, berzt rub, scour, clean and Gk.
s. and auf a k-extension *bhrei-k- traceable Gk. s.; breti
not better with IE b- to O.E. prica point, M.L.G. pricken, M.H.G. pfrecken prick etc,
besides that with other root auslaut Nor. dial. prisa prick, stir, tease, irritate, preima, preina
banter, stir, tease, irritate etc (about age and origin Gmc. words nothing is certain).
References: WP. II 194 f., WH. 116, 549, Vendryes RC 29, 206.
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Bahn brechen, Fr. route from rupta), breyta (*brautjan) alter, change, modify , breyskr
frail, breakable, brittle ; O.H.G. bruz, bruzz fragileness ; O.Ice. brytia = O.E. bryttian
divide, share, allot, distribute; O.Ice. bryti m. colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner, i.e. the
most distinguished of the farmhands; kind of estate manager, land agent = agsl. brytta m.
dispenser, distributer .
To Gmc. *reutan perhaps also O.Ir. fris-brudi reject .
Ltv. brauna, brauna scurf, dandruff, flake, scale, abandoned skin or shell, caul, entrails
(basic meaning scrapings , vgl Slav. brsnoti scrape, stripe under bhreu-k-);
Cz. br-n-ka (*bhrun-) placenta, afterbirth .
References: WP. II 195 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.
See also: S. the extension bhreu-k-, bhreu-s-2.
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Material: Welsh brwyn-en f. bulrush, O.Corn. brunnen gl. juncus, bulrush, Bret. broenn-
enn ds. (from urk.*brugno-); O.E. brogn(e) f. twig, branch, bush, Nor. dial. brogn(e) tree
branch, clover stalk, raspberry bush .
References: WP. II 208.
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(compare there to meaning O.Ind. bhrvati chews, consumes, also Bal.-Slav. *bhreu-q-, -
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bhr-1
English meaning: brow
Deutsche bersetzung: Augenbraue
Note: partly with initial vowel, IE o- or a- (full root form?); after Persson Beitr. 17 lies a dark
According to Gk. phonetic mutations -k > -p, -g > -b; hence Root ok- : to see; eye > Gk.
-- eye. From there derived Maced. , Gk. , - f. brow; common
Gk. l > r phonetic shift.
Maybe zero grade Alb. (* : *vrenkula > vetulla f. brow : vrenjt (*vrenk-) frown
common Alb. -kh > t phonetic mutatIon. : Khotanese: brrauka-l brow : Sogdian: (Buddh.)
rwkh eyebrow (*br-ku-) : Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. ()rwc [pl.tantum] eyebrow;
SO.N. vrc eyebrow.
M.Ir. brad gen. Du., brui, bri nom. Du. f. brows (to diphthong s. Thurneysen
Grammar 199), O.Ir. forbru acc. pl. (*bhrns : acc. ), forbru gen. pl. eyebrows ;
unclear are M.Ir. pl. abrait (*abrant-es or *abrant) eyelids, brows , likewise mbr. abrant
brow, Welsh amrant eyelid, Specht (Decl. 83, 162) would like to put to Lat. frns the
forehead, brow, front ; but vocalism and meaning deviate;
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bruvs.
Toch. A prwun-, prwune (Dual) eyebrows .
References: WP. II 206 f., Trautmann 38.
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brucca, O.S. -bruggia, O.E. brycg bridge, bO.Ir. Bruck Bretterbank am Ofen , O.E.
brycgian pave (originally with thrashed wood), Swiss brugi (O.H.G. *brug) wood
scaffolding , brugel wooden log, M.H.G. brugel cudgel, club, Ger. Prugel (bridge is
also balk, rod; track made of beams );
Gaul. brva bridge (*bhrua);
O.Bulg. brvno balk, beam, Ser.-Cr. brv f. balk, beam, bridge made of beams (etc,
s. about Slav. forms Berneker 92).
Unclear is the guttural in the Gmc. forms: *brug- from *bruu-, or k- suffix? S. Kluge11
under Brucke = bridge and Specht Decl. 2113 f., accepts the connection with bhr-1.
References: WP. II 207.
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bhudh-m(e)n
English meaning: bottom
Deutsche bersetzung: Boden
Note: single-linguistic in part to *bhudh-mo-, partly to *bhudh-no-, besides with already IE
profundus deep = M.Ir. bond, bonn m. sole, foundation, groundwork, basis, pad, prop .
maybe Alb. (*fundus), fund bottom, end, fundos sink (to the bottom)
O.H.G. bodam, Ger. Boden, O.S. bodom, O.E. *bom > M.Eng. bothem m. besides O.E.
bytna to come to the bottom , with unclear dental change; it seems to lie a basic ProtoGmc. *buma- , probably is to be explained analogically; compare Petersson Heterokl. 18,
Sievers-Brunner 167, Kluge11 under siedeln. About Ger. Buhne, originally wooden floor
(made from floorboards) , angebl. from Gmc. *bun, IE *budhniu, s. Kluge11 under Buhne.
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bokkr, bokki, O.E. bucca, nEng. buck, O.H.G. M.H.G. boc, -ekes, Ger. Bock.
The aberrant consonant in O.Ind. bukka-h he-goat (uncovered) is probably from bukkati
barks (see under beu-1, bu-) influenced hypocoristic reshuffling *bhja- = Av. bza-. Also
Pers. dial. boa young goat, pum. bu, bu seem to be a result of similar reorganizatIon.
References: WP. II 189 f., Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f., Martinet Gemination 182.
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pladder loose gossip, Dan. bladre spread lose gossip , older also splash, lacking of
consonant shift in onomatopoeic word.
Similar to onomatopoeic words are N.Ger. plapperen (Ger. plappern), M.H.G. plappen
and blappen, O.H.G.blabizn babble and M.N.Ger. plderen babble (M.H.G. pldern,
Ger. plaudern).
compare with partly similar meaning bhld- to bubble up, chat, bhel- sound and bal-,
bal-bal- under baba- (e.g. Lith. blebnti with Ger. plappern similar formation).
References: WP. II 120, WH. I 109.
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Common Alb. n > r rhotacism. Alb. shows that from Root bhl- : to howl, weep derived
Root bl- : to bleat; hence the support for the glottal theory bh- > b-.
References: WP. II 120 f., WH. I 95.
See also: compare also bhl- howl etc
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Material: With p: O.Ind. plui-, Arm. lu (*plus-), Alb. plesht, Lat. plex (*pusl-ex), IE*plouk- in
O.H.G. flh, O.E. flah.
Note:
Common Arm. (often Alb.) initial pl- > l- phonetic mutation also common Lat. plou- > pulephonetic mutation since Lat. prefers initial consonant + vowel order. Lat. phonetic shift can
be explainedt only through glottal theory phlou- > pule [ ph > pu]
With b (or bh?): afgh. vraa, Gk. (*blusiu), balto-Slav. *blusu in Lith. blus, Ltv.
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brangh-, brongh-?
English meaning: hoarse?
Deutsche bersetzung: heiser?
Material: Gk. hoarseness , be hoarse, O.Ir. brong(a)ide hoarse; but
Gk. Aor. cracks probably stays away.
References: WP. I 683 f., II 119.
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brknem, brkniti, brkam, brkati, brcati bump with the feet, kick, shoot the way up with the
fingers, touch ;
Maybe Illyr. TN Breuci : so Gk. locust, grasshopper (mythological monster?);
Alb. (*breuk ) prek touch, frisk, violate , pres crunches with the teeth, cut [taboo word] :
Slovene: brsati lead, touch : Lithuanian: brukti poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax) [verb];
Russian: brost throw, (dial.) scutch flax [verb]; brokt (dial.) throw [verb]; SerboCroatian: brcati throw [verb];
Russ.brykt kick with the back leg , Clr. brykty frisk mischievously, run etc
Note:
Maybe the original cognate was of Baltic - Illyrian origin: Lithuanian: brauktas wooden knife
for cleaning flax [m o], braukti erase, scutch (flax), brukti poke, thrust, press, scutch
(flax) [verb]
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actually differently from bu-, bhu- inflate with normal spraying after outside.
Root bu- : lip, kiss derived from Root ku-, kus- (*kukh-): to kiss common Celtic - Greek
The same phonetic construction for Pol. buzia mouth, face; kiss : Alb. buz, buza lip :
Rom. buzu lip : Ital. bacio mouth, face; kiss, older Lat. basiatio -onis f. kissing, a kiss.
References: WP. I 113 f., WH. II 98.
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math big.
O.Ir. dr n., Welsh deigr (could go back to pl. *dakr the o-Decl.), pl. dagrau, O.Bret. dacr-
(lon) moist, damp, wet , Corn. dagr tears (Island-Celtic *dakrom see, look Thurneysen
KZ. 48, 66 f); Gmc. *thr- and tagr- : Goth. tagr n. tears, O.N. tur n. (from*tahr-), O.E.
thher, tear, teagor m., O.H.G. zahar m. (Ger. Zhre from dem pl.; whether in Gmc. still
from old u-stem or it has changed out of it? o-stem has gone out, is doubtful).
IE *dakru is probably from *drakru dissimilated because of O.H.G. trahan, O.S. pl. trahni
tears, M.L.G. trun ds. and ( from fat of squeezed out drops through cooking:) fish oil,
M.H.G. traher ds. (-er probably after zaher has changed) and Arm. artasuk tears , sg.
asrazan- pouring tears , Lith. aara, ara tears, Ltv. asara ds.; probably sheer rhyme
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From early Italic, Illyrian people the cognate for tears passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *l ga ( *l-)
English meaning: to weep, cry
Turkic protoform: *jg-(la-)
Tungus protoform: *ligiReferences: WP. I 769, WH. I 746 f.
See also: see above S. 23 under akru.
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vir; the l for d probably Sabine), O.H.G. zeihhur, O.E. tucor (presumably through
hybridization with an equivalent from Lith. ligonas brother of wife), Lith. dievers (for
*dieve = O.Ind. dvar-; older conservative gen. dievers), Ltv. dieveris, O.C.S. dever (i-, ioand conservative stem).
Note:
The Baltic cognate Lith. ligonas brother of the wife proves the Balkan origin of Baltic
languages inheriting Lat. d- > l- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 767, WH. I 787, Specht KZ 62, 249 f., Trautmann 43.
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O.Ind. and Alb. prove that Root duu-, du-, d- : to burn derived from Root dheu-4, dheu(presumably: dhu-, compare the extension dhu-k-, dhu- s-) : to reel, dissipate, blow,
*smoke etc..
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goreti burn?) with *du-s- (presumably as zero grade of -es- stem = or as Gk. (F));
Tosc der bitter (*deu-no-);
Lat. presumably duellum, bellum war, fight (WH. I 100 f.), with unclear suffix.
Note: common Lat. dw- > b- phonetic mutation
O.Ir. dm singe, burn (about O.Ir. dm get, exert see under deu()-), Verbalnom.
dud = O.Ind. davathu-h blaze, fire ; atd kindle, inflame from *ad-douth, Welsh cynneu
kindle, inflame under likewise, also Bret. devi, Welsh deifio burn (with v from w before i)
here (Thurneysen KZ. 61, 253, Loth RC. 42, 58); O.Ir. gen. condid, M.Ir. connad, condud
firewood, Welsh cynnud firing, Corn. kunys, Bret. keuneud firewood (Pedersen KG. I
108, II 39, basic form perhaps*kom-dauto-); Welsh etewyn firebrand (*ate-dau-ino-),
Bret. collective eteo ds.
O.H.G. zuscen burn; after : braun here also O.E. tosca frog, Swe. dial. tosk ds.;
perhaps (with *eu, see under) O.N. tjn n. damage, wrong; injustice, derision, ridicule,
O.E. tona m., tone f. damage, O.S. tiono evil, harm, wrong; injustice, enmity, whereof
O.N. tyna destroy, lose, O.E. tenan plague, anger, slander, O.S. gitiunean act wrong
against somebody .*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*)
In spite of Osthoff IA. 1, 82 has kept away the family of Ger. zunden, Goth. tundnan is
ignited, tandjan ignite, set on fire, M.H.G. zinden, because of that i and a would not be
probably first ablaut neologism in u; after Thurneysen IA. 83, 32 as t-andjan to O.Ir. ad-andkindle, inflame.
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aut dry, burn incense, smoke as *du-ti, as also Alb. and Gmc. eu- forms can contain IE
u; the relationship of this *du- to *duu- is unclear; or to dieu- sky, heaven?
References: WP. I 767 ff., WH. I 100 f.
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du-nu- n. f. every dripping liquid, drop, dew, Av. du-nu- f. river, stream, Osset. don
water, river; Russ. FlN Don, (Greek) skyth. FlN ;
Also typical intensive reduplication Illyr. (*don-don) Dodona Epirus
Russ. FlN Dniepr and Dniestr, old Danapris and Danastius from skyth. *Dunu apara back
river and *Dunu nazdya- front river;
Av. VN Dunav pl. river inhabitant (become in Rgveda water demons, fem. GN Dunu-),
skyth. nomadic people, also in Greece, hence (?) Gk. VN , gypt. Danuna; with
formants -mo- Arm. tamuk humid, wet, moist, tamkanam wet, mositen; of water, collect
in pools, and of solids, to be liquefied; wet, moistened, soaked and presumably Gk.
(Proto-Gk. or ?) fat of animals and people, wherewith Alb. dhjam fat, bacon, tallow,
suet is not connected in a cleared way yet; the fat can be named as with the roast liquidly
growing ones (compare O.C.S. loj soft fat, lard, grease : lijati pour). Here also Celt.
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dunam the abscission, trimming, dunam n. distribution, deal, portion, dutu n. deal,
portion, dutar- m. (= ) reaper, mower, dutram allotted share , dutram n. sickle,
Pers. dura remuneration , dus sickle; O.Ind. dayu communion, concern, commiseration
= dyate (*di-etai) divides, possess lot, has pity; destructs .
Maybe nasalized form in Alb. (*dyate) ndanj cut, separate, allot, share.
Gk. med. divide, allot, share with probably after Fut. and and the
following words preserved (phonetic laws Konj. 375 is destroyed ); , -,
,
Hom. also , - share, meal, sacrifice, oblation (: O.Ind. dutu); guest (as
serving the meal), colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner. (: O.Ind. dutar-),
share (: O.Ind. dutram; this of these Gk. words is partly according to phonetic laws - ui,
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teilan divide etc It could hardly derive from Slav., probably it derives from Ven.-Illyr.,
because the root form *di- is attested in sudIllyr. PN Dae-tor. An additional form IE dhibesides di- would be unplausible.
With zero grade d- : Arm. ti, gen. tioy age, years, days, time (* < d-t(i)- or *d-to-, *d-
tu), O.H.G. zt f. (n. Isidor), O.S. O.E. td, O.N. t f. time, hour (*t-, IE*d-t-, ursprgl
period of time), in addition O.N. tr usual, ordinary, frequent, often, O.E. tdan occur,
O.N. ta aspire, strive; O.N. t-na to pick to pieces, take apart, weed, take out, remove,
clean;
About Goth. til fitting etc see under ad-2, but Goth. dails under del-3; here against it
O.H.G. zila sequence, row, line, Westfl. tle sheaf row , Ger. Zeile, probably from *t-
l-.
p- extension dup-, dp-; dp-no-, -ni- sacrificial meal :
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daps (*share) a sacrificial feast, religious banquet; in gen., meal, feast, banquet , damnum
loss, damage, defect, fine, damnsus ruinous (*dap-no- : , different Pedersen
Hitt 42);
maybe Illyr. Epidamnos (Eppi- *horse + *dap-no *sacrifice), also Alb.Gheg dam (*dap-
tpla touch lightly, tread quietly; but Nor. dial. taap(e) m., Dan. taabe fool, rogue,
awkward; clumsy person, Nor. taapen weak, feeble, ineligible , tpe n. insignificant;
unimportant thing, O.N. tpiligr concise, with other labial grades Swe. dial. tabb, tabbe
gawk , tabbet oafish , are probably onomatopoeic words, also as N.Ger. tappe, Swiss
tupe, Ger. Tappe paw , as well as tappen, tppisch etc; s. also under dhabh-1.
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zipf tip, cusp, peak, nasalized M.L.G.timpe f. tip, end, O.E. u-timplian hold with nails; on
the other hand Nor. dial. tuppa, Ger. zupfen, O.N. toppr tuft of hair, summit, acme, apex ,
O.E. topp m. cusp, peak, crest, summit, tip , toppa m. filament , O.H.G. zopf pigtail,
braid, plait, end of a thing ; M.L.G. tubbe, tobbe spigot , tobben pluck, rend , suddt.
zfeln waver (as zapfeln); perhaps here also O.H.G. zumpo penis, M.H.G. zumpf(e),
Ger. Zumpt, whereat under dumb-.
Here Toch. A tup ate , Van Windekens Lexique 187.
zata f. tuft of wool, hair hanging down together, filament or wool (therefrom zaturra a
harlot, prostitute ), O.E. tttec (expressives tt) scrap, shred, tatter, rag , O.N. toturr
scrap, shred; altDan. tothae, older Dan. and Dan. dial. tde, taade , retard, delay, hinder.
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s-extension d-es-:
O.Ind. dsyati suffers lack, swelters, languishes , upadsyati goes out, is exhausted ;
Nor. dial. tasa wear out, Swe. dial. tasa pluck wool, outspread hay , N.Ger. tasen
pluck, Ger. Zaser, older Zasel fibre, filament , Nor. dial. tase m. weak person, tasma
languish, tasa become feeble ; ablaut. Dan. dial. tse work slowly , N.Ger.tsen
work heavily, identical with Nor. Dan. tse disentangle, wear out, pull out; compare in
similar meaning Nor. tasse go quietly , taspa go slowly and sluggishly, M.H.G. zaspen
scratch, go sluggishly , O.H.G. zascn seize, snatch, tear away (actually drag) = Ger.
dial. zaschen, zschen drag, pull, tear, work slowly , zschen f. a train in the dress ;
about O.H.G. tasca pouch, pocket s. Kluge11 612.
Maybe truncated Alb.Gheg (*zascn) me zan to seize, snatch, tear away
Hitt. teu- keep oneself away from (3. sg. preterit ti-e-a-a).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*teu) tesha pl. clothes, belongings, rags, tesh speck of dust, little
splinter, torn piece
Besides with i-vocalism (IE *di-s as extension to d -? Or only Gmc. neologism?):
Swe. dial. teisa, tesa pull to pieces , Dan. dial. tese pluck (e.g. wool), O.E. tsan
pull to pieces , O.H.G. zeisan, zias ruffle; tousle, pluck wool ; E.Fris. Du. teisteren rend
, O.E. tsel, O.H.G. zeisala teasel , Nor. dial. test willow fibre, ringlet, hair lock , with
Nor.tst fibre, filament , tsl shrubbery , with i M.H.G. zispen go sluggishly (as zaspen),
probably also (?) O.E. teoswian plague, disparage , teoso insult, deceit, malice.
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tose frail person, tos fibers, ragged rigging , tossa strew, distribute, outspread , M.Eng.
ttsen tousle, ruffle, M.L.G. tsen rend, pull, O.H.G. zirzsn tousle, ruffle, M.H.G.
zsach brushwood , zse f. brushwood, hair lock under likewise; perhaps to Lat.
dmus a thorn bush, bramble brushwood, shrub (*ds-mo-s) and O.Ir. doss bush.
From PIE this root passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *dma
English meaning: ill, sick, bad
Turkic protoform: *jAman
Tungus protoform: *damJapanese protoform: *dmNote: Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic
form (MC ja-man savage, barbarian is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jaman for
a bad disease, sickness is very close to Japanese and may suggest that the original
meaning of the root was ill(ness), sick(ness)).
References: WP. I 763 ff., WH. I 322, 323 f., 859; Schwyzer Gk. I 676.
See also: out at least basically as extensions from du- cut, split agreeable root del- split,
del- whereupon it is split apart , der- split, flay see under see under its own headwords.
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tike and tick wood tick, sheep louse , M.L.G. Zecke m. f. wood tick, Ger. Zecke; besides
a mediation form *tkan- in M.L.G. teke, M.H.G. Zeche, Eng. teke ds.;
Nor. dial. tikka, N.Ger. ticken stumble lightly , M.H.G. zicken ds.; O.H.G. zechon
pulsate, banter, skirmish; Eng. tickle titillate ; nasalized O.E. tindian ds.
A connection with dhig- prick is not provable.
References: WP. I 777.
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causa for forms sake, for the sake of appearances ), des-h (direction), region = O.N.
teigr see under;
Gk. , secondary points, shows, evinces, Cret. -
, the display (with secondary lengthened grade), see above,
, , ; the perf. Med. , and averment, proof, example
not with IE g, but Gk. innovation;
Lat. dcere to indicate; to appoint; most commonly, to say, speak, tell, mention; in pass.
with infin., to be said to; to mention, speak of, tell of, relate; to name, call; to mean, refer to,
dcure announce solemnly, award, consecrate, dedicate, set apart, devote, offer , Osc.
dekum say, Umbr. teitu, deitu (Fut. Imper.) you will say, declare, changing through
ablaut Osc. dicust will have said , Umbr. dersicust ds., Osc. da-dkatted ddcavit, Lat.
dci power, sovereignty, authority , indcure indicate, display, show, offer, index an
informer; a sign, token; the forefinger; a title; a touchstone (as also O.Ind. desin
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causidicus; about urIr. *Ekuo-decas, Lugudec(c)as (gen. sg.) see under dek-1.
Goth. gateihan indicate, promulgate , O.N. ta, newer tiu show, depict, represent,
explain, announce , O.E. ton indicate, promulgate , O.H.G. zhan accuse, blame,
zeihen;
maybe Alb. zihem quarrel, argue
wherefore O.N. tgenn (*show, point out, reveal, advise, teach) noble, tgn f. rank; noble
man, husband; O.H.G. zeign show, whereof zeiga instruction; inziht etc see above;
further O.N. teigr m. linear part of meadow (*direction = O.Ind. des-h region, place,
land), changing through ablaut O.E. tg, th meadow, pasture , M.L.G. t(g) m. public
collective place of a village , O.H.G. zch forum.
Here presumably with the meaning finger (= *pointer) and secondary, but already old
toe, O.H.G. zha, O.E. tuhe, tu, O.N. tu toe (*dikuu), M.L.G. twe, Ger. and sudd. zwe
ds. (*doik-uu), and that probably from *dicitus through dissimilation against the toneless t
resulted Lat. digitus finger, toe.
Hitt. tek-ku-a-nu-mi makes recognizable, points, shows, evinces here after
Sturtevant Lang. 6, 27 f., 227 ff.; doubts the formation because of E. Forrer by Feist 204.
Besides IE doig- in Goth. taikns f. mark, token, sign, wonder, miracle, taikn n. ds.,
O.H.G. (etc) zeihhan n. mark, token, sign, O.E. tcan, Eng. teach instruct, O.N. teikna
show, signify, designate, O.H.G. zeihhonn draw, depict, sign , Goth. taiknjan show,
O.H.G. zeihinen ds.
From Gmc. *taikna derives finn. taika- omen, sign.
Whether deik- and deig- from dei- bright shine (also see) are extended as allow to
see, allow to shine ?
References: WP. I 776 f., WH. I 348 f., 351, 860, Schwyzer Gk. I 696 f., Feist 204, 472.
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dei-1, dei-, d-, diEnglish meaning: to shine; day; sun; sky god, god
Deutsche bersetzung: hell glnzen, schimmern, scheinen
Note: (older *dart rays?)
Note:
The origin of the sky god was Anatolia, where the Sumerian sun god Utu was called father
god: Utu + Root pt(r) gen. ptr-s, -s : father - father Utu: Luvian DUTU-wa-az: 107 iii
8; KBo XXIX 25 ii 6*, DUTU-wa-za sun god.
Material: O.Ind. d -d-ti seems, shines, 3. pl. ddyati, Impf. 3. sg. ddt, Imper. 2. sg.
didhi , su-d-t-h) having nice brilliance , Kaus. dpayati ignites, illuminates, d pyate
blazes, shines, seems (about dvyati see under), ddi- shining, seeming (due to from d -
de-ti); similar *doi-d-o- (broken Redupl.) in O.N. teitr cheerful, blithe, glad (lit. radiating),
O.E. ttan caress, tut- (in names) blithe, glad, O.H.G. zeiz tender, graceful (compare
heiter and clear, bright as blithe, glad; Uhlenbeck O.Ind. Wb. 126); perhaps here also
Lith. ddis big, large as handsome, considerable ;
Gk. Hom. (Imperfect) he saw, discerned, perceived , ,
Hes., arkad. Konj. , Hom. Aor. to appear , Konj. ,
compared with arkad. Aor. [] with after , Schwyzer Gk. I 6816; common Gk.Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
Maybe Alb. (*) diel (*bright) sun [common Alb. -e- > -ie- shift].
Hom. visible (*; with metr. lengthening ), ds. (from *,
from which also Hesychs ; Hom. very distinct, clear, bright (from *-);
*doilo- presumably in O.E. sweo-tol (from *tul) apparent, manifest, obvious, distinct,
clear, bright and in M.Ir. del beetle, chafer (shining black insect) as well as in Ir. river
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zdal-, Ger. Zeidel-, nd. tl- honey ( clearness, shine - clear honey ).
Against Pedersens raising from Hitt. te-e-a- dream (Murilis 69) s. Couvreur H 53
and above S. 178.
u-extension: deieu- (: diu-, diu-, diu-) bright, divine revered sky and bright day:
Diphth. stem nom. dius (diius), acc. dium, voc. dieu, loc. diui and diu, dat. diui,
gen. diu-s, -s; dius-ptr sky father, heavenly father.
O.Ind. dyuuh (diyuuh) sky, heaven, acc. dyum, loc. dyv, div, dat. div, gen. divh
(and dyh), instr. pl. dyu-bhih;
Gk. (= dyuu-h), acc. Z (= dyum), voc. (*dieu), gen. (F), dat. (loc.) (F)
( lengthened , , Z; about by Pherekydes of Syros s. Schwyzer Gk. I
5774); the gen. *diues in Thess. -, prien. - (Schwyzer Gk. I 547);
Maybe Rom. zeu god : Alb. zot god : Rom. zeiu, zeitate, znu goddess : Alb. zana f.
nymph, goddess, zota f. m. gods : Gk. [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].
in Lat. the old paradigm has split in two which designate the name of the uppermost God
and the day; similarly in the Osc. and Umbr.:
Note: common Lat. Illyr. d- > l- phonetic mutation:
Lat. Iuppiter from I-piter, Umbr. Jupater voc. = , to nom. O.Ind. dyuupitu
father of the sky, heavenly father, , dat. Umbr. Iuvepatre, Illyr. (Hes.) ; Lat. gen. Iouis (altLat. also Diovis, also as nom.), Osc. Diuve Jove , uvilam,
older diuvilam * iovilam , iuvilas * iovilae etc, compare GentilN Lat. Ilius (*Iovilios);
Page 549
dius still in nu-dis tertius now is the 3. day, further di by day (loc. *diu or *diu), for
a long time , a long time ago out of it long.
diminutive Lat. dicula a little day, a short time , Osc. [d]ikulus days, zicolo m. day;
Maybe Alb. diel sun, diel sunday, (day of the sun) are diminutive Illyr. forms.
O.Ir. de, proclitic da day (from after the acc. *diim has changed *diis), Welsh dydd,
Corn. deth, dyth, Bret. deiz day (also); O.Ir. in-du today, Welsh etc he-ddyw today (at
first from *-dii, probably = Lat. di).
From the ablaut grade diu- in the meaning day;
O.Ind. dvu during the day, divdiv day by day (divm nom. otherwise sky, heaven),
naktmdivam night and day, sudivm a nice day, sudiv-h having a nice day , Arm. tiv
day, Gk. in the middle of the day (appearing) (due to * F, compare );
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Probably from a fusion of Root dheues-, dhus-, dheus-, dhs- to dissipate, blow, etc.
*scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die + Root dei-1, dei-, d-, diu- : to shine; day; sun;
sky god, god derived Slav. (*dus-diu-): O.C.S.: dd rain [m jo] (see below).
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ese n. ds. (-es-stem probably previously after udo, -ese ds), divn wonderful , didnt
derive from concept god, deity , but (as from ) position itself to Clr. dyvlu,
dyvuty sja see, look, show, Cz. dvam se look, see, observe, which behaves to O.Ind. d de-ti shines in the meaning as e.g. M.H.G. blick lustre, shine, lightning and look of the
eyes, Ger. glnzen : Slav. gledati see, show.
The extension en-stem *deien- (thematic deino-, dino-) is of Illyrian origin. The attribute
nouns that derived from adjectives in Illyr. Alb. take -ta, -nta suffix which was then reduced
to common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutatIon. (see Alb. numbers)
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endyrtwei (under likewise, see Bga Kalba Ir. s. 227 f., Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f.)
watch, see (but Bulg. dr search, seek absents, s. Berneker 201);
Toch. A tiri kind and way .
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dytate shines, dyutih lustre, shine, dyumnt- bright, light. Whether here also Av. udvyeinti bestir oneself, strive for as whereupon it is split apart ? compare
Wackernagel, Berl. Sbb. 1918, 396 f.
The fact that our root as vibrating light originally one has been from dei- hurry,
whirl, seems conceivable.
Note:
Alb. cognate (*tiwali) diel sun corresponds to Luvian: tiwali(ya)- of the Sun-(god) and Hitt.
diu
(sun)god.
Hitt. diu (sun)god, Luvian DSiwata- sun-god Attestations: [VSg] DSi-wa-ta: KBo XXII
137 iii 8.
Commentary: Hittitized version of Luvian DTiwat-; tiwali(ya)- of the Sun-(god) Attestations:
[VSg] ti-wa-a-li-ya: 45 ii 18, ti-wa-li-ya: 48 ii 11; XV 35 i 21; KBo VIII 69,5.
Commentary: As per Starke, StBoT 31.147, iyo-adj. to Tiwat- with -l- for -d-. See also
tiwari(ya)-.
Luvian: tiwari(ya)- of the Sun-(god) Attestations: [N-APlNt] ti-wa-ri-ya: KBo II 3 iii 40.
Commentary: As per Popko, KZ 97.228f, and Starke, StBoT 31.147, iyo-adj. to Tiwat- with -
r- for -d-.
Luvian DTiwat- sun-god Attestations: [N/VSg]
(D)Ti-wa-az:
8; KBo XXIX 25 ii 6*, DUTU-wa-za: 78,9; 48 ii 19; 107 ii 12, DUTU-az: 127,9(?); 133 ii 13; IX
31 ii 30; KBo XXIX 40,6; HT 1 ii 6, DUTU-za: 45 ii 25.26; 74,9, [VSg] ti-wa-ta(?): 19,12(bis);
XXXII 70,6(?), ti-u-wa-ta(?): KBo VII 68 iii 3, [ASg] DUTU-an: KBo IX 143 iii(!) 10, [DSg]
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107 iii 10, DUTU-ti: 36,6; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7, [GenAdj] [NSgC] DTi-wa-d[a-a-i-
The sky god originated in Anatolia where he had three eyes which signified the sun, the
moon and Jupiter. Ancient people didnt make a clear distinction between the brightest
planets and the sun. Actually the moon was a sun goddess. Her gender was determined by
moon cycles identical with womens menstrual cycles. The oldest cognates for the sky god
are found in Anatolian languages and AlbaniO.N. Those tongues make no distinction
between Jupiter and the sun. Ancient Indo Europeans believed that there were several
suns not just one. As the brightest celestial body at night sky, Jupiter was identified as the
aspect of the sun at night - or just another sun. Because of their extreme luster Jupiter and
often Mars were all considered minor sun gods. This is the reason why the brightest planet
became known in Illyr. - father god. Probably Anatolian languages borrowed
the sun god cognate from Sumerian Utu sun god.
References: WP. I 772 f., WH. I 345 f., 347, 349 f., 355, 357 f., 727, 732, 860, Schwyzer
Gk. I 576 f.
Page(s): 183-187
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dek-1
English meaning: to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom
Deutsche bersetzung: nehmen, aufnehmen, daher begruen, Ehre erweisen. Aus the
meaning annehmen, gern aufnehmen fliet die meaning gut passend, geeignet, sich
schicken, ziemen, es jemandem recht machen; as unannehmbar darstellen, etwas einem
gut shining, seeming machen, lehren, lernen
Material: O.Ind. dasasyti proves honour, venerates a god, is gracious (Denomin. of
*dasas- = Lat. decus), dasu f. state, status, fate, destiny; Av. dasm n. property,
belongings piece ; O.Ind. Desiderat. dkat is consecrated, dku consecration (*di-dk-
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ds-;
Lat. decet, -re it is proper, it is fitting (physically or morally), decus, -oris n. distinction,
honor, glory, grace; moral dignity, virtue; of persons, pride, glory , dignus worthy,
deserving; esp. of persons, usually with abl. or genit. of things, worth having, deserved,
suitable, fitting (from *dec-nos, lit. adorned with); Umbr. ticit decet (see in addition EM.
257); causative doce, -re instruct (lets accept something ); disc, -ere, didci to learn,
get to know; discere fidibus, to learn to play on the lyre; in gen., to receive information,
find out; to become acquainted with, learn to recognize (from *di-elk-sk);
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Luguid, gen. Luigdech (urIr. Lugu-deccas with cc = k), whether does not stand for e for
older i; then to deik- point, in the meaning order.
Perhaps here Gmc. *teh-un in O.E. teohhian, tiohhian mean, decide, define, ordain,
determine, teohh, tiohh troop, multitude, crowd, group of people , ton (*tehn) decide,
define, ordain, determine, O.H.G. gizehn bring in order , M.H.G. zeche alignment,
guild, brotherhood, colliery, association , Ger. Zeche, M.H.G. zesem (*teksma-)
uninterrupted row, wherefore perhaps with lengthened grade (*t-u) Goth. twa order,
deinas ds., deine the right hand, O.C.S. desn right; Gk. = Lat. dexter, -tra, trum (compounds dexterior, superl. dextimus), Osc. destrst (abbreviated from *destrust) it
is on the right , Umbr. destrame on the right side ; Gk. right, heralding luck,
skilful, adroit (from - with formants -Fo-, compare Gaul. Dexsiva dea); (the suffix -uoprobably after *lai-uos, skai-uos links) O.Ir. dess on the right, to the south, Welsh deheu
(*deksovo-) ds., Goth. tahswa, O.H.G. zeso right, Goth. tahsw- O.H.G. zes(a)wa the
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The etymology of G. Meyer seems erroneous because of the common Alb. -k- > -thphonetic mutation similar as Lat. dexter, -tra, -trum is a suffixed form of old PIE Root dek-1 :
to take. The -ter,-tra suffix has been attested in Av. Illyr. Alb. and Lat. Hence before -tra, -
ter suffix the -k- becomes usually -ks- in all the above mentioned languages. Hence Alb.
(*dek-) djath-t right evolved from the common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation like in Alb.
(mag-) math big while -t is the common Alb. suffix as in Alb. maj-t left from Lat. male
badly, ill, wrongly, wickedly, unfortunately, extremely.
References: WP. I 782 f., WH. I 330 f., 346 f,, Trautmann 53, 54, Schwyzer Gk. I 648, 678,
684, 697, Wistrand Instrumentalis 14 ff.
Page(s): 189-191
Page 561
zacke m. f., Ger. Zacke, M.Eng. takke fibula, clasp, a large nail , Eng. tack peg, small
nail, with other final sound tagg, tagge m. jutting cusp, peak, prong, spike; or belongs
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Root dekm, dekm- t, deku- (*due-km- t): ten is an extended Root du(u) (*duei-): two. The
subsequent roots *u-kmt- : twenty and kmtm hundred are mutated forms of the root
*due-km- t : ten. They both reflect the common Illyr.- balt d- > zero phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. dsa, Av. dasa; Arm. tasn (after Meillet Esquisse 42 from *dek-, as Russ.
(tri)dcat 30 from (tri-)dseti), Gk. , Lat. decem (dn per ten from *dek-noi; PN
Decius = Osc. Dekis, gen. Dekkieis), Osc. deketasiu, nom. pl. degetasius manager of the
tithes (*deken-tusio-),
Umbr. desen-(duf) twelve , O.Ir. deich, Welsh deg, Corn. Bret. dek, Goth. tahun (-n as in
sibun, niun), O.N. tiu, O.E. tien, tyn, O.S. tehan, O.H.G. zehan (a probably from den
compounds, Brugmann II 2, 18),
Toch. A sk, B sak; finn. deksan 10 is after Jokl Pr. ling. Baudouin de Courtenay 104
borrows from IE).
In the substantive number dekm- t(i), lit. decade, go back:
O.Ind. dasat-, dasati- f. decade, Alb. djet, Gk. , - (to s. Schwyzer Gk. I
498, 597), Goth. tihun-thund hundred (actually ten decades ), O.N. tiund f. ds.,
aPruss. dessmpts ten, Lith. deimt, old deimtis, Ltv. old desimt, metath. desmit, old
desmits (compare desmite m. f. ten ); O.C.S. deset (conservative stem in -t, Meillet
Slave comm.2 428);
deku- probably in Lat. decuria a body of ten men; a class, division, esp. of jurors; a
party, club (out of it borrows Ger. Decher u.. ten pieces; late Lat. *teguria is assumed
Page 564
tiger, O.E. fower-tig, O.H.G. fior-zug ds. Older explanations by WH. I 327 f. and Feist 150.
see also under under centuria under Kluge11 under Decher.
Maybe Alb. tek odd number
Changing through ablaut (d)kmt- (Dual), (d)kmt- (Plur.) in figures of ten (only formations
up to 50 are provable as IE), e.g. O.Ind. trimst 30, Av. risas, Arm. ere-sun, Gk.
(from *-; further details by Schwyzer Gk. I 592), Lat. tri-gintu (with
unexplained g), gallo-Lat. abl. pl. TRICONTIS, O.Ir. trcho (with after tr 3), Bret. tregont
(*tri-komt-es), O.Welsh trimuceint (in the ending after uceint 20); s. also under u- kmt 20.
ordinals dekemo-s and dekm- to-s:
dekemo-s in O.Ind. dasam-h, Av. dasma-, Osset. dsm; Lat. decimus, therefrom
decumunus of the tenth.(1) relating to the provincial tax of a tenth; m. as subst. the farmer
of such a tax. (2) belonging to the tenth legion; m. pl. as subst. its members. (3) belonging
to the tenth cohort , later considerable , Osc. Dekm-annius *Decumaniis, compare also
EN Decumius, out of it entl. etr. tecumnal, latinized back Decumenus; Gaul. decametos,
O.Ir. dechmad, M.Welsh decvet, Corn. degves.
dekm- to-s in Gk. (see also Schwyzer Gk. I 595); Goth. tahunda, O.N. tunda,
O.H.G. zehanto, zehendo, O.E. teogea; aPruss. dessmts, Lith. deimtas, Ltv. desmitais,
older desimtai; O.C.S. deset; Toch. A sknt, B skante, skace (linguistic singles Arm.
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teta eight; Lycian utta nine : Alb. nanda nine. Therefore Alb. shtata seven derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata seven later O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E.
seofoa, Lith. septitas; also O.Ind. saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70; in Alb. -ta, -t are attribute
endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta eight is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuugintu 80].
Alb.Tosk nanta, Gheg nanda nine derived from Lycian utta nine.
Alb. gjashta (seks-ta) six [common Alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation] : O.Ind. st six,
Ladino dies, Asturian diez, Aragonese diez, Auvergnat di, Limosin die, Rumantsch
Grischun diesch, Sursilvan diesch, Vallader desch, Ladin desc, Italian dieci, Venetian diese
etc.
Here kmtm hundred from *(d)kmtm (ten) dekades:
O.Ind. satm, Av. satm (out of it finn. sata, krimGoth. sada);
Gk. , ark. (from dissimil. *sm kmtom a hundred? compare Schwyzer Gk.
I 592 f.), abbreviated * in *- etc (in , 400, four
hundred );
Note:
Gk. (*hekaton) < *(d)kmtm (ten) dekades is crucial to crucial for tracing the cause
of old laryngeal appearance in IE. Hence laryngeals were created after the loss of initlal
Page 566
d- in IE. Gk. and Anatolian tongues reflect the common Illyr.- balt d- > zero phonetic
mutatIon.
Lat. centum (in addition ducentum, ducent 200, compare O.Ind. dvi-satam from *dui-
kmtm; trecent 300, quadringent 400, etc; centsimus the hundredth after vcsimus,
trcsimus from*uei-, *tr-kmt-temo-s);
O.Ir. ct, Welsh cant, Bret. kant, Corn. cans;
Goth. O.S. O.E. hund, O.H.G. hund 100 (in compounds from 200), but O.N. hund-ra
(to Goth. raian count) 120 pieces (10 dozens) (120), out of it O.E. hundred; M.H.G.
Ger. hundert from O.S. hunderod;
Lith. imtas, Ltv. smts;
O.C.S. etc sto is barely Iran. Lw. (Meillet Slave commun.2 63);
Toch. A knt, B knte.
Alb.Gheg du, Tosc di two hence Alb. (*hunt) Alb. nj-qind one- hundred [common Alb. u
> i phonetic mutation], hence Alb. displays centum characteristics while Rom. sutu a
hundred displays the satem nature of Rom.
In addition a r-derivative in Lat. centuria f. a division of 100; a company of soldiers; a
century, a part of the Roman people, as divided by Servius Tullius (as decuria), O.N.
hundari, O.H.G. huntari n. a division of 100, administrative district, O.Bulg. storica ds.,
Lith. imteriopas characterized by a hundred, imter-gis hundred-year-old .
References: WP. I 785 f., WH. I 200 f., 327 ff., 859, Feist 150, 471 f., Trautmann 53, 305.
Page(s): 191-192
Page 567
del-1
English meaning: to put by; to count, tell
Deutsche bersetzung: zielen, berechnen, nachstellen, also listig schdigen and
zhlen, erzhlen
Material: Perhaps Arm. to line, row, toem line up ;
Gk. artifice, bait, outwit, circumvent , small dagger of the
assassinator (about sprit see under del-3);
from Gk. have been borrowed Lat. dolus a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap
artifice, deception , dol a pike, sword-stick, a small foresail , Osc. acc. dolom, abl. dolud
a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap ;
maybe Alb. (*tul) tall tease, trick: O.N. tul f. deceit, guilefulness.
O.N. tal n. bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation, number, speech (O.E.
tl n. calculation, row, gital number), therefrom O.N. telja recount, narrate, relate, O.E.
tellan, O.H.G. zellen (Fem. O.N. tola speech, number, bill, account, invoice, calculus,
reckoning, calculation ), O.E. talu narration, row, O.H.G. zala number, report, account
(therefrom O.N. tala talk, O.E. talian reckon, consider, think, tell, O.H.G. zaln
calculate, count, pay); g-extension in Eng. talk talk; from s-stem *talaz- n.: Goth. talzian
instruct, un-tals indocile, disobedient , in addition O.E. getl rash, hasty, quick, fast,
O.S. gital O.H.G. gizal quick, fast; with the in dolus a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile;
a trap present coloring of meaning lengthened grade O.N. tul f. deceit, guilefulness , O.E.
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Page 569
del-2
English meaning: to shake
Deutsche bersetzung: wackeln, schwanken
Material: O.Ind. dulu f. the wavering , with secondary lengthened grade : dlayat
swings, sways , -ti swings, whirls up , dlita- fluctuating, moves by oscillating ; Lith.
Page 570
phlati broken in two , Guntert Reimw. 48), dalit-h split, pull apart, blossomed,
flourished ,
dala-m n. deal, portion, piece, half, leaf, dal-h f. clod of earth; but Prakr. dulu, - bough,
probably also dand-h, -m stick, bludgeon, beating, punishment are after Kuiper ProtoMunda 65, 75 not IE;
Arm. probably ta imprinting, impression, mark, token, sign, stave, taem stamps,
brands (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 27; *del-);
Gk. , wrought artificially , Intens. - work skillfully,
decorate (dissimil. from *--, Schwyzer Gk. I 647); (changing through ablaut
Cypr. ) (*writing board) a writing-tablet (wood fissure, smoothly slammed wood
board , s. Boisacq 174 m. Lith. and to meaning esp. Schulze KZ. 45, 235; compare to the
form under Ger. tent); perhaps here sprit, small sail (out of it Lat. dol m. a pike,
sword-stick; a small foresail ); quite doubtful whereas --, cakes of the
flour of roasted barley -- as crushed, coarsely ground (=
*split?? Prellwitz2 104 between); lengthened grade destroy, smash, damage
(not to Lat. dle to blot out, efface; in gen., to destroy, annihilate); reduced grade Ion.
annihilated , - disturbed senses Aisch.; el. - with
el. from (see Boisacq 182; against it Wackernagel Gl. 14, 51); with the meaning change
( the heart?) tear, maltreat, cause pain Gk. Hes. (*deli),
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*dhul-, whose certain attachments indeed point only a-vocalism?; with meaning- transfer
Alb. djal kid, child, youth, youngling ? see below dhul-);
M.L.G. tol, tolle point of twig, branch, Du. tol spinning top (*peg, plug), M.H.G. zol(l)
m., zolle f. cylindric bit of wood, clot, chunk, block, toggle, zol as measurement of length
inch, s-zolle icicle, aNor. horntylla yoke, wood piece connecting the horns of two oxen
going in the bottom plate (*dl-n-); but M.H.G. zulle, zulle, Ger. Zulle riverboat, barge is
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tolk wedge, M.H.G. zolch clot, chunk, block, (*blockhead), lubber (whether O.N. tulkn n.
gill of fish as the split? Falk-Torp under tkn); with -d N.Ger. talter rag, scrap, shred
(Holthausen Afneuere Spr. 121, 292);
with t-suffix Gmc. *telda- * stretched tent pole (: Gk. ) in O.N. tiald curtain,
cover, rug, tent, O.E. teld n. tent, O.H.G. Ger. zelt, actually stretched cover; in addition
O.H.G. zelto, Ger. Zelten, Zeltkuchen; or better as shredded, ground (see above
) to Toch. B tselt-, tsult- chew; from Gmc. Lidn aaO . still ranks O.S. tialdra,
tildra cairn in (*tel-rn- or -rn * shaft, pole, peg, plug as as a boundary marker ?);
Lith. dylu, dlti (delu, dilti), Ltv. delu, dilstu, dilt wear out, polish (from *to plane), dlt
wear out, torment, smite; Lith. pus-dylis (menuo) moon in the last quarter , delia
decreasing moon, causative Ltv. dldt wear out, liquidate, rub off, destroy, diluot skive,
abrade, polish;
out of it derived the concept of smoothness justified probably the transference there of
Lith. dlna (by Juszkiewicz also dna), Ltv. delna inner flat hand, O.C.S. dlan palm,
Russ. old dolon, nowadays reconverted ladn palm; flat place on the threshing floor,
threshing floor (Berneker 208, Trautmann 51, different Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 454);
Lith. dals, E.Lith. dali deal, portion, inheritance; alms (= O.Ind. dal-h clod of earth),
daliju, daluti divide, Ltv. dala deal, portion, lot, dalt divide, O.Pruss. dellieis divide,
share!, dellks deal, portion (e from a, Trautmann O.Pruss. 100), Russ. (etc) dlja deal,
portion, lot (in addition O.C.S. odoleti defeat, conquer = *have, obtain the best part,
Berneker 206). compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 435.
Doubtful O.C.S. del deal, portion: either as *dlo-s here, or rather with IE ai as *dai-loto root du(i)- divide; about Goth. dails, Ger. Teil see above under du-, dui-.
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tjalga thin twig, branch, long arm, O.E. telga m. twig, branch, bough, telgor m. f., telgra
m. twig, branch, scion , M.H.G. zelge, zelch bough, twig, branch, O.H.G. zuelga twig,
branch (whose zw- probably previously is taken over from zwig);
about Lith. dalgis, gen. -io m., Ltv. dalgs, O.Pruss. doalgis scythe see under dhelg-;
dolghu in Serb. dlaga board for the splint of broken bones , Pol. dial. doka flooring
from planks , Cz. dlha (dlaha) board, splint, base of the ground , dliti (dlaiti), dlditi
pave, hit the screed (Berneker 207).
As for *del- whereupon it is split apart is also for that with it perhaps originally
resemble*del- split given the possibility, that d-el- is an extension from du[i]- divide, share
.
References: WP. I 809 ff., WH. 364 ff., Lidn KZ. 56, 216 ff., Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 18 f.
Page(s): 194-196
Page 574
del-4
English meaning: to rain
Deutsche bersetzung: trpfeln
Material: Arm. te heavy rain , team, -em, -um to rain, shower, sprinkle, irrigate , tim
(*teim?), gen. tmoi;
M.Ir. delt m. dew; also FlN; Bret. delt humid, wet, moist ;
Gmc. *dol-k- or *dol-gho- in dO.N. Swe. Nor. talg tallow, suet, O.E. *tealg, M.Eng.
talgh, Eng. tallow, nnl. talk, Ger. Talg (from N.Ger.); ablaut. O.N. tolgr (*tl-k-) ds.
Note:
M.Ir. delt m. dew; Bret. delt humid, wet, moist display Alb.-illyr -k > -th, -t subsequent
phonetic mutations.
References: Petersson Heterokl. 198 f., different Kluge11 under tallow, suet.
Page(s): 196
Page 575
del-5
English meaning: long
Deutsche bersetzung: lang, verbal in die Lnge ziehen
Note: to put away more confidently only for Slav., but probably the basis for the widespread
extension delgh- and (d)longho- (see finally Persson Beitr. 889, 903 Anm. 1)
Material: Perhaps here O.N. talma hinder, M.L.G. talmen loiter, be slow in talking and at
work, stupid talk, Nor. dial. tla hesitate, wait, hold on, tle rogue, fool (Persson Beitr.
889);
O.C.S. pro-dliti , Russ. dlit protract, hesitate, dlin f. length, Cz. dle f.
length, dlti hesitate, etc (Berneker 252); perhaps v dalje far, aloof (Meillet MSL.14,
373; Berneker 177 besides other supplements).
delgh-, dlgh-:
zero grade O.Ind. drgha- = Av. darga-, dara-, O.Pers. darga- long, zero grade
compounds superl. drughyas-, drughist ha- longer, for a long time , Av. drujy adv.
further, drujitm adv. longest , Pers. diruz (actually comparative) long, O.Ind.
Clearly Alb. (*da-lu-ga-a-ti) glat long derived from Hitt. da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n.
length: O.C.S. dlgota length (= O.Ind. drghatu): Proto-Slav.. *dlgost, Pol. dugosc etc
ds.
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Page 576
/d/longho-s:
a) M.Pers. drang, Pers. dirang long (but Alb. glat, gjat, gjat long at first from *dlagh-
t-);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 577
lang (O.H.G. langn become long, seem long, long, want, etc); but O.Ir. etc long ship
seems to be borrowed from Lat. (navis) longa; nevertheless, because of second meaning
vessel and M.Ir. coblach fleet (*kom-uo-log- or *-lug-) though Loth (RC. 43, 133 f.) holds
that word for genuine Celtic; compare also O.Brit. FlN (Ptol.) and Gaul. VN (Aude); anlaut. dl- remains preserved otherwise Celtic. In the group b) would
display an already common WestIE simplification, might be connected with the d-loss of
Balt ilgas . compare also Specht Decl. 126.
Maybe Alba Longa (Rome) capital of Illyr. - Etrus. : Illyr. Albanoi TN
References: WP. I 812 f., WH. I 694 f., 820 f., Trautmann 55, Pedersen Hitt. 34 f.
Page(s): 196-197
Page 578
Page 579
m has probably arisen from participle dammainti; O.Ir. dam- acquiesce, endure, grant
(e.g. daimid admitted to probably = O.Ind. dumyati, composes ni-daim not enduring, not
Page 580
guodeimisauch Gl. have not endured well, Welsh go-ddef suffer, endure, allow, Corn.
gothaf bear, endure, Bret. gouzav, gouzav us. (but Welsh dofi tame, O.Welsh dometic
domesticated , ar-domaul docile , Welsh df, Bret. doff tame, domesticated stems from
Lat. domure, so that native forms with o were absent in Celt.);
Goth. ga-tamjan, O.N. temja, O.E. temian, M.L.G. temmen, O.H.G. zemmen tame
(Kaus. *domi = O.Ind. damyati); O.H.G. zamn ds. (= Lat. domu-re), O.N. tamr, O.E.
tam, O.H.G. zam domesticated, tamed, subdued, mastered (unclear, whether backformation from verb, or if the pass. meaning has arisen from domestication = the tamed,
so that in historic connection with O.Ind. dma-h taming ).
Because of O.Ind. damya- to tame and young bull, which still should be tamed and
because of Gk. on the one hand overmastering, taming ( , Anakreon), on
the other hand young (still to be tamed) bull, wherefore young cow,
ds.; also young girl, calf, is probably Alb. dnt, dhnt, Gheg dhent small
cattle, sheep and goats, sheep (*dem-tu or *dem-to-s, respectively *dom-tu, -to-s), dem
bovine animal, cattle, young bull (= O.Ind. damya-), as well as also Gaul. GN Damona f.
and O.Ir. dam ox (*damos), dam allaid deer (*wild ox), as well as Welsh dafad, O.Corn.
daim fallow-deer derives Bret. dem ds.; Gmc. additional forms s. by Falk-Torp under
daadyr m. Lith.; corresponding to niederAustrian zamer, zamerl young ox (Much ZfdA.42,
167; Proto-Gmc. *a or *o?).
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Page 581
Page 582
dtlae bold, daring), M.Welsh dant temperament, character (mostly Plur. deint), basic
form *dm-to-, Loth RC 46, 252 f. compare M.Welsh cynnefin trustful (*kom-dam-no-).
ro-stem O.Ice. timbr timber, O.S. timbar, O.E. timber timber, edifice, building, building,
O.H.G. zimbar timber, building, dwelling, chamber, whereof Goth. timrjan build, O.N.
pati-], less probably with loc. ar. *dam as master in the house);
Page 583
u-stem domu-s (Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 180 presumes an adv. loc. *dom as originator):
Lat. domus, -s f. a house, dwelling-house, building, mansion, palace (out of it is M.Ir.
dom-, dam-liacc stone house, aur-dam pronaos (the space in front of the body of a
temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting side- walls) undertaken with the thing
together);
O.C.S. dom m. house, Russ. dma at house (*dom[u]); *domov: aRuss. domov
after the house; presumedly also through O.Ind. dm-nas- housemate and Arm. tanu-
tr householder;
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Page 584
It is a common trait of Alb. and Lith. to drop the initial da- as in Root del-5 : long: Balt with
unexplained d loss (see below): Lith. lgas, f. ilg, Ltv. ilgs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. long;
Alb. glat long Baltic and Albanian languages often drop the initial da- > zero. This is a
common Balt-Alb. phonetic mutatIon. Hence Lith. nmas derived from a nasalized form
*ndmO.S.
O.Ir. damnae Material, Welsh defnydd, M.Bret. daffnez could have originally signified
timber.
Toch. B tem-, A tam-, AB tm- create, beget, be born and B tsam-, AB tsm-, A sam-,
Root dem-, dem- : to build; house derived from Root ghei-2 : ghi- : ghei-men-, *gheimn- :
winter; snow. But the gh > d phonetic mutation has been recorded in Illyr. Alb. alone. This
makes Proto-Illyr. the oldest IE branch.
Page 585
Page 586
Root denk- : to bite derived from Illyr. derivative of Root gembh-, gmbh- : to bite; tooth
common Illyr. g- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. dsati bites (*dnkti), perf. dadmsa (thereafter also a present dmsati),
Kaus. damsyate makes bite , dmsa-h bite, gadfly, brake,
damsana-m the bitting , damtra-h, dmstru sharp tooth, fang = Av. tii-dastra- with
sharp teeth, toothed (for -datra- s. Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 653);
Gk. bite (*dnk-n), Aor. (= Impf. O.Ind. dasam), wherefore Fut.
(aberIon. ), perf. , (as well as bite) with ablaut neologism
(Schwyzer Gk. I 770); , biting animal; in addition probably with
biting teeth , perhaps originally tooth or bite (Liddell-Scott, different Schwyzer Gk. I 620,
723), probably hybridization of * biting with , therefrom derived (
with Assimil. of o in ), etc scratch, itch, the scratch ;
Alb.Gheg dan (*donk-nu), Tosc dar pliers;
O.H.G. zangar biting, sharp, M.L.G. tanger ds., vicious, strong, fresh; O.N. tong (gen.
tengr and tangar), O.E. tang, tange, O.H.G. zanga pliers (*donku) , i.e. the clenching of
the teeth ; with further shifting to to press (lips) together, probably O.S. bitengi moving
close to, oppressive, O.E. getang ds., getenge near to, close to, oppressive, thronging,
pressing , O.H.G. gizengi passing by, moving nearby, adv. gizango, wherefore O.N.
tengja (*tangjan) join, O.E. tengan assail, urge, press, push, aspire to move forward,
Page 587
Page 588
dens-1
English meaning: talent, force of mind; to learn
Deutsche bersetzung: hohe Geisteskraft, weiser Ratschlu; verbal: lehren, lernen
Material: densos n.: O.Ind. dmsas- n. powerful wonder, wise feat = Av. dahah-
dexterity, adroitness (in addition O.Ind. damsu- powerful wonder , dam- very powerful
wonder = Av. dahita- very wise, the wisest ); O.Ind. purudumsas- rich in miracles (=
Gk. much-counselling Hes), dmsana-m, damsnu magic
power, witchcraft ; in Gk. after zero grade forms with*[]- = *dns- to *
unvocalized: Hom. N. pl. pieces of advice , sg. by Hesych, (Dor.) (-)
Hes. = (Ion.) , adv. Chios.
dns-ro- s sensible, very wise: O.Ind. dasr- miraculous = Av. dara- skilful; doubtful
Gk. epithet of Persephone, perhaps the knowing or the power of wonder ;
having clever sense to hold as *[]- to O.Ind. das-r- as - to
--, if it not originally if it has not signified originally only the sense directed on the
fight (compare - killed in the battle, : in the battle; s. finally Bechtel
Lexil. 92) and only, after this the meaning was forgotten, the ambiguous connection came
through in , see under, to come into usage in sense of wise.
dns-mo-: O.Ind. dasm- power of wonder (from Gods) = Av. dahma- expert,
inaugurated in religious questions .
Maybe Alb. dasma wedding, ceremony (religious rite?)
Verbal forms: partly reduplicated handle knowledge, instruct, teach:
Av. ddaih I am instructed (in addition zero grade dastvu f. apprenticeship,
doctrine, dogma);
Page 589
Page 590
dens-2
English meaning: dense
Deutsche bersetzung: dicht
Material: Gk. dense : Lat. dnsus ds.; the direct derivation from *dnsus does not
contradict the explanation of * from *dns (see above under dens-1); indeed from W.
Schulze (Kl. Schr. 116 f.) the stated examples of -- from IE -ns- are absolutely not proving.
On the other hand cover with dense vegetation could go back to - (: ),
but etc would barely be formed by abstraction to - (*densely) shady
(*-). Meillet MSL. 22, 63 will define in as expressive gemination (?)
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutatIon. About phok. PN s. WH. I 468.
About Alb. dnt make dense, etc see under dhen-3.
Note:
Alb.Gheg dend (*den-) make dense common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. dnse, -re (perf. dns only by Charisius Gk.-Lat. I 262, 4) to make thick,
condense, press together , denominative of dnsus dense (*densos or *dnsos, event.
*dnsuos).
Hitt. dassu (dat. sg. ta-a-su-u-i) strong (*thick).
References: WP. I 793 f., WH. I 341 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 307.
Page(s): 202-203
Page 591
It seems that Root deph- : to stamp, push derived from Root dhubh-1, nasalized
Page 592
drwa- n. bundle of muscles pl. flesh (of muscles) , O.Ind. darbh- m. hassock,
clump of grass, grass, darbhana- n. netting;
Maybe truncated Alb. dredha convolution, dredh curl : O.Ind. drbdh- f. convolution, Av.
drbm and drbu, drbati scratch, scrape, rub; thrash, with lengthened grade Russ. derbit
Page 593
Page 594
The Root der(ep)- : to see, *mirror could have derived from Root derbh- : to wind, put
together, *scratch, scrape, rub, polish
Page 595
Page 596
Page 597
According to Alb. phonetic laws Alb. drit light derived from (drik-a) not (*drk-tu) because
of the common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations, -t common Alb. suffix;
maybe Alb. (*darcata-), dark supper, evening meal, evening; (*drech-), drek dinner
meal, midday: O.Ir. an-dracht loathsome, dark.
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Page 598
adrodarcar can be seen), derc eye, air-dirc illustrious, Bret. derch sight, O.Bret.
erderc evidentis, zero grade Ir. drech f. (*drku) face, Welsh drych m. (*drksos) sight,
mirror, Welsh drem, trem, Bret. dremm face (*drk-smu), O.Ir. an-dracht loathsome, dark
(an- neg. + *drecht = Alb. drit);
Goth. ga-tarhjan make distinct (= O.Ind. darsayati); Gmc. *tora- sight (== O.Ind. drs) in Nor. PN Torget, Torghatten etc, IE to- suffix in Gmc. *turhta- : O.E. torht, O.S. toroht,
O.H.G. zoraht, newer zorft bright, distinct.
References: WP. I 806 f.
See also: Perhaps with der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.
Page(s): 213
Page 599
Clearly Root der-1 (: dr-, der-) or dr- : dr- : hand span derived through Root ghesor-1,
ghesr- : hand; Root ghesto-2 : hand, arm through Illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift
kh > t, gh > d is a unique Alb. phonetic mutatIon. Hence Alb. dor hand derived from
truncated ghesor. The source of Root der-1 (: dr-, der-) or dr- : dr- : hand span is of
Illyrian origin and then it spread to other languages.
That means Homeric Iliad is a translation of Illyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many
Illyr. cognates of the Illyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that Gk. hand span
is a suffixed Illyr. dora hand consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages by
Illyrians.
O.Ice. tarra outspread , terra ds.
Only under a beginning duer- : dur- or dur-: dur : dur- to justify major key-phonetical
comparison with Celt. dur-no- in O.Ir. dorn fist, hand, Welsh dwrn hand, dyrnod
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Page 600
From Alb.Gheg (*dur), dor hand, (*dur), duer pl. hands it seems that the oldest root
was Alb. pl. (*dur), duer pl. hands [conservative stem of plural forms (Alb. phonetic trait)].
Hence the original of Proto-Illyr. - Gk. idea was Root du(u) : two meaning two hands.
That means both Root der-1 (: dr-, der-) or dr- : dr- : hand span, hands and Root
du(u) : two, *two hands derived from older Anatolian languages Root ghesor-1, ghesr- :
hand because of the common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 794 f.
Page(s): 203
Page 601
(der-2), redupl. der-der-, drdor-, broken redupl. dor-d-, drdEnglish meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)
Deutsche bersetzung: murren, brummen, plaudern; Schallwort
Material: O.Ind. dardur-h frog, flute; O.Ir. deirdrethar raged, PN Deirdriu f. (*der-der-i);
Bulg. drdr babble; grumble, Serb. drdljati chatter, Sloven. drdrti clatter, burr ;
Maybe Alb. drdllit chatter, prattle, derdh pour out (*talk a lot)
Also Dardanoi (*dardant) Illyr. TN : Gk. Hes : Lith. dardeti, Ltv. dardt,
durdet creak probably talk indistinctly ; common Illyr. Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutatIon.
with fractured reduplication: Gk. Hes., Ir. dord bass , fo-dord growl,
bass , an-dord clear voice (not-bass ), Welsh dwrdd din, fuss, noise (Welsh twrdd din,
fuss, noise t- has taken over from twrf ds.), O.Ir. dordaid bellow, roar (from deer); Lith.
dardeti, Ltv. dardt, durdet creak; Toch. A tsurt- wail, weep, cry (Pedersen Toch.
Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization sert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145).
References: WP. I 795, Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 447.
See also: The Celt., tochar. and Bal.-Slav. words could also belong to dher-3.
Page(s): 203-204
Page 602
Page 603
drem-:
O.Ind. drmati running , Intens. dandramyat runs to and fro ;
Gk. Aor. , perf. run, run;
O.E. trem, trym Futapfe , O.N. tramr fiend, demon (see above), M.H.G. tremen
waver, Dan. trimle roll, fall, tumble, Swe. dial. trumla ds., M.H.G. trame rung of a
leader, stairs;
here probably Ger. FlN Dramme (Gttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), from *Dromiu and
*Dromisu (probably N.Illyr.), in addition Pol. (Illyr.) Drama (Silesia), Bulg. Dramatica
(Thrac.); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, 127;
Maybe Alb. dromc piece, chip (of a blow)
insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb drmati shake, drmnuti upset, allow to
shake , Sloven. drmati shake, jiggle, drmiti jiggle from the sleep , drmpati ungentle
jiggle ;
maybe Alb. dremit sleep, drrmonj exhaust, tire, destroy
Alb. proves that from Root der-, heavy basis der-, dr- : to cut, split, skin derived Root
(der-3), dru-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- : to run.
Cz. drmlati flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking, drmoliti take short steps (these in
the good suitable meaning; shake from stumble with the foot ?), drmotiti chat, prate
(probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).
Maybe Alb. onomatopoeic (*der-der-) dr dr stupid talk;
dreu- (partly with as zero grade, probably because of *dreuux-), FlN (participle)
dr(o)u(u)ent/iu:
Page 604
trudan tread, O.N. troa, tra ds.; O.E. tredan, O.H.G. tretan tread (by Osthoffs outlook
of ablaut neologism), O.H.G. trata tread, spoor, way, alley, drift, trailing, O.S. trada tread,
spoor, O.E. trod n., trodu f. spoor, way, alley (Eng. trade trade is N.. Lw.), O.H.G. trota,
M.H.G. trotte f. wine-press , Intens. O.H.G. trottn tread; Ger. dial. trotteln go slowly .
Here also Gmc. root *tru-s- in E.Fris. truseln lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or staggering
, trusel dizziness, giddiness , Dutch treuzelen to be slow, dawdle, loiter, Westfl.
trseln, truseln roll slowly , M.H.G. trollen (*truzln) move in short steps constantly,
Ger. trollen, Swe. dial. trsale fairy demon, ghost, Nor. dial. trusal idiot, fool, trusk
despondent and stupid person;
Maybe through metathesis Alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis make the head dizzy, tru brain
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Page 606
words for various wood tools as well as for good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal; Specht
(KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dru das
Harte, from which previously tree and oak: dru n., gen. dreu-s, dru-n-s
Material: O.Ind. duru n. wood (gen. drh, drunah, instr. drunu, loc. duruni; dravya- from
tree), dru- n. m. wood, wood tool , m. tree, bough, Av. duuru tree truck, bit of wood,
weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint (gen. drao), O.Ind. duruna- hard, rough,
stern (actually hard as wood, lumpy ), dru- in compounds as dru-puda- klotzfuig , dru-
ghn wood ax (-wooden rod), su-dru-h good wood; dhruv- tight, firm, remaining (dhthrough folk etymology connection in dhar- hold, stop, prop, sustain = Av. dr(u)v, O.Pers.
duruva fit, healthy, intact , compare O.C.S. s-drav); Av. drvana- wooden , O.Ind.
druvya-h wooden vessel, box made of wood, the drum, drna-m bow, sword
(uncovered; with Pers. durna, balu drn rainbow ), drun bucket; pail , drna-m
wooden trough, tub; drum-h tree (compare under );
O.Ind. drvi-h, darv (wooden) spoon;
Arm. tram tight, firm (*drrumo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidn Arm. stem
66) targal spoon from *dru- or *deru-.
Gk. tree truck, wood, spear, javelin (gen. Hom. , trag. from *F,
, Att. from *Fn, whose n is comparable with O.Ind. drunah);
Cret. (*F) balk, beam (= Lith. Ltv. darva);
Page 607
Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they
were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste
of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike
sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.
, oak, tree (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druus become after other tree
name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), - fruit tree ,
- woodchopper , from the oak, from oak tree , dryad, tree
nymph , old tree truck, . Hes. (*sm-, Lith. by
Boisacq s. v.), Hes.
Hom. n. pl. wood, forest, nachHom. ds. (the latter with previous changed
length after ); tree (Hom.; out of it Att. ), from redupl. *e(= )F, Dimin. ; compare Schwyzer Gk. I 583;
F- in arg. . Hes., Hes.,
(*F-), wooden tub, trough, coffin (probably from *F,
compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Decl. 139);
Hes. (diss. from *F), next to which *druio- in . Hes.
PN : Lith. Drktenis, O.Pruss. Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa 16, 1633);
in vocalism still not explained certainly shrubbery, bush, thicket ; Maced.
f. oak Hes. (*deru-, compare O.Ir. daur); but Hes., lies F
(Schwyzer Gk. I 4955);
Page 608
Alb. definite form nom. dru-ni = Alb. gen. dru-ni of wood: O.Ind. duru n. wood (gen. drh,
drunah of wood; but a pure Slavic loanword is Alb. druvar woodcutter, woodchopper
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Thrac. - sycamore, PN , (*dar-ant-) Eichsttt a district
in Bavaria , , Zeuss grove , VN ---, , Dru-geri (druwood, forest);
Maybe VN --- : Etruria (Italy)
from Lat. perhaps drus hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes,
rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things,
hard, awkward, difficult, adverse (but about drure to make hard or hardy, to inure;
intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain,
continue see under S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree
dissimilated from *dr-ro-s (*dreu-ro-s?);
Maybe Alb. duroj endure, last, durim patience .
but Lat. larix larch tree, Lw. is from an IE Alpine language, IE *derik-s, is conceivable
because of heavy l;
Note:
Common Lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation hence Lat. larix (*derik-s) larch tree.
Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa)
O.Ir. derucc (gg), gen. dercon glans, Welsh derwen oak (pl. derw), Bret. deruenn ds.,
Gaul. place name Dervus (oak forest), O.Brit. Derventi, place name, VN Dervuci under
likewise; O.Ir. drb safe ; reduced grade O.Ir. daur, gen. daro oak (deru-), also dair, gen.
Page 609
darach ds. (*deri-), O.Ir. daurde and dairde oaken ; derived Gaul. *d(a)rullia oak
(Wartburg III 50); Maced. f. oak; zero grade *dru- in intensification particle (?
different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: oak-: dru- in gaLat. - holy oak grove ),
e.g. Gaul. Dru-talos (*with big forehead), Druides, Druidae pl., O.Ir. dri Druid (the high;
noble , *dru-uid-), O.Ir. dron tight, firm (*drunos, compare O.Ind. dru-na-m, duru-n-, dr-
na-m), with guttural extension (compare under Ger. Trog) M.Ir. drochta (* wooden) barrel,
vat, cask; barrel, tub, drochat bridge; here also gallorom. drtos strong, exuberant (: Lith.
drtas), Gk. PN , O.Ir. drth foolish, loony (: O.Ice. trr juggler, buffoon?),
Welsh drud foolish, loony, valiant (Welsh u derives from romO.N. equivalent);
deru- in Gmc. Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervs, O.N. tjara (*derun-), finn. Lw. terva, O.E.
teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. tar, resin (*deruio-), M.L.G. tere tar (Ger. Teer); O.N. tyrvi, tyri
pinewood, tyrr pine (doubtful M.H.G. zirwe, zirbel pine cone , there perhaps rather to
M.H.G. zirbel whirl, because of the round spigot);
dreu- in Goth. triu n. wood, tree, O.N. tr, O.E. trow (Eng. tree), O.S. trio tree, balk,
beam; in ubtr. meaning tight, firm - tight, firm relying (as Gk. tight, firm:
show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in ), Goth. triggws (*treuuaz) loyal,
faithful, O.H.G. gi-triuwi loyal, faithful, an: tryggr loyal, faithful, reliable, unworried , Goth.
triggwa alliance, covenant , O.E. trow faith, belief, loyalty, verity, O.H.G. triuwa, Ger.
Treue, compare with ders. meaning, but other ablaut O.N. tr f. religious faith, belief,
assurance, pledge, O.E. truwa m., M.L.G. trwe f. ds., O.H.G. trwa, O.Ice. tr f., besides
trr loyal, faithful; derived O.N. tra trust, hold for true = Goth. trauan, and O.E. truwian,
O.S. trn, O.H.G. tr(w)n trust (compare n. O.Pruss. druwis); similarly O.N. traustr
strong, tight, firm, traust n. confidence, reliance, what one can count on, O.H.G. trst
reliance, consolation (*droust-), Goth. trausti pact, covenant, changing through ablaut
Page 610
trysja clean the ground, O.E. trs deadwood, Eng. trouse, O.Ice. tros dross, Goth. ufartrusnjan disperse, scatter.
*drou- in O.E. trg, Eng. tray flat trough, platter, O.S. tr a certain measure vessel
(*trauja-, compare above ), O.N. treyju-soull (also tryju-sooll) a kind of trough
shaped saddle;
*dr- in O.Ice. trr jester, O.E. tr merrymaker, trumpeter (:gallorom. *drto-s, etc)?
*dru- in O.E. trum tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension,
respectively forms -ko- (compare above M.Ir. drochta, drochat), O.H.G. Ger. trog, O.E. trog,
troh (m.), O.N. trog (n.) trough and O.H.G. truha footlocker , Nor. dial. trygje n. a kind of
pack saddle or packsaddle, trygja a kind of creel, O.H.G. trucka hutch, nd. trugge
trough and with the original meaning tree, wood O.H.G. hart-trugil dogwood;
maybe nasalized Alb. trung (*trugge) wood, tree
Bal.-Slav. *derua- n. tree in O.C.S. drevo (gen. dreva, also drevese), Ser.-Cr. dial.
drvo (drijevo), Sloven. drevo, O.Cz. drevo, Russ. drevo, Clr. drevo tree; in addition as
originally collective Lith. derv, (acc. derva) f. chip of pinewood; tar, resinous wood;
ablaut, Ltv. darva tar, O.Pruss. in PN Derwayn; lengthened grade *dru-iu- in Ltv. duore f.
wood vessel, beehive in tree;*su-dorua- fit, healthy in O.C.S. sdrav, Cz. zdrv
(zdravu), Russ. zdorv (f. zdorva) fit, healthy, compare Av. dr(u)v, O.Pers. duruva ds.
Balt *dreuiu- f. wood beehive , substantiv. adj. (O.Ind. dravya- belonging to the tree )
: Lith. dreve and dreve cavity in tree, Ltv. dreve ds.: in ablaut Lith. dravs f., Ltv. drava f.
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der-, heavy basis der-, drEnglish meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)
Deutsche bersetzung: schinden, die Haut abziehen, abspalten, spalten
Note:
Root der-, heavy basis der-, dr- : to cut, split, skin (*the tree) derived from Root deru-,
drt, n-present the heavy basis drnuti bursts, cracks, Opt. drnyut, perf. dadura, participle
drta-, of the heavy basis drna-, Kaus. durayati, Intens. dardirat, drdarti (compare Av.
dardar- split; Cz. drdm, drdati pluck, pick off, remove), dardarti split up, dara-h m.,
dar f. hole in the earth, cave (: Gk. hose, Ltv. nudaras dross of bast, Church
Slavic razdor), drti-h m. bag, hose (= Gk. , Goth. gataurs, Russ. dert), darmnm. smasher (: Gk. n.), next to which from the heavy basis drman- destruction; -
duri- splitting (= Gk. ), dura- m. crack, col, gap, hole, duraka- ripping, splitting,
dar- in dardar-ti, dar-man- with for i = (compare Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. 1 20), barely
after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; Pers. Inf. diran, daran, jud.-pers. darn-in;
Maybe Alb. (*duras) drras board, plank (cut wood), drrmonj destroy, break, exhaust,
tire.
Dardani Illyr. TN
Note:
The name Dardani Illyr. TN and [Latin transcription: Driei s] Greek: , Att. - derive
from the same root.
Dardanus
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DARA
DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the
frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl.
p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus,
vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.
DARADAE
DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the
central part, in Darfour (Daradn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. 35), the other in the W., on the river
DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]
DARADAX
DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. 10). It has
been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river
Page 614
DARADUS
DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. 6), a river of Africa, falling
into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin.
v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio dOuro. [P. S.]
DARAE
DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S.
steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae,
and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is
possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana,
though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandhras) points to a more southern
locality. [V.]
DARANTASIA
DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.
DARAPSA
DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]
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DARDAE
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae,
and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is
possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana,
though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandhras) points to a more southern
locality. [V.]
DARDANI
DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-West of Moesia, and extending also over a part
of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29;
Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves
under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]
Av. dardar- (see above) split, Inf. drnam (: O.Ind. drnuti), Iter. duraya-, participle
taray Aor. take to ones heels, made oneself scarce (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);
Gk. skin, flay, io-present ds. (as Lith. deru besides diriu), Aor. pass. ,
participle , (= O.Ind. drt-); hose (= O.Ind. dara-, Ltv. nu-daras);
the skinning (= O.Ind. drti-), next to which with (has changed) lengthened grade
Att. , - skin, leathery dress, cover; *, diss. the membrane which
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drti-, Gk. ); O.N. tor- in compounds, O.E. tord n. ordure (*dr-tm separation ,
compare Ltv. drstu, drst defecate , dirsa buttocks , Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of
a guttural extension M.H.G. zurch, zurch m. animal excrements );
Maybe truncated Alb. dhjes defecate : Ltv. drstu, drst defecate .
besides of the heavy basis O.N. tr n. batten, lath, support from poles (*dr-to-m),
M.H.G. truoder f. slat, pole, from it manufactured rack ; O.H.G. truda fringe (Ger.
trunno fugitive , and *dren-u in trinnan seclude oneself , M.H.G. trinnen, trann be
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*trennan from -nu-); certainly here Swe. dial. trinna, trenta split fence rack , further with
the meaning split trunk piece as a disc, wheel O.H.G. trennila ball, trenniln roll,
M.L.G. trint, trent circular , trent m. curvature, roundness, circular line , O.E. trinde f. (or
trinda m.) round clump, M.H.G. trindel, trendel ball, circle, wheel under likewise
With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare Gk. and Cz. drdati) and
from tear, tug unkindly explainable meaning probably here Gmc. *trat-, *trut- in O.E. teart
stern, sharp, bitter , M.Du. torten, Du. tarten stir, tease, irritate, challenge, defy , M.L.G.
dru); u-darjo, u-dariti hit (*dr-, compare *dr- in Gk. ), with iterative grade raz-dirati
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drti- etc); Russ. (etc) drn lawn, meadow (: O.Ind. drna- etc, meaning as in Lith. dirti cut
the lawn grass);
Maybe Alb. (*derm) drrmoj exhaust.
Russ. derm rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt (*dross by splitting, peeling), drkij
rash, hasty, fast , dran f. shingle, lath, drjan = derm, drka brawl , dra nail
puller, tool used to remove nails, o-drny pl. chaff etc.
With l- extended Lith. nu-drlioti peel the skin, Serb. drljum, drljati harrow, drljm, drljiti
divest (Berneker 255);
Toch. AB tsr- separate, split, tsrorye cleft, fissure, crack (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg.
19).
d(e)r- (: *deri-?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):
Gk. - (incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter (probably after
reshaped from *- or -), Ltv. drsme crack, scratch , perhaps (if not derailment of
ablaut to Lith. dreskiu because of whose zero grade drisk-) from Ltv. drksna (*drskna)
scratch , draiska tearer , compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 488 f., 500;
Page 619
trcian be absent, lack, come short (nEng. dial. to truck to fail, M.L.G. truggelen beg,
cheat, deceive);
Ltv. drugt diminish, collapse (Ir. droch, Welsh drwg penurious, evil, bad from kextension?, Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 505).
O.Ind. drvu millet grass (dr- uu);
compare Gk. delph. f., Thess. m. bread (*dr-), Maced. ds.;
Gaul. (Lat.) dravoca ryegrass (*dr-u-); Bret. draok, dreok, Welsh drewg ds. are
borrowed from RomO.N. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);
M.Du. tanve, terwe, Du. tarwe wheat, Eng. tare weed, ryegrass, vetch (Gmc. *tar-u,
IE *doruu);
Lith. drva farmland (*dr-uu, with intonation change the u-stem), lit. freed, cleared ,
dirvnas virgin soil, land (compare to meaning Russ. dial. dor new tillage, cultivated
land , rzdert land made arable ), Ltv. druva the tilled farmland, sown field
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dereg- :
MDutch treken st. V. pull, tear and shudder, O.H.G. trehhan push, poke,
intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping , *trakjan in M.L.G. trecken pull, tear (tr. intr.),
O.E. trglian to pluck, wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be
connected to Ltv. dragt pull, rend, upset, shake, draguls shivering fit , druga a strong
angry person, renders and demands a lot ; Ltv. drigelts, drigants, Lith. drigntas stallion
are Lw. from Pol. drygant; compare Bga Kalba ir s. 128, Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 498.
deregh- (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lith.):
O.E. tiergan (Gmc. *targian) banter, stir, tease, irritate, M.L.G. tergen, targen pull, stir,
tease, irritate, Du. tergen, Ger. zergen pull, tear, anger, Swe. dial. targa tug with the
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su-doroga cramp.
derek-:
name of foreland in Kos (as plural as name of forelands, Bugge BB.
18, 189), , (actually tear the skin open as analogous
meaning ) Hes.;
Gk. m., n. supper (*dork- + uo-forms) = Alb. dark supper, evening
(unclear the ablaut relation in drek lunch, middle of the day; compare Persson Beitr.
8591); perhaps to (N.Illyr.?) PN (leg. ?) in Wurttemberg, as place to
rest ;
Note:
This seems wrong etymology since Alb. drek lunch, middle of the day seems to have
derived from Root derk- : to look, light; Gk. look, keep the eyes open, be alive,
, , vision, sight, look, gaze, -
heavy to behold (= O.Ind. darcata-), adv. one looking up from below, n.
eye, , - dragon, snake (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. ;
Alb. drit light (*drk-tu);
According to Alb. phonetic laws Alb. drit light derived from (drik-a) not (*drk-tu) because
of common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations;
maybe Alb. (*darcata-), dark supper, evening meal, evening; (*drech), drek dinner
meal, midday, light of the day: O.Ir. an-dracht loathsome, dark (see above).
Sloven. drkam, drem, drkati glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run (probably from
clear off, run away, leave), Cz. drkati bump, poke, jolt, Bulg. drcam, drcn pull, riffle
flax, hemp (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).
Page 622
deres-:
Arm. terem (see above under der-);
M.Ir. dorr anger, dorrach rough, coarse (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); presumably
O.E. teors, O.H.G. zers penis, Nor. ters nail; also O.N. tjasna f. kind of nail from
*tersnn-?, Nor. trase rag, clout, trasast become ragged, tras deadwood, trask offal,
deadwood;
Maybe Alb. trast bag, (ragged cloth?), tras pull (a boat on the coast) : Rom. trage pull
Sloven. drsati disband, separate, Cz. drsati scratch, scrape, stripe, drasta, drsta
splinter, scrap, shred; garment , draslavu rough, jolting , zero grade drsen rough,
draskuti iter. tear, Ltv. draskt ds., draska rag, Lith. drekstne lent crafty slat, thinly
split wood (Leskien abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulg. drskam, drt (*drao)
scratch, scrape; fit tightly , perfective drsn (*draskno); drska scratcher, crack; Cz. old
z-dries-kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding anlaut) z-driezhati break,
rupture, drieska, driezha splinter, chip, splinter, nowadays drzha chip, splinter; Pol.
drzazga splinter;
With formant -p-:
drep-, drop-:
O.Ind. drupi -h m. mantle, dress, draps-h m. banner (?) (= Av. drafa- banner,
ensign, flag, banner), Lith. drpanos f. pl. household linen, dress, Ltv. drna (probably
*drup-nu) stuff, kerchief, cloth; Gallo-Rom. drappus kerchief, cloth (PN Drapp, Drappus,
Drappes, Drapnus) is probably Ven.-Illyr. Lw.; the a-vowel from IE o or, as das -pp-,
expressive;
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drip-:
Gaul. (Ven.-Illyr.) PN Drippia, Drippnius (compare above Drappus etc);
Note: Alb. drapn sickle : (Ven.-Illyr.) PN Drippnius
Bulg. drpa rag, scrap, shred, Sloven. drpam (drpljem), drpati tear, have diarrhea,
Cz. drpa scrap, shred, drpati rend, tear;
drup-:
Gk. scratch, , - (with secondary instead of , s. Persson
Beitr. 859) scrub, flay off the skin, scratching, peeling , a kind of thorn .
For variation of a : i : u in popular words compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia 162
ff.
References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.
Page(s): 206-211
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Page 625
Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Lat. dcere as to draw; to draw along
or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead;
to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem,
consider.
Alb. nduk pluck, tear out the hair , dial. also suck out .
MWelsh dygaf bring (*dukami); about O.Ir. to-ucc- (cc = gg) bring see under euk-.
Lat. dc (altLat. douc), -ere, dx, ductum to draw; to draw along or away; hence to
shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw
in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider = Goth.
tiuhan, O.H.G. ziohan, O.S. tiohan, O.E. ton pull, drag (O.N. only in participle toginn).
verbal compounds: ab-dc = Goth. af-tiuhan, ad-dc = Goth. at-tiuhan, con-dc =
Goth. ga-tiuhan, etc.
Page 626
ti-stem: Lat. ductim by drawing; in a stream, late ducti- duct (besides tu-stem ductus,
-s direction, leadership, duct, conduction ) = Ger. Zucht (see under).
Specially rich development form in Gmc., so: iterative-Kaus. O.N. teygia pull, drag, pull
out = O.E. tegan pull, drag (*taugian); O.H.G. zuckan, zucchen, M.H.G. zucken, zucken
quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back (with intensive consonant stretch; therefrom M.H.G. zuc,
gen. zuckes m. twitch, jerk); O.N. tog n. the pulling, rope, cable, M.H.G. zoc, gen. zoges
m. pull, whereof O.N. toga, -aa pull, drag, O.E. togian, Eng. tow pull, drag, O.H.G.
zogn, M.H.G. zogen pull, drag (tr., intr.), rend, pull, compare above Lat. ()-ducure; O.E.
tyge m. i-stem pull, O.H.G. zug, Ger. Zug (*tugi-); O.H.G. zugil, zuhil, M.H.G. zugil, Ger.
Zugel, O.N. tygill m. band, strap, strip, O.E. tygel rope; O.N. taug f. rope, O.E. tag f.
band, strap, manacle, paddock (therefrom O.E. tegan bind, Eng. tie); with zero grade
O.N. tog n. rope, hawser; O.N. taumr m. rope, cable, rein, O.E. tam m. pair of
harnessed oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny (therefrom teman proliferate, be
pregnant , Eng. teem), Dutch toom brood, O.Fris. tum progeny, O.S. tm a strap or
thong of leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip, O.H.G. M.H.G. zoum m. rope, cable,
thong, rein, Ger. bridle, rein (Gmc. *tauma- from *tau-m-); O.H.G. giziugn bear
witness, prove (actually zur Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden ), M.H.G. geziugen
prove from evidence , Ger. (be)zeugen, Zeuge, M.L.G. betgen testify, prove , getch n.
attestation, evidence ; further with the meaning bring out, bring up, generate O.H.G.
giziug (*teugiz) stuff, device, equipment , Ger. Zeug, M.L.G. tch (-g-) n. stuff, device
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zuht f. raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny , Ger. Zucht (= Lat. ductus see above);
therefrom Ger. zuchtig, zuchtigen, O.E. tyht m. upbringing, breed, breeding, O.Fris. tucht,
Page 628
deu-1
English meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into
Deutsche bersetzung: einsinken, eindringen, hineinschlupfen
Material: O.Ind. upu-du- to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person of,
enter, press into, cover oneself, wear;
The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: O.Ind. dosu, new dsa-h evening,
darkness , Av. daoatara-, daoastara- situated towards evening, to the West , Pers. d
the former yesterday night;
Gk. (more properly ) evening (metr. lengthening for * from
? originally adj. vespertine , as still in Hom. ); Gk. (Att. :, ep.
), trans. sink, dive, swathe (only in compounds: sink), intrans. (in simplex
only in participle ; Aor. ) dive in, penetrate (e.g. , ), slip in, pull in
(clothing, weapons; so also , , ), sets (from the sun and stars, dive,
actually, in the sea), also med. and (Hom. is old augment tense to the
future, Schwyzer Gk. 1 788); , Kallimachos sink in the sea ( unclear, s. Boisacq
s. v.; preposition *[a]p[o]?); dip, dive, sink (after ); the place where
one may not enter , disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the sun and
stars , towards evening , pl. setting of the sun and stars ;
unclear , coupled s. Schwyzer Gk. I 589; after Frisk Indog. 16 f. here
also shrine.
References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.
Page(s): 217-218
Page 629
probably = O.Ir. den proficient, strong, Subst. protection; Lat. be, -ure to bless, enrich,
make happy , beutus blessed, lucky (*du-i, participle *du-enos); in addition O.S.
twthn grant, M.L.G. twden please, grant, O.E. langtwdig granted long ago, M.H.G.
zwden grant, md. getwdic tame, domesticated, compliant (*du-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil.
4, 499);
after EM2 114 perhaps still here Gk. -- has power .
Perhaps also here Gmc. *taujan make (from * be mighty ) in Goth. taujan, tawida
make, Run. tawids I made, O.H.G. zouuitun exercebant (cyclopes ferrum), M.H.G.
zouwen, zuwen finish, prepare , M.L.G. touwen prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into
leather, wherefore O.E. getawa an implement, utensils, tools, instruments (therefrom
again (ge)tawian prepare, Eng. taw make ready, prepare, or dress (raw Material) for use
or further treatment; spec. make (hide) into leather without tannin ) and (with original prefix
stress in nouns) O.E. geatwe f. pl. armament, armor, jewellery, weapons = O.N. gotvar f.
pl. ds., O.Fris. touw, tow tool, rope, hawser, nFris. touw the short coarse fibres of flax or
hemp, tow , M.L.G. touwe tool, loom, touwe, tou rope, hawser (out of it Ger. Tau),
O.H.G. gizawa household furniture, apparatus (but also succeed, see above), M.H.G.
Page 630
gezuwe n. appliance (out of it with bO.Ir.-dial. vocalization M.H.G. zuwe), Ger. Gezhe
(see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).
In addition with (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through Proto-Gmc.
abridgement from *twjan) perhaps Goth. twa order, row, gatwjan dispose, O.H.G.
zuwa coloring, paint, color, dyeing, langobard. zuwa row, division of certain number,
uniting, O.E. l-twe altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole, healthy, well
(about possible origin of Gmc. *twu from *t-wu see under *dek- take; then it would be
natural to separate from taujan); with Goth. taui, gen. tjis action, ubiltjis evildoer,
wrongdoer , O.N. t n. uncleaned wool or flax, linen thread Material = O.E. tw the
spinning, the weaving in tw-hs spinnery , tw-crft skillfulness in spinning and
weaving , Eng. tow the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow ; with l-suffix O.N. tl n.
tool, O.E. tl n. ds. (*twula-), verbal only O.N. tja, tyja utilize, make usable , actually
align, denominative to *twja- after Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tie
therein belonging to Goth. tiuhan *tauhjan, *tiuhjO.N.
Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Goth. taujan to O.Ir. dod exert, troubled ;
the fact that this, however with dod catches fire is identical and the meaning make has
developed from kindle the fire, inflame, seems unlikely.
About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.
References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.
Page(s): 218-219
Page 631
O.Ind.
chronologically), Av. dra, O.Pers. duraiy afar, far there , Av. drut at a distance, far, far
there, far away , compounds Sup. O.Ind. dvyas-, dvitha- more distant, most distant;
ved. duvs- moving forward, striving out , transitive Av. duye chase away , avi-fru-
avaite carry away itself (from water); O.Ind. dta-h, Av. dta- summoner, delegator;
perhaps here O.Ind. dosa-h m. lack, fault, error (*deu-s-o-);
Gk. Dor. Att. , Eol. Hom. (not *-, but *F-) lack, err, miss, Aor. ,
; uPers. , , participle , Att. the needful ; Medium ,
Hom. lack etc, Hom. stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be insufficient , Att.
please, long for ; , Hom. destitute, lacking , request; in
addition follow in the distance, the second one , in addition superl. Hom.
.
Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above O.Ind. dosa-h) Gmc. *tiuzn in
O.E. torian cease, languish (*stay behind), Eng. tire exhaust.
compare further md. zwen (strong. V.) move in the front, move, proceed there ,
O.H.G. zawen proceed, go ahead, succeed, M.H.G. zouwen hurry, somewhat hasten,
proceed, go ahead, succeed, zouwe f. haste, hurry.
2. Apers. duvaitam adv. for a long time, Av. dbitm adj. long, extended
(temporal); about O.Ind. dvitu, Av. daibitu, O.Pers. duvitu-paranam see under duu two;
Page 632
Page 633
deup- (: kteup-?)
English meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: dumpfer Schall, etwa as von einem Schlag; Schallwurzel
Material: Gk. Hom. dull noise, din; sound of the kicks ; to sound heavy
or dead
Page 634
de thence, from there (*im-de), un-de whence, from where ; Gk. but; Gk. just,
now, just, certainly , - already, - since, whereas, because ; after
interrogative words (what) then?;
IE *de put also in O.Ir. article in-d (*sind-os, IE *sm-de);
Ital. -*dum in Lat. qu-dam, quon-dam, Umbr. ne-rsa as long as (probably solidified acc.
f.*ne-dum not at the same time ; besides m. or n. in:);
Lat. dum (*dom) still, as Konj. while, during the time that; so long as, provided that;
until, originally demonstratives then, compare etiam-dum, interdum, nndum, agedum (:
Gk. ), manedum, quidum as so? under likewise, then in relative-conjunctional
meaning, as also in dummodo, dumn, dumtaxat; Osc. sdum the same as however, is
to be disassembled in s-d-um, as also in. Lat. dem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem
is not to be recognized with dum from *dom the changing by ablaut -dem; d-em from *id-
em = O.Ind. id-m just this , compare Osc. s-d-um, as quid-em from *quid-om = Osc.
Page 635
pd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation i-dem would be sensed as -dem an
identity particle and would grow further);
but the primary meaning of dum is a short while , wherefore u perhaps is old (compare
di (= i), Corn. e to from *d (in Gaul. du-ci and), Thurneysen Grammar 506; O.E. t,
O.S. to (te, ti), O.H.G. zuo (za, ze, zi; the abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35,
471 not to understand as previously Proto-IE ablaut variants), Ger. to (Goth. du to with
dat. and preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan begin, seems proclitic development from *t(?), is
marked from Brugmann II2, 812 as unresolved); O.Lith. do preposition and prefix to;
O.C.S. da so, and, but; that (meaning-development *in addition - still, and, from which
then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Toch. 5.
Besides IE *do in O.C.S. do until, to.
Lith. da-, perfektivierendes verbal prefix, and Ltv. da until - to, also verbal prefix e.g.in
d-io-); against it wird O.Ir. ind- preposition and prefix in von Thurneysen Grammar 521 as
after in- umgefrbte Entsprechung von Gaul. ande contemplates and further von Pedersen
KG. I 450 with Goth. and until, O.Ind. dhi connected; and Gk. - indoors, in, within
, - from inside are reshaped as Lesb. Dor. after -, -, - from , s. *dem- to build; Hitt. an-da in to *en-do(or *n-do?), Pedersen Hitt. 166. Whereas it
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 636
d (as d probably an instr. extension) in Lat. d prep. with abl. in space, down from,
away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a
Material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following
from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a
standard, falisk. de (besides Osc. dat d (for *dud, with t after post, pert etc; Osc.-Umbr.
*dud is probably replacement for *d after ehtrud etc, respectively after the ablative
transformed in instr. -(d), (d):ud); as preverb in da[da]d give away, give up, surrender,
deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render , dadkatted dedicate, consecrate, set apart ,
Umbr. daetom a fault, crime ; in addition compounds Lat. dterior lower, inferior, poorer,
worse , Sup. dterrimus, dmum (altLat. also dmus) of time, at length, at last; in
enumerations, finally, in short; id demum, that and that alone (*to loWest - lastly,
finally), dnique at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally; in short, in fine ;
O.Ir. d (besides de from IE de, wherewith perhaps Gaul. - from a judicial
sentence is to be equated), O.Welsh di, Welsh y, i, Corn. the, Bret. di from - down, from away , also as privative particle (e.g. O.Welsh di-auc slow, tardy, slack, dilatory, lingering,
sluggish, inactive, lazy , as Lat. dbilis; intensifying O.Ir. d-mr very large as Lat.
Page 637
kad when; O.Ind. yadu when, as, Av. yadu, jAv. yaa when, O.C.S. jeda when (vgl
also O.Ind. yadi if, O.Pers. yadiy, Av. yei, yeii as soon as and Av. yaut whence);
O.Ind. idu now, yet; also the Slav. formations as Russ. kud whereto, where;
Maybe Alb. ku-do (*kud)everywhere, anywhere, nasal nga-do (kade) everywhere
O.C.S. kadu, kade whence, nikda-e never, Pol. dokad whereto, where, O.C.S. tade
from there , sadu from here under likewise, but it could contain also IE dh.
A cognate stem *di perhaps in enkLith. Iran. acc. Av. O.Pers. dim her, she , Av. dit
es, di pl. m. f., d pl. n., and O.Pruss. acc. sg. din, dien ihn, sie (etc); compare but
Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.
References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gk. I 624 f.
Page(s): 181-183
Page 638
Page 639
Root d- : d- and di-, d- : to bind derived from duai , duei-, stems of Root du(u) : two
meaning bind in two
Material: O.Ind. dy-ti (with u-, ni-, sam-) binds (dy- zero grade of *di-, from 3. pl. dynti,
compare Av. n-dyu-tam 3. sg. Med. in pass. meaning it has made soil holdback , -uextension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 761), O.Ind. participle dit-
bound (= Gk. ), duman- n. band, strap (= Gk. -), ni-dutur- binder;
Gk. (Hom. Att.) (*j) bind, bound , shavings tied together as a
torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf (- for IE *d- as : ), sheaf
binder , the fastening, binding, band, strap, - head fascia,
pl. bedstead ; Hom. present bind is to after :
neologism; - (compare O.Ind. duman-) sandal, a band or fillet, turban,
diadem ;
Alb. duai fascicle, sheaf (about *dn- from IE *d-n-), del (*band, strap), sinew,
tendon, vein (IE*d-lo-).
References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 340 f., 676, 688.
Page(s): 183
Page 640
dgh-mo-s
English meaning: slant
Deutsche bersetzung: schief?
Material: O.Ind. jihm-h slantwise, slant, skew (Urar. *zizhm- assimil. from *dizhm-),
Gk. , slant, skew (assimil. from *).
References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769.
See also: Other possibilities see under gei- turn, bend.
Page(s): 222
Page 641
dhabh-2
English meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty
Deutsche bersetzung: passend fugen, passend
Material: Arm. darbin smith (*dhabhr-ino-);
Lat. faber, fabr craftsman, artist, adj. ingenious, skilful, adv. fabr skilful, affabr
skillfully , contrast infabr, fabrica dexterity, workshop (plign. faber is Lat. Lw.); perhaps
here Lat. (Plaut.) effufilutus exposed , Denom. from *fufilla, *acquiescence (f dial.?);
Note:
dob adv. light; Lith. dab quality, nature, habit, character , dabnti adorn, dabnus
dainty etc.
Maybe Alb. i dobt (*u-dobn) emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful), dobi profit,
advantage.
Note:
Page 642
Page 643
Page 644
dhauno-s wolf as shrike in Lat. GN Faunus (to Gk. Hes.) = Illyr. Daunus
(therefrom VN , inhabitant of Apul. region of Daunia; compare Thrac.
); Gk. Z i.e. shrike (thessal.; s. also Fick KZ. 44, 339), with ablaut Gk.
, (F) jackal (i.e. shrike );
Maybe Alb. dac cat : Phryg.
Goth. af-dauis rended, mangled, afflicted ;
O.C.S. davljo, daviti embroider, choke, strangle , Russ. davt pressure, press, choke,
crush , dvka crush.
References: WP. I 823, WH. I 468.
See also: ber dhuu- be astonished, marvel see below dhei-.
Page(s): 235
Page 645
dafla splash in the water , Nor. dial. dabba stamp, tread down, trample, make a blunder
;
Maybe Alb.Gheg zhdp beat, strike
O.N. an(d)dfa hold on a boat against wind and stream , M.Eng. dabben, nEng. dab hit
lightly, E.Fris. dafen hit, knock, bump, poke, M.H.G. beteben stun, wander about,
press, N.Ger. bedebbert reprimand, flog, embarrassed, Ger. tappen, Tapp flick ,
M.H.G. tupe paw (Gmc. , but not to use for statement of IE vocalism), M.Du. dabben
tap, splash under likewise. However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these
words with M.H.G. tappe clumsy, awkward; clumsy person etc correlates in a Gmc. root
dabb-, db(b)-, da-, dap- thick, lumpy, from which clumsy, stupid, doltish, under
Page 646
depsis small, fat boy [maybe Alb. djep cradle (for a baby)]
and Gmc. words, as Swe. dial. dabb tough lump of mucus , dave puddle, pool, slop (:
O.N. dafla splash?) etc (Ltv.dep- is perhaps a a change form to *dheb- in O.C.S. debel
thick etc, compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 455); it is to be counted on merger of different
word cognates in Gmc. (see also under dui-, dup- divide);
after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places Eng. dab tap to Lith. dbiu, dbti beat to death ,
Ltv. dubiu, dubt hit.
maybe Alb. dboj (*dobt ) chase away, i dobt (*u-dobn) emaciated, dainty, elegant,
(beautiful), dobi profit, advantage.
Note:
Alb. proves that Root dhabh-2 : proper, * fitting, dainty derived from Root dhubh-1,
nasalized dhamb(h)- : to astonish, be speechless, *hit [see above]
References: WP. I 824.
Page(s): 233
Page 647
dilli dill, strongly smelling plant umbel , changing through ablaut O.E. dyle, older Dan.
dylle, Ger. dial. tulle ds., with other meaning O.N. dylla sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle ; at
Page 648
Page 649
ti), perf. dadubha and (changed) dadmbha, participle perf. pass. dabdh- and (from the
root form on -u:) -dbhu-ta- adj. wonderful , actually * the inaccessible deception,
untouchable ; dambhyati makes confused, frustrated (dambh-h deceit), Desid. dipsati
(= Av. diw-, see under), dabhr- a little, slightly, poorly;
Av. dab- cheat, defraud sb of sth : davaiyu G. sg. f. the cheating , davayeinti N. Sg-.
f. the dishonest , dbnaotu 2. pl. present (ar. *dbhanau-mi, IE *dbh-en-eu-mi), Inf.
diwaidyui (without more desiderative meaning, but = O.Ind. dipsa-ti), participle perf. pass.
dapta- (innovation); dbu-vayat he shall beguile, infatuate (root form *dbheu-), udbaoman- n. infatuation ; Osset. dawin steal; Hitt. te-ip-nu- esteem slightly ,
Pedersen Hitt. 144.
In addition very probably Gk. damage, rob, cut (), bewilder, deceive ,
pass. I am robbed , with - probably from *-, *sm- and with to the same consonant
relationship as between : O.Ind. budh-n-h.
References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 147, Schwyzer Gk. I 333.
Page(s): 240
Page 650
dbls luscious, dabli audzis lusciously sprouted , dablgs luscious (Berneker aaO.;
after Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are Ltv. words probably to be connected
with O.C.S. dobr);
Toch. A tsopats big, large, tuppo courage , tpr high, B tappre, tpr- ds., Pedersen
Toch. 243, Toch. Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148. doubtfully.
References: WP. I 850, WH. I 437.
Page(s): 239
Page 651
fove);
Note:
fmes, -itis touchwood, tinder (*fouemet-, Bedeut. as Ltv. daglis), favilla glowing ashes,
esp. of the dead; a spark (probably from *dhogh-lo-lu); favnius zephyrus, the warm
West wind (from *fovnios): febris fever (*dheghro-; after Leumann Gnom. 9, 226 ff. die
deifio burn see under *duu- burn; Welsh de burning ; go-ddaith blaze (from *-dekto-);
but O.Ir. ded-l break of dawn after Marstrander Dict. Ir. Lang. I 213 actually parting
drink, the last drink ; Ir. dogha burdock (: Lith. dagys see under);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 652
from Root dhegh-: to burn, *day derived Root ugher-, ughen-, ughes- (or gher etc): day
the same as Root akru : tear derived from Root dakru- : tears. The phonetic shift da- > a-
, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon. Compare Root del-5 : long: Balt with
unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. lgas, f. ilg, Ltv. ilgs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. long
: Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long, da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. length. This is
a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
Lith. degu, dgti burn (trans. and intrans.), dgtas burnt, dgtinas what is to be
burned , degtne f. brandy, alcohol , ablauteud dagys, dgis thistle (Ltv. dadzis); dgas
the burning; summer heat; harvest , dag harvest, O.Pruss. dagis summer; Lith.
dglas to brand , deglas torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled ; Ltv. daglas f. pl.
scorch, daglis tinder; Lith. nuodegulis firebrand , degis burner; burning ; ablaut. atuo-
Page 653
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Material: O.Ind. dhmi coat, cement (3. sg. dgdhi instead of *ddhi), also participle
digdh-, dha- m. n. body, structure , dh f. embankment, dam, curve, bay , Av. pairidazayeiti walled all around (= O.Ind. Kaus. dhayati) uzdita 3. sg. Med. has erected
(a dam) , participle uz-dita-, uz-daza- m. pile, embankment , pairi-daza- m.
enclosure, park (out of it Gk. a royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word
brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise), O.Pers. didu fortress (from
*dizu-, root nom. in -u), Pers. diz, dz ds.;
Arm. dizanem (Aor. 3. sg. edz) pile up , dizanim be piled up , dz heap;
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*dheigh-) deng heap [common Lat. -h- > -g- phonetic mutation].
Thrac. -, - castle (: O.Pers. didu or *dhigh-iu); also , PN , Burto-
Page 655
figulus a worker in clay, potter (:Gmc. *iulaz), flum (*figslom) shape, effigis
(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal , figra form, shape,
figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature, species , ficti
forming, feigning; assumption , fictilis shaped; hence earthen, made of clay; n. as subst.,
esp. pl. earthenware, earthen vessels (to Lat. g instead of h s.Leumann Lat. Gk. 133; after
latter derives from forms as fictus also k from altfalisk. fifiked touched, handled , Osc.
fifikus perhaps you will have devised ); probably Umbr. fikla, ficlam a gruel used at
sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods , Lat. ftilla a gruel used at sacrifices (with dial. t
from ct); Osc. fehuss walls (*dheigho-);
about Lat. flum (identical with flum filament ?) compare WH. I 497, on the other hand
EM2 360;
O.Ir. digen tight, firm (*kneaded tightly, compact ); O.Ir. *kom-uks-ding- to build,
erect in 1. sg. cunutgim, 3. sg. conutuinc etc and perhaps also dingid, for-ding put down,
oppressed , see under 1. dhengh- press, cover etc;
Goth. amma digandin the kneading , kasa digana clay vessel , gadigis (meaning for
Page 656
idys a worker in clay, potter , O.C.S. zido, zdati to build, zd, zid wall (Bga
Kalba ir s. 184 f);
Toch. A tseke si peke si figure, shape or painting (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 257 f., IE
*dhoighos).
A parallel root *dheig- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in M.H.G. tchen make, create
etc; O.E. diht(i)an to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get
written down , O.H.G. tihton invent and create; versify derive from late Lat. dicture to
say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get written down .
References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.
Page(s): 244-245
Page 657
notion;
dm face, cheek;
Gk. , Dor. mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc (*dhiu-mn = O.Ind.
dhyuman-; Lith. by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gk. I 322; after E. Leumann [Abh.
Page 658
Page 659
Material: O.H.G. bi-telban, -telpan (participle bitolban) bury, O.S. bi-delan ds., M.N.Ger.
Dutch delven, O.E. delfan dig, bury, Flem. delv gorge, ravine, gulch, ditch, trench,
channel; in addition Swiss tulpen hit, thrash, tirol. dalfer slap in the face, box on the ear,
blow, knock, N.Ger. dlben hit;
Bal.-Slav. *dilb dig, hollow out : in Lith. dlba and dlba f. crowbar , Ltv. dilba f.,
dilbis m. hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone, delbs upper arm, elbow, dalbs m., dalba f.
fishing rod, hayfork ; perhaps Lith. nu-dilbinti lower the eyes down ;
Slav. *dlbo, *delti in Ser.-Cr. dubm, dupsti hollow out, dubok deep, etc (ablaut. *delti
in Ser.-Cr. dial. dlisti chisel, cut , compare dlijto chisel); Cz. dlubu, dlubati hollow out,
poke , ablaut. *dolb- in Cz. dlabati chisel, cut , dlab seam (= Ltv. dalbs), aRuss.
nadolob m., nadolba f. town enclosure ; *dolb-to- chisel, sharp iron in O.Pruss.
dalptan press copy, impact break , Slav. *dolto chisel in Bulg. dlat, R.C.S. dlato, Russ.
doot ds.
maybe truncated Alb. (*dolto) dalt chisel
References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 434.
Page(s): 246
Page 660
Page 661
Both Root ak-, ok- : sharp; stone and Root uik- : k- : spear, pike are reduced roots of an
older root *heg-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **helga. This older root
was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heg-el) igla needle [f u]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero phonetic mutation from the older BalticGermanic languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon.
Compare Root del-5 : long: Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. lgas, f. ilg,
Ltv. ilgs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. long : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long,
Page 662
Page 663
From Root ghel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ghel- : ghl-, ghl- : ghl- : to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun derived Root dhel-1, dholo- : curve; hollow, Root dhel-2 :
light, shining, Root dhel-3 : to tremble [common Alb.-Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation].
Material: Gk. f. dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium); Sicil.
, lak. (Hes.) round summer hat , m. situated in the interior of house
room, bedroom, pantry , cave, den (of animals), - eye (*-
* eye socket );
Welsh dol f. valley, Bret. Dol in PN;
O.N. dalr bow; Goth. dals m. or dal n. valley, pit, pothole, O.S. dal, O.E. dl, O.H.G.
tal n. valley, O.N. dalr m. valley; Goth. dala downwards , dalaa under, dalar
from below (here as *Daliernz valley inhabitant the Daliterni of Avienus, German
Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist. Forschungen, Wien 1925), O.Fris. t dele down,
O.S. t dale, M.L.G. dale, nnd. dal down, low, M.H.G. ze tal ds.; O.E. dell, M.H.G. telle f.
gorge, ravine, gulch (*dalj); changing through ablaut O.N.dll m. valley inhabitant
(*dlja-), Nor. dial. dl small valley, long gully resembling dent (*dlj) = O.H.G. tuolla,
M.H.G. tuele small valley, dent , mnl. doel ditch, trench, channel; O.N. dla gully
(*dlj), dld small valley (*dli); N.Ger. dole small pit, pothole, M.H.G. tol(e) f.
drainage ditch (O.H.G. dola gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe probably
actually N.Ger.), O.H.G. tulli, M.H.G. tulle, N.Ger. dlle short duct, tube, pipe (also N.Ger.
Page 664
Page 665
dhel-2
English meaning: light, shining
Deutsche bersetzung: leuchten, hell
Note:
From Root ghel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ghel- : ghl-, ghl- : ghl- : to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun derived Root dhel-1, dholo- : curve; hollow, Root dhel-2 :
light, shining, Root dhel-3 : to tremble [common Alb.-Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation].
Material: Perhaps Arm. dein, gen. denoy yellow, sallow, paled, pallid (*dheleno-);
M.Ir. dellrad radiance ; O.E. deall stout, proud, bold, illustrious, O.N. GN Heimdallr;
Mar-doll epithet of the light goddess Freyja , Dellingr father of the day , M.H.G. ge-telle
pretty, good(?).
Maybe Alb. (*dell) diell sun [common Alb. e > ie phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 865.
Page(s): 246
Page 666
dhel-3
English meaning: to tremble
Deutsche bersetzung: zittern, trippeln?
Note:
From Root ghel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ghel- : ghl-, ghl- : ghl- : to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun derived Root dhel-1, dholo- : curve; hollow, Root dhel-2 :
light, shining, Root dhel-3 : to tremble [common Alb.-Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation].
Material: Arm. doam tremble; Nor. and Swe. dial. dilla swing, swerve , Nor. dial. dalla,
dulla walk on tiptoe; trip , nd. dallen amble, Nor. dilte trot, walk on tiptoe; trip , dalte ds.
Doubtful; s. Falk-p under dilte addendum.
References: WP. I 865.
Page(s): 246
Page 667
Clearly Root (dhembh-), dhmbh- : to dig derived from Root dhem-, dhem- : to smoke; to
blow which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the ritual of burial was born
much later.
Page 668
dhmuyat), Av. dumainya- puffing up, swelling, of frogs , Pers. damdan blow, dam
breath, breath , Osset. dumun, dimin smoke; blow;
Maybe Alb.Tosk tym n. smoke: also Alb.Gheg dhem, Alb. dhemb hurt, ache, dhimbje
pain [common Alb. shift m > mb].
Note:
Clearly from Root dhem-, dhem- : to smoke; to blow derived Root dheu-4, dheu(presumably: dhu-, compare the extension dhu-k-, dhu- s-): to reel, dissipate, blow,
etc..
Page 669
stamma, stamba stink IE have been newly created or only after concurrence of O.H.G.
toum : O.E. stam, dt. toben : stieben (see under dheu-, dheu-bh- scatter, sprinkle), is
doubtful;
Lith. dumiu, dumti blow, apdumti blow with sand or snow (of wind) , dumples
bellows, dumpiu, dumpti blow (probably with p-extension), O.Pruss. dumsle bladder;
O.C.S. dmo, doti blow (to Bal.-Slav. vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m. Lith., Meillet Slave
comm.2 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63).
References: WP. I 851 f.
Page(s): 247-248
Page 670
dhengh-1
English meaning: to press; to cover
Deutsche bersetzung: drucken, krummeln, bedecken, worauf liegen
Material: O.Ir. dingid, for-ding oppressed (see also dheigh-); compare Pedersen KG. II
506;
Lith. dengiu, degti cover, dang cover, dangus sky, heaven, in addition digti
disappear (from * be covered ), Slav. *doga bow (: Lith. dang) in Russ. dug bow, old
rainbow , Bulg. dg, Serb. duga, Pol. dial. dega ds., probably to:
O.Ice. dyngia dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork , O.E.
dynge, O.H.G. tunga fertilization , O.S. dung, O.H.G. tung, M.H.G. tunc the
subterranean chamber where the women weaved (originally winter houses covered with
fertilizer for the protection against the cold), O.E. dung jail , O.H.G. tungen depress,
fertilize , O.E. Eng. dung manure , Ger. Dung, Dunger.
Maybe Alb. dengu heap
References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.
Page(s): 250
Page 671
dhengh-2
English meaning: to get, gripe
Deutsche bersetzung: erreichen, fest zugreifen, fest, krftig, schnell
Material: O.Ind. daghnti (Aor. dhak, daghyuh etc) reaches up to, achieves , -daghn-
reaching up to something (*dhngh-);
Gk. quick, fast, compar. (*dhngh-);
O.Ir. daingen tight, firm, strong = Welsh dengyn ds. (*dangino- or *dengino-);
Slav. deg: dog strength, power, luck in R.C.S. djag strap, leather belt , Russ.
djga leather belt , djglyj strong, fit, healthy, djgnut grow, become strong ; ablaut.
aBulg. ne-dog disease, malady (but Russ. duij strong belongs rather to dheugh-,
under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an intermingling with Slav. tegpull, drag, draw (Bruckner KZ. 42, 342 f).
References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f.
Page(s): 250
Page 672
dhen-1
English meaning: to run, *flow
Deutsche bersetzung: laufen, rennen; flieen
Material: O.Ind. dhanyati runs, set in movement, Pers. dandan hurry, run, O.Ind.
dhnvati runs, flows , O.Pers. danuvatiy flows , O.Ind. dhnutar- running, flowing ;
Messap. river name ardannoa (*ar-dhonu-u) situated in the water (?), Apul. PN
Page 673
dhen-2
English meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)
Deutsche bersetzung: Flche der Hand, of Erdbodenes, flaches Brett
Note:
From Root dhen-1 : to run, *flow derived Root dhen-2 : surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry
land) meaning arid flat area.
Material:
O.Ind. dhnus- n., dhnvan- m. n. dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert , dhnu-,
Page 674
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dhen-3
English meaning: to hit, push
Deutsche bersetzung: schlagen, stoen
Note:
From Root dhen-1 : to run, *flow derived Root dhen-2 : surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry
land) meaning arid flat area, then from Root dhen-2 : surface of hand derived Root
d-extension: O.N. detta st. V. fall down heavily and hard, hit (*dintan, compare Nor.
dial. datta [*dantn] knock: denta give small punches ), nFris. dintje shake lightly ,
Nor. deise fall tumbling, glide (from:) N.Ger. dei(n)sen (*dantisn) reel back, flee;
E.Fris. duns fall (s from -dt- or -ds-), O.N. dyntr, O.E. dynt m. (= O.N. dyttr), Eng. dint
blow, knock, shove ;
Alb. g-dhent hew wood, plane, beat , Gheg dhend, dhnn cut out, cut .
maybe (*g-dhent) gdh piece of wood, Alb.Tosk dnd hit, beat.
Gutt-extension: O.N. danga (*dangn) thrash: O.S. diunga st. V. hit, M.Eng. dingen
hit, bump, poke, nEng. ding (skand. Lw.), M.H.G. tingelen knock, hammer, Nor. dingle
(and dangle) dangle; Kaus. O.N. dengja, O.E. dengan, M.H.G. tengen (tengelen) hit,
knock, hammer (Ger. dengeln); O.H.G. tangal m. hammer.
Labial-extension: Swe. dimpa (damp) fall fast and heavily, N.Ger. dumpen hit, bump,
poke, Eng. dial. dump hit heavily .
References: WP. I 853 f.
Page(s): 249-250
Page 676
Page 677
Material: O.N. draga, Goth. under O.E. dragan, Eng. draw pull, drag, O.N. drag n. base
of a pulled object , Nor. drag draught, wash of the waves, watercourse, towing rope ,
dial. drog f. (*drag) short sledge, road track of an animal, valley , O.N. dregill band,
strap, drg f. stripe, O.S. drgh sled , O.E. drge f. seine , M.L.G. dragge, nnd. also
dregge boat anchor , Eng. dredge ds.; changing through ablaut Nor. dorg f. (*durg, IE
*dhrghu) fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat ; with the meaning bear, carry
(from drag, s. Berneker 212), O.H.G. tragan bear, carry, sih (gi)tragon bear oneself,
conduct oneself, behave .
Maybe Alb.Gheg (dherugh-) trhek pull, drag [common Alb. -g- > -h- shift]
Probably here sl. *durgu in: Serb.-Church Slavic draga valley, Russ. dorga way, alley,
journey, dial. fishing rod;
maybe Alb. (*do-rga) rruga way, alley, journey [common Alb. de- > zero grade] similar
formation to Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long : Alb. (*da-lu-ga-e-e) glat
long; also Alb. (*dorga) drgonj send in a trip.
The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutatIon. Compare
Root del-5 : long: Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. lgas, f. ilg, Ltv. ilgs,
O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. long : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) long, da-lu-ga-
Page 678
driti make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out ; perhaps also Cz. z-drhati se refuse,
decline, Pol. wz-dragac sie to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder (as protract, draw )
and O.C.S. podrag hemline, edge of a dress under likewise (different under dergh-
catch ).
Lat. trah to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to breathe;
to draw out, hence to leng- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw, attract; to take
in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret, traha sledge,
drag , trugum seine , trugula ds., small drag, a species of javelin could go back
through Spirante dissimilation (*rag to *drag) in dhrugh-, but also IE t- have (: O.Ir. traig
foot etc, s. trugh-).
References: WP. I 862, Trautmann 45.
Page(s): 257
Page 679
dherbh- (dherbh-?)
English meaning: to work
Deutsche bersetzung: arbeiten
Material: Arm. derbuk rough, stiff, rude;
O.E. deorfan st. V. work; perish, die, gedeorf n. work, hardship , O.Fris. for-derva,
M.L.G. vor-derven, M.H.G. verderben die, perish, also Kaus. spoil;
Lith. drbu, drbti work, drbas work, darbus laborious .
Note:
Page 680
Probably from (O.S. thervi, O.H.G. derbi unleavened , Ger. bO.Ir. derb arid, dry, thin )
Root (s)ter-1, (s)ter- : (s)tr- : stiff, immovable; solid, etc. derived the extended root Root
Page 681
Page 682
Material: O.Ind. druksu grape ; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
gallorom. *dragenos thorn, O.Ir. draigen m. blackthorn , Welsh draen m., Bret. dran
briar (Celt. *drageno- from *dhregh-);
perhaps also O.H.G. tirn-pauma of the cornel-tree , tyrn, dirnbaum a cornel cherrytree , Ger. dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein Cornelian cherry (dogwood) , Swiss tierli, whether it is
not borrowed from Slav. in very old time;
Lith. drgnes pl., Ltv. drigenes black henbane (compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 498),
whether it is not borrowed from Slav.;
Russ. dren, dern Cornelian cherry (dogwood) , Ser.-Cr. drijen, Cz. drn ds., Pol. (old)
Page 683
dheregh- (dhrgh-n-)
English meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, winden, wenden (also spinnen, nhen)
Material: Pers. darz, darza suture, darzmun, darznun filament , darzan needle, pehl.
darzk tailor;
Arm. darnam (*darjnam), Aor. darjay turn over, revolve, turn; return , darn bitter,
sharp (compare under likewise), darj turn, reversal, return , Kaus.
The oldest IE form is actually Hitt. tar-na-a-i I pocket, plug in, let in : Alb. (*dheregh- )
derdh pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen. It seems that the old meaning
of Root dheregh- (dhrgh-nu-) : to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband derived from
the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.
Alb. shows that Root dheregh- (dhrgh-nu-) : to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband
derived from the extended Root dher-1, dher- : a kind of deposit or dreg, *ordure,
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von
Schmutz,
Widerlichkeit,
von
quatschigem
weather,
von
truben
Material: a. dhere-gh-:
Gk. , Att. (perf. Hom. intr.) bewilder, perturb ,
perplexity, , Att. - bewilder (*dhergh-i : Lith. drgti see under); ,
Ion. rough, uneven (probably originally from dirt crusts; -- here from sog. r,
i.e.*dherghu-s); Hes. (vowel gradation as : Lith. sprgti);
Note: common lat d- > f- shift:
Lat. fracs f. (broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil , fracre be
rancid from *dhrgh-; c is covered probably from facs, floccs, there *dherk- otherwise
is testified only in Baltic;
in the meaning lees, dregs, yeast: Alb. dru f., Gheg dr-ni residuum of oil, from
abundant butter; tartar (basic form *dra from *dragu, *dhrghu);
O.N. dregg f., pl. dreggiar yeast (out of it Eng. dregs);
O.Lith. drages (*dhrghi us) pl., O.Pruss. dragios pl. yeast, Ltv. (Endzelin KZ. 44, 65)
dradi residuum from boiled fat; Slav. *droska from *dhrgh-sku in mBulg. drotija pl.n.
yeast, Clr. dri ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska (Sloven. troska residuum, yeast)
and mostly *drozga (O.C.S. drodje pl. f. , yeast etc; s. Berneker 228);
Page 686
drga hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel ; Lith. dargus nasty, dirty,
filthy; O.Lith. drgesis filthy person, O.Lith. dergeti hate, Ltv. derdztis quarrel,
squabble (Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 456 m. Lith.), O.Pruss. derg to hate; Lith. drgti
become dirty, get dirty , dargti revile , drga f. rainy weather, defilement, contamination,
vituperation ;
b. dherg- in: M.Ir. derg red; M.H.G. terken befoul , O.H.G. tarchannen, terchinen
(darken) conceal, hide , M.L.G. dork keel of water depth , O.E. deorc swart , Eng.
dark; O.E. eorcung dawn, twilight probably with after ostor dark, geuxod dark.
Maybe Alb. dark evening, evening meal, supper, drek (*derk-) dinner, midday.
c. dherk- in: Lith. derkti nasty make, befoul , darkuti vilify, inveigh, deform, darkus
nasty , O.Pruss. erdrkts poisoned, Ltv. durks, durci (*darkis) pinto MuhlenbachEndzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien abl. 361); or to M.H.G. zurch ordure, zurchen
defecate? Zupitza Gutt. 170 under accentuation of intonation difference of derkti
compared with drgesis etc;
here probably Toch. AB trkr cloud (Frisk Indog. 24);
WP. I 854 ff.
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Page 687
drafli m. fresh cheese, drafna to disband , Nor. drevja soft mass ; geminated nl.
drabbe berm, residuum , N.Ger. drabbe slime, mud; Swe. drv n. residuum
(*dhrubho-), O.E. drf, O.H.G. truobi cloudy, Goth. drbjan, O.H.G. truoben tarnish,
bewilder, O.E. drfan agitate, tarnish (identical meaning-Verh. as between Gk.
and O.N. dreggiar).
A nasalized form with Balt u as zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a
limited nasal m?) seems Lith. *drumb- in Lith. drumstas (could stand for *drumpstas)
residuum , drumstus cloudy, drumsiu, drumsti tarnish (Schleifton caused by a heavy
group mpst ?).
References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 715.
Page(s): 251-252
Page 688
dhartr- n. support, prop = Av. darra- n. the grasp, understanding , O.Ind. dhrma- (=
Lat. firmus) m. firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong , dharmn- m. holder ,
dhrman- n. support, prop, law, custom , dhrmani loc. after the statute, according to
custom , dhuraka- holding; m. container , dhrti- f. the holding on, determination , dr-
dhr-- tenacious , s-dhr (or sadhrm) adv. holding out on a purpose, holding on to a
purpose , sadhry-c- be directed by a purpose, be united, together ; didhru the
intention to support to support, Av. didaratu he composes himself for, he gets ready for
;
about O.Ind. dh ra- tight, firm s. Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 25;
Arm. perhaps dadar (redupl.) abode, residence, rest (*adherence, abide by, stay,
compare Av. meaning while, stay, behave quietly ), dadarem abate (from the wind),
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Page 690
daruti make, do, dor f. the useful , Ltv. deru, dert employ, engage, hire out, arrange ,
Kaus. dart make, create, originate;
perhaps with formants -go-: Ltv. durgs dear, expensive, precious, O.C.S. drag ds.,
Russ. drog, Ser.-Cr. drg ds.;
Hitt. tar-ah-zi (tarzi) can, be able, defeated (*dhr- ?) belongs rather to ter-4.
guttural extensions:
Page 691
dhereugh-:
awN.. drigr withstanding, strong, full, drigum very, aschw. drygher respectable,
strong, big, large, N.Fris. dreegh tight, firm, persistent (but to dhreugh-1 belong O.E.
dryge dry, drahnian dry up, strain, filter, - with h instead of g? -, O.N. draugr withered
tree trunk, O.H.G. truchan dry);
maybe nasalized Alb. trung tree trunk
here as withstand and hold together - assemble Goth. driugan do military service
(O.E. drogan withstand, commit ), O.E. gedrag troop, multitude, crowd, O.H.G. truhtf. cohort, troop, multitude, crowd, O.S.druht-, O.E. dryht, O.N. drtt f. cortege , Goth.
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drauhti-wit (*laws of war =) military service , gadrauhts warrior, O.N. drttinn prince,
lord, master, mister, O.E. dryhten, O.H.G. truhtn master, mister (suffix as in Lat.
drog a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side are, as late Lat. drungus troop
borrowed from Gmc. (see under trenq-1).
References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.
Page(s): 252-255
Page 693
dher-3, dhereu-, dhrnEnglish meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallwurzel murmur, brummen, drhnen
Material: Gk. woozy noise, make a noise, bewilder,
grumble, murmle, Hes.; m. murmur, din, fuss, noise,
murmle, babble; (*-F-) cry loudly, empty gossip, subtleness ,
make empty gossip (see Boisacq s. v.), , loud cry ,
shout, let become loud ;
O.S. drm, O.E. dram m. making a glad noise, jubilation (different Kluge KZ. 26, 70:
as *troop, multitude, crowd, *rauma-, to Goth. drauhts); O.E. dora m. bumblebee
(*uran-), Eng. dorr- cockchafer;
redupl. Ltv. duduris big, giant gadfly, brake, wasp, dederis (?) weeping knave, boy
(Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 455).
Also for Celt. and Balt-Slav. words, are mentioned under der- murmur, IE anlaut dhcomes in questIon.
dhren-:
O.Ind. dhrnati sounds (Dhutup.);
Gk. m. funeral song, lament, dirge, lamentation ,
(drone) Hes., - hornet , - (*-) forest bee ; O.S. dreno,
O.H.G. treno drone, lengthened grade O.S. drun ds., also O.E. drun drn f. drone; zero
grade Goth. drunjus clangor , Nor. dryn n. low shout, drynja low roar, bellow, nd.
drnen make noise, talk slowly and monotonously (out of it Ger. drhnen).
Page 694
s-extension in M.Ir. drsacht creaky or squeaking noise , Gaul.-Lat. drns, -ure cry
(of swan), N.Ger. drunsen low roar, bellow, Dutch drenzeln whimper , hess. drensen
groan , Ger. dial. trensen elongated roar, bellow (from cows).
A Gutt.-extension probably in Arm. drnim blow the horn, toot (*dhrnk-) and O.Ir.
drcht song, tale (*dhrenktu), Proto-Slav.. *drok (*dhrnk-) in Sloven. drok pestle etc;
perhaps Toch. A trnk-, trenk- speak.
References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Mel. Pedersen 95 ff.
Page(s): 255-256
Page 695
(dher-4:) dhor- : dherEnglish meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm
Deutsche bersetzung: springen, bespringen
Material: O.Ind. dhuru stream, ray, drip, sperm ;
Gk. (Ion.) , manly sperm , absorb sperm , poetically
, Att. , Fut. , Aor. spring, protrusion, hill
(- from*dher-, because of of the secondary forms is developed to *dhore-, dhor-,
-);
from a base dhereu-: , spring, jump (o probably Aeolian instead
of from r) compare . . Hes., Hes.;
stormy, boisterous probably from *F (Bechtel Lexil. 167);
M.Ir. dar- spring, jump, Impf. no-daired, preterit ro-dart, Verbalnom. duir, gen. dura,
myth. PN Duire (*dhuri o-s), der girl, Welsh -derig rutting, in heat.
References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, Schwyzer Gk. I 696, 708.
Page(s): 256
Page 696
Material: Lat. foria pl. diarrhea (by Varro of pigs), fori, -re defecate;
Gk. (*dhr-d-) Hes., after Fick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from - with fractured reduplication or from -- with the same formant -d- as the i-extension
dhr-ei-d-:
O.N. drta (dreit), O.E. drtan, M.Du. N.Ger. drten, O.H.G. trzan defecate , o-grade
O.N. dreita make defecate, zero grade M.Eng. nEng. dirt (from *drit), O.Ice. drit, Flem.
drits, trets filth, faeces , Westfl. drit scared shitless, the defecated ;
Russ. dial. dristt have diarrhea, Bulg. drskam, drt have diarrhea, Serb. drskati,
drckati, Cz. drstati ds. (Slav. *drisk-, *drist- from *dhreid-sk-, -(s)t-, Berneker 224).
References: WP. I 861 f., WH. I 527 f.
Page(s): 256
Page 697
Material: O.Ind. dhrs-n-ti, dhrs-ati is audacious, courageous, ventures, dhrsu(Gramm.), dhrsat hearty (= Av. darat ), dhrsnu- bold, valiant, gamy, audacious, cheeky
, dhrst- insolent, cheeky , dhrsita- bold, gamy, dudhr si- intrepid, bold, with object
dras (*dhrons-) forwardness, drasus = Ltv. druos gamy, brave (*dhrons-; O.Lith. still
Page 698
drisus and dransniaus); without nasalization O.Pruss. drstlan stately and dyrsos
proficient (*dirsu-);
here perhaps Toch. A tsr rough, tsrasi strong, tsiraue strength .
References: WP. I 864, WH. I 698 f., Trautmann 60, Van Windekens Lexique 147.
Page(s): 259
Page 699
Dubel with md. anlaut), O.H.G. tubila, -i spigot , Eng. dowel-pin peg, plug, pin; M.L.G.
dvicke, Dutch deuvik spigot ; Swe. Nor. dubb peg, plug, tirol. tuppe big piece of
wood, M.L.G. dob(b)el, M.H.G. top(p)el dice, cube. Besides Gmc. words the meaning
hit: E.Fris. dufen, duven bump, poke, Dutch dof shove, stroke, O.Ice. dubba, O.E.
dubbian knight, make a man a knight , E.Fris. dubben bump, poke; there it also gives
Gmc. *a- hit (see below dhubh- marvel), could be a new variant of *u- (perhaps
come about under the help of words for peg, plug, spigot ).
References: WP. I 848.
Page(s): 268
Page 700
The shift g- > -b- , k- > -p- is a common Gk. phonetic mutation hence all other IE tongues
borrowed Root dheu-b-, dheu-p- : deep, dark from respectively Proto-Illyr. Gk. dheu-g-,
dheu-k-. But Proto-Illyr. Gk. dheu-g-, dheu-k- is an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl
(Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thrac. PN (*dhubr-), (*dheubru) it seems that
Baltic languages derived the concept of deep from Illyr. black, dark, hence from Root
dheu-4, dheu- (presumably: dhu-, compare the extension dhu-k-, dhu- s-): to reel,
dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. derived Root dheu-b-, dheu-p- : deep,
*dark.
Page 701
annwf(y)n, Welsh annwn Gods kingdom and the underworld (*an-duno- eig.
underworld, outside world as O.Ice. t-garr); s. also under S. 268 Slav. *dbno;
maybe Alb. (*diep) djep (*deep) cradle, hollowed wood : Pol. dziupo n., dziupla f. tree
hole .
Goth. diups, O.Ice. dipr, O.E. dop, O.S. diop, O.H.G. tiof deep; Goth. daupjan, O.E.
depan, O.S. dpian, O.H.G. toufen baptize (eig. dive), O.Ice. deypa dive; with -pp-:
Nor. duppa dive and j-formation, O.E. dyppan dive; baptize, N.Ger. duppen, O.H.G.
tupfen bathe, wash; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa swing (from barge); with gemin.
voiced-nonaspirated Nor. dubba bend down , dobbe marshy land (compare Wissmann
nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized Nor. dump m. dent in the earth, Dan. dial. dump
cavity, lowland, depression, Eng. dump deep hole full with water , O.H.G. tum(p)filo
whirlpool, M.H.G. tumpfel, Ger. (from N.Ger.) Tumpel deep place in the flowing or
standing water; puddle , Eng. dimple cheek dimple , Dutch domp(el)en dive, sink;
Lith. dubus deep, hollow, in addition FlN Dube, Dubing and Dubusa (= Welsh FlN Dyfi
from *Dubsu, Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), dugnas bottom (probably because of Ltv. dibens
from *dubnas = Slav. *dbno, Gaul. dubno-; s. die Lith. by Berneker 245 f.); also the FlN
wRuss. Dubna (= Ltv. Dybnja) the deep river and die O.Pruss. PN Dum(p)nis, Dubna
show still bn; dumbu, dubti become hollow, sink in , daub, dauburys gorge, ravine,
gulch, duobti hollow out, duobe cave (Ltv. dubs, dubj deep, hollow, duobe pit,
pothole, grave with uo from u?), dubu, -es basin , duburys, dburys, duburkis pit full
of water, hole, pool , nasal. dumburys deep hole full with water , dumblas slime, mud,
morass (yet see above S. 261); Ltv. dubens (besides dibens) ground, bottom (compare
Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt become hollow, sink in , dubli pl. m.
ordure, morass; O.Pruss. padaubis valley and daubo f. ground (compare above S.
249);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 702
From Slav. languages Root dheu-b-, dheu-p- : deep, *dark, bottom passed to Altaic
languages:
Protoform: *tpe ( *tipi, *-)
English meaning: bottom
Turkic protoform: *dp
Mongolian protoform: *dowNote: A Turk.-Mong. isoglO.S.S. The relationship to TM *d- to sit down (of birds),
Page 703
Page 704
tuchtig = O.E. dyhtig stalwart (about Goth. dauhts feast s. Feist 116);
Lith. daug much, a lot of, duginti increase, intensify ; Russ. duij etc strong.
References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff.
Page(s): 271
Page 705
dheu-1
English meaning: to run, *stream, flow
Deutsche bersetzung: laufen, rinnen
Material: O.Ind. dhvat runs, streams , lengthened grade dhuvati ds., dhuuti -h f.
wellspring, stream, brook; M.Pers. dawdan run, hurry, pum. dav- run, rush;
Maybe Alb. (*dhoueti) dti sea : nasalized Gk.-Illyr. (*dh(o)uenti) Hes. : M.Ir.
de sea common Alb. attribute nouns suffixed in -t formant. [see Alb. numbers].
gr , ep. also , Fut run; lak. Hes.; quick, fast, -
auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend , in addition (instead of *)
help, move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast ;
Gk.-Illyr. Hes.;
O.N. dogg, gen. doggwar (*daww), O.E. daw, O.S. dau, O.H.G. tou, Ger. au
(*dawwa-);
doubtful M.Ir. de sea (*dheuiu) as the violently moving ;
Maybe Illyr. TN Tau-lanti (wetland, swamp): Ger. au (*dawwa-)
here probably *dhu-ro- in Thrac. FlN - (*n-dhu-r-) and in numerous Ven.-Illyr.
FlN, so Illyr. Duria (Hungarian), Ger. Tyra, Thur, older Dura (Alsace, Switzerland), oberItal.
Dora, Doria, Fr. Dore, Doire, Doron, iber. Durius, Turia etc (Pokorny UrIllyr. 2, 10, 79, 105,
113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.);
Note:
Finally the ancient Dorian tribe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of Illyrian origin.
Their name meant river people since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river boats.
Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was similar to the
Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later.
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Page 707
after Marstrander Pres . nasale inf . 151 here O.Ir. -deda dwindles away from *dhe-
Page 708
Page 709
dheu-3
English meaning: shining, to shine
Deutsche bersetzung: blank, glnzen
Material: O.Ind. dhaval- gleaming white, dhuvati makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills ,
Av. fraavata rubbed off (cleaning) ;
Gk. . . . , . . . Hes., Ps.-Hsd.,
. Hes. (Kontr. from *F).
References: WP. I 835, Schulze KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.
Page(s): 261
Page 710
Lith. dmai pl. smoke, Ltv. dumi pl., O.Pruss. dumis ds.;
O.C.S. dym smoke;
maybe Alb.Tosk tym fume [common Alb. d- > t- shift.] : also Alb.Gheg dhem, Alb. dhemb
hurt, ache, dhimbje pain [common Alb. shift m > mb].
Note:
Clearly from Root dhem-, dhem- : to smoke; to blow derived Root dheu-4, dheu(presumably: dhu-, compare the extension dhu-k-, dhu- s-): to reel, dissipate, blow,
etc..
with u: M.Ir. dumacha pl. fog (Ir. dumhach from *dhumuko- misty, dark); Gk. , thyme (strong-smelling plant as also , satureja thymbra L. s.
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domb oak not from Alb. drushk oak, dru- tree, wood because Alb. dr- > d- shift is not
common.
Lat. fimus crap, muck, manure (as *dhu-i-mos due to growing from suffio, -re);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift.
with IE ou: O.H.G. toum vapor, haze, mist, Duft, O.S. dmian steam.
In addition coloring adjective the meaning smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal : O.Ind.
dhmra- smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind), dhmala- smokecolor, puce ;
Lith. dumblas slime, mud, moor on the bottom of pond , Ltv. dubli slime, mud, ordure
(presumably = O.Ind. dhmra-; compare but under S. 268 and Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 509),
Ltv. dumal swart, brown, dumans smoke-color , dumj, fem. dumja dark brown,
paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid , dumuksnis swamp, marsh, dumbra zeme black
moorland , dumbris, dumbrs spring, fountain, moor, morass (compare MuhlenbachEndzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names after the color Schulze Kl. Schr. 114);
compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: Ltv. duni, dunas pl. slime, mud;
with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with -k-: Ltv. duksne, dukste swamp, marsh,
pool, morass :dukans a red-brown hue, swart ;
with -g-: Ltv. duga the glutinous mucus which swims on the water , dugains udens
impure water , dugains uguns dark, clouded flame , dungans a red-brown hue (if latter
not from *dumgans, compare balgans whitish, salgans sugary );
with -t- Toch. tute yellow?
With l-formant :
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Page 712
The common Alb. a > shift suggests that alb, cognate for juniper derived from Root
dhul- : to blossom, be green : Alb. (*dalni u) dlinj juniper and not from Root dheu-4,
dheu-: to reel, dissipate, blow, etc..
Lat. flgo soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
M.Ir. dil wish, desire (*mind boiling , as the soul), Lith. dlis m. smoker,
smoking incense incense to drive away the bees , dulke mote, speck; Ltv. duljs, dulejs
more smoking than burning torch to take the honey from the bees ; Lith. dulsvas smokecolor, mouse grey; changing through ablaut Russ. dulo barrel (of a gun, a cannon ),
dulce mouth piece of a wind instrument (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously Slav.
derivatives von duti blow).
Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation:
Note:
O.Ind. and Alb. prove that Root duu-, du-, d- : to burn derived from Root dheu-4, dheu(presumably: dhu-, compare the extension dhu-k-, dhu- s-) : to reel, dissipate, blow,
*smoke etc..
maybe Alb. dhunoj violate, rape, dhun violence;
O.Ind. dhnti (dhunti, dhuvti) shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates , Fut. dhavisyati,
perf. dudhuva, pass. dhyate, participle dhut-h, dhta-h shaken, agitated, M.Pers. dt
smoke; O.Ind. dhunuti moves to and fro, shakes , participle dhnuna-, dhni- f. the
Page 713
dhavitavy- fan, ventilate ; Av. dvaid we both beset ? (*du-vaid); Kuiper Nasalprs. 53
places here O.Ind. dhvajati (Dhp. 7, 44), Av. dvaaiti flutters (in addition O.Ind. dhvaj-h
banner, ensign, flag) from *dhu-eg- (?);
Arm. de-dev-im sway, swing (compare that likewise redupl. intensive dhvaj-h O.Ind.
d-dhavti);
Gk. (), Lesb. storm along, roar, rave, smoke (*dhu-i, : from ,
, as also in O.Ind. pass. dhyate and O.N. dyja shake neologism is; in the
meaning rage maybe from *dhusi, s. dheues-), , ds., storm (see S.
269 unterdheues-), ep. roam, therefore blow, rage (*F), ds. (*F),
, , Hes. with the meaning smoke (smoke offering), smell:
(), sacrifice , sacrifice, oblation, sacrificial animal , n.
incense (hence Lat. ts incense, frankincense), oblation, sacrifice, oblation (therefrom
mortar [Alb. thuk mortar, thyenj break, grind]? s. Boisacq m. Lith.), ,
laden with incense, odorous, fragrant , a tree whose wood was burned because of
its fragrance , , an African tree with scented wood , oblation ( : Ion.
: Att. , *F- : *:-, s. Bechtel Lex. 168 f., Boisacq s. v.),
sacrificial altar, altar.
On the base of the meaning (together) whirl , heap, sandpile, esp. dune,
sandbank, heaps generally , from *F-, shaped as -, -, -, -,
compare Gk. heap (Hes.), to meaning under Ger. Dune; barely with Schwyzer Gk. I
5702 to O.Ind. dhsnya- litter put on earth ;
Alb.Gheg dj, Tosc dnj fuddle, Med. dwindle away, melt (*deuni, compare Goth.
Page 714
dud gum.
Lat. suf-fi, -fre to fumigate, perfume; to warm (suffmentum incense ; about fimus
see above) from *-dhu-ii, as fio of persons and things, to be made, come into existence;
with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be done;
of events, to happen from *bhu-ii, foeteo, -re evil smell, stink due to a participle *dhu-
common Lat. d- > f- shift. Clearly Lat. suffio -ire to fumigate derived from an Illyr. Alb. duf
blow.
here (as *piled up) Gaul., urIr. , latin. dnum, O.Ir. n. s-stem dn ( : Lat. fnus, s.
S. 260) castle (*hill), O.Welsh din (Welsh dinas) ds.; O.Ir. du(a), arch. d bulwark,
rampart, wall (*dhui o-); O.Ir. dumae m. hill, Gaul. GN Dumiatis; also O.Ir. d f. gen. dad
smoke, M.Ir. dethach ds. (*dhuiiat-);
O.E. dn m. f. height, mountain, Eng. down sand-hill, dune, mnl. dne, M.L.G. dne,
out of it Ger. Dune; compare to meaning Clr. vu-dma dune to Slav. dmo blow; whereas
is Gmc. *t-na- fence, a preserved place (O.Ice. O.E. tn ds., town, city, Ger. Zaun)
probably Celt. Lw.;
O.N. dyja shake see above;
Goth. dauns f. sweet scent, smoke (*dhou-ni), O.N. daunn m. fetidness (vgl Alb.
dej; about O.H.G. Ger. dunst see under the root form *dheues-); O.N. dnn m. down
feather (*fan) (out of it M.L.G. dne, whereof again Ger. Daune soft loose fluffy feathers,
as on young birds; compare M.Du. donst down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash) = dt.
Dunst; s. Falk-p under dun); O.S. dununga delusion (u or ?); O.Ice. dni fire;
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djem, dti blow, smell, breathe quietly ; O.C.S. duno dunoti (*dhoun-) blow (changing
through ablaut with O.Ind. dh-nti, -nuti, Gk. );
Toch. A twe, tweye dust.
compare still perhaps identical Proto-root *dheu- run, flow.
Root extensions:
I. bh-extension: dheubh- fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the
reflection .
Gk. (, ) smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; pass.
smoke, give off vapor, gleam , m. smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly,
silly pride ;
Maybe Pol. duma pride , dumny proud .
be brainless, conceited, haughty, , - or - whirlwind,
thunderstorm , , - disastrous fire , , feeble-minded
age ; blind, dark, stupid , blind , blind, become
blind.
O.Ir. dub (*dhubhu-) black, O.Welsh dub (*dheubh-), Welsh du, O.Corn. duw, M.Corn.
du, Bret. d black, Gaul. Dubis Le Doubs (eastern France) , i.e. black, dark water ;
probably also M.Ir. dobur water, Welsh dwfr, Corn. dour (i.e. dowr), Bret. dour (i.e. dur)
ds., Gaul. Uerno-dubrum river name (alder water ) are named after the same observation;
however, maybe there are Celt. words with IE b which must be assumed that belong to
dheub- deep (under S. 268), because deep and black could be slightly identical.
Page 716
After Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thrac. PN (*dhubr-), (*dheubru) it
seems that Baltic languages derived the concept of deep from Illyr. black, hence from
Root dheu-4, dheu- (presumably: dhu-, compare the extension dhu-k-, dhu- s-): to
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. derived Root dheu-b-, dheu-p- : deep,
*dark.
Goth. daufs (-b-) deaf, obdurate, O.N. daufr deaf, idle, O.E. daf deaf, O.H.G. toup (-
b-) deaf, obtuse, foolish, O.N. deyfa, M.H.G. touben deafen, stun, make feeble ,
changing through ablaut nd. duff muggy (air), dim (color), muted (sound);
Maybe Alb. duf air blow, anger, impatience, rage : O.E. dofian rage.
Dutch dof, M.H.G. top senseless, brainless, crazy ,
Maybe Alb. topis stun;
-Verb: O.H.G. tobon, O.S. dovn be mad , O.E. dofian rage, -Verb: O.H.G. tobn,
Ger. toben, as well as (as participle a st. V.) O.N. dofinn dull, limp, half-dead , wherefore
dofna limp, become stale ; O.N. dupt n. dust, Nor. duft, dyft f. ds., M.H.G. tuft, duft
haze, mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost , O.H.G. tuft frost, Ger. Duft fine smell, odor (or zur root
form dheup-, see under); Goth. (hraiwa-) db, O.N. dfa, O.E. dfe, O.H.G. tba dove,
pigeon (after the dark color). Nasalized Goth. dumbs, O.N. dumbr, O.E. dumb dumb ,
O.H.G. tumb silent, stupid, incomprehensibe , O.S. dumb oafish . However, a *dhu-m-
Page 717
tumpfel, Ger. Tumpel, Prellwitz KZ. 42, 387, rather to Ger. tief, M.L.G. dumpelen
submerge , s.Schulze SBpr.Ak. 1910, 791 = Kl. Schr. 114).
Besides dhp- in: O.Ind. dhpa- m. smoke, incense , O.H.G. tvar, tbar phrenetical
(also in Duft? see above).
2. dh-extension: dheu-dh- whirl, shake, confuse through another.
O.Ind. ddhat- stupefying, vehement, raving , dudhi-, dudhra- boisterous , probably
also dudhita- (epithet von tamas darkness ) perhaps confused, thick;
Gk. Hes. (*), tassel , Hom.
festooned with tassels or fringes from * (*dhudhia = Ltv. dua bundle), ,
, squid (misting, muddling the water );
Gmc. *dud-, geminated *dutt- and *dudd-: Dan. dude, older dudde ryegrass, darnel
(but about Ice. dona become insensitive see above S. 260), nd. dudendop, -hop
drowsy person, O.Fris. dud anesthetization , Nor. dudra tremble, O.E. dydrian deceive
; with -dd-: Eng. dial. dudder bewilder, dodder tremble, wobble, sway, Eng. dodder any
plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various choking or climbing weeds ; with -tt-: M.Du.
Page 718
dudra tremble the elastic shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare O.Ice. dor-kvisa
a bird.
3. k-extension: dhuk-, dhk- and dheuk-:
O.Ind. dhuksat, dhuksayati with sam- blown up the fire, kindled, animated , dhka- m.
(unleashed) wind; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Lith. dvekti, dvekuoti, dvektereti breathe, pant, gasp, dvkti stink, dvkas breath,
breeze, breath, duksas sigh, dkstu, dkti become raving, rage , dkis fury, Ltv. ducu,
dukt roar, rage , ducu, duct it. roar, dku (*dunku), duku, dukt become mat ; color
names as Ltv. dukans swart (see above) hit presumably the bridge to:
O.H.G. tugot variegated, tougan dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous , n.
mystery, miracle , O.S. dgalnussi mystery, hiding place, nook, O.E. dagol, degle
clandestine , O.H.G. tougal dark, concealed, secret ; also O.E. dag f. paint, color, red
or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue ,
Page 719
dylja negate, conceal and on the other hand O.N. dlskr (*dwliska-) crazy; O.S.
fardwelan st. V. miss, fail, O.Fris. dwilith errs ; O.E. participle gedwolen wrong,
mistaken , O.H.G. gitwean be dazed, tarry , O.N. dulinn conceited, arrogant ; Kaus.
O.N. dvelja hinder, delay, O.S. bidwellian hinder, O.E. dwelian misguide , O.H.G.
*twaljan, twallen, M.H.G. twel(l)en hinder, delay; O.N. dvol f. delay, O.E. dwala m.
aberration, O.H.G. gitwolo infatuation, heresy; Goth. dwalmn crazy, be phrenetical ,
O.E. dwolma, O.S. dwalm anesthetization , O.H.G. twalm anesthetization, narcotic
smoke, smoke, O.N. dylminn thoughtless, frivolous , Dan. dulme drowse .
5. n-extension : dhuen()- scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog,
cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death .
O.Ind. dhvant he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled (of anger, actually
evaporated, sprayed ), Kaus. dhvunayati darkens , participle dhvunta- dark, n.
darkness;
Av. dvan- with pre verb fly (apa-dvasaiti macht sich auf zum Davonfliegen , upa-
dvasaiti goes flying there , Kaus. us-dvanayat he allows to fly upwards ); dvanman- n.
cloud, aipi-dvanara- cloudy, misty , dunman- fog, cloud;
Page 720
dhuru adv. violent, forcible ; dhut raid, night raid , if mind. development from *dhvurt
Heransturmen ;
perhaps Gk. - (*- = n in + *) play, I amuse , play, toys;
jewellery, ornament things (if play from spring);
Lith. padurmai adv. with impetuosity, stormy, O.Pruss. drai nom. pl. shy; Russ. dur
folly, fatuity, stubborness , duret, lose the mind , durt make pranks, durk fool,
dura fool, clown, durnj evil, bad, ugly, dial. unreasonable, furious , durnca henbane,
ryegrass, darnel , Clr. dur, dura anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery , Serb. durm,
Page 721
dheues-, dhus-, dheus-, dhsEnglish meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die
Deutsche bersetzung: stieben, stuben, wirbeln (nebeln, regnen, Dunst, Staub; aufs
seelische Gebiet angewendet: gestoben, verwirrt sein, betubt, dsig, clownish), sturmen
(vom Wind and aufgeregtem Wesen), blow, wehen, hauchen, pant, gasp (Hauch, Atem,
Geist, ghost, animal; smell, smell, odor)
Note: extension of dheu-4; also expressions for dark colors seem to be supposed to be
dhvsti- f. the spraying (= O.H.G. tunist, dun(i)st wind, storm, breath, smoke , O.E.
O.Fris. dst dust), dhsara- dust-colored ; to formation (*dhu-s-mi, Konj. dhu-s-
besides *dhu-n-s-mi, Konj. *dhu-n-s-) compare Kuiper Nasalprs. 41;
Gk. () blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice as *dhu-i (: from , )
to einf. root *dheu- (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning rage from *dhus-i, as
f. female bacchant , a mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante ds. ( be
grasped by bacchanalian dizziness ) probably from *dhus-ia because of
Hes. and the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches , epithet of
Bacchus;
Note: common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:
Lat. fur -ere to rage, rave, be mad could be *dhus , so that Furiae = Gk. ;
compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to ; Hes.; but
Page 722
Page 723
duistir immum I become raving (*dhus-t-, ablaut. with O.E. dws etc); O.Ir. de idle,
perhaps as *dhousio- to Ger. dsig;
O.E. dws stupid, crazy, M.L.G. dwus ds., M.H.G. twus, dwus m. idiot, fool, villain ,
getwus n. ghost; foolishness (compare to the former meaning M.H.G. tuster n. ghost; to
lengthened grade O.Ir. dusaid); ablaut. O.E. dysig clownish , Eng. dizzy giddy , M.L.G.
dsich benumbed, giddy , nd. dusig, dsig, O.H.G. tusic sluggish , M.L.G. dsen,
dosen pass away thoughtlessly , Eng. doze doze, Ger. (N.Ger.) Dusel (in the meaning
light drunkenness compare Ger. dial. dusen carouse and M.H.G. tsen rant, make a
noise, whizz );
in addition: Nor. dsa doze, O.N. dsa behave quietly , ds calm , dra sleep,
M.H.G. turmen be dizzy, reel, lurch etc;
with Gmc. au: M.H.G. dsen behave quietly, slumber, drowse , tre insane, fool,
Ger.Tor, tricht, M.L.G. dre m. fool, crazy person;
Maybe Alb.Gheg torr fool
with the meaning spray, get dusty, scatter : M.H.G. tsen, dsen scatter, verdsen
destroy (from *dausjan), Nor. dial. dysa lump, pile up, probably originally from dust
heaps and waste heaps , under which medium meaning can be added also O.N. dys f.
from pouting stones of burial mounds , Nor. dial. dussa messy heap ;
with the meaning scatter, sprinkle, dust rain under likewise: Nor. duskregn dust rain ,
duska, dysja rain finely, trickle , Eng. dusk cloudy, dim, Ger. bO.Ir. dusel dust rain ;
WestGmc. *dunstu- transpiration (see above S. 263) in O.H.G. tun(i)st wind, storm,
M.H.G. tunst fume, mist , O.E. O.Fris. dst n. dust (O.N. dust n. dust is M.L.G. Lw.),
Dan. dyst flour powder , M.L.G. nnd. dust m. dust, chaff, husk;
Page 724
Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Pater from the ritual of burning the dead.
Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in
heaVen. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after
the father god.
Ltv. dvesele f. breath, soul, life, ablaut. (*dhuos-), Lith. dvasas m., dvasi f., gen. dvsios
ghost, breath, Ltv. dvaa air, breath, smell (: Russ. dvochat, IE *dhuos-); zero grade
(*dhs-), Lith. dusas sigh and haze, mist (= Clr. doch), dstu, dusti run out of breath,
Ltv. dust pant, gasp, dusmas anger, Lith. dsiu, dse ti take a deep breath, sigh, gasp
heavily, dsauti ds.; Lith. dausos f. pl. (*dhous-) the upper air, paradise , dausnti
ventilate, air ;
Russ. dvchat, dvocht pant, gasp (see above); O.C.S. (vs)dchnoti take a deep
breath, heave a sigh , Clr. doch breath, breeze (*dch), O.C.S. dychajo, dyo, dychati
breathe, exhale, blow, duch (: Lith. dausos) respiration, breath, spirit , dua breath,
soul (*dhousiu), duo, duchati breathe, blow, from wind etc
maybe Alb. (*dychati) dihas breathe heavily.
Page 725
O.E. dox (*dosc) dark, Eng. dusk cloudy, dim; twilight (= Lat. fuscus; compare also Nor.
dusmen misty ), with formants -no- O.E. dunn (Celt. Lw.?), O.S. dun chestnut-colored ,
O.N. dunna the common domestic duck , O.S. dosan, O.E. dosen chestnut-colored ,
O.H.G. dosan, tusin pale yellow (WestGmc. Lw is Lat. dosinus ash-colored); M.Ir. donn
dark, Welsh dwnn subfuscus, dark-colored, blackish , Gaul. PN Donnos etc (*dhuosnos).
Note:
Probably from a fusion of Root dheues-, dhus-, dheus-, dhs- to dissipate, blow, etc.
*scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die + Root dei-1, dei-, d-, diu- : to shine; day; sun;
sky god, god derived Slav. (*dus-diu-): O.C.S.: dd rain [m jo] (see below).
References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.
Page(s): 268-271
Page 726
O.E. dc drainage ditch, canal, N.Ger. dk, O.Ice. dk(i)n, M.H.G. tch, from which Ger.
digas germ, sprout, seedling , diktas point, dot; thing, daignti make germinate ;
References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.
Page(s): 243-244
Page 727
Page 728
Material: O.Ind. dhuya-h nourishing, nursing , dhuyas- n. the sucking , dhuyu- thirsty ,
dhutav to suck, Fut. dhusyati, Aor. dhut he sucked , su-dhu juice, sap, nectar, dhutr
wet nurse, mother, dhnu- f. producing milk = Av. danu- female of four-footed
animals , O.Ind. dhnu milker , ablaut. dhta- sucked , perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-m (i = ),
da-dh-uh; redupl. noun da-dh-an-, nom. d-dh-i, gen. dadhns sour milk (: O.Pruss.
dadan, Alb. djath);
from stem dhi-: dhyati sucks (*dhi eti : Kaus. *dhoi-ie-ti in Slav. dojiti, Goth.
Spectacularly Alb. djath (*das), Gk.-Alb. dith cheese derived from a solidified Illyr. root
*dh-ei-s curd made from sour milk because of common Alb. -s > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. fmina wife, woman (*the nursing one); about flx, fecundus see under;
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Page 729
die suck, M.H.G. den, ten suckle; brost feed a baby (compare o. Arm. diem), zero
grade O.H.G. tuen, present tuju (= Ltv. dju suck), Westfl. dierrn nourish a calf with
milk ;
Ltv. dju, dt suck, at-diene, at-diente a cow that calves in the second year ,
Lith.dien f. pregnant (= O.Ind. dhnu-), dien ds. (= O.Ind. dhnu cow), O.Pruss. dadan
milk (= O.Ind. dadhan-); O.C.S. dojo suckle (O.Ind. dhyati), doilica wet nurse , with e
(= IE or i) det f. children, kids. , deva, devica girl, virgin (replaced by * woman =
the nursing one, the one who suckles , s. Berneker 197).
With l-formant: O.Ind. dhuru- sucking = Gk. nourishing (), lactating,
female (fem. and ), , wet nurse , suckle, suck,
brisket , Alb. dele sheep (*dhil-n-), delm ds., dhall sour milk, Illyr. dalmsheep in PN , , VN Dalmatae, Delmatae, Messap. PN gen. m. dalmaihi,
fem. PN dalmaoa; Lat. fl, -ure suckle , flius son (*suckling , from *flios) = Umbr.
Page 730
fcundus fertile, ftus, -s (1) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that has
brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the soil,
bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants, fruit,
produce, shoot , fta filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young , also what is
born , effta past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition, fnus, -oris
yield, interest on money, usury, perhaps also fnum hay (as yield) define themselves
through a special application from dhi- suckle for be fertile;
in addition but not *dhnu- corn, grain : O.Ind. dhunuh f. pl. grain, seeds, dhunya- n.
corn, grain, Pers. duna corn, grain, Av. dun-kara- an ant kind , i.e. towing grain (=
an ant) , Toch. tuno corn, grain and Lith. duona, Ltv. duna f. bread (originally corn
, O.Lith. provision for retired farmers, retirement, settlement on retirement ); Dor.-Illyr.
(Cret.) . . . EM., (*dh-k-iu-) Hes.; different Jokl by
WH. I 475;
References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.
See also: s. also above dh-1, dh-dh-.
Page(s): 242
Page 731
Turk. dayi uncle derived from Russ. djdja uncle while Alb. daja n. f. uncle could have
existed before turk. dayi uncle, however, Alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other
cognates: also turk. hala paternal aunt : Alb. halla paternal aunt, turk. teyze maternal
aunt : Alb. teze maternal aunt.
References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gk. I 193.
Page(s): 235
Page 732
dh-2
English meaning: to put, place
Deutsche bersetzung: setzen, stellen, legen
Material: O.Ind. ddhuti, Av. dauiti he places , O.Pers. Impf. sg. adadu he has installed
, O.Ind. Aor.-dhu-m I placed, Med. 3. sg. -dhita (= Gk. ) ; to-participle O.Ind. hit-h
(-dhit-h in ved. compounds) set, settled (= Lat. con-ditus, ab-ditus, crditus, probably
also Gk. sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position; taken as ones child,
adopted ), with full grade Av. O.Pers. duta- (= Lith. detas sedate, calm, settled , O.Pruss.
sen-ditans acc. pl. f. folded , also Gk. Hes., eig. set raised platform, placed
stand ); Inf. O.Ind. dhu-tum (= Lith. detu Supin., O.C.S. det to place : Lat. [late] conditus,
Page 733
facilis ( feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable , Umbr. facefele
ds.; facis shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf.,
character, nature; seeming, pretence , facinus, ponti-fex, arti-fex bene-ficus under likewise;
to meaning of interfici to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill (*allow to
disappear) compare O.Ind. antar-hita-h vanished .
The same k-extension besides in Gk. also in receptacle , O.Ind. dhu-k-h
container and Phryg. - afflicts, causes death , Med. -; Ven. vhaso
Page 734
to, the f probably from Ital.); Hitt. dak-ki-e-zi (dakkeszi) makes, places down (: Lat.
facess), dak-u-ul (daksul) friendly (: aLat. facul); perhaps Toch. A tuku I was, became,
B takuwu ds. (different Pedersen Toch. 194);
Gaul. dede he/she has placed ; compare Lat. con-, ab-, cr-did, O.H.G. teta I made,
did; O.Ir. -tarti gives, yields (*to-ro-ad-dt from *dh-t), perf. do-rat (*to-ro-ad-dat from
*dh-t), Thurneysen Gk. 35;
O.H.G. tm, tuom, O.S. tn, O.E. dm do, Inf. O.H.G. tuon, O.S. O.E. dn (*dh-m)
do, preterit O.H.G. teta I made, did (2. sg. tuti, pl. tutu-m; reshaped after the type of
Goth. stum), O.S. deda (2. sg. deds, 3. pl. dudun, dedun), O.E. dyde < dudi (see above
to O.Ind. dadhuu); particle perf. pass. O.H.G. gi-tun, O.E. dn done from *dh-no- =
O.C.S. o-den wrapped, dressed ;
in the ending of reduced Prter. (Goth. salb-ddun etc) one tries to seek mostly the root
dh-, whereas in Goth. kuna granted , must contain the IE -t-, to accept an other
formatIon. compare Hirt, IE Gk. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55 ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f.,
Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2. Abh., 6 f.
Lith. deti lay, place, put, present 2. pl. old deste (*dhe-dh-te), sg. dem, desie-s, dest(i)
(compare Bga Kalba ir s. 158, 213), neologism dedu; Ltv. dt (see above);
O.C.S. deti lay, place (also say), present dedo (*dedi) and dejo (see above); dejo,
dejati lay, place, do; -va-iterative O.C.S. o-devati (to put), dress , Russ. devt set
down, do, place;
in addition probably Lith. deviu, deveti wear a dress; a formant u also in Gk. *F
and (assim.) *F, compare sit, put, Ion. (Hom. written for
[F]) seat, Hes., Att. also ds., Hom. sit,
Att. poet. ds. (see to Gk. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335); compare also
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 735
The suffix -dava settling, settlement frequently scattered over the Thrac. territory and city
names is absent in Illyr. toponyms, hence Illyr.-Alb. and trak. were two different people.
Hitt. da-a-i (dui) setzt, legt, 1. sg. te-e-i (tehhi), 3. pl. ti-an-zi (Pedersen Hitt. 91, 112 f.,
166), preterit 3. sg. da-a-i; perhaps also dak-ki-e-zi (see above);
Toch. A tu-, ts-, tas-, B tes- lay, place (*dh-s- Pedersen Toch. 186 f.);
Lyc. ta- lay, place (Pedersen. Lyc. and Hitt. 30 f.).
Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. O.Ind. vay-dhu-h imparting vitality , sam-dhu f.
pact, agreement, promise (: Lith. arkl-de stable ), sam-dh--m association (: Lith.
Page 736
det Grace, blessing, gratitude ; *dh-t- in Thrac. PN , Alb. dhat (*dh-tu) site ;
*dh-t- in Av. dami-du-t the created creature , Lat. sacer-ds a priest, priestess
(*sacro-dht-s).
O.Ind. dhuna-m container , el. (?) pact, covenant, O.H.G. participle gitun,
O.E. dn done , O.C.S. o-den (completed), vested ; O.Ind. dhna-m sacrifice,
offering, price in competition etc , nidhnam layover, stay, inhabitation etc, gdhana-m
cattle possession , Av. gao-ana- n. milk container .
O.Ind. dhuman- n. statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc, Av. duman-,
daman- n. site, creature, Gk. - anything devoted to evil, an accursed thing , something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave, m. heap;
probably keeping tidy, keeping in order ; Thrac. plant name -
(Dioskor.) from *ka-dhmn water settlement , PN Uscu-dama; secondary (after )
Gk. n. that which is placed or laid down: money deposited, deposit; also, of grain;
treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common burial-place, common
land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case proposed for discussion,
theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary determination, primary (nonderivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of reduction of an irregular
syllogism , compare also Inf. ; Av. dumi- f. creation , adj. (also fem.) constituting,
originating, creator, god; Gk. that which is laid down or established by custom, gen.
originally *allowed by the laws of God and men, righteous as Goddesss name,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 737
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predelis inclosure , O.Bulg. delo n. work, wherefore (see Berneker 195 f., Trautmann
48) O.C.S. delja, deljma m. gen. because of, Lith. del, del, deliai, Ltv. del with gen.
because of, for the sake of.
Maybe from Slavic ne not + O.C.S.: delo work, matter = Bulgarian (nedela),
Serbian nedelja, Czech nedele, Polish niedziela sunday, holiday = no work : Lithuanian:
dais (*dasti-) heap, hay rick, wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52, 310) compares rather Osset.
dasun pile up, lump.
References: WP. I 826 ff., WH. I 266, 362 f., 439 ff., 863, Trautmann 47 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I
492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hitt. 141 ff., 192.
Page(s): 235-239
Page 739
O.Ir. ded- (present ru-deda, Fut. Plur. dedait, preterit con-ro-deda) vanish, pass away, die
away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay ; O.E. demm damage (*dh-mi-s);
with -s O.N. dusi idle (Gmc. *dus-), M.H.G. dsic still, uncommunicative, stupid,
changing through ablaut Nor. dial. dase flabby person, Dan. dase be decayed ; O.N.
dsa(sk) swelter, decay , dasask go bad, get worse; M.Eng. dasen stun (Eng.
daze), dasewen be dark .
In all parts some dubious connections. About O.Ir. de-d(a). compare Pedersen KG. II 504
f.(from perf. *dhe-doue from to Goth. diwans perishable ? s. dheu- disappear , where
also about O.Ir. dth, Arm. di). The Gmc. family finally reminds partly under *dheues- whisk
discussed from N.Ger. dsig and have been directed partly after this not only in the sextension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an old relationship
from O.N. desask etc. and Ir. -deda .
References: WP. I 829, WH. I 451.
Page(s): 239
Page 740
Lat. friae (aLat. fsiae) days of rest, holidays, festivals, fstus of holidays, festive,
festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days , Osc.
fsnam acc. an open place for observation, place marked off by the augurs staff , Umbr.
fesnaf-e in a shrine, sanctuary, temple ; zero grade Lat. funum (*fas-no-m) a shrine,
sanctuary, temple and O.Ind. dhisnya- devout, godly, pious, holy (insecure dhisanyantunder likewise, see under dhei- see); about Gk. god see under dheues-, about Lat.
Page 741
Page 742
Page 743
Lat. fnis a rope, sheet, line, cord ; ablaut [u]-: -, if Lat. not at most dial. development
from ; after J. Duchesne-Guillemin (BAL.-SLAV. 41, 178) ostensibly here Toch. AB tsu-,
Page 744
tara f. injury ?
References: WP. I 867 f.
Page(s): 272
Page 745
drben ds., dreb secession of wool, by rippling the flax; liver , Russ. drbezg shards,
debris; Fick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further Lith.).
With Goth. hlaiw, atei was gadraban us staina compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288
Hes., so that the application of our root to quarrying out of stones would be old.
A similar to root dhreb- in:
O.N. drepa prick, bump, poke, slay, O.E. drepan slay, meet, M.L.G. drepen meet,
fight, O.H.G. treffan meet, touch, O.N. drep n. blow, knock, O.E. gedrep ds., M.H.G. tref
m. n. prank, blow, club, meeting , O.E. drepe m. (*drapi-) manslaughter , O.N. drup n.
ds.; presumably as kvi drepit stefjum: O.N. drupa f. one from several distinguished
parts of existing poem by sog. stef; usually a praise song.
References: WP. I 875 f.
Page(s): 272-273
Page 746
dhregh-1
English meaning: to run
Deutsche bersetzung: laufen
Material: Arm. durgn, gen. drgan potters wheel (after Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 36, 122 from
*dhrgh-);
Gk. (Dor. ), Fut. , run, (: O.Ir. droch) wheel,
run, runner, summoner , sandpiper; barely nape,
neck ?? PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;
O.Ir. droch wheel (*drogo-n);
It shows in palatal whereas Ltv. druu, druzu, druzt quick, fast run, Lith. padrti ds., but
to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal besides dherughpull, drag. Yet are likewise Lith. (pa)drti as also Ltv. druzt run quickly, fast identical
with Lith. drti, Ltv. druzt carve (see dhreg-). The primary meaning is carve. All
numerous other interpretations are to be explained by casual use.
References: WP. I 874 f.
Page(s): 273
Page 747
dhregh-2
English meaning: to pain, to suffer
Deutsche bersetzung: qulen, reizen
Material: O.Ind. drughat (Dhatup.) afflicts, plagues, strives itself ;
Osset. w-drzin stir, tease, irritate (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);
O.E. dracu f. plague, agony, dreccan stir, tease, irritate, plague (? with expressive k?);
O.C.S. raz-drao, -draiti enrage, irritate , Serb. drm, driti stir, tease, irritate;
Maybe Alb. trazonj stir, tease, irritate.
ein ni-abstract noun *dran irritation lies Russ. draznt stir, tease, irritate, banter the
basic, z instead of after the synonymous forms -zn.
Also a root *dhrugh- or *dhrgh-: *dhrgh-: *dhrgh- wre mglich.
References: WP. 1 875.
Page(s): 273-274
Page 748
Material: O.Ind. dhrjati glides, slides there , pr-dhrajati hurries , dhrjas- n., dhrajatif. the pranks, pull, dhruj- perhaps attraction , dhruji-, dhruji - f. pull, urge, desire;
O.N. druk f. stripe (: O.Ind. druj-); nasalized in addition perhaps Goth. drigkan, O.Ice.
drekka, O.E. drincan, O.H.G. trinkan drink (make a good gulp, draw from drinking-vessel
);
Maybe Alb. dreka, drek dinner, dark (*drak) supper
Lith. dreoti smooth down , druas, druoe streaky , also (?) Lith. dre-iu, -ti rend ,
nudreti pull down, destroy (Jukevic 346); in addition probably drti carve, hit, gehen
etc, Ltv. druzt ds.; see under dregh-1;
Ltv. dragt pull against it presumably to M.Du. trecken pull, drag, s. der-4 (dergh-,
Page 749
uolatribn thrust through, pierce through, transfix ); O.N. drift f. drive, impel, drift, propel,
push, thrust, snowdrift , drif n. what floats through the air, snowfall , O.E. drif n. drive,
impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the driven , druf f. drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust,
drift, herd, M.H.G. trift ds., Ger. Trift pasture, herd;
Lith. drimbu, drbti laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox, squab,
dub, lug, sniegas drimba the snow falls thickly (= O.N. u drfr snr); from drib-, to
which could belong likewise the i- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the eseries: drebiu, drebti pour, make stains with viscous liquid .
References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41.
Page(s): 274
Page 750
dhreugh-1
English meaning: to tremble, shake
Deutsche bersetzung: zittern, (sich) schutteln, einschrumpfen
Material: O.E. dryge dry etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh-;
Lith. drugys fever; butterfly, Ltv. drudzis cold fever; fever, drudzint neigh after
fodder (*to shake), perhaps O.Pruss. drogis reed (if for drugis, s. Trautmann O.Pruss.
323 m. Lith., Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 502); perhaps Ltv. drugt collapse, diminish ,
Berneker 231 between; s. also under S. 279;
Pol. drze, drzec tremble, old also have a fever, drgac, perf. drgnac tremble, quiver;
flounder, twitch , Russ. drou, -t, perf. drgnut tremble, quiver (etc, s. Berneker 231).
Dissyllabic root form *dhereugh- or *dhereug- one supposes in Gk.
Hes., Hes. and , ds. Hes.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*dhereugh-) dredh tremble, twist, dridhem tremble, quiver, have a
fever [common Alb. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231.
Page(s): 275
Page 751
dhreugh-2
English meaning: to deceive, harm
Deutsche bersetzung: trugen, listig schdigen
Material: O.Ind. druhyati seeks to harm, harms (Fut. dhrksyati, participle drugdh-);
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
O.Pers. Imperf. adurujya (= O.Ind. adruhyat) lied , Av. druaiti lies, cheats , O.Ind.
drgha-, drha- m. insult, damage, betrayal , Av. draoga- fallacious , m. lie, falsity,
deception , O.Pers. drauga- fallacious , O.Ind. druh- injuring , f. damage, fiend,
ghost, m. fiend, demon, Av. druj- f. lie, falsity, deception; impersonating the lie, falsity;
M.Ir. aur-ddrach (after the sounds from *druag = O.Ind. drgha-) ghost;
O.S. bidriogan, O.H.G. triogan deceive , O.N. draugr m. ghost; zero grade O.S.
gidrog n. delusion , M.Du. gedroch ds., O.H.G. gitrog n. deceit, devilish phantasmagoria
; O.N. draumr, O.H.G. troum, O.S. drm, Eng. dream dream (Gmc. *rau()ma-
delusion ).
IE dhreugh- is very probably related with dhuer- bring to trap through deception , while
to zero grade *dhru-gh- from *dhur- gh- adjusted itself to a new zero grade IE *dhreugh-,
*dhrough-. With the extending gh would be identical with Ger. Zwerg, if this word not goe
back to a miscellaneous IE dhuergh- dwarfish, crippled (see there).
References: WP. I 874.
Page(s): 276
Page 752
dher-2, dhreugh- hold, stop - respective words would permit to look at most at both
traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides Goth. drausns ds.;
Goth. driusan fall, tumble, fall down, O.S. driosan, O.E. drosan fall, norw dial. drysia
trickle down ; Kaus. Goth. gadrausjan prostrate, O.H.G. trren drip, trickle, make drip,
moult ; in addition as collapse, bend with lautsymbolisch gedehnter zero grade: O.E.
drsian be sluggish (from age), Eng. drowse be sleepy; O.H.G. trrn be knocked
down, mourn; lower the eyes , M.H.G. trrec sad ; O.E. changing through ablaut drorig
Page 753
dmskins); in addition Bal.-Slav. *druzga small piece in Lith. druzgas ds., Sloven. druzgati
crush, etc
Labial extensions:
dhreup-: O.S. drn, drvn be grieving ; Ltv. drupu, drupt zerfallen, in Trummer
gehen , draupt crumb, spall, crumble ; compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 505.
dhreub-: O.N. dripa, O.S. driopan, O.E. dropan, O.H.G. triofan drip, drop , o-grade
schw. Verb, O.E. drapian drip, trickle down , e-grade dropian ds., O.N. drpa (*-n)
uberhangen, droop down, bend down , O.N. dropi m. drip, O.E. dropa, O.S. dropo ds.;
Intens. O.E. dryppan, droppian, O.H.G. tropfn drip, tropfo drip; O.Ice. dreypa, O.E.
Page 754
Root dhrigh- (or dhreikh-) : hair, bristle derived from Root dheregh- (dhrgh-nu-) : to wind,
turn, *release, discharge, disband.
Material: Gk. , f. hair, bristle, therefrom , Att. f. a fish with fine
fishbone , , ds.;
M.Ir. gairb-driuch (*drigu- or *driku-) bristle (garb rough);
from Gk. derives probably Ital.-lombard. trissa burbot ; out of it probably
likewise Swiss Trische (11. Jh. trisca);
whether Bal.-Slav. *draika- stretched long as *dhroiko- here belongs, also Lith. driekti
distend, take off (a thread), drykti hang down in long threads , slovak. driek m. stem,
drieny stocky , O.Bulg. drkol shaft, pole, etc, could our root be placed as *dhreikh- .
Maybe Alb. (*dhreikh) derth, derdh hang down, pour , (*dhreikh) dreth, dredh twist, curl
(hair), dredh lock, curled hair common Alb. -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGlPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 82, Trautmann 58 f., Berneker 223,
232.
Page(s): 276
Page 755
druine ds.
References: WP. I 876 f., WH. I 374.
Page(s): 276-277
Page 756
Root dhug(h)ter- : daughter derived from dh-suffixed root: dheu-dh- shake, confuse of
Root dheu-4, dheu- (: dhu-), dhu-k-, dhu- s-) : to reel, dissipate, blow, etc. earlier Root
meaning Lat. Alb.Gheg (*vargha) varza, tosk vaj girl, virgin : Lat. virga thin branch, rod
(from *uiz-gu), virg girl, virgin ;
Root uer-3: E. uer-gh- (*suergh-): to turn, press, strangle < rhotacism s/r of Root ueis-2 :
to turn, bend.
O.Ind. duhitr- (duhitu), Av. dugdar-, duar- (from *dughter-), Pers. duxtar, duxt, Arm.
(with s from k after u) dustr, gen. dster, (dowstr)
Gk. (shift of stress as in , but still as ), Osc. futr, dat.
Page 757
Page 758
dhvan- m. sound, a certain wind, dhvanita- n. sound, tone, echo, thunder, dhuni-
soughing, roaring, thundering , dhunyati soughs ;
O.N. dynr m. resonance , O.E. dyne n. ds., Eng. din, O.H.G. tuni ds.; O.N. dynia
(preterit dunda) din, drone, rant, roister, O.E. dynnan, O.S. dunnian M.H.G. tunen din,
drone; Gmc. extensions therefrom seem O.N. dynkr din, fuss, noise, blow, knock, M.Eng.
dunchen, Eng. dunch strike with a short rapid blow, jog with the elbow and N.Ger.
dunsen din, drone, stomp, Swe. dial. dunsa crack, creak, hit.
Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for Gmc. words just
as for Lith. dundeti violent knock, hit, din, drone in questIon.
References: WP. I 869.
Page(s): 277
Page 759
Material: O.Ind. dhvrati damages , participle dhrut-, -dhrut (and -dhvrt), dhruti- f.
deception, seduction , *dhvar- deceiving in dhvars- f. (nom. -uh) a kind of female
daemon ; dhrvati brings down through deception, damages (zero grade of a heavy
basis dhuer-), dhrta-h deceitful , m. cheater , dhrti - f. deceitful injury, damage ;
Lat. fraus, -dis f. deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment , frausus sum (Plaut),
Umbr. frosetom cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed , Lat. frstra (newer frstru) in
deception, in error, in vain , therefrom frstror, -uri deceive, cheat belong probably as dextension our root here (see above under dhreugh-); unclear is only a (popular saying? EM
382; incredible WH. I 543);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
Page 760
twerc, -ges, Ger. Zwerg, wherefore zero grade *durg in O.N. dyrgja dwarf, midget, N.Ger.
dorf; after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition Ltv. drugt sink down (see above dhreugh-1).
Otherwise for Gmc. the interpretation would derive as creature of deception with regard
to to O.Ind. dhvars- a kind of female daemon , root dhuer- bring down through deception
;
it could have derived from dhuer- then with the same -gh, which agrees also with the root
form dhreu-gh- (dhuer-gh- : dhurgh- : dhrugh-, dhreugh-); also latter deriving from
appellation for puckish creature of deceptIon.
References: WP. I 871 f.
Page(s): 279
Page 761
(see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already Proto-forms -o- and -uextensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as
2. composition parts.
Material: O.Ind. nom. pl. dvurah, acc. pl. durh, durah, nom. Du. dvuru(u) door (loss of
Aspiration originally in den bh-case through influence of dvuu two), durna- n. dwelling,
homeland (-no-derivative of loc. Du. ar. *dhuruu); o -stem dvuram n. (new) door in
compounds satdura- n. secretive place with 100 doors; Av. acc. sg. dvarm, loc. dvar
gate, courtyard , O.Pers. duvarayu at the gate ;
Arm. pl. dur-k, acc. z-durs (*-ns) door, i durs out of doors, forth, out, outside , sg.
durn, gen. dran door, gate, courtyard (n-Decl. derive from acc. sg. in -m ), dr-and
doorpost, doorsill (*dhur + *antu, see there);
Gk. presumably from conservative stem still Hes.; out
through the doors, out of doors, forth, out (i.e. -, either O.Ind. durah, Arm. durs or
from u-stem , so that from - about -), as 1. composition part perhaps
habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) der Ture, lagere im Freien from - (but it could
have derived also from ), very archaic the revolvable doorpost (also
Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens from *dhur- io-);
o-stem in room before the door, vestibule of the house (: O.Ind. sat-duran.);
Page 762
Phonetic mutations: Alb. Alb. (dhuera) der f. door : Gk. (dhuera) door : ProtoSlavic form: [dvr See also: dvor - Page in Trubacev: V 171-172] O.C.S.: dvr door [f i]
: Russian: dver door [f i]
Therefore Proto-Illyr. gave Alb. dhue- > de-, Gk. dhue- > du-, Slav. dhue- > dve-.
Lat. Plur. fors f. folding-doors (older conservative stem *dhuor- reshaped to i-stem);
the sg. foris, -is is secondary; u-stem in forus out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out
, fors an open space, public place, court, market-place (the vowel after fors); in
addition forum n. an open space, public place, court, market-place ; Umbr. furo, furu, an
open space, public place, court, market-place ; about Lat. forus see above S. 134;
Welsh O.Bret. Corn. dor f. door (*dhuru or *dhuoru; latter vowel gradation certainly in
O.Ir. dorus n. door, in-dorus before from Celt. *duorestu-; with it phonetically not
compatible Welsh drws door, from Thurneysen IA. 33, 25 places to M.Ir. drut, druit shut,
Ir. druidim I close from *druzd-); o-stem Gaul. doro door, Duro-, -durum in PN, O.Ir. dor
m. ds.; O.Corn. darat, M.Corn. daras door, Bret. pl. dorojou, dial. doredou (Loth RC 20,
355) from *dhuorato-; compare Gaul. *doraton grille, lattice door in gallorom. *doratia (or
*duratia?), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is Gaul. dvorico (Holder I 1390), GN?;
O.H.G. turi, anfrnk. duri door, O.N. dyrr doorway , fem. pl. (nom. pl. *dhur-es); O.E.
duru ds. (extended after acc. pl. *dhur-ns, Gmc. *durunz, also O.H.G. dat. pl. tur-un, -on); oIndo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 763
dvras grange because of dvrti unbolt, unlock (also durys door from *aperture?) it
is not certainly Pol. Lw.;
O.C.S. dvri door (*acc. pl. in -ns; root stem dhur- from the reduced case with
consonant-ending e.g. loc. *dvrch); o-stem O.C.S. dvor courtyard ;
Toch. twere doors.
References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 6251.
Page(s): 278-279
Page 764
Root digh- : goat derived from a zero grade of Root deigh- : to prick; tick. From the older
root Root deigh- : to prick; tick derived Root aig- : goat and Root ug- : goat [common
Balt - Illyr. - Alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the Gk. cognate derived from
Proto-Illyr.
Material: Gk.-Thrac. . (*dighia), compare Thrac. PN - (as
- to Hes.); O.H.G. ziga goat, with hypocoristic consonant
increase O.E. ticcen, O.H.G. zick, zickn young goat, kid (but about Ger. Zecke see above
under deigh-); here perhaps Nor. dial. tikka sheep (event. hybridization of Swe. dial. takka
sheep with N.. equivalent of Zicklein), tiksa sheep, bitch, tikla young sheep or cow, as
well as O.N. tk f. bitch = M.L.G. tke ds.
Arm. tik hose from animal skin it is put here by Liden
Page 765
d p-ro-, d p-er
English meaning: cattle
Deutsche bersetzung: Opfertier, Vieh
Material: Arm. tvar ram, herd of cattle (*tivar < *d peru); Goth. tibr oblation (meliorated
from aibr), O.H.G. zebar sacrificial animal , O.E. tfer, tber ds., LateM.H.G. ungez bere,
unz ver, Ger. Ungeziefer eig. impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice . AFr. (a)toivre
draft animal derives from Gmc.
Maybe Alb. (*d beru) dorbria heard of cows.
References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.
Page(s): 222
Page 766
dlku- (?)
English meaning: sweet
Deutsche bersetzung: su
Material: Gk. , sweet, , Hes. (-- from -
ku-), (late) must, stum (ablaut neologism); from because of folg. ; -- from
-- after folg. ; about late must, stum, sweet s. WH. I 380;
Lat. dulcis sweet, mellifluous, gentle (from *dlkui-s).
References: WP. I 816, WH. I 380.
Page(s): 222
Page 767
dngh, dnghu
English meaning: tongue
Deutsche bersetzung: Zunge
Note: often reshaped through anlaut change and rearrangements
Material: O.Ind. jihvu f., Av. hizvu ds. (vorar. *gighuu from *daghuu with i from lih- lick or
from jih- turn down ; Iran. *sizvu probably through sound dissimilation);
Maybe Root dngh, dnghuu : tongue derived from Root dheregh- (dhrgh-nu-) : to wind,
turn.
besides -stem in O.Ind. juh f. tongue, spoon (with u after juhti pour into the fire ,
different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), Av. hiz m. ds.; with -n- for -u O.Pers. hizbuna-,
M.Pers. huzvun ds., N.ar. bisun m. tongue, discourse (*vizhvun after E. Leumann Nordar.
Spr. 127 f.);
Arm. lezu, gen. lezvi places in ending -ghuu away from *dnghuu, the first syllable
probably influenced by leigh- lick;
Note: common Lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation; also common Italic-Latin d- > f- shift.
aLat. dingua, Lat. lingua (with l- from lingere); Osc. fangvam (Vetter Serta Hoffilleriana
153;
Maybe Alb. (*dnghuu) gluha tongue, language not from Lat. lingua for Alb. has preserved -
h- in contrast to Lat. Hence Alb. d- . l- mutation is genuine. Alb. (*dnghuu) gluha tongue is
similar to formation Alb. (*dlagh-t-) glat, gjat, gjat long.
O.Ir. teng (u-stem) and tengae, gen. tengad with t- after tongid swears ; but O.Ir. ligur
tongue to Lat. ligurri; unclear is M.Welsh tafawt, Welsh tafod, O.Corn. tauot, M.Bret.
teaut, Bret. teod, wherefore Corn. tava, M.Bret. taffhaff, Bret. tanva taste (Celt. *tamuto-?);
Page 768
Page 769
Root dous- : arm derived from an archaic root *gheus hand, arm (see below). But she
shift gh- > d- is a unique O.Pers., Balt, celt., Illyr.-Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. ds- n. (m.), gen. dosnh forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with
animals, Av. dao- m. upper arm, shoulder, Pers. d shoulder; O.Ir. do (*dous-nt-s),
gen. doat arm; Ltv. pa-duse (zero grade) Achselhhle; Busen des Kleides ; Sloven.
pzduha, pzdiha besides pzuha, pziha armpit, and with the same d-loss (ein
Erklrungsversuch by Berneker 233 f.) O.Bulg. etc pazucha .
Note:
Root dous- : arm derived from an archaic root *gheus hand, arm (see below). But she
shift gh- > d- is a unique O.Pers., Balt, celt., Illyr.-Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
Two other roots, respectively Root ghesor-1, ghesr- : hand and Root ghesto-2 : hand,
arm derived from an extended archaic root gheus + reduced form of the common PIE suffix
variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : O.Ind. hsta-h m. hand, Av. zasta-, O.Pers. dasta- ds.;
The key link between Root dous- (*gheus-): arm derived from an archaic root *gheus
hand, arm and Root ghesor-1, ghesr- (*gheus-): hand and Root ghesto-2 (*gheus-):
hand, arm are Balt : Ltv. pa-duse (zero grade) armpit : Lith. pa-aste , pa-asti s f.
place under the arm, armpit .
Note: common Balt-Illyr. gh- > z phonetic mutation : O.Pers., Av., Illyr.- Alb. - celt. gh- > z, d
phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 782, Trautmann 64.
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ti), Av. daduiti ds., O.Pers. Imp. dadutuv he should give ; root nouns O.Ind. du[s] stu be
a giver ; Infin. dutum (: Lat. Supin. datum); participle dit-h (uncovered), secondary datt-h,
zero grade in u-t-t-h, pr-t-ta-h devoted, ablaut. in tvu-duta-h you gave from , Av. duta-;
to Fut. O.Ind. dusyumi (: Lith. duosiu) s. Schwyzer Gk. I 78811;
Arm. ta-m d, ta-mk we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender
(*d-ie-mi), Aor. etu (= -du-m, IE *e-d-m);
Gk. -- give, Aor. , Opt. (*doiim). Fut. , Aor. Med. ,
participle , Infin. Hom. and Hom. Thess. etc (locative without suffix);
Ven. zoto he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished = Gk.
; zonasto he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed,
confered maybe from *dnu-s-to from a denom. *dnui (*dno-m : Lat. dnum); mess. pi-
stu- for *d = Lith. du, duo-k [Specht KZ. 55, 182], Gk. Hom. --);
Page 772
duodi from *d-dhi-, E.Lith. duomu), 2. sg. duosi, 3. sg. duost(i) gives, O.Pruss. dust ds.,
after Kor i nek Listy filol . 65, 445 and Szemerenyi Et . Slav. Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E.
Fraenkel Balt Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication (angebl. *d-d-mi, Bal.-Slav.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 773
*d-tel- in O.C.S. datelj (*d-tel-iu-) giver, Cz. udatel bighead , Russ. dtel giver.
O.Ind. *duti- bestowal, gift in duti-vura- allotting willingly, generous , havya-duti-
procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice , Av. duiti- grant, gift, impartment , Gk.
Hes. (and conservative stem *d-t- in ) gift, -, -, Lat. ds, -tis
dowry;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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dati; zero grade O.Ind. dti-h, Gk. gift, Lat. dati-, -tinis (old *-tnes) the bestowing
(suffix as in Gk. gift); with zero gradation in enclitic O.Ind. bhga-tti- luck
bringer.
O.Ind. duna- n. gift (substantiviertes -no-participle) = Lat. dnum, Osc. etc dunum ds.
(duunated he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered ); Welsh dawn
ds., O.Ir. dun m. gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature, temperament (faculty,
talent), compare Slav. *dan-k in Serb. dnak tribute, tax etc and den -ni-stem O.C.S.
dan tribute, tax, toll, Lith. dunis gift; zero grade Alb. dhn bestowed, f. gift, tribute,
tax, Gheg dhn; (*dhuon-)
Also Alb. (*dhuonti) dhunti gift, faculty, talent.
Gk. gift (-ro- in pass. value, compare e.g. clu-ru-s), O.C.S. dar gift (m. as
*dank), Arm. tur ds.;
Maybe Alb. (*dhuonata) dhurata gift, faculty, talent rhotacism n/r; darsm, dasm
wedding : Lat. ds, -tis dowry;
O.Ind. duya- giving, duya- m. gift, aPruss. duian acc. gift, Serb. pro-daja sale (etc,
Berneker 176).
Maybe nasalized Alb. ndanj, shprndanj (*shpr-ndanj)allot, give, separate : Lith. priedas
bonus, addition, wage increase.
As 2. composition part O.Ind. -du- e.g. in asvadu- horse giving, horse offering , Slav.
with structure in o-Decl., e.g. Russ. dial. p-dy pl. tributes, taxes , Serb. pr-d Draufgabe
beim Tausch ; Lith. priedas bonus, addition, wage increase.
d-u- lies before in O.Ind. duvan to give (also perf. dadu have bestowed), Av. duvi
to give, Cypr. F he may give , Inf. F (about ark. participle - s.
Schwyzer Gk. I 745 f.), contracted Hom.-Att. ;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 775
dovt;
Lith. daviau I gave , dovan f. gift, Ltv. dvana f. gift, iterative dvt, duvinat offer,
give, O.C.S. -davati allot (the pattern forms for the Iterative in -vati).
About O.S. twthn grant etc see under deu-2 friendly grant.
References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gk. I 6868, 722, 741,
794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff.
Page(s): 223-226
Page 776
Material: Goth. trigo mourning, grief, repulsion, O.N. tregi m. mourning, grief, hindrance ,
tregr unwilling, averse , treginn grieving , O.E. trega m. mourning, grief, affliction ;
O.S. trego m. pain, tregan (only Inf.) with dat. be afflicted , M.Du. tregen lose the
courage , O.N. trega = O.E. tregian afflict, sadden; compare with a probably old concrete
meaning zhe, zhe haftend Nor. dial. treg also persistent, firm , trege tough fibre,
filament, sinew, hard skin, Swe. trgen fatigueless ; lengthened grade O.H.G. trugi idle,
slow, querulous , O.S. trug evil, bad, O.E. trug f. affliction, wickedness , O.S. O.H.G.
displeased [common Illyr.-Balt -gh- > -d-, Illyr. Alb. -g > -th phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.
Page(s): 226-227
Page 777
Page 778
dumb- (-bh?)
English meaning: penis, tail
Deutsche bersetzung: penis, Schwanz, perhaps actually stab
Material: Av. duma- m. tail, Pers. dum, dumb (*dum(h)ma-), O.H.G. zumpfo penis,
M.H.G. zumpf(e), zumpfeln (Sutterlin IF. 4, 93); in addition perhaps Av. dumna- n. hand
(?) (*dumbna-), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with numerous parallels for the meaningdevelopment shaft, pole, staff - penis, tail and staff - arm, hand. Probably to M.L.G.
timpe cusp, peak, acme, apex , O.E. utimplian provide with nails, nasal. form from Gmc.
*tippa tip, tail in Eng. tip cusp, peak, M.H.G. zipf(el); Gmc. *tuppa- pigtail in O.N. toppr
ds., O.E. topp m. acme, apex, M.H.G. zopf plait, tress, with bb: M.L.G. tobbe, tubbe
spigot, compare Ltv. duba assigned sheaf; Gmc. *tappan spigot in O.E. tppa m. (Eng.
tap), M.L.G. tappe m., O.H.G. zapho, M.H.G. zapfe m. apparently popular saying with
intensive consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a : i : u; compare above S.
221 drop-: drip-: drup-.
References: WP. I 816, Fick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f.
See also: see also above S. 177.
Page(s): 227
Page 779
Probably from a fusion of Root dheues-, dhus-, dheus-, dhs- to dissipate, blow, etc.
*scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die + Root dei-1, dei-, d-, diu- : to shine; day; sun;
sky god, god derived Slav. (*dus-diu-): O.C.S.: dd rain [m jo] (see below).
Only ind. from dus- has evolved dusyati goes bad, goes off , dusta- spoiled, evil, bad,
Page 780
Page 781
Page 782
du(u) (*duei-)
English meaning: two
Deutsche bersetzung: zwei
Grammatical information: m. (grammatical double form duuu), duai f. n., besides duei-,
Material: 1. O.Ind. m. dvau, dvu (ved. also duvu, duvu) = Av. dva m., O.Ind. f. n. dv (ved.
also duv) = Av. ba f. and n. two;
instr. dat. abl. O.Ind. d(u)vubhyum (has changed with u), Av. dvaibya (with old idiphthong, as Lith. dviem etc), gen. sg. O.Ind. d(u)vyoh; by compression of O.Ind. d(u)vu-:
Vo-cor-ii, Vo-contii (compare Tri-corii) with *u- besides du-; compare Thurneysen Gk. 182;
Page 783
dv); O.H.G. zwne m., zwu, zw f., zwei n. etc (O.H.G. zweio to two loc. Du. = Lith.
dvejau, dvejaus);
Lith. du m. (from *dvuo = O.Ind. dvu), dv f. (= O.Ind. dv); Ltv. divi m. f. (from *duwi f. n.),
O.Pruss. dwai m. f.; O.C.S. dva m., dve f. n.;
Toch. A m. wu, f. we, B m. f. wi (neologism); compare above Gaul. vo-; Hitt. ta-a-an (tun)
secondly, second , ta-a-i-u-ga-a (tuyuga) two years old (: Lith. dveigys two years old
animal?).
About the first part from , vgint etc (old dissimilation from *du- , *duei-dkmt ??) s.
u-kmt- twenty .
Note:
dvi-pd- bipedal ), Av. bi- (e.g. bi-muhya- lasting two months ), Arm. erki (erkeam
biennial ), Gk. - (e.g. ; da curule chair, seat was not -, rather F-,
if not perhaps dissimilatory loss of F is not against the following , also for other formation to consider from IE *dui-), aLat. dui-, Lat. bi- (e.g. dui-dens, bidens; about forms
as diennium s. WH. I under biennium, Sommer Hdb.3 223; Umbr. di-fue cleft, parted, split
probably sound pattern from dui-), O.N. tve- (also tv-, see below), O.E. twi-, O.H.G. zwi(e.g. O.E. twi-fte bipedal , O.H.G. zwi-houbit bicipital ), Lith. dvi- (e.g. dv-gubas
twofold , O.Pruss. dwi-gubbus).
Ital. du- in Lat. du-bius, -plus, -plex, -pondius, -cent, Umbr. tuplak acc. sg. n. twofold ,
du-pursus bipedibus is innovation after being perceived as du- stem from duo; also is to
define du- in Umbr. duti again, a second time, once more, anew , puli dutiyam for the
Page 784
duoi- in O.E. getwfan, twman separate, cut, clip < *twaifjan, *twaimjan; perhaps also
for the Ar. (Av. barzufraah- two fingers wide , dvapa- n. island? or rather from
duaii-, as probably O.Ind. dvdhu twofold, (*divided) in two parts, compare dvpa- island
above S. 51); perhaps Phryg. GN , gen. - (*duoi-nt) twin.
Slav. dvo-, dvu-, dve- in compounds s. Berneker 247.
2. ordinals: O.Ind. dvitya-, Av. bitya-, dabitya-, O.Pers. duvitiya- second; under duti
again, a second time, once more, anew (probably replacement for *diti from *duitiom after
du-, see above); Arm. erkir, erkrord second; Alb. i-dute; all new neologisms.
3. Multiplikativadverb: duis twice: O.Ind. dvh (ved. also duvh), Av. bi, Gk. , aLat.
duis, Lat. bis, M.H.G. zwir twice (but Ir. fo-d = O.Ind. n. dv, Pedersen KG. I 301, II 127),
Gmc. myth. PN Tuisto hermaphrodite ;
Maybe Alb. dush in two
through u-forms extended Av. bivat , O.N. tysuar, tuisuar, O.H.G. zwiro, zwiror (zwiron,
zwiront), with voiced ? z- reduction O.E. twiwa, twiga, twia, tuwa, twie, O.Fris. twia, twera,
O.S. twio (to these forms lastly Loewe KZ. 47, 98 - 108, reminded in the forms in O.Ind.
krtvas male );
therefrom with formants -ko- O.H.G. zwisk, O.S. twisk twofold (see below), probably
also Arm. erkics twice;
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dvieju) , O.N. tueggia, O.H.G. zweiio, O.E. m. twgen, f. twu, n. t two (see above
Sievers-Brunner 264), nom. acc. pl. O.H.G. zwei (*dueiu), next to which from IE *dueioO.H.G. M.H.G. zw, g. zwes m.n. twig, branch (the n-stem O.N. tyja doubt presumably
balanced from nom. *tvja, gen. tyju);
Bal.-Slav. dueia- and duuaia- in Lith. dvej, f. dvejos two (the substantival n. sg. in dveja
dvot in zwei Teile teilen, zwei Fden zu einem zusammendrehen , etc, s. Berneker
247).
With -no- (partly due to from duis):
Arm. krkin double from *(r)ki-rki-no-, IE *dui-duis-no- (?) (L. Maris REtIE. 1, 445);
Lat. bn every two (distributive) and two (collective) from *duis-no- (= Gmc. *twiz-na);
Gmc. *twi-na- in O.H.G. zwinal, zwenel born together, twin-born, twin- , zwiniling m.,
M.H.G. zwiniln n. twin, *twai-na- in O.S. twne two, O.H.G. zwne ds. (it has substituted
with instead of ei after *zw = Goth. twai), O.H.G. zwein-zug, O.S. twn-tig, O.E. twn-tig
20 ( Doppelzehn );
Maybe Alb. 20, nj-zet one - ten, 40, dy-zet double - ten
Gmc. *twiz-na- in O.N. tvennr, tvinnr twofold , pl. tvenner zwei zusammengehrige
(tvinna redouble), O.H.G. zwirnn, -n zweifach zusammendrehen , M.H.G. zwirn,
M.L.G. twern doppelt zusammengedrehter Faden probably = O.E. twn, Du. twijn linen
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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zwiskn, Ger. zwischen; in addition O.E. getwisa m., O.S. gitwiso, M.H.G. zwiselinc twin.
With duis- twice identical is duis- divided, asunder in Goth. twisstandan to divide and
den derivatives O.N. tvistra separate, M.L.G. O.Fris. twist, M.H.G. zwist discord (split)
and M.Eng. twist = O.N. kvistr twig, branch (as also bO.Ir. zwist), further O.N. kvsl f. split
branch or tools, arm of a river (these with IE ei); further O.N. tvis-var twice, tvistr
dichotomous, sad (= O.Ind. dvit ha- ambiguous , Gk. * in doubt , IE
*dui(s)-sto- : root stu-, at most duis-to- with formant -to-), O.E. twisla arm of a river ,
twislian bisect , O.H.G. zwisila, Ger. Zwiesel divided object, twig, branch, M.H.G. zwisel
double; here very probably ar. dvis- hate (see under *duei- fear, dread).
Maybe Alb. m dysh apart, in two, dyshi two
6. IE additional form dis- in Lat. dis-, O.S. O.Fris. te-, ti-, O.E. te-, O.H.G. zi-, ze- (new zirthrough amalgamation from zi- and ir-) dis-, Goth. dis- apart (probably borrowed from
Lat., barely preceding from *tis- = Lat. dis-), Alb. tsh- e.g. in tshkep unpick, Gk. (i.e.
after etc filled in *[]), e.g. - through : Lat. discindo to tear asunder, cut
Page 788
Page 789
avi, aoi, O.Pers. abiy as prefix to, around -, as preposition m. acc. to - toward , with loc.
about, in regard to (in Ar. abhi lies also partly *mbhi before, see above S. 34);
Lat. ob towards, to appears only in the function, but not the sounds according to the
partial successors from IE obhi (see under epi);
Goth. bi, O.H.G. etc bi, b from - to (Goth.), with regard to, about with acc.; an, by with
dat. (loc.), also with instr., prefix be-, s. also under ambhi, above S. 34, which contains in
final sound identical element;
O.C.S. ob, b as preverb around-, about-, to- in b-stojati or b-stojati encircle,
in compounds, as obdo n. treasure, tribute, in derivatives, as obt, R.C.S. b
common (*obhi-tio-); intensified form obi- in russ -Church Slavic obichoditi to walk
around, perambulate ; the form o, ob contains previous *op- (Lith. ap), see under epi.
References: WP. I 124, Trautmann 1, Meillet Slave comm.2 155 f.
Page(s): 287
Page 790
edh-2
English meaning: fence, paling
Deutsche bersetzung: Zaunstecken, Zaun from Pfhlen
Material: Doubtful Gk. stall, hurdle (*odh-tro-)??
O.E. eodor m. hedge, fence, dwelling; prince, lord (ablaut. M.L.G. ader fence post ),
O.H.G. etar, Ger. Etter fence, edge (if in addition bO.Ir. ester, Swiss ester penstock ?),
O.Ice. jour-r, jaar-r edge, upper fence pole, perhaps O.E. edisk m. fenced pasture ,
bO.Ir. iss(e) enclosed meadow (*edh-siu?); O.Bulg. odr bed, odrina stall, Russ. odr
scaffolding board , Cz. odr picket, pole, Ser.-Cr. odar, odrina encircling grapevine .
References: WP. I 121.
Page(s): 290
Page 791
edh- (*heg-)
English meaning: sharp
Note:
From an older root heg-el derived: Root ak-, ok- : sharp; stone and Root uik- : k- : spear,
pike, finally Root edh- (*heg-): sharp [common Illyr.-Balt gh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Deutsche bersetzung: spitz
Material: Lat. ebulus, - f. and -um n. dwarf-elder (danewort, a fetid European species of
elder, also danes weed, danes blood [said to grow on spots where battles were fought
against the Danes];
Note: common Lat. g- > b- phonetic mutation, hence Lat. ebulus < *heg-el where -el, -ul
moreover probably Iterat. Lith. aduti prick , Ltv. adt knit , compare Lith. data
sewing-needle ;
Church Slavic etc jela (*edlu), Russ. jel, O.Cz. jedl etc (*edli-).
References: WH. I 14, 388 f., Trautmann 66.
See also: from zum Folgenden (edh-2)?
Page(s): 289-290
Page 792
Page 793
ed- (*hegh-)
English meaning: to eat, *tooth
Note:
From an older root (*hegh-) derived Root ed- (*hegh-): to eat, *tooth and Root gembh-,
Common Illyr.-Balt gh- > d-, z-, O.Pruss. - Illyr. gh- > zz-, ss-, s- phonetic mutation
Material: O.Ind. athematic present 1. sg. d-mi, 3. sg. t-ti you eat, perf. udima (: Lat.
dofaid (*de-u(p)o-od-e), participle esse eaten (*ed-tio-); Welsh ys you eat (*ed-ti);
Goth. themat. itan (perf. 1. pl. tum, O.H.G. uzum etc: aLat. dimus), O.N. eta, O.S. O.E.
etan, Eng. eat, O.Fris. ta, O.H.G. ezzan eat (= O.Ind. danam act of eating , Gk.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 794
*emi) and du, st ds., Supin. stu; O.Pruss. st, stwei eat; O.C.S. jam (*em), 3. sg.
jast (*est) IE *d-ti), 3. pl. jadet (IE *dnti), Infin. jasti (old esti), Supin. jast, O.Cz. jest;
Lith. participle edes, O.Pruss. duns, O.C.S. jad having eaten ;
Hitt. et- eat, Imper. e-it (et), 1. sg. present e-it-mi (etmi), 3. pl. a-da-an-zi (adanzi); the
first a through assimilation?, s. Friedrich IF. 41, 371; different Pedersen Hitt. 128;
in compounds: Gk. - (*-d-tom) breakfast ; with lengthening in compound
mealtime , time for supper, evening meal, evening (compare
also Hom. Rohes essend : O.Ind. umud- ds.); Gk. , - is arranged
from *, * after (as from *).
nominal formation:
1. Lengthened grade:
Page 795
uzta m. crib, manger ), Lith. eda f. the eating (= O.N. uta), Ltv. das f. pl. food fed to
livestock , O.Pruss. dai f. nom. sg. the eating , O.C.S. bed repast, meal (perhaps
also jad poison , s. Berneker 271 f.), Russ. jed f. breakfast, dish, food.
di-: in O.C.S. jad dish, food, medv-ed the bear (honey eater, compare O.Ind.
madhv-d- ds.).
d-to-: in Lith. estas eaten , O.Pruss. Subst. dat. sg. stai food, eating, mbg. jasto
serving of food , etc.
des-: in Lith. edesis dish, food, esk f. appetite , old food fed to livestock, carrion
= Lat. sca (*d-s-ku) dish, food, food fed to livestock, carrion , Ltv. ka wolverine ;
O.H.G. O.S. us flesh of a dead body, bait, carrion , O.E. s carrion (*d-s-om); O.C.S.
jasli pl. m. crib, manger, manger (*d-s-li-); if Umbr. ezariaf stands for food, it can be
maybe explained from *des-usio-; different about Lith. esk EM2 295.
Maybe Alb. eshk dried mushrooms for kindling the fire
With : Gk. f., pl. throes of childbirth, be in labor pains (Frisk
Etyma Armen.13); -- dish, food (compare ); in addition Lith. uodas, Ltv. uds
m. mosquito (Schulze KZ. 43, 41 =Kl. Schr. 627; from Zubaty AfslPh. 16, 407, Brugmann
Grundr. I2 337 placed to wRuss. wadzen a gad-fly, horse-fly, breese ).
2. Full grade, e.g.:
O.Ind. dman- n. dish, food (: ); -advan- eating ;
Arm. erkn birth pain, labor pains (*edun), erk plague (*eduo-?);
Hom. , - n. nourishment, food (i.e. F, compare Hes.),
, dish, food;
Page 796
ter, tennr, conservative stem); zero grade (from the weak case), Goth. tunus (from dem
acc. tunu = Lat. dentem) tooth (derivative O.E. tsc fang from *tun-ska-);
Lith. dants, gen. pl. dantu (dial. also daniu) tooth;
Slav. probably in Pol. dziegna stomatitis, inflammation of the mouth, mouth decay,
inflammation of the gums (*det-gna, s. Berneker 190).
forms with e-grade dont stand firm accordingly; O.N. tindr cusp, peak, crag , M.H.G.
zint, -des prong, spike, tine , O.E. tind m. ds., O.H.G. zinna (*tindju) pinnacle, O.H.G.
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Page 797
zinko (*tint-k) tine belong to O.Ir. dind hill, lifting , Phryg. mountain name,
Illyr. VN .
References: WP. I 118 ff., WH. I 340 f.
Page(s): 287-289
Page 798
egnis : ognis
English meaning: fire
Deutsche bersetzung: Feuer
Note: Root egnis : ognis : fire derived from Root ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): coal < Root
Page 799
Page 800
eghero- (*heghero-)
English meaning: lake, inner sea
Deutsche bersetzung: Landsee?
Note:
From Root eghero- : lake, inner sea derived Root ad(u)-, ad-ro- : water current: Illyr.
pannon. VN [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt -gh- > -d-, -z- ; O.Pruss. -Illyr. -gh- > ss-, sphonetic mutation].
Material: Maybe Illyr. TN Oseriates (Osseriates) [common italic -Illyr. -gh- > ss-, s- phonetic
mutation].
Der comparison from Bal.-Slav. *eera- n. sea shore in O.Pruss. assaran n. sea, Lith.
eeras m. (out of it dial. also eras), Ltv. ezers m., O.C.S. (j)ezero, Russ. zero ds., with:
Balt *ei u f. border line in O.Pruss. asy, Lith. ee , Ltv. ea; Slav. * m. in Serb.Church Slavic jaz canal, O.Cz. jez water weir , aRuss. ez, Russ. jaz fish weir , is
doubtful, also the with pannon. VN in the flat sea surface (because of. of it
must be Thrac.), and with:
Gk. , -, river of the underworld (therefrom and
abele, white poplar ), whose (instead of or ) could indeed derive from a
trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ;
Note: common Gk. -gh- > -- phonetic mutation
Bal.-Slav. forms could go back particularly perhaps also to *aera-, in which case one
could place IE *aghero-.
References: WP. I 1841, Trautmann 73, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 98, Jokl Eberts Real-lex. 6, 39.
Page(s): 291-292
Page 801
Page 802
eghi- (*eghi-no-s)
English meaning: hedgehog (*serpent eater)
Deutsche bersetzung: Igel
Note: probably short form to eghi-no-s of the serpent, serpent eater (see above S. 44).
Note:
Root eghi- (*eghi-no-s): hedgehog (*serpent eater) derived from Root ang(h)i- (*eghi-,
Page 803
Page 804
eghs (eghz)
English meaning: of, out, from
Deutsche bersetzung: from
Note: Aspirata erwiesen through Gk. .
Material: Maybe nasalized zero grade Alb. (*gha) nga of, out, from
Gk. (dial. , before consonant , ) from, prefix and preposition m. ablative, (genitive)
and (ark.-Cypr., pamph.) dative; Ion. Att. out of (after with for , compare:)
lokr. (from + Schwyzer Gk. I 326) epidaur. to , reshaped,
of the extreme, last (based on *- from *egzgho-, older *eghs-ko-), less certainly
fiend, detested , originally Landfluchtiger or foreigner, stranger from *eghstros,
wherefore were created after - : -, -, - further , , ,
also , , etc.;
Lat. ex (out of it before b, d-, g-, l-, m- etc., ec before f) from, prefix and preposition m.
abl., Osc.-Umbr. (about *es) -, e.g. Osc. ehpeilatas set *are pillaged, are assigned ,
Umbr. ehe-turstahmu drive out, drive away, expel, exile, banish ; Lat. exterus outward,
foreign, strange; compar. exterior -ius, genit. -oris, outer; superl. extremus -a -um,
outermost; n. as subst. outer edge, extreme; in time, last; n. as subst., an end; extremum, acc., for the last time; ad extremum, to the end or at the end; in degree or
quality, extreme; esp. loWest, worst; extremum bonorum, malorum, the highest good, evil;
superl. extimus -a -um, out- ermost (exterior, extrmus, externus, extru, extimus), because
of in *ek-t- indicating Osc. ehtrad outside; except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside
of, without; except for , Umbr. ap ehtre * ab extrim , O.Ir. echtar, Welsh eithyr outside;
Page 805
essamain, M.Welsh ehofyn), before consonant ec-, prefix and (Ir.) preposition m. dat.(-abl.);
O.Pruss. esse, assa, ass (with an unclear extension), es-teinu from now on ;
with hard i: Lith. i, , Ltv. iz, is, O.Pruss. is, O.C.S. iz, iz, is from, prefix and
preposition m. abl.(-gen.), probably also partly real gen.; after Meillet Slave comm.2 155,
505 zero grade Bal.-Slav. *i (?); s. also Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 33, about Ltv. z 507.
WH. I 423 places also Arm. preverb y- (e.g. y-arnem uplifts me : Lat. ex-orior to come
out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear) and the preposition with abl. i from here
(doubtful); also dubious is Meillets (MSL. 18, 409) explanation the Toch. A-Postposition -s
not at all from *-ks. common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Maybe Alb. negative particle s not at all : Toch. A-postposition -s not at all
About verbal compounds in several languages, as e.g. Gk. -, Lat. ef-fer to carry
out, take out, bring forth, take away, remove , O.Ir. as-biur say, express, *take out (*eks-
bher), Gk. -, Lat. ex-e to go out, go forth, go away, depart, withdraw, retire , Lith.
i-eiti, O.C.S. iz-iti ds. etc., s. WH. I 423 f.
Maybe nasalized Alb. nxjerr bring out, take out : Lat. ex-orior to come out, come forth,
spring up, rise, appear
References: WP. I 116 f., WH. I 423 ff., Trautmann 105, Schwyzer Gk. I 326.
Page(s): 292-293
Page 806
eg-, eg(h)om, eg
English meaning: I
Deutsche bersetzung: ich
Note: -gh- besides -g- is ensured only for O.Ind., thus probably secondarily after dat.
mhyam.
Note:
From Root ehem, eheu, eho (*egh-): interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise
derived Root eg-, eg(h)om, eg : I
Material: O.Ind. ahm, Av. azm, O.Pers. adam (*eg(h)om);
Note:
The shift g(h) > d, t is recorded in Alb. and O.Pers. alone see below.
Arm. es (from *ec, IE eg before conservative anlaut);
Gk. , , boot. , ; Lat. eg as Gk. has changed from *egom, perhaps
while * stretched after , eg fer, and * are directed after *
gave etc. (about Lat. egomet I myself s. WH. I 396)? fal. eko, ego; probably also Osc. v
I?; s. finally Kretschrner Gl. 21, 100, Sommer IF. 38, 171 ff.;
Ven. eo I (compare meo me );
Goth. ik, O.H.G. ih (ihh-u I myself with the particle -u), O.S. ic, Run. ek, ik, O.N. ek and
enclitic Run. -ika (*egom), WestGmc. also *k (lengthening after *t) in O.E. c, Ger. frnk.
aich, O.N. also k (Proto-Gmc. *kan, from which proclitic ek, ik, enclitic *ka);
Lith. , old e, Ltv. es, O.Pruss. es, as (*eg);
O.C.S. az (quite seldom jaz) from *ghom?, nSloven. Russ. Pol. ja (to explanation of
anlaut vowels s. lastly WH. I 862, Meillet Slave comm.2 452);
Note:
Page 807
The common shift gh > d also kh > t is found only among Persian tongues and Albanian
dialects. With regard to Root eg-, eg(h)om, eg : I the shift g(h) > d in O.Pers. [Av. azm,
O.Pers. adam (*eg(h)om)] corresponds to Alb. gh > th [eukham- > utha I] of Alb. Arbresh
which is the oldest cognate. It was then nasalized in Alb. Arbresh utha I > Alb.Tosk
(*unta) un I [common Alb. phonetic mutation t > nt > n].
Also important is the fact that Hitt. language uses the endings before the word like Lat.
while Alb. uses the ending after the word like Indian and Persian tongues. But clearly Illyr.
marks the intermediate period between satem and centum languages. Alb. Arbresh
[eukham- > utha I] is the only cognate similar to Hitt. u-uk (uk) I with u after am-mu-uk
me, and Toch. Toch. uk I.
In archaic Alb. the ending of the word actually stood before the word like in Hitt.
IE eg(h)om is presumably after J. Schmidt (KZ. 36, 405) neuter; which actually stands for
(my) hereness and it has evolved from the Pron.-stem e- which is considered worth under
Page 808
Page 809
Page 810
Page 811
ei-3
English meaning: multicoloured; reddish
Deutsche bersetzung: Farbadjektiv rtlich, bunt
Note: extended (e)i-uo-, (e)i-uu yew etc.
Aita-ggama riding on a ram (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93), f. n, in addition (with n for n after
harin, Femin. to harita yellowish, compare also harin- gazelle ): na- m. kind of
antelope (Schulze Kl. Schr. 123).
References: WP. I 105 f., 165, Trautmann 68, Kluge12 s. v. Eibe, Specht Decl. 63, 205.
Page(s): 297-298
Page 812
ei-el- in Lith. elekstis f. Deichselstange, Ltv. ieluki, ablaut. ilkss, ilkmis ds.; Lith. aile
shaft, pole, em. ilis a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club , Ltv. ailis shaft, pole;
Page 813
eis-1 (*euis)
English meaning: to move rapidly, *iron
Deutsche bersetzung: (sich) heftig, ungestum, schnell bewegen; antreiben = anregen,
erquicken; also of Entsenden, Schleudern von Geschossen, Pfeilen
Material: O.Ind. isnuti, syati sets in motion, swings, shoots up (squirts out), comes
floating; it hurries, presses forward , sati glides (sa- hurrying, sa- the rush ), sat
hurries away (adv. sat approaching ), isanat he came floating , isanyti comes
floating, stimulates, animates , isayti is fresh, astir, strong; refreshed, animated , s- f.
refreshment, invigoration (also in s-krti- healing), isir- (: , Isara) strong, active ;
Maybe Alb. Alb. (*euse) ethe f. fever see Root eus- : to burn
Av. a- set in hasty motion (present stem ia-, iya-, aaya-, O.Pers. aiaya-), Av.
ama- m. anger;
Gk. Dor. (: O.Ind. iira-), Att. (r : er, Schwyzer Gk. I 482), Lesb. Ion.
(*isros) strong, lively ; further Gk. , (if read with :, so that is deducible from *, -) send away, empty, drain; pour out , Med. empty oneself (compare O.Ind.
Page 814
Eisen), PN sarn, Goth. eisarn, f. Gmc, prob. f. Celt. and rel. to L aes, ais bronze, OE ar ORE
n.1, Skt ayO.S.]
Gmc. *sarnan n., Goth. eisarn, O.H.G. O.S. O.N. sarn iron is because of - maybe
borrowed from Ven.-Illyr. *eisarnon before Gmc. alteration from ei to ; compare Ven. FlN
I, later Isarcus, Ger. Eisack (Tirol);
in addition the urIr. PN I(s)aros, O.Ir. Ir, balkanIllyr. iser, Messap. isareti (Krahe IF. 46,
184 f.);
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Page 815
Ieslu, Lith. Eisra, etc. (Bga RSl. 6, 9 f., Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 47); whereas Bga
introduces back wRuss. Istra, Ltv. Sea name Istra, Lith. FlN Isra, O.Pruss. FlN Instrutis
Inster and Thrac. I from *Instr-; yet one could explain I from *Is-ro-s;
from *ois- go back wRuss. Jesa (urLith. *aisu), Lith. Aise; It is unclear, if defies anlauts
(Bruttium), Ven. Aesontius > Isonzo, Umbr. Aesis, Aesinus may be placed here;
O.N. eisa (*ois-) storm along , Nor. FlN Eisand, wherefore O.E. ofost, O.S. oast
haste, hurry, eagerness from *o-aist-;
here also O.Ind. su-, Av. iu- m. arrow ; Gk. ds. from *isu-os, compare to meaning
;
etrusk. aesar god, Ital. *aiso-, *aisi- ds. are to be kept away and barely equate with Gk.
.
References: WP. I 106 f., WH. I 717 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 282, 4825, 491, 6797, 681, 694, 700,
823.
Page(s): 299-301
Page 816
Page 817
eiEnglish meaning: to go
Deutsche bersetzung: gehen
Note: extended ei-dh-, ei-gh-, i-tu- and i-u-, i-- : i- : i-
Material: O.Ind. mi, ti, imh, ynti go, Av. aiti, yeinti, O.Pers. aitiy goes, themat. Med.
O.Ind. ya-t etc. (apparent lengthened grade of O.Ind. uiti, Av. uiti goes to, comes to,
comes up to, approaches, draws near is *u-aiti, with prefix u);
Gk. Hom. will go , (*eisi), (Dor. ), pl. , , (neologism for *
instead of h, *h, IE *i-enti, O.Ind. ynti); Impf. Att. (neologism for * = O.Ind.
uyam); Konj. (instead of *, IE *ei, O.Ind. 3. sg. yat); Opt. (instead of *, IE *iit,
O.Ind. iyut), Imper. - (Lat. , Lith. ei-k), (O.Ind. ih, Hitt. i-i-t);
Maybe Alb. ik-i : Lith. ei-k go
Lat. e go (*ei- for athemat. *ei-mi), s, it, pl. mus, tis (neologism as Lith. ei-me), eunt
(*ei-onti for previous *i-enti), Imper. (*ei), particle present ins instead of *ins = O.Ind.
yn, gen. yat-h (*i-nt-es, compare Gk. ), O.Lith. ent- (instead of *jent-); perf. i (*iiai: O.Ind. iy-uy-a), secondary v;
pl. eite = you go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass, Umbr. etu = to go, walk, ride, sail,
fly, move, pass (ampr-ehtu, apretu ambit, circuitous route, en-etu = in-t), etu-tu he/she
shall go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass , eest, est he/she will go, walk, ride, sail, fly,
move, pass (*ei-seti), ier be going away (demonstrates a perf. *ied), etc.; Osc. etuns
(set) they will be gone (*ei-tn-es);
Welsh wyf I am, actually I go 2. sg. wyt (different about wyt Stern ZfceltPh. 3, 394
Anm.);
Page 818
t-formations: O.Ind. it- f. gait, alteration, ityu gait , dur-it- (Av. du-ita-) hardly
accessible , prutar-tvan- fruh ausgehend oder auskommend , itvara- going, vta- (*vi-
Page 819
iya-, *pro-itios the the gone away, the departed , compare O.Ind. prti- f. leave, escape,
departure , in addition prtya after the death, on the other side );
Maybe Alb.Gheg me prit (*pre-ita) to host
probably O.N. vr capacious, wide, vast, spacious, O.E. O.S. wd, O.H.G. wit, Ger. weit
from *ui-itos gone apart (compare O.Ind. vta- gone, dwindled, missing, without, vta-
bhaya- fearless, vti- f. go away, pass over, depart, seclude oneself and Lat. vture, see
under).
iterative i-tu- in Gk. , el. --, Lat. it, -ure, O.Ir. ethaid goes,
Umbr. (with secondary lengthened grade probably after eitu, eite) etatu, etato have gone,
will go; unclear Gk. go here and there ( with prefix *, to Goth. O.H.G. bi-
??), Lat. vture to shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade = (by Plaut. m. dative) go from the
way, go from sb ; doubtful, if here Lat. tor (aLat. oetor, oitile) to use, make use of,
employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with , pl. oisa aetate get used
to an enjoying life , Osc. uttiuf usufruct , with prefix o-, originally approach, wherewith
deal with (uttiuf still distinct with corresponding Lat. iti; still it remains to be clarified, if the
present from *o-itur would be transferred in the way of the root verb);
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Page 820
dhmos? at least the way of the penetration from would not be clear in older *);
compare Schwyzer Gk. I 49212;
O.N. ei isthmus ;
Lith. instr. eidine in amble, easy pace (of horses), O.C.S. ido go (see above).
m-formation:
O.Ind. ma- m. gait (but Gk. , gait to , s. uei- ); Lith. eisme
gait, Steige with Lith. -sm-suffix.
u-formation:
O.Ind. va- m. run, departure, way, consuetude, custom; O.Ind. dur-va- of bad kind,
mad, wicked, evil; O.H.G. wa (*oiuu) f law, norm, covenant, matrimony , O.S. u, o m.,
O.E. w, f. law, sacred custom, matrimony (for resemblance with ua eternity,
perpetualness pleads Weigand-Hirt s. v.); compare also Goth. aiwa as, like (if from
*qiuos from *qo-oiuos; so also Gk. under likewise?, see under qo);
e-grade Lith. preiva, preivis landloper , after Specht KZ. 65, 48 from adj. *ejus, to
ved. upuyu- approaching .
l-formation probably in intensive O.S. lian, O.H.G. llan hurry, rush (from *ijilian; *eieli,
formation as Lat. sepeli); at most, yet very doubtful, Nor. dial. eil f. gully resembling a
dent , Swe. dial. ela ds., Lith. eile row, furrow, Ltv. ailis area, row.
gh-extension in:
Arm. j descent , ijanem (Aor. j) climb down, go down, ijavank pl. inn , ijavor
guest;
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Page 821
iu- in:
O.Ind. yuti goes, travels, Av. yuiti ds., O.Ind. yuna-h m. pathway, n. gait, vehicle, Av.
jav, jazda the going, riding, jato herd, flock (see to Slav. forms Berneker 441 f., v. d.
Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 205, Bruckner KZ. 45, 52, Persson Beitr. 348 f.); in addition Slav. FlN
Jana (Nowgorod), Janka (Vilna), Jana (Bulgaria), Ger. Jahna (Saxony); s. Rozwadowski
RSl. 6, 64.
Perhaps also here Ltv. Junis (thrown together with christl. Johannes) as a ruler of the sky
gate; compare above E. Fraenkel Balt Sprachwiss. 134;
Toch. A yu he walked , yatsi go, with p- extension yopsa he entered , etc.
(Pedersen Toch. 231); compare O.Ind. yupayati allows to reach to .
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Page 823
ekuo-s (*hekuo-)
English meaning: horse
Deutsche bersetzung: Pferd
Note:
Horses were often considered the most precioys sacrifice for the sea god. That is why from
Root aku- (correct ku): k- : water, river derived Root ekuo-s : horse.
Material:
O.Ind. sva-h, Av. aspa- O.Pers. asa- horse; about Osset. yfs see under;
Gk. ds. m. f. (originally without Asper: - etc.);
Thrac. PN , , Autesbis, Esbenus, Lyc. ; about Lyc. esbe-di
cavalry (Phryg. Lw.?) s. Pedersen Lyc. and Hitt. 51, 67 (*ekuiio-m?);
Lat. equus a horse, steed, charger (compare Osc. names Epius, Epidius, Epetnus, yet
s. Schulze EN 2204, 355);
O.Ir. ech, Gaul. epo- (in Epordia, Epona The Celtic horse goddess whose authority
extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey , etc.), Welsh
Corn. ebol foals (*epulo-);
O.E. eoh m., O.N. ir horse, O.S. in ehu-skalk groom, stableman , Goth. in aa-tundi
briar (*horse tooth );
Toch. A yuk, gen. yukes, yakwe horse with prothet. y (as in Osset. jfs, neuind. dial.
yusp ds.); out of it borrowed Turk. etc. juk horses load , from which Russ. juk Saumlast
etc.
About Lat. asinus an ass, hinnus mule, Gk. etc. s. WH. I 72 f., 647, 849.
Page 824
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Page 827
Page 828
Page 829
el-1, ol-, elEnglish meaning: red, brown (in names of trees and animals)
Deutsche bersetzung: Farbwurzel with der meaning rot, braun, bildet Tier- and
Baumnamen
Note: mostly i-, u- and n- (also m-) stem, rare from the bare root, which seems extended
then with g or k. In names of swan and other sea birds the meaning is white, gleaming, as
in al-bho- white refined names (above S. 30 f), thus both roots are probably identical
originally.
Material: A. Adjektiva:
O.Ind. arun-h reddish, golden , arus-h fire-color , Av. aurua- white;
Gmc. *elwa- brown, yellow in O.H.G. elo (elawr), M.H.G. el (elwer);
compare also Gaul. VN Helvii, Helvetii, perhaps also Swiss FlN Ilfis (*Elvisiu). B. el- in
tree names for alder , elm and juniper :
1. alder
Lat. alnus alder (from *alsnos or *alenos; the anlaut al goes back to older el-);
Maced. (Illyr.?) (*elisu) abele, white poplar ;
after Bertoldi (ZfceltPh. 17, 184 ff.) places Proto-Gaul. *alisu alder in many PN and
FlN; besides die later dominant meaning service tree in *alisia, Fr. alise, Ger. Else; Illyr.ligur. origin is proved through frequent occurence in Corsica (FlN Aliso, Alistro etc., alzo
alder ); compare Gaul. PN Alisia, FlN Alisontia, Fr. Aussonce, Auzance, Ger. Elsenz, etc.;
for Goth. is according to spO.N. aliso alder ein *alisa alder must be assumed;
O.H.G. elira and with metathesis erila, Ger. Eller, Erle, M.N.Ger. elre (*aliz), else (*alis),
Dutch els ds., O.N. elri n., elrir m.; alr, olr (*aluz-) ds., O.E. alor ds.; IE e root is guaranteed
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en-ec etc.
C. el- in animal names:
1. deer and similar to animal.
a. with k-forms (Gmc. Slav. olkis):
O.H.G. lho, laho elk, O.E. eolh, Eng. elk ds.; with o-gradation (*olks) O.N. elgr ds.;
from an initial stressed form Gmc. *lis derives Lat. alcs, alc f. and Gk. f. elk;
Russ. los, Cz. los, Pol. os, O.Sor. os elk (from *olkis); zero grade: O.Ind. rsa-h rsya-h
male antelope , pam. rus wild mountain sheep .
b. stem el-en-, el-n- (eln hind ); zero grade l-n-:
Arm. en, gen. ein deer;
Gk. m. f. deer (*eln-bho-s), young deer (*elno-s);
Welsh elain hind (*eln = O.Bulg. alni, lani ds.), O.Ir. elit roe deer (*eln-t) perhaps
also M.Ir. ell f. herd (*elnu); ablaut. *lon- in Gael. lon m. elk ; Gaul. month name Elembiu
(: Gk. );
Lith. lnis and lnias, O.Lith. ellenis m. deer (out of it M.H.G. elent, Ger. Elen), Ltv. alnis
elk;
O.C.S. (j)elen deer (older consonant-stem), Russ. oln etc.
Femin. *eln- and *aln- hind in:
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lan etc.;
in addition further very probably as *l-on-bho-s (with the same suffix as ) also
Goth. lamb sheep, O.N. lamb lamb, sheep, O.H.G. lamb lamb (mostly neutr. -es-stem,
what appears basic Gmc. innovation after calf);
As rearrangement from *elen- understands Niedermann IA. 18, 78 f. Gk.
Hes.; Lat. (h)inuleus borrowed out of it.
2. waterfowl: el-, ol-, with guttural extension or r- and u-stem.
Gk. 1. f. a kind of owl, a small marsh bird (to n. swamp, marsh?); 2.
rotfuiger Stelzenlufer (not quite supported word, leg. ?);
Lat. olor swan (*elr);
O.Ir. elae (*elouio-) ds., with k-suffix O.Corn. elerhc, Welsh alarch (a- from e-, s.
Pedersen KG. I 40);
older Swe. and Swe. dial. alle, al(l)a, al(l) (finn. Lw. allo), Swe. written-linguistic alfgel
long-tailed duck , Nor. dial. hav-al, -ella; with IE g-derivative: O.N. alka black and white
North Atlantic auk, razorbill, penguin ; alka could also belong to onomatopoeic word roots
Page 833
na-, because of the red-yellow hair; different sees Kluge11 therein O.H.G. ellenti (from
elilenti, see above S. 25) strange .
References: WP. I 151 f., 154 f., WH. I 28, 31, Specht Decl. 37, 58 f., 116, Trautmann 6, 68
f., Pokorny Urillyrier 137 f.
Page(s): 302-304
Page 834
el-2
English meaning: to lie
Deutsche bersetzung: ruhen??
Material: After Persson Wortf. 743 has defended a IE root el- rest and base *el - with
consecutive pattern: O.Ind. ilyati stands still, gets some peace (ilyati should be faulty
spelling), an-ilaya-h restless, not still, wherefore probably O.Ind. alass idle, tired, dull
(to s-stem *alas- tiredness as rajass : rjas-; after Uhlenbeck Wb. 15 belongs though
alas-h as a-lasa- not awake, not animated, not blithe to lsati, s. las- greedy,
insatiable ), Lith. als tiredness , ilstu, ilsti become tired , ilsiuos, ilsetis rest, t-ilsis
relaxation . The dissyllabic basis points, shows, evinces Gk. lie, rest, be
powerless, hesitates, stops . The whole construction is very dubious; compare about
lei-2 crouch and li- slacken .
References: WP. I 152.
Page(s): 304-305
Page 835
The extension of Root el-3 : ol- : to rot into elkh- caused k > p, b then b > mb > m
phonetic mutations.
Material: A root with variant determinative root.
without conservative extension seems to be the zero grade root in Nor. ul become
moldy, dial. also fill with disgust , Swe. ul rancid etc., Du. uilig decayed (from
wood); derived verbs are Nor. schw. ula, O.N. Nor. schw. ulna. If O.Ind. ula- n., ulaka- (*l-
Page 836
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el- appears in Brit. only in subjunctive: present 1. sg. M.Welsh el(h)wyf, 3. sg.el, Corn. 1.
sg. yllyf, 3. sg. ello, mbr. 3. sg. me a y-el I will go ( is removed hiatus; lh and ll go back
to l + intervocalic s); perhaps here die Gaul. FlN Elaver > Elaris > Fr. Allier (*l-uer- : *el-
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ulciscor to avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense see under elkos-;
perhaps O.N. illr mad, wicked, evil (*elhila-);
Lith. lkti, Ltv. alkt (besides s-alkt) starve (*olk-), O.Pruss. alkns, Lith. lkanas sober;
O.C.S. lao and alo, lakati and alkati, Sloven. lkati starve, Cz. lakati long, want,
where the stem Slav. *lka derives from Prter.; in addition the adjectives O.C.S. lan,
aln, Cz. lany hungry and O.C.S. lakom hungry, Cz. lakomu greedy , etc.
Maybe Alb. lakmi desire, hunger.
References: WP. I 159 f., Trautmann 6 f.
Page(s): 307
Page 842
Elle; AltN.. shows form variegation: O.Ice. seldom alen (aNor. also alun) with preserved
middle vowel, otherwise oln, eln (ln, uln);
simple root *l- in O.Ind. aratn-h m. elbow, Av. arna- ds. fru-runi- ulna, ell,
O.Pers. arani ds.;
in Alb. lr Gheg lans arm from elbow to wrist, ell (*lenu; yet compare Pedersen KZ.
33, 544) lacks the anlaut vowel.
Note: Alb.Gheg lans ell derived from zero grade of *alana elbow
B. The same root placed furthermore in: O.Ind. uni -h m. pin, leg part about the knee
(*urni-, IE *lni- or *lni-), arula-h bent, curved , urtn end of curve , probably also in
alaka- hair lock , perhaps in ula-vulam Vertiefung um die Wurzel eines Baumes, um das
fur den Baumbestimmte Wasser einzufangen ;
Page 843
alkunis elbow, Ltv. lks n. lkuons ds., O.Bulg. lakt, Russ. lkot ulna, ell (*olk-t);
Russ. dial. alik (?) ankle, ankle bone; heel .
2. Gk. bent, dislocated, slantwise (M.Ir. losc lame), slant, skew, quer
(*-), quer, quer (diss. from *, Saussure MSL. 7, 91, Hirt
IF. 12, 226; whose i of the first syllable probably rather from assimilated as with = e, as
indeed:) Hes. besides the prongs of deer antlers , , Hes., as
incurvation, trough n., , trough, platter ;
Welsh llechwedd slope, inclination , Gaul. Lexovii, Lixovii VN; M.Ir. losc lame;
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li, liou- m., O.S. lith joint, limb, member, O.H.G. lid, M.H.G. lit, lides m. n. ds., part,
piece (s-stem), wherefore O.N. lia bend, bow, O.E. uliian dismember, separate,
O.H.G. lidn cut in pieces as well as O.N. liugr (flexible) a little bit movable, free,
unhindered, M.H.G. ledec available, single, free, unhindered ;
Toch. AB lit- go away, die, tumble, fall down.
E. guttural extensions:
Lat. oblquus sidelong, slanting, awry, oblique, crosswise, skew (-uo- could be suffix,
compare curvus), liquis ds. (probably with ), lcium in weaving, the thrum or perhaps a
leash; in gen., a thread, a cross thread; plur., the woof (*weft), lixulae a round pancake
made of flour, cheese, and water ;
perhaps Welsh llwyg (*lei-ko-) balky horse, Bret. loeg-rin an askance look (Loth RC
42, 370 f).
References: WP. I 156 ff., WH. I 744, 761, 798.
Page(s): 307-309
Page 846
Root e-3, ei-, i-, fem. - : this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one derived from the reduced
Root eg-, eg(h)om, eg : I. Indic languages display -g- > -y-, Germanic -g- > -g-, Italic -gh-
Summarizing representation offer esp. Brugmann Dem. 32 ff., BSGW. 60, 41 ff., Grundr. II 2
2, 324 ff., Pedersen Pron. dm. 311 ff.
Material: A. case-by-case used forms:
O.Ind. aym he = gthAv. m, jAv. am (after ahm I widened ar. *ai = IE *ei; IE *ei
of stem e-, as *qo-i of stem ko-, not lengthened grade to i-); O.Ind. idm it (without the
secondary -am-extension O.Ind. t, Av. it as emphasizing particle), O.Ind. iym (extended
from *-) = Av. m (i.e. iym), O.Pers. iyam she , acc. sg. m. O.Ind. imm (extended from
*im) = O.Pers. imam (that after f. imum etc.), gen. m. n. asy, sya = Av. ahe, fem. O.Ind.
asyuh = Av. aihu, dat. m. n. asmui , smui = Av. ahmui, gen. pl. m. n. um = Av. aam,
dat. abl. pl. m. O.Ind. bhyah = Av. aiby etc.; gthAv. as[-it ], each once n. sg. m.; of
stem u- pl. fem. gen. O.Ind. usum = Av. uham, dat. abl. ubhyah = Av. uby etc.
Maybe Alb. (*aym) ay, ai he, ayo, ajo she : O.Ind. aym he
Kpr. him, her (seems also in , blocked, s. Schwyzer Gk. I 6081); here Lesb.
Thess. Hom. (*ii) one, a single (originally just this, only this), Hom. , , thereafter
also n. Hom. ?; different Schwyzer Gk. I 588 (*s[m]ius).
Page 847
um the same and esdum ds., Umbr. er-e he ers-e er-e it , Umbr. dat. sg. esmei,
esmik, gen. pl. Osc. eisun-k, Umbr. esom (= O.Ind. um);
thereout a stem *eiso- would be deduced besides in nom.-acc.-forms, e.g. Osc. eizois with
them , Umbr. eru-ku with it , however, it is to be reckoned after all with an old n. *ed,
compare Lat. ecce behold! lo! see! (probably from *ed-ke) = Osc. ekk-um (*ed-ke-um)
likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well , and perhaps acc. md, td, sd, if
from *m, *t, *s + ed, although this assumes only a more solidified adverb *ed;
Ital. eo-, eu, in Osc.-Umbr. only in nom. (besides sg. m. n.) and acc., in Lat. mainly in
almost all case oblique (only eius from *esio-s, thereafter dat. ei stands apart), e.g. Lat. ea
she, eam her, Osc. iuk, ioc she, ionc him, under eam her, have derived from O.Ind.
nom. ay-m corresponding form *e(i)om, because of their ending -om would be perceived
as acc. and entailed eam her etc.
iam by Varro 1.1. 5, 166 and 8, 44 probably spelling mistake for eam her. - From Lat. here
ipse self, in person from *-is-pse (because of aLat. fem. eapse), is-te (however, ille that,
that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; the former, (sometimes the latter) only
afterwards reshuffled ollus), compare Umbr. estu that of yours, that beside you ;
O.Ir. (h) he (probably *ei-s), see above; ed (hed) it (from *id-u = Goth. ita,
wherewith formal identical O.Ind. idu now, yet; but Lith. tad then required because of
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e, ; Welsh *ei- after the example of the conjugated preposition to differentiated M.Welsh
eidaw, f. eidi, wherewith identical O.Ir. a his, its (len.) and her (geminated), Welsh Corn.
y, Bret. e, etc.; about O.Ir. accentuated ui, ue his, her and dat. pl. -ib s. Thurneysen Gk.
285;
Goth. is he, acc. in-a, neutr. it-a (see above) it (in addition new formed plural forms:
Goth. eis from *ei-es, acc. ins, dat. im, O.H.G. O.S. im) O.H.G. er, ir, acc. in-an, in; n. iz;
O.S. in-a, n. it; O.N. Relative particle es, er, Run. eR; of stem e-: gen. sg. Goth. m. is, f.
izos, O.H.G. m. n. es(is), f. ira(iru), O.S. es(is), era(ira); gen. pl. Goth. ize, izo, O.S. O.H.G.
iro; dat. sg. f. Goth. izai, O.H.G. (with other ending) iru; m. n. Goth. imma, O.H.G. imu, imo,
O.S. imu; of stem - Goth. acc. ija (O.H.G. sia etc. with s-suggestion after nom. s ),
whereupon new formed plural forms, Goth. nom. acc. ijs (O.H.G. sio);
Lith. js he, acc. ji (to anl. j- s. Brugmann Grundr. II2 2, 331), fem. j, acc. ja (js, jai etc.);
but O.C.S. acc. sg. f. jo, nom. acc. pl. f. je (about the other case s. Brugmann aaO.), acc.
sg. m. -(j) in vidity-j sees him, vn- to him etc. (about further Slav. supplementary,
e.g. jak interrog. of what kind?; reLat. of the kind that, such as; indef. having some
quality or other. adv. qualiter, as, just as , jelik interrog. how great?; exclam. how great!;
interrog. how much?; exclam. how much!; reLat. as much as; for how much, at what price;
by how much , s. Berneker 416 f.) rather from IE io-;
Page 849
e- in O.Ind. a-suu that (besides Av. huu), a-dh that; there, a-dyu, a-dy today (this
present day) (stem compound?), -ha certainly, yes;
Arm. e-te (besides te) that, in the event that ;
Gk. -, -, - (besides );
Osc. e-tanto, Umbr. e-tantu , of such a size, so great; as, so far; for so much, worth so
much; by so much , Osc. pl. e-co this, this one; this present; here; in this place, in this
matter; hereupon , Osc. exo- (*e-ke-so) this, this one; this present; here; in this place, in
this matter; hereupon ;
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ed (nom. acc. sg. n.): about Lat. ecce, md see above; Av. at to the emphasis of the
preceding word (as it, see under; Bartholomae AltIran. Wb. 67); probably also in O.C.S. jed-
in, - someone as *just, only one; whether also Church Slavic jede, kyj a certain,
a kind of, as one might say from doubled *ed-ed or after ide in attached ending *ed?
(Berneker 261, disputed from Bruckner KZ. 45, 302, compare Meillet Slave comm. 2 444.)
d and d (abl.): O.Ind. ut therefore, next; and; (in subsequent clause) so, Av. uat
next, therefore, then; and; but; since , E.Lith. e and but (O.C.S. i and is rather *ei), Lith.
Page 851
em (aLat. em, see above S. 282) lies before in Gk. there, to there, at that time ,
rel. where, whereto, where, whence, there, from there, from where etc. (Schwyzer
Gk. I 628); about O.Ir. and see above S. 37 and compare Cypr. .
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i-t(h)-: O.Ind. itthu, itthud here, there, Av. iu so, O.Ind. itthm so and with -t- (-t orti?) O.Ind. ti so; Lat. ita so, item also, likewise, Umbr. itek in this manner, in this wise,
in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said , M.Welsh preverb yt-, Welsh yd-,
e.g. in yr yd-wyf I am; Lith. dial. it by all means; as , t, yt completely, very much , Ltv.
lca) the same, wherewith perhaps O.N. dag today (although understood as preposition
) and refined afterwards gr yesterday , fjor a year ago, last year interrelate;
It is unclear ui (loc. fem. in adverbial solidification) in O.Ind. ui-amah adv. this year,
meaning just this year - the same as Gk. , s. Schulze KZ. 42, 96 = Kl. Schr. 5396,
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ium (= acc. sg. f.): Lat. iam now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently,
soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed , Goth. ja, O.H.G. ju indeed ; with the
ending of loc. sg. in *-ou- the u-stem: *iou, *iu already (from Kretschmer KZ. 31, 466
placed against it to *ieu- new) : Lith. jau already, Ltv. ju, O.C.S. ju already, zero grade
Goth. O.H.G. O.S. O.E. ju already (the formation is similar to Goth. au, au-h, O.E. ea-
Page 854
so-in etc. weakened to -in, Junker KZ. 43, 342; for so-in he also considers *ko- + enos);
different Meillet Esquisse 88;
Gk. , one in the dice ;
Lat. nus, old oinos;
O.Ir. en one; Welsh Bret. Corn. un one, a (also indefinite article);
Goth. ains, O.H.G. ein, O.N. einn (here belongs altN.. einka particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably and further ekkja
widow, ekkill widower);
O.Pruss. ains (f. ainu) one, ablaut. Lith. unas and nas surely, really ; besides with
prfig. particle (?):
Lith. venas, Ltv. vins one (because of Lith. vivei nelis all alone, completely from
*einos), ablaut. Ltv. vin he (*vinias; compare Ser.-Cr. in from *ino-); s. Trautmann 3,
Endzelin
Ltv.
Gk.
356,
381
f.
Maybe Alb. (*vinias) vet he himself, she herself; self, in person , vetm one, alone
unique [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].
O.C.S. in one; only one; one and the same and another, other, different , ino-rog
unicorn , v ino on and on, always , inok alone, only, single, sole (= Goth. ainaha
solely, unique , Lat. nicus, O.N. einga, O.E. unga, O.H.G. einac, O.S. nag, Ger. einig),
next to which O.C.S. jed-in (to 1. part, probably IE *ed, see above) one, from which by
shortening in longer inflection forms e.g. jednogo (inscribed jednogo), Russ. odin,
odnogo.
Note:
Page 855
Flemish in, Brabants in, Low Saxon een, Emsland ein, Mennonite Plautdietsch een,
Afrikaans een, German eins, Central Bavarian oans, Swabian oes, Alsatian eins, Cimbrian
an, Rimella ais, Rheinfrnkisch ns, Pennsylvania eens, Luxembourgeois eent, Swiss
German eis, Yiddish eyns, Middle High German+ ein, Old High German+ ein, Northern :
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Galician un, Spanish uno, Ladino unu, Asturian uno, Aragonese un, Catalan un, Valencian
u, Old French+ un, French un, Walloon onk, Jrriais ieune, Poitevin in, Old Picard+ ung,
Picard in, Occitan (Provenal) un, Lengadocian un, Gascon un, Auvergnat vun, Limosin un,
Franco-Provenal (Vaudois) on, Rumantsch Grischun in, Sursilvan in, Vallader un, Friulian
u~ng, Ladin un, Dalmatian+ join, Italian uno, Piedmontese un, Milanese vun, Genovese un,
Venetian on, Parmesan von, Corsican unu, Umbrian unu, Neapolitan un, Sicilian unu,
Romanian unu, Arumanian unu, Meglenite unu, Istriot ur, Sardinian unu, Celtic: ProtoCeltic+ oinos, Gaulish+ *nos, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh un, Cardiganshire n, Breton
unan, Vannetais unan, Unified Cornish+ un, Common onan, Modern on, Devonian+ un,
Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ en, Irish aon, Scots Gaelic aon, Manx nane, Hellenic:
Mycenean Greek+ e-me (*hemei), Classical Greek+ hei:s, Greek na, Cypriot nas,
Tsakonian na, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sas, Tocharian B+ se, Albanian: Albanian nj,
Gheg (Qosaj) n, Tosk (Mandritsa) ni, Armenian: +Classical Armenian mi, Armenian mek,
Baltic West : O.Pruss.+ ai:ns, East : Lithuanian venas, Latvian vins, Latgalian vi:ns, Slavic
East : Russian odn, odn, Belarussian adzn, adzn, Ukrainian odn, odyn, West : Polish
jeden, Kashubian jeden, Polabian+ janu, Czech jeden, Slovak jeden, West jeden, East
jeden, Upper Sorbian jedyn, Lower Sorbian jaden, South : Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu,
Bulgarian edn, Macedonian eden, Serbo-Croat jdan, Slovene ena, Anatolian: Hittite+
*a:nt-, Luwian+ *a-, Lycian+ sta, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *aiwas, Iranian
Eastern: Ossetian Iron iu, Digor ieu, Avestan+ ae:uua-, Khwarezmian+ yw, Sogdian+ yw,
Yaghnobi i:, Bactrian+ io:go, Saka+ ssau, Pashto yaw, Wakhi i:, Munji yu, Yidgha yu,
Ishkashmi uk, Sanglechi vak, Shughn yi:w, Rushani yi:w, Yazgulami wu,; Sarikoli
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Indic : Sanskrit+ ka, Prakrit+ ekko:, Ardhamagadhi+ ege, Pali+ eka, Romany (Gypsy):
Spanish yes, Welsh yek, Kalderash yek(h), Syrian e:k, Armenian jku, Iranian yek,
Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese eka, Vedda ekamay, Maldivian eke, Northern India: Dardic:
Kashmiri akh, Shina k, Brokskat e:k, Phalura a:k, Bashkarik ak, Tirahi ek, Torwali ek,
Wotapuri yek, Maiya ak, Kalasha ek, Khowar i, Dameli ek, Gawar-bati yok, Pashai i:,
Shumashti yk, Nangalami yak, Dumaki ek, Western: Marathi ek, Konkani k, Sindhi hiku,
Khatri hakro, Lahnda hikk, Central: Hindi/ Urdu ek, Parya yek, Punjabi yk, Siraiki hik,
Gujarati ek, Rajasthani (Marwari) e:k, Banjari (Lamani) ek, Malvi e:k, Bhili e:k, Dogri ik,
Kumauni e:k, Garhwali e:k, W Pahari e:k, Khandeshi e:k, East Central: Nepali ek, Maithili
ek, Magahi ek, Bhojpuri e:k, Awadhi (Kosali) e:k, Chattisgarhi e:k, Eastern: Oriya ek,
Bengali k, Assamese ek, Mayang a:
Dravidian
NorthWest : Brahui asi, Northeast : Kurukh onta:, Malto ort, Central : Kolami okkod, Naiki
okko, Parji o:kuri:, Gadaba okur, Telugu okati, Gondi undi:, Koya orro, Konda unri, Manda
ru, Pengo ro, Kui ro, Kuvi ro:ndi, South : Tulu onji, Koraga onji, Kannada ondu, Badaga
ondu, Kodagu ondu, Kurumba -onde, Toda wd, Kota vodde, Tamil onrru, Malayalam onnu,
Irula vondunder
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Burushashki
Etruscan
Etruscan+ thu(n)
Semitic
East: Akkadian+ ishte:n, Central: Arabic wa:hid, Kashka-Darya fad, Saudi waahid, Yemeni
waahid, Syrian wa:hed, Lebanese whad, Cypriot ?xen, Iraqi waahid, Egyptian wa:hid, E
Libyan wahad, N African (Darja) wa:hed, Moroccan wahed, Sudanese wa|ahid, Nigerian
wa:hid, Zanzibari wa:hi, Maltese wieh=ed, Phoenecian+ -h-d, Ugaritic+ ahd;
Moabite+:
Modern Aramaic had, Classical Syriac+ hadh, Syriac kha, Van he;
South: Old S. Arabian+ -h-d, South Arabian (Harsusi) ta:d, (Sheri) tad, Socotra tad;
N Ethiopic: Geez+ ?ah=adu, Tigre worot, Beni Amir orot, Tigrinya hade;
S Ethiopic: Amharic and, Argobba hand, Harari ahad, E Gurage ad, Gafat+ ajj, Soddo att
Goggot quna, Muher at, Masqan at, CW Gurage at, Ennemor Att.
References: WP. I 95 ff., WH. I 368 f., 399 f., 409, 671, 720 ff., 869, Trautmann 3, 65, 72,
105, Schwyzer Gk. I 548, 588, 608, 613 f., 628 f., 651.
Page(s): 281-286
Page 859
Page 860
jet) take (only in compounds), buy, Osc. pert-emest to take away entirely, annihilate,
extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent , pert-emust taken away entirely , per-emust
has taken wholly, seized entirely, taken possession of, seized, occupied (to perf. *emed),
pert-umum shall take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent
(assil. from *pertemom); Umbr. emantu(r) be taken without effort, received, got, accepted
jemu, jemt and jemt, besides nemu, nmu, nemt (probably through contamination an
equivalent originated from Goth. niman take, Endzelin, Ltv. Gk. 564);
O.C.S. imo (mo, compare vz-mo take away , etc.) jeti take (perfective), besides
imperfect: jemlo, imati ds., and as have: stative verb imam, imejo, imeti (*emu-, *em-);
besides IE em- formant the rhyme roots jem- and nem-, probably originally different and
only secondary now and then adapted;
Hitt. u-e-mi-ja-mi (u-emijami??) I catch, find, Pedersen Hitt. 821, 135.
References: WP. I 124 f., WH. I 400 ff., 862; Trautmann 103 f., Meillet Slave commun 2 80,
203 f., EM2 300 f.
Page 861
Page 862
Material: O.Ind. nbhya- n. hub, nubhi- f. navel, hub, kinship, nubhla- n. (uncovered)
pubic region, navel dent; Av. nabu-nazdita- der verwandtschaftlich nchststehende ,
besides with ar. ph: Av. nuf, Pers. nuf navel;
Gk. (nom. pl. also ) navel, shield boss , probably also the
unripe grapes or olives or other fruit (als nabelartig vorgestulpte Knpfchen),
cup of the acorn of Valonia oak, used for tanning, and as an astringent medicine;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. mbulonj cover, shield, protect.
Lat. umbilcus navel, umb, -nis a swelling, rounded elevation, knob, shield boss ;
O.Ir. imbliu navel (*embiln-), M.Ir. imlecan ds. (an attempt to the suffix explanation by
Pedersen KG. I 495);
O.H.G. naba, O.E. nafu, O.Ice. nof hub of a wheel (also in O.H.G. naba-gr, O.E. nafu-
gur, O.Ice. nafarr grober borer), O.H.G. nabalo, O.E. nafela, O.Ice. nafli navel; in
addition after Liden KZ. 61, 17 O.H.G. amban, ambon, m. (o-stem) paunch, O.S. mbn
the belly, abdomen , nom. acc. pl. m. on-stem (Gmc. *amban-, IE *ombhon-);
O.Pruss. nabis hub, navel, Ltv. naba navel.
Perhaps here O.E. umbor small kid, child, also the Ital. VN Umbri (*mbh-), other ablaut
in Gmc. VN Ambrones (*ombh-) different Kretschmer Gl. 21, 116 f.
References: WP. I 130, EM 1122, Specht Decl. 100.
Page(s): 314-315
Page 863
Page 864
Material: nebhos-: O.Ind. nbhas- n. fog, haze, mist, clouds, airspace, sky, heaven,
besides root inflection in lengthened grade f. Plur. nubhah (?); Av. nabah- n. pl. airspace,
sky, heaven;
Gk. , - n. cloud, fog (Denom. primary form es umzieht sich ,
it is cloudy);
also (see below nem- bend) O.Ir. nem (n. es-stem), Ir. neamh, Welsh Corn. nef sky,
heaven;
O.Bulg. nebo, -ese n. sky, heaven, to i-stem reshaped in Lith. debess f. and m. cloud
(but older konson. pl., e.g. gen. pl. debesu! d for n through influence of dangus sky,
heaven);
Note:
nifwl, nCorn. niul ds. (that again after Loth RC 20, 346 f. Lw. from late Lat. *nibulus for
nbilus);
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Page 865
mbh-(ro-):
O.Ind. abhr- m. gloomy weather, cloudiness , n. cloud, airspace (*mbhros), Av.
awra- n. cloud; remains far off because of the meaning Gk. scum, froth, foam
(Meillet BSL 31, 51);
in i-Decl. converted Lat. imber, imbris a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring
rain = Osc. Anafrss, probably a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain .
Here also the river names Gaul. *Ambru, M.Welsh Amir, Amyr as well as Ger. Amper and
Ammer (Celt. *Ambru), Emmer (Celt. *Ambriu); in addition also Eng. Amber; Fr. Ambre,
Ambrole; spO.N. Ambron, Ambror; Ital. Ambra, Ambria, Ambro, Ambrio etc., latter are
particular Ven.-Illyrian; compare without formant r Gaul. inter ambes between streams ,
ambe a small stream, brook , O.Brit. Amboglanna bank, shore of the stream, as well as
Arm. amb and (with IE b) amp cloud.
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emb(h)- : omb(h)- :
O.Ind. mbhas- n. rainwater ; ambu n. water, Gk. m. rain (to b compare
above Arm. amp and Schwyzer Gk. I 333); here also lak. smell, odor, breath,
breeze, arkad. wohlriechend, etc.
nembh-:
pehl. namb, nam, Pers. nem moist, humidity , pehl. nambtan moisten ;
Lat. nimbus cloud, mist; esp. a black rain-cloud; a storm, shower .
From Slav. languages the cognate for sky, cloud passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *i obu
English meaning: to pour
Turkic protoform: *ju(b)Mongolian protoform: *jeu-leTungus protoform: *niabeKorean protoform: *nbNote: 1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk
(*washing or pouring place) and perhaps also OJ mjiwo water-way, seaway (if mji- is to
be analysed as water, the -wo part stays completely obscure).
References: WP. I 131, WH. I 681, II 151 f., Specht Decl. 16 f.
Page(s): 315-316
Page 867
msa-h m. allotment , Av. asa- party , O.Ind. nmsa-h m. obtainment , -namsana(hybridization from ams- and nas-); common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Arm. hasi have arrived , thereafter hasanem come to close to something, arrive ; after
Pisani Armen. 5 here hunj-k, hnjo-c harvest (*onkos);
Maybe Alb. has, Alb. (Calabria) (*k-hasem) kyasem encounter
Gk. (*nek-) - passing through distance = unbroken, perpetual (Dor. and Att.
from *-?, different Boisacq s. v.), - bis zu den Fuen
herabreichend , - a far javelin-throwing = as far as ones spear can reach
or pass. obtain a javelin , as - the goad, prick (obtain =) set in motion, prick,
drive on ; pass. Aor. wurde getragen , perf. - Hes., - (- is
therein probably reduplication; also in Med. -, joined as 3. sg. - instead
of *-, after Aor. );
*enk- in red. Aor. -- (*enk-enk-) bear, carry; see under Hitt. enkzi;
*onk- in Tracht, load (= O.Ind. msa-h, Bal.-Slav. *naa-);
against it to root *seik- suffice, reach , see there and Boisacq 251 f. m. Lith.;
through hybridization with it became to , ;
Page 868
uicc (*onk-i-s-t) has brought etc. see under S. 347; zero grade nk- in Welsh di-anc
escape, flee, cyfranc (*kom-ro-anko-) = O.Ir. comracc encounter ; after Loth RC 40, 353
Ir. oc, Welsh wnc, wng by from *onko- neighborhood ?; in addition M.Welsh ech-wng
expulsion; after Vendryes (MSL 13, 394) here also the Gaul. VN *Selva-nectes (latinis.
ganauhan (about Gmc. *nuh- see above), O.H.G. ginah, O.E. geneah ds.; Goth. *binauhan
be permitted , Goth. ganauha m., O.H.G. (etc.) ginuht f. sufficiency ; -grade: Goth.
ganhs sufficient, much, a lot of, O.E. genh, geng, O.N. (g)ngr, O.H.G. ginuog
sufficient etc.; -grade, as it seems, O.N. nu approach, reach, obtain , O.E. (ge)ngan
approach to somebody, address, attack ;
about Goth. n adv. nahe, nahe an, na ds., O.S. nuh, O.E. nah nah, preposition
nahebei, O.H.G. nuh adj. adjacent , adv.-preposition by, Ger. nach see above S. 40;
one places also Alb. nes, nes-r tomorrow morning (*nk-);
Note:
Alb. (*n in + aura), nesr, nesret, nesr tomorrow morning, tomorrow derives from
Root aues- : to shine; gold, etc..
in addition, also Ltv. nku, nki come, Lith. prankti overtake, nkti ripen, but the
presupposed IE u; compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin, Ltv.-D. Wb. II 698;
Page 869
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Root e-neuen, neun, enun (*henekt-): nine was created as a compound of Root neuos, -
This is wrong etymology. Greek order was reversed Root okt(u) : eight + Root neuos, -
ios : new > Gk. *F-: -. The shift k > p, g > b is a common Gk. phonetic
mutatIon. Greek also reflects an Illyr.-Alb. trend as it puts the ordinals and adjectives after
the noun while in IE languages the adjective and ordinal precedes the noun.
[Phonetically attribute] Alb. nnd 9 (*neunti- number of nine, as Slav. devet 9,
O.N. niund number 9 and O.Ind. navat-, Av. navaiti- f. 90, actually nine of tens);
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight : Alb.
teta eight; Lycian utta nine : Alb. nanda nine. Therefore Alb. shtata seven derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata seven later O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E.
seofoa, Lith. septitas; also O.Ind. saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70; in Alb. -ta, -t are attribute
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Page 871
O.C.S. devet nine derived from Lycian utta nine the same as Alb.Tosk nanta,
Gheg nanda nine [common Alb.-Illyr. n > nd > d phonetic mutation].
Toch. AB u nine .
ordinals: *neueno- in Lat. nnus; introduced after the 7 and 10 m instead of n Umbr.
nuvime the ninth , O.Ind. navam-, Av. naoma-, O.Pers. navama-; O.Ir. nmad, Welsh
nawfed (*neum- eto-); -to-formation also Gk. , (*enun-to-); Goth. niunda,
O.H.G. niunto, O.N. nionde, O.S. nigundo, niguo, O.Fris. niugunda, O.E. nioa; Lith.
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Common Illyr. -gh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon. In Gk. -g- > -b- not -d-, otherwise shift n > nd
nyra n. kidney (Gmc. *neuran- from *nehran-; O.Ice. umlaut is to be explained from a
reshuffling of *neurian-).
References: WP. I 133 f., WH. I 701, Schwyzer Gk. I 486.
Page(s): 319
Page 874
Page 875
en1
English meaning: in, *into, below
Deutsche bersetzung: in
Note: (: *n; Slav. also *on?); eni, n(e)i; perhaps also ndhi (ending as epi, obhi etc. perhaps
Page 876
n-dhi: O.Ind. dhi about, on, O.Pers. adiy in; Gaul. intensive prefix Ande- (PN Anderoudus the very red ), Welsh an(ne)- in anne-l contrivance = O.Ir. inde-l (*ndhi-l-om),
Welsh an-daw eavesdrop (to taw closemouthed ); O.Ir. ind- (partly from *indi-, partly
from secondary *indo-) in ind-reth incursion (*indi-reto-), indnaide (see further under),
etc. Pedersen (KG. I 45) will also place here Goth. und up to; s. about other possibilities
above S. 50 and S. 181.
(e)nero- inner : Arm. *nero- the inside , assumed from ner- within, in, into, nerks
inside , nerkoy inside, within ; perhaps Gk. as those below, those beneath the
earth, of the dead and the gods below , namely in the earth; or better Hypostase from
?
ni-, nei- low, base, comparative nitero- low (in contrast to upper ):
O.Ind. n, Av. n down; downward , O.Ind. nitarum underneath , Av. nitma- the
loWest ;
Arm. ni-, n- low;
Page 877
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nievt) based on probably also neid- reproach, rebuke, censure, blame, esp. by word ,
neit- to be hostile towards, attack neiq- (see there), in nei-, ni-.
enter, nter between - in, en-tero- inward :
O.Ind. antr, Av. antar, O.Pers. antar between , adnom. with loc., instr., acc., gen.;
O.Ind. ntara- internal , Av. antara- inner , superl. O.Ind. ntama- the closest (not to
nti, nta-), Av. antma- the most internal, intimate, inmost ; O.Ind. antr-, also with
Vrddhi untra- n. intestines, entrails ;
Arm. nder-k pl. intestines, entrails (Gk. Lw. ? s. Hubschmann Arm. Gk. 1447 f.);
Gk. , mostly pl. intestines, entrails ;
Alb. nder between, in, further ndjer, ngjer etc. until (*entero-);
Also zero grade (*nderi) deri, deri-sa, gjer-sa until.
Maybe prefixed Alb. pre-enda, brenda inside
Lat. enter, inter prep. with acc. between, among, amid; during, in the course of ,
adnom. m. acc. (solidified m. gen. intervias, interdius), intr, intru, intrin-secus, interus
internal , interior, intimus, intestnus (see under), Osc. Entra * Interae , zero grade, Osc.
anter between, among, amid; during, in the course of , Umbr. anter, ander during,
adnom. m. loc. and acc.;
O.Ir. eter, etir, etar between , adnom. m. acc., Corn. ynter, yntre, Bret. entre (the
ending after tre-, dre = Welsh trwy), O.Welsh ithr between, among, amid; during, in the
course of ; Gaul. inter ambes between streams;
Page 879
untar below from *ndher, Lat. infru); compare Goth. undaurni-mats lunch = breakfast ,
O.N. undorn n. morning (at nine clock), O.S. undorn, O.E. undern midday, O.H.G. untorn
midday, lunch (n-suffix as in Lat. internus); zero grade as Gk. etc. O.N. irar pl.
intestines, entrails (from *innrar, *inerz), innre, ire the inner (if not specific N..-ro- has
derivatived from inn = Goth. inn hinein, see above);
Slav. *etro in O.C.S. jatro liver, ablaut. otroba liver, *intestines, cavity of the body, otr
.
about Hitt. antrii as inner, interior , andurza inside, within s. Lohmann I. F. 51, 320 f.
ents (from) inside (compare O.Ind. i-th from here, Lat. caelitus etc.):
Gk. inside , whereof -, - and further , intestines,
entrails (or latter with from lengthened in for *, compare O.Ind.
antastya- n. intestines, entrails , Fick I4 363, Vendrys Rev. t. Gk. 23, 1910, 74);
Lat. intus from inside, within; inside , therefrom with analog rearrangement intestnus
inward, internal; n. as subst., sing. and plur. the intestines;
M.L.G. Ger. dial. inser eatable internal parts of animals , O.N. str ., stra f., the fat
surrounding the intestine (*en-s-tro-);
O.Pruss. instran fat, Ltv. stri pl. kidneys (*en-s-tro-); Ltv. eka Inneres, pl.
intestines, entrails (*en-t-iu), O.Lith. insios heart, Lith. iios intestines, entrails (*en-
s-tio-).
About die compression Lat. endo, indu in, wherefore Gk. , O.Ir. inne
intestines, entrails , see above S. 182 -- About Gk. - *in the house, indoors
(wherefore -, -, Lesb. Dor. after -, -, ) s. dem- to build.
References: WP. I 125 ff., II 335 f., WH. I 687 f., 694, 708 f., 711 f., 870, Trautmann 69 f.,
198 f. W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 70 ff.
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en-2
English meaning: year
Deutsche bersetzung: Jahr
Material: Gk. year Hes., doubtful, whether m. or n., - biennial , -, -
quadrennial, four years old, Hom. acc. sg. , acc. pl. annual, - one-yearold lamb (to Dor. from *prtos?); - year (to : wenn das Jahr ruht,
Jahreswende ??).
zero grade -n- in:
Goth. fram fair-n-in jra, O.S. fer-n-un gere, M.H.G. verne last year ;
Lith. pr-n-ai last year , Ltv. perns the previous year;
Russ. dial., Cz. lo-ni (*ol-ni) letztjhrig .
Specht Decl. 16 places in addition Pron. en in Gk. that (day or that year?).
Note:
Gk. year : Lat. annus year (*atnos ) year : O.Ind. huyana- yearly, huyana- m. n.
year prove that Root en-2 : year : Root at-, *atno- : to go; year : Root uet- : year
[prothetic u- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ghei-2, ghi-, ghei-men-, *gheimn- :
winter; snow
References: Schwyzer Gk. I 424 with Anm. 5, Feist 140 f., Specht Decl. 15 f.
Page(s): 314
Page 882
Root en(o)mn-, (o)nomn, nmn, [*(d)e(m)pen]: name derived from p- extension of Root du
: d- and dui- : di- : d - : to share, divide: p- extension dup-, dp-; dp-no-, -ni- sacrificial
meal , hence it was a taboo word.
Material: O.Ind. numa, instr. sg. numnu, Av. numa name;
Arm. anun, gen. anuan, after Meillet Esquisse 48 from *anuwn, *onomno-, after EM2 675
from *onmno-;
Gk. (from reduced *eno- with assimilation e - o), dial. , * in lak.
, (reduced derived before from gen. *), ,
nameless;
Alb.Tosk emr, Gheg emn (*enmen-);
Note:
(*da-a-ma-an) > Alb.Gheg emn [common Alb.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutation]
Lat. nmen, -inis, n. Umbr. nome, abl. nomne name and people;
O.Ir. ainmm n- n., pl. anmann (*enmn-); O.Welsh anu, pl. enuein, out of it Welsh enw;
Corn. hanow, M.Bret. hanff, hanu, Bret. ano;
Goth. namo n., O.Ice. nafn n., O.E. nama, O.H.G. namo m. name; with -grade O.Fris.
Page 883
mja;
Toch. A em, om;
Hitt. la-a-ma-an (luman), with dissimilation of Anlauts; (*na-a-ma-an)
compare finno-uGk. nm, nam, nm, namma, magyar. nv name.
References: WP. I 132, Feist 369 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 352, Hirt IE Gk. II 98, 121.
Page(s): 321
Page 884
Page 885
jeiner), O.E. geon, Goth. jains that instead of *janjis through the influence of ains; O.N.
enn, inn the, with k-: hinn that, hunn, hann he (*knos);
Lith. as, ans that, em. he; O.Pruss. tuns he (*t-anas: *to);
O.C.S. etc. on (ona, ono) that, he, Serb.-Church Slavic onak from that kind of (=
Lith. anks ds.);
about Hitt. an-ni-i (annis) that, Adverb an-na-az (annaz), an-ni-a-an once, one day,
some time, some day, comparePedersen Hitt. 63, Couvreur H 91 f.
no-, nu in:
O.Ind. nu-nu so or so;
Page 886
ne in:
O.Ind. n as though, as;
Av. ya-na and namely ;
gr Thess. , , , with double inflection gen. sg. etc. this;
Lat. ego-ne, t-ne, dnique (*d-ne-que), dnicum, dnec (*d-ne-kom, compare Umbr.
arnipo as far as from *ad-ne-kom), quand-ne, sn (*s-ne if, however ), etc.; also -ne
in the question;
O.H.G. (ne weist tu) na not knowing whether ;
O.Lith. ne as, Lith. n, ngi, ngu as (after comparative), ni as (*ne-i), Ltv. ne as;
akls. nee, Ser.-Cr. nego as after comparative; aRuss. ni ds., Pol. ni as (*ne-i).
Maybe Alb. (*nse) se : poln niz than : akls. nee as after comparative.
n in:
O.Ind. v-nu without;
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from two variant onomatopoeic words. Besides, admittedly, a root form in voicednonaspirated eng-, ong-, ng- groan, moan, sigh, without such such meaning separation
after the vocalizatIon.
Material: Gk. cry, shout (bray, of the ass) (of donkey), bittern
(*);
Alb. nknj, Gheg angj groan, sigh, complain (*enq-);
Lat. unc, -ure to sound or roar like a bear . But Welsh och a sighing, a sigh, a groan,
a lamentation, complaint , interjection ah!, is not deducible from *oq- and probably
certainly a new interjectional creation;
Slav. *jeati, R.C.S. jau, jaati sigh, jakliv having an impediment in ones speech,
Russ. dial. jaat groan, moan, plaintive shout .
With voiced-nonaspirated:
M.Ir. ong the groaning, sigh, lamentation , in addition probably O.Ir. ennach crow
(from *eng-n-uku) and enchache f. buffoonery, scurrility ;
M.L.G. anken groan, moan, sigh, Nor. dial. ank whimpering, sigh, distress, repentance
, Dan. ank, anke lament, complaint , wherefore changing through ablaut Dan. ynke, Swe.
ynka have mercy on, deplore, bemoan , at most also Ger. Unke after her pitiful cry (yet
onomatopoeic word M.H.G. che toad ; s. still Kluge11, the hybridization this che with
M.H.G. O.H.G. unc snake [see above S. 44] considers).
An onomatopoeic word is Lith. ungti, ungau whimper like a dog .
Page 889
Page 890
Root ent- (better ant-?) : to weave derived from a truncated Root uebh-1 : to weave, plait
through an Illyr.-Alb. intermediary Alb. venj I weave (*uebhni) : Alb. ent, int weave
(*ent-i- or *nt-i).
Material: O.Ind. tka-h m. garment, mantle, Av. aka-, atka- m. Upper dress, mantle
(nt-ko-s);
Alb. ent, int weave (*ent-i- or *nt-i) : O.Ind. ubhnuti, umbhti, unbdhi tie together,
Page 891
Page 892
Page 893
Page 894
epi, opi, pi
English meaning: at, by
Deutsche bersetzung: nahe hinzu, auf - darauf, auf - hin, zeitlich in addition, darauf,
rtlich hinter, after (also bei etwas herunter? so partly die Gmc. forms)
Note: (also with lengthened grade -ei, -oi in the final syllable); partially in the meaning with
Page 895
ops-) base from , Eol. late;about Gk. - there see above S. 284;
Illyr. PN Epi-cadus (compare Gk. parading, showing off ); Ven. PN Opi-
tergium (to Tergeste Triest, O.Bulg. trg marketplace ; Alb. tregu marketplace );
Messap. pi-d (*d-t) bore profit;
Alb. pr situated above ; Illyr. Epirus (*epi-ueri ) situated above, highland : Eriu
Irland (*epi-ueri enclosed land, hill, island), Welsh Ywerddon ds. (*uiueron, *epi-
Page 896
apie around, about m. acc., O.Lith. and dial. E.Lith. dieve-p by god under likewise,
snaus-pi for the son; Ltv. ap- around, about, pe with gen. and acc. by, in, pe- to
there, in-, full-; O.Pruss. ep- (ap- lacking normative spelling), eb- around-, rather as *epi
here, as to be taken as a basis under the form eb- to IE ebhi, obhi; in addition to the
postposition lit -p(i) hinter gen. nam-pi on the way home, homeward) and loc. (nami-pi
to the house, homeward), Ltv. -p (only adverbial use), . Fraenkel, Syntax 18 ff., Endzelin
Gk. 524 ff.;
in addition one places also Lith. suffix in dvej-pas twofold etc., as well as das suffix in
Illyr. VN Hadriopes, , etc. (??);
here also Slav. preposition around, in (*op); to coincidence with IE obhi see above S.
287, Meillet Slave commun2 155 f., Trautmann 1;
about Hitt. appa etc. see above S. 53; in the meaning it corresponds rather to Gk. as
Gk. ;
Lyc. knows only the extended forms ep-, epte after;
about Toch. gen.-ending A -up, -epi, which one could put here (also in Lith. would
strengthen the gen. through epi), s. also Pedersen Toch. 50 ff.
References: WP. I 122 f., Pedersen Lyc. and Hitt. 23, Schwyzer Gk. I 325, 5507, 620, 628,
6317, Trautmann 1.
Page(s): 323-325
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epop, opop
English meaning: a kind of exclamation
Deutsche bersetzung: Ruf of Wiedehopfs
Material: Arm. popop, Pers. pp hoopoe;
Gk. shout, call of hoopoe, , - hoopoe,
Hes. (-- probably through support in -); , (assimilated
from *, which is reshuffled in ending after animal names suffix = Alb. kafsh
(*, *haphos) animal);
Lat. upupa hoopoe;
N.Ger. Hupphupp under likewise; Ger. Wiedehopf, O.H.G. wituhopfo, O.S. widohoppa is
a reinterpretation after Gmc. widu- (IE uidhu-) tree, wood and M.H.G. hopfen hupfen;
Ltv. puppukis hoopoe.
similar, but not reduplicated, O.Sor. hupak, Pol. hupek hoopoe, O.Sor. hupac cry like a
hoopoe, compare also more in general slovak. hupati cry, Russ. old chupsti sja vaunt,
boast .
References: WP. I 123 f., Kluge11 S. 689.
Page(s): 325
Page 899
urbinti make a hole with the awl , urbti = Ltv. urbt bore, urbulis awl, stylus; Lith. rubti
hollow out, ruobtuvas Hohlmesser , Ltv. ruobs incisure, incision, rabbet, lack, feud .
The ablaut relation speaks for IE age of the family, although the citation of Gk.
round shoemakers knife and strong shoe covering the whole foot (if originally
hollow clog ) remains quite doubtful, because latter can be also based on a word for shoe
of quite other origin
References: WP. I 146.
Page(s): 333
Page 900
ered- (*ere-danos)
English meaning: to flow; dampness
Deutsche bersetzung: (zer)flieen, Feuchtigkeit
Material: O.Ind. rdati, rdti flows (in compounds), sprays, resolves; disturbs, ardyati
makes flow, dissolves, presses, torments, kills , urdra- humid, wet, damp, rd- (in
compounds) dampness , Av. ardv- f. name of a mythical river, worshiped mostly as a
female divinity.
from in addition Gk. smut, dirt , dirty, filthy?
Perhaps here the frequent Celto-ligur. FlN Rodanos (Fr. Rhne = Ger. der Rotten, Ital.
Page 901
*erog(h)om);
O.H.G. araweiz, arwiz, Ger. Erbse, O.S. er(iw)it, M.L.G. erwete, N.Ger. erwten pl., O.N.
Page 902
erek-1 (er[e]gh-)
English meaning: louse, tick
Deutsche bersetzung: Laus, Milbe
Note: often distorted taboo
Material: O.Ind. liksu nit, louse common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation (probably from
*laksu through influence of likhti scarifies );
Lat. ricinus 1. itself in the skin of sheep, dogs or cattle annoying vermin, tick (doubtful
is the affiliation from 2. a shrub kind, castor bean, ricinus ) could go back to older *recinos
and be shared with Lith. rke tick, sheep louse (*erkiu), Ltv. erce cows mite, wicked, evil
person under IE *erek-. Furthermore it is to be compared Arm. o(r)jil nit, louse (here
seems to be a root variant er(e)gh-, as also in the consecutive Alb. form) and orkiun
ringworm, itching, erysipelas (from *orqiino- (?) with a-no-suffix as in Lat. after Petersson
KZ. 47, 263 f.), Alb. ergjiz small louse (see G. Meyer Alb.Wb. 96; doubt by Hermann KZ.
41, 48; however, the irregular guttural in Armen. and AlbO.N. could be based on taboo
distortion).
References: WP. I 145, II 344.
Page(s): 335
Page 903
Page 904
eres-1
English meaning: to pierce
Deutsche bersetzung: stechen
Material:
O.Ind. rsti bumps, stings , rsts spear, javelin, Av. arti- ds.;
Lith. ersketis thorn plant , compare above S. 67;
Sloven. rr sk sowthistle .
References: Persson Beitr. 84.
See also: Verschieden therefrom is: ere-s-2.
Page(s): 335
Page 905
Page 906
Page 907
Page 908
ereu-1
English meaning: to seek, ask
Deutsche bersetzung: nachsuchen, forschen, fragen
Material: Gk. *, *, thematic become: [F], [F] (Eol. ) and
(F) ask, search, seek, Cret. , , due to en-stem:
*F- inquirer, searcher, feel, investigate and Hom. investigate,
ask (*F-), finally due to a *F-: Hom. ask; Hom. is
after Risch (briefl.) a fake analogical form;
O.N. raun f. attempt, test, investigation , reyna examine, get to know .
References: WP. II 366, Schwyzer Gk. I 680.
Page(s): 337
Page 909
ereu-2
English meaning: to tear
Deutsche bersetzung: aufreien
Material: O.Ind. rus- n. wound;
O.N. rr, err n. scar (*arwaz, *arwiz), as finn. Lw. arpi, gen. arven; M.L.G. are, Ger. dial.
arbe scar;
Page 910
Root er()d- (er//d-), er()dh- : high; to grow derived from Root al-2 : to grow; to bear
dh- Extensions: ai. rdhnti, rnddhi, rdhti, rdhyati prospers, succeeds, does succeed,
manages , Av. ardat he allows to prosper , rdut- make prosper .
Material: Av. rdva- high;
Lat. arduus high, upright;
Gaul. Arduenna silva, O.Ir. ard (*rduo-) high, big, large; Welsh hardd beautiful;
O.Ice. orugr upright puts away (as at most also rdva-) a parallel form in dh-, while
various extensions exist from er- (set in motion, invigorate) bring up through dh (compare
set in motion, invigorate etc.).
Certainly with dh Lat. arbor tree, wherefore kurd. ur- from *ard- tree in urzang dark
hue on the trees caused by wind and weather , eig. tree rot;
Alb. rit grow, from rd- or rdh-; (zero grade) < Rom. ridica pitch, raise, elevate, lift, perk
up, straighten, loop, kick up, pick up, hoist, take up, rise, arise, get up, mount, ascend,
balloon, shovel, pry, prong, stick up, cock, start, step up, advance, remove, arrest, suspend,
encash, enhance, aggrandize, resound, strike, construct, build, carry up, set up, erect,
found, create, put up, put, interpose, appear, pose, bring up, receive, convene, assemble,
muster, collect
Slav. *orsto, O.Bulg. rasto, Russ. rastu, Cz. rostu etc. grow (*ord-, ordh-t);
Toch. A orto upwards .
References: WP. I 148 f., II 289 f., WH. I 64 f.
Page 911
Page 912
smo- as *ret-smo-);
Maybe Remus , i, m., the brother of Romulus (*r-smo placed into sailing the basket?
The god Mars impregnates a Vestal Virgin. When she gives birth to twins, Romulus and
Remus, the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which
Romulus and Remus were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them and a
woodpecker named Picus feeds them until the shepherd Faustulus finds Romulus and
Remus and brings them into his home. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore
the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their maternal grandfather, and set out to found
their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother and become the first king
and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after Romulus.
Page 913
rerae set out, departed , Verbn. imram the rowing ), rume rudder ;
O.N. ra, O.E. rwan, M.H.G. ruejen oar, row; O.H.G. ruodar, O.E. ror n. rudder ,
O.N. rr (u-stem *rru-) the rowing ;
Lith. iriu, rti oar, row, rklas rudder , ablaut. O.Pruss. artwes f. pl. sailing .
References: WP. I 143 f., Trautmann 105.
Page(s): 338
Page 914
rost f. stage of a journey, O.H.G. rasta f. tranquility, rest, stage of a journey, stretch of
time, O.S. rasta and resta (*rastja) tranquility, lair , O.E. rst and rest tranquility, lair,
grave; changing through ablaut M.L.G. ruste, roste tranquility, stage of a journey,
LateM.H.G. rust tranquility ; Goth. razn n. house, O.N. rann ds., O.E. rn, ren n.
house (with strange meaning rsn n. plank, ceiling); Note: (similar meaning shift as in
md. humil sky, heaven; O.H.G. himil ceiling )
Maybe Alb. rras plank
Page 915
Page 916
From Root ergh- : to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful derived Root orghi-, rghi- : testicle
(hence a taboo word)
References: WP. I 147 f.
Page(s): 339
Page 917
Page 918
O.Ind. rji-py darting along epithet of the bird syen- (eagle, falcon), Av. rzi-fya- (cf.
Gk. H., ), Arm. arcui (< *arci-wi) eagle, prove that
from Root er-1, or- : eagle derived extended Root ar(e)-g- (arg-?), rgi- : glittering, white,
fast and its subsequent zero grade Root reg-1 : right, just, to make right; king.
Material: Arm. oror, urur seagull, consecration;
Gk. , -, Dor. - bird; rooster, cock, hen, bird;
O.Ir. irar, M.Ir. also ilar, Welsh eryr, M.Bret. erer (Bret. Corn. er through haplology, barely
= Lith. eras) eagle (*erur-);
Goth. ara, O.Ice. ari, orn (from *arnuz), O.E. earn, O.H.G. aro, aru eagle , M.H.G. adel-
Page 919
ra + -nta formant.
Arinna = Arinnitti = Greek Hera (wife of thunder god Zeus) The Hittite goddess of the sun
and war-like protectress. The sun goddess of the Hittites and the spouse of the weather
god Tarhun = Zeus.
From ARINNA derived the name of the Illyrian war god Ares.
Actually the double headed eagle was a winged dragon that was supposed to protect the
sun god. The protector of Zeus was also an eagle. Albanians still call themselves the
eagles. Hittites borrowed the double headed eagle from Sumerians.
The oldest cognate for was found in Hittite. The same cognate was found in Sum. urin,
uri[SES]: eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [SES ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25;
concatenates 2 sign variants], uu-r-in: eagle (Akkadian loanword, urinnu I; Orel & Stolbova
52 *ar-/*war- eagle; NOTE that AHw says that urinnu II, standard, totem, is a Sumerian
loanword), AKKADIAN: eru (aru) eagle.
References: WP. I 135, Trautmann 13, Pedersen Hitt. 41, Specht Decl. 47.
Page(s): 325-326
Page 920
ferb(b) ds., Ir. earb, fearb f. red deer, cow, schott.-Gael. earb f. roe deer; to Celt. *erbu :
compare Gk. : insect; after Kleinhans (Et. Celt. 1, 173) here M.Ir.
Page 921
er-3 : or- : rEnglish meaning: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born
Deutsche bersetzung: sich in Bewegung setzen, erregen (also seelisch, rgern, stir,
tease, irritate); in die Hhe bringen (Erhebung, hochwachsen), partly also von Bewegung
after abwrts
Note: originally athematic root with terminative aspect. Basic forms er-, ere-, er- (?), erei-,
Root ar-1*, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis ar-, r- and i-Basis (a)r -, ri- : to move, pass
and Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born
derived from the same root Root er-1, or- : eagle.
Material: Conclusions by Persson Beitr. 281 ff., 636 ff., 767 ff., 836 ff.
a. Basic forms er-, ere- (including paradigmatic with it combined i- and u-forms):
O.Ind. redupl. present y-ar-ti sets in motion , Med. rt (*i-er-); gthAv. rat he
should rise ; O.Ind. intensive present larti; from ereu- (see under S. 331) rnti rnvti
rises, moves, animates (Gk. urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir
oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep), urta (compare ), urata (compare ; themat.
as rant, ranta), perf. ura : -, Fut. arisyat, participle rt- (rna- moved, excited with
separation of from rta or or real form of a heavy base);
Av. ar- (be) set in motion, arrive at, reach, present-stem ar- : r-, iyar- : r- (as O.Ind.
Page 922
ham-arana- n. hostile encounter, fight, struggle , Av. hamara- m. (and with th- formants
hamra- m.) adversary, rival, enemy; O.Ind. rya- vigorous, strong, energetic (could
belong to i-basis), irin- vast, grand, violent, forcible , rtha- n. m. (*wherefore one arrives
at ) affair, thing, business; blessing, fortune, benefit, advantage, Av. ara- n. thing,
affair, incumbency, litigation ;
Maybe Gk. Homer *war (of Ilion?) : O.Ind. sam-ar- m., sam-rana- n. fight, struggle,
contention , Av. ham-arna-, O.Pers. ham-arana- n. hostile encounter, fight, struggle ,
Av. hamara- m. (and with th- formants hamra- m.) adversary, rival, enemy; Hence
Homer was not a bard. The Old Persian compound meant war (of Ilion).
O.Ind. rt-, rti- f. attack, fight, Av. -rti- energy (compare O.Bulg. rat);
O.Ind. urta- afflicted, injured, hurt, disabled, pressed, ailing , urti- f. mischief, affliction
(*u-rta-, -rti-);
O.Ind. rna- flowing, surging, flooding , m. surge, tide, flood , rnas- n. flowing flood
(formal = Gk. n.; compare S. 328 O.H.G. runs), arnav- billowing, surging ; m.
flood, surging sea (uo- further formations to rna-? or in older formant relationship to
rnti? The latter is sure for:) Av. arnu- m. fight, struggle, contest (: O.H.G. ernust S.
331);
from the themat. root form (e)re- O.Ind. rna- m. n. fight, struggle (versch. from rana- m.
lust) = Av. rna- n. action, struggle, fight; Av. runa-, rana- m. fighter, combatant ;
Arm. y-arnem I stand up, I am lifted ; after Pisani Armen. 4 in addition ore-ar people
(see under Lat. orior); with -dh- (compare S. 328 , , -): y-ordor fast
Page 923
Page 924
or-to-), etc. (Loth RC 40, 355); compare also Ifor Williams RC 43, 271 (about M.Ir. or f.
bank, border, shore s. Pedersen KG. I 206 f.);
Gmc. *ermana-, *irmino big, large (: , Church Slavic ramen, s. Bruckner KZ.
45, 107) in O.H.G. irmin-deot etc. (see above S. 58); O.Ice. ern (*arnia-) proficient,
energetic , Goth. arniba adv. certainly (but O.Ice. urna, -aa go, drive, run secondary
from rna = Goth. airinn), O.H.G. ernust fight, struggle, seriousness , O.E. eornost
seriousness, eagerness (: Av. arnu- fight, struggle); with similarl meaning Gk.
Hes., perhaps Run. erilar, O.Ice. jarl, O.E. eorl, O.S. erl noble man, husband (see
under er- eagle) ; O.Ice. iara fight (*era);
Note:
Run. erilar, O.Ice. jarl, O.E. eorl, O.S. erl noble man, husband : Lith. erelis, dial. arelis,
O.Pruss. arelie (lies arelis), Ltv. rglis (aus rdlis) eagle; Balt basic form *ereli-, derived
from Root er-1, or- : eagle. Hence the original meaning of those cognates was eagle
Page 925
urrannjan allow to rise , O.Ice. renna make run , O.S. rennian ds., O.H.G. M.H.G.
rennen, rante run (ein after rinnan with nn provided *ronei = Slav. roniti under S. 329);
zero grade Goth. runs m. (i-stem), O.E. ryne m. run, flow, river, O.Ice. run n. rivulet,
brook, Goth. garunj inundation, flood , O.H.G. runs, runsa run, flow of water, river,
runst f. the runnel, flowing, riverbed ; Goth. garuns (stem garunsi-) f. road, market (eig.
the place where the people gather ; Gmc. runs-: O.Ind. rnas-). In the use of shooting up,
growth the plants (compare , ) O.Ice. rinna sprout, grow, Nor. runne, rune
twig, branch and Swe. dial. rana shoot upwards, take off into the air , Nor. rane shaft,
pole , M.H.G. ran (u) slim, thin , O.H.G. rono tree stem, clot, chunk, chip, splinter;
exaltation, elevation generally in Nor. dial. rane cusp, peak, projecting rocks, ridge ,
O.Ice. rani snout, proboscis ;
O.Ir. rind (*rendi-) cusp, peak; for d(h)-extension see under;
This root form *re-n- (maybe grown from a present *re-neu-mi, *re-nu-o) one also seeks
in Alb. prrua riverbed, brook bed (pr-rn-, lengthened grade), prrua spring (*prr-rua
effluence ) and in O.Bulg. izroniti (Bal.-Slav. *ranei) pour out, pour forth, shed, spread
abroad , Russ. ront make or let fall , Serb. rniti shed tears, melt, urinate , Goth. -
Page 926
retovatsa be angry , retvyj keen, eager, stormy, hot tempered, violent, fiery (goes back
to thematic (e)re- or *er-ti-, has been supported by Russ. dial. jerettsa be angry, quarrel,
squabble); about Church Slavic ramen see above S. 58 under 328.
Maybe in *-ska formant Alb. rrah strike, rrihem quarrel, fight (*ra-sko) [common Alb. h <
sk phonetic mutation]
From Hitt. here (Pedersen Hitt. 5 f., 45, 91 f., 122) ar- in
1. a-ra-a-i (arui) uplifts, besides a-ra-iz-zi ds., preterit 3. pl. [a]-ra-a-ir;
2. a-ri comes (previous perf.), preterit a-ar-ta (arta) or ir-ta;
3. Med. present ar-ta-ri stands, it is placed upright (compare Gk. : Lat. orior), 3.
sg. Preterit a-ar-a (ars) went over, looked over;
4. iterative a-ar-a-ki-it (arskit) reached repeatedly (compare above O.Ind. rcchti);
5. causative (compare above S. 61) ar-nu-uz-zi (arnuzi) bring to, set in motion (r-nu-;
compare above O.Ind. rnti); Imper. 2. sg. ar-nu-ut (arnut) = Gk. -, Verbaln. a-ar-nu-
mar (arnumar);
to what extent Toch. A ar-, er- produce, cause, bring forth , with sk- Kaus. ars-, ersds., after Meillet (MSL. 19, 159) belong here, is doubtful; certainly remain far off AB ar-, urcease, with sk-Kaus. ars-, urs- abandon (inaccurate Van Windekens Lexique 6, 22).
b. extension er-ed- (d-present?): s. ered- deliquesce , O.Ind. rdati, rdti flows etc.,
also perturbed, agitated ; with Kaus. ardyati makes flow; throngs, presses, afflicts, slays
was equatable O.Ice. erta (*artjan) incite, provoke, banter, yet is connection with *ardiIndo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 927
ryat gert ins Flieen, lst sich auf , rna- in Flu geraten, flieend , rti - stream, run,
line; run of the things, kind, way (latter meaning also in M.Ir. ran way, manner), ritentrinnend, raya- m. current, stream, run, flow, haste, hurry, vehemency, rtas- n.
downpour, stream, seed, sperm , rnu- m. dust (: aRuss. ren sandbank); to u-suffix
compare under Lat. rvus;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. rri (*rni)stay, stand : Arm. y-arnem I stand up, I am lifted ; also
Alb.Gheg rana, Tosc rra (rhotacism n/r) sandbank, sand : aRuss. ren sandbank
Arm. ari get up, stand up! (Persson Beitr. 769) To y-arnem, S. 327;
Gk. Lesb. , (*:-) set in motion, excite, irritate to the rage ; , - fight,
strife, quarrel, contention (perhaps in i to our root form, whether not better after Schwyzer
Gl. 12, 17 to support, stem, bump, press, poke, push); ark. be angry
with from eig. the angry soul of the victim pursuing the murderer (??);
Alb.Gheg rt humid, wet, damp, eig. * flowing (*rint : O.Ind. rinuti, Slav. rinoti);
Lat. orior, orgo see above; rvus (*rei-uo-s) stream, brook; in O.Bulg. rvn rival
corresponding meaning change rvnus and rvulis rival in the love (latter form reshuffling
after aequalis, sdulis), actually one who lives near a brook ;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 928
rde f. stream, brook, watercourse, Ger. -reid(e) in place names; Dimin. (*ruln) N.Ger.
rille furrow after rainwater, gully; further O.E. u-rman raise, uplift, soar, rise, M.Eng.
rmen, Eng. roam wander , O.Ice. reimur wandering around , reimir snake, ar er
reimt there it is scary, haunts , reima annoy, disturb, infest (meaning as O.Bulg. rijati
bump, poke). About rinnan see above.
With Gmc. s-extension: Goth. urreisan rise;
Maybe Alb. urrenj hate, be stirred : Goth. urraisjan make rise, uplift, set up, awake,
animate not from lat horreo to stand on end, stand erect, bristle, be rough.
O.Ice. rsa, O.E. O.S. rsan rise, O.H.G. rsan, M.H.G. rsen ascend, fall; O.H.G. reisa
departure, migration, campaign, journey, Goth. urraisjan make rise, uplift, set up, awake,
animate, O.Ice. reisa ds., O.E. rran raise, uplift, uplift, set up, erect, O.H.G. rren
make fall, make pour down, pour ;
Maybe Alb. re cloud, rain, Alb.Gheg ra fall, reshje rainfall, downpour : diminutive
M.H.G. risel m. rain.
N.Ger. rren fall, M.H.G. riselen drip, rain, Ger. rieseln, M.H.G. risel m. rain, O.Ice.
Page 929
riskanije);
Lith. ru-tas morning (*sunrise, compare Goth. urreisan), Ltv. rietu, -ju, -t break
out, rise (e.g., from the day), burst forth , riete milk in the brisket (compare formal O.Ind.
rta-);
Slav. *raia- m. current (: above O.Ind. raya-h m. stream, run, flow) in O.Bulg. izroj
ejaculation of semen , sroj confluence, naroj rush, roj swarm of bees (*roio-s); in
addition reka (*roi-ku) river;
Maybe Alb. re cloud : Rom. roi swarm, hive, cluster, cloud; a loanword from Proto-Slavic
form: roj; See also: rejati; rek; rinoti; Russian: roj swarm [m jo]; Polish: rj swarm [m
jo], roju [Gens]; Serbo-Croatian: rj swarm [m jo]; Slovene: rj swarm [m jo]
Also Alb. rrke current from Proto-Slavic form: rek See also: rejati; rinoti; roj; O.C.S.:
reka river [f u]; Russian: rek river [f u]; Czech: reka river [f u]; Slovak: rieka river [f u];
Polish: rzeka river [f u]; Serbo-Croatian: rijka river [f u]; Slovene: reka river [f u]
Slav. *ri poke, push in O.C.S. rejo, rejati flow (nSlav.) and bump, poke, urge, press,
push (as budge); in addition the changing by ablaut O.C.S. vyrinoti ,
rinotise to fall with violence, rush down, fall down, tumble down, go to ruin ; aRuss. ren
sandbank;
maybe zero grade in Alb.Gheg ran (*arvan) sandbank, sand
Clr. rin sand, river detritus, pebbles (compare O.Ind. rnu-); in other meaning (see above
to Lat. rvnus) O.Bulg. rvn rival rvenije strife, quarrel, debate, contention , Cz.
Page 930
O.Ind. rvan-, rvant- : Messap. FlN Arv prove Illyr. displayed satem character; there is
proof Illyr. belonged to the Celtic family Gaul.-Brit. FlN *Arvu, Eng. Arrow, Fr. Erve, Auve
(*ruu); Messap. FlN Arv.
Gk. -, see above; previous causative overthrow me, outleap ,
jump up (probably as *[] zur s-extension, see under); compare
Schwyzer Gk. I 683;
Lat. ru, -ere run, hurry, storm along;
M.Ir. rathar (*reu-tro-) onrush, Welsh rhuthr ds., O.Ir. r(a)e hero, demigod (*reu-io); here Gaul.-Brit. FlN *Arvu, Eng. Arrow, Fr. Erve, Auve (*ruu); Messap. FlN Arv;
O.S. aru, O.E. earu swift, ready, quick , O.Ice. orr rash, hasty, generous, (*arwa- = Av.
aurva-; here as originally generous perhaps also Goth. arwj gratuitous, free , O.E.
earwunga, O.H.G. ar(a)wn free, for nothing, in deception, in error , arod forceful, agile;
O.H.G. ernust s. S. 328.
O.E. row agitated, stormy, wild, rough, Goth. unmana-riggws wild, cruel, savage.
extension reu-s-:
O.Ind. rsati, rusti is sullen, rusit-, rust- irritated ;
Page 931
rsch intoxication , O.Ice. rosi Sturmb , raust voice, O.S. ruska storm ahead, hurry;
[but Goth. raus n., with gramm. variation O.Ice. reyrr m., O.H.G. rr reed , rrea duct,
tube, pipe (*rauzin), with stem stress (as Goth.) Swe. rysja, O.H.G. rssa, rsa, riusa f.
baskey for catching fish, snare, trap, other formations with k-suffix O.E. rysc f., M.H.G.
ruch movement, ablaut. ch. rychu quick, fast , in addition causative Slav. *ruiti
overturn, upset in O.C.S. razdruiti destroy, Russ. ruit ds., etc.
Maybe Alb.Gheg zdroj, Tosc rrzonj tumble, fall : O.C.S. razdruiti destroy.
References: WP. I 136 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 516 b, 694, 702, 719, 740, 749, Trautmann 240
f., 242, 243, 246, WH. I 64 f., 416 f., 719, II 222 f.
Page(s): 326-332
Page 932
Root er-4 (er-t-, er-u-) [*her ghe ] earth derived from Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move *stir,
animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born
Material: Gk. earth, - to earth (perhaps therefrom , see under S. 336; with
common extension of probably , Hes.); , see above
S. 312; - Hes.;
Gmc. *er in Goth. ara, O.N. jor, O.H.G. (etc.) erda earth;
Maybe TN Illyr. Ardiaei (*er-ghe) [common Illyr.-Alb. -gh- > d- phonetic mutation]
Gmc. *er in O.H.G. ero earth;
uo-extension in O.N. jorvi (*erwan-) sand, sandbank, and Welsh erw f. field, pl. erwi,
erwydd, Corn. erw, ereu ds., O.Bret. M.Bret. eru, Bret. ero furrow (*erui-);
Note:
Those cognates derived from O.Ind. rvan-, rvant- : Messap. FlN Arv prove Illyr.
displayed satem character; there is proof Illyr. belonged to the Celtic family Gaul.-Brit. FlN
*Arvu, Eng. Arrow, Fr. Erve, Auve (*ruu); Messap. FlN Arv. [see above]
perhaps Arm. erkir earth (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), if for *erg- (IE *eru-) after erkin sky,
heaven.
References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gk. I 424.
Page(s): 332
Page 933
s), rather credible rte net, thread (compare under Lith. retis, Ltv. rta);
maybe Alb. (*rte) rrjet net
Lith. yru, rti separate, resolve, distinguish, pairas lax, loose ; retis m. phloem sieve
(with unoriginal second accent, as often in i-stems), Ltv. rta, rte scar, rni rudzi leaking
standing rye ; Lith. ertas wide, far, spacious (*standing apart ); from the light basis retas
thin, spacious, seldom (from the themat. root form *(e)r-e-, as also:) resvas seldom, thin,
paresvis sparse ;
O.C.S. oriti dissolve, overthrow, destroy (Kaus. *ori make break up), Ser.-Cr. obriti
prostrate, throw down, Cz. oboriti destroy, Russ. razort ds.
Maybe Alb. rrzonj bring down : Russ. razort
er-dh-:
Page 934
r-dh-:
O.C.S. redk seldom (probably shifted stress, compare Cz. ridku, Sloven. redk, in
spite of Serb.-kroat. rijedk, rdk);
about ered- see above S. 329 f., about ereu- under different article under S. 337.
To what extent those from Persson Beitr. 666, 773, 839 f. considered as extensions of
*er()- roots really derive r-d- scratch, rei-, reu- tear open, is doubtful; die by *er()- esp.
significant meaning of loose, leaking, standing apart allow to miss them completely or
recognize at least not as dominant meaning.
References: WP. I 142 f., Trautmann 12 f.
Page(s): 332-333
Page 935
ers- : orsos
English meaning: behind; tail
Deutsche bersetzung: Hinterer, Schwanz
Material: Arm. or buttocks (mostly pl. or-k, i-stem);
Gk. m. buttocks (in addition : f. tail from *orsiu) =
O.H.G. ars, O.E. ears m., O.Ice. ars, rass buttocks =
Hitt. a-ar-ra- (arras), dat. ar-ri-i-i (arrisi); whose -si enkLith. pronoun;
e-grade O.Ir. err (*ersu) f. tail, end (also of chariot), therefrom eirr chariot combatant
(*ers-et-s), gen. erred;
References: WP. I 138, Couvreur H 98, Pedersen KG. II 101.
See also: it is often placed elevation, protrusion, preceding body part to er-3 (above S.
326).
Page(s): 340
Page 936
Root es-en-, os-en-, -er- : harvest time, *autumn derived from a zero grade of Root ues-r :
spring. The -en-, -er- extensions of Root es-en-, are created from an attribute noun root
[common -ta > -nta, -na Illyr. attribute noun formation] (see Alb. numbers).
Note: in Gmc. also from the harvest- and generally Feldarbeit and dem earnings out of it
Material: With a relationship as between Lith. vasar and vsara summer : O.Bulg. vesna
spring , here (after Schulze Qunder ep. 475) Hom. etc. summer end, harvest time
(see S. 323) harvest , ep. autumnal (probably actually )
from - (: ) + *[] phase of conclusion * *, i. e. ; as
contraction from - confirms Alcman (Gk. poet) , s. Boisacq s. v.;
Maybe from truncated Lith. vasar and vsara summer derived Lat. ver veris n. spring;
primo vere, in the beginning of spring; ver sacrum, an offering of the firstlings. [Lat.
rhotacism s > r]
Lat. aestus, - utis warm season, summer : Alb. (*aestu-, *vesna, *visienta) vjeshta
autumn, harvest time (long summer): Go. asans harvest time, summer [common Alb.
prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta goddess of hearth and its sacred fire
was an Illyrian goddess, clearly there was a common origin of Illyr. Albanoi tribe and the
founders of Alba Longa (Rome), also Alb. vatra (*vas-tra) hearth with -tre suffix.
Note:
Clearly there was the shift from Root ues-r : spring: O.Ind. vasan-t- m. (*ues-en-to-)
spring , vasantu in the spring (widened from *vasan-); vasar-hn striking early ,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 937
vusara- matutinal to Root es-en-, os-en-, -er- : harvest time, *autumn: Alb. (*aestu-,
*vesna, *visienta) vjeshta autumn, harvest time (long summer).
The following cognates are exntensions in -en [common -ta > -nta, -na Illyr. attribute noun
formation] (see Alb. numbers):
Goth. asans (o-grade) f. harvest, summer, O.N. onn (*azn) harvest, hardship, O.H.G.
aren m., arn f., M.H.G. erne harvest (in addition O.H.G. arnn reap);
Goth. asneis, O.E. esne, O.H.G. asm Taglhner, derived from the equivalent from O.S.
asna earnings, tribute, tax (*Erntelohn), in addition O.H.G. arnn verdienen = O.E.
earnian ds.; compare Wissmann nom. postverb. 1454;
Serb.-Church Slavic jesen, Ser.-Cr. jesn; Russ. sen, wRuss. jsien; O.Pruss.
Clearly O.C.S.: jesen autumn [f i] derived from the drop of initial prothetic v- in Illyr. Alb.
(*aestu-, *vesna, *visienta) vjeshta autumn, harvest time (long summer).
doubtful, whether here M.Ir. orna (*esor-n-iu) barley;
References: WP. I 161 f., Trautmann 71, Feist 58 f.
Page(s): 343
Page 938
esu-s (: su-)
English meaning: good, *noble, master, owner, lord
Deutsche bersetzung: gut, tuchtig
Material: Gk. , proficient, good, Adverb (acc. n.), belongs to prefix Hitt. a-a-u-u (assus) good; to a- s. Pedersen Hitt. 167 under Anm.; perhaps as zero
grade in addition (Friedrich IF. 41, 370 f.) the prefix su-, see there;
moreover perhaps Lat. erus the master of a house, head of a family, mister, master,
owner, lord , fem. era, aLat. esa mistress, lady ;
however, Hitt. i-a-a-a (isas) master, mister is to be kept away, because this belongs
to Arm. isxan master, mister, isxal rule, reign (?), even it is not IE origin (Couvreur H 9);
Gaul. GN Esus (with -) remains far off, probably because of the names with Aes-, Ais- in
the earliest 1. ais- or 2. ais- (above S. 16), less probably 2. eis- (above S. 299); also the
O.Ir. PN Eogan (*ivogenos) and the Welsh PN Owein (older Ywein, Eugein, Ougen) = O.Ir.
PN Ugaine (*ouo-genios), compare in addition Bergin Eriu 12, 224 f.
References: WP. I 161, WH. I 419, 863. Ein etymol. Versuch by Kretschmer, object.
Konjugation 16 ff.
See also: es-.
Page(s): 342
Page 939
esEnglish meaning: to be
Deutsche bersetzung: sein
Note:
Root es- : to be derived from Root eg-, eg(h)om, eg : I [O.Ind. smi I am = ahm
(*eg(h)om) I]
Grammatical information: copula and verb substantive; built originally only a durative aspect
of present wird hence single-linguistic various supported by the root bheu- : bh- .
Material: 1. O.Ind. smi, si, sti, sms, sth, snti, Av. ahmi, 3. sg. asti, 3. pl. hanti,
O.Pers. amiy;
Note: O.Ind. smi I am = ahm (*eg(h)om) I;
estis, sunt (Inchoat. escunt); Osc. sum, est (st); Umbr. est;
Note: Lat. zero grade sum (*esom) I am : Lat. Lat. eg (*eg(h)om) I
O.Ir. (only as copula) am (*esmi), a-t, is, ammi (*esmesi), adi-b, it (*senti, O.Welsh hint);
Goth. im, is, is, 3. pl. sind (*senti); O.Ice. em, est (ert), es (er); O.E. eom (after bom),
northUmbr. am (*os-m), eart (ending of Prteritoprs.), is; 3. pl. northUmbr. aron (*os-nt),
etc.;
Page 940
est; Ltv. esmu (dial. esu), esi etc.; O.Pruss. asmai, assai (essei), est (ast);
O.C.S. jesm, jesi, jest (*esti), jesm, jeste, sot (= Lat. sunt); Dual jesve, jesta, jeste,
etc.;
Note:
Alb. jam (*jesem, aor. isha) : [truncated] Pol. jestem I am, Alb. je (*jesi, aor. ishe) :
[truncated] Pol. jestes you are (sing.); Alb. asht (*jesti, aor. ishte) he is : poln jest he is;
Alb. jemi (*jesemi) : [truncated] Pol. jestesmy we are, Alb. jeni (*jesenti) : [truncated] Pol.
jestescie you are, Alb. jan (*jasanta : hitt asan): Pol. sa (*santa) they are.
Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal -. Alb. proves that Root es- : to be derived
from Root eg-, eg(h)om, eg : I : Proto-Slavic form: (j)az, Lithuanian: , e (OLith.) I,
Latvian: es I, O.Pruss.: as, es I.
Toch. present 3. sg. ste, star- (with enclitic), 3. pl. skente, stare, skentar; Imperf. A 1.
sg. sem, 2. sg. set etc., sai(-), with optative formants IE -oi- (after Pedersen Tochar. 161
should also nes-, A nas- be contain the root es-, the preverb n- is identical with the post
position ne ??);
Hitt. e-e-mi (esmi), 3. sg. e-e-zi (eszi), 3. pl. a-a-an-zi (asanzi; whose as through vocal
harmony from *es-?).
2. significant congruities:
Imperf. O.Ind. usam, us, us, respectively perf. usa, usitha, usa, pl. usma, usta, usan,
Dual. ustam, ustum: Gk. Hom. 1. sg. , 2. Sg Hom. Att. , 3. sg. Dor. etc. , pl. Hom.
, , , 3. Dual Hom. ; with compare Hitt. e-e-ta (sta) was, were;
[Alb. isha], themat. 1. sg. 3. pl.Eol. (*e-s-om, respectively *e-s-ont): truncated 3. pl.
O.Ind. san, Av. hn (*sent or *sont).
Lat. erat (*es-u-t) = Welsh oedd was seem neologisms.
Page 941
Page 942
Page 943
Page 944
eti
English meaning: out; further, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: daruber hinaus, out of it ferner, and, also
Material: O.Ind. ti m. acc. about - out, against, prefix ti (Av. aiti-, O.Pers. atiy-) over-,
back- (contains also part IE ati-, see above S. 70 f.);
Phryg. in - curses (to O.Ir. tongid swears);
Gk. moreover, further, still ;
perhaps Messap. - and (Krahe KZ. 56, 135 f., compare WH. I 863); : Alb. edhe and.
Lat. et and also, pl. Umbr. et ds.; Lat. et-iam and, also, still;
Gaul. eti also, further, eti-c and also (*eti-ke); in O.Bret. et-binam gl. lanis, O.Welsh et-
Page 945
Page 946
uicc has carried , do-uicc has brought to *-onk-i-s-t (back to enek-, see above S. 317);
Goth. b-hts (*unkto-) habitual, customary ;
Lith. junkstu, junkti become habitual, customary , jaukus accustomed to people,
tamed, domesticated, jauknti accustom, tame, junktas accustomed ; Ltv. jukt
become accustomed, habitual, customary , jaukt, jauct accustom ; O.Pruss. jaukint
train, practice ; Lith. kis farmstead (actually dwelling, compare O.Ind. kas ds.); to jsee under eu-3;
O.C.S. uiti instruct, teach, uk doctrine, vyknoti be accustomed ;
References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 335, Kuiper Nasalprs. 187 with Anm.
Page(s): 347
Page 947
Material: O.Ind. na-, Av. na- insufficient, inadequate, lack, be short of, Av. uyamna ds.
(participle present Med. to present u-ya-); Pers. vang empty, bare, lacking, poor, needy,
pumir vanao Leerheit, vanity, pride ;
Arm. unain empty, bare, lacking (IE );
Gk. , - stolen; looted, lack, be short of; about Gk. , (F), that could
also belong here, see above S. 73;
perhaps here Lat. vunus bare, lacking, containing nothing, empty, void, vacant ; very
dubious (because the k-extension is attested only in Ital.) vac, -ure be empty, be void, be
vacant, be without, not to contain (besides voc, -ure EM2 1069); Umbr. vacetum,
uasetom make faulty, injure, spoil, mar, taint, corrupt, infect, vitiate, defile , antervakaze,
anderuacose a breaking off, intermission, interruption, discontinuance , uas a fault,
defect, blemish, imperfection, vice ;
Goth. wans lacking, missing, wanting (*u-ono-s or *u-no-s), O.Ice. van-r, O.Fris. O.E.
O.S. O.H.G. wan ds.;
after Muhlenbach-Endzelin IV 462 here Lith. vas-kariai unincubated eggs , Ltv. vns-
Page 948
Page 949
eu-2
English meaning: to put on
Deutsche bersetzung: anziehen
Material: Av. aora- (: Lat. sub-cula) n. footwear ;
Arm. aganim draw something to me (IE *u-mi); aut-oc bedspread ;
Lat. ex-u to draw out, take off, pull off, put off , ind-u to put on, assume, dress in
(at first from -ov, IE probably *eu), ind-uviae clothes, garments , ind-uvium bark, outer
covering of a tree , exuviae that which is stripped off, clothing, equipments, arms ,
obutyj shoed (: Lith. apautas ds.), in addition O.C.S. onuta ham, smoked meat from
the hindquarter of a hog , Russ. onua foot bandages , etc.
Maybe Alb. (*k-put) kpuc shoe
from here (Pedersen Mursilis 72 ff.) Hitt. unuuu(i)- adorn?
Page 950
Page 951
j-suggestion s. Endzelin Ltv. Gk. p. 30c, different (as reduplication?) Specht KZ. 68, 551.
References: WP. I 216, Trautmann 72, Kuiper Nasalprs. 54.
Page(s): 346
Page 952
eu-4
English meaning: exclamation of joy
Deutsche bersetzung: Freudenruf
Note: (only Gk. Lat.)
Page 953
embers), M.H.G. eimer(e) f., Ger. dial. ammer glowing ash; Nor. dial. orna become warm
(*uznn); perhaps as burning, stormy, hot tempered = keen, eager here O.H.G. ustar
greedy, gluttonous, ustr industria, ustinn fungi;
Lith. usns scratch thistle (a kind of thistle) or alder buckthorn .
In the one *eus- under **eues- to be combined with *ues- burn one attributes to Lat.
(Osc.) Vesuvius, the but also as the bright, the radiant, the glowing can be placed to
Page 954
rutar-vanti- EN;
Arm. gog say!, gogces you can say ;
Lat. vove, -re, vv, vtum (this at first from *vove-vai, -tum) to vow, promise
solemnly, engage religiously, pledge, devote, dedicate, consecrate , Umbr. vufetes (= Lat.
vts) a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow, to dedicate, devote,
offer as sacred, consecrate , vufru of a vow, promised by a vow, given under a vow,
votive , Vufiune, Uofione a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow
.
eugh-: Av. aog- (aojaite, aoxta, aogdu) announce, declare, say, speak, esp. in
ceremonious way , wherefore O.Ind. hat praises, vaunts, boasts ;
and presumably Arm. uzem I wish, like , y-uzem I search, seek;
Gk. I promised, prayed, wished, praised , athemat. Impf. (= gath.-Av.
aogdu, j.-Av. aoxta spoke, talked, conversed ) to a present *eugh-tai (Schwyzer Gk. I
679); n, thing prayed for, object of prayer, boast, vaunt, vow, votive offering ,
profession, declaration, prayer, request, imploration; in addition perhaps also
boast, brag, vaunt, boast, abstracted from - the empty boasting (*-,
Bechtel Lexilogus 192).
References: WP. I 110.
Page(s): 348
Page 955
Page 956
1,
English meaning: a kind of adverbial/ nominal particle
Deutsche bersetzung: adnominale and adverbale Partikel, etwa nahe bei, zusammen
with
Note: out of Aryan and partially also already in this in the meaning coloring, in Gmc. as
sense under, after, behind, back, again, away extended cognitional with Pron.-stem e-,
o-, either as its originator or, what is obvious esp. for the long vowels , , therefrom as an
Instrumental formatIon.
Material: O.Ind. u, Av. O.Pers. u in, to there , e.g. u-gam- near to, draw near, get near,
come close , as postposition with acc. to - toward , with loc. on, in, to - toward , with abl.
from - away ; with O.Ind. u-du receive (in) , u-da- receiving; getting in possession
compare O.Ind. duyuda- m. hereditary receiver (duya- inheritance), Gk. wer
ledig gewordenen Besitz ( ) zu eigener Nutzung oder zur Verwaltung bekommen
hat (*--, compare O.Ind. participle u-t-ta-h receive ), Lat. hrs an heir, heiress
(*hro- = - + -d- receiving ). In adj. compounds has ar. u the concept of the
convergence, e.g. O.Ind. u-nla- blackish, darkish (also probably Gk. - pale, wan,
yellowish, probably also - besides little, small , and Slav. ja- see under).
About Av. a- insecure affiliation in the nominal setting s. Reichelt Av. Elementarbuch 270;
Arm. in y-o-gn much, a lot of from preposition i + *o-ghon- or *o-ghno- (to O.Ind. u-
Page 957
: in O.H.G. umaht eclipse (of a hevenly body); want, defect; flowing/dropping down,
faint, swoon, temporary loss of consciousness , uteilo free from; without; lacking
experience; immune from , O.E. in wde nude , O.H.G. umud : uomud after reaping,
harvesting , uwahst : uowahst growth, development, increase; germ (of idea); offshoot;
advancement (rank) , occiput, back part of the head or skull , O.E. gengel the
(retreating) Querriegel , leccan flatter, compliment, chatter, wheedle from *-lukjan;
suffixed in acc. sg. the pron. Decl., e.g. Goth. an-h, arjat-h, ana etc.
In Slav. * or *, colorless in some compounds, as skR.C.S. ja-skud besides Church
Slavic skod ugly (see Berneker 441); e following the loc. and with this deformed in type
O.Bulg. kamen-e and Lith. rakoj-e in the hand.
References: WP. I 95 f., WH. 388, 642, Specht KZ. 62, 56, Hirt Indog. Gk. IV 54, Schwyzer
Gk. I 434, 6483, 7221.
Page(s): 280-281
Page 958
2,
English meaning: interjection (vocative)
Deutsche bersetzung: Ausrufpartikel, daher also Vokativpartikel
Material: O.Ind. u emphasizing behind adverbs and nouns: oh!;
Gk. hey, hallo!, you there!, also emphasizing and questioning really!? ,
Lesb. etc., also in-, -, (F) or, -; probably also lak. tar. -,
whereupon Hom. etc.;
Lat. eh ei, hey, hallo!, you there!, -castor by Castor , edepl by Pollux , d (*
deive), etc.;
O.H.G. ihh-u I (just), N.Ger. ik, Run. hait-ik-a, probably also O.H.G. nein-u no, nay
under likewise;
Lith. e, e, Ltv. e, , exclamation particles;
about Slav. e- in exclamation see under S. 283;
References: WP. I 99, WH. I 1, 389, 396, Schwyzer Gk. I 606.
See also: s. further under ehem.
Page(s): 281
Page 959
Page 960
Page 961
ivan- vermgend, ti- blessing, fortune, grace, wealth (Gmc. aihti-), uu- fortune,
property.
hereupon Goth. *aigan (aih, aigum, secondary preterit aihta) have, own, possess , O.N.
eiga (u, eigom, utta), O.E. ugan, O.Fris. uga, aschs. gan, O.H.G. igan ds.; participle
*aigana-, aigina- in the meaning own, personal, private and substantiv. n. property :
O.N. eiginn particular, characteristic, singular , O.E. ugen (Eng.own), O.Fris. gin, in,
aschs. gan, O.H.G. eigan etc. ds., Goth. aigin n. property, O.N. eigin, O.E. gen etc.
ds. hereof has derived *aigann: O.N. eigna, -aa assign, allot ; O.E. ugnian make have,
possess, own, further O.H.G. eiginn make have, possess, own, appropriate, allot etc.
ti-Abstr. Gmc. *aihti : Goth. aihts property, O.N. tt, att in the abstract meaning
gender, sex, quality of being male or female ; also firmament, heavens, skies ; O.E.
ht, O.H.G. ht possession, rightful possession, property. compare further O.N. eign f.
property of reason and ground (*aig-ni-);
Proto-Gmc. *aihtr holder, owner, occupier, possessor is to acquire to be acquired by
lapp. uitar ds. (: O.Ind. sitar- ds.);
after Pedersen Groupement 30 f. here Toch. aik-, ais- know, have knowledge of .
References: WP. I 105, Feist 20.
Page(s): 298-299
Page 962
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Page 964
l
English meaning: bodkin
Deutsche bersetzung: Ahle
Material: O.Ind. uru pricker, awl, O.H.G. ula f., M.H.G. ule ds. (Gmc. *l) O.E. l; ablaut.
altN.. alr m. pricker, awl, gimlet, > nEng. awl besides O.H.G. alansa, alunsa pricker,
awl.
From Goth. *la derives O.Pruss. ylo, from which Lith. ula awl, gimlet , Ltv. ilens ds.
References: WP. I 156, Vasmer by Senn Gmc. Lw.-Stud. 47.
Page(s): 310
Page 965
Page 966
neu, nu
English meaning: without
Deutsche bersetzung: ohne
Material: Gk. (Lokat.?) , () without; Dor. , el. , meg. (shaped
after );
from *eneu-, Goth. inu without;
with lengthened grade: O.Ind. unu-sk, Av. unu-ak one after the other, in succession
(to O.Ind. anu-sac- follow, go after, ensue, follow as a consequence of, happen as a result
of, result from, result, arise from , root sek-); altN.. un, n, O.Fris. ni, O.S. uno, O.H.G.
unu, uno, una, M.H.G. une, un, Ger. ohne from *nunder
Not entirely certain that only from Gramm. is covered O.Ind. an not (= Gk. ), also
Osset. n without; relationship with Lat. sine etc. (Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 30, Nr. 89, 81)
might exist, yet under no circumstances certain.
References: WP. I 127 f., Feist 295, WH. I 677.
Page(s): 318
Page 967
n
English meaning: look here!
Deutsche bersetzung: siehe da!
Material: Gk. , , Lat. n look here!
References: WP. I 127, WH. I 403 f.
Page(s): 314
Page 968
The original root was Root ap-1 (exact p-) : p- : to take, grab, reach, *give > Root pi- :
comrade > Root ai-3 : to give.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na ep) give us (*take) : Hitt. e-ip-mi (pmi)
take, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : Gk. give a hand. [see above]
Material: O.Ind. upi - friend, ally , upyam friendship, companionship;
Gk. friendly, mild; helping.
Perhaps to *epi near, to there, , so that *pi-s (and *pi-os) would have meant the
helpful companions close to a rest station , from which also trust, rely on, have
confidence in .
To from Gk. still originally (?) heal (compare )
and out of it join two sides of a wound or incision using stitches or the like, patch, piece
up?
References: WP. I 121 f.
Page(s): 325
Page 969
saltus, gallorom. eburos yew (in many PN and PN), O.Ir. ibar m. yew, also as PN, Welsh
efwr acanthocephala, class of parasitic worms which have rows of thorn-like hooks ,
M.H.G. eberboum, Ger. Eber-esche;
O.Ice. iarpr brown, O.H.G. erpf dark, swarthy, dusky; husky; hoarse (often in FlN),
O.E. eorp swart, black, dark ; therefrom O.Ice. iarpi hazel grouse and N.Ger. erpel
drake, male duck (in contrast to brighter females); with full grade the 2. syllable O.H.G.
repa-, reba-huon, Swe. rapp-hna partridge, game bird < M.L.G. raphn;
Ltv. irbe in mea irbe hazel grouse , lauka-irbe partridge, game bird (see above
Muhlenbach-Endzelin, Ltv.-D. Wb. I 708 f.; barely Slav. loanword as Lith. erb erube,
Page 970
Page 971
Page 972
Page 973
innuthrian disembowel, remove the entrails from, besides an older composition with in in
and stress shift * in O.H.G. (with suffix exchange) inuodili intestine, entrails ;
the fact that also O.Ir. inathar intestine, entrails are deducible from *en-tro-, is but
barely doubtful; it would have received *enathar (from *en-tro-) through influence of the
preposition in- being i ; about O.Welsh permed-interedou gl. that part of the abdomen
which extends from the loWest ribs to the pubes, the groin, flank, M.Corn. en-eder-en the
chief internal organs of the body, significant organs s. Loth RC 42, 369; M.Corn. -edercould go back to *-tro-, against which O.Welsh word could belong to preposition *enter.
from here Av. xvura- moments of joy, cheerfulness, contentment as *su-utra-?
References: WP. I 117, Schwyzer Gk. I 519, Meillet Et. 167 f., Specht Decl. 81.
Page(s): 344
Page 974
Material: old N.. r f. (gen. ar), arfugl, out of it Eng. Dutch Ger. eider, Nor. rfugl
(and fugl); Swe. da, dial. d eider duck. Perhaps with O.Ind. uti -, ut a water-bird in
connection to present. However, see under ant- duck (see 41 f.).
References: WP. I 118, Kluge14 s. v. Eider.
Page(s): 345
Page 975
Page 976
utr(i) adv. ds. and quick, fast could be borrowed from Ltv..
The supposed ablaut : u nevertheless, is doubtful lengthened grade; also the vocalism
of Toch. A atr, etr hero, whether correct, is unclear; compare Van Windekens Lexique
23; Balt forms could moreover belong to ut(e)r- fire (above S. 69).
References: WP. I 118, Trautmann 203, Muhlenbach-Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 245.
Page(s): 345
Page 977
Wrong etymology as Slav. like Illyr. -Balt use prothetic v- before bare initial vowels. besides
-m- < -mb-, -b- common Alb. phonetic mutation, hence, a reduced Lat. uber udder > Slav.
vyme
probably as the swelling, the swollen, compare Russ. udit or udet to bloat, bulge,
swell, also perhaps the volsk. FlN Oufens, Ufens.
References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 334, Schwyzer Gk. I 518.
Page(s): 347
Page 978
Material: Ice. kaka cake, Nor. and Swe. kaka small, round and flaches bread, Dan. kage
cake (Gmc. *kakan-), wherefore the diminutive O.E. cicel, cycel small cake (Eng. cake
is N.. loanword) and changing through ablaut Nor. kk clump, Swe. koka clod, clod of
earth, M.L.G. kke, O.H.G. kuocho (Gmc. *kkan-) round bread, cake, in addition the
diminutives O.E. ccil, ccil and O.H.G. kuocheli(n) small cake;
Maybe Alb. kok round object, head
Lith. guoge cabbage head, head, thick skull , guogngas mit Kopf versehen , guogiti
Kpfe ansetzen (vom Kohl) .
From Gmc. *kakan- derive finn. kakko, lapp. gakko cake, finn. kakkara clod of earth,
lump of earth, bread;
about prov. katal. coca cake (N.Ger. Lw.) s. Meyer-Lubke3 4734.
References: WP. I 530 f., Kluge11 333.
Page(s): 349
Page 979
gal-1
English meaning: bald; naked, *callow (without feathers)
Deutsche bersetzung: kahl, nackt
Note:
Root gal-1 : bald; naked derived from Root koi-lo- : naked; miserable.
Material: O.H.G. kalo (*kalua-), inflectional kalwr, M.H.G. kal naked, bald, bleak, O.E.
calu, Eng. callow naked, bald, bleak, callow; O.H.G. calua baldness, a bald spot ;
Ltv. gla, gle f. (lengthened grade) thin ice cover, glazed frost, ice , guls ice-smooth
;
akl. gol naked, Sloven. g, Russ. gyi bald, bleak, naked, Cz. holu ds., holek
beardless fellow , holka girl, etc.; in addition Church Slavic golot f. ice, Cz. holot, Russ.
x head from *ghlu-ko- (Meillet Esquisse 36); then however, Gmc. words must be
observed as Lat. Lw. (from calvus).
References: WP. I 537 f., WH. I 143 f., Trautmann 77; different Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 596
f., Specht Decl. 85, 132.
Page(s): 349-350
Page 980
Page 981
gal-2
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche bersetzung: rufen, schreien
Material: 1. Welsh galw call, shout, cry, subpoena, send an invitation to court, summon,
M.Bret. galu call, appeal; claim, summons; plea (*gal-uo-), M.Ir. gall fame, glory, honor
(*gal-no-s; covered only doubtfully), probably also gall swan;
O.C.S. glagolja, glagolati (*gal-gal-) speak, glagol word, Russ. gologlit chatter,
joke, jest, tell a funny tale ; perhaps O.Ind. gargara-h a certain music instrument (=
O.C.S. glagol, if with r from IE l, Meillet Et . 229; or to *ger- or *ger-, what in alignment
these onomatopoeic words are not closed, compare from still from one more such O.Ind.
kalln speak, babble, chatter a lot and loudly , with -ll- from -lz-, next to which -ls- in O.N.
kalls n. provocation, incitation, irritation.
from Lat. gallus rooster, cock (only afterwards supported in the Gauls name)
vorderO.S. Lw., also as Gk. a cocks comb ?
Maybe Alb. gjel rooster, cock
In addition perhaps as extensions, but rather independent onomatopoeic words:
3. glag-:
Gk. lets a song resound (*);
O.N. klaka chirp, twitter, O.E. clacu f. insult, further plural with function in resounding,
roaring, banging blow M.H.G. klac applause, clapping of the hands, slam, bang, strike,
Page 982
klecksen, Klecks = N.Ger. klakks), O.N. klakkr blot, splash, splotch, stain, clump, cloudlet,
cloudling, small cloud ;
4. gal-gh-, g(a)lagh- lament, wail, scold, chide:
O.Ind. garhati, -te, ved. 3. pl. grhat complains, reproves, rebukes , garhu reprimand,
grhu- beggar, mendicant , Av. grzaiti complains, cries, wails , Osset. rzun groan,
moan, Av. grza, Pers. gila lament;
O.H.G. klaga lament, klagn wail ;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*klagn) klanj, Tosc qanj wail
M.Ir. glum clamor, curse, swear word, evil proclamation (*glagh-smu);
5. nasalized glengh- : O.H.G. klingan ring, sound, clink (without close connection to Lat.
clangor, Gk. sound), next to which with Gmc. thin, fine; delicate; weak, feeble
O.H.G. klinkan ds., Eng. clink, Swe. klinka clink .
In Gmc. furthermore *kalt-, *klat-, *klap-, e.g. M.H.G. kalzen, kelzen babble, chatter;
O.Fris. kaltia speak; O.E. clatrian clatter, rattle, clash, Ger. Klatz smirch, stain, splotch,
smear , bekletzen; O.N. klapp n. sound of a kiss; sound of a lash; gossip, rumors, blow,
knock, O.H.G. klapf m. gossip, slam, bang, strike, blow, knock, shove .
References: WP. I 538 f., WH. I 580 f., Trautmann 77.
See also: compare the similar to onomatopoeic words ghel-, kel-.
Page(s): 350-351
Page 983
The name VN Galli, Gk. , Keltoi seem synonymous as Keltoi is an attribute noun
modelled after Illyr. adj. (see Alb. numbers).
Galatea
[Greek] One of the Nereids, and the beloved of Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. She was also
loved by Polyphemus, who killed Acis with a boulder in jealousy. From his blood, Galatea
created the river Acis on Sicily.
Goliath
giant Philistine warrior killed by a stone from Davids sling (Biblical); giant.
Lith. galiu, galeti to be able, gali, glios fortune, ability, capacity, power, ne-gle f.
indisposition, minor illness ;
with unclear formation R.C.S. golem big, large, high, Bulg. golem big, large, high,
wide, Ser.-Cr. golijemno big, large, O.Cz. holemu big, large, Ser.-Cr. glem big, large,
Russ. dial. goljamyj high, mager and adv. galjamo much, a lot of, very (further by
Berneker 320 and Trautmann 77).
References: WP. I 539 f., Trautmann 77.
Page(s): 351
Page 984
Page 985
Material: M.Ir. gann (*gandhn- or *gandh-) vessel (very doubtful covered: Stokes BB. 19,
82);
Ice. kani vessel with a handle, bowl (poet.), Nor. dial. kane a bowl with a handle ,
Swe. dial. kana sled , Dan. kane sled (older Dan. also boat), M.L.G. kane boat
(from which O.S. kani boat), Dutch kaan small boat, barge (from dem N.Ger. derives also
Ger. Kahn, s. Kluge EWb. s. v., v. Bahder, Wortwahl 30); with it changing through ablaut
O.Ice. kna kind of boat; in addition further(< *gandhnu) O.N. kanna, aschw. kanna, Dan.
kande, O.E. canne, and. kanna, O.H.G. channa carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ,
from which is borrowed late Lat. canna; from frnk. kanna also prov. cana measure of
capacity , afr. channe carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase , s. Meyer-Lubke 1596,
Gamillscheg EWb. d. Franz. 168; besides O.H.G. chanta, canneta, frnk. cannada carafe,
glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase (< gandhu).
Maybe Alb. kan carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase.
References: WP. I 535, WH. I 154.
Page(s): 351
Page 986
Root gang- : to mock derived from the onomatopoeic duplication of Root gha gha, ghe
Page 987
Page 988
Page 989
Page 990
Material: Arm. kitak prick, sting, point , kitvac embroidery , kcem itch, tickle (*gidi),
kcanem (Aor. kic) sting, bite ; O.Ice. kitla, O.E. citelian (through metathesis Eng. tickle),
O.S. kitiln, M.L.G. ketelen, O.H.G. kizziln tickle , kuzziln (with expressive variation i :
u).
Maybe Alb. gicilonj, gudulis tickle .
References: WP. I 552 f.
Page(s): 356
Page 991
Page 992
Material: O.Ind. jihm-h crooked, cunning, deceitful, slant, skew, slantwise, crosswise
recumbent, stoopedly, squinting ; different above S. 222;
O.Ice. keikr with crooked back, with high head and shoulders, Nor. keik ds., keik m.
bend, turning, crookedness, dislocation, luxation , O.Ice. keikia bend the upper part of the
body backward , O.Ice. kikna bend backward , Dan. kei, keitet left hand .
geibh- :
Lat. gibber crook-backed, hunch-backed, hump-backed, protuberant . gibber, -is m.
hump, hunchback, hunch , gibbus a hunch, hump (with expressive Gemination from
*gbus);
Nor. dial. keiv slant, skew, twiddled, twisted, upside down, reversed , keiva left hand,
geim- :
Nor. dial. keima bend askew, hold the head askew, swing, bin und her schweben , kima
turn, sway (with joy) .
Page 993
geis- :
O.Ice. keisa bend, crook, PN Ksi, Ice. keis round belly, Nor. dial. keis movement,
curvature , ks hump, hunchback , Swe. kesa flee in wild escape , Swe. Nor. dial. ksa
squint, leer, cross ones eyes, blink. In addition further with gramm. variation O.Fris. kra,
O.S. krian, kierian, O.H.G. kran turn, twist (wherefore the retrograde formation kr and
kra turn, circular movement, spin ), M.H.G. kren, Ger. kehren, Swiss chren nach einer
Seite neigen . (Different about kran Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 296, it with Arm. cir circle
combined, wherefore Petersson PBrB. 44, 178 still placed Osset. zlin, zelun slue, turn,
turn around reverse .)
Here also with Petersson LUA
*gisuo??), and Russ. dial. i chat, zchatsja bend, give way, yield to, sway , ichljat
make something stagger ?
References: WP. I 545 f., Persson Beitr. 83 ff., WH. I 597.
Page(s): 354-355
Page 994
*gelebh-, gelobh- compatible *gelbh-, *golbh- in O.C.S. leb, Russ. olob etc. crib,
manger, gully, Russ. elobi t, Sloven. lebiti groove, make furrows or channels ,
and gallorom. gulbia f. chisel , O.Ir. gulban (*gulbno-) sting, prick, bill, beak, O.Bret.
golbina having a beak, hooked, with a crooked point, beaked, with a curved front ,
O.Welsh gilb punch, piercer , gilbin a point , Welsh gylf, -in, -ant bill, beak, O.Corn.
Page 995
gel()-3
English meaning: cold
Deutsche bersetzung: kalt, frieren
Material: Lat. gel (also gelus, -s and gelum, -) coldness, frost, gelidus cold, gel, -ure
congeal, freeze ; Osc. (Steph. Byz.);
Gk. Hes. is perhaps incorrect according to (WH. I 867); gallorom.
*gelandron frost (Hubschmied VRom. 3, 130) is better with Bertoldi (ZrPh. 56, 187) and
Wartburg (see v. *gelandron) through influence of Lat. gel on gallorom. *calandron ds. to
explain (with mediterr. ending), to O.Ir. caile (white) spot ; again different Specht Decl.
130; about gallorom.*gelabria frost s. Wartburg s. v. *calabra and gelabria; Hubschmid
Praeromanica 18 ff.
about Lat. glacies see under;
O.N. kala, kl be cold, freeze (uPers. m. acc. mik kelr), O.E. calan ds. (hine orhim
Page 996
kalwe shudder, shiver , probably originally shiver before showers as before cold ; after
Machek (Slavia 16, 195) perhaps here with expressive ch- O.C.S. chlad coolness,
coldness (*gol-do-).
References: WP. I 622, WH. I 585 f., 603, 867 f.
Page(s): 366
Page 997
gel-1
English meaning: to curl; round, *gland, growth, ball, fathom, arm
Deutsche bersetzung: ballen, sich ballen; Gerundetes, Kugeliges etc
Material: evidence for the unadjusted root form are seldom and partly very doubtful:
O.Ind. gula-h, gul (Lex.), guliku ball, sphere, pearl , gulma- m., n. swelling, lump,
tumor, growth, bush (to -ul- before Kons. s. Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 30); with n-suffix
O.Ind. guniku (Lex.) swelling, lump, growth;
Gk. redupl. n. swelling, lump, growth, tumor, pearl ;
Lat. galla f. a gall-apple, gall-nut, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the
gall wasp as spherical outgrowth from *gel-nu or *gol-nu; out of it borrowed O.E. gealla,
gealloc, Ger. nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the gall wasp ;
Alb. gogl ball, sphere; nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the
gall wasp (*gel-gal-nu);
older Du. kal core in apples and pears ; Swe. dial. kalm cairn, pile of stones set up as
a memorial or mark of some kind ;
O.C.S. ly (ely) ulcer, Bulg. elka gland, swelling, lump, growth, Russ. olv, olvuj,
elvak swelling, blister, Cz. luna, luva swelling, lump, growth, Clr. ola groundnut,
peanut, goober ; Pol. glen, glon clump, piece of bread.
A. guttural extensions:
gel-g-:
Gk. f., gen. (also and -) head of garlic, pl. the
cloves of garlic (if not because of , - clove of garlic, head of garlic made up of
separate cloves = *-- from nodule parts, cloves clustered together from redupl .
*-- dissimilated; yet compare also:) O.Ind. grja-h, grjana-h kind of garlic ,
Page 998
glek- in O.N. kleggi (*klagjan-) haycock, haystack , nasalized Ger. dial. (siebenbg.)
heu-kling, klng haycock, haystack , klang, klinge gravelly shallow place in the river,
sandbank; O.E. clingan contract, shrink , Eng. cling cling, stick; adhere , O.N.
klengiask auf jemand eindringen (*cling ), M.H.G. klingen climb, ascend, go up, mount
(with consonant-sharpening Ger. dial. klinken cling ), O.H.G. klinga, Ger. Klinge narrow
gorge, ravine, gulch, gully, canyon , wherefore with gramm. variation (also IE *gle-n-k-)
Eng. clough (= O.E. *clh from *klanh-) steep gully, canyon, gorge , O.H.G. Cluh-uelde;
O.H.G. klunga ball (of thread, yarn), tangle, knot , Dimin. klungiln, Ger. Klungel ds., Swe.
klunga congested heap, mass , klnga climb, ascend , O.N. klungr (*klung-ra-, -ru-)
thornbush, rosehip, dog rose ;
with Gmc. -k- (partly IE g, partly Gmc. consonant-sharpening) O.N. klaki frozen earths
crust , klakkr lumps, wool lumps, blot, cloudlet, small cloud , M.H.G. klak spot, blot ;
O.E. clyccan pack, grapple, grasp (Eng. clutch), to O.Fris. kletsie spit, pike, Swe. klyka
(*klykja) agrafe, hook, clasp, fork ;
in addition (?) that in Proto-Celt. kk weisende M.Ir. glacc, Ir. glac hand, glacaim seize;
grasp;
nasalized Nor. dial. klank and klunk clump, M.H.G. klungeler f. tassel (*mass of
tangled hair) , glunkern dangle, Ger. Klunker excrement lumps, mucus lumps, slime of
Page 999
clinch (the fist) clench; enclose; clasp together; hold tightly , M.H.G. klank loop, noose,
sling; trick, intrigue, conspiracy .
In IE gleg- indicate though probably Russ. Church Slavic glez-n, -na, -no ankle, Pol.
glozna ds. and lengthened grade Russ. glazok pellet, globule, glaz eye, Pol. gaz
stone, cliff; little stones , gaznu smooth, skilled, adroit, clever (compare Berneker 301 m.
Lith., Persson Beitr. 792);
Note: Russ. glazok pellet, globule, glaz eye are compounds of extended Root gel-1 :
glic proves Proto-Celt. kk) wise, judicious; discreet; originally as a ball so smooth and so
movable??
B. Dental extensions:
Page 1000
*gle-t- perhaps in Church Slavic glota commotion, uproar, turmoil, tumult, disturbance;
crowd, mob, multitude , Serb. glota family (wife and children); poor people; weed, wild
plant; impurity, dirt ?
Because of the uncertainty of the consecutive O.Ind. example, certain recorded word
groups only in Gmc. (IE *gel-d-, *gle-d-?) are of dubious IE origin:
with the meaning of animal young O.Ind. gadi-h, gali-h young bull (?);
in addition zero grade O.E. colt the young of animals , Eng. colt young male horse,
(abundance, fullness) ?;
O.Ice. kialta, kilting puff, bulge, puffed crease of clothing, Nor. dial. kult wood stump,
mountain top, ungainly thick figure (Swe. also half-grown piglet , compare above O.E.
colt);
nasalized (*glend-) O.S. klinter mountain top, mountain summit , O.Ice. klettr rock,
cliff , M.L.G. nnd. klint rock, cliff , N.Ger. klunt, klunte clump, heap; thick Weib = Ger.
dial. klunze, N.Ger. klunter clots of ordure or crap, muck (besides with Gmc. d N.Ger.
kluteren, klatteren ds., nnd. kluter m. sticking dirt; with M.Du. Du. cloet, kloet stick;
round grasp, sword handle (LateO.N. klot sword handle is Lw. from M.L.G. klt = Ger.
Page 1001
calfur n., O.N. kalfr calf, Goth. kalb f. heifer, young cow, cow that has not had a calf ,
with e-grade O.E. cilfor-lamb, O.H.G. kilburra f. female lamb;
Maybe Alb. kalb spoil : O.H.G. wazzarkalb dropsy, abnormal collection of fluid in body
tissues .
Lat. globus m. a round body, ball, sphere, globe, heap, clump, lengthened grade Lat.
glba f. a lump of earth, clod; shred, clot (out of it borrowed Pol. gleba clod of earth).
Is glb of the country, rural, rustic (piling up clods ??) Gallic (then e) or only arisen in
Latin part of Gaul?
O.H.G. kluftra f. measure of the stretched arms, fathom (*glbh-); ablaut. O.N. klafi m.
neck yoke, packsaddle, M.L.G. klave neck yoke (*klaan- the pressing together);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1002
clasp (*claps-) hug, embrace; hold by the hand; fasten together (probably also O.Ir. glass
lock, hinge, chateau, castle from *glabso-);
compare with the same meaning to press together (with the arms) and likewise at best
from a heavy root form glbh-: glbh- to explanatory ablaut of the Balt family of Lith. glebiu,
glebti enclose with the arms, embrace (glebys armful, armload, hugging, embrace ),
glbiu, glbti hug, embrace, hold tight, support , Ltv. glbt, glbt shield, protect , Lith.
glabti preserve, guard, save, keep; demand, beg , Ltv. glabt protect, preserve, guard,
wait, hold on, O.Pruss. poglab cuddle (Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 621, 623 under 626);
perhaps in addition Lith. glbu, -eti help, gilbti recover, recuperate , O.Pruss. galbimai
1. pl. Konj. we help , pogalbton helped, aided, assisted as *gelbh- (Trautmann 92);
Slav. *globio, *globiti in Serb. z-globm, zglbiti fold, plait, fold up, merge, decree, edict,
mandate, dispose, arrange , Pol. gobic old press, merge, packetize, coalesce
(lengthened grade Sloven. glbim, glbiti pile, heap, place one on top of other) with IE
or rather (: Lat. globus).
Further with the meaning of the clenched, round, klutzy, clumsy, awkward Gmc.
klabb(e) clot, chunk, mountain summit in the sea, short, thick boy (zero grade O.N.
klubba club, mace, joint, whence Eng. club);
Page 1003
clamber climb, ascend , actually clip something to, cramp, clamp , as also ablaut.
O.H.G. klimban clamber, climb, ascend , O.E. climban, M.H.G. klimben, klimmen
clamber, climb, ascend; pinch, tweak, nip, pack, grapple, grip, seize ; O.N. klumba club,
mace, joint, klumbu-ftr clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ;
with Gmc. p: O.S. klimper clump, dumpling, lump , O.Ice. kleppr clump, rocky hill ,
M.H.G. klimpfen to press together tightly ; O.H.G. klampfer agrafe, hook, clasp , M.L.G.
klampe f. hook, gangplank, footbridge, nnd. klamp, klampe clump, clot, chunk (Ger.
Klampe agrafe, clasp, hook, clot, chunk is N.Ger. Lw., genuine Ger. Klampfe); O.E.
clympe clump, N.Ger. klumpe clump (Ger. Klumpe(n) is N.Ger. Lw.);
Pol. gab, Cz. hloub stalk, stem of a plant .
glem-:
Lat. glomus, -eris n. a clew, ball made by winding, lump dumpling, (as dish, food); ball,
tangle, knot (*glemos), glomerure clench, clasp together ;
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beclemman clamp, M.H.G. klam narrow, dense, Ger. (nd.) klamm steif (krampfig) vor
Klte , zero grade Nor. dial. klumra work with stiff and frostbitten hands ;
Maybe Alb. (*k)lemc womb, uterus (of animals) : Goth. kilei f. womb, in-kil
pregnant [common Alb. gl- > l- phonetic mutation].
with erweit. *klam-d-: O.N. klanda, klandra disparage, anger, denigrate, annoy, try to
steal;
Lith. glom-ju, -ti hug, embrace, hold tight ; with -g- extended Lith. glemiu, glemti
snatch, snatch up; crumple , Ltv. glemzt eat slowly, babble, chatter nonsense ;
further glm-, glm- with older meaning-development to stick together, mucilaginous
mass :
Gk. blear eyed, bleareyed , etc. (Lat. glamae Lw.);
Alb. nglom, ngjom humid, wet, fresh, young (*glmo-);
O.N. klum dirty speech , Eng. clammy humid and sticky, clingy, cool and damp ,
E.Pr. klamm humid and sticky, wet;
Lith. glemes, glemes, glemos f. pl. tough slime , Ltv. glemas, glemi slime, mucus,
glumt become slimy, smooth , glums smooth (also glemzt chat, prate thoughtlessly ,
glema babbler , compare z. meaning Ltv. glests babbler : glst slimy become);
about Lith. glimes see under S. 364.
Maybe Alb. (*g)lemz hiccup, involuntary spasms : Lith. glema babbler [common Alb.
Page 1005
kliuwi, kliwi ball, tangle, knot (Dimin. M.H.G. kliuweln, dissimilated Ger. Knuel ball,
tangle, knot), O.E. clewen thread knot (Eng. clew); zero grade M.L.G. klwen, Du.
kluwen ball, tangle, knot ; in addition with lengthened grade and meaning-development
the gripping: claw the family of Gmc. *klwu : O.H.G. kluwa claw, talon, nail , M.H.G.
kluwe, M.L.G. klu claw, talon, nail, hoof, O.Fris. kl, wherefore with ablaut das verb
*klawjan (has changed *klawan) scratch, scrape, itch with the nails , O.H.G. klauuenti to
itch or long for a thing, for blows, stripes, for pleasure, to be wanton , M.H.G. kluwen
scratch, scrape, O.E. clawan = O.N. klu rub, scratch, scrape (O.N. klja itch neologism
after the 3. sg. klr = *klawi), wherefore *klawian- m. in O.N. klui m. itchiness, itching,
scratching , O.E. clwea ds., O.H.G. glouuida (lies clouuida) scabies; from the verb
derives the abbreviation from O.E. clawu f. claw, nail, hoof (Eng. claw) and cla f. (Eng.
dial. clea) ds. (the last = *klau from clawu), as well as O.H.G. kla claw, nail ; O.H.G.
cluwi pliers, tongs; O.Ice. kl f. claw, nail, hook ; O.Ice. klunna attach tightly , compare
O.E. clyne, Swe. kluns clump, O.E. clynian swathe, wrap up ;
probably O.Ir. gln knee = Alb. glu-ri (Gheg), gju-ri (Tosc) knee (with IE *genu- knee
barely as dissimilation form compatible to *gn-n- because of the Guttural difference);
Page 1006
clout rag; metal sheet , LateO.N. kltr rag, clump; with expressive gemination (*klutta-)
O.E. clott (Eng. clot) clump = M.H.G. kloz, Ger. Klotz.
Perhaps here Lith. glaudiu, glausti, Ltv. glaust mache etwas eng anschmiegen ,
Page 1007
glaubstuti caress.
E. glei-, partly with further, consonantal derivative (esp. glei-t-, -d-, glei-bh-; glei-m-)
glue, put grease on, oil, smear, but probably originally derived from gel- clench, clasp
together ; after Specht Decl. 144 basic meaning gleaming (to gel-, gel-?); nominal: gli-io-,
glenim see under), any glutinous substance, gluten, gum, generally, oily sediment
in baths , humid and sticky, wet (*F: Ltv. glievs, Slav. *glev, see under),
Hes. (*F-: Lith. glitus etc.), cling to, strive after, long for ,
glutinous, sticky, clammy, sticking close, importunate, penurious, niggardly, of
things, mean, shabby, of buildings, of painting, carefully, with elaborate detail, (presumably
with -- from a * from *-);
Lat. gls, -tis, glten, -inis n. sticky oil; slime, gluten, gltin glue together ( from oi,
compare that of the changing by ablaut:) glis, -tis fat dormouse , glitts soft, delicate,
tender, yielding (basic form *gleitos with intensive tt);
maybe nasalized Alb. (*nglit) ngjit to stick to, climb, cling : Lith. glieju, glieti smear, refl.
glietis stick, glue, remain , Alb. glisht finger (to grasp, cling).
O.Ir. glenim (*gli-nu-mi), Welsh glynaf to cleave or stick to a thing ; in addition further
O.Ir. forduclainn gobbles, engulfs, devours , after Pedersen KG. II 540 from for-d-uks-
glen- to *glenaid (from *gl-nu-ti); also Bret. geot grass from *gel-tu (Marstrander Pres .
nasal. 30 f.);
Page 1008
klenan stick, glue, smudge (= Ir. glenim, see above, compare also nominal etc.; is
klenan as st. V. in the converted e-row, hence also O.N. klunna attach tightly?); zero
grade O.N. klina smear (*klnian, schw. V.), with oi Nor. kleina ds.;
Lith. glieju, glieti smear, refl. glietis stick, glue, remain ;
sl. *glj in Russ. glej clay, loam , Pol. glej muddy, sludgy ground (: Gk. ;
extended Russ. dial. glk mucus, lymph, serum, clear fluid which separates from the
blood during coagulation from *gl-k);
Maybe Alb. glak, gjak blood
cleofian stick, glue, attached, be linked , O.E. clibbor sticking, adhesive , zero grade
O.H.G. klban adhere, stick, glue , cling , O.S. biklan ds., O.E. clfan stick, adhere, cling
, O.N. klfa climb, ascend (pin, clinch, attach oneself), M.Du. clven ds.; O.H.G. klba, O.S.
klva, O.E. clfe burdock; with -oi- O.H.G. kleiben clamp, fasten, stick, fix (make stick,
glue), Ger. kleiben stick, glue, paste, cause to adhere ; O.E. clfre (*klairin-), M.L.G.
kluver, klver clover, plant having leaves with three leaflets ; here also O.N. kleif f., klif n.
steep hill , O.E. clif n., M.L.G. klif cliff , O.H.G. klep (-b-) forelands, promontory ,
M.Du., M.L.G. klippe f. crag, cliff (out of it Ger. Klippe as smooth rock , as O.Ir. slab
mountain to root *sleib- glide, slide); to what extent occurred besides *gle-m-bh also a
nasalized form from *glei-bh- in O.E. O.H.G. klimban clamber, climb, ascend , is unclear;
Page 1009
glei-d- in M.Ir. gled glue , O.E. clute f. burdock, clte f. coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago
Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs , Eng. dial.
clote, clite, cleat burdock, clite glue, slime, mud (: Ltv. gl det become slimy , compare
Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 626, 627).
with m-formants: O.E. clum klehriger Stoff, loam, clay , wherefore O.N. Kleima name
of a giantess (*clod, heap?) O.E. clman smear, daub, tallow, lubricate , O.H.G.
glei-t- in O.E. tclan stick, adhere , zero grade clia, clioa m. plaster, wound
dressing , O.E. clie burdock (the sticking), O.H.G. kledda, kletta, Dutch klis, klit
burdock, Ger. klettern; also probably M.H.G. kleit, Ger. Kleid, O.E. clu ds.; M.H.G. klster
paste, glue, dough , Mod.Ice. klstra paste, cause to adhere, stick (as *gleit-tro- here or
with Gmc. forms -stra- from the root form *kl-, IE glei-); Nor. kleisa stick, glue; (stick, glue
with the tongue =) lisping or impure, unclean talk, O.N. kleiss mule stammering,
stuttering, spluttering .
Page 1010
glts smooth, neat nice, pretty; lovely, kind ; Ltv. glstu, gldu, glst be and become slimy
, gldt become slimy , glests babbler ; s. Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 624, 627; compare
above S. 363 Gk. ;
perhaps in Russ. (etc.) glist, glist worm, earthworm, tapeworm (or to Ger. gleiten;
Berneker 304);
Maybe Alb. glisht, glishta pl. (smooth) finger, clinging finger : Russ. (etc.) glist, glist
worm
with u-formants: Gmc. *klaiwa-, O.H.G. klo-, kl clover, plant having leaves with three
leaflets (after the sticky juice, sap the bloom, blossom?) and *klwn-, M.L.G. kle, O.H.G.
klwa, kla, Ger. Kleie f. (if with IE , so ablaut equally with Ltv. glwe mucus).
Lith. gleives f. pl. mucus, Ltv. glvs tenacious as mucus, slack (if with from IE *[i]?;
about Lith. glemes see above S. 361 under glem-), Ltv. glievs slack (= ), glve
mucus, green mucus on to the water (: O.H.G. klwa, see above);
sl. *glev (: Ltv. glivs, ) in Russ. dial. glev m., glev f. mucus of fish , Pol.
glwiec (besides gliwiec) spoil (of cheese), changing through ablaut Clr. kluva Beefsteak
fungus, Oak-tongue (a type of mushroom, species of mushroom ), Serb. gljiva type of
mushroom, fungus ;
References: WP. I 612 ff., WH. I 577 f., 580, 606 f., 608 f., 611 f., 617, 867 f., Trautmann
92.
Page(s): 356-364
Page 1011
ghel, Welsh gel, Bret. glaouen bloodsucker, leech , O.Ir. gelit ds. (participle f. in -nt);
O.H.G. kela, O.E. ceole throat, gorge, ravine, gulch, prow, bow of a ship (*keln-),
ceolor, O.H.G. celur m. gullet; O.Ice. kjolr m. (*kelu-) the keel of a ship , M.L.G. kel, kil,
Eng. keel ds.; with g-extension O.H.G. kelah, -uh throat infection , O.N. kjalki m.
mandible, lower jaw bone, jaw (also hand sledge); zero grade Dan. kulk gullet, throat,
M.L.G. kolk, kulk, O.Fris. kolk m. water hole (Ger. Kolk), O.E. cylcan, Ger. dial. klken,
Page 1012
Page 1013
kumsa mixture;
Page 1014
gumulys, gumuras (besides gub-) clump, ball, tangle, knot , o-grade gmalas (besides
gb-) snow ball, piece of bread, meat ; borrowing from Pol. is possible for Lith. gumulis,
gumule goat, cow without horns - actually, with lump instead of horns-, also hen without
tail because of Pol. gomoy hornless, Cz. homolu ds.;
O.C.S. mo, eti compress, press, jam, constrict, squeeze, pack , etel dog-collar,
wooden collar worn by prisoners, collar as an ornament , Clr. mena handful ; R.C.S.
gomola mash, mush, porridge, gruel, soft mixture, clump, Serb. gmolja cheese lumps ,
Sloven. gomt, gen. -ta crowd in a heap, confusion , Cz. hmota (*gmota), old also
Page 1015
kumbr block of wood with Gmc. -p-: M.H.G. kumpf truncated, chopped down, cut down,
cut off, dull, Eng. chump block of wood (anlaut from chop), Nor. dial. kump clump, Nor.
Dan. kamp brow, edge of a hill or cliff , O.N. koppusteinn, Dan. kampe-sten Rollstein
etc. compare also under gem-.
2. Gmc. knab-, knabb-, knap-, knapp- (expressive gemination) peg, plug, stick, penis,
knave, boy.
With -b-: Ger. dial. knabe peg, bolt , O.H.G. knabo, Ger. Knabe boy , O.E. cnafa ds.,
from which Eng. cnave knave ; O.N. knefill shaft, pole, picket, pole, stick, O.H.G. knebil,
M.H.G. knebel toggle, ankle (also rascal, villain, scoundrel , as also Nor. knebel),
M.L.G. knevel short, thick transom, toggle and twisted moustache point (Ger. small
pointed beard ), Swe. dial. knavel thin shaft, pole;
with -bb-: Swe. dial. knabbe tubers, clump, also stocky fellow, bovine animal, bull ;
Page 1016
Page 1017
Material: O.N. kinga pectoral, chest decoration, brooch, pin, clasp , probably to kengr
(*kangiz) m. bay, bend, hook , kongur-vufa spider (O.E. gangelwfre ds., reshaped
after gangan), M.H.G. Ger. dial. kanker spider, finn. (from dem Gmc.) kangas web,
webbing, strong cloth or fabric, net-like weave , Swe. dial. kang droopy slender branch ,
kng (esp. from horses) agile, lively, excited, aroused (actually spinning violently ),
kynge bundle, O.N. kongull bundle of berries ;
Maybe Alb. kungull pumpkin
finn. (from dem Gmc.) kinkko, kinkon bundle; in addition compare also those mentioned
words under *gong- clump as M.L.G. kinke, see there;
O.C.S. gavica a long, slender, flexible shoot or branch , Sloven. g strap, Serb.
guva twig, shoot, basket or braid from plaited twigs, Russ. gu twig used for tying up,
rope, cable, Cz. houev, Pol. gawy pl. strap of a flail .
References: WP. I 587 f., Petersson IF. 24, 265.
Page(s): 380
Page 1018
conger ds.), swollen neck gland , perhaps Hes. (fat, obese and
stupid?), round (- suffix as in , ; compare also Lith.
konakla, Ger. Kunkel distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) derives from
M.Lat. conucla, Dimin. from colus); s. also under gengh- S. 380;
Lith. gunga hump, hunchback, ball, clump (out of it Ltv. gungis curvature, belly),
gungulys ball , gungu, gungti crook oneself, gunginti go slowly, from a humped going
person ;
Page 1019
giu, gti conglobate, bundle up; sit down to the earth (from the chicken which spreads
out the wings) , gta lair, camp, nest of a chicken, a goose ; O.Pruss. gunsix swelling,
blister (Lith. guzas, guzikas hump, hunchback, gland, knag under likewise from Pol.);
Maybe Alb. (*gunsa) gusha neck, Adams apple
Slav. *goz- (also *guz- with u from IE geu-g-, see under geu-1) in Serb. guz buttock,
Russ. guz, guz, guz the thick end of the sheaf, a beam , guzka backside, tail , rump ,
Pol. old goz, goz tuber, gezic sie crook oneself (with u nowadays guz swelling, blister,
hunch , guza buttocks ), Sloven. goza f. buttock, backside (with u: guza buttocks,
hunch ) under likewise;
participle perf. pass. *gost (*gng-to-) in Ser.-Cr. gust, R.C.S. gust, Russ. gustj, Pol.
geu-1: Lith. gug bump in saddle, hump, hunchback , gaugaras acme, apex, summit ,
etc.
References: WP. I 637 ff., WH. I 601, Trautmann 101 f.
Page(s): 379-380
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1020
Page 1021
Material: 1. gn-ebh-:
Gk. perhaps bend, make curved; wind; arch, make arched, make vaulted;
incline, bow (formal as in the meaning but influenced through );
O.N. knafa sodomize, compare compress, squeeze women; with pp: Du. knap
joining (*pressing, squeezing), narrowly, brief, fast , N.Ger. knap short, spare, small (out
of it Ger. knapp), Nor. knapp narrow, short, concise, with bb: knabbe pinch, cut off;
further with the meaning fold up the jaws and snap ones fingers and out of it deriving
sound suggestions of Swe. knppa crack, snap, clink , Du. knappen break, crack, creak,
N.Ger. knappern, knuppern crunch, nibble , Ger. knabbern bite, gnaw ; finally as the
crushed, clenched, rounded under likewise O.N. knappr bump, bulge, gnarl, handle,
knob , O.E. cnpp mountaintop (bulging); brooch, pin, clasp (from nub, button, knop,
knob ), N.Ger. knap(p) mountain top, tableland, hill, plateau, elevation, heel of the boot;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*knappen) thembn heel [common Alb. k- > s- > th- phonetic mutation].
N.Ger. knappen cut off, shorten; live briefly ; from Slav. perhaps here Pol. gnebic, old
gnabic (with secondary nasal vowel as a result of preceding n) press, distress, maltreat,
stir, tease, irritate; compare also genebh-, S. 378 f.
2. gnegh-:
Swe. knagg knot, knag, M.Eng. M.L.G. knagge knag, thick piece; with Gmc. kk: O.N.
knakkr foot (at tables, chairs), footstool (foot block) . Here also O.H.G. kneht, Ger.
Page 1022
Knecht, O.E. cniht knave, boy, youngling, servant, warrior (*kneh-ta-, compare to meaning
Knabe, Knebel under likewise, to t-suffix Ger. bO.Ir. knuchtel cudgel, club, bludgeon).
3. gn-eibh-:
Gk. skinflint, scrooge, cheapskate, curmudgeon (if not because of older
recorded , Meisterhans-Schwyzer 74, with secondary anlaut softening, so that with
O.N. hnippa bump, poke to the parallel root *ken-, kn-eib(h)-);
O.N. kneif kind of pliers , knfr, O.E. cnf knife, Ger. dial. kneif knife; besides with
Gmc. pp, p: M.L.G. knp, Ger. dial. kneipf knife, Nor. dial. knpa, M.L.G. knpen (out of it
Ger. kneifen figurative) nip, squeeze tightly between two surfaces, pinch, break off by
pinching, squeeze, press (partly also be thrifty, stingy; run short, be used up, be
exhausted, running out of; pinch; run away ; s. similar under gnebh-), nd. knippen cut,
clip, Ger. knippsen, nd. knipperig stingy, fugal, spare, thrifty , Ger. Kniff (also = thievish,
sneaky trick under likewise), M.L.G. knippen blink, wink the eye, wink;
Lith. gnubiu, gnubti, Iterat. gnibau, gnibyti pinch (with the fingers or tongs) , besides
6. gnes-:
Page 1023
knoes gristle, knoesele ankle; Nor. dial. kns (*knsia-) large mighty beggar , Swe.
knase big, rich, obstinate, inflexible person .
7. gnet-:
O.H.G. knetan, O.E. cnedan st. V. knead, zero grade O.N. knoa, -aa knead; with
Gmc. tt O.N. knottr (*knattu-z) ball, sphere, knatti brow, edge of a hill or cliff , Nor. knott
m. short and thick body, knag, knot , Swe. dial. knatte small bush; O.C.S. gneto, gnesti
press, O.Pruss. gnode f. trough for kneading the bread (*gntu), Trautmann 93.
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*ghnes-) ngjesh press common Alb. gh- > gj- phonetic mutatIon.
8. gn-eu-:
O.N. knyja press, hit, O.E. cn(w)ian in mortar zerstoen (O.E. cnowian coire , as
Swe. knulla ds. compared with M.H.G. knullen bump, poke, hit); O.N. kni knuckle ;
O.S. knla, knyla knag, knot in trees, foot ankle ;
Maybe Alb. (*knyla) nyja knag, knot [common Alb. kn - > n- phonetic mutation]
Serb. gnjviti press, Sloven. gnjviti press, ruffle, crease, crumple, wrinkle, strangle,
throttle, choke .
9. gn-eu-bh-:
Ir. gnobh knot in the wood, knot, node (*gnubho-);
O.N. knyfill m. short, just come out horn , E.Fris. knfe clot, chunk, clump, knag; O.N.
kneyfa press; Nor. knuva press, squash, crush , E.Fris. knfen, N.Ger. knuffen bump,
poke, kick; with *u: M.L.G. knovel knot, ankle; M.H.G. knubel ankle; with Gmc. p(p)
(consonant-sharpening): Nor. dial. knupp m. bud, M.L.G. knuppe, knoppe bud, knuppel =
M.H.G. knupfel club, cudgel (these N.Ger.), O.H.G. knopf knot, knag, knop, knob ,
Swiss chnopf knot, knop, knob, bud, small kid, child (in addition knupfen; a derivative is
Knospe, there probably from *knup-sn-), and o-grade M.L.G. knp m. knot, knop, knob,
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Page 1024
10. gn-eu-g-:
O.N. knjkr round mountain top , Nor. dial. knjuka, knoka ankle, O.N. knykill small
knot; M.L.G. knoke m. bone, M.H.G. knoche bone, knag, bundle;
Maybe Alb. (*knyk) kyc ankle
O.E. cnycel (?), M.L.G. knokel, M.H.G. knuchel, Ger. Knchel; but O.N. knoka hit, knock,
Nor. dial. knoka press, squash, crush , O.E. cnocian, cnucian knock at a door, thrust in
the mortar , M.H.G. knochen press stand in ablaut to O.S. knaka crack, creak and
indicate to onomatopoeic words gneg- (Wissmann 79), whereat also Kluge11 s. v. knacken;
with Gmc. -kk-: M.L.G. knocke, M.Eng. knucche, Eng. knitch bundle, M.H.G. knock
nape, cervix, neck .
Lith. gniu-iu, -ti close the hand firmly , gniis, gnite, gniuta bundle, handful ,
gniuti bend, fall, lose firmness (*fold up, double or bend something over upon itself ),
Ltv. gnauzt grasp with the hand, press (Ltv. naugt strangle, throttle, choke from
*gnau-?); compare (above 9.) Lith. gniubti.
11. gn-eu-s-:
O.N. knosa, -aa abuse with blows , Nor. knysia crunch, munch, chew with the teeth;
pulverize, grind into fine particles , O.H.G. knussen hit, crush, O.E. cnyssan crush, grind
; with O.S. knusa = N.Ger. knsen press, squeeze, O.N. knska hit, Ger. Swiss
chnssen, chnschten thrash; O.N. knylla hit, bump, poke (*knuzljan, s. also above
under gneut- about Knollen) = O.E.cnyllan hit, nd. knullen (knullen from *knuz-ln) to
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Page 1025
12. gn-eu-t-:
O.H.G. knodo (*knuan-) knop, knob, ankle, bud, M.H.G. kndel ovary, dumpling,
small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed , O.H.G. knoto (*knuan-), Ger. KNOTE n,
whereof O.H.G. knutil, Ger. Knuttel thick stick (actually knotty walking stick ); O.E.
cnotta m., M.L.G. knutte tubers, flax bud , M.H.G. knotze knag, M.L.G. knulten knit, tie,
bind, knot = O.E. cnyttan, Eng. knit ds. and with the originally meaning to press together
bO.Ir. knauzen to press together , nd. knutschen, M.H.G. knutzen squeeze, push,
shove, thrust ; O.N. kntr (*kndn-) knot, knag, knta capitulum, head of a bone, end of
a bone , knyta tie, bind, knot ; M.H.G. knz (* gnarled, snaggy, knobbed rising arms
against, daring, bold, audacious, perky, cheerful; bold; impudent ; M.H.G. knolle clod of
earth, clump, O.E. cnoll m. mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex (if from
*knu-l- or *knuz-l for the root form *g(e)n-eu-s-);
Lith. gniutu, gniusti press, gniutuoti ds., gniutele pole for pressing of the straw with the
roof cover , gniutulas bales, paper, lump, clump, gnutulas clump, fist-size clump
References: WP. I 580 ff., Wissmann nom. postverb. 83, 132.
See also: compare also under ken-.
Page(s): 370-373
Page 1026
Page 1027
Page 1028
Page 1029
grumdau, -yti are pushing, filling, stuffing by force from above ; the same d(h)-extension
in Gk. clenched fist;
maybe Alb.Gheg grumull grumbull (*grem-ul) mass, pile [common Alb. m > mb shift] : Lith.
grumulas clump
Note: Alb. shares the cognate with Balt lang. not with Slav. lang. which means the Alb.
Page 1030
Page 1031
ger-2
English meaning: to scream (in expr. forms)
Deutsche bersetzung: in Schallworten, especially for heiser schreien
Material: A. O.Ind. jrat it rushes, sounds, crackles, shouts , jaru the rustling,
murmuring (or to *gur- or *ger-); perhaps gargara-h a music instrument (yet see also
*gal-);
Alb. ngurnj howl (from wind); [actually hunguronj howl]
O.N. kra, kra bring forward a matter, lodge a complaint, make a complaint to the
proper authorities, accuse (derived from a lengthened gradeen i-stem *gri-); with
consonant increase O.H.G. carron squeak, screech, clash, jangle, squeal, grate, jar,
resound, rattle, creak (schw. V.), cherran (st. V.) cry, creak, M.L.G. kerren, karren
creak, O.E. ceorran creak (ceorung lament, grumble, growl, complain, repine, snarl ),
Nor. karra coo, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker , O.N. kurra growl, murmur, kurr
murmur, rumor;
Lith. gurti shrill, shriek, scream ;
Page 1032
Page 1033
krchzen; Gmc. -k- from IE -g because of Ir. grug croaking (*gruggo-); M.L.G. krakelen
chatter, prattle, jabber; talk rapidly; talk nonsense .
With IE k-: Lat. gruculus jackdaw, gracill, -ure gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker
(from chicken);
O.H.G. kragil, M.H.G. kregel gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering , O.H.G.
kragiln babble, chatter , M.H.G. kragelen, kregeln gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker
;
R.C.S. grau, grakati croak, caw , grkati coo (from the dove).
E. With formant -g-, and from other hearing impressions:
O.Ind. garjati rages, roars, hums, bellows;
Arm. karka din, fuss, noise;
O.E. cracian, cearcian ring out; sound , O.H.G. kruhhon crack, creak;
Lith. grgdiu, girgde ti creak.
In addition perhaps Russ. grchot din, fuss, noise, crash, blast, loud laughter under
likewise as new onomatopoeic words.
References: WP. I 591 ff., WH. I 583, 601 f., 615, 624, Specht Decl. 48, Trautmann 87, 94.
Page(s): 383-385
Page 1034
ger-3
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, winden
Material: A. O.Ind. gun-h (*gr-n-s) the single thread of a string, line, cord; stain (dvi-,
tri-guna- actually consisting of two, three threads ); grta-h carriage seat of the chariot
(*from rods twisted seat, carriage basket ), compare with formants -mo- O.N. karmr
parapet, defensive wall, protective wall in front of a trench , Swe. karm back, part of a
chair support from wickerwork, carriage basket (*gor-mo-s wickerwork ).
1. guttural extensions:
krkja crook, snatch , Swe. krka, Nor. dial. kreka krak grovel, truckle, creep , kreken
weak, old age. Besides in Gmc. -g (probably = IE -k) O.H.G. krugo hook ; perhaps also
O.E. crg, O.H.G. kruog crock, pitcher, jug, if not in any leaning relationship to Gk.
(see under under greu-g-). compare from the root form gr-ei- the same extension
in O.N. krkr bend, bay, -kriki (from which M.Eng. crike, creke, nEng. creek) curvature,
bay;
perhaps Ltv. gredzens ring.
Page 1035
c. Nasalized:
In IE -k certainly O.N. kru point, edge, angle (*krah) and probably also Gmc. forms in
-g: O.N. kringr m. ring = M.H.G. krinc, -ges ring, battlefield, Ger. Kring, O.N. kringla ring
of a circle, circle, compasses, instrument for drawing circles and measuring, calipers ,
M.L.G. kringel(e) ring, round pastry, cake , M.H.G. kringel (and changing through ablaut
krengel) ds., Ger. Kringel; M.H.G. kranc, -ges circle, ring, district, region, area , Ger.
Swiss chrangel curvature , M.H.G. krangel need, tribulation (from entanglement,
curvature ) and ring, circle; O.N. cranga grovel, truckle, creep, trudge, lumber , with
figurative meaning krangr weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ; O.E. cringan
fall;
in IE -g: O.E. cranc-stf a weavers device , crencestre weaver , M.Eng. crinkled
twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved , Eng. crinkle bend, curvature, crease, rumple,
wrinkle; make a rustling sound , crank lever, handle, curvature (as Ger. Swiss chrank),
older also cranke spool , M.N.Ger. krunke crease, wrinkle, frill, ruffle; frizziness,
curliness; ruff , Du. kronkel crease , krinkel loop, noose, snare, crease, wrinkle, Nor.
krenkja dislocate, luxate, crick ; with the meaning-development to bent from disease,
malady : O.H.G. krankoln stumble, trip; transgress, go astray, lose ones way, become
weak , M.H.G. krank narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, small, weak, Ger. krank, O.E.
cranc weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated , as well as O.E. crincan fall in
battle, die in battle, die in combat, die in war (*bend in agony);
Page 1036
greu turn, rotate (= Lith. greiu), Lith. gratas borer, O.Pruss. granstis ds. (Lith.
graulas shaft, pole, rod, beam; long revolving bar used to transfer motion or torque to
gears or other parts presumably likewise from cord, rope, hank, halter, rope with a noose
for hanging criminals ).
2. Dental extensions:
a. gr-et(h)-: O.E. cradol m. cradle (*kradula- the plaited ), O.H.G. kratto basket
(*kraddan-), krezzo, M.H.G. krezze, Ger. Krtze pannier (*krattian).
b. Nasalized:
O.Ind. granth-, grathnumi, Fut. granthisyumi coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,
attach, tie a knot , participle grathit- winded, knotty, conglobated, granth-h m. knot,
joint, intumescence , grantha-h knot, grathn- scheming, deceptive, grathila- raving,
mad; but ghatu- bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd is not a root. (Kuiper Proto-Munda 55
f.).
kart-nagl deformed, twisted nail, Nor. kart m. unripe fruit, knag, E.Fris. kret shrunk
fruit, M.H.G. krenze basket, O.H.G. kranz, Ger. Kranz;
Lith. grands (reduced grade grundis) bracelet, iron ring, hoarfrost of wheel, round
cheesecake , O.Pruss. grandis the ring in the plow which connects the plow crossbeam
with the front rack , Ltv. gruods stark twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, drall;
Pol. gredac sie turn, rotate .
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1037
a. ger-bh-, gr-ebh-:
O.Ind. grapsa-h, glapsa-h bundle, tussock , next to which with mind. development from
*grpsa-h guccha-h and as hypersanskrit. back-formation guts-h tussock, bundle, bunch ;
belongs probably better to S. 455.
M.H.G. krbe m. (*krean-) basket; intestines, entrails , O.S. kribbia, O.H.G. krippa,
O.E. cribb crib, manger , in Ger. (and Du.) also wattle fence on shores, fish snaring net,
verge of a roof with brushwood bundles (tiefstufige additional form M.L.G. krubbe, O.E.
cryb; with Gmc. -pp-: Ger. Swiss chrup(e) crib, manger , as on the other hand also
O.H.G. kripfa);
M.L.G. kerve weir, net, O.N. kiarf, kerf(i) n. bundle, fascicle, sheaf , O.S. krve grain
bundle, fascicle, sheaf , Swe. dial. karv basket, Ice. karfa, krv basket (but Ger. Korb,
M.L.G. korf nevertheless probably only Lw. from Lat. corbis).
In addition behaves perhaps Gk. shopping bag, fishing net; somewhat
complicated, riddle (whereas with : fishing net, fisherman ), as scr-
gorb hump, hunchback, hunch, outgrowth, elevation, back, Sloven. grb, grba hunch,
hump, hunchback, wrinkle, grbati make hunchbacked, crook, furrow ;
Mod.Ice. korpa f. wrinkle, crease , korpna contract, shrivel ;
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Page 1038
c. Nasalized:
O.H.G. krim(p)fan, M.H.G. krimpfen, M.L.G. krimpen shrink up, shrink = O.N. kreppa
(krapp) pull together, M.H.G. krimpf crooked; cramp; O.E. crompeht crumpled, wrinkled
, O.H.G. krampf writhed, crooked, humped , substantivized krampf(o) cramp, krampf
hook , N.Ger. (and as Lw. Ger.) Krampe hook for closing , O.S. kramp(o) cramp, Kaus.
M.H.G. krempfen (*krampjan) = O.N. kreppa (schw. V.) pull together, Mod.Swe. krumpen
wizened , O.N. kropna (*krumpna) shrink up, become stiff , O.E. crump, O.H.G. krumpf
writhed, crooked, humped .
Besides O.E. crumb, O.S. krumb, O.H.G. krump, Ger. krumm presumably for IE u-root
from Gk. , Hes., crooked (see S. 389 under
B. 2.);
Ltv. grumbt gotten wrinkled , grumbulans jolting ;
Maybe Alb. grumbullonj pull together, grumbull pile, heap
Lith. grumbu, grubau, grubti (analogical nasalized form for *grumbau, *grumbti) jolting,
hard or become insensible , grubus (for *grumbus) jolting, hard;
O.C.S. grob , unlearned, untaught, ill-mannered , Russ. grubyj rough, coarse,
raw, Pol. greby wrinkly, rough, adverse , Pol. graba, greba f. elevation, hill, boundary ;
d. grep- or g(e)rp- (compare above S. 387 *gerb-) in M.L.G. krappe hook, claw, talon
;
maybe Alb. grep hook
Du. krap f. cramp, O.H.G. krupfo bent claw, talon, hook, Ger. Krapfen hook; pastry of
such form (Gmc. pp; besides Gmc. -bb- in:) O.H.G. krupo, M.H.G. krupe hook, Swe. dial.
Page 1039
krasen weak, frail ; presumably O.S. O.H.G. kresso goby, small fish , Ger. Kresse,
Kressling ds.; *ger-s- probably in Nor. karra shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle
up, friz, curl .
Besides from the i-extension *gr-ei- also *gr-ei-s- in M.H.G. krsen, kreis grovel, truckle,
creep .
B. root form gr-eu-; gr-mo- scraped together :
Gk. little dirt under the nail (i.e. what settles while scratching under the nail );
Nor. kryl hump, hunchback (*kr-li-? *krvila-?), dial. also skryl, kryla krummruckig
sein (also gryla), Swe. dial. krylas i hop creep together , Nor. dial. krylt (grylt, skrylt)
hunchback person (the forms with g- belong together with O.N. grfa sich
vornuberbeugen, auf der Nase liegen , Ger. Swiss grben, groppen, gruppen crouch
down, stoop to a versch. root with Gmc. g-);
with the meaning crooked claw, talon, mit gekrallten Fingern zusammenscharren : O.S.
krauwil, O.H.G. krouwil claw, talon, fork with crooked points , Ger. Kruel ds., O.H.G.
krouwn, Ger. krauen, O.Fris. kruwia actually scratch, scrape with crooked fingers ;
maybe Alb.Gheg (*kraue-) kruenj scratch, scrape
Page 1040
Page 1041
(ge)kroese, Ger. Gekrse, N.Ger. kruse (*krsi-) wrinkle, crease, furrow, curl , Du. kreus
fold in staves ; O.E. cras dainty, wFris. kreas frilly ; O.H.G. M.H.G. krol (-ll-) frizzy
(*kruzl-), M.H.G. krol(le), krulle curl , Nor. krull ds.; Nor. dial. kruslen, krusken frail ,
N.Ger. krusch curled , M.H.G. krsp frizzy , Ger. obd. kraust frizzy .
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1042
Page 1043
jaurayantm the watching one , perf. jagura, participle perf. Akt. jaguurvah-, jiguurvah-
awake, watchful, wakeful, Kaus. u-garayeiti arouses, awakens , with fra- inchoativ fra-
Page 1044
Page 1045
Material: O.Ind. guyati and guti sings, gutu- m. and gti - f. song, gta- sung, chanted,
dzidt sing; in addition Lith. gustu, gudau, gusti to sing, begin crow , gaidys m. rooster,
cock, giesme f. Kirchenlied, Ltv. dzisma f. song , galis m. rooster, cock.
Maybe Lat. gallus rooster, cock : Alb. gjel rooster, cock
Toch. A kuk, kuka he shouted (redupl., to O.Ind. guti), present 3. pl. kenenc (*gi-n?), Pedersen Tochar. 183, 263.
References: WP. I 526 f., Trautmann 76, W. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 52.
Page(s): 355
Page 1046
Root gu-, gu-, g- : to bend, curl; a kind of vessel probably derived from Root (s)keu-2,
Page 1047
Kauz Grube als Gerichtssttte (formal = Nor. dial. kt deformation in growth, Swe. dial.
tuber, bulb, hump, hunchback ; M.H.G. kte pit, pothole, hole, Ger. dial. Kaute ds.
probably from N.Ger.); Nor. dial. kyta degradation in the surface of the earth, pool; the
vessel in what one carries fish (*kauti-) = M.H.G. ktze, Ger. dial. Ktze woven basket ,
O.E. cyte cottage, house, lair (y = e) = Nor. kyta wood hut from branches , compare
Ger. dial. kieze bast basket (-eu-), O.E. cyt-wer fish snaring net with expressive
gemination M.L.G. etc. kutte female pudenda (M.H.G. kotze courtesan); hole =
schlechte Wohn- oder Liegerstatt: N.Ger. (and borrowed Ger.) kot, kote sheds, stable, hut,
stall, cottage, M.Du. cot, cote cave, lair of wild animals, stable, bad hut , O.E. cot (
robber-) cave, house, lair , O.N. kot small cottage, kytia ds.;
nasalized O.N. kunta vulva from M.L.G. kunte female pudenda; also buttocks , Nor.
Swe. kunt Ranzen (from birch bark); also Av. gunda-, gundu Teigballen ?
geut- in O.E. cod(a) m. sack, bag, pouch , O.H.G. kiot ds., M.L.G. kdel pouch ,
M.H.G. kiutel dewlap, Unterkinn , Ger. Keutel fishnet, intestine, swelling, lump, growth;
gut- in M.L.G. koder m., Ger. dial. Kderl, Goderl (*gut-ro-) Unterkinn, goitre ;
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Page 1049
gida ds. as knag, gnarl of a plant); probably here as to *geng- (see there), Pol. guz
swelling, blister, hunch , guza buttocks , Sloven. guza buttocks, hunch , as partly
probably also other, in itself also with guz = goz- attachable words (see *geng-); ambiguous
Page 1050
kofel brow, edge of a hill or cliff , Ger. bO.Ir.-allem. Kofel, Kobel, Gufel, rtorom. cuvel,
Ital. cvolo cave, Felswand from Lat. *cubulum (to cubure) Lagersttte des Viehs
(Zinsli, on the ground of Grat 322) and O.H.G. miluh-chubil milk tub , M.H.G. kubel, Ger.
Page 1051
kobbi m. seal , bO.Ir. koppen tangled crown of a conifer , Eng. cub young animal ,
cob round clump, head, spider, presumably also Ice. kubbur, kubbi clot, chunk, stump (in
addition Swe. Ice. Nor. kubba cavitate );
Gmc. *kp-: Nor. dial. kp hump, hunchback , Swe. kupa half-spherical case, beehive
under likewise; Swe. kypa round vessel from straw, N.Ger. kupe big pannier , Eng.
dial. kipe (O.E. *cype) plaited fish snaring net, basket; changing through ablaut Nor. dial.
gupfe m. summit of a mountain, point of the tower , wherein g- probably substitution for
romO.N. c-; O.N. koppr head, vessel, Helmknopf, eye socket is Lw. from M.L.G. kopp);
O.Fris. M.L.G. kopp goblet, O.H.G. kopf, chuph goblet, M.H.G. kopf drinking vessel,
cranium, head (similarly rom. testa head from Lat. testa shard, bowl, M.Lat. testa
Page 1052
Kumme deep bowl, Swiss chumme cistern ; *kump- (from *kumb- with consonantsharpening) M.L.G. kump, M.H.G. kumpf vessel, cup , Ger. Kumpf.
In addition perhaps Pers. gumbed bulge, cupola, goblet;
further presumably Lith. gumbas m. bulge, swelling, lump, growth, knag; Ltv. gumba
swelling, lump, growth;
O.C.S. goba sponge, fungus , Ser.-Cr. guba sponge, leprosy , Sloven. goba
sponge, fungus , gbec m. muzzle, ch. huba sponge , newer muzzle, lip, Russ.
gub tree-fungus ; besides guba lip; in Slav. lies intonation change before, the meaning
muzzle is everywhere newer.
Under a basic meaning save, store was connected with Ger. Koben Av. gufra- deep;
mysterious, wonderful , ostensibly originally sunk in a pit ?
Page 1053
kle, Ger. Kaule ball, spherical object , Ger. Kaulquappe (of spherical appearance), O.N.
kla swelling, blister, ball; Ger. dial. kulle ball, pulley, roller , kullern, kollern roll, make
into a ball (: Gk. Hes. with coloring of the meaning
round?); presumably also O.N. kollr m. rounded acme, apex, head, M.L.G. kol, kolle m.
head, uppermost part of plants , Ger. kullbock and (zero grade) kielbock hornless hegoat; billy goat , compare Alb. tsjap gul hornless he-goat; billy goat ; Nor. kyla (*kaulin)
gully, canal.
Page 1054
*kau-ara- in:) O.N. kurr m. frizzy curl , kuri the gust of wind curling the water , Nor. kre
shavings ; with -eu- Gmc. loanword finn. keuru arched ; with (compare and the
included Arm. words) Nor. kra squat; rest, M.L.G. kren waylay (for the hunt), Ger.
kauern; with application of coagulation of the milk Nor. kjre (*keuran-) cheese in the first
state , kr (*kra-) ds., coagulated milk, kyr (*kauri-) cheese mass of sour milk , kaara
(*kauarn) curdle, coagulate, harden, become caseous (doubtful whereas Sloven. etc.
ur wheys because of the g indicating additional form Sloven. zura, zzra wheys);
maybe Alb. hirra whey);
Lith. gauras m., mostly pl. gaurai hair in the body, flax fiber , Ltv. gauri m. pl. pubic
hair (compare above Av. gaona- n. hair); Lith. gurnas m. hip, haunch, ankle , Ltv. gurus
hip, fork in the spinning wheel (= Arm. kurn); Lith. grinti, gruoti get writhed, crooked,
humped , Ltv. graties, gurties loll oneself, stretch oneself; Lith. klno guras m.
mountain projection ;
Serb. gura f. hunch , guriti se shrink up, crook; if here Ser.-Cr. uriti se hurry ?; s.
also under geu- expedite, hurry; also Bulg. gurkam, gurn dive in the water ?; the
intonation required *guru or *goueru (compare above O.N. kurr etc.).
maybe Alb. gurra rapid
g. With s-suffixes:
Pers. gu angle, point, edge;
Gk. the crooked piece of wood in a plow , Pflug, an dem
Krummholz und Scharbaum noch aus einem Stuck bestanden (s-suffix doubtful),
wherefore piece of wood as field measure (*[]-, but also *F- possible);
Page 1055
Page 1056
ghabh(o)lo-, -l
English meaning: bifurcation
Deutsche bersetzung: Astgabel, Gabelung, Gabel
Material: O.Ir. M.Ir. gabul forked bough, fork; fork point the thighs, vulva, Welsh gafl fork;
thigh fork, vulva, O.Bret. Plur. gablau fork , Bret. gavl, gaol bifurcation (with -umlaut
from a to e O.Welsh gebel a mattock, pickaxe , Welsh gefail [--stem] pliers, Bret. gevel
m., O.Corn. geuel-hoern gl. A pair of snuffers), (gall-)Lat. gabalus cross, gallows ; the
Brit. forms prove a Celt. *gablo-; the medial a in gabalus is probably Lat.; v. Wartburg
separates gallorom. gabalus spear, javelin (older *fork), places that in *gab-lakkos
spear, javelin (Welsh gaflach ds.), from gabulum gallows , but u in O.Ir. gabul (*ghabhlo) is only epenthesis;
O.H.G. gabala fork, M.L.G. gaffel(e) f., O.E. gafol, geafel f. ds.; O.Ice. gaflak, O.E.
Page 1057
Root ghabh- : to grab, take derived from the extended labials: geleb(h)-, glb(h)- (:
glb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:glb(h)-) of Root gel-1 : to curl; round [see above].
Note: with -forms durative have on, wear, hold on, possess, adhere to , could be
onomatopoeic words (imitation of of snatch sound), what would explain the frequent
coincidence with the synonymous roots qagh- and qap- (compare also Vendryes MSL. 18,
310); on the other hand place EM2 150 for qap- (also also for ghabh-) put a vocalism : :
(against it Reichelt KZ. 46, 339, WP. I 344, WH. I 159), so that its root must be assumed
as ghbh- and O.Ind. gbhasti-h hand then was to be kept away.
Material: O.Ind. gbhasti-h m. forearm, hand;
Lat. habe, -re hold, possess, have, etc.; dbe to owe, to be indebted to somebody
for anything; to be due to do a thing, be morally bound to or be bound by logic or necessity
or law to; to have to pay because of fate, to be destined to give, have to (*d-habe),
praebe to offer, hold out; to provide, supply, allow; bestow; with reflex. to present or show
oneself in a certain character, behave as (older prae-hibe = Umbr. pre-habia, pre-hubia
to hold forth, reach out, proffer, offer, tender ), hab-nu f. a strap; a bridle, reins , habilis
easily managed, handy; suitable, fit, convenient , etc.;
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*habe, kapem) kam hold, possess, have similar to Pol. jestem I
am : Alb. jam I am, common Alb. h- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutations found in
Corn. caf(f)os, cafes, M.Bret. caf(f)out, Bret. kavout have.
Note:
Page 1058
gabal f. (Celt. *gabaglu, the ending probably attributed to *kaglu, Welsh cael attainment ;
see under qagh- catch) the taking = Welsh gafael the holding on (f = v), Corn. gavel
f. the holds, the seizing , O.Bret. an-gabol the grabbing, resumption ; otherwise mostly
in Brit. beginning k (attributed to qagh-): M.Welsh and Welsh caffael attainment (besides
cael, see above); das ff derives from the s-subjunctive (v + h > f); with other suffix Corn.
caf(f)os, cafes, M.Bret. caf(f)out, Bret. kavout have;
about the striking congruities Ir. compounds with gaib- with Lat. compositions of habre
s. Pedersen KG. II 532;
here also gallorom. *gabella fascicle, sheaf, bunch, bundle from Gaul. *gabaglu;
Goth. gabei f. richness (*ghabh), gab(e)igs rich (*ghabhko-), O.H.G. kepi f.
richness , kepic rich, O.E. giefig, O.Ice. gofugr ds.; gfa f. luck, gfr generous,
pleasant, helpful (Gmc. *gbiz), M.H.G. gbe ds., Ger. gbe give; in addition also the
Gmc. matrons name Ala-gabiae the all giving ones , GN Fria-gabis dear giver ; about
Page 1059
gebu, gebeti to be able, be used to, be accustomed to ; with : gobus greedy , gbis m.
greed, lust, dial. gubti snatch , etc.;
Slav. (originally iterative) *gabajo, *gabati in Pol. gabac assail, gripe , wRuss. habc
take, gripe , etc.; O.C.S. gobino fullness, wealth, gobz rich are Gmc. Lw. About the
expressive character of ch- in Russ. chbit grab quickly , chopt grasp, catch etc. s.
Machek Slavia 16, 178, 208 ff.
References: WP. I 344 f., WH. I 158 ff., 630 f., Trautmann 74, Feist 175 f., 214.
Page(s): 407-409
Page 1060
fdus);
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*gheida) dhija a goat common Alb. gh- > d- ; -d- > -j- phonetic
mutations.
Goth. gaits and O.H.G. geiz f., O.Ice. geit f., O.S. gt, f., O.E. gut f., O.S. get f.
(consonant stem) goat, originally used for both genders.
From *ghaido- derived *ghaidnos: Lat. haednus of a kid , O.E. gten, O.H.G. geizn
of or pertaining to goats , Goth. gaitein n. kid , O.H.G. geizn n. he-goat; billy goat .
O.H.G. ziga, wherefore O.E. ticcen and O.H.G. zicchn with hypocoristic consonant
stretch, is not through causing taboo Lautumstellung from IE *ghidhs originated, rather
as Auslautsdublette to Gk. . (Hes.) < *digia, Arm. tik hose (from goatskin)
to stellen.
Da Alb. qith kid, M.Ir. cit sheep, O.N. ki Tierjunges, O.H.G. kizzi(n), chizzi n. (Gmc.
*kittna) caressing alteration are from ghaido-, is a unnecessary assumptIon. Rather the
named words are directly an enticing (or frightening) shout, call, as kitz, gitz, hitz, hetz usf.
is attested to have evolved from most different languages and dialects.
References: WP. I 527 f., WH. I 632, 868.
Page(s): 409-410
Page 1061
Page 1062
Page 1063
geu, Welsh gau incorrect , Subst. lie, falsity, Corn. gow m. ds., Bret. gaou ds.; derived
M.Welsh geuawc, Welsh euog culpable.
Quite zweifelhafte equatIon. If Celt. forms must be assumed with uu, they could go back
to IE *gu- (to geu- bend, S. 393). compare to vocalism Pokorny ZceltPh . 11, 19, to
meaning Frisk Gteborgs Hgsk. ArsSer.-Cr. 41 (1935), 3. Abt., S. 11.
References: WP. I 530, WH. I 636 f., 869.
Page(s): 414
Page 1064
Material: O.Ir. gigren, giugrann goose , Welsh gwyrain Red Grouse, wild chicken (basic
form seems *gigur . . . ??); M.Ir. gd, Welsh gwydd, O.Corn. guit, Bret. goaz, gwaz goose
(*gigdu because of M.Ir. gen. goid), to d-forms compare O.E. ganot under *ghans- goose
;
expressive Alb. gogsnj belch, burp (under likewise, G. Meyer Wb. 126);
M.H.G. gugen, gugern (also ggen) shout, cackle like a goose (Ger. Gugag, Ggag
under likewise for goose ), O.H.G. gackizn, gackazzen mutter, mumble, speak in a low
tone; bleat, as a he-goat, shout , Ger. gacksen, gatzen, gackern, tirol. etc. gaggezen,
Swiss gaggelen, gagelen gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, laugh shakingly , mnl.
gagelen, M.Eng. gagelin, nEng. gaggle gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ; similarly
O.H.G. gickazzen, M.H.G. giksen, gksen, Ger. gicksen blurt fine inarticulate tones (i
depicting not real Ablaut, but the higher tone); O.Ice. gaga and Mod.Ice. gagga deride ;
Lith. gagu, -eti chatter , gag eider, gagnas jabberer (somewhat similarly gege
cuckoo); Ltv. ggt shout like goose , gga kind of duck , ggars goose (Trautmann
Bal.-Slav. Wb. 74 f.);
Maybe Alb. expressive gogsinj burp, belch, yawn (*gha-ghans) *onomatopoeic cry of
goose, gaga stutterer, gugue dove kind (Slavic origin) also Alb. ga ga cry of goose :
geg Albanians (neighbouring the Slavs) *stutterers , geg North Albanian speech
(according to Slavs) unknown speech
Note:
Page 1065
g instead of h newer sound imitation) chatter ; Russ. ggat chatter, from geese , gga
eider duck, gagra aquanaut etc.
In birds names except not named here:
O.Ice. gagl greylag goose ;
Lith. gaigalas drake, male duck , Ltv. gaigale a gull kind , O.Pruss. gegalis
aquanaut , See N Gaygelith;
Russ. ggol common goldeneye, Golden Eye , Pol. gogo, gago European
goldeneye , old gogolica a coot, a water-fowl (Berneker 318).
Maybe Alb. gogol ghost
References: WP. I 526, Trautmann 74 f.
Page(s): 407
Page 1066
Page 1067
(ge)gada comrade, husband , Ger. Gatte; Goth. gadiliggs cousin , O.S. gaduling
kinsman, relative, O.E. gdeling comrade, O.H.G. gatulinc, gatilinc kinsman, relative,
cousin, journeyman ; O.E. geador, t gdere (Eng. together) together, O.Fris. gadur,
M.L.G. gader, M.H.G. gater ds., O.E. gadrian, gd(e)rian (Eng. gather) gather, collect,
O.Fris. gaderia, M.L.G. gad(d)eren ds., M.H.G. vergatern be united, merge , Ger.
vergattern ds.; in addition presumably also O.H.G. gataro, Ger. Gatter (umgelautet M.H.G.
geter, Ger. Gitter), O.S. gadder, M.L.G. gaddere Gitter ;
with lengthened grade: Goth. gs, O.Ice. gr, O.E. gd, O.H.G. guot, Ger. gut (Gmc.
Page 1068
Page 1069
Page 1070
Page 1071
gell-, gill- to pledge, promise (3. sg. Konj. gellaid, 3. pl. Fut. gillfit), with ad- swear, vow,
promise etc.; from gall captive derives the verb giall-, gill- serve, obey , e.g. 3. sg.
Page 1072
Page 1073
Page 1074
Material: O.Ind. jh- only in jhamuna-h glmend, den Mund aufsperrend, klaffend,
lechzend ; perhaps secondary to jht, S. 418;
Goth. faihu-geigan lust, crave, ga-geigan gain , nasalized O.H.G. gingn after etwas
verlangen, gingo das Verlangen; after Wissmann nom. postverb. 41 though to ghei-gh-,
above S. 421.
Lith. pmauda gieti hold a grudge, nurse a grievance , gieiuos long, want violently
, pagieti ask for revenge , pagiea thirst for revenge ; whether Lith. gieti, pa-gieti
intr. im Halse kratzen would be with it.
References: WP. I 552; different Feist 136 f.
Page(s): 427
Page 1075
Material: Av. zaa- gruesome, zinu- frightening, shuddering, shaking together (before
frost), zizdit of the ghastliest, most hideous ones (superl. to a verb *zidu- make
shudder ; see under gheiz-d-);
Goth. us-geisnan erschrecken (intr.), auer Fassung geraten , Kaus. us-gaisjan
erschrecken (tr.), auer Fassung bringen (but O.Ice. geisa hervordringen, heransturmen
from *ga-eisa);
O.Ice. geiski n. fear, horror .
root form gheiz-dh-: O.Ind. hd- be angry with (hdant-, hdamuna-h, perf. jihda),
hda-h m., hdah n. anger (here also hlat is improvident , hlayati deride , see
under ghi- yawn ), hdati excited, aroused, aggrieved , Med. is excited, aroused,
angry ; Av. zidita- (see above);
O.H.G. geist (= O.Ind. hda-h) m., O.S. gst, O.E. gust (gst) m. ghost (in contrast to
the body); uberirdisches gespenstiges Wesen (so esp. Eng. ghost ghost), O.E. gstan
(*gaistjan) frighten (tr.), Eng. aghast agitated, angry, irate, ghastly grisly, terrible,
dreadful.
That in the meaning exact attuning O.C.S. asnoti frighten (intr.). stupefieri , asiti
frighten (tr.), uas fright from *g(h)s- attunes in vowel and not in guttural.
References: WP. I 553 f., Feist 531 f.
Page(s): 427
Page 1076
Page 1077
Page 1078
Page 1079
Root ghelgh- : gland derived from an extended Root gel-1 : to curl; round, *gland, growth,
ball.
Material: Arm. gej-kh glands (the obvious anlaut can be explained through dissimilation ,
s. Meillet MSL. 13, 244f., Lidn Arm. Stud. 71 under A. 1. 2);
E.Lith. geleuones, geleauns, gelenes glands, craw ;
Slav. *elza in Church Slavic leza, Russ. eleza, Sloven. leza, ch. leza, nowadays
laza gland (about Cz. hlza abscess s. Meillet .), Pol. zoza ds.
References: WP. I 612, 632, Trautmann 84.
Page(s): 435
Page 1080
zoadek ds.
References: WP. I 631 f., Trautmann 82.
Page(s): 435
Page 1081
Page 1082
Page 1083
ghelun
English meaning: pine-tree
Deutsche bersetzung: Kiefer
Material: Arm. jeun palate, Plafond ;
Gk. lip, upper jaw, in addition perhaps also lip, Eol. , if from
*F (Solmsen KZ. 29, 352);
O.Ice. giolnar pine tree, Swe. gl gill, pine tree, Dan. gjlle ds.
References: WP. I 632.
Page(s): 436
Page 1084
Maybe Alb. (*harundinis ) dalndyshe a swallow : Lat. harundo -inis f. a reed; meton., for
an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds : hirundo -inis, f.
swallow. Similar phonetic setting Alb. dimn winter : Lat. hiemo -are to winter, spend the
winter [see Root ghei-2 : ghi- : winter; snow
Lat. and Alb. prove that the original Root aro-m : reed was (*gher-). Only Lat. and Alb.
have preserved the old laryngeal -.
There is no doubt that from Illyr.-Alb.- Lat. (*harundinis ) dalndyshe a swallow [common
Alb. gh- > d- phonetic mutation] derived Gk. swallow, therefore Root ghel- : to
call, cry derived from Root aro-m : reed (*gher-) where r/l allophones.
O.Ice. gjalla (st. V.) resonate, O.E. giellan (st. V.) cry, O.H.G. gellan sound, clink,
cry, Ger. gellen (-ll- from -ln- or rather pure sound echo consonant increase); O.N. gala
(preterit gl) cry, crow, cackle, sing, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. galan sing; also enchant, fix a spell
upon, bewitch, enchant (Gmc. present with -a- due to a perf. with IE ); Goth. gljan
greet (actually *shout , as O.Fris. gla hunt, chase actually das Wild durch Geschrei
aufstbern ; lengthened grades iterative, presumably denominative) O.N. gla make
Page 1085
nahti-gala f. nightingale , O.Ice. galdr m. singing, magic song , O.E. gealdor n. magic
song , O.H.G. galdar, kalter and galstar n. ds., O.Ice. gallr, gjallr clinking ;
-grade (as Goth. gljan) Russ. galit-sja deride , dial. galucha, gal f. fun, laughter ,
naglit taktmig schreien, singen, bei der Arbeit etc.
b- and bh-extension:
O.E. gielpan (st. V.) brag, boast, M.H.G. gelpfen, gelfen cry, sing, brag, boast, O.Ice.
gjalp n. boastfulness , O.E. gielp ds., O.S. gelp Trotzrede, derision, ridicule, O.H.G.
gelph Trotzrede, boastfulness , adj. lustig, minxish, wanton, O.H.G. gelbn jemd.
deceive , O.S. galpn (schw. V.) loud cry, brag, boast, Dan. gylpe, gulpe shout, cry like
a raven (with Gmc. O.Ice. gjalfr Wellengetse , gylfi king, prince, lord, gylfin n. fiend,
demon, gylfra f. witch , gylfringr m. sword, M.L.G. gelve surge , Dutch golf wave,
dial. galveren, golveren sound, howl);
Lith. gulbinti vaunt, praise ; about gulbas swan s. S. 431;
perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 198) here with expressive ch- Slav. *chlbiti se boast
, *chlba boastfulness in Cz. chlubiti se, chlouba (old chluba), etc.; possibly also Slav.
*chorbr (from *gholbh-lo-) valiant in O.Bulg. chrabr, chrabr warlike etc. (compare
above O.Ind. pra-galbh-h).
Dental extension Gmc. gelt- : Ice. gelta (*galtjan) bark, bay, O.H.G. gelzn utter the
voice, squeal .
References: WP. I 628.
Page(s): 428
Page 1086
ghendh- (ghondh-)
English meaning: boil
Deutsche bersetzung: Geschwur
Material: Gk. ulcer, swelling, lump, growth, Hes.;
Goth. gund n. cancerous ulcer , Nor. dial. gund m. scurf, O.E. gund m. pus, O.H.G.
Page 1087
Page 1088
Page 1089
Page 1090
gndha, Swe. gnida, Dan. gnide borrowed is; compare also (likewise borrowed?) the rare
O.Ice. gnia ds.; O.Ice. gnsta tnnum clatter with the teeth , M.H.G. gnst ground, tirol.
Gneist chopped or scraped stuff ; Nor. dial. gnita kleines abgesprungenes Stuck ,
M.L.G. gnitte small mosquito , E.Fris. gnid, gnit sundries, small stuff; a kind of small
gnats , Ger. Gnitze small mosquito ;
Ltv. gnde rough, shabby, dirty skin; O.C.S. gnijo, gniti blight, decay , Russ. gnit,
Bulg. gnija, Ser.-Cr. gnjti and gnjliti, Cz. hnti, Pol. gnic ds.; O.C.S. gnil rotten , Russ.
gnil, Ser.-Cr. gnjo, Cz. hnilu, Pol. gniy ds., O.C.S. gnoj manure, Russ. gnoj pus, Ser.Cr. gnj ds., Cz. hnuj crap, muck, manure , Pol. gnj ds.
Maybe Alb. (*gnola) njolla stain, dirt common Alb. gn- > nj- phonetic mutatIon.
hereupon ghn du nit, louse :
O.Ice., Nor. dial. gnit f., O.S. gnether, Swe. gnet, Dan. gnid; Ltv. gnda nit, louse,
greedy, stingy person (Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 633), Lith. glnda (dissimilated from
*gnnda?); Russ. gnda, Sloven. gnjda, Cz. hnda, Pol. gnida; about Lat. lns, -dis f.
ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Decl. 44.
gnauwen growl ;
Lith. gnisai vermin, pest, O.C.S. gnusn disgusting, gnoati, gnuati se be
disgusted, Russ. gnus vermin, pest, Ser.-Cr. gnus disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut,
Page 1091
Page 1092
gher-1
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche bersetzung: in Schallworten
Note: mostly only newer parallel Wortschpfungen, frequent, often with expressive vowel
gurren), Swe. Nor. garpa rant, roister, brag, boast, O.Ice. garpr intrepid pugnacious
person; Nor. dial. garta joke, chat, prate, grunt; O.E. gierman, Nor. garma roar, bellow,
O.N. garmr dog; further O.E. gryllan gnash, rage , M.H.G. grellen st. V. piercingly,
before rage shouts , grel rough, grell, angry, irate, Dutch grollen murmur, be angry,
irate, M.H.G. grullen scoff , Ger. grollen;
R.C.S. grkati coo , Cz. hreti rattle, clash, purr, murmur, hrkati crack, creak, burr ;
Slov. grgati gargle, coo ;
Maybe Alb. gryk throat : R.C.S. grkati coo
here perhaps ghr-d- in Goth. grtan, O.N. gruta, aschs. grutan, O.E. grtan (grotan
after rotan ds.), Ger. Alem. grts weep, cry, lament ; ablaut. causative O.Ice. greta
reduce to tears, bring to tears, O.E. gretan assail, greet , aschs. grtian call ,
O.H.G. gruozen, Ger. gruen; O.N. grutr m. weeping, cry , O.H.G. gruz fury;
Page 1093
Page 1094
gher-2
English meaning: to stroke roughly, rub
Deutsche bersetzung: hart woruber streichen, reiben
Note: compare also die extensions ghri-, ghru-, ghrem-, ghren-, as well as above grd-
s-extension:
O.Ind. gharsati grates , ghrsta-h chafed, grated ; Russ. gorch pea, Ser.-Cr. grah
bean, pea (die sl. intonation development from a zero grade basic form *ghrso-s or from
*ghorsos).
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*ghrso-s) grosh bean, pea
References: WP. I 605 f., WH. I 545 f., 570.
Page(s): 439-440
Page 1095
ghers-.
Material: a. Gk. Hes., joy of battle, lust of battle, battle; upper lance
point , - Hes., like a hog or a hogs back, low rock
rising just above the sea like a hogs back; in pl., scrofulous swellings in the glands of the
neck, etc.; sow (*ghorio-);
at most (yet quite doubtful) here Nor. dial. gare cusp, peak, gara prick, bump, poke;
from the heavy basis: M.H.G. grut, pl. grte m. fishbone, ear of corn, mountaintop,
mountain peak, summit, mountain ridge, Ger. Grat, Grte (*ghr-t-);
with reduplication-grade: Pol. grot, Cz. hrot arrowhead, spear, lance;
b. with -d-suffix: O.H.G. M.H.G. graz n. sprout, twig, scion, branch of conifers (also
probably turned into mental O.H.G. grazzo adv. violent, stern, M.H.G. graz, gruz fury,
Page 1096
s?).
References: WP. I 606, WH. I 413 f.
Page(s): 440
Page 1097
gresiu, gresti threaten, outgrow , gristu, grsti become disgusted with , grasinu, grasnti
threaten , Ltv. grasut, grast threaten .
Maybe Alb. (*grasinu) krcnoj threaten
References: WP. I 610 f., WH. I 461, Trautmann 95.
Page(s): 445
Page 1098
ghers-2
English meaning: used in names of weeds
Deutsche bersetzung: in Unkrautbezeichnungen?
Material: O.H.G. gers, giers, girst (Grassmann, Dt. Pflanzennamen 100 ff., Bjrkmann
ZfdWtf. 3, 268) Giersch, Aegopodium Podagraria;
Lith. garas m., garva f. Angelica Archangelica; garve f. Giersch , Ltv. gursa, gura,
guri ds.; in addition also Lith. grsa f. = drse darnel (oat), Ltv. dziri darnel (these
after Endzelin KZ. 44, 58 to Lat. hordeum [see under gherzd(h)] barley; compare
Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 555, 618 f.).
References: WP. I 611, Trautmann 79 f.
Page(s): 445
Page 1099
Page 1100
gap crooked, cunning (but gap wide, capacious, open , O.Ice. gaupn hollow hand
see under ghu- yawn, gape, stare with an open mouth ), O.Ice. gumpr (from O.S.
gumper), Swe. gump, Dan. gump rump, M.H.G. guffe, goffe ds. (but about M.H.G. gupf
summit of a mountain see under geu- bend), O.E. gupan pl. buttocks, haunches ,
O.H.G. goffa rump, further in addition the intensive formation Ice. goppa, Swe. guppa,
Ger. gupfen jump up and down, swing;
Ltv. gubstu, gubt bend down, sink , guba f. heap, Lith. gubuotis interweave,
intertwine , gaubiu, gaubti cover, wrap up, curve , gaubtis crook oneself , gub
haycocks, heaps of standing sheaves , gubus adroit, expert, skillful (compare the
meaning from O.E. gap), Lith. dvgubas twofold , O.Pruss. gen. sg. f. dvigubbus ds.;
O.C.S. gnoti fold, Russ. gnut bend, crook, klRuss. hnuty ds., Ser.-Cr. nagnm,
ngnuti incline , Sloven. gnem, gniti move, bestir , Cz. hnouti ds., in addition O.C.S.
negblj unmoved (from *gubja-), Russ. Church Slavic gbe bend, Cz. prheb m.
flexible place, joint (from -gb, compare Lith. -gubas) and changing through ablaut
O.C.S. sugub, dvogub double, Russ. gub bay, Sloven. guba crease , Pol. przegub
joint, curvature ; iterative O.C.S. gybljo gybati be destroyed, perish , pregybajo,
pregybati bend, bow, Russ. gbnut, gnut spoil, perish , gibt bend, Ser.-Cr. gbljm
(gibm) gbati move, weigh, rock, sway , Cz. hynouti be destroyed, perish, go to waste,
run wild , hubati move, drive, push; causative O.C.S. pogubljo pogubiti wreck , Russ.
Page 1101
gubt spoil, Ser.-Cr. gubm, gubiti ds., Cz. hubiti spoil, exterminate , Pol. gubie, gubic
lose, spoil, O.C.S. paguba ruin.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*gub-) hup, Tosc humb lose : Cz. hubiti spoil, exterminate ; common
Alb. -b > -mb phonetic mutation, also Alb. gaboj get lost, err .
References: WP. I 567 f., Trautmann 100 f.
Page(s): 450
Page 1102
Page 1103
gheuei (gheuei)
English meaning: pit, hollow
Deutsche bersetzung: Grube, Hhle?
Note: Only Gk. and Lat.
Page 1104
bersetzung:
and
hnliche
enklitische
Partikeln
zur
Verstrkung
of
vorhergehenden Wortes
Note: It seems two groups have to be separated, single-linguistic but to have partly begun at
another place: 1. ghe, gho, 2. with palatalem Gutt., the in europ. languages as g, in Ar. as
gh appears (as in the cases like Gk. : O.Ind. hnuh), thus showed one of the normal
so-called voiced-aspirated various articulation kind, and the vowel i or e.
Material: 1. -ghe, -gho:
O.Ind. gha (*gho), ha (*ghe) behind negation (n gha ), personal pronoun (e.g. vaym
gha), dem so/to-Pron. (s gha, s ha), to the question pronoun (e.g. km ha), to the relative
pronoun (y gha, y ha), also behind other parts of speech; O.Ind. hnta well, on take,
there take, see there ;
Umbr. -hont (e.g. era-hunt by the same way, by the same piece of work; at the same
time, likewise), compare also Lat. hic this, this one; this present from *gho or *ghe + *ke;
Welsh a(g) with from *ad-ghe; see above S. 3;
O.C.S. -go, -e behind negation (ni-e not; and not, nor; rarely not even , ne jedin e
not only one, not one, i.e. no one, none; not at all, naught ; compare also O.C.S. nee,
Serb. ngo as in comparative and Serb. nego however, but, Cz. ne(e) yet, where nerather the negation has arisen as indicating the positive meaning of Pron.-stem ne-), behind
the relative pronoun (ie), lengthened grade (*gh) O.Sor. kdy-ha when, then (under
likewise; Berneker 316);
Lith. -gu (*gh), -gi (these with dem vowel i the 2. group) in neg, neig, negu not,
behind Pers.-Pron. (e.g. tu-gu, tu-gi thou at least, for thy part : Boeot. touga : Gk. ),
Page 1105
beggi for, kuigi as, neggi also not, still, niqueigi never more ; Gk. see under.
2. -g(h):
in O.Ind. h, Av. z emphasizing particle (n h, nah, Av. nit z; O.Ind. kr-hi when?,
tr-hi damals under likewise), behind the first word of the sentence then yes ;
Gk. -, - not, - where, - certainly, indeed (-- instead of --, compare
under , presumably through hybridization with a particle the 1. group);
Lat. *n-gi (after Holthausen KZ. 47, 309 = O.S. nec and not), assumed through
Page 1106
Page 1107
Page 1108
glam jubilation, pleasure, joy; ablaut. O.Ice. glymr row, din, fuss, noise, glymja sound,
clink, M.H.G. glumen din, drone;
O.C.S. bez gluma firm, unchangeable, constant, immovable, uniform, steady, fixed,
stable, invariable, regular, persistent; consistent, harmonious; unanimous; sure, steadfast,
constant, faithful, unchanging , glamiti se to talk idly, prate , Russ. gum joke, derision ,
gumit sja mock, sich lustig machen about, Bulg. gluma fun, joke, derision , glumj se
joke, fool , Ser.-Cr. gluma f. joke, comedy , Cz. (old) hluma an actor , Pol. dial. w
Page 1109
Page 1110
ghoilo-s
English meaning: foaming; turbulent; roaming
Deutsche bersetzung: aufschumen(d); heftig; ubermutig, ausgelassen, lustig
Note:
Root ghoilo-s : foaming; turbulent; roaming, derived from Root gel-1 : to stick; pain, death :
Lith. glti prick.
Material: Perhaps M.Ir. guel kinship, Ir. gaol also friendship, love;
O.H.G. geil, O.S. gl minxish, wanton, luscious, strong, Ger. geil (M.L.G. geile
testicles, Ger. Biber-geil; M.L.G. geile, Ger. Geile dung, manure ), O.E. gul funny,
lascivious, stout, proud, M.H.G. geilen ridicule, make fun of = Goth. gailjan gladden ;
O.H.G. keil f. lasciviousness ;
changing through ablaut and partly with the meaning foaming O.Ice. gil-ker
fermenting vat , Nor. gil, gl n. fermenting beer , Dutch gijl ds., gijlen ferment, seethe,
also, as M.L.G. glen covetous ;
O.Lith. gailas violent, Lith. gailus irascible, irritable; sharp, biting (from vinegar, lye);
bitter (from tears); pitiable, pitiful (in latter meaning with ablaut to gilus painful, sore ,
Page 1111
Page 1112
ghosti-s
English meaning: stranger; guest
Deutsche bersetzung: Fremder, Gast
Note:
Page 1113
Page 1114
ghou-ro-s
English meaning: frightened
Deutsche bersetzung: furchtbar and voller Furcht
Material: O.Ind. ghra-h dreadful, imposing, venerable , n. scary force, might, magic
power ;
Goth. gaurs grieving , gauria sorrow , qaurjan mortify, O.H.G. grag woeful,
wretched, miserable, arm, small; O.Ice. gaurr m. pitiful person (Johansson KZ. 67, 221);
perhaps here with ablaut and n- further formations: O.E. gyrn, gryn n. mourning, grief, also
gnorn, grorn m., gnyrn f. ds., gryre m. horror , with variant assimilation and dissimilation,
in addition O.S. gornn, gnornn, grornn grieve , gruri m. horror ;
klRuss. uryty afflict, sadden, urba care , Russ. uri t scold .
References: WP. I 636, Feist 208.
Page(s): 453-454
Page 1115
Material: O.Ind. ghsati sounds, announces aloud, hears , ghsayati findet Erhrung bei
(acc.) (Geldner Rigveda in Auswahl I 58), ghsa-h m. sound, clamor, shout, call, din,
fuss, noise, Asvaghsa EN ear of the horse , Harighsa EN Yellow ear (= Av.
zairigaoa);
Av. gao- hear, Kaus. in gayat -uxa- sein Wort zu Gehr bringend , Pers.
niydan hear, listen, eavesdrop , Bal. ga hear, nia hear, listen, eavesdrop ;
Maybe Alb.Gheg nigjoj, ndgoj (*nd-ghosa), Tosc dgjoj, Alb. Greece dlgonj, Alb.
Arbrsh dilingonj, ndlgonj, ndlgonj, glgonj I hear [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith.
Page 1116
goumen ds., O.Ice. gaumr m. and gaum f. attention, O.H.G. gouma paying attention,
observance, feast , Swiss gaume baby sitting (from dem Gmc. Ltv. gaume taste,
gaumt memorize, observe, taste ), O.S. gma repast, meal, guests meal , whereof
O.S. gmian host . (The meaning relations are still to be cleared in detail; s. Slotty IF. 46,
369.) In addition changing through ablaut O.E. ofergumian neglect, O.S. fargumn
neglect , Ice. guma pay attention ;
O.C.S. govejo, goveti worship; revere, live a god-fearing life , Russ. govet fast ,
Sloven. dial. goveti remain grumpily silent , Ser.-Cr. gvijm, gvjeti obey , Cz. hoveti
favor, spare, look after, look up; satisfy, show indulgence ; from dem Russ. derives Lith.
Page 1117
jaksuh, (common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation) from which after Wackernagel KZ. 41,
309 present jaksiti, particle perf. *gdha- in agdhud uneaten food , later jagdh-, sgdhi- f.
shared meal, later jagdhi- s. Wackernagel aaO., ghasmara- voracious , ghasana- n.
the consuming , ghusi - m. nourishment, food; Av. gah- eat, devour (from davischen
creature);
about Lat. hostia sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation, hostre repay s. WH. I 661 f.;
about angebl. Ltv. gste feast s. WH. I 637.
Maybe Alb. gosti feast, ngos sate, feed
References: WP. I 640.
Page(s): 452
Page 1118
Material: O.Ind. grabh-, grab- gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest , Aor.
agrabham, perf. jagrubha, pass. grhyte, grbhyant; grbha- m. the griping , grha-
Bechervoll ; grpsa- bush, tussock , grbh- griping, handle, grasp, grh- (as 2.
composition part) griping , grbh- m. handle, grasp, grbhi- in recollecting, containing ,
gurvayeiti (compare O.Ind. grbhyant) seizes, holds firmly, agrees, perceives , participle
perf. pass. grpta-, grab- structure of words, sentence ; acc. grbam the holding on,
seizing ; Pers. giriftan gripe , grad seizes ;
O.N. grupa snatch, grasp (p in support in grpa?), O.E. grppian gripe , Eng.
grapple grip, grasp ; besides Swe. grabba grapple, pack , M.L.G. grabben, grabbelen
catch fast, heap (out of it Eng. grab, grabble), M.H.G. grappeln grope , Nor. dial. grafsa,
grapsa scratch, scrape , deutsch grapsen; in addition nasalized Swe. dial. gramma
snatch , Swiss grame creep , Swe. gramsa mit vollen Hnden nehmen , Swiss gramse
ds.; aschs. garva fascicle, sheaf , O.H.G. garba a handful, bundle , M.H.G. Ger.
Garbe;
Lith. grabus, grabnus fingerfertig, gewandt im Stehlen , grabineti, grabaliti, grabti
grope, reach for something , grabstuti gripe, pack , lengthened grade grebiu, grebti
rake, gripe, rob; previous iterative. grbiu, grbti gripe, snatch, rob, grbis m. robbery,
booty; Ltv. grebju, grebt also grasp , grabas f. pl. Zusammengerafftes , greblis small
Page 1119
grben comb.
root extension ghrebhu-:
O.Ind. grbhnuti, grbhuyti seizes, sticks, attains ; innovations are: grabht griped ,
Infin. grhtum, participle grbht- reigned, caught, held on , grbhtr, grahtr seizer; Av.
Page 1120
ghrebh-2
English meaning: to scratch, dig
Deutsche bersetzung: kratzen, scharren, graben
Note: (Not always certain from ghrebh- gripe, rake to divide; identical with it?; see
Root ghrebh-2 : to scratch, dig; derived from Root ghrebh-1, gherbh-; root widening
ghrebhu- : to grab.
Material: Goth. graban dig, O.Ice. grafa notch, dig, prick ornaments (Plur. preterit O.Ice.
grofum indicating to a present grefa, really records altNor. and O.S. (grva)), O.E. grafan
ds., O.S. bigraan bury, O.H.G. graban dig, bury, engrave ; O.Fris. grva schw. v. s.
meaning, Dutch groeven trickle, groove, make furrows or channels ; iterative to graban-:
O.H.G. grubiln dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate , M.H.G. grubeln ds.; Goth.
Page 1121
Page 1122
dh-ne-t), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 170 f.;
O.C.S. gredo, gresti go, come , Russ. grjadu, grjast go, march etc.
References: WP. I 651 f., WH. I 615 f., Trautmann 98.
Page(s): 456-457
Page 1123
Material: Goth. greipan grasp , O.Ice. grpa grasp, gripe , O.E. O.S. grpan ds., O.Fris.
grpa, O.H.G. grfan ds., in addition as iterative O.E. grupian, O.H.G. greifn caress , and
nom. agentis O.Ice. greip f. handle, grasp, span, hand, O.E. grup fist, handle, grasp,
O.H.G. greifa fork, O.E. gripa m. handful, fascicle, sheaf ; in addition O.Ice. gripr m.
preciousness, valuable possession , O.E. gripe m. handle, grasp, attack, jewel, O.Fris. bi-
grip m. statute; agreement, O.H.G. ana-griff attacking, specially of a free girl without
agreement of her parents , M.H.G. grif snatch, palpation, grasp , M.L.G. grpe, grpe
handle, grasp, fork;
Maybe Alb. grep hook from a Romance derivative also Ital. grappa hook.
Lith. griebiu, griebti (besides greibiu, greibti) snatch at, seize, gripe , intensive graibau,
graibuti, grbnis m. quick grasp, grabbing , Ltv. griba f. wish, volition , gribt want
(originally reach for something ).
References: WP. I 647, Trautmann 96.
Page(s): 457-458
Page 1124
ghrem-1
English meaning: to scratch, rub
Deutsche bersetzung: scharf woruber reiben, zerreiben, abkratzen
Note: extension from gher- ds.
Material: Goth. gramsta dat. sg. wooden splinter (Persson Beitr. 99); E.Fris. grum
residuum, smut (such meaning also by ghru- and ghri-), mnl. nnl. grom intestines,
entrails, smut , nd. nl. groom ds., Nor. dial. grumen cloudy, mixed with deposit, residuum
, ablaut. wFris. gram, grim intestines, entrails, esp. from fish , Ger. bO.Ir. gramel Griebe
, O.Ice. grm, grmr smut; Ger. Swiss grummen klauben, stbern , grummelig brockig
(Falk-Torp under grums);
Lith. grmiu, grmti scrape, grmdau, -yti scratch, scrape, Ltv. gremu, gremt
gnaw, bite , gramstt snatch (against another division of Balt words see under ger-,
grem- catch); different Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lith. grndiu, gresti
under under ghren-.
References: WP. I 655.
Page(s): 458
Page 1125
ghrem-2
English meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble
Deutsche bersetzung: laut and dumpf tnen, donnern, grollen, zornig sein
Material: Av. gram- ergrimmen, Grimm hegen (only in participle present grmntam of
those who are to us grimm and participle perf. pass. granta- from *ghramita- becomes
angry), Pers. aram fierceness;
Gk. , neigh , m. creakiness , (= O.C.S. grom)
noise, neighing (Hes.);
O.Ice. gramr enraged, hostile , O.E. gram, O.S. gram, O.H.G. gram ds., M.H.G. gram
angry, irate, uncourageous , Goth. gramjan enrage , Ice. gremia make angry, irate ,
O.E. gremman infuriate, revile , O.H.G. gremmen enrage, infuriate , M.H.G. gremen
cause grief , refl. grieve , O.H.G. gramiz becomes angry, sad, infuriated , O.Ice.
grimmr fierce, grim, hostile, excited, aroused , O.E. O.Fris. O.S. O.H.G. grimm wild, cruel,
savage; O.E. grimman rage , O.S. grimman wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster, M.H.G.
grimmen rage before anger or pain , zero grade O.H.G. umbegrummn gnaw at ,
M.H.G. M.L.G. grummen drone, grumble, murmur, Ger. grummen, grummeln murmur,
scold, grumble, sound vaguely , Nor. grymta grunt, O.E. grymettan growl ;
Lith. gramu, grameti fall with noise , grumiu, grumeti thunder , grumenu, grumnti
drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten; with extension -zd- (see Persson Beitr. 349)
grumzdiu, grumsti gnash, creak, threaten; Ltv. gremju, gremt mumble, murmur,
threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion , O.Pruss. grumins m. distant thunder ,
Page 1126
grm, grmljeti, Cz. hrmti, Pol. grzmiec thunder , wherefore the intensive in Church Slavic
grimati sound, clink, Ser.-Cr. dial. grimat, Cz. hrmati thunder, fulminate ; O.C.S. grom,
Russ. grom thunder, Ser.-Cr. grm thunder, lightning, Cz. hrom thunder, Pol. grom
thunder, thunderbolt .
References: WP. I 655 f., Trautmann 97.
Page(s): 458-459
Page 1127
grindti, grinduti, grindiu gristi cover with boards , grand bridge plank , Ltv. grda, also
grds floor, plank , grudi m. pl. planks, balks, beams , O.Pruss. grandico f. plank,
balk, grandan (acc.) man, husband (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF. 32, 162 with Lith.);
Slav. greda in Russ. grjad bed, row, Ser.-Cr. grda balk, beam, Cz. hrada shaft,
pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle, Pol. grzeda shaft, pole, furrow, bed; besides Slav.
Page 1128
Material: Gk. touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of
moral pollution ;
in addition with formants -tu- (-to-), O.Ice. grunnr m. (nn from n) bottom, ground (basic
meaning sand, sandy soil as * the pulverized ground ), grunn n. shallow place in the
water , grund f. (m. gramm. variation) field, earth, Goth. grundu-waddjus foundation wall
, O.E. O.S. grund, O.H.G. grunt ground, bottom.
ghren-d-:
Gk. m. a grain or lump of salt; in pl. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made
therefrom (diss. from *-);
Alb. (-d- or -dh-) grund, krund bran (*ghrn-d[h]u);
maybe Alb.Gheg grind quarrel, fight, crush, Alb.Tosk grinj grind
Lat. frend, -ere crunch, gnash the teeth ; common Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation,
from there Lat. d- > f- shift.
O.Ice. grotti m. mill.
ghren-dh-:
O.E. grindan grind, crunch , Eng. to grind ds., sharpen (O.E. grindan with tum),
Eng. to grind ones teeth gnash the teeth; Ger. (N.Ger.) Grand sand, N.Ger. grand f.
coarse sand, meal, flour, bran , O.H.G. in grente in earth full of clay , O.Ice. grandi m.
sandbank, gravel ; N.Ger. grind f. pebble sand; scurf , nld. grind, grint coarse meal,
Page 1129
Page 1130
Material: Gk. anoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick (*- or -, compare
, ), smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing ,
, new ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace;
coating of wall, plaster , to rub, anoint; sting, prick ; wander above the
surface, scratch etc.; Med. bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw
near, approach ;
O.Ice. grma mask, helmet; riddle , Eng. grime dirt, smut , O.E. O.S. grma, -o m.
mask, helmet; ghost, M.L.G. grmet schwarzgestreift , ablaut. grme f. smut;
Lith. grieju, grieti skim the cream (older present form greju), graimas cream; with
transference in the mental area (compare similar under ghru-) here Gmc. gr s- in O.E. u-
grsan shudder, fear, dread, grslc, O.H.G. grsenlh terrible, grisly, mnl. grsen, M.L.G.
grsen, gresen shudder, greselk eerie (different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to O.Ind. jihrti feel shame , wherewith Johansson IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning
*cover, O.Ice. grma etc.); after Kluge11 s. v. Griesgram here O.E. grist n. milling , O.S.
Page 1131
Page 1132
gru from *ghruu); Ltv. grauju, gruvu, graut shatter , grustu, gruvu, grut collapse ,
gruvei m. pl. rubble ; double anlaut besides qreu- (see there)?
Russ. dial. gruchnut sa collapse with noise , Clr. hruchnuty rumble; crow , Ser.-Cr.
gruhum, gruhati crack, creak, Sloven. gruh scree, stone fragments , grua coarse
sand, grit , Pol. gruchnac fall down with crashing sound; hit fast (gruchac coo like the
pigeon ).
References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?
Page(s): 460
Page 1133
Material: Gk. *, Konj. Aor. scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure ,
hit in , Cypr. , bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be adjacent
to , untouched, clean, pure cold water ; with gradation *ghr[u]-: surface
of a body (*woruber man daruber streift), hence skin, complexion (nom. from
*ghr[u]-s, gen. thereafter from *ghru-s; besides then later ), and
touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body , , - skin,
complexion, paint, color, makeup , , Att. body surface, skin, paint, color
(*F-);
Gaul. *grava gravel , Welsh gro, O.Corn. grow, M.Corn. grow sand, M.Bret.
grouanenn ds., Bret. gro(a) f. sand beach, groan, grouan engrave (vocalism unclear);
O.Ice. grjn n. cereal (*crushed corn, grain), M.H.G. grien m. n. gravel sand, sandy
bank , M.L.G. grn grain of sand (*ghruno-; also Nor. Ice. grugg n. residuum from
*gruwwa- as sandy residuum ).
Because the extended root ghreu-d- plural applied is on the mental area (touch hard in
the mind ), one also assumes affiliation from O.H.G. ingrn, M.H.G. gren, grwen
shudder, fear, dread, M.H.G. griul, griuwel fright, horror, O.H.G. grsn, grwisn feel
fright , Ger. graus, grausen etc., O.H.G. grunn, -nnes misery, woefulness , griuna
eagerness, vehemency, fierceness, atrocity under likewise
extension ghreu-d-:
Page 1134
u); with -mn: Ser.-Cr. grumn clod, Russ. grum ds.; here also with transference on the
mental area R.C.S. s-grustiti sa grieve , Russ. grust f. distress, sorrow , Sloven. grust
m. disgust, repulsion, loathing (u from short diphthong, IE u; the old sensory meaning
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1135
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Material: Goth. gras n. grass, herb, O.Ice. O.S. gras, O.E. grs, grs ds., O.H.G. gras,
Ger. Gras; full grade M.H.G. gruose f. young Pflanzentrieb, Pflanzensaft , M.L.G. grse f.
Pflanzensaft , mnl. groese young vegetation, young grass ;
without the s-derivative: O.Ice. gra grow, be healed , O.E. grwan be green, bloom,
Eng. grow, O.H.G. gruoen, gruowan, M.H.G. gruejen grow, thrive, be green; O.Ice. gri
m. growth , M.H.G. gruot f. greenery, fresh growth ; O.H.G. gruoni, M.H.G. gruene,
O.E. grne, O.Ice. grnn green, fresh, good; Grnaland Greenland.
With dental extension: O.E. grd m. grass, M.H.G. graz, -zzes young branches of
coniferous wood from ghr-t-, ghr-t-;
probably to ghr-: ghr-: ghr- hervorstechen, z. B. von Pflanzentrieben,
Pflanzenstacheln, Barthaaren and its light basic root gher- ds. (see there would be to be
covered by Lat. herba vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass to
the latter, if from *gherz-dhu barley with suffixal of the same kind to *gher-dhu.
Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for O.C.S. grozd grape, grozn ds. a cognate of
*ghras-dho-, -nu- as base; the meaning would be justified at most through Russ. grnka
bundle : Bulg. Ser.-Cr. grna twig, branch.
References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.
Page(s): 454
Page 1137
Material: O.Ir. grad (n. es-stem) cheek, Welsh grudd ds., Corn. grud maxilla;
O.E. grada m. bosom.
References: WP. I 658.
Page(s): 462
Page 1138
kiuwe f. jaw, mandible, lower jaw bone ; derived: O.E. cace, O.Fris. ziuke f. (*keukn)
and O.Fris. kse molar tooth , M.L.G. kse, mnl. kze, changing through ablaut mnl.
kieze ds.;
Bal.-Slav. *i aui chew in:
Lith. iaunos f. pl. jaws , Ltv. aunas f. pl. jaws, maxilla, gill;
R.C.S. uju (*zjou-) and vo, vati (*zjv-), O.Cz. iji, vati, Russ. uju, evat chew;
in addition (from Bal.-Slav. *i aunu) Bulg. una f. lip and Ser.-Cr. valo n. pharynxes,
throat, gorge , vale f. pl. set of teeth in the bridle ; Russ. vakat chew, vak larch
resin as a tooth cleaning Material ;
Toch. AB sw-u-tsi eat (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 43);
compare further gu- resin.
References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Lidn Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae 27,
119.
Page(s): 400
Page 1139
Maybe Alb.Gheg klumsht (*klaptes) milk : Rom. lapte milk ; Spanish leche,
References: WP. I 659, WH. I 337 f., 741 f.
Page(s): 400-401
Page 1140
Page 1141
klofi m. door latch, clamp , = O.S. kloo m. cloven stick, Kloben zum Vogelfang =
O.H.G. klobo gespaltener Stock zum Einklemmen oder Fangen, Kloben , O.E. clofe f.
buckle , clufu f. onion, bulb, O.H.G. klobo-louh, Ger. with dissimilation Knoblauch, O.H.G.
kluppa f. pliers, tongs, split wood for clamping , Ger. Kluppe (*klubjn-), O.N. klyf f. the
split packsaddle , O.H.G. kluft, Ger. Kluft; after Wissmann (nom. postverb. 129 f.) with
expressive lengthened zero grade : O.H.G. klbn to pick to pieces; defoliate , Ger.
klauben (in addition probably with Gmc. intensive consonant increase O.N. klypa clamp,
nip, pinch);
O.Pruss. gleuptene Streichbrett am Pfluge, das die aufgerissene Erde umwendet ; but
Lith.glauduti take out its shell or pod hat probably das -d from gvalduti take out its shell
or pod, core referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbuti ds. -b- is covered by *glaubuti.
References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.
Page(s): 401-402
Page 1142
Page 1143
Page 1144
gol-1, lengthened grade gl-, reduct.st. golEnglish meaning: to lie; den (of animals)
Deutsche bersetzung: liegen; Lager, Tierlager
Material: Arm. kala cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal;
Gk. cave, pit, pothole;
O.S. kolder (= O.Ice. *kollr from *kolaR), Nor. dial. kold, kuld m. and f. (*kol) ein
Wurf von Tierjungen, ein Nestvoll Eier, Kinder aus derselben Ehe (eigtl. demselben Bette) ;
Lith. gulis lair, camp, night campground , Ltv. gula lair, nest ; Lith. guliu (gulu),
gulti sichlegen, zu Bette gehen , Ltv. gult lie down to sleep , Lith. guliu, guleti lie, Ltv.
gula lair, camp, night campground , Lith. gulta, gulte Tierlager ;
gulis (and at most in *glei-s traceable back to ) with frequent lengthened grade
in i-stem; Balt gul-, Arm. kal- from reduplication-stem gol-.
Because of Lith. gvalis (Szyrwid) = gulis, gval, gvalu adv. lying , gvalsias = gulsias
lying, gvalni tor = gulsiu kartelu tvor (Kve- darna, where uo would have led to ) after
Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as * guol- (lengthened grade *gl- from *gul- with
IE loss of u;gul- then = IE *gul-); it seems Lith. gval-forms demand a single-linguistic
explanatIon. compare but Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 93 f.
References: WP. I 639 f., Trautmann 93 f.
Page(s): 402
Page 1145
gol-2
English meaning: branch
Deutsche bersetzung: Zweig, Ast
Material: Arm. kor bough, twig, branch; Russ. golj twig, branch (etc., s. Berneker
326).
References: WP. I 640, Meillet MSL. 11, 185.
Page(s): 403
Page 1146
Page 1147
Page 1148
Material: O.Ind. gavat (only Dhatup.) sounds, Intens. jguv lasse laut ertnen,
spreche laut aus , jg- (gen. pl. jguvum) loud singing , ga-g-yti stt
Freudenschreie aus ;
Gk. [F] weeping, wailing , wail, groan, weep , , - magician
(enchanter, sorcerer);
perhaps here Lat. guvia f. seagull (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.).
O.H.G. gikewen name, call, O.E. cegan call, shout, cry (*kaujan); O.H.G. kma f.
lamentation , kmo with grief, with pain , Ger. with difficulty , in addition M.H.G. kme
(* pitiable, mournful) weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated , O.H.G. kmg
weak, sick , M.L.G. kme faint, languid, O.E. cyme fine, beautiful, Swe. (gotl.) kaum n.
misery ; Nor. dial. kauka das Vieh mit Rufen locken ; as base from animal names in
M.Du. cauwe jackdaw, O.H.G. kaha, ku crow , Dan. kaa jackdaw (*kavu) and in O.E.
cyta m. bittern , M.H.G. kze, Ger. Kauz owl , compare with identical forms Ice. kuta
quarrel, squabble, M.L.G. kten (out of it M.H.G. kten, kiuten) babble, chatter ; N.Ger.
kter from Proto-Gmc. *kauturi, or as Bauernhund to N.Ger. kot cottage (above gu- S.
394);
Lith. gauj pack of dogs, wolves , gaudiu, gausti dull sound, clink (*goudieti), ablaut.
guodiu, guosti comfort , reflex. complain, bemoan (*gudi eti); gaudus wistful , Ltv.
gauda lament , gust lament , gavilt jubilate (the Balt words could also belong to
*ghau- call, shout, cry, as also e.g. O.N. gau bark );
Page 1149
Page 1150
Page 1151
Material: Alb. grrus, grres, krs() rasper (from its first grade derives Lat. grosa ds.),
to lengthened grade present grruanj, kruanj, kruj, also grruj, gruj scratch, scrape
(from *grd-, IE grd-);
O.N. krota (*grd-) engrave , ablaut. (with intensive gemination) O.S. kratta scratch,
scrape, O.H.G. krazzn, M.H.G. Ger. kratzen ds. (Gmc. *krattn), besides j-verbs mnl.
Page 1152
gramzdinu, gramzdnti sink , gramzdus deeply sinking, pensive , Ltv. grimstu, grimt
sink , causative grmdt sink ;
O.C.S. pogreznoti sink in the water , Church Slavic greza ordure, Russ. grjznut
sink in ordure , grjaz ordure, smut, Ser.-Cr. greznuti sink in , Pol. grzeznac, grzaznac
submerge ; causative O.C.S. pogroo, pogroziti sink, submerge , Russ. gruzt sink,
immerse, freight .
References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.
Page(s): 405
Page 1153
greus-1
English meaning: to crackle, crush
Deutsche bersetzung: knirschen, with kratzendem Gerusch about etwas fahren and es
zermalmen, krachend schlagen
Note: (and other onomatopoeic words)
Material: Goth. krius-tan gnash , krusts the creakiness , O.S. krysta gnash of teeth
and squeeze, O.H.G. krustila, Ger. Krustel, Krostel Krachbein ;
O.H.G. krus-k bran , Ger. Krusch bran (also Grusch, Grust through hybridization
with Gries, Grutze);
O.H.G. kros-pel, Ger. Kruspel, Krospel gristle, kruspeln knirschend zerbeien ;
maybe Alb. kruspull bent
Lith. gruke ti gnash, rustle, crackle, of sand (k-insertion?; about gruas horror,
dismay, gravel under likewise s. in the end from *ghru-2);
Serb. gruhati crack, creak (from the cannon), hit with crack; husk by hitting , gruiti
bump, poke, shuck, husk, Sloven. gruh stone rubble , grua coarse sand, Russ.
Page 1154
greus-2
English meaning: to burn, smoulder
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen, schwelen??
Material: Gk. or dry wood, torch; fagot, firebrand, , town
in Aolis;
Lith. gruzdeti, gruzti, Ltv. gruzdt, grust smolder, gleam; yet is quite doubtful, whether
Gk., badly attested words originally rather stand for spinney under likewise.
References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.
Page(s): 406
Page 1155
kroten urge, press, push, O.E. crod n., M.H.G. krot crush, crowdedness, M.Eng. crudes,
curdes, nEng. curds curd.
References: WP. I 650.
Page(s): 406
Page 1156
grb(h)o-s : grb(h)o-s
English meaning: hornbeam
Deutsche bersetzung: Weibuche, teilweise Deckwort for Eiche
Note: Root grb(h)o-s : grb(h)o-s : hornbeam derived from zero grade of Root gerebh- :
grb(h)o-s:
Bal.-Slav. graba- m. hornbeam in:
O.Pruss. wosi-grabis Spindelbaum , Ltv. PN Grubina (grubas);
Ser.-Cr. grab, Russ. grab, Pol. grab hornbeam, grabowy belonging to beech ;
perhaps to gerebh- crack, split .
References: WH. I 171, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.
Page(s): 404
Page 1157
Page 1158
grunt ds.; with Lautversch. O.N. krytia (preterit krutta) growl, murmur, krutr m. clamor,
Dan. krotte drone, grumble, Eng. crout croak, caw , whether not rather to ger-2 C.
References: WP. I 658, WH. I 624.
Page(s): 406
Page 1159
Page 1160
kviugr pregnant, O.E. cwi(a) m. womb, O.H.G. quiti vulva, quoden interior of the
thigh;
in addition further O.E. cwidele f. pustula, varix, O.H.G. quedilla ds., N.Ger. quadel
inflamed swelling of the skin, zero grade M.H.G. kutel, Ger. Kutteln tripe.
References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. I 112 f.
Page(s): 481
Page 1161
Page 1162
galea originally *crest of the weasel fur , then a helmet (usually of leather), head-piece,
morion; the crest of the Guinea fowl (also galrus a helmet-like covering for the head,
made of undressed skin, a cap, bonnet, hat; so of a priests cap; wig, a kind of peruke; a
rose-bud; a conical cap of leather, fur cap is uncovered to be borrowed from Gk.
*); to also (- = O.Ind. giri-), further ,
brownwort, Scrofularia peregrine; deadnettle , actually eye of the weasel , probably also
ds.;
Lat. gls, glris dormouse (this inflection presumably after ms, mris); rom. also *glre,
compare Fr. loir besides liron.
common rom. gl- > l- phonetic mutation
Maybe Alb. gjer (gler) dormouse common Alb. gl- > gj- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.
Page(s): 367
Page 1163
kapen gawk, see, show, M.H.G. kaffen ds., O.H.G. (with intensive gemination) kapfn
see, show, peer (out of it back formation O.H.G. kapf place, one looks out from, summit )
and O.H.G. fkepfen look up to Russ. zabota care, worry , zabotit sa are worried, are
concerned .
Everything quite uncertain. The beginning of a root, with voiced-nonaspirated initial and
final sound, has from the start little likelyhood for itself (compare Meillet Introduction 7 173
f.).
References: WP. I 530.
Page(s): 349
Page 1164
besides
single-linguistic
onomatopoeic words
Material: palatal is proved through Osset. zarin, zarun sing, zar song and through Arm.
cicarn swallow, cicarnuk nightingale (redupl. *goi-gur-n or -no-, Petersson KZ. 47,
287);
Maybe Alb. cicron (bird) sings
Gk. , Dor. voice; Hes., with rr as
Lat. garri, -re babble, chatter, chat, prate, chatter (seldom of frogs; of the nightingale:)
, garrulus gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ;
O.Ir. gar- call, shout, cry in ad-gair accuses (*gar-e-t), ar-gair prohibits, do-gair calls
etc.; Welsh gair word (*gar-io-), dyar din, fuss, noise, sadness: M.Ir. do-gar sad
(*du(s)-garo-); O.Ir. fo-gor sound, tone, sound (*upo-garo-), O.Bret. ar-uuo-art enchant,
bewitch, fascinate ; O.Ir. gairm n. (Celt. *gar-(s)mn), Welsh Corn. Bret. garm ds. (: O.S.
karm lamentation ); lengthened grade O.Ir. guir f. clamor, guire laughter , Welsh gawr
clamor, fight, struggle;
O.H.G. chara f. lamentation , Ger. Kar-freitag, Goth. kara f., O.E. cearu f. care
(therefrom O.H.G. etc. karn bemoan, lament, O.H.G. charag grieving , M.H.G. karc
smart, cunning, stingy, Ger. karg, O.E. cearig sad, afflicted , Eng. chary careful,
cautious ), O.S. karm (see above), O.E. cearm, cierm m. clamor.
References: WP. I 537, WH. I 583.
See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger- and *ger-.
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Material: O.Ice. kafi m. sliced piece , kefli n. cable, bit of wood, toggle, rna-kefli rune
stick ; M.L.G. kavele f. piece of wood (for drawing lots) , O.Fris. kavelia raffle, Dutch
aboju, aboti bridle , aboklas m. rein, i-aboklis toggle, ablaut. uobris (Kurschat
uobrys) plowshare , Ltv. abuot dem Tier einen Knebel ins Maul stecken .
References: WP. I 571, Trautmann 364.
See also: compare also gegh-, S. 354.
Page(s): 353
Page 1167
Material: Nor. dial. kage m. niedriger Busch (Gmc. *kagan-), Swe. dial. stump (out of it
Eng. cag stump), Ger. dial. kag m. cabbage stalk, stump, Dutch kag, kegge f. wedge
(Gmc. *kai), O.H.G. kegil picket, pole, peg, plug, nail (Gmc. *kaila-);
in addition with expressive consonant stretch (g : gg : kk):
O.Ice. kaggi keg, Tnnchen , M.L.G. kuk tree trunk, pillory, O.H.G. slito-chho f. tub
, Ger. (High German) kueche Sledge skid ; dissim. Kufe ds.;
Lith. agaras thin twig, branch, pl. deadwood, shrubbery, bush, agre plough,
keie ds.; dubious the from Arm. cag elevation, acme, apex, end (Petersson Heter. 89 f.).
References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge11 334, Martinet Gemination 116.
Page(s): 354
Page 1168
Page 1169
Page 1170
gel-, gel-, gl-, (also *geli- :) g(e)liEnglish meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful
Deutsche bersetzung: hell, heiter glnzen and heiter sein, lcheln, lachen
Material: Arm. car, gen. cau laughter (probably with u from = gr *, therefore
), cicaim laugh , perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caik (gen. cakan)
flower, blossom;
Gk. , () laugh , laughable , Dor. (Pind.) laughing,
cheerful (*- due to being reshaped from *, n. to m. , originally s-stem
as , IE *gele-s, Eol. to n.), , -, acc. m. laughter (probably
after colored * = Arm. car ds.); , Hes.; with reduced
grade the 1. syllable - Nereid name (?), cheerful, peaceful (*),
(Eol. zero grade ) cheeriness, calm (at sea) ;
with zero grade the 1. syllable - n. superb example, splendour piece; things to
stare at, shows, wonders , the pupil of the eye, eyeball .
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Page 1172
From an older root (*hegh-) derived Root ed- (*hegh-): to eat, *tooth and Root gembh-,
hm- zmbayati ds.; Arm. perhaps camem chew , cameli maxilla, cheek, mouth; Alb.
dhmp it hurts me , Lith. embiu cut up, O.C.S. zebo, zebsti tear;
O.Ind. jmbha-h m. tooth, pl. teeth (jambhya-h incisor tooth or molar ), Gk.
tooth, also peg, plug, nail; scil. incisor tooth , Alb. dhmb, Gheg dm
tooth, O.C.S. zob tooth, Ltv. zuobs tooth, Lith. ambas sharp edge; ambis
Holzpflug ;
Maybe Alb. glemp, gjemb needle [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic
mutation].
O.H.G. kamb, O.E. comb comb (dentated), O.N. kambr comb, jagged edge (: Lith.
ambas), jagged ridge , Ger. Bergkamm (but about N.Ger. kimme see above under
gem-), O.E. cemban, O.H.G. kemben comb, Swiss chambe Kamm bei Hhnen ; in
addition bO.Ir. sich kampeln (quarrel =) tear, rend, fight, squabble, with expressive p;
Toch. A kam, keme tooth.
Under a meaning mediation tooth - wie ein kleiner Zabn vorstehender Pflanzentrieb
one lines up the family of Lith. embu, embeti germinate, O.C.S. pro-zebati, pro-zebnoti
ds., Lat. gemma (*gembhnu) eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees; gemstone, precious
Page 1173
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z- phoentic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.
Page(s): 369-370
Page 1175
zzannti they bear ; Konj. zzanut she should bear , kaus. Aor. O.Ind. jjanat gave
birth to , O.Ir. Fut. gignithir (*gi-genu-) he will be born and with (old) zero grade the root
Gk. to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to be produced; of
events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses to be; to come
into a certain state, to become , Lat. gign, -ere (genui, genitum) produce, bring forth;
perf. O.Ind. ja-j- I am born , 3. sg. jajuna, 3. pl. jajur, Gk. , *,
(Schwyzer Gk. Gr I 767, 769), O.Ir. rognar (*ge-gn-) be born ;
n-present Av. zu-n-aite they are born ? (*gn- nu-mi), Arm. cnanim, Aor. cnay is born;
generate, bear (I 456; *gn-n-), Gk. of the father, to beget, engender; of the
mother, to bring forth, to produce (*gn- nu-? different Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 26, 15 f.;
postverbal is birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a
generation; a race, family, whereof suitable to ones birth or descent; of persons,
high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of things,
good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense ); compare Schwyzer Gk. Gr I 694
Kaus.-Iter. O.Ind. janyati erzeugt, gebiert = O.E. cennan produce (*goni); iopresent O.Ind. juyat is born (therefrom juyu woman ), Pers. zuyad (*gen-i; besides
Page 1176
gn-i in:) Av. zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel *gn-i: Ir. gnu I make,
do (*engender, create );
cumnatu sister-in-law; from Lat. cognutus related, connected by blood; m. and f. as subst.
a relation either on the fathers or the mothers side. Transf., akin, similar.
plign. cnatois the rump, the buttocks (*gn-ts; so probably also :) Gaul. Cintu-gnutus
firstborn (could be in itself also = gr ), f. gnutha daughter; O.N. kundr son, Goth.
-kunds (himina- under likewise) be a descendant of , O.E. heofon-kund, with O.N. us-
kunnr of divine origin ; zero grade Lat. genitus (*gen- or *gene-tos, as :) Gaul. geneta
daughter, expressive Welsh geneth (*genetta) ds., O.Ir. aicned nature (*ad-gen-tom or
*-gene-tom); Lith. entas son-in-law (*gen-to-s), gents kinsman, relative (with g after
gimti be born ), O.C.S. zet m., Ser.-Cr. zet son-in-law, sisters husband (*gen-ti-s),
with reduced e O.H.G. kind kid, child (*gn-tom), O.S. kind (*gentm) ds.;
with full grade the second base syllable Gk. - born (-, -; Proto-Gk. --;
of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate ), with -grade
O.Ind. jut-h m. kinsman, relative (originally f. kinship), kinsman, relative,
brother , sister , M.Welsh gnawt kinsman, relative, Goth. *kns (dat. kndai)
gender, sex, O.H.G. knt, knuot gender, sex (compare also O.H.G. knuosal n. gender,
sex, stem, O.E. cnsl n. progeny, gender, sex, family ), Ltv. znuts son-in-law, brotherin-law;
from the light basis Av. -zanta-, -znta- born (compare : bhar-tram); also
O.Welsh -gint kid, child from gen-t-.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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zaa- n. birth, origin (ar. *an-tha-m); zara- n. birth (against O.Ind. jnitram
Geburtssttte ); zantu- district, administrative district = O.Ind. jantu-h creature; Av.
zahyamna- participle Fut. (against O.Ind. janiyat, Aor. janita); O.Ind. jnman- n.
besides jniman- n. birth, gender, sex, lineage .
Gk. birth, Lat. Genita Mana name of a divinity, Osc. Deva Geneta goddess
of birth , wherefore Lat. genitulis of or belonging to generation or birth, causing generation
or birth, fruitful, generative, genital ;
Gk. origin, source, beginning; an ancestor , Lat. genetvus of or belonging to
generation or birth ; with reduced : Av. frazainti (see above), Lat. gns (or from *gnt-) a
clan, stock, people, tribe, natIon. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district, country (then
probably ingns as monstrous, vast, enormous ), Gmc. kindi- in Goth. kindins (*genti-no-
tu-stem Lat. nut (maior- under likewise) from birth, therefrom nutra birth; nature,
natural qualities or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature;
Page 1178
genos- in O.Ind. jnah (gen. jnasah) n. gender, sex, Arm. cin birth, Gk.
gender, sex, Lat. genus birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence offspring,
descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action, etc., fashion,
manner, way (generure produce ).
gon-os in O.Ind. jna-h (gen. jnasah) m. gender, sex, Av. (in compound) zanapeople, humankind , Gk. m., f. birth, parentage, ancestry;
Maybe Alb.Gheg zana nymph, goddess;
genu in Welsh adian progeny (*ati-genu), anian, Bret. dial. agnen nature (*nde-genu),
Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63;
with Gk. -, Thrac. -zenes ( = Thrac. Diuzenus, ), compare Ven.
Truticnos (= Drtignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom gen. Coimagni, Ir. Coim-un; Gaul. AteIndo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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gnia; Gk. of the same descent ; about Cypr. kid, child (barely *-)
compare Schwyzer Gk. I 4503;
*gn-io- (wherefore the above -gnio- additional weakening) in Lat. genius the superior or
divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or
genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste,
appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius , originally the personified fertility
(at most zero grades *gen-ios), Goth. kuni (*gn-io-m), O.H.G. (etc.) chunni gender, sex,
compare Goth. sama-kunjans acc. pl. the same gender: Gk. -; Lat. progenies
progeny , O.Ir. gein (*genen < *gen-n) birth, O.E. cyne- in compound royal , O.N. konr
son, noble-born man, husband (Gmc.*kuninga-z in O.H.G. etc. kuning king, i.e. einem
edlen Geschlechte angehrig, ihm entsprossen ).
Page 1180
verbal forms.
Material: O.Ind. junumi I know, anu-ju- acknowledge, admit, grant, Av. paiti-zunnti
they take care of somebody (themat. 2. pl. paiti-zunatu you recognize, take up, absorb,
take in ), O.Pers. 3. sg. Impf. a-dunu he knew (IE *gn- nu-mi, besides enkLith. *gn-numi
in:) Av. zanu-t, zanan, afghO.N. p-an unterscheidet, erkennt;
Arm. Aor. cancay I erkannte (an-can unacquainted ) insecure basic form (to present
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i nome, Inf. inoti, participle inotas) == O.Pruss. posinna I bekenne (Inf. posinnat,
participle posinnuts), ersinnat erkennen;
inau, i nti kennen; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 from *gn-sk derived; different Persson
Beitr. 341;
Kaus. O.Ind. jupayati (die p-form wre old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 with right Arm.
canaut bekannt, i-stem = O.Ind. japti-h cognition, knowledge places); but japtarather retograd from kausat. jupita-, IF. 57, 226 f.
to-participle gn-t-s (hat perhaps das secondary from den verbal forms bezogen):
O.Ind. jut-h bekannt, Gk. (newer ) ds. (, - unacquainted ),
Lat. ntus, O.Ir. gnuth habitual, customary, bekannt (Welsh gnawd consuetude ; in
addition Welsh gnaws, naws nature, Bret. neuz Aussehen, as Brit. Lw. O.Ir. ns
custom), Gaul. -, Epo-so-gnutus; O.Ind. ajuta-, , igntus
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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gn-?) in Lat. nota Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Fleck, Mal (substantiviertes Fem. of participle),
Denom. not, -ure kennzeichnen, observe; rebuke, reprove , hence probably also in
cognitus, agnitus, compare with the same vowel gradation Gk. *--F in white
not, , Unwissenheit; better about (steht for *) and Lat. nota
(to rebuke) jetzt Leumann Homer. Wrter 22823; Toch. A u-knats, a-knutsa see
under.
gn-to-s in M.Welsh yngnad, ynad judge (*en-gn-to-s), dirnad Urteilskraft (*d-progn-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.
gn- t-s in Lith. pai ntas bekannt, Goth. kuns, O.E. c, O.H.G. kund kund, bekannt,
Goth. unkuns unacquainted ; with lengthened grade the 1. syllable Av. paiti-zantaanerkannt (as u-zainti- knowledge).
gn-ti- in O.Ind. pra-juti-h f. cognition , Gk. f. cognition , Lat. nti- f., O.C.S.
Inf. znati, Russ. znat f. die Bekannten; compare O.H.G. urchnt f. agnitio (*gn-ti-s);
gn-t-s in O.H.G. kunst (-sti- for -ti-) Kunst, Kenntnis, Weisheit (Goth. kuni knowledge,
cognition from *kunia- n.), Lith. painti s f. cognition ;
gn-ter- in O.Ind. jutr-, Av. nutar- connoisseur, expert , compare Gk. , Lat.
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gn-tel- in Sloven. zntelj connoisseur, expert , Russ. zntel Withwisser; also O.Ind.
jutr- could instead of to gn-ter- here belong.
gen-tlo- : gn-tlo- Erkennungszeichen in Lith. enklas mark, token, sign; O.Pruss.
ebsentliuns bezeichnet: O.Ind. jutra- n. ability, capacity of Erkennens;
Gmc. *knla- in O.H.G. beknuodilen vernehmbar become, einknuadil insignis;
compare Lat.(g)nbilis kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, odel (Adjektivierung a *gn-dhlom
Kennzeichen);
cnous (i.e. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), M.Ir. gn distinguished , Ir. gn business, affairs. A
similar meaning-development in the Gmc. family O.Ice. knn einsichtsvoll, smart,
proficient, O.E. cne bold, audacious, O.H.G. kuoni bold, kampflustig (lengthened grade
as ), compare with zero grade Lith. yne witch (die Kluge), ynis m.
Hexenmeister;
Toch. AB knu- know, have knowledge of, erkennen, A u-knats, a-knutsa ignorant.
About Hitt. a-an-na-i urteilt s. Pedersen Hitt. 201 (wenig glaubhaft).
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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Root genu-1, gneu- : knee, joint derived from Root gen-1, gen-, gn-, gn- : to bear.
(the euphemism of lower part of te body)
genu-1 < gneu- in centum languages as Lat.-Illyr. preferred the order consonant + vowel.
Material: O.Ind. junu n. knee, pehl. zunk, Pers. zun knee; Av. acc. sg. nm, dat. abl.
pl. nuby; O.Ind. ju-budh- die Knie beugend, abhi-ju bis ans Knie, pra-ju-h
sbelbeinig, Av. fra-nu- die Knie after vorn holding (:Gk. *-);
Arm. cunr knee (r-extension to old u-stem *gnu-), pl. cunk-k, gen. cng-ac with gextension (*gon-g-o-, compare -);
Gk. , gen. (Hom.) (*gonus), pl. , Eol. knee (compare also
Hes.), besides gen. sg. (for *F); lengthened grade
point, edge (*F), zero grade (compare under ) - in die Knie
sinken, auf die Knie, (besides , Specht KZ. 59, 220) popliteus
(*, -);
with vorgestrecktem Knie steht II. 570 for * (= O.Ind. pra-ju-h);
Lat. gen, -s knee, geniculum knee, knot an Pflanzen, angle ;
Note:
Maybe Old Irish gln knee < Alb. gluni, gjuni knee [
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knutzen auf den Knien hocken and perhaps in Goth. knussjan knien, kniwam knussjands
in die Knie zusammenknickend, if auf a tu-stem *knussus from this verb *knutjan being
based on;
Illyr. FlN Genusus, unterItal. PN Genusia, Messap. PN tri-gonooa, ligur. PN Genua,
adjekt. derivative Genava Genf;
Toch. A kanwem, kenne Dual. die knee;
Hitt. gi-e-nu (genu) knee.
Maybe Alb.Gheg glu-ni, Tosc glu-ri (Gheg), gju-ri (Tosc) knee, pl. gjunj- knees: O.Ir. gln
knee (see Root gel-1 : to curl; round), (with IE *genu- knee barely as dissimilation form
compatible to *gn-n- because of the Guttural difference); [conservative singular definite
form (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Note:
Hitt. gi-e-nu (genu) knee : Alb.Gheg (gleni ) gluni knee common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith.
gh- > dz- phonetic mutation] prove the existence of the old laryngeal (*gneu-).
References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 463, 518.
Page(s): 380-381
Page 1187
gondh- in Lith. andas Kinnbacke, Ltv. zuds chin, sharp edge; Maced.
, (compare Specht KZ. 59, 1131);
zero grade Gk. f., m. Kinnbacke (*gndh-);
unclear is Arm. cnaut Kinnbacke, cheek.
References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Decl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gk. 463.
Page(s): 381-382
Page 1188
kufl, O.S. cufl, O.E. cafl (Eng. jowl, jole) jaw (*kfala-).
Maybe Alb. kafshonj bite, gnaw, kafsh animal
In addition as nibbler :
O.H.G. chevaro, kevar, M.H.G. kevere beetle, chafer (*kebran-); changing through
ablaut O.E. ceafor (*kara- or*karu-), N.Ger. kavel ds.;
Lith. ebiu, e bti slow eat, e biu, e beti eat, picken;
O.C.S. o-zobati , Serb. zbati eat, devour , zb f. Hafer, Russ. zobt
eat, picken, zob m. bill, beak, neb;
Cz. abra gill the Fische, Russ. abry ds. could das from the e-grade bezogen have
and eine variant with g- contain.
from gembh- bite as nasalized form to our root belongs?
References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge 11 s. v. beetle,
chafer and jaw .
Page 1189
Page 1190
gyrru ds.?;
O.N. kjarr n., kjorr m. (*kerza-, kerzu-) shrubbery, bush , Swe. dial. kars, karse m.
basket from Weidenruten, small Sack, Netzsack, O.N. kass(i) m. (*kars-) Weidenkorb,
Ruckenkorb, Swe. krsa f. creel, Netzsack, Nor. kjessa basket, Bastgeflecht (*karsin).
In addition probably M.H.G. kerren kehren, wenden (*karzjan) = O.E. cierran wenden,
in eine bestimmte Lage bringen, intr. sich wenden, becierran turn, cierr m. (*karzi-) time,
Mal, business .
References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.
Page(s): 392-393
Page 1191
meaning seems rub (hence Reibefrucht, small Zerriebenes) gewesen to sein, intr.-pass.
aufgerieben become, from age or disease, malady.
Material: O.Ind. jrant- fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, old, graybeard (=
Osset. zrond old, Gk. ; compare also Pers. zar graybeard, Greisin), jrati makes
fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, lt altern (*reibt auf), jaran- frail, old,
jars- f. (nom. sg. jaruh, IE -s) and jaru Altwerden, age; redupl. jarjara- frail, breakable,
decrepit (: Gk. ); lengthened grade jura- alternd (= Pers. zur weak, woeful,
wretched, miserable , zur graybeard, Greisin; also in Aor. jurisuh); heavy basis in O.Ind.
jarimn- m. hohes age, Altersschwche, j ryati, jryati wird fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated, morsch, altert, participle jrna-, jrna- fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated, abgelebt, abgenutzt, zerfallen, morsch, old; Av. azarant- not
alternd (participle of s-Aor.), azarma- not abnehmend (from *zarma- m. das
Verkommen), zairina- aufreibend, erschlaffend, zarta- altersschwach (probably =
O.Ind. *jrta-), with formant u (: Gk. ? O.N. kor, see below) zaurvan- m. Greisenalter,
Altersschwche, zaurura- altersschwach, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ,
perhaps also zrvan- : zrn- time;
Arm. cer old, graybeard (*gero-);
Gk. graybeard (-), den Geronten zukommend,
Ratsversammlung (the Altesten ), n. (IE *ger-s, from the heavy basis) originally
*age, *Altersvorrecht, hence Ehrengabe, Ehrenstellung, Belohnung, ehrwurdig,
Page 1192
karal ds., with ablaut O.E. ceorl free man, husband the niedrigsten Klasse, husband, Eng.
churl Bauer, fool , M.L.G. kerle free, gewhnlicher man, husband, krftiger man,
husband, Ger. (from dem N.Ger.) Kerl; basic meaning probably alter man, husband;
O.C.S. zreti ripen, zrel reif, causative szori .
In the meaning corn, grain, Kern:
Lat. grunum corn, grain, Kern (*gr-nm, = O.Ind. jrna-, see above) = O.Ir. grun, Welsh
etc. grawn (sg. gronyn) ds. (borrowing from dem Lat. is not erweislich) = Lith. i rnis, Ltv.
zirnis m. pea, O.Pruss. syrne f. corn, grain; O.C.S. zrno, Serb. zrno n. corn, grain;
Goth. kaurn, O.H.G. O.E. O.N. korn, Ger. Korn, O.E. cyrnel Kern, next to which zero
grades O.H.G. krno, O.N. kjarni m., ds. (probably also Ger. dial. kern Milchrahm as the
beim Buttern krnig werdende, M.H.G. kern Butterfa, O.N. kjarni, kirna ds., O.E. ciern,
Eng. churn ds.).
Ein *gruros (*gr-rs) zerrieben is probably in Lat. glurea (*grurei u) gravel continual;
ein d-present *gr-d perhaps in Goth. gakrtn crunch .
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geusEnglish meaning: to taste; to enjoy [ savor, enjoy, taste , in the Gmc. and Celt. choose,
in Indo Iran. and AlbO.N. love]
Material: O.Ind. jsati, just kostet, enjoys, liebt, jsayat findet whereof pleasure, jsa-
dorigu elegit (*to-ro-gi-gus-t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc. (see Pedersen aaO.);
Goth. kiusan prufen, erproben, O.N. kjsa whlen, wish (also through Zauberei
beeinflussen, O.H.G. O.S. kiosan taste, prufen, whlen, Ger. kiesen, Kaus.-Iter. Goth.
kausjan prufen, taste, try (= O.Ind. iayat); compare O.E. wl-casig leichenwhlend
(of raven).
noun actionis auf ti-: O.Ind. justi-h Liebeserweisung, Gunst, Goth. ga-kusts f. Prufung,
O.Fris. kest, O.E. cyst m. object a Wahl, Vorzuglichkeit (but Gk. previously singlelinguistic formation from from): auf tu-: Lat. gustus, -s das Kosten, Genieen,
Celt. *gustu- Wahl in den Namen Ir. Oengus, Fergus, O.Welsh Ungust, Gurgust and in
O.Ir. guss skillfulness, power , Goth. kustus Prufung, O.H.G. O.S. kust m. Prufung,
Schtzung, Wahl, Vortrefflichkeit, O.N. kostr, -ar Wahl, Willkur, (good) quality ; derivative
Page 1195
Page 1196
Page 1197
frumakdi erster Trieb; O.S. kio, O.E. con, cun branchia (probably *kijan-). Here
probably with a previous of Bilde the aufberstenden Knospe ausgegangenen allgemeinen
meaning break, crack, sich split O.H.G. kl, Ger. Keil, M.L.G. kl, Nor. kle m. wedge (or
diese from the sharp zulaufenden form of Pflanzenkeimes? Formell from * k-lu-, compare
*k -la- in:) O.H.G. kdel, Ger. dial. keidel m. wedge; O.Ice. kll m. narrow Meerbucht
(*cleft, fissure), changing through ablaut Nor. keila f. small gully, canal, M.L.G. kl m.
narrow Meerbucht; with i O.E. cinu f. Ritze, col, gap, Dan. dial. kin col, gap; perhaps
aM.H.G. chil porrus, M.H.G. kil m. Zwiebeldes Lauchs, Ger. Kiel m. ds. (compare bO.Ir.
auskielen from Eicheln, Zwiebeln under likewise, keimend die Schale, die skin
durchbrechen);
Ltv. zeiju, zit hervorbluhen, zum Vorschein come, next to which with d-extension
(probably originally d-present) Lith. yd(i)u yde ti bloom, blossom, praustu, -ydau, -
ysti aufbluhen, i edas bloom, blossom, ring, Ltv. zidu (ziu), zidt bloom, blossom.
References: WP. I 544.
Page(s): 355-356
Page 1198
gsl(i) staff.
References: WP. I 528, WH. I 575 f.
Page(s): 410
Page 1199
*ghlgns);
Goth. galga m. picket, pole, Kreuz, O.Ice. galgi gallows , O.E. gealga, O.Fris. galga,
O.S. O.H.G. galgo gallows, Kreuz, in addition further formations O.Ice. gelgia twig,
branch, shaft, pole, stick (die oldest kind of gallows war ein biegsamer twig, branch, an
dem the Verbrecher hochgeschnellt wurde);
Lith. alga and algas m. long, dunne shaft, pole, Ltv. alga f. long rod, Angelrute.
References: WP. I 540, Trautmann 364.
Page(s): 411
Page 1200
Page 1201
Root ghan-s- : goose derived from Root gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi : to cackle (of geese).
Material: O.Ind. hams-h m., hams f. goose, swan; soghd. z sorte doiseau;
Maybe onomatopoeic Alb. guga baby shirt, *youngling, expressive, gogsinj burp, belch,
yawn (*gha-ghans) *onomatopoeic cry of goose, also Alb. gaga cry of goose; geg
speech of Gheg people = shqip speech of eagle men, geg *eagle men (translated by
natives as goose men).
Gk. , -, m. f., Dor. bot. goose from *, (here, as in Gmc. and in
Lith. gen. pl. asu, still die old conservative inflection);
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*gnos) nosa, rosa goose common Alb. n/r rhotacism; also gn-
Page 1202
t-: *mn-[e]s- Monat) ausgegangene formation with -d-: Gmc. (zuerst by Plin.) ganta a
kind of goose (out of it prov. gante wild goose, stork ; die meaning stork shows also
Lith. gadras, O.Pruss. gandarus, from Gmc. *gan[d]ro), O.E. ganot ein wild Wasservogel,
e.g. fulix, O.H.G. ganazzo Gnserich, also ganzo, M.L.G. gante ds. (A derivative
therefrom with similar meaning as tirol. gnzen kokettieren, gnsern as eine goose tun,
also venerem appetere, siebenburg. goaseln schkern is Mod.Ice. ganta schkern,
ganti scurra, Swe. mdart. gant, Dan. gante Geck, wherefore as fem. Nor. gjente girl.)
Da IE ghan-s-, -()d- with Gk. (see ghan-) and generally with the family 2. gh-
yawn zusammenhngt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by aufgesperrtem
bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also gh- yawn originally
identical Ausatmen beim Ghnen bezeichnet hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also
base from Wasservogelnamen) see below gha gha-.
References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Decl. 47, 204.
Page(s): 412
Page 1203
Page 1204
anostatu hastatos, inhastuts (o not befriedigend expounded), M.Ir. gass lap, scion,
shoot, Reis (< *ghasto-); besides*ghazdh- in M.Ir. gat Weidenrute, M.Ir. tris-gataim
durchbohre; perhaps in addition O.Ir. gataid stiehlt as sticht an? (Thurneysen KZ. 63,
1144);
maybe Alb. full grade heshta spear is older than Lat. hasta spear
Alb. suggests that Root ghasto-1, ghazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root ak-, ok-, (ak-sti): (sharp; stone)
Goth. gazds m. sting, prick, O.Ice. gaddr sting, prick, cusp, peak, O.S. fiurgard
Feuergabel, O.H.G. gart m. stimulus; in addition with iu-derivative O.E. gierd f. rod, afr.
ierde Gerte, Merute, O.S. gerdia Gerte, rod, staff, ray, O.H.G. gartia, gertia rod,
Zepter.
References: WP. I 541, WH. I 636, 869.
Perhaps identical with:
Page(s): 412-413
Page 1205
ghasto-2
English meaning: hand, arm
Deutsche bersetzung: Hand, Arm
See also: s. more properly under ghesto-2.
Page(s): 413
Page 1206
hma, juhmasi), pass. hyate, participle hta- geladen, angerufen, hvtave Infin.,
hvman- n. Anrufung, hva- m. n., havs-, hvana- n. ds., hman n. Rufen of Preises,
hvutar- Anrufer;
Av. zavaiti ruft, ruft an, verwunscht (besides die Prsentia zbayeiti, zaozaomi),
participle zta- angerufen, zavana- n. shout, call, Anrufung, zavan shout, call, zbuturm. Rufer, Anrufer;
Arm. jaunem weihe, n-zovk Fluch;
Gk. a ruhme mich, boast, brag (*ghaughau-, compare Av. zaozaomi), from
which back formation f. boastfulness ;
maybe gemination Alb. (*ghaughau-) geg northern Alb. people.
O.Ir. guth m. voice (*gutu-s); in addition Gaul. gutuater name a Klasse from Priestern,
probably from *ghutu-ptr father (d. h. Meister) of Anrufs (an god), Loth, RC 15, 224 ff.,
28, 119 ff., Rev. Archol. 1925, 221;
Lith. ave ti conjure, perform magic, Ltv. zavt ds., actually jemandem etwas anfluchen
(compare Av. zavaiti verwunscht);
O.C.S. zovo, zvati call, shout, cry, Ser.-Cr. zvm, zvati call, shout, cry, O.Cz. zovu,
zvati, Russ. zovu, zvat ds.; in addition Sloven. zv m. shout, call (whether not noun postverbal, = O.Ind. hava-h, m. shout, call).
Here probably (as *ghu-t-m angerufenes creature ):
Page 1207
Maybe Alb.Gheg shift (*ghuen- > ghu-) z, zani voice, call [common Alb. gha- > zphonetic mutation], Alb. (*ghuon-) zota gods new cognate zot god because of the Alb. gh
> d, z shift. It is clear that Alb. (ghug) zogu bird see below Root ghugh- : young of an
animal or bird.
Also nazalized Alb. (*ghuen-) zana goddess, nymph [common Alb. gh > d, z phonetic
mutation]
Alb. shows that Root ghuen- : to sound derived from Root ghau-, ghau- : to call
Finally from Root ghau-, ghau- : to call derived Root dei-1, dei-, d-, diu- : to shine; day;
sun; sky god, god. The phonetic shift gh- > d-, z- is unique Illyrian, Albanian and satem
languages in general. Hence the origin of a thunder god, noise god was among satem
speaking people.
References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausfuhrl. Lith. by Feist 227 f.
Page(s): 413-414
Page 1208
Page 1209
[common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation] Alb. pl. zogj birds
[conservative stem of plural forms (Alb. phonetic trait)].
References: WP. I 531.
Page(s): 409
Page 1210
Page 1211
Gaido; in addition O.Ice. gedda f. Hecht < geiida, compare lapp. kaito ds.;
Goth. langob. gain- weapon in PN (Gainhard, Gainwald), O.E. gn- in PN;
Goth. *gails m. spear, javelin in PN Gl-mrus, O.E. Gul-fri, O.H.G. Geil-muot.
B. gheis- verwunden:
O.Ind. hsas- n. Gescho (kann but also IE *ghaiso-s sein, see there); in addition
probably hisati (previously nachved. hinsti) schdigt, verletzt;
O.Ir. gite vulneratus, M.Ir. guetas qui occidit (*ghoizd-);
Lith. eidiu, eidiau, ei sti verwunden, aizda wound. The same d-extension by
Page 1212
Page 1213
zima winter.
Hitt. gi-im-ma-an-za winter see above.
In addition gheim(e)rinos and gheiminos wintery.
In Gk. , Lat. hibernus (< *gheimrinos), Lith. iemi nis, O.C.S. zimn, Russ.
zmnij, Ser.-Cr. zmn, Cz. zimn (Cz. zimnu cold), Pol. zimny cold, wintery (compare with
ablaut. i in the root syllable Arm. jmern winter).
To *ghei- allein: Av. zayan-, zan- m. winter, Pers. dai; Av. zayana- wintery and with
Vrddhierung O.Ind. huyana- annual, yearly, huyana- m. n. year (rhyme meaning to Av.
hamana summery).
Note:
Page 1214
gamol old, gamelian grow old , O.S. gigamalod aged, O.H.G. only in Eigennamen as
Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga etc. as aged, compare Lat. annsus.
C. ghimo- (from ghi-mn-o-?):
O.Ind. him-h m. coldness, frost, snow, hmu f. winter, Av. zmaka- m. winter storm
(compare den gen. from zyu : zim under .);
Page 1215
gimber, Dan. gimmerlam female lamb, dial. but one-year-old lamb (Pedersen KZ. 32,
248), andfrk. (Lex Salica) ingimus? porcus anniculus. The forms with y: O.Ice. gymbr
one-year-old sow, Nor. gymber, Swe. gymmer lamb are based probably on influence of
not related - by the way, uninterpreted - O.Ice. gymbill, PN Gumbull, O.S. gummerlamb
aries, ram, Ice. gummarr, Nor. gumse, Swe. gumse aries, ram, see Hellquist SvEO. 210.
References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.
Page(s): 425-426
Page 1216
Root ghel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ghel- : ghl-, ghl- : ghl- : to shine;
green, gold, blue, *sun; derived from Root gel-, gel-, gl-, (also *geli- :) g(e)li- : light, to
shine; to be joyful.
Material: In view of the frequent cases, where IE palatals in Balto-Slav. are represented by
velar, instead of through a concurrence of gel-, ghel- and ghel- agreeable with
Persson(Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21, 115) the Bal.-Slav. *gel- is defined through
borrowing from a Centum language (Ven.-Illyr.?).
Note:
The enxtended root (*ghwel-)-nta, -na, -ta formants follow the model of Illyr. - Anatolian
attribute nouns, adjectives. (see Alb. numbers).
O.Ind. hri- blond, yellow, golden, green yellow, pale, harin-h gazelle , hart- falb,
hrita- yellow, green, hranya- n. gold, Geld, hiranyya- golden, goldig; about hatakan. gold s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition being based on velar root O.Ind. ghotahorse as originally fox? (Sommer IF. 31, 364 under A. 3);
Av. zari- yellow, yellowish, golden , zairita- yellow, paled-yellow , zaranya-, O.Pers.
daraniya- n. gold, zaranana from gold, golden, zura- m. gall (= Gk. ), named after
the color as Gk. , Lat. fel, [common Lat. ghw- > ph- > f- phonetic mutation], O.N. gall
usf.; with velar root anlaut gr-krta- cutting out the gall ? (see Bartholomae AltIran.
Wb. 523 with Lith.);
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Page 1217
Alb. (*ghel-) diel sun : Ir. gealach f. moon, also Alb. diel sunday, day of the sun
[common Alb.-Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation] : O.Pers. daraniya- n. gold.
From Root ghel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ghel- : ghl-, ghl- : ghl- : to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun derived Root dhel-1, dholo- : curve; hollow, Root dhel-2 :
light, shining, Root dhel-3 : to tremble [common Alb.-Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation].
Thrac. gold (?), Phryg. Hes.; Phryg. and
Hes. (from Gk. borrowed??);
Alb. dhelpr, dhelpn, dhelbun(e) fox, lit. the Gelbe (see Jokl Linguist. kulturhist.
Stud. 297 ff.);
Gk. gall, rage, fury, gall, rage, fury, - stomach disease ,
pale green. green yellow, fresh, strong (:O.Ice. glr radiance );
Lat. fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. gall (older n-stem as O.H.G. galla), f probably dialect; WH. I
474, EM2 342 would be placed to fel and Lith. geltas yellow etc. (see under) a root *ghel(??);
Note:
Lat. fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. gall derived from root del : Alb. diel yellow sun, (*hot, bitter,
burning) because of common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutatIon.
the normal development in Lat. helvus honey-yellow, golden (*gheluos) = galloLat.
Page 1218
glain glass, crystal (*ghlni-), Welsh glain gemstone, jewel (*ghlni o-);
also in Ice. glana clear up , glan radiance , Nor. dial. glana shimmer, gleam, shine,
clear up , Swe. dial. glana shine weakly, stare, peek, asch. FlN Glana (further see under
den s-extensions).
O.Ice. gall n. gall, poison (*galln-, IE *ghol-n-), O.E. gealla m., O.S. galla, intense f.,
O.H.G. galla, weak f. gall;
zero grade O.Ice. gulr yellow, besides full grade O.E. geolo, O.S. O.H.G. gelo, gen.
glmig gray-yellow in the face, with sunken eyes , O.Ice. glr bright (*gli a = Lith. leja
under).
*ghl- (as in Gk. ) appears in O.E. glm twilight, dawn, dusk (yet before m is
ambiguous), O.S. glian, O.H.G. gluoen burn, gluhen shine , O.Ice. gl blaze, glow,
glowing coal, O.E. gld f. blaze, glow, flame, glowing coal, coal, O.Fris. gld blaze,
glow, O.H.G. gluot blaze, glow, glowing coals; O.Ice. -glr n. radiance (: ),
O.Ice. glra sparkle, glitter; s. also under S. 433 ghlu-;
Lith. eliu, e liau, elti, Ltv. zelu, zelt be green; ablaut. Lith. alias, Ltv. zal, O.Pruss.
saligan green, Lith. ole , Ltv. zle f. grass, herb, O.Pruss. sulin acc. herb, Lith. alas
red (from cattle); Lith. i las gray, Ltv. zils blue, Lith. el vas greenish , Ltv. zlts
(previous Neutr.) gold, E.Lith. el tas golden; Lith. leja twilight, Halbdunkel (*ghliu),
Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; Lith. tuli s gall, through Metath. from *ulti s;
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Page 1219
gelatynan); Lith. geltnas; Ltv. dzeltains and dzltns yellow; Serb.- Church Slavic lt,
Ser.-Cr. ut (f. uta); Cz. luty; Russ. ot (f. et);
in addition O.C.S. lt, l gall, Russ. ol, Bulg. lka ds. and chicory, Ser.-Cr.
u, Cz. lu, Pol. zc ds.; compare above mil palatal. anlaut O.C.S. zl ds.;
besides dem t-suffix in Farbadjektiv ein n-suffix in animal names Bal.-Slav. *gilnu- f.
specht in Lith. gilna Wacholderdrossel, Ltv. dzilna specht; Slav. *lna in Russ.- Church
Slavic lna, Ser.-Cr. dial. lna schwarzspecht, Pol. ona Bienenspecht, Russ. en
schwarzspecht;
Page 1220
helvus and with palatal. anlaut Lith. elvas greenish , in addition alve f. Rispengras,
elvys m. grunender stem);
here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under gel-) O.Pruss. gulbis, Lith. gulbis m.
(*golbhio-) gulbe f., Ltv. gulbis swan and weie cow (hence not to ghel- call, shout, cry);
further with unexplained k-:
Slav. *klp, *klp in O.Sor. kop, kaschub. kp ds., Russ. kpik m. Lffelreiher;
in addition further Russ. goubj, O.Pruss. golimban blue, Lith. gelumbe f. blaues
kerchief, cloth, O.Bulg. golob dove, Ser.-Cr. golb m. ds., Cz. holub ds., etc.; zur
formation compare Lat. columba, palumbs ds.;
Root extensions with Dental:
ghld- in O.E. glterian splendescere, participle flavus; M.L.G. glate, M.H.G. glaz m.
Glatze.
glanz gleaming, M.H.G. glanz, glunz radiance , O.H.G. M.H.G. glenzen gleam; Swe.
glindra glitzern, M.H.G. glander gleaming, glimmering , glander m. n. radiance,
Schimmer; compare with other meaning under ghlend(h)-;
Bal.-Slav. *glendi look, see (with anlaut. Velar) in:
Ltv. (kurisch) glendi search, seek;
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gld gleaming, glimmering, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant, gladian gleam,
shimmer, glnzendmachen, caress, comfort, gladden , O.Fris. gled smooth , O.S.
gladmd (= O.E. gldmd) cheerful , O.H.G. glat gleaming, M.H.G. glat gleaming,
smooth ; with intensive gemination M.H.G. glatz Kahlkopf, Glatze (compare M.H.G. glitze
radiance; Kahlkopf);
Lith. glodus, gldnas smooth anliegend, gentle, gldiu, glsti polish, smooth, Ltv.
gdit smooth, pltten, caress, Bulg. gldja, Ser.-Cr. gladiti, Cz. hladiti, Pol. gadzic ds.
(Trautmann 91).
further with nasal infix ghlend(h)- glide, slide in N.Ger. glandern schliddern, glander
Eisscholle (perhaps also O.E. glendrian, glentrian verschlingen, herabsturzen as glide,
slide lassen); Nor. gletta, Swe. mda. glinta glide, slide (compare above gletta peek);
Lith. galndu, galasti sharpen, schleifen, Ltv. galuods whetstone, O.Pruss. glandint
comfort , glands consolation (compare to meaning above O.E. gladian caress, comfort
; compare above ghlend(h)- gleam);
about Lith. glembu, glbti smooth, soft become see under gel- clench .
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Page 1222
s- and st-extensions:
Ir. glass green, gray, blue, Welsh glas blue, Bret. glaz green, Gaul. glastum n. 1.
Waid, Isatis tinctoria, 2. Heidelbeere (M.-L. 3779b); with einfachem -s- gallorom. *glasina
Heidelbeere (M.-L. 3779a); to Ir. glass still O.Ir. glaiss f. river, M.Ir. glaisn Waid,
M.Corn. glesin sandix, in addition
M.H.G. glast radiance , glanst ds., glanster spark, glasten gleam, ablaut. glosten,
glusten;
Lat.-Gmc. glsum Bernstein = O.E. glr m. Bernstein, resin, O.H.G. glus Bernstein,
O.Ice. glsa gleaming make, verzieren, ablaut. Nor. dial. glsa sparkle, glitter, gleam,
shine, glance, look, O.Ice. glsi-ligr gleaming; O.Ice. gler n. glass, O.E. with s: gls n.
glass, O.Fris. gles, O.S. glas, gles n. glass, O.H.G. glas glass; O.S. glaso
Grauschimmel, M.Eng. glaren gleam, M.L.G. glaren gleam, glow.
ghlei- lies before in Gk. (poet.) warm or soft become, indulge oneself, lusciously
leben, warm make, erweichen, warm, lukewarm;
Ir. gl, Welsh gloew gleaming, clear, bright (< *ghlei-uo), gledd (*ghliiu) gruner lawn,
M.Ir. glinech clear, bright, M.Welsh try-lwyn very distinct;
O.N. glju glitzern, O.Fris. gla glow, O.E. glm radiance , O.S. glmo radiance ,
O.H.G. glmo, gleimo Gluhwurmchen, M.H.G. glmen gleam, shine, gleam, glimmen
glow, gleam, Nor. dial. glna gleam, stare, Swe. glina lcheln, glena gleam, shine, sich
aufklren, laugh .
ghleid-:
Gk. softness, luxuriance, Luxus, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle,
luscious sein;
Page 1223
ghleis-:
Gaul. glso-marg f. Gleimergel, gallorom. *glso-, older *glso- (IE *ghlei-s-o-);
compare Welsh glwys beautiful, O.Bret. glois, gloes ds. (*ghlei-st-o); O.Ice. glissa
spttisch laugh , O.E. glsian, glisnian gleam, shine, O.Fris. glisia shimmer, blink,
M.H.G. glistern sparkle, glitter, Nor. Swe. glsa gleam, shimmer; nasalized M.H.G.
Page 1224
ghlu- in O.Ice. gla glow, gleam, gleam, shine, O.E. glwan fulminare, O.Ice.
himinglva Tochter Agirs and the Run (Verkrperung the surge); -gl- f. sun, -gla f.
moon; s. also above S. 430 under ghl-.
ghl-: Nor. dial. glyma finster, threatening or lauernd blicken, O.S. glna scheel
blicken, E.Fris. glmen verdeckt and clandestine after etwas sehen and lurk; O.Ice. glmr
m. bear.
In addition s-(st-)extensions:
Ir. gluss (*ghlustu-) light, Helligkeit;
O.Ice. glys radiance, Putz, Mod.Ice. glosa strahlen, M.H.G. glosen, glosten glow,
gleam, gloste blaze, glow, M.L.G. glren lurk, Eng. to glower finster blicken, steIr.
gloren stare , Nor. dial. glyra seitwrts blicken, schielen, blink, O.Ice. glyrna f. eye, Nor.
glr ds.
ghld- : M.Eng. glouten, Eng. to glout stare, grieving or grumpy, surly, sullen
aussehen, to gloat (< *glotian) hmisch blicken, anstarren, O.Ice. glotta grinsen, M.H.G.
Ger. glotzen.
Maybe Alb. glemb thorn, vegetation, gjelbr green
References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868,
Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.
Page(s): 429-434
Page 1225
ghel-2
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden??
Material: O.Ind. hal- m. n. plough (originally bough, twig, branch?); hudu-, huda- m.
aries, ram (*ghldu-);
Arm. jo picket, pole, stick etc., jlem furche, plow;
Gk. priest the Kybele, Verschnittener (from dem Phryg., whence also Hitt.
iskalla- zerfetzen, tear, Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it Lat. gallus ds.;
maybe Alb. (*skall) kall insert , shkalloj go mad (the head splits from pain) Alb.Gheg
(*skaly-), shkly to tear apart, split.
O.Welsh gylym, M.Welsh geleu, gelyf knife, Dolch (Vendryes Et. celt. 4, 60) from *ghel-
galza, gelza f. verschnittenes swine; O.H.G. M.H.G. galt, O.E. gielde, O.N. geldr, O.S.
galder keine milk giving, unfruchtbar, O.Ice. gelda kastrieren; Swiss galt also noch keine
milk giving, galdvee = Jungvieh.
Lith. uolis stuck wood, tree truck (ghli-).
Obige Gleichungen durchwegs doubtful.
References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., . I 581.
Page(s): 434
Page 1226
gengr gangbar, Goth. framguhts Fortschritt, O.Ice. gutt incision amTurpfosten, gtti
Turrahmen; zero grade O.Fris. gunga go, Dan. gynge, older gunge swing;
Lith. engiu, engti schreiten, praanga bertretung, ingsnis footstep .
A Anlautdublette (through dissimilation?) perhaps in O.Ir. cingim schreite (3. pl.cengait,
perf. cechaing), Welsh rhy-gyngu Pagehen, O.Ir. cing, gen. cinged warrior, Gaul.
Cingeto-rx, zero grade Proto-Celt. *kngsmn in O.Ir. cimm (*kenksmen), Welsh Corn. cam,
Bret. camm footstep (*kanksman).
A other variant *ghenk- is (under ku-s quick, fast) for O.H.G. guhi rash, hasty, hasty,
sudden in Erwgung gezogen.
References: WP. I 588, WH. I 217, Trautmann 370.
Page(s): 438-439
Page 1227
Material: A. gherdh- (here also die about den originally anlaut nichts entscheidenden words
the Kentumsprachen):
O.Ind. grh- (*grdh-) house, dwelling, pl. Gemcher, Av. gra- m. cave as
Behausungdaevischer Wesen (eine older meaning house, dwelling wird through fiuGk.
loanword, as wotj. gurt residence, village, syrjn. gort house, dwelling and unterirdische
dwelling, Gruft, grave, erwiesen);
Alb. garth, -dhi hedge (*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);
Phryg. -gordum town, city in Manegordum Mannesstadt (besides Manezordum);
Gk. (by Hes.) , , ;
Goth. bigardan umgurten, O.Ice. gyra, O.E. gyrdan, O.Fris. gerda, O.H.G. gurten ds.;
Goth. garda f., O.Ice. gjor belt, girdle, ablaut, O.Ice. gyrell, O.E. gyrdel, O.Fris. gerdel,
O.H.G. gurtil(a) ds. (M.H.G. gurt is nomen post-verbal); Goth. gards m. house, O.Ice.
garr m. fence, paddock, courtyard, Gehft, O.E. geard, O.S. gard eingefriedetes
Grundstuck, Plur. dwelling, O.H.G. gart m. circle in mittilgart orbis, heimgart forum
etc.; Goth. garda hurdle, Viehhof, O.Fris. garda garden, O.S. gardo, O.H.G. garto ds. (or
from IE *ghor-t-; compare under gher-4);
Lith. gardas m. corral, pen, fold, gards f. Gatter, Gitter;
Slav. *gord in O.C.S. grad castle, town, city, garden, Russ.- Church Slavic ograd
garden (therefrom O.C.S. grad m. stall), Russ. grod town, city, Bulg. grad, Ser.-Cr.
grad, Sloven. grd ds., Cz. hrad castle, Schlo, Pol. grd ds.; zero grade Slav. rd in
Page 1228
Page 1229
gher-1
English meaning: to yearn for
Deutsche bersetzung: begehren, gern haben
Note: partly with forms from a basis *gher(i)- : gheri- (see Persson Beitr. 728)
Material: O.Ind. hryati findet Gefallen, begehrt; Av. zara- m. streben, purpose ;
Gk. (*-), sich freuen, f. pleasantness, agreeableness,
Gunst, pleasure, joy, Kampfesfreude blitzend, n. pleasure, joy,
pleasure; also fight, struggle, originally Kampfesfreude? joyful, gratifying
(?); after Pedersen 5 dcl. Lat. 73 here etc. S. under gher-6; here after Leumann
Homer. Wrter 318109f also unfreundlich, unpleasant, unworried,
ungestrt, light (previously later auf hand bezogen);
Osc. herest (bantinisch, for *heriest), Umbr. heriest volet, heris-heris vel-vel, Osc.
fahu-garns geldgierig, O.Ice. gjarn, O.E. georn wherefore geneigt, whereupon begierig,
O.H.G. O.S. gern begierig, eager after etwas, adv. O.H.G. gerno, Ger. gern, Denom.
Goth. garnjan, O.Ice. girna, O.E. giernan, O.S. girnean lust, crave.
Maybe Alb. (h)uri hunger
Perhaps here as dh-formation from the basis gh(e)r-: Goth. grdus hunger, grdags
hungry, O.Ice. grur, grui m. greed, lust, hunger, O.E. gnd greed, lust, Ger. jrut
hunger (Berlin), O.E. grdig, O.H.G. grutag greedy . In addition as *ghrdh- Gmc.
Page 1230
*graa- begierig, rutting, in heat inO.Ice. grar not verschnitten, graungr bull? In
M.H.G. grt m. eagerness , grtec begierig, O.Ice. gr f. vehemency, grijungr m. bull
ein ablaut. IE *gh[e]ri-dh- or *gh[e]r-dh- to suchen, wre denkbar.
M.Ir. grud n. love is from Lat. grutum facere alicui and similar Wendungen borrowed (d
instead of th after grad gradus).
References: WP. I 600 f., WH. I 657 f.
Page(s): 440-441
Page 1231
gher-2
English meaning: to scratch, scrape
Deutsche bersetzung: kratzen, ritzen, scharren?
Material: Gk. Erdri, Erdspalte, gorge, ravine, gulch; , Att. - spitze,
schrfe, kerbe, schneide ein, , - picket, pole, Spitzpfahl, Weinpfahl; Schnittling
of Olbaum , Prger, then stempel, Geprge, Eigenart (Kretschmer Gl. 20,
254);
Lith. eriu, er ti scratch, scrape, scratch, arstyti oft scratch, scrape, scratch.
References: WP. I 602.
Page(s): 441
Page 1232
zar Rte am sky, heaven, Ser.-Cr. zra Morgenrot, Cz. zore aurora, zre shine,
radiance, ray, Pol. zorza aurora; O.C.S. pozor , Russ. pozr sight, Schande,
nadzr Aufsicht;
Cz. pozor attention, Acht, nzor outlook, Ansicht; here also O.C.S. zrak sight, form,
kind of, Russ. dial. zrok look, front , Ser.-Cr. zrk light, Cz. zrak vision, face, Sehkraft,
Pol. wzrok sehkraft, face; ablaut. O.C.S. zrcalo n., Ser.-Cr. dial. zrcalo, Cz. zrcadlo
mirror;
about Lat. gruvastellus s. WH. I 620.
root extension ghri-:
O.Ir. gran f. sun (*ghrinu);
O.Fris. O.S. O.H.G. M.H.G. grs gray, Ger. greis gray, old, wherefore probably also
O.Ice. grss piglet, O.S. grs ds., Swe. Dan. gris piglet, swine.
root extension (*gheru-) : ghr-.
Page 1233
Page 1234
gher-4
English meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose
Deutsche bersetzung: greifen, fassen, umfassen, einfassen
Note: extended gherdh- (see under)
Material: O.Ind. hrati bringt, carries, holt, nimmt, hrana- n. das bringing, Nehmen,
Spenden etc., hras- n. Nehmen, griping, handle, grasp, power, force, might;
Gk. m. eingelegter place, courtyard, Weideplatz; doubtful, whether here
Tanzplatz, Chortanz as originally eingehegter place; about placenta, afterbirth ,
etc. see under gher-5, about hand under ghes-;
Osc. heriiad velit, [h]errns caperent, Lat. cohors eingezunter courtyard, Viehhof,
troop, multitude, crowd, cortege , from *co + IE *ghrts summarization, in ablaut to hortus
garden as eingezunter place (in Altlatein also villa), Osc. hurz hortus lucus; dubious is
Lat. hr, r , vola, s. WH. I 649;
Ir. gort seges, Gaul. gorto- and gortiu hedge (v. Wartburg), Welsh garth corral, pen,
fold, hurdle, paddock (das a after dem O.Ice. Lw. gardd), Bret. garz hedge, fence, in
addition Ir. lub-gort garden, O.Welsh Plur. luird, Welsh lluarth, O.Corn. luworch-guit wild
garden, M.Corn. lowarth garden, Bret. liorz ds.
Not to decide, determine is, whether Goth. garda hurdle, Viehhof, O.Fris. garda, O.S.
gardo, O.H.G. garto garden auf IE *ghor-t- or auf *ghordho- based on (see under
*gherdh-). - Da Nor. gaare Jahresring in wood, Swe. gra, Mod.Ice. guri col, gap in
wood Ablautsform to as reis sei, is incredible.
Doubtful, whether here Lith. aras run, flow, way, Runde, turn (Wackernagel AIGk.
251); compare above Gk. ;
Hitt. gurtas fortress (Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 139)?; s. also gherdh-.
Page 1235
Page 1236
gher-5, ghor-n
English meaning: bowels
Deutsche bersetzung: Darm
Material: O.Ind. hra-h m. band, strap, hiru f. vein;
Gk. f. intestine, Darmsaite, sausage ; dubious placenta, afterbirth,
Speise from milk and honey, skin, leather;
Lat. haru-spex Opferschauer eigtl. Darmbeschauer, hra Leerdarm, pl. intestines,
entrails , hillae die kleineren vorderen Drme ( Sabine for ), hernia break;
O.Ice. gorn f., pl. garnar intestine , pl. intestines, entrails (*ghornu), O.E. micgern n.
arvina, O.S. midgarni, O.H.G. mitti(la)-garni ds.; O.Ice. garn n. Garn, Aufzug (beim
weaving), O.E. gearn ds., M.L.G. garn, O.H.G. garn Garn;
Lith. arna, acc. arna intestine, Dunndarm, Ltv. zarna f. intestine , pl. intestines,
entrails .
Note:
Maybe Alb. zorr (*ghornu) bowel, pl. intestines, entrails didnt derive from Root ger-1,
ger- : to devour; throat; but from Root gher-5, ghor-nu : bowels. [common Alb. gh- > zphonetic mutation].
Wenn Arm. jar twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved here belongs, wre die
originally meaning the root corresponding to modifizieren.
References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.
Page(s): 443
Page 1237
Page 1238
gher-7
Deutsche bersetzung: stare
See also: s. ghers-.
Page(s): 443
Page 1239
From an extended zero grade of Root eghi- (*eghi-no-s): hedgehog (*serpent eater)
derived Root ghers-, gher- : rigid, *pig > Root porko-s : pig : Illyr.-italic-celtic gh- > pphonetic mutation; also (*eghi-no-s) > (*ghers) abbreviation and rhotacism n/r.
Note:
Root eghi- (*eghi-no-s): hedgehog (*serpent eater) derived from Root ang(h)i- (*eghi-,
Page 1240
n-k);
Note:
Common Alb. shift gh > d; also Alb. (*derk-us) derkuc piglet, (*gherkos) dos sow
proves that solidified -us : -os ending was attested also in Proto-Alb.
Lat. horre, -re rauh sein, stare; shudder, sich entsetzen (= Av. zaraya-); auf *gher-
ko- with dial. i from e before r + Gutt. (e.g. stircus : stercus) based on Lat. hircus, sabin.
fircus he-goat (hirqunus, hircnus of he-goat; billy goat ) = Osc.-sab. hirpus lupus
(whereof the peoples name Hirpini); in addition also hirtus bristly, hirstus struppig,
rough; auf parallelem *ghers-kos based on (as Osc.-Umbr. Lw.) hispidus rough; mars.
sabin. herna n. pl. saxa (*ghers-no-);
O.Ir. garb, Welsh garw rough (ghr-uo-);
O.E. gorst steckginster and die etymologisch cognate group gherzd- barley.
compare in allg. Fick I4 219, 435, II4 107, III4 130 (and Falk-Torp under gjrs m. Lith.
about den fish names Nor. gjrs lucioperca, Sander, Swe. gers acerina, chub, prakrit.
Page 1241
Page 1242
Root ghslo- : thousand derived from Root ghesor-1, ghesr- : hand, *hand count [r/l
allophones]
Material: O.Ind. sa-hsram n. Tausend (sm -ghslom, to sem- eins), sa-hasriyatausendfach, Av. hazanrm n. Tausend, Pers. huzar, from which Arm. hazar borrowed;
sogd. zr (= *zur), afgh. zar;
Gk. Ion. , Eol. ( Tausendschaft), Att. (*).
Das Grundwort *- findet sich in sakisch ysura and in Lehnwrtern finnisch-ugrischer
Sprachen (Jacobsohn Arier and Ugrofinnen 105 ff.).
Perhaps also Lat. mlle tausend; ein Tausend, whether from *sm gzhl (ghsl) eine
Tausendbeit; *sm : Gk. .
References: WP. I 633, II 488, 491, WH. II 88 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 593.
Page(s): 446
Page 1243
Both Root ghesor-1, ghesr- : hand and Root ghesto-2 : hand, arm derived from an
extended archaic root ghes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra,
-tre.
Material: Arm. jern (*ghes-r-m), pl. jer-k hand (Meillet Esquisse 83);
Gk. f. hand, gen. , Dor. , dat. pl. (thereafter die form -);
Toch. A tsar, sar hand (after Pedersen Tochar. 236 from *kesar =)
Hitt. ki-es-sar (kessar) n. and ki-es-si-ra-as (kesseras) m., f., dat. sg. ki-is-sa-ri (kesri =
Gk. ?);
about Lat. r, hr hohle hand (from Osc.-Umbr. *hr < *ghsru?) s. WH. I 649.
Note:
Clearly Root der-1 (: dr-, der-) or dr- : dr- : hand span derived through Root ghesor-1,
ghesr- : hand; Root ghesto-2 : hand, arm through Illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift
kh > t, gh > d is a unique Alb. phonetic mutatIon. Hence Alb. dora hand derived from
*ghhru
Page(s): 447
Page 1244
ghesto-2
English meaning: hand, arm
Deutsche bersetzung: Hand, Arm
Note:
Both Root ghesor-1, ghesr- : hand and Root ghesto-2 : hand, arm derived from an
extended archaic root ghes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra,
-tre.
Material: O.Ind. hsta-h m. hand, Av. zasta-, O.Pers. dasta- ds.;
Lat. praest zur hand from *prae-hestod (EM 805f.)?; different see under stu-;
Lith. pa-aste , pa-asti s f. place under the arm, armpit .
Note: common Balt-Illyr. gh- > z phonetic mutatIon.
Da Arm. jern also auf *gher-m go back could and also die Gk. forms better from *gher-s
expounded become can, da further Alb. dor f. hand, pl. konson. duar eine basic form
*ghr- required (ghsr- htte *dostr ergeben), wre with Belardi (Riv. Studi Orient. 23, 69
ff.) to consider, if not for the Hitt. and Toch. metathesis from -rs- to -sr- anzunehmen sei,
and die group 1 from 2 to separate and to gher- grasp to stellen sei.
References: WP. I 541, 603, WH. I 243, Trautmann 367, Duchesne-Guillemin BAL.-SLAV.
39, 211, Schwyzer Gk. I 446, 569, Specht IE Decl. 75.
Page(s): 447
Page 1245
First of all ai then Av., M.Pers., Pers. and Alb. seem to employ Root gheu- : to pour + -tra
suffix.
Arm. joyl gegossen (< gheulo-), jew form, shape; here also jor valley (< ghouer-o)?
Phryg. Hes. (= Gk. ); Thrac. (*gheutr-), FlN i, ;
Gk. (F) giee, Aor. Hom. < *, perf. , gegossen,
Gu, river, Trankopfer, , schmelzgrube, Guform, Trankopfer for
Tote, m., f. Ma for Flussigkeiten, ds., gen. and , older dial. m.,
f. aufgehufte earth, Erdwall, schutte Erde auf; , irdener pot,
Page 1246
common Lat. d- > f- shift. derived only from an intermediary Illyr. (*gheun- > deun-) cognate
since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start with d-. See maybe Alb. dhjam fat
: Gk. fat, common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic mutation; the shift gh- > d- is an Alb. Illyr.
phonetic mutation, also common Alb. -n > -nt > -t shift.
Sehr dubious is die affiliation from M.H.G. gl male animal, boar, horse, Ger. Gaul (in
Bavar. Deckhengst, Swiss gl rooster, cock, compare Dutch guil mare, die noch nicht
geworfenhat, s. Sommer IF. 31, 362 ff.), as samengieer.
Root extensions:
gheud-:
Lat. fund, -ere, fd, fsum giee, lasse flieen, schutte from (about fsus spindle s.
WH. I 474);
Note:
According to phonetic laws Lat. initial d- > f- hence Lat. fund cognate must have derived
only from an Illyr. (*gheun- > deun-) since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start
with d-; see maybe Alb. dhjam fat : Gk. fat, common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic
mutation; also common Alb. n > nd shift .
Goth. giutan pour, O.Ice. gjta (Junge) throw, O.E. gotan pour, flow, schutten,
O.Fris. juta, O.S. giotan, O.H.G. giozzan ds., Mod.Ice. gjta cave, narrow alley, O.S. giuta
Page 1247
gte low Wasserstrae, Nor. gota eingeschnittene gully, O.S. gota canalis, Du. goot
Gosse, gully, Ger. Gosse, O.E. gutt, Eng. gut intestine .
Maybe Alb. got glass of water : Goth. giutan pour.
gheus-:
M.Ir. guss (*ghus-tu-s) power, vehemency, rage, fury;
O.Ice. gjsa, gaus hervorbrechen, effervesce, geysa in heftige Bewegung bringen,
aufhetzen, Geysir die bekannte heie Springquelle in Island, Mod.Ice. gusa effervesce,
O.Ice. gustr gust of wind, Eng. gush, M.Du. guysen hervorstrmen, O.H.G. gussa
inundation , urgusi berflu.
contrariness of abweichenden Anlautes (compare above S. 18 Anm.) perhaps here Lith.
Page 1248
Page 1249
h), jht goes, fhrt auf, hyat wird abandon, bleibt back; huni-h f. lack; das
Fahrenlassen (vihuyas- leerer room because of Prfixes, das also in vi-huauseinanderklaffen); compare S. 427;
Av. zazumi I entlasse from, with avu- entfernen, verscheuchen, with upa- and fraherzulassen, herzufuhren; u-zu- herangehen, uz-zu- aufspringen, sich uplift, set up
(uzayant participle nom. pl.);
Gk. Hom. (*F), Att. (*gh-n-u-), Inf. present Hom. ,
participle present reach, catch up, meet, erlangen, einnehmen; with formant -d-: Gk.
, Fut. ep. , Aor. ep. weiche, flee, lasse ab, tr.
drnge back, intr. weiche, go back, as das Med. Da lasse after, werde slack or
lose aufeinem partizip. adj. *gh-lo-s fortgehend or klaffend, lose? beruhe, is perhaps
erwhnenswert; after Meillet Esquisse 36 rather to Arm. xa game, xaa friedlich (with
IE kh-);
O.H.G. gun (= O.Ind. huna-m) go, O.Fris. O.S. O.E. gun, O.S. aDan. gu, krimGoth.
geen ds.; about die additional form O.H.G. gn s. Kluge11 193, Braune O.H.G. Gk.5 p. 3821;
Lith. by Feist, 182 b.
With the meaning- coloring A:
Page 1250
Page 1251
under ghans- goose ; similarly, but with Velar, gha gha for gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker and likewise, see there). Beside ghi- also ghu-: ghu- (see there), either as other
Auffassung of Ghnlautes, or with originally formant under
Material: Gk. (gh-sk) ghne, klaffe (only present and Impf.; later from
abgelst, see under ghan-), klaffende aperture ; hole, eine big,
giant Muschel, after Hes., f. hutch, Lade; das
Ghnen, Gienmuschel.
Von ghi- from: O.C.S. zejo hio (*ghi).
Von ghii-u- from:
Lat. hi, -ure (*ghiia-i) yawn, klaffen, aufgesperrt sein, Osc. eehianasum
mittendurum (hostiurum), Umbr. ehiato misss;
Lith. io-ju, -ti ffnen, reflexive iotis yawn (iotys pl. f. crack, deep cleft, gap; mouth,
Rachen), wherefore Lith. iovauti, Ltv. avaties yawn (uvas f. pl. Ghnen)
and with p: Lith. iopsau, -sti with offenem Munde dastehen, dasitzen;
Ser.-Cr. zjm, zjati den Mund aufsperren, Iterativa O.C.S. zijaja, zijati, Russ. zijju, -t
ds. and Sloven. zevati den Mund geffnet halten, Cz. zvati, Russ. zevt yawn
(Sloven. zev, Pol. ziew, Russ. zev Rachen);
maybe Alb. zija starvation, hunger
with p (compare under die root form gheip-): blg. zepam, Pol. ziepac with Muhe
breathe, Clr. zzpaty after Atem snatch , Cz. zpati pant, gasp.
Page 1252
sko-present: Lat. hsc, -ere (*gh-sk) yawn, klaffen, aufgesperrt sein; similarly O.E.
giscian, M.H.G. gischen schluchzen and Nor. dial. geiska die Beine ausspreizen (see
Persson Beitr. 318).
n-Prsentien and zugehrige nouns: O.Ice. gna st. V., O.E. t-gnan st. V. klaffen, yawn
; with i O.Ice. gine, O.H.G. ginn, M.H.G. ginn, genn, Ger. ghnen = O.E. ginian, gionian
weit offen sein, O.Ice. gina yawn , gin n. gullet, O.E. gin n. ds.; with Gmc. ai (IE ghi-?
or rather the preterite ablaut of st. V. gnan?) O.H.G. geinn, Swiss gine, Goth. *gainon,
O.E. gunian; but Eng. yawn, yawn for *yone from O.E. gionian;
O.C.S. zino, -oti (*ghn) .
other nominal formation:
with u: O.E. giw, gow m. vulture (*gwaz the Gierige);
with m: O.Ice. gma f. aperture , Swiss gm ds.; O.Ice. geimi m. Meeresschlund;
Mod.Ice. geimr groer, leerer room;
with r: Gmc. *gr(i)a- greedy (lit. *lechzend), in Nor. dial. gr m. eagerness,
ferventness, passion, O.H.G. gri begierig, gr vulture;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1253
gillinghout schrg durchgeschnittenes wood, further Ice. geila separate (*klaffen make),
O.E. glan (*gailjan) hinder, hesitate; from r-forms nd. gren, Dutch (out of it Ger.) gieren,
Nor. dial. gra of Kurs abweichen; Dutch geeren ds., Nor. dial. geira schief run.
extensions with i-vocalism:
*ghei-gh- : O.Ice. Nor. dial., geiga seitwrts abschwenken, O.Ice. geigr m. damage
(originally outlook *schief abstehen, klaffen e.g. from Hlzern); compare Ger. Swiss
Geigle Doppelast an a Baume, the in beliebigem angle auseinandergeht; pl. die Schenkel,
Ger. Heugeige stecken with seitwarts abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern of Heus;
Ger. dial. geigen sich hin and her bewegen, O.Ice. ggja, from M.L.G. M.H.G. gge, Ger.
Geige as Musikinstrument; O.E. for-, of-ggan abweichen from, uberschreiten, ggl and
gugol ausgelassen, ausschweifend, O.Fris. gia ubertreten, unterlassen, penance,
atonement pay for, atone; Nor. dial. giga, gigla, gigra lose stand, wobble, sway, Eng. gig
(N.. Lw.) light cart, leichtes boat, whirligig, Dan. gig Kreisel as plaything ; N.Ger.
giggelen, Eng. to giggle versteckt, spttisch laugh ; as free abstehende, bewegliche sprit
here Dutch gei Raa (basic form geig(*j)a?), N.Ger. gk, Dutch gijk ds. and M.L.G. geck
from drehbaren Dingen (e.g. cover, Fensterladen, Pumpstangen), also fool (Ger. Geck);
here (after Wissmann nom. postverb. 41) Goth. geig f. greed, lust, ga-geigan gain ,
Page 1254
ghei-b-, Gmc. *g p-: O.Ice. gpr m. muzzle, Rachen, FlN for Gipa, Nor. dial. gipa klaffen
make, after Luft snatch = O.E. gpian after Luft snatch ; M.L.G. gippelt crazy, stupid;
Swe. dial. gippa crack, col, gap; with schwed dial. gipa den Mund verziehen, N.Ger.
gpen after Luft snatch, strehen after; Ger. bO.Ir. gaif(f)en from not festsitzenden,
schlotternden shoe; with the meaning spttisch den Mund verziehen under likewise.
With Gmc. ai: O.Ice. geipa babble, chatter , Nor. dial. geipa babble, chatter; den
Mund weit aufsperren; with ausgespreizten Beinen sit or go under likewise;
O.Ice. geispa after Luft snatch , M.Eng. gaspen < O.E. *guspian, probably from
*gaipsn (through amalgamation from *gaip- and *gais).
gheis-: Ice. gisinn from Trockenheit rissig, leaking (participle from *gsa =) Nor. dial.
gsa grinsen, blink; Nor. dial. gista sich ffnen, thin become, of Walde, O.S. gistinn from
Trockenheit rissig; from this meaning further M.L.G. gst, O.Fris. gst, gust das hhere
trockene Land in contrast zur Marschniederung (zugehrige u-forms nd. guste, Dutch gust
unfruchtbar, dry, gelt from the basis ghu-?? S. Persson Beitr. 318).
extensions with - : -vocalism (fast only Gmc.):
*ghgh- (: ghgh-):
Page 1255
gag backwards gebogen = bent, curved (e.g. from schief abstehenden Gertteilen), Eng.
gag-toothed (N.. Lw.) with hervorstehenden Zhnen: ablaut. O.Ice. ggjask sich
vorrecken, um to peek, and (zugleich with consonant-sharpening) md. guken gawk.
Maybe Alb. guak gawk, expressive form Alb. (*gh-sk), gogsij yawn, gape
O.Ice. gjograr pl. Felsklufte (*gegura-) compares Lidn Armen . Stud. 70 f. probably
more properly with Arm. gez col, gap, crack, incisure .
*ghp-:
O.Ind. huphiku das Galmen (with jungem ph instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565).
*ghb-: O.Ice. gap weite aperture, hole, Chaos; shout, call, scream , gapa den Mund
aufsperren, cry, O.E. gapian, N.Ger. gupen, M.H.G. Ger. gaffen with offenem Munde
anschauen.
*ghbh-:
O.E. geaflas pl. Kiefern (in the meaning directed after ceafl jaw , see under geph-),
older Dan. paa gafle weit offen, Swe. p gavel ds.
O.Ice. gabba derision or joke drive, push, O.E. gabbian babble; deride, verhhnen,
Page 1256
Page 1257
ghl
English meaning: wine
Deutsche bersetzung: Wein??
Material: O.Ind. hulu alcohol;
Gk. , - ungemischter Wein, - ds.; Maced. .
Hes.;
Thrac. Hes. (*ghl-).
References: WP. I 631. Sehr dubious.
Page(s): 434
Page 1258
Material: Gk. n. the leere room, airspace (later also cleft, gap; probably from
*F), auseinanderklaffend, lax , -- with auseinanderstehenden
teeth;
whether here also Goth. gawi land, region, O.H.G. gawi, Ger. Gau, O.E. g, etc. from
*ghuiom with similar meaning-development as by Gk. , (see below ghifehlen; abandon ) and Arm. gavar Landstrich, region? Oder from Gmc. *ga-awja (to
gou- call, shout, cry. Trotzdes nichtpalatalen Wurzelanlauts (see above about Lith.
gomurys) could es here belong, da viele originally palatale Gutturale litauisch as g, k
appear.
further in the meaning yawn with l-forms (: Gk. -) perhaps here M.H.G. giel m.
Rachen, gullet, aNor. -gjl in place names? as well as Nor. dial. gyl cleft, gap, Felskluft
Page 1259
gle, goel swamp, marsh as cavity, in the sich Wasser angesammelt hat?).
Da Ger. Gosche, Gusche, N.Ger. goske, guske big muzzle as sk-formation here
gehre or but perhaps with O.Ind. ghsati ruft, shouts, howls related sei (see Persson
Beitr. 116 f.), is by a Trivialausdruck without verfolgbare Geschichte not probably;
Balt *gumuri a- m. palate in Lith. gomurys, gen. gmurio m., also gomere (acc. gmere)
f.; Ltv. gumurs m. windpipe, larynx (only by Mieinis doubtful guomurs); eine
lautgesetzliche equivalent to Ger. Gaumen ergbe Lith. Ltv. uo (Balt ); perhaps in
vocalism germO.N. influenced; to g- compare above S. 18 Anm.
A extension gheubh- in O.Ice. gaupa f. Luchs (probably eig. the lechzende, gierige, as
O.E. earn-gap Edelfalke), ablaut. Nor. dial gp gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss ; O.E. gap
wide, capacious ; gopan verschlingen, O.Ice. gaupn f. die hohle Hand, O.H.G.
goufana ds., wherefore Lith. iupsnis etwas weniger as eine Handvoll; compare still
Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2.
Maybe Alb. gop vagina, hole
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 470, Trautmann 77.
Page(s): 449
Page 1260
lengthened grade spread forms (about O.Ind. anlauts jm-, gm- besides ksm- compare
Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)
Material: compare to anlaut still Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209b, III 241
ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 38, 139 ff., Specht Decl. 241.
O.Ind. stem ksam-, nom. sg. ksuh (= Av. zu) f. earth, Erdboden common O.Ind. gh- >
ks- phonetic mutation, (acc. ksum = Av. zam; loc. ksmi and *ksum, if ksuman from this
form with postposition *en in to define is, compare O.Ind. pri-jman rings auf the earth;
instr. jmu; gen. jmh, secondary gmh, ksmh); ksmya-h auf the Erde situated, irdisch;
Av. zu, acc. zam, loc. zm, gen. zm earth, Erdboden;
Gk. f. Erdboden (*; thereafter with also gen. , unterirdisch
etc.), originally zur Erde hin, then also auf the Erde (bis auf die other vowel
gradation = O.Pruss. semmai low and presumably also = Lat. hum to bottom),
to the ground, on the ground , low, low (: Lat. humilis), perhaps neu, unerhrt (auf the Erde?);
Phryg. (Thrac. ) mother earth (?), also Phryg.
Hes. (compare Russ. elovek person and servant) ; X
kann genuine Phryg. sein (IE > Phryg. u), gd- : z- as O.Ind. ksuh : Av. zu; common O.Ind.
Page 1261
Clearly mother earth was shaped according to Illyr. and Alb. phonetic laws
[common Alb. gh- > d-, dh-] - common venetic Illyrian suffix -ter,-tre . Therefore
is an Illyrian goddess of earth.
Lat. humus (from *homos) earth, Erdboden, probably Umformung an old consonantstem *ghom-; hence also f. as ; humilis low (: ); in Osc.-Umbr. *homi-teros,
-temos as compar. superl. of loc. *homi under (: O.Ind. ksmi) : Osc. hu[n]truis nfers,
huntrus infers; Umbr. hutra, hontra nfru, abl. hondomu nfim; Umbr. hondu
pessumdat from *hon(d)-td; about Lat. hmunus see under;
O.Ir. d, gen. don place (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine; die development
from gh to d- stimmte to t from -k- in art bear from erkos; n instead of m as in
from the Vorstufe *dn - from *dm - from d verschleppt);
Note:
O.Ir. duine, Welsh dyn, Corn. Bret. den : Illyr. , Alb. dhe cognates evolved
according to Illyr. and Alb. phonetic laws [common Alb. gh- > d-, dh-] suggesting a shared
origin of those lang.
Lith. eme, Ltv. zeme, O.Pruss. same, semme earth, semmai base, low (: , see
above), Ltv. zem under (probably Verkurzung of loc. zem); Lith. zemas, Ltv. zems low;
O.C.S. zemlja earth; in addition also O.C.S. zmja snake (auf the Erde kriechend,
), zmj dragon.
In addition words for person as Irdischer:
Page 1262
hemnem; to humus probably hmunus menschlich, with unclear vocalism (*hoim- wurde
to o of O.Ir. pl. doni people stimmen, whether here older diphthong vorlge, but for ein IE
*ghoim- lacks jede Wahrscheinlichkeit; s. also under); Osc.-Umbr. *homn- (ablaut grade
*ghom- as humus, compared with Lat. hemn- or einzeldialektischer umlaut from *hemn-),
Osc. humuns homins, Umbr. homonus hominibus;
Goth. guma, O.Ice. gumi, O.E. guma, O.H.G. gomo person, man, husband, Ger. in
smunents m. person, smonenawins ds., and smni f. person, Lith. mona f. wife,
woman, mones pl. m. people (acc. pl. monis dial. from IE ghmnens).
Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also O.Ir. duine, Welsh dyn, Corn. Bret.
den person, urk. *donio- from *ghomio- = , O.Ind. ksamya-h; das wre indeed the
einzige evidence for Celt. ni from mi; es could transference of n from dem paradigm *dn
place (see above) erwogen become. Yet wre then the pl. O.Ir. doni, Ir. daoine humans,
people (echter diphthong) from duine to separate; weit probably wird doni as *dheuenioor *dhouenio- and duine etc. as tiefstufiges *dhunio- with Goth. diwans perishable
connected (see *dhuen- under dheu- die); incredible Borgstrm NTS. 12, 83 f.;
Note:
Page 1263
Common Hittite Tochanrian gh- > tk- phonetic mutation : common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic
mutation : Illyrian Albanian gh- > dh- phonetic mutation : Celtic gh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
They derived through metathesis from *g(e)hom-, *gh(e)hom (Pedersen Group. 41 f.),
these explained from IE *dh(e)ghom (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 66 f.); against it with substantial
reasons Beuveniste Mel. Van Ginneken 193 ff.; a root in *dhegh- places also Specht Decl.
241; I with Benveniste would rather keep away the Hitt. and Toch. forms.
Maybe Alb. toka earth from Hitt. te-e-kan; Also ki earth in Sumer???
References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369.
Page(s): 414-416
Page 1264
Page 1265
Page 1266
ghuu-: Lith. uvi s (gen. pl. uvu) f., Ltv. zuvs, zivs m. ds.; in addition die verbs E.Lith.
usta, uvo, uti fischen;
Gutturalsuffix: O.Pruss. suckis m. (acc. pl. suckans) fish (Lith. uk- in k-mistras
Fischmeister, uk-sparnis Fischaar, klys fisherman ); in addition further Ltv. zutis m.
Aal; Lith. vejys m. fisherman , Lith. vejoti, Ltv. zvejut fischen, vynas m.
Fischschuppe, Ltv. zvni m. pl. Fischschuppen; O.Pruss. sucka-ns besides , as Lat.
eme, and eine Parallele with k- bietet : cin. Kein ganz sicherer Hinweis auf *ghi- is,
da in seiner affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name lt. Swe. gius, Mod.Swe. gs
Perca Lucioperca, Ger. dial. giesen Cyprinus cephalus and lt. Swe. fiska-giusen ein
bird of prey, Falco haliaetus, wherein ein *gjuse fisherman stecke.
References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gk. I 325, 413; to IE compare lastly
Lejeune Traite de Phonetique grecque S. 31 f.
Page(s): 416-417
Page 1267
Page 1268
gh
English meaning: behind, towards
Deutsche bersetzung: hinter, after, wegen
Grammatical information: preposition and Partikel
Material: Arm. z preposition and preverb with Bezug auf etc. (Meillet Esquisse2 166);
Balt *a- in Lith. dial. auo, au, a behind, for (compare auot anstatt,
E.Lith.auomara oblivion ); Ltv. az (compare azuots bosom = E.Lith. auntis ds., to Ltv.
*uots = Lith. atis bosom), newer aiz (unexplained) behind, after, because of, instead of,
also verbal prefix behind, from, to, to-, ver-;
Slav. za behind; an; for, because of, during, an, also verbal prefix; also in O.C.S. zad
das Hintere, buttocks part, compare na-d;
perhaps instrumental a Pronom.-stem gho- to ghe, gho (above S. 417) with anlaut. gh-;
s. also under d.
References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 485 f.
Page(s): 451-452
Page 1269
hvrt-; hrchati geht schief, glides, sways, fllt; hvras- n. curvature , hvar- m. snake,
vihrut- f. kind of snake or worm;
Av. zbarmna- crooked going, zbaraa- n. foot davischer Wesen, zbarah- n. hill,
Page 1270
Page 1271
Page 1272
Material: Arm. jain (ghuon-ii-), i-stem voice (with i-Epenthese); Alb.Tosk z voice, Gheg
z (< *ghuono-s);
Note:
The shift (*ghuen- ), ghan > z in Alb. is attasted in Alb.Gheg (*ghuon-ii-) z, zani, zoni
voice, zana, zona Pl voices also attested in Alb. (*ghot) zot god, master, lord because
of the Alb. gh > d shift. It is clear that Alb. (ghug) zogu bird.
Alb. shows that Root ghuen- : to sound derived from Root ghau-, ghau- : to call
Russ.- Church Slavic zvnju, zvneti ring, sound, clink, Russ. zvenet, O.Cz. zvnieti, Cz.
znti, altPol. wzniec ds., ablaut. O.C.S. zvon sound, tone, sl. zvvn bell, Bulg. zvn
sound, clangor , zvnec bell, Ser.-Cr. zvono, Russ. Cz. zvon, Pol. dzwon clangor,
bell.
BaltoSlav. root extension ghueng-:
Lith. vengiu, vengti neigh , su-vingu, -vi ngti in Wiehern ausbrechen, vangus
loud, schallend, vangu, vange ti rattle, clash, ring, clang, clink, Ltv. zvegt neigh ;
O.C.S. zvego verkunde, Russ.- Church Slavic zvjagu singe, babble, Russ. dial.
Page 1273
Page 1274
Page 1275
vaigde , dial. vaizde , Ltv. zvigzne f. star; in addition further Lith. vygulys radiance ,
vai nas silberfleckig, Ltv. zvaigstties gleam, zvaidrt shimmer;
Slav. *gvezda (from *guaigzdu, through Ferdissimilation from *uaigzdu) in O.C.S.
Page 1276
Page 1277
Material: O.Ind. jryati sturmt an, luft an, jryas- n. Ungestum, run, flow, Flulauf, prthu-
Page 1278
Root guer-, guer- : to burn and be hot derived from Root gher-3 and gher-, ghr- : to
shine, shimmer.
Material: O.Ind. jvrati fiebert, jvara-h fever, pain, distress , jrvati versengt, jrni -h
blaze, glow (< *jvr-, *gur- ); besides jvlati flammt auf, gluht, shines, jvalita-h flammend,
luminous, jvalan-h burning, ignitable , m. fire, n. das Brennen, Lodern, jvala-h m.
light, flame, torch, jvulu f. ds.;
mnl. coorts m., M.L.G. korts fever??;
Lith. iriu, ire ti see, ira Aussicht, look, iuras Uhu;
full grade Ltv. zvrs funkelnd, zvruot glow, flash.
References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I p. 228.
Page(s): 479
Page 1279
Page 1280
guha-h depth, das Innere; with a: ghana-, ghvara- deep, dense, n. depth, abyss,
thicket , dur-gha-m bser place or way;
das participle gudha- is probably analogical form after roots with O.Ind. h = IE gh; gudhaseicht, m. n. Untiefe, ford is perhaps from an O.Ind. root nouns gu (to IE gu- gait ) +
eks-bad-).
References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.
Page(s): 465
Page 1281
Root gu-, gem- : to go, come from zero grade of Root ag- (*heg-): to lead, *drive cattle.
Material: O.Ind. j-gu-ti goes (= Gk. *, compare lak. 3. sg. , Hom. participle
with groen Schritten einhergehend, in addition also Hom. ), Aor. -gu-m
I kam hin, walked weg (Av.Injunkt. gut er wird hinkommen) = Arm. kam stehe, Gk. ,
Dor. I machte mich auf, walked ;
O.Ind. gutram limb, member, body; gutu-h gait, way, room, place, Av. gutu- place,
Liegerstatt, seat, throne, O.Pers. guu ds.; O.Ind. v-guman- n. footstep (prthu-pra-
d- phonetic mutatIon.
Page 1282
gamyut, Av. jamyut , ap. jamjuh (j for g from forms with lengthened grade IE *gem-); O.E.
cyme see under;
thematic: zero grade O.Ind. gmati, Av. jamaiti goes (O.Ind. gamyati lt come, fuhrt
herbei, Av. jumayeiti bringt zum groin, flank ), zero grade O.Ind. (Opt. Aor.) gamt,
Page 1283
gamma, gamemahi, probably also Aor. gamat; perf. ja-guma I walked (compare Goth.
1. pl. qemum); Av. fru-mat (gthAv.-gmat) er kam hinzu, O.Pers. a-gmatu;
Osc. kumbened convenit, cebnust (from *ce-benust) (huc) vnerit, Umbr. benust,
benurent venerit, -int; Lat. Konj. advenam (about n for m see under; perhaps with
analogical -en- after den forms as Lat. veni, ventum, vn);
Goth. qiman (preterit qam, 1. pl. qemum: O.Ind. 1. sg. perf. ja-guma), O.H.G. queman
and (zero grade?) coman = O.E. cuman, O.N. kma come; O.E. Konj. Prter. (older
Optat.) cyme (*gem--t);
Toch. A km-, kum-, km-, kam-, sem come.
io-present *gm-i in Gk. go (Fut. etc.), Lat. veni come with very old
alteration from -mi- to -ni-; after Schwyzer Gk. I 309 could das n also from forms as Av.
jantu (*gem-tu-), Arm. ekn (*e-gem-t) bezogen sein; to vnimus stimmt Goth. qemum;
sko-present *gm-sk: O.Ind. gcchati, Av. jasaiti er goes, Gk. go! come! Toch.
A kumn he comes , Med. kumnstr, knmastr.
Verbaladjektiv: O.Ind. gat-h gegangen, Av. gata- ds., Gk. gangbar (*gm-to-s),
Lat. in-ventus.
other nominal formation:
O.Ind. gti-h f. gait , Av. aiwi-gati- das Herbeikommen = Eintreten, Beginnen, Gk.
f. footstep; base (*gm-ti-s), Lat. con-venti- Zusammenkunft, Goth. gaqums
Zusammenkunft (*-gm-tis), O.N. samkund f. ds., O.H.G. cumft, Ger. Ankunft; O.Ind.
gntu-h m. gait, way, Lat. adventus, -s Ankunft; Goth. qums Ankunft (*gem-is), O.E.
cyme, O.H.G. cumi; O.Ind. gamya- wohin man go kann or soll, Osc. kumbennies gen.
convents; O.H.G. biquumi bequem (compare bekmmlich), O.E. gecwme pleasant,
fitting, O.N. kvmr zum Kommen berechtigt or imstande; kvuma f. Kommen, Besuch,
kma ds.;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1284
Page 1285
Page 1286
Page 1287
gei-1
English meaning: to cry, weep
Deutsche bersetzung: klagen, jammern?
Note: Auerhalb of Germanischen only uncertain Vergleiche; probably onomatopoeic.
Material: Goth. qainn weep, cry, grieve , O.N. kveina lament, O.E. cwunian wail, sad
sein, O.N. kveinka wail, lament and with other derivative O.Ice. st. Verb. kva sich
ngstigen, kva f. a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm , kvi
m. ds.; O.E. cwan, schw. Verb. wail, bemoan , O.S. quian lament;
hieran remind formal Lith. gedu and gestu, giedti sing, crow , etc., die to the only in
den Satem-Sprachen belegten root *gi- sing belong (see there); is the not
zusammenstimmenden meaning because of dubious.
Maybe Alb. kuj wailing, kujtim memory (of the dead?), kujtoj remember
References: WP. I 665 f.
Page(s): 467
Page 1288
gei-2
English meaning: to put together, enclose
Deutsche bersetzung: zusammendrngen, einschlieen, einpferchen?
Material: Umbr. bio, plign. acc. biam eingefriedeter district, region, area ;
O.N. kv f. corral, pen, fold, narrow eingefriedete Passage, kva einpferchen.
References: WP. I 666.
Page(s): 467
Page 1289
jtar- ersiegend, besiegend; jinuti (Fut. jyusyati, Pass, jyate, participle jta-) uberwltigt,
oppressed; jgsati will defeat, conquer, ersiegen ( : Av. jijiaiti seeks for sich to erlangen,
ausfindig to make), jigyu- victorious ;
O.Ind. jinuti stands for also um etwas bringen, jyuni-h also reduction, loss and is so
zugleich the Fortsetzer the palatal anlaut. root from Av. zinut schdigt, O.Pers. adinut
brachte worum, nahm weg, participle perf. pass. dta-, Av. zyunu, zyuni- f. schdigung,
Inf. zyunui to harm, Bal. zina an sich reien, hastig gripe, with Gewalt wegnehmen
(auerarische equivalent not bekannt);
Maybe Alb.Gheg za gripe, capture, Gheg me u zane, Tosc zihem quarrel
Gk. force, might (= O.Ind. jiyu), , zwinge, gewaltttig,
probably = ; futuere, Hes. vergewaltigen (whereas from a
participle *-- = O.Ind. j-na-, Gramm., abzuleiten wre ); after Liden IF . 19, 328 with
Pers. guyad futuit, Inf. gudan, gun, from a root *gui- or (?) *gi-, die only by latter
rudiment with gei- as lengthened grade the o-gradation at most theoretisch compatible
wre;
with gei - niederzwingen shine, appear, seem also following words for schwchen,
enfeeble,
Intr.
pass.
zusammengehen,
altern,
hinschwinden
originally
zusammenzugehren:
Page 1290
vermindernd,
unversieglich,
wherefore
M.H.G.
verqunen,
preterit
quein
ucwencan, Eng. quench lschen), and with m-forms wfl. kwmen krnkeln, kwmelig
verweichlicht.
From dem Gmc. shine, appear, seem in beiden Bedeutungsfrbungen anreihbar:
O.N. kveita uberwltigen (d-present); s-extensions M.L.G. quisten perish lassen,
verschwenden, quist damage, loss, mnl. quisten terere, atterere, friare, Goth. qistjan
spoil, O.H.G. quist f. Vernichtung, archwistan, firquistan spoil, destroy, O.E. cwesan
zerquetschen,
Jut.
Page 1291
jjinti (originally Desiderativ) sie erquicken, nhren, jaya- m. Anregung; gay m. life,
Lebenszeit, Lebensfuhrung (= O.Ind. gya-h house and courtyard, Hauswesen = Russ.
goj peace; salvation!); Av. gau, O.Pers. gaiu entity, house and courtyard ;
Arm. keam lebe (*giyu-ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176.
Gk. Hom. I werde leben (*; Schwyzer Gk. I 780, 7881);
Lith. gajus light healing; Lith. gyju, guti (*gti-) aufleben, sich erholen, heil become (in
addition i-guti- erlangen, actually sich hineinleben), Ltv. dzt heal, cure; heil become,
gudau heal, Ltv. dzidt heal, cure (Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 559), O.C.S. iti leben
(present ivo see under); in addition O.C.S. it life (*gtis), pa-it , ,
;
Slav. *goj das life (*goi o-s) in aRuss. goj peace, old Ser.-Cr. gj ds., O.Cz. hoj
fullness, wealth (: O.Ind. gya-h), causative Slav. *gojiti leben make, Ser.-Cr. gjiti
care, msten, etc.;
Toch. sai- leben, Van Windekens Lexique 127.
*gi - in:
Av. -jyuiti- f. (in compounds) life, jyutu gen., jyutum acc. life (in O.Ind. wurde these
Page 1292
*g- (besides in baltosl. *gti-, see above) in Av. yava-j- fortwhrend lebend, Av. jti- f.
life, O.Ind. jra- agile, lively, rash, hasty, Av. jra- lebhaft from Verstand, sly, cunning;
O.Pruss. geits bread, O.C.S. ito corn, grain .
Maybe Alb.Gheg gja thing, property : O.Pers. gaiu entity, house and courtyard ;
*gi - in Celt. *bitu-, O.Ir. bith (gen. betho), Welsh byd, Bret. bed world;
maybe Alb. (*gei -t )bot world common Celt. - Illyr. g- . b- phonetic mutatIon.
Gaul. Bitu-rges, i.e. people of Weltknigs (compare die similar meaning from Av. gau);
besides zero grades IE *geito- in Welsh bwyd eat, O.Corn. buit dish, food, O.Bret.
boitolion esciferis, Bret. boed nourishment, food; das disyllabic O.Ir. biad, gen. biid
nourishment, food, dish, food (previous *biveto-m).
With IE g-suffix (g g-): O.H.G. quh and quk, gen. quckes lebendig, Ger. keck,
Swiss check strong, tight, firm (kk from a form with kw as M.H.G. quicken erquicken),
O.E. cwicu, cucu lebendig, O.N. kvikr, kykr (acc. kykkvan) lebendig, also Ger. Quecke,
O.E. cwice Hundegras (from the auerordentlichen Lebens- and Keimkraft the Pflanze);
Ltv. dzga life (as dzve ds.), dzgut leben (as dzvut ds.).
Lat. vigre lebenskrftig sein from vegre to separate, seems unberechtigt. Wood KZ.
45, 68 reiht an N.. kvikr etc. also viele Gmc. words for lebhafte Bewegung aller kind of an,
so besides O.N. kveikja beleben, kindle, inflame, with other Weiterbildungen O.E.
cwiferlce adv. keen, eager, Eng. quiver agile, lively, hurtig, Fris. kwistern wedeln,
schwnzeln, kwispeln sich rasch and unruhig hin and her bewegen, Swe. dial. kvd
throw, Jut. kwr alert, awake, smart.
B. from *gi u-, gu-:
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1293
jvatha-h;
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*jvita-m) jeta life : O.Ind. jvita-m life : Av. jti- f. life.
2. with i: , masc. ; Lebensatem etc.;
with oi: Lith. gaivus alert, awake, smart, lebendig;
verbal derivative: O.Ind. j vati, Av. jvaiti (i.e. jvaiti) lebt, ap. jvu lebe! = Lat. viv,
O.C.S. ivo lebe (Inf. iti see above), extended Lith. gyvenu lebe; O.Ind. jinvati, pr-jinsi
lebendig sein, sich erregen; anregen, beleben, erquicken.
References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction7 165, Specht KZ. 62, 111, Schwyzer Gk. I
298, 300, 330, 5014, 6756, Trautmann 75 f.
Page(s): 467-469
Page 1294
grbha-h - Ger. Kalb, see above S. 359 under *gel-, *gelebh- clench ), die auf pure
velaren anlaut weisen (as Gaul.-Lat. galba and Goth. kil-ei womb etc.). Es lie various,
but lauthnliche and hence gegenseitiger Beeinflussung ausgesetzte Sippen before:
*gelbh-, *gerebh-, and from gel- extended bh-forms, die but in Gmc. presumably through
absorption from gelbh-forms deren stem formation and spezifische meaning ubernommen
have.
References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gk. I 295.
Page(s): 473
Page 1295
gel-1
English meaning: to stick; pain, death
Deutsche bersetzung: 1. stechen; 2. (stechender) Schmerz, Qual, Tod
Material: 1. Gk. Wespen, Hes.; f. cusp, peak, needle,
Hom.; but n. Gescho probably rather to , s. about den sekundren
Zusammenschlu with latter family under 2. gel- herabtrufeln; throw; uber ,
, ark. Dor. cusp, peak, Bratspie, Munze s. Schwyzer Gk. I 295;
Bal.-Slav. *gelieti es sticht, schmerzt in:
Lith. glti prick, uPers. ache, glti to ache begin , gelu, geluons sting, prick, Giltine
Todesgttin, death , glas m. end, death, bottom, stretch, Stuck and gel pain (= Ger.
Qual), Ltv. gals cusp, peak, end, region, dzelt prick; O.Pruss. acc. gallan, voc. golis m.
death, gallintwei slay, ablaut. gulsennin acc. pain;
R.C.S. elejo, eleti mourn , O.Cz. eleti bemoan , O.C.S. elja f. affliction, ablaut.
O.C.S. al f. pain, aRuss. al ds., Russ. al f. pity, dial. grave, graveyard , etc.;
maybe Alb. (*elja) zija famine, mourning, dressed in black [common Alb. g- > z- phonetic
mutation]
the pure physical meaning pricking, pointed presumably also in Arm. ciu twig,
branch, finger (from e before ), in Alb. glisht finger (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36,
125, whereupon at first from *glen-st-; Brugmann IF. 11, 286 Anm. had compared
touch, feel, grope ), Alb. Gk. glimp (gjmp, gjmbi) thorn (*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);
Note:
Alb. shows that Root gis-ti-s : finger derived from Root gel-1 : to stick; pain, death
but M.Eng. quille, Eng. quill Federkiel, Weberspule, Speiler an a barrel, vat, cask, sting,
prick an Igels, M.H.G. kil, Ger. Federkiel (warum w geschwunden?), Westfl. kwile
Page 1296
quellian, O.H.G. quellen ds., O.E. cwellan slay; O.N. kvol f. torment, pain, agony, O.E.
civalu killing, violent murder; O.S. quula agony, torture , O.H.G. qualu ds., violent
death, Ger. Qual (lengthened grade as Lith. gel, O.C.S. al); O.H.G., O.S. qualm
death. devastation , O.E. cwealm ds., Swe. kvalm abrupt indisposition, minor illness,
nausea ; O.E. cwield death (gel-t-), cwieldtd Abendzeit (*end of day), O.H.G.
Page 1297
Material: a) O.Ind. glati trufelt herab, fllt herab, verschwindet, galit-h vanished,
gewichen, Kaus. gulayati giet ab, makes flow, seiht ab; O.Ind. galana- trufelnd,
rinnend (Lex.), n. das Trufeln, Rinnen = ga-rana-m (Gramm.);
Gk. Bademeister, spa, bath (> Lat. balneum); ,
quelle hervor (formation after ), humid, wet Hes., and from the family of
in similar meaning aufsprudelnd (of water), springquell by
Eryke, compare also munden;
O.H.G. quellan (quall) spring up, bubble, to swell (ll probably from ln), O.E. (ge)collen
swollen, O.H.G. quella, Ger. Quelle, M.L.G. qualm (*hervorquellendes =) fume, smoke,
vapor, smoke, older Dan. kval vapor, haze, mist; Ger. Qualle, Dutch kwal, kwalle
Meduse.
In vermittelnder meaning (perhaps from in sich zusammenfallen) O.Ind. glu-ti, gluyati
fuhlt sich erschpft, is querulous, schwindet, participle gluna-, gluna-m, gluni-h
Erschpfung, Abnahme, Kaus. glupayati erschpfen, jmd. zusetzen; in Verfall come
lassen?
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Page 1301
ger()-4
English meaning: to raise the voice; praise
Deutsche bersetzung: die Stimme erheben, especially loben, preisen, willkommen
heien, but also scold, chide; jammern
Material: O.Ind. grnuti, grnt sings, lobt, preist, kundigt an (Fut. garisyati, Abs.
abhigrya), sam-girat gelobt, verspricht, gurt begrut, g r f., gen. girh Lob, song ,
Av. gar-, aibi-grnte praise, lobend einstimmen, garo gen. f. Lob, Preis; Loblied
(=O.Ind. girh), garah- n. Lob, Preislied, aibi-jartay- Preisgesang, aibi-jartarLobpreiser = O.Ind. jaritr- Anrufer, Snger, Preiser, Av. *u-gra- zustimmend in
ugrmati- zustimmenden Sinnes; O.Ind. grti -h f. Lob = Lat. gruts pl. f. gratitude (in
addition grutia Annehmlichkeit, Wohlgeflligkeit, grace, gratitude ), O.Ind. grta-h
welcome = Lat. grutus compliant, dankenswert, dankbar; Osc. brateis favor, esteem,
regard, liking, love, friendship, partiality; thankfulness, gratitude, acknowledgment ,
a service, office, post, employment, function, duty; burden, tribute; a service, favor,
kindness; present, gift , plign. bratom;
here Gaul.-Lat. bardus bard , O.Ir. bard, Welsh bardd ds. (*gr-d(h)o-s);
Alb. grshs, grish zur Hochzeit einladen; Also Alb. grthas scream
Maybe Alb.Gheg grshan scissors, grshet braid, tress, plait, queue, tail, plat
Lith. giriu, grti praise, laud, vaunt , Ltv. dzirtis sich ruhmen, O.Pruss. girtwei praise,
laud, pogirrien acc. sg. Lob, also Lith. geras good and O.C.S. gran (*gornos) formula,
verse (u likewise, see Berneker 332).
With b- extended: Lith. gerbti honour, garbe honour, O.Pruss. gerbt, grbt speak,
grbin number; O.N. karp boastfulness beweist not for ursprungliches g in this b-
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so-);
Bal.-Slav. *gir and *ger schlinge in:
Lith. geriu, grti, Ltv. dzeru, dzert drink (Balt *geri reshaped from Bal.-Slav. *ger),
ablaut. Lith. geris m. Trinken, Trunk and gir f. Getrnk; Kaus. Lith. grdyti, Ltv. dzirdt
trnken;
Slav. *r-o, erti in O.C.S. pro, poreti, Sloven. porem, poreti, O.Cz. poru por ieti
verschlingen, besides Slav. *ero, rati in Cz. eru, rati devour , compare Russ.
porat auffressen;
Bal.-Slav. participle perf. pass. *grta- in Lith. grtas betrunken: O.C.S. port
devoratus (*gr-to-, compare O.Ind. grna- verschlungen);
Bal.-Slav. gurtla- n. craw, throat in:
O.Pruss. gurcle f. gullet , Lith. gurklys m. craw, Adamsapfel;
Maybe Alb. (*gurk-) gryk throat
Slav. *grdlo n. in R.C.S. grlo throat, Ser.-Cr. grlo neck, gullet , Pol. gardo ds.,
Russ. goro ds., besides Slav. *rdlo in R.C.S. vozopi erlom exclamavit voce and Clr.
orlo riverbed ; as well as Slav. *erdlo in Sloven. relo Rachen, gullet; aRuss. erelo
Flumundung;
Maybe Alb. grell deep place, abyss
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jrguruna-;
Lat. gurguli (-ur- as in Balt-Slav.) gullet, windpipe , gurges (gullet =) whirlpool, whirl,
deep Gewsser, gurgustium (suffix after angustiae) rmliches hole as cottage or Kneipe;
O.H.G. quer(e)kela, querka gullet , O.N. kverk (*gergu) craw, whereof O.Fris. querka,
O.N. kyrkia erwurgen;
Lith. gargaliuoju rchle, gluckse; after Specht KZ. 59, 1101 here Lith. gvrigti, gvarde ti
hoarse sein, Ltv. gverg(z)dt creak, babble, chatter ; s. above WH. I 628;
3. With formants -uu-:
Gk. Att. , Ion. , Lesb. :, , Dor. neck, nape (*ger-uu);
due to an -Femininums *g(e)r: *gruu neck, Schlundgegend in:
O.Ind. grvu f., Av. grvu nape , Ltv. grva Flumundung; Dreieckland between
Flussen, grivis langes grass;
O.C.S. griva Mhne, grivna collar, neckband.
Maybe Alb. *griva, krifa mane.
4. As gh-extension presumably here *grgh-:
in Gk. , Aor. verschlang, Hom. -, -, -,
Hes., m. gullet, throat;
M.H.G. krage neck, throat, nape ; Ger. Kragen, O.N. kragi Halskragen, M.Eng.
crawe, Eng. craw craw the Vgel (lengthened grade in addition M.L.G. krch, krch
Page 1306
Gk. , gill of fish = Root ger-1, ger- : to devour; throat + zero grade
of Root ang(h)i- (*eghi-, oghi- and eghi-): snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)
: Alb.Gheg (*ger- gha) verza (*throat), gill of fish : Latvian burda gill of fish : Latvian:
burda beard [f u]; burzda (dial.) beard. see Root bhardhu : beard
5. With reinem Velar: Gk. Hes., Zpfchen in Munde,
gurgle (: Arm. kerkerim werde hoarse?) perhaps through Entlabialisierung
after forms mit- ( unterirdisches jail, Wasserleitung), yet is previously gerbesides ger- because of gel- besides gel- an sich unbedenklich.
References: WP. I 682 ff., WH. I 627 f., Trautmann 89 f., 98, Specht KZ. 59, 110, 1.
Page(s): 474-476
Page 1307
gru- ledig, gru-must-h heavy handful , garimu schwere (*ger-); Av. gouru- (in
compound) heavy ; Pers. girun heavy (*gruna-; reshuffling after *fruna- full);
Gk. heavy , beschwere, n. schwere;
Lat. gravis heavy, weighty (*gr-u-is);
M.Ir. bair heavy (?), baire distress (?), bruth Gewicht, mass (*grutu-), Welsh bryw
strong, strength (*bruwo-), M.Ir. br bulk, mass;
Goth. kaurjs nom. pl. f. heavy , kaurjan beschweren;
Lith. gurstu, gurti sich lay, place (of Winde), Ltv. gurstu, gurt languish; sich lay, place
(of Winde), gurds ermudet, faint, languid (compare also and gravis in the meaning
beschwert, niedergedruckt, faint, languid), whereof with further shifting from faint, languid,
beschwert to tame, domesticated, mild (compare O.H.G. jumar kummervoll : Gk.
tame, domesticated) perhaps:
Goth. qarrus , gentle, qarrei sanftmut, O.N. kyrr, kvirr still, peaceful, friedlich,
M.H.G. kurre, Ger. kirre tame, domesticated, zutraulich (*ger-rs or -ers, -urs);
Ltv. gruts heavy = Lat. brtus (Osc.-Umbr. loanword) heavy, schwerfllig, insensible,
unvernunftig;
Toch. A kra-marts heavy (?); Van Windekens Lexique 44.
Here further as n- derivatives from ger- and geruu-: Goth. (asilu-) qarnus
(Esels)muhle (*gernu-), O.N. kvern f. (*gernu) Muhlstein, Handmuhle, O.E. cweorn
ds., O.H.G. quirn, quirna ds.;
Page 1308
breuan (from dem stem the case oblique *gruun-), O.Corn. brou, Bret. breo (Nominativform
*gruu) Muhlstein.
ger -: besides O.Ind. gr-yan (?, see above) here:
Gk. n. Wucht, Gewicht, load, wuchtig, heavy , bin heavy,
belastet, trans. beschwere, probably also (wuchtiger) attack, rage, fury, abusive
word, insult , heavy be angry with, vast, grand, strong,
, Hes.; tight, firm, strong, next to which die Kompositionsform
*()- in - violent schreiend, - (wer groen Schaden bringt), -
Hes. ( and perhaps previously from
den compounds released, liberated), here with prefix Gk. - (*ud) probably also Gk.
Gewaltttigkeit, Frevel, ubermutige action, gewaltttiger man, husband due
to the imagining sich with dem ganzen Gewicht seiner power auf etwas overthrow ; -present , Hes.;
O.Ir. brg force, power, Wert, Welsh bri stateliness , Corn. bry Wert;
Ger. Krieg, O.H.G. krg Hartnckigkeit, M.H.G. kriec Anstrengung, fight, struggle, md.
M.L.G. krgen sich anstrengen, trachten, fight, bekommen (*grgh-, respectively Gmc.
partly grigh-)??
Ltv. grins cruel, savage, angry, irate, grnums Hrte, austereness, severeness ?
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Att.
lsche
(for
*),
Aor.
Hom.
-,
gesinu, gesnti lschen, gesme small, eben still glimmendes fire; Ltv. dziestu (from
*genstu), dzisu, dzist (Ablautentgleisung), erlschen, kuhl become, dzu (dzeu), dzsu
(dzesu), dzst (dzest) lschen, dzesma (dzsma) the kuhle breath, breeze am morning ,
dzstrs kuhl;
O.Bulg. causative *gao, *gasiti erlschen, ausgehen, in O.C.S. ugasiti ,
ugasnoti, Aor. ugas, and ugasati ; insecure is, if in addition the changing by
ablaut gs- in O.Bulg. uas, Russ. uas fright, O.Bulg. asiti daunt, scare is present
(Pedersen IF. 5, 47; perhaps as *gd-s-os to indeed nasalized Lith. gadinu-, -inti daunt,
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get-1
English meaning: resin
Deutsche bersetzung: Harz
Material: O.Ind. jtu n. Lack, Gummi;
Lat. bitmen Erdharz, Erdpech (Osc.-Umbr. or Celt. Lw.); betulla birch (Gaul. Lw.),
M.Ir. be(i)the (*betuiu) buxus, Welsh bedw (*betuu) betula, Corn. bedewen populus,
Bret. bezuen betula (benannt, weil bitumen ex ea Galli excoquunt, Plinius NH. XVI 75);
O.E. hwt cuidu, cweodo, cwudu mastix, O.H.G. cuti gluten, M.H.G. kute, kut, Ger.
kutt, kitt Kitt; changing through ablaut O.N. kvua f. resin, aDan. kvade, Nor. dial. kvde
Birkensaft, Nor. kda, kvda beestings .
References: WP. I 672, WH. I 112.
Page(s): 480
Page 1315
get-2
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche bersetzung: reden, sprechen
Material: O.Ind. gadati sagt (whether through analog. influence from *gtati)?
sogd. uym, am I say, ut er sagt (urIran. *jut-ati);
Arm. koem (*got-i-) rufe, name, lade ein, ko Einladung (probably nomen postverbal); Goth. qian say, speak, name, O.N. kvea ds. and sing, dichten, O.E. cwean
speak, say, name, order, define, O.Fris. quetha say, speak, signify, O.S. quean, O.H.G.
quedan ds.; O.Ice. kvir spruch, Gerede, O.S. quidi st. m. discourse, word; causative
O.Ice. kveja begruen, address, speak to, arrogate, aufbieten, O.S. queddian, O.H.G.
chetten begruen (d. h. zum discourse bringen); O.N. kvo demand, Vorladung,
commitment is to kvea retograd shaped; Goth. un-qs unaussprechlich (compare
O.N. sam-kvr ubereinstimmend), sama-qiss f. bereinstimmung (*get-ti-), to O.E.
ge-cwiss f. Verschwrung.
Maybe Alb.Gheg quej, quejta (aor.) to name, call.
References: WP. I 672, Feist 389, G. Morgenstierne NTS. 7, 116 ff.
Page(s): 480-481
Page 1316
gambhra- n. depth, abyss, gabh- m. vulva, gabhi-sk AV. adv. perhaps deep under or
inside , Av. jaiwi-vafra-adj. with tiefem snow, jafra- deep, jafnu- Vertiefung,
Einsenkung; compare Frisk nominal formation 30.
Fick places die root *gubh- an, was zur assumption zwnge, da O.N. kvfa
Ablautsneubildung sei.
References: WP. I 674, Wissmann nom. postverb. 75.
Page(s): 465-466
Page 1317
gb(h)-2
English meaning: slimy; toad
Deutsche bersetzung: schleimig, schwabbelig, Quappe, Krte
Material: Probably onomatopoeic; yet is with the possibility to reckon, da ein previous
word for frog previously in Gmc. in die lautmalende family hineingezogen wurde.
Aschs. quappa, quappia, quappo Aalquappe (with by onomatopoeic words frequent
Konsonantengemination), out of it M.H.G. quappe, quape, kobe, Ger. Quappe, Du.
kwab(be) Quappe, craw, dewlap , isl kvap, kvapi Gallert or gallertartige things, Swe. dial.
(s)kvabb somewhat Dickes, Fettes, (s)kvebba feiste wife, woman, Eng. quab morass,
quaver tremble, vibrieren. In addition das Verb Nor. dial. kvapa eine Flussigkeit
aussenden, Swe. dial. kvabba, N.Ger. quabbeln vor Fettigkeit ziitern;
O.Pruss. gabawo toad (*gb(h)-);
Slav. *gbu toad : in O.C.S. aba, Russ. aba, Ser.-Cr. aba, etc.
maybe Alb. zhaba toad
References: WP. I 674, WH. I 121, Trautmann 8.
Page(s): 466
Page 1318
Material: O.Ind. jna- lederner Sack, jla-h hose; M.Ir. ban skin, fell, fur; das Ir. word
could certainly also to bhei- hit belong, dessen Celt. Vertreter also die meaning cut, clip
have (compare scortum : scheren under likewise) ; see above S. 118.
References: WP. I 666.
Page(s): 469
Page 1319
gn (*ghn)
English meaning: woman, wife, *goddess
Deutsche bersetzung: Weib, Frau
Grammatical information: gen. gn-us and *gen-us, also nom. gen-, genNote:
Root gnu woman, wife, *goddess could be a truncated Root ghau-, ghau(*ghauvana): to call, *priestess: mnl. godinne, O.E. gyden goddess
Material: O.Ind. gnu (*gnu) f. Gtterweib (to Teil disyllabic *ganu), gen. gnus-; Av. gnu,
nu wife, woman, woman; O.Ind. jni-h = Av. jaini-, Pers. zan ds. (O.Ind. also jn); in
compounds O.Ind. lengthened grade -juni- = Av. juni- ds.;
Arm. kin (*gena) woman, pl. kanai-k (*gen-ai + Plur.- ending-k) ; aPhryg. ,
nPhryg. woman, wife is probably Lw. from Eol. Gk.; differently Kleinhans with
Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.
Gk. woman (*gunu), gen. , beside bot. (*genu), pl. ;
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gediu), gedeti sich sehnen; sad sein, grieve ; nasal present pasigendu, -gedau, -gsti
sichsehnen; somewhat vermissen, ablaut. causative gadnti spoil, stren, hence
secondary the -vocalism (instead of uo) from gdas greed, lust, Habsucht; burdock,
godus avaricious, stingy, godiuos, godetis lust, crave, whereupon dursten, wish,
begierig sein;
in Slav. with durchgefuhrter nasalization: O.C.S. edo, edati, O.Cz. adati lust, crave,
wonachdursten, edo, edeti cupere, eda thirst , Pol. adza Begehren, greed, lust,
Sehnsucht, wish;
doubtful because of Anlautes O.N. ge n. (*gai a-) sense, mind, character, desire, lust,
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ghslo-:
Arm. jil sinew, cord;
Lat. flum filament ;
maybe Alb. fill thread [shift LI >LL]
also Alb. (*ghslo) glisht finger, thin finger?
Lith. gusla vein, sinew, Blattrippe, Ltv. dzsla, dzksla vein (die nasalization in emait.
ginsla is secondary), O.Pruss. pettegislo Ruckenader; but O.C.S. ila, Russ. i a, Ser.-Cr.
i la etc. vein, sinew are neologisms to i-ca, see above.
References: WP. I 670, 694, WH. I 497 f., Trautmann 87, 90.
Page(s): 489
Page 1324
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ghen-1
English meaning: to swell, abound
Deutsche bersetzung: schwellen, strotzen, Fulle
Material: O.Ind. u-han- tumescent, strotzend, luscious, ghan- dense, thick, m.
kompakte mass;
Pers. u-gandan anfullen, ugani full;
Arm. yogn multum (Prap. i + *o-ghon- or *o-ghno-, in prefix o- dem ar. unchststehend);
Gk. rich, in fullness, wealth, Hes. flourish, fullness, wealth,
bluhender Zustand, lengthened grade Ion. rich, in fullness, wealth, Ion. Att.
flourish, be in bloom, blossom and power , f. fullness, wealth; o-grade
= , , etc., red.-grade Hes., probably
actually horny, lustful sein;
Lith. gan sufficient , ganeti genugen, gandeti sufficient have, Ltv. gana sufficient
;
O.C.S. gonejet, goneti genugen, Denomin. from *gona = Lith. gan;
whether here Gk. , n. plentiful Vorrat, richness , begutert ( and
the Vokalvorschlag from the vokallosen form ()- or *sm-gh(e)n-?), also -
virgin (leibliche fullness, wealth?)?
References: WP. I 679, WH. I 479; Trautmann 77 f.
Page(s): 491
Page 1327
jawa-, O.C.S. etva), vrtra-hn-, gen. -ghn-h (= Av. vrra-jan-, gen. --n) den
Widerstand niederschlagend, ghan- erschlagend, m. shillelagh, club, mace, joint (= Gk.
-, Ltv.gans), sam-h-t layer , hat-h das Schlagen, blow, knock,
Multiplikation (: Gk. -, Av.-jaiti-, O.N. gur, gunnr), hatyu (late!) Ttung (: O.H.G.
gundea, Lith. dial. ginia), hantr- wer einen schlgt or slays (= O.C.S. etelj); from the
heavy basis O.Ind. hanitum (late!) and ghuta- ttend, m. blow, knock, Ttung,
Vernichtung, ghutayati slays ;
Av. jain-ti (= O.Ind. hnti-) er hits, knocks, trifft, slays , Imp. jaii, 1. sg. Med. ni-ne I
schlage low, base, Opt. paiti-nta (= O.Ind. ghnta) er mchte kmpfen um, participle
jata- (= O.Ind. hat-, see above), jawa- occidendus, participle perf. Akt. janvu, Pers.
ajanam I erschlug = besiegte, 3. sg. aja(n); Av. jana- schlagend, jantar- the hits, knocks,
slays , janti- f. das Schlagen, Erschlagen, -jaiti- (as 2. compound part) das Schlagen (=
O.Ind. hati-); Vrrajan- den Widerstand niederschlagend = O.Ind. Vrtra-han-;
Arm. gan, gen. gani (*ghe-n) schlge, Prugel, ganem hit, prugle, jin stick (*ghen-),
jnem I hit (about *jinem from *ghen = hnati, Lith. genu, O.C.S. eno), jnjem destroy,
clean (from *gheni = , Lith. geniu);
Page 1328
geneti;
Lith. genu (= O.C.S. eno, O.Ind. hnati, Arm. jnem) giti drive (cattle auf die willow),
Ltv. dzenu-, dzt ds., heavy basis: geniu (= ) gene-ti absteln and ginu, gnti
wehren, shield (giti : gnti, gitas : gntas = O.Ind. hat : ghuta-); to genu Iterat. ganuti
cattle (drive, push =) beware, weiden; Lith. gnas, Ltv. gans herdsman, shepherd (=
O.Ind. ghan-), gani m. pl. willow , lengthened grade Lith. nakt-gonis m.
Nachtschwrmer; Lith. genys, Ltv. dzenis specht, Lith. dial. ginia (= O.Ind. hatyu),
gias fight, giklas m. weapon (*gintlas, compare O.C.S. elo from *gindla-), iganus
heilbringend (Lith. ginioti is iterative to giti; Ltv. dzenis das in the fork the plowshare
eingeklemmte Holz, dzenulis sting, prick (compare to meaning under O.C.S. elo sting,
prick);
O.C.S. eno, gnati drive, push (as Lith. genu), Iter. gonjo, goniti drive, push, hunt,
chase, whereof again poganjati pursue ; Russ. etc. gon drive, impel, drift, propel, push,
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ghnnti (*ghn-enti).
References: WP. I 679 ff., WH. I 332 f., Trautmann 85 f.
Page(s): 491-493
Page 1330
The shift eg(h)- > d- is of Illyr. Alb. origin, hence Greeks borrowed this cognate from Illyr.
also Germ- in Illyr. PN, as also probably in originally N.Illyr. VN Germani (Pokorny
ZceltPh. 21, 103 ff); Alb.Tosk zjarr fire, heat (rr from rm), gheg. zjarm (: ), ngroh
warm (*ghr- as in aksl greti warm, Ltv. grmens pyrosis, heartburn); Alb. gats
burning coal (*ghorti u?);
Note:
The phonetic shift gh > zj took place in Alb. alone as a typical Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
Hence Slav languages borrowed Alb. (Illyrian) cognate in O.C.S. erav blazing , poar
blaze.
Page 1331
The shift eg(h)- > d- is of Illyr. Alb. origin, hence the common Lat. shift d- > f- testifies a
loanword from Illyr.
O.Ir. fo-geir erwrmt, erhitzt etc., Bret. gred m. Wrme, heat; courage = M.Ir. grith
sun, heat (*ghrtu-s), M.Ir. gorim, guirim erhitze, erwrme, burn, Ir. gor heat; Bruten;
ulcer; Welsh gori brood, gor brood, pus, Bret. gor (feu) ardent, furoncle; O.Ir. gorn
fire (= Lat. fornus); against it is Ir. gorm blue Lw. from Welsh gwrm dark-(blue) and
dieses together with abr. uurm in Uurm-haelon MN aux sourcils bruns from O.E. wurma
Purpurfarbe borrowed (Gwynn Hermathena 20, 63ff.); O.Ir. goirt bitter (*burning of
taste), wherefore O.Ir. gorte (*ghorti u) hunger;
O.N. gorr (*garwa-), gerr, grr (*garwia-) fertig, willing, ready, vollkommen, O.H.G. garo
bereitgemacht, fertig, O.E. gearu, Ger. gar, O.N. grva, O.H.G. garawen, M.H.G. gerwen
fertigmachen, bereiten, rusten, tan, convert hide into leather, O.E. gierwan prepare,
concoct, cook, O.N. ger (*garwi) das Gren of Bieres (formal indeed = O.H.G.
garawida Herrichtung), M.H.G. gerwe yeast, filth , M.L.G. gere Grung, fetidness,
Mistpfuhl, smut, geren ferment, seethe are rather after Holthausen Wb. of old Westn. 102
from prefix ga- and *-arwa- > O.N. orr rash, hasty, skilful (above S. 331) to define;
O.E. gyrwe-fenn morass, gyre manure, mnl. gore, gre smoke, smell, odor, M.L.G.
gre puddle, slop, Nor. dial. gurm yeast, ordure, Speisebrei, O.N. gor n. the
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1332
grk, f. grka bitter, compare Berneker 232; O.C.S. gorj compounds bad, schlimmer
(*brennender, bitter), gore wehe!
Page 1333
Page 1334
Page 1335
io-Verbum trans. rinnen lassen, zerrinnen lassen, daher Gk. verschwinden lassen,
vernichten
Note: (or better ger-??)
Material: O.Ind. ksrati flows, streams, zerrinnt, verschwindet, ksara-m water, ksurayati
lt flieen, ksulayati wscht ab (compare Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 241); Av. araiti
streams, wallt auf, urayeiti lt flieen, with v- lt uberflieen; further formations in
Wrong etymology - Arm. jur, gen. jroy water : Alb. (*jura > uja) uj, ujra pl. water : Lith.
jaurus swampy, marshy , jura, juras marshy place, marshy ground, swamp bottom
from *eur- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lith.). see Root au(e)-9, aued-,
Page 1336
Page 1337
Page 1338
ghruna- m. n. smell, odor, Duft, ghrunu f. and ghruna- n. nose, ghruti- Riechen, smell,
odor;
Gk. smell, wittern, spuren (< *odes smell, odor + *ghr-), Aor. Att.
; Riechen, smell, odor (: O.Ind. ghruti-);
Toch. A krum, kor nose.
References: WP. I 697, WH. I 540.
Page(s): 495
Page 1339
gii , gii os
English meaning: sinew
Deutsche bersetzung: sehne, especially Bogensehne
Material: O.Ind. jyu sinew, esp. of Bogens, Av. jyu bowstring (in compounds also sinew
of Fleisches);
Gk. m. bowstring ;
about Lith. gij filament , O.C.S. i-ca sinew etc. see under ghei-.
References: WP. I 670, 694, Trautmann 87, 90.
Page(s): 481
Page 1340
gis-ti-s
English meaning: finger
Deutsche bersetzung: Finger??
Material: Welsh bys, O.Corn. bis, bes, Bret. biz finger, M.Ir. biss ega icicle; Celto-Gmc.
PN Bissula Fingerchen?;
O.N. kvistr m. twig, branch;
M.L.G. twist twig, branch mute dabei ein from kvistr miscellaneous word sein, was
also bedenklich is, as O.N. kvsl f. twig, branch, fork, arm of a river from O.H.G. zwisila
gabelfrmiger object, twig, branch to separate; see above S. 232.
References: WP. I 694.
Page(s): 481
Page 1341
Page 1342
gl tur(os)
English meaning: vulture
Deutsche bersetzung: Geier
Grammatical information: m.
Material: Gk. * (with Eol. for ) vulture, Hom. - geierugig,
hence adj. with furchtbaren Augen, grisly looking , etc.;
Lat. voltur (vultur), -uris and volturus vulture.
The origin of Root gl tur(os) : (vulture) seems to be the fact that vultures are bald hence the
primal root was Root bhel-1, balto-Slav. also bhel- : shining, white, *bald) suffixed by the
IE suffix *-tre, -tur.
Page 1343
Page 1344
goui
Material: O.Ind. guh m. f. rother, cattle (= Av. guu ds.), gen. gh (= Av. guu), dat. gave
(= Av. gave), loc. gvi (= Lat. abl. boue), acc. gum (also 2silb., as Av. gam); pl. nom. guvah
(= Av. guv), gen. gvum (= Av. gavam), acc. guh (= Av. gu, IE *gs, Gk. Dor. ) ;
therefrom g-pu-h herdsman, shepherd, gpuyati, gopayati hutet, etc.;
Maybe Alb. * g-pu-h, opah, lop cow contaminated by O.Ind. gavala-h wild buffalo
Arm. kov cow;
Gk. Att. m. f. rother, cattle, cow, acc. [both with unechtem an Stelle from
lterem * (with real ), acc. *], Dor. , acc. , gen. (F), etc.; also in m. time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening, - m. butter (out of it Lat.
butyrum, Ger. butter), lit. Kuhkse ( cheese), further in dem verstrkenden prefix
- from - Heihunger, etc. (Schwyzer Gk. I 434, 6; 577 );
Lat. bs, bovis m. f. rother, cattle (Osc.-Umbr. Lw. for Lat. *vs); derivatives of stem
bov- (*gou- before vowel) or b- (*gou- before Konsonanz), bb- (redupl. formation):
bovle Rinderstall, buble ds., bovnus zum rother, cattle gehrig, bbulus ds. (lautl.
identical with Gk. gazelle , das with O.Ind. gavala-h wild Buffel not unmittelbar
gleichzusetzen is), Bubona Rindergttin, etc.; Umbr. bum bovem (*gm), bue bove,
Osc. in Buvaianud, volsk. bim bovem;
O.Ir. b f. cow (from arch. *bu, IE *gus), gen. arch. bu, bu, later bo, b, in Brit.
ersetzt through die derivative O.Welsh buch, Welsh buwch, O.Corn. buch, Bret. buch cow
Page 1345
sata-gu- hundert Kuhe besitzend = O.Pers. atagu- name a Landes (originally Volkes,
actually hundert Kuhe besitzend), O.Ind. nva-gva, dsa-gva-, Av. ata(*g)va- EN, i.e.
wer schimmernde Rinder hat; Gk. - (*-gu-u) sacrifice, oblation from 100
Rindern; against it is Lat. bu-bulcus Ochsentreiber after su-bulcus schweinehirt from
*bbulcus gekurzt; after Specht Indog. Decl. 234 here O.N. kvgr stierkalb, kvge young
cow (after Holthausen Wb. of old Westn. in addition Westfl. qune, nld. kween ds.) and
Page 1346
guiti drive, push, guotas herd; die ltesten Glieder these Reihen mgen perhaps *g[u]to-m Rinderherde and *goui bin Rinderhirt gewesen sein? About Gk. old
see under per-3.
Vielfach wird borrowing from sumer. gu (older *gud) bull, rother, cattle angenommen.
Against it Specht Indog. Decl. 33.
References: WP. 1696 f., WH. I 112, 118, Trautmann 94, Schwyzer Gk. I 577, 708.
Page(s): 482-483
Page 1347
ogaviti vexare, Serb. gaviti se be disgusted (and changing through ablaut guv mi se
mich ekelt, I mu break, rupture, guviti se), Cz. o-haviti verunstalten, ohavnu hideous,
Russ. dial. gved f., horror, Clr. hvedna Gesindel, Cz. haved Geflugel, Gesindel,
Pol. gawiedz small Kinder and Haustiere; Geflugel, Luse; Gesindel, Pbel.
gad disgust, repulsion, loathing; snake, worms , Cz. haditi vilify, rebuke (etc., s.
Berneker 289);
Page 1348
quatschen, Eng. quask, squash and perhaps the peoples name Quadi;
Maybe Alb. guask seashell
Page 1349
Page 1350
rebe Fullen.
References: WP. I 689.
Page(s): 485
Page 1351
Page 1352
Page 1353
Page 1354
Page 1355
ha ha!
English meaning: interjection of laughter
Deutsche bersetzung: Interjektion of Lachens
Material: O.Ind. ha ha, Gk. (nGk. inscribed), Lat. (ha)hahae, Ger. ha ha, Serb. ha
Page 1356
h
English meaning: ha! oh! (surprise)
Deutsche bersetzung: ha! ach! Interjektion of Erstaunens, the Erleichterung
Material: In gewissen Interjektionen is probably ein anlautendes h- or a kind of gutturaler
Spirans anzunehmen; s. also above S. 293 and under kha kha.
O.Ind. ha, Gk. , Lat. hu, Ger. ha.
Page(s): 497
Page 1357
Material: Gaul. -ialo- Lichtung, often in PN, as Nanto-ialo-, Fr. Nanteuil valley-Lichtung,
etc.; Welsh ial f. Lichtung, PN Ial (J. Loth Mabinogion2 II 356); an-ial Einde;
Ltv. jls unreif, unbearbeitet, raw, wund (from the skin);
Slav. *jal and *jalov in Russ. jyj and jovyj unfruchtbar, unbearbeitet (of Lande),
Serb. jalov unfruchtbar, gelt, Cz. jalovu ds., Pol. jaowizna leere, wuste place.
References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262.
Page(s): 504-505
Page 1358
Page 1359
Page 1360
yj- veritable anbetend, with zero grade rtv-j after Vorschrift regelmig opfernd =
Opferpriester, ijya- to worship, m. Lehrer, ijyu sacrifice, oblation;
Gk. (*) scheue, holy, geweiht (das with it identical O.Ind. yjya- to
worship wird only from Vopadeva as Gerund. gelehrt, Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9),
weihe;
O.Ind. yajas- n. worship, veneration = Gk. n. blame, Befleckung, sacrifice,
oblation, * ganz holy;
O.Ind. yaj-h, Av. yasna- m. Gottesverehrung, sacrifice, oblation (yajya-, Av.
Page 1361
ii
See also: see above S. 285 (e-3)
Page(s): 502
Page 1362
Material: Gk. f. shovel, hack, mattock, hoe, - grabe auf, scharre auf, ,
- grabe from; ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow, bewssere;
O.C.S. jama pit, pothole (originally anlaut j- erwiesen through das O.Bulg. and through
das dial. Russ. nama, grown from *vn-jame, *jamo).
References: WP. I 198 f., Berneker 444.
Page(s): 502
Page 1363
Page 1364
jryj irascible, irritable, gamy, violent, fiery, fast, rapid, hurried, etc.; in addition nSloven. jl
envy (: Gk. )? Different above Berneker 28.
References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gk. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. MorrisJones, Welsh Gk. 383.
Page(s): 501
Page 1365
Page 1366
Page 1367
ieg- (*eik-)
English meaning: ice
Deutsche bersetzung: Eis
Note: only Gmc. and Celt.
Root ieg- (*eik): ice derived from an extended Root ok- : to see; eye.
Material: old N.. jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) Eisstuck, compare Swiss jch, gicht (= gejicht)
hoarfrost, gefrorener Tau auf Bumen; demin. formation altN.. jokull m. hanging down
icicle, glacier ; O.E. gicel(a) m. icicle, Eisscholle, Eng. icicle = O.E. ses gicel, O.N. ichilla
stiria, N.Ger. shekel, jkel icicle (M.L.G. jokele ds. durfte from dem Nord. derive); O.H.G.
iey gl. glaties, iein gl. frigus, M.Corn. yeyn, yen cold, br. ien cold.
Das a in M.Ir. aig is from e before paLat. g originated, das a in den Brit. forms whereas
through den alteration from anlaut. je- to ja- to define; compare under iet-;
about Hitt. e-ku-na- cold compare Pedersen Hitt. 171.
References: WP. I 206; Schweiz. Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.
Page(s): 503
Page 1368
yussca beggar.
References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also ik- heal, cure
hierherstellen, but because of O.Ir. hcc (IE ) not glaubhaft.
Page(s): 503-504
Page 1369
yam-h m., Av. yma- m. twin; O.Ind. GN Yam-h twin, hermaphrodite = Av. Yim;
Lat. geminus zwillingsgeboren, twin; double hat probably das g- from the root gem-
grasp, zusammenpressen (above S. 368 f.) bezogen;
M.Ir. emon m., emuin f. (*emno-, *emn) Zwillingspaar, emnaid verdoppelt;
perhaps here Gmc. *ibna- eben, gleichmig, whether from *imn- < *jemn-, in Goth.
ibns eben, O.N. jafn, jamn, O.E. efn, Eng. even, aschs. ean, O.H.G. eban ben; after
Guntert (Weltknig 337 ff.) here the O.N. GN Ymir as hermaphrodite from Gmc. *iumiiz,
IE *iem(i)is?
not certainly is, whether here also Gk. tame, domesticated, mild, , -
the veredelte Rebstock, zahme (with lengthened grade ), and as zero grade
Lat. redimi binde um, umwinde, bekrnze, as well as infula priesterliche head fascia
(*im-dhlu??) belong.
Das with Gk. identical O.H.G. aschs. jumar, O.E. gomor sad , Subst. O.H.G.
jumar misery (originally ostensibly bedruckt) durfte though because of O.N. amra
lament, das to emja, ymja howl belongs, rather an interjection entsprungen sein. Welsh
afar affliction, lament (M.Ir. amar ds.) kann not j- verloren have and mu already
deswegen fernbleiben.
Page 1370
Page 1371
Material:
O.Ind. yutar- ds. (Akzent the starken + vocalism the schwachen case);
Arm. ner, more properly nr, gen. niri die Frauen from Brudern or desselben Mannes
(zur basic form suppositions by Hubschmann Arm. Gk. I 478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet
BAL.-SLAV. 30, CR. 90, lastly Cuny Recherches 66 f.);
Phryg. acc. ;
Gk. die Frau of brother s of Gatten (Ion. Psilose), Hom. , - (verbalism the metr. lengthening for -), inschr. (kleinaswe.-Gk.) ;
Origin of the old laryngeal Gk. *ghe- > e- phonetic mutation?
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ghenter) dhandr son-in-law : lith. entas son-in-law [common Alb.
gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Lat. janitrcs (extension from *ianiter after Fem. the nouns agentis auf -c-) die
Ehefrauen from Brudern (das i derives from *ianiter);
O.Lith. *jnte, -ers ds. (gente, ente through hybridization with gents kinsman, relative,
Page 1372
ayati strengt an, ermudet, afflicts), pr-yasta- uberwallend, Intens. i-yas-yat erschlafft,
schwindet hin, redupl. yesati (*ie-is-) wallt, sprudelt, Av. yayeiti siedet (intr.);
Gk. (= ysati) cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.), , , and
geneuert = renamed, has changed?? Absud, (Gischt,
scum, froth, foam) Hes.;
Gallo-Rom. iestu scum, froth, foam (v. Wartburg), Welsh ias f., pl. iasau sieden,
Schaumen, Kochen; O.Ir. ess m. (older n., from *iestu) waterfall; Bret. gi ferment,
seethe perhaps abstracted from gell yeast (*upo-ies-lo-);
O.H.G. jesan ferment, seethe, schumen = Swe. dial. esa (as) ferment, seethe, Nor.
se, Swe. dial. sa (*jsian) ds., Nor. dial. asa (*jasn; preterit s) flare up, foam, ferment,
seethe, roar, storm, dash, esja (*jasjan) ferment, seethe, O.N. sa (*jsjan) in heftige
Bewegung place, compare Nor. dial. das Brausen, Unruhe in animals and people, O.N.
jostr, gen. jastar m. (at first from *estuz, *estauz, older jes-) and jastr n. (at first from *estra)
yeast, O.E. giest (Eng. yeast) scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast, M.L.G. gest yeast,
M.H.G. jest, gest m. scum, froth, foam, Ger. Gest and Gischt scum, froth, foam, yeast;
Toch. A ys- simmer, seethe, boil.
References: WP. I 208. ORahilly Eriu 13, 144 f.
Page(s): 506
Page 1373
Page 1374
na-), nasalized (compare with Nasalsuffix O.Ind. yat-n-) Welsh add-iant sehnsucht, Ir. t
(Ir. ad) eagerness, jealousy , Gaul. Iantu-muros, Ientu-muros (= Ir. tmar jealous );
O.Ir. tu, acc. tith, Ir. ota thirst maybe from lengthened grade *itu-tut-s;
maybe Alb. *et-, et-je, etje thirst, et-ur thirsty
perhaps here Toch. A yat- reach, erlangen, present Med. yatatr, yototr, SchulzeSieg Toch. Gk. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Toch. 221; also AB yut- fhig
sein, order (Van Windekens aaO.)?
References: WP. I 197.
Page(s): 506-507
Page 1375
Page 1376
juda Nymphe;
Toch. A yutk- besorgt sein.
References: WP. I 203 f., WH. I 724 f., Trautmann 109.
Page(s): 511-512
Page 1377
Page 1378
ieu-1 (*gheu)
English meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)
Deutsche bersetzung: vermengen, bei der Speisezubereitung
Note: (: iu-, i[u]-; iu-, i-; latter due to the Dehnstufen or from a heavy basis *ieu-),
iwd m., O.Corn. O.Bret. iot, Bret. ioud, iod porridge, mash; O.Ir. th porridge, mash, broth
hat das probably from th fat bezogen (Thurneysen Gk. 39).
Page 1379
Page 1380
and ieu-ni-.
Material: O.Ind. yuti, yuvti bindet an, schirrt an (also mixed ), participle yut-, yti - f.
connection (and Mischung), ni-yut- f. row, Gespann, ytha- m. association, troop,
multitude, crowd, ytra- n. rope, band, yna- n. band, strap, cord, avayava- m. limb,
member, part; Av. yav- sich wherewith beschftigen (present yavayeiti, Inf. yt, yta),
yaona- n. Beschftigung, yav- (yu-) adj. holding, stehend to jemanden = O.Ind. yu-
journeyman, fellow (see Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 1264 f., where also about yvduration);
Ltv. pl. jutis joint (*connection), Scheideweg, Lith. jutis m. ox (*the vor den cart
gespannte, jmentum; Balt heavy root); here also Ltv. jumis Doppelfrucht, Felddmon,
goc help, consolation, certainty , gocian preserve, protect, retten compatible is; see
under ieu-4.
Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places juvure to O.Ind. vati, whereat above S. 77;
against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f.
iu-go-m Joch:
Page 1381
gjedh cattle
Lat. jugum ds. (see also WH. I 728 f. about Umbr. Iguvium) =
Goth. aschs. juk n., O.E. geoc, O.N. ok Joch, O.H.G. juch, joch Joch; also so viel
Land, as man with a Ochsengespann an a Tage pflugen kann;
Lith. (with n after jungiu) jungas Joch;
O.C.S. igo (gen. iga) Joch (es-stem), Cz. jho ds. (Slav. *jgo from *jgo, see also
Berneker 421 f.; in addition aRuss. b ein Landma; so viel, as ein Mann with a Pferde
pflugt from *ob-jgju, nowadays oba and obga- d. j. *ob-jga- Deichselarme of
Hakenpflugs; Church Slavic pl. iesa, Sloven. gen. iesa with results of IE stem *ieugos-,
see under);
Welsh iau f., O.Welsh iou, O.Corn. ieu, Bret. ieo, geo Joch, kazely, kazelg
Knechtschaft = M.Welsh kesseyl-yeu axillary yoke (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); Gaul. PN Ver-
iugo-dumnus; see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen IA. 26, 26 zweifelt an the affiliation
of Ir. and Urverwandtschaft of Brit. words; doubtful is also die Beurteilung from Ir. cuing
Joch; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing (*iungis) through influence the
preposition com-; dazuM.Welsh kyn-iwng association (Loth RC 38, 160);
Arm. luc Joch zeugt not for originally anlaut li- the root; influence of lucanem spanne
from;
Hitt. i-u-ga-an (yugan) Joch;
Toch. A yokm f. door, gate (O.Ind. Lw.?).
without geschichtlichen connection untereinander are O.Ind. yugal- n. pair, Lat.
Page 1382
ieu-gos- es-stem:
Gk. Gespann, pl. = Lat. jgera (*iougesa), wherefore ein neuer sg.
jgerum ein morning Landes = M.H.G. jiuch n. morning Landes, compare also above
Church Slavic iesa, further perhaps (das certainly late) unverbunden, unvermhlt,
as well as Lat. iouxmenta, imentum (see S. 510); zero grade (as , das but from
from neologism sein kann) probably Goth. jukuzi f. Joch, Knechtschaft, compared
with O.E. gycer Joch (*jukizi-), with u the 2. syllable through assimilation?
Verbalstamm ieu-g-:
O.Ind. yunkti (3. pl. yujnti = Lat. jungunt), yujati schirrt an, spannt an, connects,
compare full grade yjayati (*jeugeieti) fugt together; Av. yaoj-, yuj- anspannen,
anschirren; wherewith vertraut make, a thing teilhaftig machen;
Gk. schirre an, verbinde, ;
Lat. jung, -ere, -nxi, -nctus connect ;
full grade O.H.G. untar-jauhta subjugavi;
Lith. jungiu, jungti connect, ins Joch spannen; participle O.Ind. yukt-, Av. yuxta-, with
dem prs. -n- Lat. junctus, O.E. geoht, iukt n. Joch, Lith. jungtas, with the (as in present
from , etc. stammenden) lengthened grade ;
root nouns iug- in:
O.Ind. yuj- fellow, comrade; geschirrt, bespannt with, ayuj- without Genossen, not in
pairs, by pairs = Gk. not gejocht, zusammengekoppelt, vereint, Lat. conjux
husband, wife; superl. *iugistos in Lat. juxtu dense besides (*jugistu, scil. viu auf dem
nchst verbindenden Wege); in den starken KO.S. analogisches O.Ind. yuj-, Lat. conjunx.
Additional derivatives in:
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1383
eykr draft animal, horse (Gmc. *jaukiz, compare also Kaus. *jaukian anschirren
assumed through O.N. eykt f. Arbeitszeit between den Mahlzeiten from *jauki) = Lat.
jgis perpetual; bestndig flowing (besides iges, -etis angespannt); O.Ind. yjana- n.
ein Wegma, Av. yujasti- f. ds.; O.Ind. yukti- f. das Anschirren, Gk. das
Anschirren, Verbinden, Lat. juncti-m, juncti-, compare of es-stem Av. yaxti- Fertigkeit,
ability, capacity, adroitness ; O.Ind. yktar- Anschirrer, yktra- n. strang, Gurt, Av.
yaxra-
n.
Jochriemen,
kriegerische
Lat.
junctor,
Anspannung,
junctra;
Unternehmung,
O.Ind.
yugmn-
attack,
gepaart,
Gk.
Gk.
Page 1384
ieu-3
English meaning: young
Deutsche bersetzung: jung
Material: O.Ind. yuvan- (yuvu, gen. ynah) young; youngling , f. yn, compounds Sup.
yvyas-, yvista-h; Av. yvan-, yavan- (beides for yuvan- inscribed), gen. yn youngling ;
Lat. juvenis young; youngling, virgin (to -ven- instead of -vin- compare EM2 509)
instead of *iuu due to the old conservative case gen. juven-is, dat. -, acc. -em etc.; jn-x
young cow Lat.-c-extension besides O.Ind. yn, against it compounds jnior with jungem
jn- (through Lat. development from *juvenios); Umbr. iouies juvenibus, militibus, acc. pl.
jovie (ein of compounds ruckgebildetes *jovi-s troop, multitude, crowd the juniores?);
O.Ir. a junger, am jungst, M.Welsh ieu (Welsh iau) junger, ieuaf (so also Welsh)
jungst, Bret. iaou junger, next to which the Positiv O.Ir. ac (arch. oc), M.Ir. c, Welsh
ieuanc, Bret. iaouank, O.Corn. iouenc, M.Corn. yowynk young , Gaul. Jovinc-illus, -a (IE
*iuunks, see under), after dem compounds-Sup. to Celt. *ieu-, *iounko- unvocalized;
Lith. junas, Ltv. jauns; O.Bulg. jun young (-no-stem instead of -n-stem after *seno-s
old; iuueno- after dem compar. reconverted to *ieueno-, Bal.-Slav. *iuno-).
derivatives of stem *iuuen-:
iuunk-s: O.Ind. yuvas-h, yuvak-h jugendlich, Lat. juvencus, -a young bull, young
cow, Junges, Umbr. iveka, iuenga juvenca, Goth. juggs, O.Ice. ungr, O.H.G. jung, O.E.
geong young (urg. *jngaz from *juwungz; in addition ein neuer compounds *jnhizanin:) Goth. jhiza, O.Ice. re junger (compare also O.Ice. ska Jugend from *j[n]hiskn).
iuuent-, iuunt-: O.Ind. yuvant-, f. yuvat-h young; virgin; O.H.G. jugund, O.S. jugu,
O.E. geogu (g instead of w after *duuni- Tugend, skillfulness ), Goth. junda Jugend
Page 1385
Page 1386
ieu-4
English meaning: to separate; to hold off
Deutsche bersetzung: trennen, fernhalten
Note: see above S. 508; after Renou (muDutch) is die O.Ind. root yu- separate with yu-
connect identical and jene meaning from dem compounds with pa- and v- ubernommen.
Page(s): 511
Page 1387
Page 1388
Page 1389
Material: O.Ind. yh n. salvation! (only in connection with sm; zur form s. Bartholomae
AIran. Wb. 1234); Av. yaoda-uiti makes bright, purifies, cleans rituell;
Lat. is statute, Verordnung, right (aLat. ious from *iouos, compare:) istus (aLat.
iovestd) gerecht; jr, -ure swear, vow (aLat. probably in iouesat Duenos-Inschr.),
about jrg, iniria; pe(r)ierure, jerure, dierure (tiefstufiges iusu-) s. WH. I 732 ff., EM2
506 ff.; about jdex judge see above S. 188, WH. I 726;
O.Ir. huisse gerecht (*ius-tios).
References: WP. I 203, WH. I 733 f., 870.
Page(s): 512
Page 1390
ig
English meaning: force
Deutsche bersetzung: Kraft, Jugendkraft
Material: Gk. Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit, bin nubile, marriageable,
become m., - youngling (compare -);
Lith. nuo-, pa-jeg power, Vermogen, jegiu, jegti vermgen, stark sein, Ltv. jega
Verstand, jegt catch, understand, comprehend ; whether here das isolierte Russ. dial.
jglyj violent; keen, eager; fast, rapid, hurried? (see Berneker 443).
Doubtful is die interpretation from Gk. tender, fine, luscious from *ig-rs in
Jugendkraft strotzend, also, whether Lat. Iegius, Osc. Ieis (with ?) hierhergehren.
References: WP. I 206 f., Trautmann 107.
Page(s): 503
Page 1391
Page 1392
yukana-, compare O.N. lifre m. the zur selben liver Gehrige, brother , lifra f. sister ) =
Gk. , - (*-n-tos);
Lat. jecur, -oris and -inoris (proves previously *jecinis; amalgamation of r-and nStammes);
Balt *ieknu f. in Lith. jknos, old jeknos, jekanas, Ltv. aknas, aknis f. pl. O.Pruss. iagno
(Hs. lagno) f.
After Pedersen KG. I 129 here M.Ir. i(u)chair (*ikuri-) f., gen. i(u)chrach Fischrogen and
Church Slavic ikra, Russ. ikra, O.Sor. jikro, jikno ds., das further with Slav. ikra scholle and
ikra calf (and dessen Balt equivalent or rather Lehnformen, O.Pruss. yceroy, Ltv. ikrs,
O.Lith. gen. ikr) under a basic meaning clump, intumescence identical is. Also IE *iekrt
could auf the same outlook based on.
Schwierig is das perhaps distorted taboo Arm. leard, gen. lerdi liver (compare lastly
Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belong O.N. lifr f. liver, O.E. lifer, Eng.liver, O.H.G.
libera, lebara to Gk. fat, indem das originally epithet the (gemsteten) liver also
das old word for liver verdrngt hat, as Lat. jecur ficutum to Ital. fegato etc. gefuhrt hat.
A Proto-IE basic form *liekrt scheint mir to gewagt.
References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, Schwyzer Gk. I 518, Benveniste
Origines I 8f.
Page(s): 504
Page 1393
Page 1394
Page 1395
Page 1396
Page 1397
iou, iu
Deutsche bersetzung: schon
See also: see above S. 285 (e-3, etc..)
Page(s): 513
Page 1398
Page 1399
Material: Av. yuhayeiti (mostly with aiwi-) gurtet, participle yusta- gegurtet, yuh n.
Gurtelschnur;
Gk. v gurte, (= Av. yusta-, Lith. juostas) gegurtet, belt, girdle,
ds. (*- compare Lith. juosmu Gurt), ds. (*-, compare R.C.S.
Page 1400
iu-1
English meaning: you (pl.)
Deutsche bersetzung: ihr
Grammatical information: originally only nom.; case oblique of stem us-, us- (from *iues,
*iuos?)
Material: 1. O.Ind. yuvm ihr Du., yyam pl., Av. ym, gathAv. y;
Arm. nachwirkend in den with je- anlaut. case e.g. dat. jez (e after mez nobis, kez
tibi);
Goth. js ihr pl. otherwise after wir (see ue-) reshaped O.Ice. r, O.E. g, O.S. g , ge,
O.H.G. ir; Du. Goth. *ju-t (: Lith. ju-du), otherwise after wir reshaped O.Ice. it, O.E. O.S.
git;
Lith. js, Ltv. jus, pr. ios, ias ihr pl., Lith. ju-du ihr both; O.Pruss. iouson, Lith.jsu,
Ltv. jusu euer.
us-, us-: O.Ind. vah, Av. vu enkl. for acc. gen. dat. pl., Dual. O.Ind. vum; of acc. *ussme (= Lesb. ) from with Ubernahme of nominative i- O.Ind. yusmun acc. (etc.), Av.
abl. ymat ;
Gk. Lesb. (*us-sm-), Dor. acc., out of it nom. Lesb. , Dor. , as well as
Att. etc.;
Alb. ju ihr from *u = O.Ind. vah with hiatustilgendem j-;
Also Alb. juve you, jush from you
Lat. vs (= Av. acc. pl. vu?), plign. vus vos and vobis, Lat. vester, Umbr. uestra
vestru;
O.Pruss. wans acc.; O.C.S. nom. acc. pl. vy, gen. pl. vas, dat. pl. vam, instr. pl. vami;
Hitt. u-(um-)me-es (sumes) from *usme (compare Pedersen Hitt. 75 f);
Page 1401
esu- Goth. izwis euch, izwara euer, O.Ice. yr, yuar ds., WestGmc. without s (i.e.
probably with s- reduction) O.H.G. iuwih euch (acc.), iuwr euer etc.; perhaps is also Gk.
ihr both after dem Reflexivum, where *F- through - abgelst wurde, an die
place an lteren *F getreten.
References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gk. I 600 f.
Page(s): 513-514
Page 1402
garge, Eulenbaum and auf das n-present , Hes. verweist); not here,
but to au1 (above S. 71) belongs scream , da older inschr. F;
Lat. jbil jauchze, jodle (perhaps *id-dh-l make j) ; in addition iug, -ere shout,
call the Gabelweihe;
M.Ir. ilach (*iiuluko-) siegesjubel;
M.H.G. j, jch Ausruf the pleasure, joy (similarly j beim From- and shout), therefrom
M.H.G. jwen, jwezen ju rufen, jubeln, jchezen, Ger. jauchzen, juchzen, M.H.G. jlen,
jodeln, Ger. johlen, jodeln, also O.N. yla, Eng. yowl howl from *jljan;
Serb. ju, ju, ijuju juchhe!;
Lith. uvas Nachteule see above.
References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff.
Page(s): 514
Page 1403
From Root eng-, ngn (engh-): swelling derived Root li- (enghi, indi): groin, intestines.
Common Illyr. -gh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon. Maybe taboo in Alb. anda pleasure, delight
(sexual?). From Illyr. *enghi > indi derived Root li- (enghi, indi): groin, intestines
[common Lat. -d- > -l- phonetic mutation].
Material: Gk. ; .
Hes. (presumably -, compare:)
Lat. lia, -um intestines, guts; loin, flank; the lower abdomen (sg. lium Gl., le the
genitals constructed by Catull); or Lat. Lw.?
whether here Welsh il Grung (*swelling?), Gaul. PN Ilio-murus with big groin and
schott. island O.Ir. Ile, Gael. Ile, Eng. Islay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)?
Perhaps here Slav. *jelito (from *jilito?) etc. groin, intestines, testicles (t-forms as in
lanita cheek, isto kidney, lysto calf, usta mouth) in wRuss. jality testicles, Serb. old
jelito a sausage, a small sausage , ak. olto intestine, a sausage , Pol. jelito intestine
, dial. sausage , pl. intestines, entrails , Russ. litnja manyplies of ruminants,
psalterium (O.Pruss. laitian n. sausage probably from O.Pol. *lito?).
References: WP. I 163 f., WH. I 673 f.
Page(s): 499
Page 1404
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Page 1406
Page 1407
Page 1408
This Illyr. cognate bears the hallmark of a satem langue when Illyr. dialects seem mostly
kentum.
Alb. ah beech (*osku)?; (rather inaccurate etymology because of Alb. ahi, ahu beech -i, -
Note:
Common Lat. sn > rn rhotacism has taken place. While Alb. clearly derived from Illyr.pannon. VN Osi, PN Osones; common Alb. shift is sk > h but always at the beggning of a
word: like (*skii-u) hia f. shadow : Gk. f. (skii-u) shadow while in the middle of a word
Alb. s > h is universal like in:
O.Ind. svsura-, Av. x asura- father-in-law : Alb. vjehrr father-in-law , vjherr motherin-law hence Illyr.-pannon. VN Osi : Alb. ahi, ahu beech.
[the common Alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root suekrEnglish meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law shift s > h in Alb. (*svsura-) vjehrr
father-in-law ) not sk > h which is common at the beginning of the word Alb. h, hie
schatten (*skiiu) See Root skui-, ski- : sk- English meaning: to glimmer (of wet things);
shadow]. Because Illyr. (and its offspring Alb.) shows satem and centum characteristics it
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Ger. Span).
Material: Arm. pand vessel (*phondho-); Lat. sponda Bettstelle; M.Ir. sonn m. Pfosten,
Pfeiler, sonnaid stt, presses, Welsh ffon f. stick (*spondhu); O.Ice. spann n. bucket,
pail (Dan. spand bucket, pail ), M.L.G. span, -nnes Holzeimer, fat-span wooden
vessel handle (Gmc. *spanna-, perhaps o-Ableit. an en-stem *spanan-, or from *spondh-
Page 1411
prahnouti wilt, schmachten, PN Praha gerodete place; causative Slov. priti braise,
ablaut. Serb. priti roast (Proto-Slav.. *priti);
maybe Alb. (*priti) przhit burn
. Alb., Gmc. and Celt. of Sprechen: Alb. shpreh I spreche from (*spreg-sk-); but Welsh
ffraeth (*spregh-to-) quick, fast, willing, ready, Bret. fraez, freaz distinct, Corn. freth agile,
lively belong to spergh- S. 998; Welsh ffreg gossip hat unklares -g (from *-k); O.E.
sprecan, O.S. sprekan, O.H.G. sprehhan speak, O.E. sprc, O.S. spruca, O.H.G. spruhha
language (besides forms without r unclear Geschichte: O.H.G. spehhan, O.E. specan
speak, spc discourse , Eng. to speak, speech, M.H.G. spaht gossip, lauter song,
spehhen babble); in more general onomatopoeic word formation O.Ice. spraka crackle,
patter (spraki rumor), Dan. sprage crack, creak, knistern.
C. In other English meaning:
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spircan Funken spruhen, spray, M.L.G. sparke, O.E. spearca (Eng. spark) spark,
nasalized M.L.G. spranken sparkle, glitter, mnl. spranke spark, das Ausspruhen, small
Fleck;
O.Ice. sparkr agile, lively, ruhrig, O.Ice. sprkr, Nor. sprk, Swe. dial. sprker agile,
lively, also radiating, gleaming, Dan. dial. sprg hochmutig, boasting (*sprgi-); Eng.
sprinkle sprinkle, sprinkle, spruhen, Swe. dial. sprkkel Fleck (*Spritzer), sprckla
dieMasern, Nor. and Mod.Ice. sprekla, M.H.G. spreckel (skin)-fleck, nasal. M.H.G.
sprinkel, sprenkel sprenkel, Fleck; r-lose forms are M.L.G. spinkel = sprinkel, mnl.
spekelen sprinkle, nl. spikkel Fleck, Sprenkel, O.E. specca ds., Lith. spuogas Fleck,
Punkt; - without anl. s, and gleichzeitig as variant besides *perk-, *prek- dappled (see
820 f.): O.Ice. freknttr sommersprossig, Nor. and Mod.Ice. frekna sommersprosse, Eng.
sprek morsches wood, O.H.G. sprahhula splinter, chaff, M.L.G. sprok, sprokkel
deadwood; Du. sprokkig brittle , sprokkeln break, crack, Nor. dial. sproka, sprokka
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sprinco ds., M.L.G.spranke, sprinke, sprenkel ds.; M.H.G. sprinke Vogelfalle, nd. Ger.
Sprenkel ds.; nd. sprenkel Klemmholz;
O.H.G. springa pedica, older Ger. Sprengel Vogelfalle, Eng. springe, springle
Vogelschlinge are from springen influenced;
Ltv. spirgt fresh become, erstarken, spirg(t)s fresh, alert, awake, smart, fit, healthy;
spirgsti (pirgsti) glowing coals under the ash; spirgulis splinter (*Weggespritztes);
spridzint umherspritzen, schnellen, spridzgs rash, hasty, alert, awake, smart; spurguls
small, munteres kid, child, sprgans brittle, alert, awake, smart; Lith. sprgis, Ltv.
spradzis Erdfloh;
D. without anlaut s- compare still: O.Ind. parjnya- Regenwolke (spritzend,
besprengend); the rain- and Gewittergott (see above S. 819, 823); O.Ir. arg drip, M.Welsh
eiry, Welsh eira snow, O.Corn. irch, nCorn. er, Bret. erch ds. (*pargo-, *pargio-); probably
also O.C.S. prga neuer Kornansatz of Weizens, Russ. perg Blutenstaub under
likewise; O.C.S. is-prgnoti herausspringen, Pol. pierzgnac break, crack, aufspringen
(skin); nasal. O.Bulg. vs-pregnoti hervorsprieen, prog locust, grasshopper ; as
schnellend O.C.S. proglo tendicula, Sprenkel, Russ. pruga, pruina springfeder, u-
prugij elastisch schnellend, prall, also die family Proto-Slav.. *prego spanne, spanne an,
prog Joch, Pol. poprag Gurt etc.
References: WP. II 672 ff., WH. II 566 f., Trautmann 276 f., 278 f., Vasmer 2, 337, 450.
Page(s): 996-998
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Vappincum Gap; Lith. upe river (barely to ap-); O.Pruss. wupyan cloud; O.C.S. vapa
sea (*upa; barely after W. Schulze, Kl. Schr. 1152 to aRuss. vap paint, color etc.); Hitt.
Page 1416
Page 1417
Page 1418
go (*mon-go, to *mon- neck ) Halsring the Pferde, whether -go from *kogho- (after V.
Henry, Lexique, though to Welsh caw band, strap), and Welshmyn-ci ds., whether from *-
Page 1419
zussa ; O.Ice. hegna einhegen, shield , to O.H.G. hagan briar, PN Hagano, O.N.
Hogni, etc.
References: WP. I 337 f., WH. I 187 f., 243 f., 631, Loth RC 45, 198 f.
Page(s): 518
Page 1420
Material: O.Bulg. koza goat, kozl he-goat (Ltv. kaza goat from dem Russ.),
therefrom abgel. koa skin (*kozju, originally * goatskin , as Church Slavic (j)azno skin,
leather: Lith. oys he-goat);
auf die meaning (Ziegen)fell as Uberwurf goes probably also Goth. hakuls mantle,
O.Ice. hokoll ds. (fem. hekla mantle with cowl ), O.E. hacele, O.Fris. hezil (*hakil), O.H.G.
hachul m. ds. back; with lengthened grade probably O.E. hcen, M.L.G. hken, M.Du.
hoekijn young goat, kid (*hkna-).
Meillet Et. 246 reminds an *agos goat(nbock) (above S. 6 f.) as rhyme word , was for
kago- with a sprche. The geringe Verbreitung of words erklrt sich from the Menge with it
in Wettbewerb stehender Ziegennamen, s. in addition Liden Arm. stem 13 f.
Maybe Alb. kedhi, keci yound goat, kid.
References: WP. I 336 f., Feist 238 f.
Page(s): 517-518
Page 1421
aquilo : aquilus above S. 23; against it Fick GGA. 1894, 238: of , a river the Aolis ,
herkommend);
Lith. kikti fluchen, lit. bsen Blick throw (*kikmi : *kaikms).
Because of the basic meaning einugig compare *kai- allein.
References: WP. I 328, WH. I 129.
Page(s): 519-520
Page 1422
kaik- or koikEnglish meaning: to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair
Deutsche bersetzung: kratzen, kmmen
Material: O.Ind. ksa- m. hair of the head , ksi n- mhnig (as O.C.S. kosa hair : esati
comb from *kes- scratch, scrape, comb);
Maybe Alb. (*ces-) qeth to cut hair of the head common Alb. -s > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Lith. kaiti scrape, rub, smooth, ikai ti glass, wood under likewise inside smooth
machen, kaituvas Glttinstrument der Bttcher , O.Pruss. coysnis comb, coestue
comb, bristle brush;
O.Bulg. cesta way, road as gegltteter way.
References: WP. I 328, Trautrnann 113.
Page(s): 520
Page 1423
Page 1424
kai-lo- (kai-lu-)
English meaning: bright; safe, healthy
Deutsche bersetzung: heil, unversehrt, also von guter Vorbedeutung
Material: Welsh coel f. omen, sign, O.Welsh pl. coilou auspiciis, O.Bret. coel
(h)aruspicem, leg. (h)aruspicium, O.Welsh coiliaucc, O.Corn. chuillioc augur (O.Ir. cl
augurium Brit.Lw.);
Goth. hails, O.Ice. heill, O.H.G. heil fit, healthy, whole, O.E. hul, Eng. whole whole,
O.H.G. heil n. das salvation, luck, O.E. hl gunstiges omen, sign, luck, Gesundheit,
O.Ice. heil (*heilz, s-stem) n. f. good Vorbedeutung, luck, O.H.G. heilisn emblem,
landmark, mark observe, O.E. hulsian (mad, wicked, evil Geister) adjure , O.Ice. heilsa
begruen (compare also Goth. hails!, O.E. wes hul! as Gru), O.E. hulettan, O.H.G.
heilazzen begruen, O.H.G. (etc.) heilag holy; O.E. hulan pl. placenta, afterbirth =
Nor. heile ds.;
O.Pruss. kailstiskan acc. sg. Gesundheit (derivative from *kailsta-s adj., dieses from
Page 1425
Page 1426
Material: O.Welsh coit, Welsh coed wood, forest, O.Corn. cuit, M.Corn. coys, cos ds.,
Bret. coet, coat wood, forest, spinney, Gaul. PN -, Cto-briga, Eto-ctum under
likewise (die Lateere rom. pronunciation -ztum lies den Ger. place names auf -scheid am
linken Rheinufer the basic);
Goth. haii f., O.Ice. heir, O.E. h, Eng. heath, O.H.G. heida f. Heidekraut, M.H.G.
heide f. Heide; besides O.E. *hu, Eng. dial. hoath; Proto-Gmc. *haianas
steppenbewohnend, wild, probably Lehnubersetzung from Lat. pugunus (: pugus land),
in addition Goth. hain f. Heidin, O.Ice. heiinn, O.E. hen, Eng. heathen, aschs.
hthin, O.H.G. heidan, heidin, heidanisk heidnisch; different W. Schulze Kl. Schriften 521
ff.
about Lat. bctum cow-heard s. WH. I 120, Vendryes RC 48, 398.
References: WP. I 328 f., Feist 237 f.
Page(s): 521
Page 1427
kaiur t, kaiun t
English meaning: hole, ravine
Deutsche bersetzung: Grube, Kluft
Material: O.Ind. kvat a- m. pit, pothole;
Gk. Hes., Hom. (; so for uberliefertes
herzustellen) kluftereich, Erdschlund in Sparta ( as in - : Lith. deimt-).
References: WP. I 327, Specht IE Decl. 25.
Page(s): 521
Page 1428
kai
Page 1429
Material: Arm. kakor crap, muck, Gk. cac, Menschenkot, Lat. cac, -ure,
M.Ir. caccaim caco, cacc ordure, Welsh cach, Bret. cach, Corn. caugh ds., Russ. etc.
Page 1430
kal-1
English meaning: hard; blister
Deutsche bersetzung: hart
Material: O.Ind. kna- m. weal, callus (mind. from *krna-s); about O.Ind. kathina-, kathorasee under kar-3;
Lat. callum n., callus m. verbrtete thick skin, weal, callus (in addition calle, -ere
dickhutig sein; gewitzigt sein, callidus sly, cunning);
Alb. a-kul ice;
Note:
Wrong etymology. Alb. akull ice derived from old N.. jokull m. hanging down icicle,
glacier see Root ieg- : ice
O.Ir. M.Ir. calath, calad hard, Welsh caled ds., Gaul. VN Caleti, Caletes; in addition
Gallo-Rom.*calio-, *caliauo- stone (M.-L. 1519a), as well as Gaul.-Lat. callio-marcus
Huflattich (for*callio marci testiculus equi), epo-calium (leg. -callium), ebul-calium (for
*epulo-callium, to M.Welsh ebawl, Bret. ebol Fullen) ds., to Welsh caill, Bret. kell f.
testicle (Dual *kalnai);
Church Slavic kaliti abkuhlen, hrten (gluhendes iron), Serb. prkala hoarfrost .
References: WP. I 357, WH. I 139 ff.; 388.
See also: Zusamenhang with kel- hit wre possible.
Page(s): 523-524
Page 1431
i-stem O.N. halr (*hali-) man, husband, master, mister (poet.), O.E. hle() man,
husband, aschs. heli, O.H.G. held man, husband, combatant, Held, O.S. hlith,
besides u-stem O.N. holdr free Bauer, man, husband (*halu).
References: WP. I 356, 443, Specht IE Decl. 128, 195; Seiler, The primren Gk.
Steigerungsformen 68 ff.
Page(s): 524
Page 1432
Page 1433
Page 1434
camerus.
References: WP. I 349 f., WH. I 146 f., 149 f., 306, Feist 6, 256;
See also: s. also kam-p-.
Page(s): 524-525
Page 1435
ME.
in dark environment) Lith. kumpti crook oneself , kumpas crooked, Ltv. kumpt
(s)kamb- from Gk. , Gaul. Cambio-dnum etc.); yet compare also the nasalized
equal meaning family of O.Ind. cupa- m. n. bow, capal- restless, fluctuating , Pers. ap
Page 1436
Page 1437
Root kand-, skand- and (O.Ind.) (s)kend- : to glow; bright, *moon derived from Root
candr- (scandr-, EN Hri-scandra-) luminous, gleaming, gluhend; m. moon, candanam. n. sandelholz (incense );
Gk. Hes.;
Alb.Gheg hn, Tosc hn moon (*skandnu); Urdu chand moon
The cognate of moon in Alb. is the abbreviated compound of Root kuon-, kun- : dog +
Root dhau- : to press, wolf
PN Candavia : Maybe Illyr. PN Sca(n)din-avia
(), Candavii Montes. The mountains separating Illyricum from Macedonia, across
which the Via Egnatia rO.N.
Alb.Gheg hn moon : Root sen(o)- (*heno): old, *old moon : Gk. old in contrast to
anew, only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of the last year, also from the last
day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates at the same time the new
circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually (sc. ; Att.
since Solon).
Therefore Alb. hana (*old) moon : Gk. old moon : n. brilliance, , Eol.
moon (*), shine ; hence - the full-moon see Root
Page 1438
incend zunde an, candidus blinding, dazzling white, gleaming, candor blinding,
dazzling weie paint, color, Lichtglanz, candla, candlubrum candlestick, flambeaux
(out of it Welsh etc. cannwyll ds.), cicindla Leuchtkferchen, Ollampe, cicendula
Lmpchen (redupl. *ce-cand-);
Welsh cann white, bright, M.Bret. cann Vollmond, O.Bret. cant canus; borrowing
from candidus nimmt Pedersen KG. I 190 an (compare Lat. splendidus > Bret. splann), but
Welsh cannaid luminous; sun, moon and zahlreiche derivatives lassen perhaps ein
genuine Celt.*kando- as possible appear, whereas belongs the FlN Kander (Baden,
Switzerland) to nichtIE gand- waste, desolate liegendes land, Bertoldi BSL 30, 111 and
Anm. 2.
It seems that the name for the moon passed from PIE to Altaic languages through celt.Illyr.:
Protoform: *unu
English meaning: moon; (moon cycle), year
Turkic protoform: *un
Mongolian protoform: *oj
Tungus protoform: *ana
Note: 283, 11, . 70, 77. A Western isoglO.S.S.
The initial root must have been Lat. annus year, *moon year from Root at- : to go; year
Page 1439
cantus;
Lat. cantus eiserner Radreifen is again Lw. from:
Gaul. (also Gallo-Rom.) *cantos eiserner Reifen, edge, point, edge, Welsh cant (hence
ceiniog Penny) ds., Bret. kant circle , O.Ir. ctad (round) seat from *kanto-sedo-, M.Ir.
ct round Steinpfeiler; Derivatives: Gaul. cantalon, probably Pfeiler, cantena,
dss.?; also Gaul.cando-soccus Rebsenker, lies canto-soccus (to Gaul. succoschweineschnauze, plowshare ; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.);
O.Bret. int coucant vollstndig; M.Welsh yn geugant ds. (lit. very skillful from *kouo-
kantos to keu- whereupon achten, Lat. cave); to kant circle > vollkommen compare
O.Welsh lloergant voller moon;
Welsh cant troop, multitude, crowd, in addition M.Ir. cte (*kantiu) congregation,
meeting, probably as * a division of 100 identical with Welsh cant 100 above S. 92;
Slav. *kot m. angle in R.C.S. kut etc.
maybe Alb. knd angle.
References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f., Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45, 331
ff.
Page(s): 526-527
Page 1440
Page 1441
ius), henna (*han[e]n-, -ius) and O.N. hna hen (*hnjn), pl. hnsn (hns, hsn)
Huhner, O.H.G. huon chicken (Gmc. s-stem *hniz);
perhaps (Berneker 483 between) Russ. (etc.) knja, kanjuk Milan, consecration, through
sein Geschrei lstiger bird of prey (: cicnia);
Toch. A kan Melodie, Rhythmus.
References: WP. I 351, WH. I 154 f., 212 f.
Page(s): 525-526
Page 1442
kakra Hafer; es belongs after Falk-Torp aaO. as behaartes, i.e. begranntes grass to Nor.
dial. hagr n. coarse Rohaar, perhaps gleichzeitig to M.Ir. coirce, Welsh ceirch, Bret.
Page 1443
Page 1444
Page 1445
Material: O.Ind. kapat two handful (t mind. for t), O.Pers. ; with IE
caputrum loop, noose, snare zum Fassen a Ghegenstandes; esp. halter (but capis, -idis
a bowl with one handle, used in sacrifices , Umbr. kapire capide, Osc.
ollarium maybe from Gk. with s-drop in allen drei Ital. Sprachen; certainly is
Page 1446
haftjan befestigen, O.N. hefta bind, hinder, O.E. hftan, O.S. heftan, O.H.G. heften
bind, verhaften; Ger. haschen (*hafskn) = Swe. dial. haska nachlaufen, um einzuholen;
Goth. hafjan (= Lat. capi) heave, life, O.N. hefja (hafa), O.S. hebbian, O.E. hebban,
O.H.G. heffen, heven, M.H.G. Ger. heben (Swiss only hold, stop); in addition (compare
zur form Lat. habre) Goth. haban, -aida hold, stop, have, O.N. hafa (hafa), O.S.
Hafen; O.N. hofugr, O.E. hefig, O.S. heig, O.H.G. hebc, -g heavy (actually somewhat
enthaltend); O.E. hefe, hfe m., O.H.G. heve, hepfo, Ger. Hefe (was den Teig hebt); Ice.
Nor. dial. havald n. band, strap, O.E. hefeld, M.L.G. hevelte (*hafala-; O.H.G. haba, Ger.
Handhabe;
O.N. hufr m. Fischhamen, Reuse ( as in Lat. cp);
O.N. hf n. das rechte Ma or relationship, hfa aim, passen, sich schicken, Goth.
sebocc falcon), O.S. hauk- in EN, O.H.G. habuh hawk from Gmc. *hauka- (finn. Lw.
havukka), are to be compared probably better with Russ. (etc.) kbec, Pol. kobuz names
from falcons kinds ]
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1447
kams f. hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife (*kapnetiu), sqep angle, bill, beak,
neb;
Maybe Alb. (*kapontiu) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba eagle : sqep beak of the eagle ,
shqipta, shqip clear, sharp (language) , shqiptonj speak clearly, divide words , shqep
(*split), rip, tear; unpick : qep sew (with a needle) [see below]
with the meaning from Gk. and Gmc. pp as intens. consonant-Gemination (due to
the root form in p or bh or b) Ger. (actually N.Ger.) happen, hapsen devour . Du. happen
snatch under likewise;
Lith. kuopa 1. troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off, 2. ransom for
distrained livestock (= Gk. ); Ltv. kmpju, kmpt gripe, catch;
about Troernamen , Lat. capys, capus falcon (Illyr.?) s. Bonfante REtIE 2, 113.
The vocalism is absolutely fast a, also in O.Ind. kapat (das as isoliertes word not
probably a as Entgleisung for i = have kann); besides occasional (cpi, hufr) and
(n, Lith. kuopa, presumably also Gmc. hf-), die barely as Normalstufen (: : )
einzureihen are (Konstatierung by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). Dasselbe Vokalverhltnis between
Osc. hafiest : hipid, Lith. gabnti : preterit atgebau, Goth. gabei : O.N. gfr; hinsichtlich of
Konsonantismus shows sich in Wurzelanl. and -auslaut Schwanken between Tenuis,
voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, was from imitation of Schnapplautes (kap, ghap,
ghabh etc.) and imitation of raschen Zugreifens through diesen sound (schnapp) to define
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1448
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kar-1
English meaning: to scold, punish
Deutsche bersetzung: schmhen, strafen
Material: Gk. , Hes.;
Lat. carin, -ure scoff, mock (probably u);
O.Ir. caire f. reprimand, O.Welsh cared nequitiae, Welsh caredd fault, error, Corn.
herfiligr verchtlich, erniedrigend, M.H.G. here, herwer herb, finn. Lw. karvas amarus;
zero grade O.E. gehornian beleidigen;
Ltv. karinut banter, stir, tease, irritate; ablaut. E.Lith. krinti ds.;
O.C.S. kor, u-kor contumelia, u-koriti vilify, scold, po-koriti unterwerfen, Cz. po-
kora Demut, po-kornu demutig, ablaut. Serb.-Church Slavic kara f. fight, Cz. kra
Vorwurf, punishment , etc.;
maybe Alb. korit make ashamed
perhaps here Toch. A krn-, karn- torment, smite.
References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places die Bal.-Slav. words to IE
Page 1450
karkar eineArt Laute, krti - f. fame, knowledge (thereafter with also kri -, kri n- snger);
kuru- snger, Dichter (: );
Gk. erdrhne, , Dor. Herold;
O.N. herma (*harmjan) berichten, melden, hrr m. fame, Lob, O.E. hror m.
pleasure, joy, hr (*hri-) fame, O.H.G. (h)rd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in EN), Goth. hreigs
ruhmreich, O.N. hrsa vaunt (*hr-s-n); O.H.G. (h)ruom, O.S. hrm fame, Lob,
honour, in addition O.E. brme illustrious (*bihrmi-);
maybe Alb. mbrmbje evening, dark common Alb. b > mb phonetic mutatIon.
perhaps as b-extension: Goth. hrps clamor, O.H.G. ruof shout, call, O.S. O.E.
hrpan, O.H.G. (h)ruofan call, shout, cry, O.H.G. (h)ruoft, M.H.G. geruefte, geruofte n.
shout, call, scream , M.L.G. ruchte, rochte n. shout, call, scream, rumor, Ger. (from dem
N.Ger.) Gerucht;
Lith. kardas Echo, O.Lith. ap-kerdiu I verkunde, O.Pruss. kirdt hear.
References: WP. I 353 f.
Page(s): 530-531
Page 1451
hearde, O.H.G. harto, M.L.G. harde very, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in
particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably (compare Gk. ), Proto-Gmc. *harufrom IE *kar-tu-; due to an IE extension *kre-t-, *krt- Eol. (Gramm.) , next to which
with dem vocalism of adj. Att. , ep. Ion. strength, power , Hom.
strong Komparat. Ion. , Att., superl. , ep. , adv.
strong, , strong, tight, firm, violent (etc.); remains far off O.Ind. krtu-,
Av. xratu geistige power .
Page 1452
craic (Ir. craig) f. ds., gen. creca, derive alle from dem Brit., also M.Ir. crach rough
(=scabbed); to O.Welsh carrecc, Welsh carreg f. stone, rocks (*karriku), Bret. karreg,
Corn. carrek ds., compare Welsh carrog stream, brook (*karruku), eig. steinbach = M.Ir.
carrach scabbed and Gallo-Rom. *cracos stone (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v), O.Welsh creik,
Welsh craig f. (*krak) rocks, Bret. krag sandstein, Welsh crach scurf = Bret. (Vannes)
krah small hill, cusp, peak (*krak-, *krakk-, perhaps through metathesis from *kar-k-) etc.
basic forms are vorIE*karr- or IE *(s)kr-s- (ergbe Celt. carr-), respectively *kar-k-; also
zweidentig Ital.-veneziO.N. (Ven.) scaranto, caranto steiniger Bergbach and Ven. PN
karko Holzsto, Stapel, harkko clump, heap), perhaps also to O.Ir. Welsh Bret. corn
steinhugel, Steingrab, and O.H.G. hart Bergwald, O.E. hara, -e ds.; barely here as
Waldbewohner the altGmc. VN , Harudes, O.E. Hreas, O.Ice. Hordar; rather
to O.Ir. caur, cur Held (*karut-s).
References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ.
48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.
Page(s): 531-532
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1453
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scherren intense Verb scratch, scrape, scrape, Intensivbildung *skarzn in Nor. skarra
einen scharrenden sound bring forth, M.L.G. M.H.G. scharren scratch, scrape, scratch,
Swe. skorra, M.L.G. schurren einen scharrenden sound give.
Maybe Alb. (*schurren) shkurre thorny bush
Der root vowel is a; the Intonationsunterschied between Lith. and Slav. bleibt still to
define.
References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.
Page(s): 532-533
Page 1455
kat-1
English meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net
Deutsche bersetzung: flechtend zusammendrehen, to Ketten, Stricken, Hurdengeflecht
Material: Lat. catna chain (*cates-nu), cassis, -is Jgergarn, net (because of catna
rather = *kat-s-is as *kat-ti-s; perhaps also casa primitive cottage (originally from leichtem
netting; probably dial. from *catiu, as Osc. Bansae from Bantiae);
perhaps here caterva f. heap, troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe (*kates-ouu), Umbr.
Page 1456
kat-2
English meaning: to bear young; animal cub
Deutsche bersetzung: Junge werfen; Tier junges
Material: Lat. catulus a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp.
young dog or cat], Umbr. katel, gen. katles catulus;
Maybe Alb. kotele young cat [common Alb. a > o shift] Also [OE catt masc. (= ON kottr),
catte fem. (= OFris., MDu. katte, Du. kat, OHG kazza, G katze), reinforced in ME by AN,
ONFr. cat var. of (O)Fr. chat f. late L cattus.] from there Pol. kot cat, Gmc. Kater tomcat.
Again Alb. kotem rest (like a cat)
O.Ice. hana f. young goat, M.H.G. hatele, Ger.-Swiss hatle goat;
Slav. kotiti se (Russ. kottsja etc.) Junge throw, dial. ktka lamb, Ser.-Cr. kot
brood, Pol. wy-kot young goat, kid etc. (see Berneker 589 f.).
References: WT. I 338 f., WH. I 183.
Page(s): 534
Page 1457
Page 1458
Page 1459
Page 1460
Page 1461
Page 1462
Page 1463
Page 1464
Page 1465
kl-3 (kl-?)
English meaning: prison
Deutsche bersetzung: Gefngnis, gefangen (sein)?
Material: O.Ind. kuru jail ; Lith. kaliu, kaleti in jail sit, kaline, kalejimas jail , kalinys
captive.
References: WP. I 356.
Page(s): 524
Page 1466
Page 1467
Root kupho- or kpho- : hoof, *claw, nail derived from Root keub- : thorn
Material: O.Ind. saph- m. hoof, claw, nail , Av. safa- m. hoof of Pferdes;
O.Ice. hfr, O.E. hf, O.H.G. huof hoof.
Maybe Alb. (*suha-) thua (*hoof, claw) nail , thundra hoof (*claw, nail) common Alb. s- >
Page 1468
supta- m. washed ashore reed under likewise; Lith. apai verstreute Halme, Ruckstand,
den eine inundation auf den Feldern zurucklt, apas Halm, straw, bough.
References: WP. I 345, Specht IE Decl. 27.
Page(s): 529
Page 1469
kopsht garden.
References: WP. I 345, Specht IE Decl. 27, the here O.H.G. habaro etc. Hafer stellen
wIllyr.
See also: S. under under kapro-.
Page(s): 529
Page 1470
Page 1471
ku()l : kl
English meaning: abscess, boil
Deutsche bersetzung: Geschwulst; especially Leibschaden, Leistenbruch
Material: Gk. Ion. , Att. swelling, lump, growth, esp. Leibschaden,
hernia underlikewise; . Hes., Hes. (vokalisch very
difficult, hard; Ion. from *F--, Att. ach. -, - from F--?);
O.N. haull, O.E. hala, O.H.G. hla f. hernia (*kuu[]lu, at most *ku[]lu);
zero grade Church Slavic kyla ds.; Russ. kil ds.; knag am tree, Serb. kila ds.; Lith.
dial. kule f. hunch, outgrowth, knag.
References: WP. I 333, Trautmann 144.
Page(s): 536-537
Page 1472
*caud after den viel frequent compound; compare) caudex, cdex tree truck, clot, chunk;
to Schreibtafeln cloven Holz, Notizbuch, cdicillus scheitholz, caudica from a tree truck
made barge, incs, -dis f. Ambo; Toch. A kot-, kaut- split;
O.H.G. houwan (ho), O.E. hawan (how), O.Ice. hoggua (hi) hew, hit (blow) (in
addition as to Hauendes Goth. etc. hawi hay);
Lith. kuju, kviau, kuti (*kuui ) hit, schmieden; fight, kov fight, struggle, Ltv. nu-
kaut slay, kill, kava blow, knock, layer (*ku-), Lith. kujis hammer = O.Pruss. cugis ds.
(O.Bulg. kyj ds.; Lith. kugis is reshaped from kujis after kugis haycock, haystack );
O.Bulg. kovo (later Church Slavic kujo) kovati schmieden (= O.H.G. houwu), Serb.
kujm (dial. kvm) kvati schmieden, prgen; (a horse) beschlagen, Church Slavic kyj
hammer (*k-io-), Russ. kuzn schmiedearbeit, zero grade O.Bulg. kzn artifice
(Rnke schmieden) etc.; Toch. A ko-, kau- slay.
Maybe Alb. pod-kua horseshoe [literally pod = under + kua = horseshoe]
References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.
Page(s): 535
Page 1473
Material: O.Ind. kuuti shouts, howls, Intens. kkyate schreit, sounds, seufzt (Gramm.),
hiuweln, hiulen howl, cry, M.L.G. hlen, M.Eng. hlen, Eng. howl;
Lith. (see above) kaukiu, kaukti, Ltv. kukt howl, from Hunden or Wlfen, Lith. sukukti
ds., aufheulen, kaukale a kind of Wasservogel, Ltv. kauka whirlwind;
Lith. kvas m. jackdaw, kva f. saatkrhe (*kuuu = Pol. kawa);
Russ. kvka frog, dial. jackdaw, kvat stark cough, Clr. (etc.) kvka jackdaw,
kavaty screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ; ablaut. (*ku-) Bulg. avka,
Serb. avka, Cz. avka jackdaw; O.C.S. kuja-jo, -ti murmur; Russ. kukat murmur,
mucksen, Serb. kukati lament etc.
Page 1474
avka jackdaw
With -b-, -b(h)o-: O.Ind. kukkubha- m. wild rooster, cock, pheasant, Gk.
Vogelart (late, kaumecht Gk.); onomatopoeic words are: probably Nachteule
(besides , (out of it Lat.cicuma), ds., deren scream), Lat.
cucubi, -re of scream the Nachteule (Thomas Stud. 39 nimmt Hiat fullendes b an); also
die b(h)-suffixe the vorgenannten could so aufgekommen sein.
With -g-: O.Ind. kjati growls, brummt, murmelt; Nor. hauke johlen, call, shout, cry.
Maybe Alb. kujit growl
With -p-: Goth. hiufan lament, O.N. hjfra ds., O.E. hofan ds., O.S. hiovan,
O.H.G.hiofan, hioban ds.
With -r-: O.Ind. ckra- m. a kind of partridge, game bird ; Lat. caurre cry, of
brunstigen Panther; O.C.S. kur rooster, cock, Church Slavic kurica hen;
With anlaut. palatal:
O.Ind. suka- m. parrot; Arm. sag goose (*kauu) = O.C.S. sova owl (: Celt.
cavannus); Lith. aukiu, aukti cry, loud call, shout, cry, name; Russ. sy Zwergeule,
Sperlingseule, Cz. suc owl (*kk-ti-); doubtful O.C.S. um noise (*ku-mo-s?
Brugmann II2 1, 247).
Maybe Alb. zhurma noise
compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (here about the neologism O.H.G. kaha jackdaw
etc.; compare Lith. kvas etc. ds.).
References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.
Page(s): 535-536
Page 1475
akue);
-mo-stem O.Ind. kuma- m. Begehren, wish, love, Av. O.Pers. kuma- m. desire, wish;
kum- in O.Ind. kumayati, particle perf. Med. cakamuna-; kamra- reizend, beautiful,
kamana- begierig, lascivious ; Lith. kamaros Geilheit and Ltv. kmt starve.
ro-stem: Lat. curus lieb, wert, teuer (also of Preise); Goth. hors (*hra-) Ehebrecher,
Hurer, O.Ice. hrr ds., hr n. Buhlerei, Unzucht, O.E. hr n. ds., O.H.G. huor n. ds.,
O.H.G. huora (and huorra from *hrin-) Hure, O.E. hre, O.Ice. hra- (*hrn-) ds.; Ltv.
carae friend; Welsh Corn. Bret. car friend (*k-runt-s), Welsh caraf I love; about
(Gaul.?) caris(s)a s. WH. I 169; Toch. acc. sg. A krant, krent good (= Celt. carant-).
Beruht ar. kan- (O.Ind. perf. cukana, Aor. akunisam, Av. akana), can- (O.Ind. canistm;
O.Ind. cnas- n. Gefallen, Befriedigung, Av. anah-, inah- desire, Heischen) befriedigt
sein, Gefallen finden, Av. inman- n. Begehren, Trachten auf a IE -(e)nes-stem k-e-nes-?
The forms cani-, kani- can also secondary sein as kami-syate, -tar- besides kuma- (if
Stokes KZ. 40, 246 with right M.Ir. cin, gen. cena love, affection as *kenu- vergliche, wre
Page 1476
Page 1477
k, ke, kom
English meaning: a kind of particle (all right?)
Deutsche bersetzung: Partikel, perhaps etwa probably!
Material: O.Ind. km behind Dativen from Personen (as dat. commodi; so also once Av.
kam) and from Abstrakten (as finaler dative), also beim Imper., after the particles nu, su, h,
and in indik. Hauptstzen;
O.C.S. k(n) with dat. to.
Nasallos Gk. , ( kann have) perhaps probably, Modalpartikel,
Slav. -ka (-ko, -ku, -ki, -k, -e, -i, -u), Anhngepartikel esp. by Pron., beim Imper. and by
adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and nominal compound (e.g. Russ. k-
Page 1478
aditi ruig become (etc., s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps O.Pruss. accodis (*at-codis)
Rauchloch, through das the Rauch herauszieht;
as Rucherhlzer are anzureihen (?):
Gk. juniper; later: Pinus cedrus, Wacholderbeere; fruit the cedar ; Lith.
Page 1479
keg-, keng- and kek-, kenkEnglish meaning: hook, grappling hook. handle
Deutsche bersetzung: Pflock zum Aufhngen, Haken, Henkel; also spitz sein
Note: compare das similar kak-, kank-; and kenk-, konk-
huggo hook, O.E. hc m. hook, M.L.G. hok, huk m. angle, point, edge, foreland,
promontory , O.Ice. hkja f. (*hkin-) crutch , hkill m. Hinterbug; with intensive
Gemination: O.E. haccian hacken, M.L.G., M.H.G. hacken ds., and die j-verbs: O.E.
ofhccan amputare, O.H.G. hecchen bite, prick, M.H.G. hecken hew, hit, prick;
nasalized M.L.G. hank Henkel (out of it O.Ice. honk m., hanki f. Henkel), Dutch honk,
E.Fris. hunk picket, pole, Pfosten;
Gmc. *hakil f. Hechel (from den gekrummten Eisenzhnen) in: aschs. hekilon
hecheln, Eng. hatchel, M.H.G. hechel Hechel, Nor. hekla Hechel, Stoppel;
Gmc. *hakuda- m. Hecht (after den spitzen teeth) in O.E. hacod; *hakida in O.E. hacid
m., O.H.G. hachit, hechit, M.L.G. heket Hecht;
Lith. knge f. hook, Klinke;
Slav. *kogt m. in Russ. kgot claw, nail, crooked Eisenspitze, O.Sor. kocht thorn,
sting, prick (: Gmc. *hakuda-);
perhaps here, as auf einen hook hinaufhngen, as with a hook scratch, scrape, stir,
tease, irritate: Bulg. k, k(u)vam erhebe, erhhe, hnge, za-k, -kam hnge,
catch, necke, Serb. zkaiti anhaken, Sloven. kiti banter, anger (Berneker 465 f.).
Page 1480
Page 1481
Material: Welsh cwyddo, di-gwyddo fall, sich ereignen, cwydd fall, Bret. koezaff fall, di-
hitta find, M.Eng. (from dem Nord.) hittan auf etwas treffen, find, Eng. hit (originally auf
etwas fall, verfallen?).
References: WP. I 364.
Page(s): 542
Page 1482
Page 1483
Page 1484
sesks ds. Is Balt s- through progress. Assim. from *kekas to define, whereas die
Nachholung of in anlaut verdrngten k- in ending the 1. syllable through den anlaut k- the 2.
syllable verhindert wurde? Different about Lith. eka W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630.
References: WP. I 381.
Page(s): 543
Page 1485
Page 1486
us (*holum) mountain in Northern Greece, home of the gods [common Illyr. Alb. m > mp
phonetic mutatIon.]
Lith. keliu, klti (heavy basis) heave, life, emporheben, bear, carry, ubers Wasser
befrdern, Ltv. celt heave, life, Lith. ikeltas .convex, elevated, klnas, Ltv. kalns
mountain, compare Lith. kalv f. small hill, Ltv. kalva hill, Fluinsel; in addition Lith. klti
sich erheben, aufsetigen, ikilus high, kilme f. lineage, gender, sex, kltis and kilts f.,
Ltv. cilts f. gender, sex; Ltv. kala f. Hebel; Lith. klnas m. Fhre, barge, Lith. klta f.,
Page 1487
Page 1488
kel-2
English meaning: to stick; sting
Deutsche bersetzung: stechen
Material: O.Ind. katamb- m. Pfeil (*kol-to-);
M.Ir. cuilenn, Welsh celyn, Corn. kelin, m. Bret. quelenn stechpalme, Musedorn,
Walddistel (Celt. *kolino-);
O.H.G. hulis, huls ds., Ger. Hulst, M.Du. M.L.G. huls ds. (Dutch hulst), O.E. hole(g)n,
Eng. holly and holm-oak, M.Eng. also hulvir, O.N. hulfr ds.;
O.C.S. klas Ahre (die Stechende), Russ. klos = Alb. kall ds., kasht (*kallsht), Jokl
IF. 36, 124, straw, chaff (-s-forms then as in huls);
Alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) r-kuall thistle (*pr-kl Durchstich, sting, prick).
g(h)-extension in M.Ir. colg sword, awn the barley, sting, prick, O.Welsh colginn
aristam, Welsh cola awn, col cusp, peak, awn, colyn sting, prick, cal, cala, caly
penis, Bret. kalch ds. Auf Grund keltischer forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer
KZ. 38, 100f. also eine equal meaning root kel- stecken, dig an: Welsh palu dig, pal,
Corn. Bret. pal spade (from Lat. pula? certainly doubtful because of ligur. pala grave,
Welsh paladr hastile, also balk, beam, ray).
Page 1489
Page 1490
gestutztem
Schwanze,
verstummle,
hindere;
zuchtige,
incolumis unversehrt; further from *kel-n : percell, -culi schlage to Boden, shatter, se
Page 1491
procellere sich hinwerfen, procella f. heftiger storm, recell schnelle back; not *kel-d
because of Gaul. GN Su-cellus good Schlger;
O.Ir. clur etc. see above S. 545;
Lith. kalu, klti, Ltv. kalu, kalu, kalt hit, schmieden, Lith. pkalas sensenkeil, pre-,
prei-klas Ambos, O.Pruss. kalo-peilis Hackmesser, Lith. kltas chisel, O.Pruss. calte
Mark (Munze), i.e. geschlagenes = geprgtes Geld, Lith. klvis smith , causative Lith.
kldinti schmieden (lassen), Ltv. kaldt ds.; Lith. kuliu, kulti dreschen, Ltv. kulu, kulu, kult
hit, thrash, dreschen; Lith. klmas stump , kann also geschnitten, split sein;
O.Bulg. etc. koljo klati prick, schlachten (O.Bulg. also sacrifice), Russ. kolt prick,
schlachten; split, hacken; O.Bulg. kol peg, plug, Russ. ko, gen. ko shaft, pole,
picket, pole, ablaut.*kl in Clr. ko (gen. ka) Eckzahn, Hauzahn, Sloven. kl (gen. kl);
Cz. klanice shaft, pole, Pol. konica seitenholz am cart (auf participle *kolno- to klati
being based on); Serb. klto kind of neck yoke for Schweine, Cz. klt stump, clot, chunk,
club, cudgel (= Lith. kltas see above); Church Slavic pro-kleju, -kleti germinate, Russ.
(etc.) klin wedge (formation as mlin to meljo); doubtful Slav.*kolt-jo, -iti in O.Bulg. klato,
klatiti move, shake, bump, poke, Russ. kolou, kolott hit, knock; chatter etc.; whether in
addition zero grade r. kolttsja sich bewegen, wobble, sway?
claza dig, M.Ir. clad, Welsh cladd ditch, trench, channel; lengthened grade Welsh
clawdd, Corn. claud ditch, trench, channel, Bret. kleuz ditch, trench, channel, hedge
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Page 1492
*kladios), Ir. claideb is Lw. from dem Welsh, Lat. gladius from dem Celt.;
M.Ir. caill (gen. caille) wood, forest, Welsh celli wood, forest, Corn. kelli nemus (Celt.
*kald);
O.Ir. Welsh coll, Bret. koll ruin, damage; M.Ir. cellach war, fight and die with it related
O.Ice. hildr f. fight, struggle, Kampfgttin, O.S. O.E. hild fight, struggle, war, fight, O.H.G.
hiltia, hilta fight, struggle have IE -dh- and probably hit, dreinhauen as basic meaning;
Goth. halts, O.Ice. haltr, O.E. healt, O.H.G. halz lame (= O.Ir. coll; basic meaning
broken ), perhaps at first from gebrochenen Gliedmaen;
O.Ice. O.E. holt, O.H.G. holz wood, wood, forest (= ), in addition O.Ice. hjalt n.
the hilt of a sword , O.E. hilt f. ds., O.H.G. helza the hilt of a sword, Heft, O.S. helta
Handgriff am rudder ;
O.Bulg. klada balk, beam, Block, Russ. kolda HoIzblock, clot, chunk, tree truck, from
a stem abgehauenes Stuck etc.; Church Slavic kladivo hammer (Proto-Slav. *klud-: Lat.
cluds).
Labial extension:
Page 1493
Material: I. O.Ind. kalaka- m. Fleck, Rost, kalana- n. Fleck, smut, klusa- dirty, filthy,
black, kalmasa- m. Fleck, smut, kalmusa- varicolored, dappled ; with formants -ko-:
karka- white, m. mildew , kark vasu weie cow, karku weie mare (Persson Beitr.
169), kalk- m. ordure, filth , cusa- m. the blaue Holzhher (*kel-so-);
Pers. arma mildew , kurd. erme white (: Swiss helm);
Gk. black, gray, donkey and Zikade (vowel as in
besides ; -- from --?); very probably (*kolu-mbhos) aquanaut
(Vogelart), whereof tauche, from the dunklen Farbe genannt; here also Bachstelze Hes.;
Lat. columba f., -us m. dove(r) from *kol-on-bho- or *kolu-mbho-, then identical with
; to -mb- from -mbh- s. Schwyzer Gk. I 333;
Ger. Swiss helm weier Fleck beim Vieh auf the forehead, helme name a Kuh with
weigeflecktem Kopf, Swe. dial. hjlm blssiger ox or blssiges horse (compare to mforms O.Ind. kalmasa-); probably M.H.G. hilwe f. fine fog, bO.Ir. gehilb fog, Herdrauch (-
w- in relationship to u from O.Ind. klusa-h), wherefore O.H.G. huliwa uligo, sordes limi
velaquae, M.H.G. hulwe puddle, slop, pool, Sumpflache in ablaut steht;
here (from den schwarzen Beeren) also O.H.G. holuntar, holantar elder, O.S. hylle ds.;
s. Berneker 473 m. Lith., the also for Russ. kalna Viburnum opulus affiliation to kal (see
under) considers.
Page 1494
Page 1495
kel-5
English meaning: to drive, force to move quickly
Deutsche bersetzung: treiben, to schneller Bewegung antreiben
Material: O.Ind. kulayati treibt, carries, nimmt wahr, hlt;
Alb.Gheg qil, Sicil. qel bring, bear, shqilts rennet, i.e. co-agulum, probably also kal
stifte, stelle an (Jokl IF. 30, 198);
Gk. drive (das ship ans Land); lande (present only by Gramm. and in -
trans. drive das ship ans Land; strande, scheitere; otherwise only Aor. Fut. ,
), , - rusher, racer (horse); schnellsegelndes ship; intense
movement, vor sich her drive, push (compare -, -; Boisacq s. v. m.
Lith.); perhaps (Persson Beitr. 179) und, kind of Tanz Hes.;
Lat. celer quick, fast, rash, hasty (as ), celeber, -bris, -bre betrieben, befahren
(via), animated (locus, oppidum), frequent, often, gefeiert (*kele-dhlo-, -dhli-);
as t-present Goth. haldan Vieh weiden (to a-voc. s. Brugmann IF. 32, 181), O.H.G.
haltan beware, guard, hold, stop, O.S. haldan, O.E. healdan, O.Ice. halda, O.S. halla
(*halan) hold, stop, M.L.G. hilde, hille rash, hasty, keen, eager.
References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;
See also: probably identical with kel-6; s. also keleu- wander .
Page(s): 548
Page 1496
septem, calo, Iuno Covella gestanden habe and da calendae the erste day of Monats
from this Ausrufen benannt sei, is probably (Salonius Z. rm. dat. 1 ff.);
Lat. cal, -ure Ausrufen, Zusamenrufen (: Ltv. kalut), calutor Rufer, Ausrufer,
nmen-clator Namennenner (from nmen calure back formation), calubra (curia) die zum
Ausrufen the Kalenderdaten bestimmte Kurie, perhaps concilium Zusamenkunft,
congregation, meeting, association from Dingen, geschlechtliche connection (*cn-caliom),
con-ciliure unite, connect, gain etc., clum, -ure call, shout, cry (compare O.H.G. hlamn
etc.), clumor scream, clurus lauttnend, fernhin schallend; illustrious; clear, bright, Umbr.
Page 1497
anglar nom. pl., anglaf acc. pl. oscines (*an-klu avis inclamans); Lat. classis Aufgebot:
Heer, fleet; Klasse, dividing off, partitioning off (*klad-ti-: ?);
O.Ir. cailech, ogam gen. caliuc, Welsh ceiliog, Corn. chelioc rooster, cock (*kaljukos);
O.E. hlwan rugire, boare, O.H.G. (h)lian, (h)luoen, M.H.G. luejen roar, bellow; O.E.
hltan grunt; O.H.G. hluoticla latratus; with lengthened grade the ersten syllable O.H.G.
hel loud, tnend (Ger. hell gleaming), hllan resonate, M.H.G. hal echo, clangor ,
O.N. hjala babble, chatter , hjal n. gossip, hjaldr Gesprch, Kampfgetse, fight,
struggle; O.Fris. halia herbeiholen, heimfuhren, take, O.E. geholian bekommen, aschs.
haln berufen, herbeibringen, O.H.G. haln and ablaut. holn, holn call, shout, cry, get,
fetch, N.Ger. halen pull, drag.
Ltv. kalut babble, chatter (kalada clamor, din, fuss, noise is Russ. Lw.), Lith. kalb
language, O.Pruss. kaltzu, kelsui sie lauten (Lith. *kalsti); redupl. Lith. kakalas
(*kalkalas) bell, O.C.S. klakol, Russ. klokol bell, koloklit luten, clink; babble,
klatschen, Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 115.
Hitt. a-ra-a kal-li-i-ta (saru kallesta) rief (lockte) herauf.
extension *k(e)lem- (compare Lat. clu-m-ure): O.Ind. krndati shouts, howls, bellow,
roar, wiehert (*klem-d-?); O.E. hlimman, hlymman ring, sound, clink, sough, rustle, roar,
bellow, hlimme reiender stream, hlemm (*hlammi) clangor , O.H.G. (h)limmen drone,
grumble, howl, O.N. hlymja clink, crack, creak, rant, roister, O.H.G. hlamn sough,
rustle, bawl, blaster;
*k(e)len- in O.E. hlyn(n) clangor, din, fuss, noise, reiender stream, hlynnan, hlynian
hallen, hlynsian ds., hlynrian thunder , gehlyn, aschs. gihlunn Getse;
Similar to skel-, (s)kel- (s-Dublette besides kel-):
1. skel-: O.Ice. skjalla st. V. sound, clink, loud hit = O.E. sciellan sound, sound, clink,
O.H.G. scellan sound, clink, ring, rant, roister, Ger. verschollen verklungen ; Kaus.-Iter.
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Page 1498
clangor, row; O.Ice. skjallr lauttnend = O.E. sciell, Dutch schel widerhallend, schrill;
O.H.G. scella bell; with einfachem l (das -ll- the vorgenannten based on auf a n-present
klush zusammengehren.
References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.;
See also: probably identical with kel-5.
Page(s): 548-550
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1499
Page 1500
Material: O.Ind. kalsa-h m. pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl (*koleko-, -oko-);
Gk. , - goblet (*keli-k);
= Lat. calix, -icis m. deep bowl, goblet, Kelch (from calix derives O.H.G. chelih, Ger.
Page 1501
kel-7
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden; schuldig sein; austrocknen; biegen
See also: see under (s)kelPage(s): 551
Page 1502
Page 1503
Page 1504
Page 1505
Page 1506
kem-1
English meaning: to press, squeeze
Deutsche bersetzung: zusammendrucken, -pressen, hindern
Material: Arm. kamel to press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow;
O.N. hemja (hamda) curb, restrain, hemen, hemill Beinfessel, hamla f. Ruderband,
M.H.G. hemmen and hamen hinder, hemmen, sal-frnk. chamian clamp, press, O.Fris.
hemma hinder, Ger. dial. ham, hamen Kummet (compare das maybe from a Goth.
*hamands hemmend borrowed Slav. *chomot, Russ. etc. chomut Kummet); M.L.G.
ham, O.E. hamm eingefriedigtes Stuck Land, N.Ger. hamme umzuntes field, O.E. Eng.
hem(m) edge, hem, Eng. to hem (in) to hem, gird, border, umgeben;
O.N. hafna aufgeben, ablassen from (*gehemmt sein), causative hefna rchen; with
labial M.Eng. hamperen, Eng. to hamper hinder, belstigen (: O.Pruss. kmpinna
hindert, kumpint verrucken);
Bal.-Slav. *kama- m. clump in Ltv. kams m. clump, in addition Lith. kamuoti
zusamenpressen, stuff , kmanos lederner bridle, rein, kemuras grape, kamenas m.
stem, Ltv. kamuot torment, smite, plague, Lith. kamuolys, Ltv. kamuolis ball, tangle,
knot ; ablaut. Ltv. cemu(o)rs m. grape, extended Lith.kemu, kimti stuff , Ltv. kemsu,
*main Serb. ama Langeweile, amati with displeasure wait, hold on; O.C.S. est
dense (= Lith. kimtas gestopft).
Page 1507
Page 1508
kem-2
English meaning: to buzz
Deutsche bersetzung: summen
Material: O.Ind. camara- m. bos grunniens;
M.H.G. Ger. hummen, Ger. hummeln, Du. hommelen buzz, M.Eng. hummen, Eng. hum
ds., Nor. humre leise neigh ; in addition originally probably also O.H.G. humbal, M.H.G.
humbel, hummel m. bumblebee, M.L.G. hummel f., Eng. humble-b, Nor. dial. humla f.
ds.;
Lith. kmstu, kmti hoarse become, kminti die voice dull machen, kimus hoarse,
dumpflautend, kamne Erdbiene, kamne Feldbiene, Ltv. kamines f. pl. Erdbienen,
Hummeln, O.Pruss. camus bumblebee;
Slav. *mel (ablaut equally with Hummel) in Russ. dial. mel etc., bumblebee,
Erdbiene; Church Slavic Russ. komr etc. mosquito (ablaut equally with Lith. kamne).
References: WP. I 389, Trautmann 115 f.
Page(s): 556
Page 1509
Page 1510
kenk-1
English meaning: to bind, girdle
Deutsche bersetzung: gurten, umbinden, anbinden
Material: O.Ind. kcat (Dhatup.) binds, kacuka- m. Panzer, Wams, Mieder, kunc f.
belt, girdle;
Gk. Gitter (to from s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), n. pl. Mauern (*knk-),
-() Holz zum Festlegen the Fue;
Lat. cing, -ere gurten, gurtelartig umgeben, Umbr. sihitu cinctos, perhaps also
Page 1511
kenk-2
English meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen (drren), weh tun; also especially von brennendem Durst
and Hunger
Material: O.Ind. kuksati begehrt (burning verlangen), kkat (Dhatup.) durstet;
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Gk. (after Aor. * entstand ein neues present *, compare:)
Hes., Hom. () very brennend,
arid, , Hes., Hes.;
; ; Hes. (in the ending vermutete Schulze Kl. Schr.
329 *aidh- burn);
Goth. hhrus, with gramm. variation O.N. hungr, O.E. hungor, O.H.G. hungar (*knkru-)
hunger (= Gk. -); ablaut. O.N. hu plague, torment, smite (*hanhn);
Lith. kank pain, agony, kanknti afflict , kekti harm.
References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann nom. postverb. 42.
Page(s): 565
Page 1512
kenk-3
English meaning: knee-cup, heel
Deutsche bersetzung: Kniekehle or Ferse
Material: O.Ind. kakula- m. n. bone, Gerippe;
O.N. hu (*hanha-) in hu-mt m. sprunggelenk, Fersengelenk, hu-sin f. Kniesehne of
Hinterbeins by animals, Fersensehne beim people, O.E. hh-sinu f., O.Fris. h-sene
Fersensehne, O.E. hh calcaneus (*hanha-), O.N. hll calcaneus (*hanhila-), O.E.
hla m. calcaneus ;
Lith. kenkle popliteus , knka ds., Hachse, Ltv. cinksla sinew in the knee-bend .
References: WP. I 401.
Page(s): 566
Page 1513
ken-1
English meaning: to press, pinch, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: as basis for extensions the meaning zusamendrucken, kneifen,
zusamenknicken; Zusamengedrucktes, Geballtes
Note:
Root ken-1 : to press, pinch, etc. derived from Root gen- : to pinch, pluck, press, etc..
Note: meaning-Umfang as by gen-.
ckes nape, acme, apex , bO.Ir. nacken bone, changing through ablaut O.E. hnecca
nape, Hinterkopf, M.L.G. necke ds., M.H.G. genicke Genick; with the meaning knicken
here Ice. hnakki Anker, Nor. nakke small eiserner hook, nkia crook, bend, M.Eng.
nk, Eng. nook angle, point, edge (O.Ice. hnekkja zurucktreiben, hemmen, actually to
press together ?).
knes- perhaps in O.H.G. hnel, M.H.G. nel(le) cusp, peak, acme, apex, Scheitel, O.H.G.
hnol acme, apex , O.E. hnoll scheitel (*hnezl-, hnuzl-?) and Ltv. knese club, cudgel.
A i-basis in kneigh-, knei-b- incline ? (see there).
knoen Nu, Gaul. *knouu; derived M.Ir. cnuas Nusse; harvest; with d-suffix O.Ice. hnot,
O.E. hnutu, O.H.G. (h)nuz Nu; with k-suffix Lat. nux, -cis Nu (Nu also actually
pellet, globule, clots ); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
Page 1514
kneu-d-: Nor. nut knag in wood, mountaintop, mountain peak, summit , O.Ice. hntr m.,
hnta f. swelling, lump, growth, ankle, Swiss nossen m. Felszacke, protrusion.
kneu-g-, -k-:
O.Ir. cnocc, Ir. cnoc (*knukkos), Welsh cnwch (and as Lw. from dem Ir. also cnwc)
(ablaut.cnuch joint, coitus), O.Bret. cnoch tumulus;
O.Ice. hnka sich zusammenkrummen, hnokinn writhed, crooked, humped , hnykill
swelling, lump, growth, knot, Nor. nykkja bend, crook (e.g. einen Eisennagel);
hervorragen, Mod.Ice. hnjkr, hnkr round mountain top , Nor. dial. nykkla n. ball,
tangle, knot , Mod.Ice. hnokki m., Nor. nokka f. small Eisenhaken, O.E. hnocc penis
(Eng. nock incision is Swe. Lw.), M.Du. nocke incision in a arrowhead , N.Ger. nock,
nocke hervorstehendes end from etwas, O.E. ge(*h)nycned gerunzelt, Ger. dial. nock,
nocken small hill; Mehlklo (also O.Ice. hnykkia an sich reien, perhaps from to press
together ?); besides nock steht Ger. dial. knock hill (also in ganzen ubrigen Gmc.
Sprachraum), das above S. 372 Withte to erwhnen gewesen wre (compare also
O.N.knjkr, knykill besides hnjkr, hnykill), but also secondary Gmc. neologism to nock sein
could, and das kn- perhaps from words, as Knollen, Knopf, Knorren, KNOTE n, Knuppel
etc. bezogen have kann; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;
compare Ltv. knaukis toddler; transom am langen Sensenstiel and Gk.
, Hes.; Toch. A kuk Genick.
Page 1515
bead;
lip;
torus;
wreath;
roll;
bulb of
Page 1516
Root ken-2, ken-, keni-, kenu- : to rub, scrape off; ashes must have come from zero
grade of an extended Root us-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)- : to burn into usk-en with the suffix
-en. This assumption is proved by Alb.Gheg (*askini) hini ash [common Alb. ski- > hiphonetic mutation].
ablaut. with Lat. cinis, -eris f. m. ash (from *cenis), Dimin. cinis-culus (, cinis are
probably originally ein neutr. is-stem gewesen, and have erst einzelsprachlich because of
nom. auf -is Geschlechtswechsel erlitten).
II. Schwere basis ken-, kn-: Att. , 3. sg. present , later - scrape,
scratch; itch, , , das itchiness, das Reiben, scratch;
itchiness, Abschabsel, schabmesser, rasper and backbone,
spine and Brennessel; Att. demon of Geschlechtstriebes (auf ein ar. *knuthsame meaning will Guntert KZ. 45, 200 Av. xnaaait name a Pairika zuruckfuhren).
Page 1517
the
kusati, Serb. kusum, kusati (etc.) bite (schleiftonig as from light root form); O.Bulg. est
part (*knd-ti-); without s-extension Pol. kadek morsel, mouthful, Stuck, gobbet .
Maybe Alb. ast moment: O.C.S.: est part [f i]
2. Labial extensions:
ken-bh-, ken-bh-:
Page 1518
hnefi m. fist, sword, M.H.G. neve fist, PN O.E. Hnf, O.H.G. Hnabi; geminated O.S.
nappa nip, pinch, to pick to pieces and die j-verbs O.Ice. hneppa nip, pinch, clamp,
press, O.E. (once)hnppan hit, gegen etwas bump, poke;
remain far off though O.E. hnappian drowse , O.H.G. hnaffezen ds., Ger. dial.
knab-u, -eti schlen (Kartoffeln under likewise), knabus langfingerig, diebisch, skilful,
knabnti, knebnti (auf)picken, knimbu, -au, knbti pluck, klauben, Ltv. knibt, knibint
Iter. klauben (-ni- kann zero grade to -ne- sein); whether the consecutive words previously
from knib- gefolgerten ablaut after the i-row have or partly old Reste the i-variant kenei-bhare, is not certainly; Lith. knyburiuoti with irgendeiner Hand- or Fingerarbeit beschftigt
sein, Ltv. knib-ju, -u, -t pinch, tweak, nip , Iter. knaibt.
3. s-extension kene-s-, k(e)n-s-:
O.Ind. redupl. ki-knasa- m. parts of zerriebenen Korns, Schrot, semolina ;
Gk. , - Nesselart (probably from *[]);
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Page 1519
[h]nascn naschen (*abknipsen), tidbit genieen; Ltv. knuosti, knuost with dem bill, beak,
neb in Gefieder rupfen. compare from the i-basis kenei-s-: Lith. knisu etc., see under.
III. i-basis keni-, ken-i:
1. base of -w-stem Gk. , Lat. cinis, see above; Gk. -, -, - zerschabe,
grind, pulverize, reibe auf under likewise (seems *kni - with after -, -
bewahrtem i); in addition Gk. obscene , actually pruriens, grown from an adv.
auf - as Marsch from adv.
2. Dental extensions:
k(e)ni-d-:
Gk. (Fut. ) scrape, scratch, reiae (*), itchiness,
Sinnenkitzel, das Abgeschabte, Abgekniffene, shred, gobbet ; Brennessel;
M.Ir. cned wound (*knidu), in addition Ir. Welsh cnes skin (*knid-tu);
O.Ice. hnta (hneit) an etwas anstoen, hneita (*hnaitjan) bump, poke, beleidigen,
hnita, -aa nieten, O.E. hntan bump, poke, prick , hnitol (M.L.G. netel) stig,
cornipetus, gehnst n. Zusammensto, fight, struggle, O.S. of-hntan tear away;
Ltv. kniedt nieten (as O.Ice. hnita); Ltv. knidt itch, grovel, truckle, creep, sich
bewegen; besides from a root form auf t: Ltv. knest, 3. present kne preterit knete itch,
kniett ds.
Under the imagining of kratzenden, stechenden Geruches are anreihbar: Hom.
Opferduft, Fettdampf, fume, smoke (*--, compare Lat. lixa : liquor, Lith. tams :
O.Ind. tamas-; in die a-Decl. ubergefuhrt Att. );
Lat. ndor (*cnds) m. Bratenduft, vapor, vapor, fume, smoke;
Page 1520
npin press (Gmc. -p[p]-, compare:) O.Ice. hnippa bump, poke, stecken, hnippask
quarrel, squabble, M.Eng. nippen nip, pinch, clamp , Eng. nip, nd. Dutch nippen
nippen, Ger. bO.Ir. nipfen, nipfeln nippen; nd. nibbelen abbeien; perhaps Lith. knimbu
under likewise (see above under ken-bh-), if with old i-vocalism.
4. s-extension: Lith. knisu, knsti wuhlen, dig, Ltv. knisis, knislis small mosquito .
IV. u-basis kenu-, kneu-:
1. Gk. (F), das knarrende Reiben of Rades in the Radachse; Larm the Fue
beim Marschieren, scratch light, the scratch, light Anpochen, n.
scabies , Hes.;
O.Ice. hnggva, hnogg (and weak hnyggja) bump, poke (originally rub, scratch,
scrape) = O.H.G. hniuwan, M.H.G. niuwen zerstoen, zerquetschen (O.E. hnygelan, Plur.
Abschnitzel from *hnuvilan-?); further with the meaning penurious (compare schbig :
Page 1521
niet m. f. breit geschlagener nail, Niet, nieten nieten; O.Ice. hnyia tool zum Schlagen or
Klopfen;
Nor. dial. nuddast abgestumpft become (with s- Swe. dial. snudda gentle touch, FalkTorp under nudd); O.H.G. hnotn shake, M.H.G. notten sich hin and her bewegen,
M.Eng. nodden, Eng. nod nicken; O.Ice. hnoss f. Kleind (gehmmert), O.E. hnossian
knock. About Ltv. knudt etc. see above 1.
With t: presumably Goth. hnu, hnut , O.Ice. hnr shaft, pole, picket, pole,
Ltv. knute, knutele dunne shaft, pole (or Lw. from Ger. Knuttel?).
3. g-extensions: Gk. , , strong-smelling plant, Erigeron
viscosumL. (if -- from -- ; also -- is equally possible; zur Geruchsbed. compare above
, ndor); O.Ice. hnykr (*hnuki-) fetidness (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr, nykr ds., wobl
late Anlautswechselformen).
4. Labial extensions:
With IE b: Goth. dis-hniupan tear, dishnupnan zerrissen become, O.S. niupa nip,
pinch, O.E. u-hnopan abpflucken; with intensive consonant-Doppelung Nor. dial. nuppa
pluck, O.E. hnoppian pluck, Dan. M.L.G. noppe Wollflocke, tuft of wool, Hechelhede;
Page 1522
noppe).
5. s-extension: Ltv. knausis small mosquito (as knisis, knislis from the i-basis).
References: WP. I 392 ff., WH. I 217 f., II 166 f.
Page(s): 559-563
Page 1523
ken-3
English meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young
Deutsche bersetzung: frisch hervorkommen (perhaps actually: sprieen), entspringen,
anfangen; also von Tierjungen and Kindern
Material: O.Ind. kan na- young , compounds Sup. knyas-, knistha-, kanisth-; kanyu,
gen. pl. kan num (older n-stem) girl, Av. kaine, kain-, kainn- ds.;
Gk. neu, unerhrt;
Lat. recens fresh, young, neu, actually gerade vom origin, source, beginning; an
ancestor, the birth her;
M.Ir. cinim entspringe, ciniud gender, sex, Stam; O.Ir. cenl gender, sex, O.Welsh
cenetl, Welsh gender, sex, Nation; perhaps also O.Welsh M.Welsh cein, Welsh cain,
M.Bret. quen, O.Ir. - from dem Brit. - can beautiful (: Gk. beautiful = young ?);
genuine Ir. is cuin (*keni-) ds.;
M.Ir. cano, cana Wolfsjunges, Welsh cenau young dog or wolf (*kenu: ken-);
Gaul. Cintus, Cintugnutos (Primigenitus), O.Ir. ctne, ct- erster, Welsh etc. cyn(t)
previous, before, rather, cyntaf the erste;
burgund. hendinos king; strittig Goth. hindumists uerster, hinterster, O.H.G.
Page 1524
Page 1525
ken-4
English meaning: to strain, strive
Deutsche bersetzung: sich muhen, eifrig streben, sich sputen
Material: Gk. , , , ,
Hes., , , Hes., , Ion.
servant, Aufwrter, hurry, verlege mich auf etwas, - Dienerin;
Lat. cnor, -uri sich krperlich anstrengen, den Versuch machen;
Proto-Celt. *kun- (IE *kn-) vollbringen in M.Welsh digoni make, dichawn, digawn,
Welsh dichon, digon kann, digon sufficient , O.Welsh MN Guoccawn, M.Welsh
Page 1526
Material:
O.Ind. kanthu repaired dress ; poor. k ot anak dress, cover ;
Gk. skirt from rags, Flickpoem is Bedeutungslehnw. from the Lat .;
Lat. cent from cloth zusammengenhtes dress or cover, patch work ;
without nasal O.H.G. hadara f. Cloth, rags (*ha r , IE *kotr u), Ger. Quarrel; in
addition with l derivative M.H.G. Hadel, ablaut. Ger. dial. Hudel, of it work sloppily smudge.
Page 1527
kerd-1
English meaning: to girdle
Deutsche bersetzung: gurten
Note: only Celt. and Slav.
Material: O.Ir. fo-cridigedar accingat, cri(u)ss belt, girdle (*krd-su-), M.Ir. fo-chrus
Gurtung, Welsh crys belt, girdle, Hemd, gwregys (fur *gwe-grys from *gwo-grys) belt,
girdle, O.Corn. kreis Hemd, grugis belt, girdle, Bret. krez Hemd, gouriz belt, girdle;
Russ. eres (besides erez, das z through influence the preposition rez hat) Geldgurt,
Clr. eres lederner, wide belt, girdle, Geldkatze, Pol. trzos Geldgurt, Geldkatze;
perhaps eine extension from (s)ker- turn.
References: WP. I 423, Berneker 148.
Page(s): 579
Page 1528
kerd-2
English meaning: talent, craft; talented
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa handwerksmig geschickt, klug berechnend
Material:
Gk.
ersprielicher,
n.
profit,
the
gain,
benefit,
Verschlagenste
advantage,
(Hom.);
nutzlicher,
ersprielichst,
Page 1529
ramese, remese ds., O.H.G. ramusia, Ger. (bO.Ir.) rams ds. (Allium ursinum L.);
Lith. kermue f. wild garlic ;
Slav. *erma, *ermucha in Russ. erema, eremi ca, eremuka Brenlauch, Allium
ursinum, Pol. trzemucha ds., with Pal. Ser.-Cr. srijemus m. -a f. uud srijemu, -a kind of
wildwachsendes vegetables ; in addition die Bezeichnung of Prunus padus (likewise
strong-smelling plant);
Lith. ermuknis m. ermukle, ermukne f. rowan, mountain ash , Ltv. srmkslis
etc. ds., with other Gutturalreihe Ltv. crmauksis etc., ds.;
Russ. eremcha, erema, eremucha alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Ahlkirsche,
Prunus padus, Clr. erem-cha, -ucha ds., Sloven. rem-ha, -sa (and with palatal) srr m-a, -
Page 1530
ker()-3
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen, gluhen, heizen
Material: O.Ind. kdayuti sengt (*kr-d-, i.e. *ker-d-); nasalized kundat burns; about
kurt, frequent. kurstt, kurint heizen, O.C.S. kurjo, kuriti se smoke, kurenje
Kohlenfeuer etc.; Balt kr-, Slav. kur-, muten by this interpretation Ablautsneubildungen
to *kur from a IE reduplication-grade o sein; eine other interpretation under (s)ker- cut, clip;
Ltv. ceri Glutsteine, ceras Inbrunst, cert lieben, sehnen, hoffen; Russ. eren
salzpfanne the Salzsiedereien, Clr. eren bottom of Back- and Kochofens, Feuerherd,
Pol. trzon stove, hearth;
Lith. krtas hot, kartis heat, Ltv. karsts hot, karst erhitzen, (*kor-s-); wherefore
as stormy, hot tempered also Lith. kertas rage, fury, kerus, kerngas zornvoll, kirti
zornig become; probably to O.Ind. kusuku- burning; fire, sun and kasuku- fire, sun
(both mind. from *kruku-; compare Arm. xarem cook, burn from intensive *khrs-);
compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 375, II 164.
A cognate root form kru-s- as Feuerglanz, blaze, glow, from which partly red, partly
luminous, bright, beautiful, in O.C.S. krasa venustas, pulchritudo, Russ. kras beauty,
Page 1531
Page 1532
crepida).
Da kerp- extension from (s)ker(e)- cut, clip sei, is probably.
References: WP. I 425, WH. I 172, Trautmann 146.
Page(s): 581
Page 1533
Material: O.Ind. krs- abgemagert, hager, weak, krsyati magert ab, Av. krsa- skinny
;
Lat. cracents, leg. gracents graciles to gracilis skinny, slim, arid, dissim. from
*cracilis;
O.Ice. horr (*hurha-) Magerkeit;
Lith. kare ti, intensiv krtu, krti old become, ikaras frail before age , kre
Altersschwche, Ltv. nuo-kurst veralten, reif become;
Clr. kors ausgerodete Striche Landes, Ser.-Cr. krljav in growth zuruckgeblieben,
Sloven. kr m. shrub, bush, Cz. krs Zwergbaum, krs-ati, -nouti abate , Pol. dial. karslak
niedriger, crooked tree, firewood.
References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.
Page(s): 581
Page 1534
ker-1, kor-, krEnglish meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane
Deutsche bersetzung: schallnachahmung for heisere, rauhe Tne, solche Tierstimmen
and die sie ausstoenden Tiere
Note:
Root ker-1, kor-, kr- : a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane derived from Root
Page 1535
ysgrechf. scream from O.E. *scrc clamor; M.Ir. scrch scream from O.N. skrkr);
O.Bret. corcid, Bret. kercheiz, Welsh crychydd Reiher, Ir. corr (*kork-so-) crane ;
O.Pruss. kerko f. aquanaut (bird), Ltv. krcu, krt gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make, Lith. karkiu, karkti burr, croak, caw, gaggle,
cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker , Lith. kirkiu, kirkti screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle,
croak, yell (from the Bruthenne); Lith. krekinuos, -intis rutting, in heat sein (of swine), Ltv.
krect hoarse become; O.Pruss. kracto (lies kracco) schwarzspecht, Lith. krke ds., Lith.
kr(i)okiu, kr(i)kti rcheln, grunt (: Lat. crci etc.), kr(i)oklys waterfall, Ltv. krucu, krukt
croak, caw, schnarchen, rcheln, bawl, blaster; Lith. kurkiu, kurkti quarren, Ltv. kurcu,
kurkt quarren (: O.C.S. krknoti; changing through ablaut with Lith. kvarkti?); compare
Muhlenbach-Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1536
kreet Jagdfalke, Serb. kreka clamor the Huhner or Frsche (etc.), Cz. kr ek clamor,
O.Sor. kr ekava Eichelhher; Russ. krochl Tauchergans, Bulg. krkon raven, Serb.
krom, krkati croak, caw (etc.); R.C.S. (etc.) krau, krakati ds.; in addition slovz. krek
(*krak) m. raven.
Nasalized: O.E. hringan sound, clink, rattle, clash, clatter, Eng. to ring lauten, clink ,
O.N. hrang n. din, fuss, noise, hringia luten, Lith. krankiu, krakti croak, caw, rcheln,
krankiu, kraksti ds., Russ. krjkat crack, creak, groan, burr, croak, caw ; Toch.
kranko rooster, cock; O.Ind. krun, kruca-, kruunca m. Brachvogel.
With anl. k-: O.Ind. suri- f. ein bird, suriku die indische Elster; Arm. sareak star; Lith.
arka, O.Pruss. sarke Elster, Russ. sorka, Cz. straka, Serb. sraka Elster; besides
O.C.S. svraka, Serb. svraka ds., see under.
With anlaut. ku- : Alb. sorr (*kurnu) crow (Jokl, Ml. Pedersen 146);
O.C.S. soraka, Serb. svraka Elster.
B. Auf -g-:
O.Ind. kharjati knarrt, kharglu ein certain Nachtvogel (owl?);
Gk. krchze, , , croak, caw (of raven), cry;
Hes.;
O.N. hrkr, O.E. hrc, O.H.G. hruoh crow; N.Ger. harken, Dan. harke sich ruspern,
Swiss harchlen rcheln, O.N. hark, skark din, fuss, noise, herkir, skerkir fire
(*knisternd), O.N. harka rant, roister, N.Ger. harken scratch, scratch, scrape, harke
rake , Ger. Lw. Harke; to O.Ind. kharju- m. (uncovered) the itchiness, scratch , khrgalam. crutch (?);
O.H.G. rachisn sich ruspern, O.E. hraca m., hracu f. throat, O.H.G. rahho Rachen,
O.E. hrca m. das Ruspern; saliva, hrcan sich ruspern, spucken, O.N. hruka m.
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Page 1537
skarfr seerabe, O.E. skrf ds., O.H.G. scarba, scarva f., scarbo m. ds., Ger. Scharbe;
Bret. scrav Meervogel is Gmc. Lw.;
Ltv. krept, krpt dirty, filthy become, krept zhen mucus auswerfen (from
*ruspern), Lith. skreplnti ds., Ltv. krepalas pl., Lith. skrepliai pl. schleimauswurf, O.C.S.
kroplja, kropiti besprinkle, sprinkle etc., Russ. kropott drone, grumble, grumpy, surly,
sullen sein, sich sorgen etc.
With -b-: O.N. skrap das Rascheln, gossip, skrapa rustle, babble; Lith. skrebeti
rustle, O.C.S. skrobot noise. Nasalized Gk. Kastagnetten.
II. i-basis (s)(k)erei-:
O.Ir. scret f., Ir. scread scream from *skri-zd(h)u; compare Persson Beitr. I 348;
with s-: Bret. screo (*skriuu) kreischender Meervogel;
Page 1538
Page 1539
schraulen, Nor. skryla, ryla cry, Nor. dial. skrynia clatter, noise make, sharp clink; cough;
O.N. skraumi bawler, crier, Hanswurst; N.Fris. skrummel Getse, noise, rumor, Ger.
schrummeln thunder , O.N. skrum gossip; Lith. kriunu, -eti cough, groan, moan;
perhaps also Toch. keru drum.
2. Dental extensions:
With -d-:
O.N. hrjta roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble, O.E. hrtan schnarchen, pant,
sniff, snort, O.H.G. rzan, rzn rattle, clash, schnarchen, buzz; compare O.E. hrot m.
thick Flussigkeit, mucus, etc. under S. 537;
M.L.G. schrten schnarchen, wheeze, prusten, wfl. Schrute Truthenne, Swe. skryta
brag, boast, dial. schnarchen, Nor. dial. skryta pant, sniff, snort, prusten, skrota
(*skrutn) brag, boast (perhaps also O.N. skraut n. splendor, jewellery, skreyta adorn,
if actually brag, boast, compare Nor. skryta adorn, praise, laud, brag, boast, ryta ds.).
With IE -t-: O.N. hryja f. spucknapf, Ice. hroi saliva, Nor. dial. ryda, skryda f. mucus
in Halse.
3. guttural extensions:
With -k-: Lith. krauklys crow, kraukiu, kraukti croak, caw , ablaut. krik-iu, -ti grunt,
kruke Ghegrunze; Ltv. krauklis m. raven, kraukis saatkrhe, kraukt cough, mucus
auswerfen (of cattle); krauka f. schleimauswurf;
O.C.S. kruk raven (etc.);
Ice. hrygla rattle in the throat, M.H.G. ru(c)heln, Ger. rcheln, Nor. rugde
Waldschnepfe; in addition probably O.E. hrog nasal mucus ;
with gemination -kk-: Dan. skrukke glucksen, skrokke chat, prate, next to which older
Dan. krokke call, shout, cry, from Huhnern, M.L.G. krochen grunt; hoarse cry (of raven).
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Page 1540
Page 1541
ker-2
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden
See also: see under (s)ker- .
Page(s): 571
Page 1542
ker-4
English meaning: cherry
Deutsche bersetzung: in Worten for Kornelkirsche, Kirsche
Material: Gk. m. f. = Lat. cornus (*krnos) Kornelkirschbaum, = Lat. cornum
Kornelkirsche, Lith. *kirnas as base from Kirnis deus cerasorum; in addition probably Gk.
Kirschbaum (out of it Lat. cerasus), perhaps thrakisch-Phryg. word.
Contrariness of phonetically Ubereinstimmung remain far off the meaning because of
Lith. krna f. strauchband from Weiden, kirnis swamp, marsh, O.Pruss. kirno f. shrub,
bush, ablaut. Lith. keras hoher, verwitterter stump; Staude, kereti in die Aste schieen ,
Ltv. cers shrub, bush, knorrige Baumwurzel, O.Pruss. ker-berse Wirsenholz (perhaps
strauchbirke), with formants -ba, Lith. krba (out of it Ltv. kirba) swamp, marsh, morass;
R.C.S. krj, Russ. kor root, Cz. ker shrub, bush, o-grade O.C.S. (etc.) koren, gen. -
ene (en-stem) root; together with Russ. eren, erenok Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp a
Messers; Pfropfreis etc. (see Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker- cut, clip.
References: WP. I 411 f., WH. I 221 f., 276 f.
Page(s): 572-573
Page 1543
Page 1544
ker-5
Deutsche bersetzung: springen, drehen
See also: see under (s)ker-.
Page(s): 574
Page 1545
Page 1546
Material: O.Ind. karata- oxblood, indigo (?), kurung-, kulung- m. antelope , kirmiravaricolored, krsa- n. Auswurf, manure, kardama- m. slime, mud, smut, manure; kalkam. ordure, filth , karka- white (: M.Ir. corcach); Pers. cardeh blackish, darkish , kari,
karah smut, pehl. karic crap, muck; Gk. catarrh, Rotz, Hes.,
Hes., Hes.;
about Lat. carb burning or burnt wood see above under 3. ker-;
M.Ir. corcach f. swamp, marsh (: O.Ind. kalka-, karka-, see above);
O.H.G. horo, gen. horawes, M.H.G. hor, hurwe ordure, smut (*kr-u-); O.E. horh, gen.
horwes, O.H.G. horg dirty, filthy (*kr-k-u-o); O.Ice. horr m. nasal mucus, snot, smut;
O.E. hrot m. Rotz, O.H.G. hroz ds., aschs. hrottag snotty; O.H.G. ruoz, rouz, M.H.G.
ruoz, ruost, aschs. hrot smut; O.E. hrum m. smut, aschs. hrum, M.H.G. PN Rum-olt;
with palatal in anlaut:
Arm. sarn, gen. sarin ice, sarnum gefriere;
Ven.-Illyr. PN Carm (Steiermark, Austrian province), rtoromO.N. carmun weasel; see
under kor-men-;
Alb. thjer-m gray, per-thjerm lazuline (*ker-uo- with secondary -m); i surme ashen
(*kor-mo-); s. Jokl Mel. Pedersen 153 ff.;
O.Ice. hjarn n. frozen snow (: Arm. sarn, Slav. *sern); O.H.G. hornunc, Ger. Hornung
Februar; O.H.G. harmo m. ermine (: Ven.-Illyr. carm);
Page 1547
ir knas hoarfrost and irsnija irnyti cover itself with white frost ; Ltv. serns, serksns
m., also sersni m. Plur., sersna f. hoarfrost and serstu laiks time, da the Schnee trgt.
Note:
maybe (*hurwe) Hrv > Hrwat dark people = Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from Lith. sarma gray,
white weasel [common PIE b > w mutation].
It is interesting that the etymology of the name of the Croats (root: Hrv) is also unknown.
Some suggest that the names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots are
distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv). However, it is not known whether this is merely coincidental or
indicative of a common origin.
References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht IE Decl. 118 f., 179, 199, W.
Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1.
Page(s): 573-574
Page 1548
Material: Welsh cern mandible, lower jaw bone , Bret. kern Muhltrichter, Scheitel,
Tonsur. M.Ir. cern point, edge, angle (es lies die imagining of Knicks am mandible, lower
jaw bone vor);
Slav. *ern in: O.Bulg. renovnaja , R.C.S. renovn (zub), renovi tc
dens molaris, slovak. ren mandible, lower jaw bone etc.
After Bga RFV. 67, 234 to Ltv. ceruo-k(s)lis Backenzahn, O.Ind. carvati chew.
References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht IE Decl. 141, 169.
Page(s): 582
Page 1549
Material: O.Ind. krsn- black = O.Pruss. kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = O.Bulg. rn,
Russ. eren, Ser.-Cr. crn etc. black (*rxn, *rsn); without -no-forms Lith. kras
black and white mottled, speckled, *tabby, kre bunte cow, kris schwarzbunter ox,
kerulis Ringeltaube; kari s f. Brassen, lead (fish), kirlys m. ash; the intonation from
kras pat but not zum O.Ind.;
Note:
O.C.S.: rn black : Lithuanian: kirsnas black (of a horse) : O.Pruss.: kirsnan black :
Page 1550
Material: O.Ir. krntti dreht den Faden, spinnt, karttar- the Spinner, crtti binds, heftet
together, kata- m. netting, Matte (mind. for *krta-), probably also kut-, kut f. cottage
(*krt), kudya- n. (*krtya-) (*geflochtene) wall, puli koccha- wickerwork (O.Ind. *krtsa-);
O.Ind. krtsn- vollstndig, whole (compare Lat. crassus, Slav. *rstv);
Gk. () m. basket, Astknorren (*); with u-colored reduced
grade , Binsengeflecht, fish snaring net, cage, wickerwork ;
Alb. kjerthull circle, Garnwinde, Haspel (: M.Ir. ceirtle see under);
maybe Alb. *kjerth, kredh dive, roll in water
Lat. crutis wickerwork from Asten or Ruten , hurdle, Rost, Faschinen, cruts dentatae
Eggen, cruti, -re harrow (*kerti-, or *kruti-, compare Ltv. krtin, Lith. krtai); crassus
thick, strong, coarse; probably cartilugo gristle (probably ker[]t-, compare palma :
);
M.Ir. ceirtle f. ball, tangle, knot (*kerteliu); cert f. scrap, shred, Kleinigkeit;
Goth. haurds (*krtis) door, O.N. hur ds., O.S. hurth netting, O.H.G. hurd, pl. hurdi ds.,
Ger. Hurde = hurdle , O.E. hyrdel and (old) hyril wickerwork ;
maybe Alb. kurth trap, (net)
doubtful (*kert-s-to-, *krt-s-ti-?) O.S. harst m. wickerwork, Rost, harsta Rost; M.L.G.
harst ds., deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost (whereof M.L.G. harsten, O.H.G. hersten,
O.E. hierstan roast), Nor. dial. rust spinney, O.E. hyrst m. wood, forest, M.L.G. horst,
Page 1551
hurst shrubbery, bush, O.H.G. horst, hurst m. shrubbery, bush, Ger. Horst
Raubvogelnest;
O.Pruss. corto paddock ; nasalized (as Slav. kre[t]nati) perhaps Ltv. kretns (wre
Lith.*kretnas) proficient, valiant (if originally as much as Russ. krut, see under);
Lith. kratas steiles bank, border, shore; compare Clr. krutuj winded, upright, schroff,
krato, kratiti se torqueri, Russ. krutt turn, winden, whirl, lace, tie etc., Sloven. krotca
knot in Gespinst, Cz. krutna ds.; convolution: cradle , Pol. skretka Weidenseil;
after Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. here Toch. kerccye palace.
References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.
Page(s): 584-585
Page 1552
kes- (*ghes-)
English meaning: to scratch, itch
Deutsche bersetzung: kratzen, kmmen
Material: Gk. (zur form s. Boisacq) oakum (*kes-kes-);
M.Ir. cr f. comb (*ks-ru);
O.N. haddr m. Kopfhaar the Frau (*hazda-z); O.E. heord f. hair (*hezdu), in addition
heordan pl. oakum , Eng. hards, M.L.G. herde Flachsfaser; hde, M.L.G. hde, heide
(Dutch Ger. Hede) oakum ;
Lith. kas braid, plait, pigtail , kasau, -uti continual gelinde scratch, scrape, kasu, ksti
umgraben, Ltv. kast rake , kast scrape, scratch, rake, scratch, scrape, in addition kasa
f., kasus m. kakis m., scabies ; O.Pruss. kexti f. Zopfhaar, (development from a
participle *kestas or a *koz-dho- = Gmc. *hazda-);
maybe Alb. (*e) qeth dress hair [common Alb. s > th shift], (*kast) kosit harvest the
crops
O.C.S. eo, esati comb; stripe, abstreifen (e.g. Beeren), Bulg. (etc.) eel comb, Cz.
pa-es m. Hede, oakum , Russ. eska Hede, oakum , euja dandruff, esotka
scabies ; Church Slavic kosa hair, Russ. (etc.) kos lichen, pigtail , Church Slavic
kosm hair; O.C.S. kosnati touch, anruhren, kasati se touch (from pluck), Serb.
kosm, -iti lacerare, vellere probably iterative to esati; Cz. (etc.) kochati ergtzen, caress,
lieben (to kosnati as liebkosend, zrtlich touch, perhaps krauen; compare Berneker 152,
491, 538, 580 ff.).
Root extensions:
ks-en- in Gk. (*ksni) scratch, comb; drum; tumble, prugle, comb zum
Wollekrempeln, gekrempelte wool, clot, chunk, Haublock;
Page 1553
ks-n-eu- in:
O.Ind. ksnuuti schleift, wetzt, reibt, ksntra- n. grindstone, whetstone, participle
ksnut- Av. hu-xnuta- good geschrft; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Lat. novucula schermesser, razor (due to a Verbums *novure from *ksneuu-);
O.N. snggr kurzgeschoren, snoenn naked, bald, bleak geschoren; snaur
unverhullt, arm, O.E.besnyan mug, rob, M.H.G. besNOTE n sparse, arm, snde
small, weak, Ger. schnde.
ks-eu- in:
O.Ind. ksur- m. schermesser, Dornpflanze; Pers. or salzig, kurd. sr ds.; common
O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Gk. scrape, rub, gltte, participle geschabt, geglttet, - (gegltteter)
spear shaft, Abschabsel, striegel, rasper, (: O.Ind. ksur-)
schermesser, , , Hes.; (*ks-ou-enom) all Geschnitzte, esp.
Gtterbild; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > gz-, z- : Gk. z- phonetic mutation
Gk. , Hes. (striegel), rather with ks[u]- here, as with *kss- zur
root form ks-es-;
here probably with metathesis Balt *skuu rasiere in Ltv. skuvu, skut, Lith. skutu, skusti
ds.
References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht IE Decl. 239, 250,
Kuiper Nasalprs. 851.
Page(s): 585-586
Page 1554
Page 1555
M.H.G.
(*herausfordernd cry), gehiuze, gehze Larm, clamor, derision, ridicule, hiuzen, hzen
zur Verfolgung call, shout, cry (in addition die Interj. hussa?);
with anlaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreien under likewise?) perhaps M.Eng.
schten vociferari, Eng. to shout loud cry, call, shout, cry, jubilate , O.Ice. skta, skti
derision, Stichelei;
O.Bulg. kudo, kuditi zugrunde richten, Church Slavic also vilify, scold, rebuke, Russ.
Page 1556
Page 1557
keu-1, skeu-, lengthened grade kuEnglish meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear
Deutsche bersetzung: worauf achten (beobachten, schauen), dann hren, fuhlen,
merken
Note: heavy basis kou-; s-extension keu-s-; about forms with anlaut. s- s. am Schlusse;
Page 1558
keu-s- in Russ. dial. uchat wahrnehmen, hear, Sloven. uha-m, -ti spuren, ahnen,
Cz. ich sense, mind, Witterung, spoor; compare above to .
2. With anlautendem s-:
mIran. skh, Pers. ikh, ukh (urIran. *skauaa-) splendor, glory, magnificence,
Majestt, stateliness ; Arm. cucanem lasse schauen, points, shows, evinces, coyc das
Zeigen, Schau (skeu-sk);
Gk. Opferschauer;
Goth. us-skaws (*ausschauend =) besonnen, O.E. scawian, O.S. skauwn, O.H.G.
scouwn see, show; O.Ice. skygn seeing , skygginn clear, bright (*skuvvini-), whereof
skygna peer ; Goth. skauns beautiful (ibna-skauns from gleicher Gestalt), O.H.G.
scni ds., O.Ice. skjni, O.S. skni gleaming, beautiful, O.E. scenc ds. (actually
conspicuous); tiefstufiges *sku-ni- in O.Ice. skyn f. n. order, Bescheid, discernment,
Page 1559
Page 1560
Ghegenuberstellungen by Persson Beitr. 100 f., 104 Anm. 1. - About den Versuch a
Vermittlung with (s)keu- cover see there.
Material: The einf. root in O.Ind. kora- m. bewegliches joint; Av. fra-, apa-kava- vorn,
hinten hunchbacked ; Clr. kulity shrink up, before coldness, Pol. kulic pull together,
crook.
Ebenso is die Vorgeschichte from Ltv. kuza craw under likewise because of
Reimverhltnisses to guza etc. not certainly to beurteilen, see under geu- bend above S.
395.
Under an Anlautvariante kh will Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here stellen O.Ind. khlakaAmeisenhaufe (also Lith. klys bundle straw), zuversichtlicher Arm. xoyl, gen. xuli
struma, scrofula, Russ. uljata testicles, Serb. uljevi goldene vein.
A. Dental extension (redupl.) ka-ku-d-: O.Ind. kakud- Kuppe, acme, apex , kukudMundhhle, palate, kakudmant- with a Gipfel or hunch versehen; Lat. cacmen cusp,
peak, acme, apex (die men- further formations probably after acmen), basic meaning
bulge ; auf ein Gmc. *hagu = O.Ind. kakud- one introduces also O.Fris. heila head back
(*hagila-, with Suffixwechsel for hagu-la-); compare also O.Ind. kakubh- acme, apex
under labial extensions.
B. guttural extensions.
Page 1561
schoche m. aufgeschichteter heap of hay under likewise, (with kk:) aschs. skok m. 60
piece, M.H.G. schoc(kes) heap tussock, Anzahl from 60 piece, M.Eng. shock heap
Garben (12 - 16); about Schoch s. lastly Sommer Zum Zahlwort, S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bavar.
Akad. 1950, Heft 7;
Lith. kuge, ablaut. kigis Heuhaufe, O.Pruss. kugis knob, handle, button, pommel am
the hilt of a sword , Lith. kaugure small steiler hill, Ltv. kudze heap, barn, haystack
(and skaudze).
B. II. keu-k-:
O.Ind. kucti, kucat zieht sich together, krummt sich, kuciku schlussel, kuca- m.
female brost, kcayati zieht together, kca- m. das Einschrumpfen, Pers. k
gekrummt, hunchbacked ;
O.Ir. car crooked (*kukro-);
M.H.G. hocker, hogger, hoger hump, hunchback, hunch ; Goth. hauhs, O.Ice. hr, hur,
O.E. hah, O.S. O.H.G. hh high (*aufgewlbt); O.Ice. haugr, M.H.G. houc hill, Goth.
hiuhma heap; bulk, mass, hhjan haufen, gather, collect, Ger. (md.) Hugel;
Lith. kaukas swelling, blister, Eitergeschwur, kaukos pl. f. glands , kaukas fairy
demon, ghost, zwerghafter ghost, O.Pruss. cawx devil, Lith. kaukar hill, kukulys
Mehlklo, kukis Misthaken, Ltv. kukurs, kukms hunch, swelling, blister, kkis dwarf;
Zaunknig, kka eine of Alter Gebeugte, R.C.S. kukonos crooked-nosed ;
Russ. kuka fist, Bulg. kuka hook, crutch , Ser.-Cr. kuka hook, kukonosast
hakennasig, kukara hook by the Pflugdeichsel, okuka, oku f. convolution of a
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1562
cuba[t], besides loferta ders. Inschr., proves Ital. b; also plign. incubat), Lat. (ac-, in)cumb, -ere sich lay, place (originally sich zum Liegen niederbucken), sabin. cumba
lectica;
Welsh gogof cave (derivative M.Welsh guocobauc), Bret. kougo ds. (*upo-kubu);
Goth. hups m. (stem hupi-), O.E. hype m., O.H.G. huf f. hip, haunch; O.Ice. hopa, O.E.
on-hupian zuruckweichen, O.E. (fen-, mr-)hop n. hiding place, nook, bolt-hole (as lair,
cavity);
intensive j-verb is N.Ger. huppen, Ger. hupfen, M.H.G. hupfen, hupfen, hopfen; -verb
with gemination: O.Ice. hoppa, O.E. hoppian, hoppettan, Ger. hopsen; geminierte voicednonaspirated in Swe. dial. hobba, hubba bump, poke, Ger. dial. hoppen hupfen, Eng.
Page 1563
Page 1564
ph- ahead);
Alb. (sudTosc) kjip heap (*kp-ju);
M.Ir. can f. Trupp, heap (*koup-nu);
O.H.G. hovar hump, hunchback (: Lith. kupr), O.E. hofer m. ds., O.H.G. hubil hill,
O.S. huvil ds. (therefrom Ger. hobeln as die Unebenheiten entfernen); perhaps O.H.G.
hfila, hiufila cheek, Ger. Swiss hufelin under den Augen liegender Teil the cheek; Nor.
hov n. Anhhe, small hill, O.Ice. hof n. temple, O.E. hof n. paddock, house, temple, O.S.
hof, O.H.G. hof m. umschlossener room beim Haus, courtyard, blessing (originally from
the Lage auf Anhhen); M.H.G. hste auf dem Felde zusammengestellter Getreidehaufen,
Hauste (: Lith. kupstas); *hfsto is ablaut equally with O.H.G. hfo and seems as dieses
Page 1565
kaupas; s. Berneker 646); Lith. kaupiu, kaupti hufeln, kupiu, kupti auf einen heap lay,
place, sort, order, arrange, kupr hunch , kupstas hill, kupeta haycock, haystack ,
kupinas gehuft, Ltv. kupt sich ballen, kupenis schneehaufen, kuprs hunch ;
with lengthened grade *k[u]p-: Lith. kuopiu, kupti hufeln (corn, grain), Ltv. kuops
heap, kuopin fascicle, sheaf ;
Russ. (Berneker 646) kupr, kuper steibein, Burzel, Pol. kuper Burzel, buttocks .
D. Nasalized kum-bh-, mostly kum-b- :
O.Ind. kumba- m. das thick end (a Knochens); kumbha- m. pot, pan, crock, pitcher,
Du. die beiden Erhhungen auf the forehead of Elefanten = Av. xumba- m. pot, pan;
Vertiefung, Pers. xumb, xum pot, pan, crock, pitcher (diese with anlaut. Tenuis asp.);
Gk. Becken, bowl, barge, , vessel, mostly pl. cymbalum,
Becken (after Banateanu REtIE. 1, 120 from semit. qubbuh; Van Windekens Lexique 48
compares Toch. A kumpc drum);
head, EM., Suid., Hom. cusp, peak a Helmes (compare
), s. Leumann Hom. Wrter 231 ff.;
Lat. (with present nasalization) -cumb (see above S. 590);
M.Ir. comm vessel; cummal goblet, bowl, Welsh cwmm valley (m.), Bret. komm
trough (m.); from urBrit. *kumbos derive O.E. cumb valley, Eng. coomb, combe
Talmulde, whereas is Gaul.-rom.cumba valley, trough Fem.; from dem Fr. derives Bret.
komb valley; compare die unnasal. Gefbezeichnungen pam. kubun, Pol. kubek, also
Gk. ;
Page 1566
humpe f. thick piece, humpel niedriger hillock, Dutch homp thick Stuck bread; perhaps
Ger. (N.Ger.) Humpen (compare ).
References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.
Page(s): 588-592
Page 1567
Material: O.Ind. kupyati (= Lat. cupi) gert in Wallung, zurnt, kpa- m. Aufwallung, rage,
fury, kpayati erschuttert, angers; cpati bewegt sich, ruhrt sich; kapi- (uncovered)
Weihrauch, wherefore as * smoke-color kapil-, kapis- brunlich, reddish, also kapm. ape;
Alb. kapitem atme heavy (as Lith. kpuoti);
Gk. smoke, Hom. hauchte from : uud
Hes., Hes., Hom. aushauchend; zur dissimilation from
clurus etc.); vapor haze, mist, vapor, vapor, old uaps (*kuaps);
maybe Alb. * cuprum, bakr bronxe???
O.Ir. ad-cobra wunscht (*-kuprut), Verbaln. accobor (*ad-kupro-) wish, Thurneysen
Gk. 139;
Goth. afapjan (*kub- besides sonstigem *kup-) ersticken, auslschen, afapnan
erlschen (: -), M.H.G. verwepfen kahmig become, of Wein, Mod.Ice. hvap
dropsical flesh;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1568
kupinuties aufgehen (of dough), kupt ferment, seethe, O.Pruss. kupsins fog (derivative
from an es-stem as Lat. vapor);
O.C.S. kypljo, kypeti boil, uberlaufen, kypr lax, pors, Cz. kypru old strebsam,
emsig, fresh; Clr. kvpyty sa sich sputen, hurry; with (IE) reduced u Russ. kpot (*koput) f. fine smut, dust, koptt with smoke black make, ruchern; perhaps O.C.S. kopr dill
(riechende plant; s. Berneker 564).
References: WP. I 379 f., WH. I 312 f., Trautmann 147.
Page(s): 596-597
Page 1569
solli-citus whole, stark bewegt, perturbed, in Angst and danger, cunctus (*con-citos)
gesamt, smtlich.
extensions from the einfachen root form kei- from:
With d (d-present?): perhaps Ir. cid- e.g. in cisse invecta, pass. Konj. as-cesar gl.
exseri (etc., Pedersen KG. II 490 f.), very probably Goth. haitan, O.H.G. heizan, O.E.
hutan, O.S. htan, O.N. heita heien (= antreiben), order, call, name; compare Osset.
sdin call, shout, cry.
With l(o)-formants: Auf *ki-lo-s moves, wippend kann based on: Lith. kele, kule, Ltv.
cielawa, O.Pruss. kylo Bachstelze, O.Cz. ily agile, lively; Lat. cill, -ere move is
perhaps only Grammatikererfindung.
Page 1570
sein),
Hom.
eilte,
participle
perf.
Page 1571
Page 1572
kad house, from which finn. kota; but about O.N. kot schlechte cottage, kytja cottage,
O.E. cot cottage, chamber etc. see above S. 393 f.;
Goth. hj chamber ;
Church Slavic kotc cella, nest etc.; whether Wohngrube, hole in the earth die
original meaning, wurden sich anreihen lassen:
maybe Alb. kotec animal shelter (contaminated by Slavic lang.), also Alb. (*kotu-) katua
stable, basement, cellar, nasalized katun, katund house, village [common Alb. shift n >
Page 1573
xuyaiya- in Besitz the Herrschergewalt, king (Pers. uh), Xayuran- Xerxes (xayaaran- Helden beherrschend); common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : O.Pers. gh- > x- : Pers. x- > phonetic mutation
Gk. erwerbe (= ksayati), perf. besitze, (with unclear )
possession, property, fortune, poet. , dat. pl. ds., n. acquisition,
possession, property, n., pl. possession, fortune, sg. das einzelne Stuck Vieh;
with the same Anlautverhltnis as between : gort. also Att. -[] =
-; through hybridization from - and - (: ) dial.
Landerwerb.
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : Hittite gh- > tk- : Gk. tk- > kt- phonetic mutation see Root ghem, ghom-, gen.- ablative gh()m-s : earth.
References: WP. I 504, BAL.-SLAV. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gk. I 325 f., 5196.
Page(s): 626
Page 1574
kha kha!
English meaning: interjection of laughter
Deutsche bersetzung: Interjektion of Lachens
Note: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism
Material: O.Ind. kkhati (Gramm.) lacht; Arm. xaxank laughter , Gk. (from
*) laugh loud; Lat. cachinn, -ure hellauf lachen, cachinnus laughter ; O.H.G.
kachazzen, kichazzen, O.E. ceahhettan loud lachen; O.C.S. etc. chochotati ds.; compare
Lith. kiknti, kiknti kichern.
Similar to onomatopoeic words kuk- auslachen in Gk. schmhe; O.H.G.
huohn mock, scoff , O.S. hhi-lk laughable; with Gmc. -k-: O.E. hocor n. derision .
-------------------------------*)
The by WP. I 341, 348 f., 399 angefuhrten roots khud- bite, khubh- : khbh- feeble,
khen dig are not as IE to prove, ebensowenig das from Specht (IE Decl. 263, Anm. 4)
angesetzte khu-mo- crooked; die from ihm (see 256) angefuhrten O.Ind. Beispiele khalati-
, kharva-, khara-, khanda-, khora- are smtlich nichtIE origin. O.Ind. khudati zerbeit,
chews, Pers. xuyad ds., could to Arm. xacanem bite belong, but also with secondary
expressive Aspiration as *knd- to Lith. kndu bite (somewhat different above S. 560). Zur
gleichen root ken- (above 559 ff.) could O.Ind. khnati grbt, Inf. khni-tum, participle
khuta- (*khn- to-) belong, together with den neologisms kh- n. cave, u-khu- Maulwurf,
khu- stream, brook= Av. nom. acc. pl. xu ds.; O.Ind. khan- wuhlend, f. Mauseloch = Av.
kani- ditch, trench, channel; Av. O.Pers.kann- dig (k- from kh- from den compounds with
us-, ham-). Der anlaut from Gk. , drone, dull, deaf is doubtful, also
the from Church Slavic chabiti spoil, chaben woeful, wretched, miserable , as also the
from Church Slavic chomo-t Kummet, from Specht to Lat. humus (*khu-mo-) hook, Gk.
Page 1575
Page 1576
Material: O.Ind. kiki-, kikidvi - m. blauer Holzhher (k not to c zur Festhaltung the
onomatopoeic word Schallnachahmung);
Gk. , Att. (*-) Hher;
O.E. higora m., higore f. picus (Elster or Holzhher), M.L.G. heger n. Hher, O.H.G.
hehara Hher.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Page 1577
kist
English meaning: a kind of basket-work
Deutsche bersetzung: geflochtener Behlter?
Material: Gk. Kisten, Kasten (out of it Lat. cista, cisterna);
= O.Ir. cess f. basket, hurdle (compare ro-cess wurde geflochten), cisse geflochten
(compare but Pedersen KG. II 491).
References: WP. I 452.
Page(s): 599
Page 1578
Page 1579
kldhr
English meaning: alder
Deutsche bersetzung: Erle
Material: Gk. alder, Betula alnus L., Ger. dial. (Zillertal) lutter, ludere, ludern
(Schmeller I2 1542) Alpenerle, Betula nana L..
References: WP. I 490.
Page(s): 599
Page 1580
t-present (partly perhaps also original to-nouns) in Goth. afhlaan uberburden, O.Ice.
hlaa, O.E. O.S. hladan, O.H.G. hladan (participle gihlatan) aufschichten, laden; O.Ice.
hla Pflaster in Hofe, Stapel, heap, O.E. hld n. Erdaufwurf, heap, hldel dipper ,
and full grade (compare Lith. kltas) Mod.Ice. hl nom. pl. stove, hearth as well as O.E.
hl f. booty; bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd, anfrnk. hltha booty, M.H.G. luot, md.
lt load, big, giant bulk, mass, Rotte.
-to- or -sto-, -sti-noun to *hlaan is O.Ice. hlass n. load, cargo, agst. hlst n., O.H.G.
last, pl. lesti f. load.
Sonderstellung from O.E. hl f. robbery, booty, hlere robber (: O.H.G. landri
latro, O.Ice. hlenni robber, thief, hlanna rob, Gmc. *hlan-); da also M.H.G. luot, md.
lt, die not from *hlan- to derive are, die meaning Rotte have, is only for the O.E.
Zusammenflieen zweier different words zuzugeben.
References: WP. I 489, Trautmann 135 f.
Page(s): 599
Page 1581
Page 1582
Material: Das O.Ind. bietet on the one hand klumyati, klumati wird tired, erschlafft, on the
other hand srumyati wird tired, muht sich ab, kasteit sich, srunt- ermudet, abgearbeitet,
Page 1583
skrenk- ds.
Page(s): 603
Page 1584
Material: Maked. (see G. Meyer IF. 1, 325 f.) Ahornart, Gk. (Lw.);
M.L.G. lnenholt Ahornholz; N.Ger. lne, lne in pomm.-rug. ln etc. Ahorn (*hluni-z;
from dem Nd. Ger. Lehne, Lenne spitzahorn) = O.Ice. hlynr (hlunr), Dan. ln, Swe. lnn
Ahorn, O.E. hlyn ds. (probably better as hln); besides O.H.G. M.H.G. ln-, lm-boum, Ger.
Page 1585
Page 1586
klg-, klg-, klg-, klang-; kleg-; klg-; kleig-; kleikEnglish meaning: to cry; to sound
Deutsche bersetzung: schreien, klingen
Note: various extensions of Schallwortes kel-6 call, shout, cry
Material: 1. Gk. f. KIang, Getse, woozy din, fuss, noise, clink, sound,
esp. from wirrem Gets; erschallen lassen (*; , , ,
); full grade () schnalze, cry, Glucken;
Lat. clang, -ere clash (Trompete); cry, krchze (from birds), clangor Vogelschrei;
O.Ice. hlakka (= Lat. clang) cry (eagle), jubilate ; O.E. hlacerian deride ; O.Fris.
hlakkia lachen;
Lith. klageti, Ltv. kladzt gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ; with : Ltv. klegt cry,
Lith. klegeti loud lachen;
i-forms: Lith. suklgo er schrie auf, Ltv. klidzt cry as ein hawk, kledzu, klegt, Iter.
klaigt cry (Leskien abl. 275, Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 231 f.).
u-form: Lith. klugeti glucksen;
2. with auslautender Tenuis:
Gk. glucke (late, perhaps rather back-formation from );
M.Ir. clocc m., Welsh etc. cloch f. bell; die wellspring from Ger. Glocke etc. is M.Lat.rom.clocca bell;
Goth. hlahjan (hlh), O.H.G. (etc.) lahhn, lahhan lachen, hlahtar n. laughter, laughter
, O.E. hleahtor laughter, jubilation, lust, O.Fris. hlackia lachen, Kaus. O.Ice. hlgia
zum Lachenbringen, Goth. ufhlhjan auflachen make; O.Ice. hlja lachen, O.E.
hliehhan ds.;
Page 1587
-forms: O.E. hlgan to give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to, hlsa, hligsa account,
shout, call, fame, M.Du. len b-len, lhen say, melden, Dutch belijden, O.Fris. hla
melden, bekennen;
Lith. klinku klkti sudden pfeifend aufkreischen; ablaut. klykiu, klykti screech, shriek,
scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ;
R.C.S. kliknuti aufschreien, Iterat. O.C.S. klicati call, shout, cry, klik clamor (etc.,
Berneker 519).
Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with anlaut. g-: Lat. glci, -re glucken, M.H.G.
klukken, O.E. cloccian ds.; O.Ice. klaka babble, Eng. clack rattle, Klappern;
Muhglckchen, M.H.G. Klechel, Kleckel Glockenschwengel; with anlaut. k-: Church
Slavic klcati knock, Lith. kluke ti glucken; Reimworte bietet die onomatopoeic words
ker-1 S. 567 f.
References: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136.
Page(s): 599-600
Page 1588
Root klp- : to hold in the arms, in ones lap derived from labial extensions geleb(h)-,
glb(h)- (: glb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:glb(h)-) of Root gel-1 : to curl; round, *fathom, arm [see
above].
Material: M.H.G. lufter fathom, arm, Ltv. klpis lap, Schovoll, Lith. klebys Armweite,
Klafter, armful, armload (b perhaps after glebys armful, armload ).
Anlautvariante besides Lith. glebys, Ger. Klafter? (see above S. 359 under gel- clench
). - O.H.G. halftra halter , Lith. klpa loop, noose, snare, Steighugel (Persson) see
under skel- split.
References: WP. I 498, Bga Kalba ir s. I 71, Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 224.
Page(s): 604
Page 1589
klu- (also kleu-?) and kluEnglish meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: perhaps actually Haken, krummes Holz or Astgabel, Pflckchen,
verbal einerseits anhaken (sich anklammern), hemmen, also von hinkendem Gauge,
andrerseits durch einen vorgesteckten Haken, Riegel, ein Pflckchen verschlieen
Material: Gk. Ion. -, altAtt. , Att. , Dor. , - schlussel (also bar,
bolt; hakenfrmige Ose ; Ruderdolle)., Dor. secondary , epidaur. gen. ds.,
(Ion.), (altAtt.), (Att.) verschliee with a balk, beam, a bar, bolt, a
Schlussel, (Ion.), (altAtt.), (Att.) Verschlu;
Lat. cluvis schlussel, Dimin. cluviculae Wickelranken of Weins, cluvus nail (zum
nageln): rudder, helm, Ruderpflock, claud, -ere shut, sperren (*kluui-d, with
prsensbildendem d); in addition probably claudus lame, hinkend (to cldus, cldus s.
WH. I 231), claude, -re hinken.
O.Ir. cl, pl. cli nail; unclear M.Welsh clo m. bar, bolt, Verschlu, pl. cloeu clavi,
M.Bret. clou ferrement (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);
from dem Gmc. probably here (with beweglichem s-) O.H.G. sliozan, M.L.G. slten,
O.Fris. slta shut, O.H.G. sluzzil, aschs. slutil schlussel, O.H.G. sloz n. schlo (sl- from
skl-); compare M.Eng. slote = nd. slaten bar, bolt, M.L.G. slt from *sleuta- biegsame
shaft, pole, if from Pflckchen, Aststuck.
without s- perhaps O.N. hljta strong. V. losen, receive, O.E. hlotan, O.S. hliotan
losen, erlosen, O.H.G. hliozan losen, wahrsagen, conjure, perform magic, Goth. hlauts
lot, fate, Erbschaft, O.Ice. hlautr lot, fate, O.H.G. hlz n., O.S. hlt lot, fate, zugeteiltes
right or property, O.Ice. hlutr lot, fate, allotment, thing, thing, O.H.G. (h)luz as lot, fate
zugefallener allotment, Landanteil, O.Fris. O.E. hlot n. lot, fate, Dutch lot ds.;
Page 1590
klut (hangenbleiben), (whereto) gelangen, become, klausttis hangenbleiben, klm-s, a, -e hindrance ; causative with -d-: Lith. kliudau, -uti anhaken make, kliaudau, -uti
hinder, kliaud krperliches Gebrechen (see above to Lat. claudus), Ltv. kludt Iter. to
kljuk crutch, Krummstab, Ofenkrucke, Serb. kljuka hook, Schlussel, agrafe, hook, clasp
, O.C.S. klju-im, -iti bend, crook, also Church Slavic kljuka artifice, deceit under
likewise, and as anhaken = sich zusammenfugen, passen, sich ereignen O.Bulg. kluiti se
passen, zusammentreffen under likewise; probably also Serb. kljuna kind of hook,
cramp, kljun somewhat Gebogenes, Krummes.
References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231, Trautmann 137 f.
Page(s): 604-605
Page 1591
lineae); esp. die Augen to press together, ein Auge zudrucken, nachsichtig sein, as *concn(g)ue to nict, -ure wink, zublinzeln, nicken, ntor, -, nsus and nxus (gnixus Festus)
sich stemmen, prop, support; sich whereupon abandon; sich in die Hhe stemmen, climb,
ascend ; Umbr. conegos, kunikaz conixus (as though *conigutus: -g- probably analogical
form after verbs auf -g);
Goth. hneiwan, hnaiw sich neigen, hnaiws demutig, low (*gebuckt), O.Ice. knga sich
neigen, sink , O.S. O.E. hngan ds. (O.E. hnug gebeugt, verchtlich), O.H.G. hngan
incline ; O.H.G. hngn geneigt sein, O.E. hnigian (see in addition Schulze Kl. Schr. 599
f.); Kaus. O.H.G. hneicken incline , O.Ice. hneigja incline, bend, bow, sich verneigen
vor; denominative (from hnaiws) Goth.hnaiwjan erniedrigen, O.E. hngan demutigen;
O.H.G. nicken bend, be bent, bow, nicken.
Besides IE knei-b- in O.Ice. hnpa (*hnpn, -n) den Kopf hngen lassen, mimutig
sein, hn pinn mimutig, gnpa f. (*ga-hnpn-) uberhngender rocks, O.E. hnipian den
Kopf hngen lassen, mimutig sein; Goth. *ga(h)nipnan sad sein; Lith. knimbu, knbti
zusammenknicken.
References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann nom. postverb. 64, 183.
Page(s): 608
Page 1592
Page 1593
Root knid-, knid-, sknid- : louse, nit derived from Root ghen- : to crack open, grind,
scratch hereupon root ghn du nit, louse . That means zero grade mutations: ghen > kn-,
skn-: O.Ice., Nor. dial. gnit f., O.S. gnether, Swe. gnet, Dan. gnid; Ltv. gnda nit, louse
(Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 633), Lith. glnda (from *gnnda dissimilated?); Russ. gnda,
Sloven. gnjda, Cz. hnda, Pol. gnida; about Lat. lns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and
Specht Decl. 44.
Material: Arm. anic louse (*nid-s);
Alb. thn louse (*k()nid-);
Gk. , - f. (*knid-s), probably an dust angeglichen;
M.Ir. sned f. nit, kymr. pl. nedd, nkorn. ne, Bret. nez ds. (*s(k)nidu);
O.E. hnitu f., O.H.G. (h)niz, Ger. Nisse egg of the louse (*knidu).
Knnte to (s)ken- scratch, scrape belong, as ghndu to ghen- ds.
References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht IE Decl. 44, Trautmann 93.
Page(s): 608
Page 1594
kok, Swe. dial. kokk rooster, cock, O.N. (aFr. Lw.) kokr, O.E. cocc, nl. old cocke ds.;
O.C.S. kokot rooster, cock, koko hen, Russ. kokott gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker etc.
Maybe Alb. kokosh cock
III. O.Ind. kurkuta-, kukkuta- m. rooster, cock, kukkubha- m. (mind. for *kurkubha-)
pheasant; Lat. ccurri, -re kollern (of rooster, cock), ccuru interjection; Ger. kikeriki
(older kukeruku, kukerlukuh), md. kuckern, kockern, kcken crow, cackle; Lith. kakaruk
kikeriki, klRuss. etc. kukurku ds., Serb. kukurijem-, -ijkati, Russ. kukorkat etc. crow,
cackle, Gk. ds.
Maybe Alb. kukurisem laugh, kikiriku cock cackle, kakaris (hen) cackle
IV. Gk. , rooster, cock Hes.; Osc. cicirrus, Cognomen of Messius,
probably Kampfhahn.
Page 1595
Page 1596
-rnius MN (also ins Slav. gewandert as Kobryn, whereof the Stadtname Russ. bryn,
Pol. Kobryn in Gouv. Grodno);
O.E. gehp fitting, nasal. Swe. hampa sig sich ereignen = Nor. heppa ds., heppen
lucky, gunstig, O.Ice. happ n. luck (Eng. hap chance, luck , to happen sich ereignen,
Page 1597
Material: O.Ir. cil, cel thin, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin , Welsh Corn. cul
macilentus, macer;
Ltv. kals naked, naked, bald, bleak, bare, kali laudis Ehepaar without Kinder (could
also to kai- allein belong).
References: WP. I 326, 455, WH. I 130.
Page(s): 610
Page 1598
Page 1599
bersetzung:
Nachahmung
of
Quietschlautes;
einzelsprachliche
Lautnachmungen
Material: Gk. quieken as ein Spanferkel, Ger. quieken, quieksen, quietschen, Lith.
Page 1600
koks (*hogh)
English meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)
Deutsche bersetzung: Krperteilbenennung
Note: (Aryan also *kokso-s)
Material: O.Ind. kksu f., kaksa- m. Achselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde, Av. kaa- m.
Achsel (proves -ks-); common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Lat. coxa f. hip, haunch;
Maybe Rom. coapsu thigh : Alb. kofsha thigh, kafsha animal (*meat), kafshoj bite (like
an animal) common Rom.-Illyr. khs- > phs-, fs- phonetic mutatIon..
O.Ir. coss f. foot, O.Brit. - perhaps Weifu (but Welsh cs leg is
borrowed from Lat.);
O.H.G. huhsina knee bow of the hind leg , M.H.G. hehse, Ger. Hchse, Hesse bO.Ir.
Haxn.
References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.
Page(s): 611
Page 1601
Page 1602
Page 1603
Page 1604
kom
English meaning: by, beside, at, with
Deutsche bersetzung: Adverb (prefix and preposition or Postpos.) so an etwas entlang,
da Beruhrung with it stattfindet; besides, bei, with
Material: Gk. common from *-- (*-i-s going);
ligur. FlN Com-beranea, Ven. PN Com-petalis, hispO.N. PN Com-pltum, Com-pleutica
(ligur.? veneto-Illyr.?);
Lat. cum with, by, preposition and (after Pron.) postposition beim abl. (= instr.), as prefix
com-, from which con- and before v- (as in Celt.) and Vokalen mostly coc-; also cram,
das after palam, clam from co-ro- vor dem front situated reshaped is; Osc. com, con
preposition with beim abl. (= instr.), com-, kum- prefix with (derivative comono, loc.
comenei comitium from *kom-no-); Umbr. com with, preposition (only by pronoun
Postpos.) beim abl. (= instr.), stets Postpos. in the meaning juxta, apud, ad, likewise beim
abl. (= instr.), prefix kum-, com- (c- again before v-: coaertu, kuveitu); falisk. cuncaptum
conceptum, volsk. co-uehriu abl. curiu (*ko-urio-, compare Lat. cria probably from *co-
uiriu);
Ital. comparative auf -t(e)ro-, das Beisammen from zweien, das Compared with
bezeichnend, in Lat. contru compared with, against it, against contr-versia, Osc. contrud
contra;
O.Ir. cn- with, preposition beim dat. (= instr.), prefix Gaul. com-, O.Ir. com- (prokLith.
con-), Welsh cyf-, cyn-, Corn. kev-; reduction of -m before u-, e.g. Welsh cy-wir, O.Bret.
keuuir-gar, Gaul. Covrus MN, Welsh cy-wely bed;
Page 1605
Page 1606
m-):
O.H.G. hamma Hinterschenkel, popliteus , O.E. hamm popliteus , O.Ice. hom f.
schenkel (an animals).
Doubtful is, whether the meaning from Hom. Bergwald, bewachsener Berghang
(*calf of Berges?) through N.Ger. hamm Bergwald as old erwiesen wird, da latter
perhaps as umzuntesWaldstuck with M.L.G. ham eingefriedetes Stuck Land, N.Ger.
Page 1607
Page 1608
koro-s, korio-s
English meaning: war, warrior
Deutsche bersetzung: Krieg, Kriegsheer
Material: 1. without formant -io-, -ia-: Lith. kras war, fight and lengthened grade O.Pers.
Page 1609
Page 1610
Page 1611
Page 1612
kr[u]- : kru- : krEnglish meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof
Deutsche bersetzung: aufeinander, auf einen Haufen legen, zudecken, verbergen
Material: O.Ir. cru, cr m. stall, cottage, shack, shed (*kruo-), Welsh craw m. stall,
Corn. crow, Bret. kraou ds.;
Lith. kruju, krviau, kruti aufeinanderlegen, hufen, packen, laden; Ltv. kraunu
(krauju), krvu, kraut hufen; Iter. Lith. krustyti, Ltv. kraustt hufen, kravt snatch ,
krauja, krava, kruva cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind ; Lith.
krva (acc. kruva) heap, kriute, krute Bodenraum;
O.Bulg. krov roof (*kruo-), ablaut. kryjo, kryti cover, hullen, conceal etc.;
with s-extension:
Russ. krua roof, Serb. krom adv. clandestine (etc., also:)
O.Ice. hreysar pl. f., hreysi n., besides Nor. rsa, N.Ger. rse heap; O.Ice. hraun n.
cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, steinerner ground.
Auf kru[u]- based on perhaps Ltv. krju, krt gather, collect, hufen, O.Bulg. (with
prsensbildendem d) krado, krasti steal.
Labial extension (-bh-): Gk. verberge, clandestine under likewise,
ds.;
with p-extension (compare above ) Ltv. krpju, krpu, krpt steal, cheat,
deceive, Lith. krpti steal; about Goth. hrt and O.E. hrf roof see under kred- and
krapo-, also Muhlenbach-Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. II 269; Toch. kraup-, krop- gather,
collect; compare also klep-;
for O.Ice. hraukr, Ir. cruach heap under likewise, die an sich a k-extension our root
deriving could, s. eine other interpretation under sker-, skereu- turn. In same sense
Page 1613
Page 1614
kreb-5
See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.
Page(s): 617
Page 1615
Material: Goth. hrt n. roof, O.N. hrt roof, Dachraum, O.S. O.E. hrst sparrenwerk of
Daches (*krd-s-to-) = Dutch roest Huhnerstange, Huhnerleiter, M.H.G. ruz, ruze
scheiterhaufen(*krdu;
fem.
collective
as
O.C.S.
krada);
with
M.H.G.
ruz(e)
scheiterhaufen deckt sich M.H.G. ruz, ruze honeycomb, afr. ruta, mnl. rute honeycomb,
next to which with ablaut mnl. rte (*hretn-) and rte, dial. still rte (*hruti-) honeycomb;
O.Bulg. krada scheiterhaufen, Holzsto (*krdu).
As sparrenwerk, from Latten etc. Gezimmertes kann here belong: Lith. kreslas
stattlicher Stuhl, Ltv. kresls, O.Pruss. creslan Lehnstuhl, Lith. krse stuhl, Russ. krslo,
Cz. kreslo Armstuhl, as well as Lith. krsnis, Ltv. krusns oven, Church Slavic krosno
liciatorium, Russ. krsno loom; Stuck canvas, fabric, Bulg. krosn Aufzug beim loom;
Torriegel, krsna f. cradle , Ser.-Cr. krosna loom, Cz. krosna, krusna (old krsna)
Traggestell.
References: WP. I 485 f., Trautmann 141.
Page(s): 617-618
Page 1616
Page 1617
kreg-2
Deutsche bersetzung: schallwort
See also: see above S. 569 under ker-1.
Page(s): 618
Page 1618
krei-1
English meaning: to touch, brush
Deutsche bersetzung: about etwas druberhinstreifen, beruhren
Material: O.Ice. hrna wirken, O.E. aschs. O.H.G. hrnan touch, stripe (no-present); after
Wissmann nom.postverb. 152 ff. here O.E. hrenian einen Geruch ausstrmen, O.Fris.
strong. V. hrena einen Geruch feel; O.E. O.Ice. hrm, M.H.G. rm hoarfrost ;
Lith. kren f. skimmings, cream (was man abstreift, abschpft), Ltv. kreju, krju, kret
die cream from the milk abschpfen, krims m. skimmings (from deverbalem krjums
was man abstreifen kann);
besides with Gmc. p: aschs. hrpo, O.H.G. hrfo hoarfrost .
References: WP. I 478, Trautmann 141.
Page(s): 618
Page 1619
krei-2, kreig-, kreikSee also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.
Page(s): 618
Page 1620
krek-1 (-k-?)
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche bersetzung: schlagen, also vom Festschlagen of Gewebes, of Einschlages in
the Weberei, daher also weben, Gewebe
Material: Gk. hit, klopfe; schlage das Gewebe fest, Einschlagfaden,
Gewebe, ds., to weave, , - f. Wollflocke;
O.Ice. hrll (*hrahilaz) staff zum Festmachen of Gewebes, O.E. hrol (*hrehulaz)
Haspel; O.E. hrgl n. dress, garment , Eng. rail, O.Fris. hreil; O.H.G. hregil n.
indumentum, spolium;
Ltv. krekls Hemd;
if das Ltv. word sein zweites k through WestIE influence receive hat, kann also following
Slav. family angereiht become: Russ. kreu, krest with dem Feuerstahl fire hit, Clr.
kresty, kresnuty fire hit, dial. hew, hit, strike generally , Ser.-Cr. krem, krsati fire hit;
Steine behauen; Aste abschlagen (etc., s. Berneker 611).
References: WP. I 483 f.
Page(s): 618-619
Page 1621
Page 1622
krek-3
Deutsche bersetzung: schallwort
See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.
Page(s): 619
Page 1623
Page 1624
Material: O.Ind. krpu instr. sg. shape, beauty, Av. krf, khrpm shape, body, M.Pers.
karp rper (Av. xrafstra- n. Raubtier from *krep + *[e]d-tro- to ed- eat?);
perhaps (?) Alb. sh-krep, sh-kep gleiche ein wenig (sh = IE sem, som, sm-, compare to
meaning O.H.G. gi-lh gleich: lh body);
Lat. corpus, -oris n. body, body;
M.Ir. cr f. body (*krpes);
O.H.G. (h)rf m. body, lower abdomen, womb, O.Fris. href, hrif belly, O.E. hrif n.
womb, belly (*hrefiz- = *krepes-), O.E. mid(h)rif, O.Fris. midref Zwerchfell (*in the Withte
the Leibeshhle).
Gk. , mostly pl. - Zwerchfell, das den anlaut as k erwiese, is in
seinerZugehrigkeit doubtful, da die corresponding meaning from O.E. mid(h)rif probably
auf dem 1. part of Kompositums based on; es mute because eine short form to a
similar composition sein; after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. wre IE
*kerp- taboo metathesis to *perk- life, world, oak (Goth. farus world).
References: WP. I 486 f., WH. I 277 f.
Page(s): 620
Page 1625
krep-2
See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.
Page(s): 620
Page 1626
kret-1
English meaning: to shake
Deutsche bersetzung: schutteln
Note: (whether as bump, poke with kret- hit identical? or extension from sker- turn,
kreisend schwingen?)
Material: Lith. kreiu, kresti shake, schuttelnd streuen, Iter. kratau, -uti ds., kretu kreteti
sich hin and her bewegen, shake oneself, shiver, Ltv. krst shake, Iterat. kratt, kretulis
kind of Sieb (Ltv. kraitt lurch Entgleisung from a *krit- from);
M.Ir. crothaim shake, Gaul.-rom. *crottiure shake;
O.H.G. redan sieben, Ger. dial. rder, rdel sieb; O.Ice. hrar quick, fast, O.E. hr,
hred quick, fast, behend, Eng. rather lieber, O.H.G. hrad, hrat velox, strenuus;
O.Ice.hra frighten (trans.), hrddr entsetzt;
also O.E. u-hreddan befreien, retten, O.H.G. retten move, drive, push; befreien, retten
as from the Gefahr wegstoen?
References: WP. I 484, Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.
Page(s): 620
Page 1627
kret-2
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche bersetzung: schlagen
Note: probably originally with kret-1 identical
Page 1628
kreu-1, kreu- : kr- ; kreus-, krusEnglish meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust
Deutsche bersetzung: 1. thick, stockendes Blut, blutiges, rohes Fleisch, presumably
geronnen (vom Blut), in addition eine 2. group kreus-, krus- for Eis (as erstarrendes),
Kruste (originally von Eis or Wundschorf), Eisscholle, Erdscholle (see under) and verbal
frieren, schaudern (Gnsehaut)
Material: A. O.Ind. kravs- n. rohes Fleisch (= Gk. F), kravyam n. blood (*krouio- =
O.Pruss. krawian n.), kr-r- blutig, cruel, savage = Av. xrra- blutig, grausig, cruel,
savage (: Lat. crdus?) in compound with i- for ro-stem, Av. xrvi-dru- the eine blutige
Holzwaffe fuhrt, i.e. xruvi-dru-, Av. xr- f., xrm (= xruvm) acc. stuck blutiges Fleisch,
xrvant- (i.e. xrvant-) grauenhaft, grausig (: Lat. cruentus), xrv yant- blutdurstig, Grausen
erregend, xrta- grausig, cruel, savage, xrnya- n. Bluttat, blutige maltreatment , xrmagrauenhaft, grausig; with a meaning *geronnen* = thick, hard, O.Ind. krdayati makes
dick, tight, firm, Av. xrdra- hard (besides again with i- instead of ro-stem in compound
krustatar crusta tegitor (Denom. from *krus-tu), Lat. crusta crust, bark, scurf, originally
das fest gewordene blood auf an wound (*krus-tu), crdus raw, rough, hard (*kr-do-),
Page 1629
(h)rosa ice, crust (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa), O.E. hrse earth, ground
(diese s-forms in relationship to and:)
Ltv. kruvesis, kruesis frozen ordure, Lith. atkrusti, preterit -krsau wiederaufleben, from
Erfrorenem (*auffrieren); Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 291.
without -s- presumably Nor. dial. ryggja shudder (compare ), viel fraglicher O.E.
Page 1630
Page 1631
kreu-2
English meaning: to fall down, collapse
Deutsche bersetzung: zusammensturzen, sturzen, fallen
Note: only Gmc. and Balt
Page 1632
krupa gobbet, lump, Krumchen (wre eine p-extension) see under kreup- scurf.
krous-: Gk. poke, push, hit (*, compare , ;
stoend, widerhallend); Hom. hit, stamp, of Pferde (*),
abgebrochen, damages (*);
O.Ice. hrosti m. gemaischtes malt ;
Lith. kruu, kruti (kriuti) stomp, zerstoen, krua f. hail, Ltv. krusa hail, Lith. Iter.
Page 1633
kreu-4
Deutsche bersetzung: schallwort
See also: see above S. 570 f. under ker-1.
Page(s): 623
Page 1634
kraupa crust, scab, eschar, wart , kraupis crust, scab, eschar; toad (from the warty
skin; O.Pruss. crupeyle frog), krpu, krupu, krupt shrunk, krupis toad, dwarf ; of the
ruptured skin (becoming rough) ( goose bumps ) also Lith. pakraupti, kruptis shudder,
frighten.
Against it Russ. krupnyj coarsely granulated; big, large, Cz. krupu clumsy, rough at
first to O.Bulg. krupa gobbet, tiny bits , etc. [in addition changing through ablaut Alb.
krip(), krup f. salt (*krpu)]; this family probably lit. the ruptured or likewise to kreu-3,
krou-s- break, rupture, bump, poke, see there.
References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.
Page(s): 623
Page 1635
kreu-t- (kreu-dh-?)
English meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly
Deutsche bersetzung: schutteln, schwingen, lebhaft bewegen
Material: M.H.G. rutten (*hrudjan) rutteln, shake, Ger. zer-ruttet, Eng. rudder, ruddle
sieb; O.E. hrae-ms Fledermaus; probably O.Ice. hraustr rash, hasty, gamy; perhaps
as sich schuttelnd, fluctuating : O.H.G. hriot, Ger. Riet, O.S. hriod, O.E. hrod reed
(*kreu-dho-);
compare Toch. A kru reed?
Lith. krutu, -eti sich regen, sich ruhren, krutus ruhrig, active ;
References: WP. I 481, Trautmann 143 f.
Page(s): 623
Page 1636
Page 1637
krp-1
English meaning: strong
Deutsche bersetzung: stark, fest
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.Ice. hrfa bear, endure (compare Russ. krepitsja endure, beharren);
O.Bulg. krep, krepk tight, firm, strong;
Welsh craff quick, fast from O.Ice. krappr ds. (= krappr eng, S. 388).
References: WP. I 487.
Page(s): 620
Page 1638
krp-2
See also: see above S. 581 under kerp-.
Page(s): 620
Page 1639
*krsku-);
Alb. krak upper arm, shoulder, Flugel (*krok-sko-?);
maybe Alb. krah arm [common Alb. -k- > -h- phonetic mutation]
probably to Lith. krka schweinefu, Vorderbein of Schweines, ablaut. E.Lith. kirklis m.
stelze;
Slav. *korka f. in Sloven. krka, kra schweinefu;
besides Slav. *kork in Bulg. krak leg, foot, Russ. korok ham; in addition ablaut.
Slav. *krok m. in Ser.-Cr. krk (gen. kroka), Cz. krok footstep and Slav. *korak m. in
Ser.-Cr. kork, Sloven. kork ds.
Quite unklare the ablaut relatIon.
References: WP. I 488, Trautmann 118.
Page(s): 624
Page 1640
Material: O.Ice. hremma catch, clamp , O.E. hremman einengen, behindern (probably
from *einzunen), O.Fris. hrembend manacle, Dutch remmen (ein wheel) hemmen,
sperren (*with a balk, beam), presumably also O.Ice. hrefni unterste Planke uberm
Schiffsboden and Goth. hramjan kreuzigen (as an ein Gestell heften);
Russ. krmy pl. loom, zakromt with Brettern umstellen, Clr. prykromuty bndigen,
Russ. s-krmnyj bescheiden etc.
References: WP. I 487 f.
Page(s): 623-624
Page 1641
Page 1642
Page 1643
Page 1644
kseubh- (*ghseubh-)
English meaning: to sway, swing
Deutsche bersetzung: schwanken, in schwingender Bewegung sein
Material: O.Ind. ksubhyati, ksbhat (ksubhnti, -nuti) sways, zittert, ksbhayati places
in Bewegung, ksbha- m. schwanken, Erschutterung; Av. xaob- in Aufregung geraten
(xufsan), Pers. u-uftan, u-oftan in Bewegung versetzen, u-b perplexity, Tumult;
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : O.Pers. gh- > x- : Pers. x- > - phonetic mutation
Pol. chybac swing, hin and her bewegen; chybki behend, rash, hasty; Clr. chybty
doubt, unschlussig sein, chuba (*ksbu) lack, fault, error etc.
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : Slavic gh- > ch- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 502 f., Trautmann 144.
Page(s): 625
Page 1645
kseud- (*gheud-)
English meaning: to grind in little pieces
Deutsche bersetzung: klein stampfen
Material: O.Ind. ksdati stampft, zermalmt, ksda- m. shove, Stampfen, Zermalmen;
meal, flour, Pulver, Puder, ksudr- small; low, gemein, compounds ksdyas-; ksudr- n.
mote, speck; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : Slavic gh- > ch- phonetic mutation
O.Bulg. chud small; small, evil, bad, compounds chudj (: O.Ind. ksdyas-).
Machek (Slavia 16, 174) nimmt as originally meaning skinny an (Cz. chudu poor,
bad, lean ), das er somit to O.Ind. ksudhyati hungert, ksdh-uka- hungry stellen
mchte.
O.C.S.: xud small, insignificant, scanty [adj o]; xudii worse; Russian: xudj thin, lean,
bad, full of holes [adj o]; xue worse
Maybe Alb. (*ksda-) holl poor, bad, lean common Slav.- Alb. ch/h reading; common
Alb. -d- > -l- phonetic mutatIon.
connection from O.Ind. ksudr- with Av. xudra- fluid (see kseud-2) versucht
Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21) to begrunden.
References: WP. I 502.
Page(s): 625
Page 1646
kuku
English meaning: cuckoo cooing
Deutsche bersetzung: Nachahmung of Kuckucksrufes
Material: O.Ind. kkila- m. the indische cuckoo, kka- m. cuckoo (also goose; wolf see
under kun).
Gk. , - m. cuckoo (dissim. from *-), : shout, call of Kuckucks,
rufe cuckoo;
Lat. cuclus cuckoo (unmittelbar from *cuc shaped);
M.Ir. cach (or neologism to O.Ir. ci < *kovik-s, gen. cch?), Welsh cog cuckoo; Ger.
(without consonant shift infolge stets nebenhergehender neologism) Kuckuck;
Lith. kukuoti, Ltv. kkuot cuckoo call, shout, cry; Serb. kukavica cuckoo Russ. kukua
etc. ds., r. kukuvt etc. as ein cuckoo call, shout, cry.
maybe Alb. kukuvajk cuckoo : Russ. kukua etc. ds., r. kukuvt etc. as ein Kuckuck
rufen not from Serb. kukavica cuckoo
References: WP. I 466 f., WH. I 299.
Page(s): 627
Page 1647
kyssa, O.E. cyssan, O.H.G. kussen kiss; Goth. kukjan, oFris. kukken seems out of it in the
Kindersprache reshaped to sein;
Hitt. 3. pl. kuwassanzi sie kussen.
similar O.Ind. csati sucks, cuscusu schmatzen beim food, eating.
References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalprs. 151.
Page(s): 626
Page 1648
bersetzung:
Einzelsprachliche
Nachahmungen
of
Froschlautes
and
Entengeschnatters
Material: Gk. of Quaken of frog, Lat. coaxare quaken (probably Nachbildung from
), dt. quack, quacken from Frschen; chatter (duck) etc., Swe. dial. kvaka chatter
wieeine duck , O.Ice. kvaka chirp, twitter, Russ. kvkat quaken, under likewise
Maybe Alb. (*kuak) kuak croak
References: WP. I 468.
Page(s): 627
Page 1649
Page 1650
Page 1651
hlaupa spring, run, O.E. hlapan ds., O.H.G. (h)loufan run (M.H.G. participle geloffen)
angereiht;
O.Pruss. po-quelbton nom. sg. kniend (b = p), Lith. klumpu, klupti stumble, klupau,
klupoti knien, Ltv. klpu adv. strauchelnd, Lith. klaupiuos, klauptis niederknien; Ltv.
kluburt hinken, kluburs lahmer person (Lith. klumbas lame here or to Ltv. klambt
plump go).
References: WP. I 473 f., Trautmann 137.
Page(s): 630
Page 1652
kuelp-2
English meaning: to be curved
Deutsche bersetzung: wlben
Material: Gk. sinus (from kuolpos through diss. reduction of u against das
following p);
O.Ice. participle holfinn arched, M.H.G. preterit walb wlbte sich, Kaus. O.Ice. huelfa
curve , O.H.G. (h)welben ds., O.S. bihwelbian uberwlben, O.Ice. hualf n. dome , O.E.
Page 1653
hverfa sich drehen, kehren, disappear, O.E. hweorfan sich wenden, reisen, sich ndern,
O.S. hweran sich drehen, zuruckkehren wandeln, O.H.G. hwerban, hwerfan sich
wenden, zuruckkehren, (um etwas herum) ttig sein; trans. in Bewegung place,
betreiben, Ger. werben (compare z. meaning Lat. ambre), Goth. etc. arbn wandeln,
next to which zero grade O.N. horfa sich wenden, think, belong (*hwurn), Kaus. O.N.
hverfa, O.S. hwerian, O.E. hwierfan, O.H.G. werban wandeln, O.N. hverfr quick, fast,
hvirfill, O.H.G. wirvil, wirbil whirl (and O.H.G. werbil from *hwarbila- ds.), O.S. hwarf
circle, Menschenmenge, O.H.G. warb turn, Umdrehung kreisfrmiger battlefield, O.E.
Page 1654
Page 1655
Page 1656
cruinn ds., Welsh prys (prysg) spinney (*kurs-to-); O.E. hyrst shrubbery, bush, spinney,
O.S. O.H.G. mud. horst, hurst ds., Ger. Horst Raubvogelnest (*kurs-to-; less probably
above S. 548); Slav. *chvorst, Church Slavic chvrastije, Russ. chvrost deadwood, shrub,
bush, Slov. hrst oak (*kuors-to-?), with unexplained anlaut.
References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gk. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f.,
Mikkola UrSlav. Gk. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gk. 284) contemplates Gk. because
of kar. PN as pre Greek -kleinasiatisch.
Page(s): 633
Page 1657
Page 1658
Page 1659
Page 1660
kad-1
English meaning: to fall
Deutsche bersetzung: fallen
Material: O.Ind. sad-, perf. sasuda, Fut. satsyati abfallen, fall out (: Lat. cad);
Arm. cacnum (*kadio-) fall, low become;
Lat. cad, -ere fall (Osc. antkadum? s. WH. I 128); caduver n. corpse as Gefallenes
(*kadu-ues); cadcus hinfllig;
O.Ir. casar f. hail; lightning (*kad-t-aru), pl. Welsh cesair schloen, Corn. keser, Bret.
kazerch hail.
References: WP. I 339 f., WH. I 127 f.
Page(s): 516
Page 1661
kad-2
English meaning: to shine, to flaunt
Deutsche bersetzung: glnzen, prangen, sich auszeichnen
Material: O.Ind. perf. susaduh, participle susaduna- sich auszeichnen, hervorragen;
Gk. perf. , Plusqpf. , participle (Hom. Aisch.) sich
auszeichnen, (Pind.) prangend, actually the Glnzende (?), under Mnnern distinguished , etc.; in addition m. beaver with
transference of GN because of the Heilwirkung of Bibergeils: (> O.Ind. kastr f.
Moschus); present seems neologism after ;
perhaps M.Ir. cu(i)d holy, wherefore Gaul. caddos sanctus C. Gl. L. V 493, 30;
O.Brit. Belatu-cadrus epithet of god of war ?? reshuffling a *katros valiant (compare
Page 1662
Page 1663
druosa testicle. Ebenso, weil nie -h-, but only -g- in Wurzelauslaut, die Gmc. family O.Ice.
hagr fitting, skilful, hagr m. Lage, benefit, advantage, Wohlstand, haga dispose, hgr,
hgr fitting, bequem, huttr (*hahtu-) kind of and Weise (wre tu-stem besides dem tistem O.Ind. sakti-), O.H.G. st. participle ki-hagan, bihagan cheerful, M.H.G. behagen
passen, right sein, Ger. behagen, M.H.G. hage m. Behagen, satisfaction , O.S. bihagn
behagen, gefallen, O.E. onhagian passen, behagen, gehagian uPers. Gelegenheit
sein; under assumption from auslaut -gh- compares Zupitza Gutt. 104 sie with prakr.
ca(y)ati is fhig, Acoka-Inschr. caghati is to etwas willing, ready, willing, Av. agd- (with
rafrm) help gewhrend, agman- n. gift, agvah- bietend, gewhrend, die certainly
wiederum in ihrem e-vocalism not so unmittelbar to Gmc. a : stimmen;
Toch. A kukmart, kamart Herrschaft.
Page 1664
Page 1665
Page 1666
dho- and zero grade the root syllable wird in Gk. blond, brown from *ks-en-dho(whether - amalgamation from *- and *- =*n-)? and ostensibly golden ,
whether from *ks-ou-dho-, angenommen, but very dubious.
References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gk. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gk. I 329.
Page(s): 533
Page 1667
Page 1668
It derived from Root od-2 (*had-): disgust, hate earlier Root od-1 (*had-): to smell, *have
repulsive smell, old laryngeal centum - > a-, e- : satem - > s- ;
Material: O.Ind. ri-sudas- for den Fremden sorgend;
Av. sudra- n. affliction, Wehe, mischief (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.);
Gk. n., Dor. sorrow, mourning, grief; Leichenbestattung; Familiengefuhl,
the liebste, the sorrow wert, lieb; zur Bestattung gehrig;
blutsverwandt, , Cret. Heiratsverwandter, besorge, tend, look
after; bury; verschwgere, Beschutzer; Leichenbestatter; Heiratsverwandter,
make besorgt, betrube, also verletze, schdige; unbesorgt, unbestattet,
whereof vernachlssige;
Osc. cadeis amnud inimcitiae causu (: Ger. Ha, Kern KZ. 21, 242);
M.Ir. caiss, Welsh cas, Bret. cas hate (*kds-i- as further formations of -es-stem from
Goth. hatis); Welsh cawdd offensa, ira, indignatio Corn. cueth, M.Bret. cuez, Bret. keuz
(*kudo-s) affliction, mourning, grief;
Goth. hatis n. hate, rage, fury, O.N. hatr n., O.E. hete m., O.S. heti m., O.H.G. haz m.
hate partly also in Verfolgung ausartend, hence die meaning pursue from O.N. hata,
O.S. huton partly also O.H.G. hazzn, compare also O.H.G. hetzen from *hatjan; for eine
basic meaning pursue the root say die Gmc. Verhltnisse nichts from; ablaut. O.S. hoti
hostile ;
Toch. A kat destruction .
Page 1669
Page 1670
hestr horse, to Positiv *hanha-, in addition dat. Run. hahai dem rusher, racer and O.H.G.
Huh-, Hang-, O.Ice. Hu- in PN; in addition Celt. *kankstiku mare in Welsh caseg ds., Bret.
pl. kezeg Pferde, dial. stuten, O.Corn. cassec mare, Gaul. PN Cassiciate (loc.)
Pferdepark.
Fur kuik-: kk- one introduces probably Thrac.-Phryg. () Tanz the Satyrn to Ehren
desDionysos (zwar i by den Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also with mebar) an, probably also
f. power , genauer Beweglichkeit, Frische, , Zonar, ep. Ion.
, - weak, flabby;
Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (:) Ir. cch f. female brost, Welsh cig, Bret. kik,
O.Corn. chic Fleisch.
References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gk. Wb. 142, Kluge11 s. v. Hengst.
Page(s): 522-523
Page 1671
ccht);
Arm. cax twig, branch, perhaps Lw. from pers. ux ds., and these from O.Ind. sukhu;
after Meillet Esquisse2 36, Slave commun8 23 f. rather from IE *ksukh-;
because of the meaning doubtful Alb. thek fringe, Zipfel, compare after all the same
meaning from Nor. hekel Zipfel under *keg-;
Welsh cainc (*kank, compare den u-stem O.Ind. saku-), pl. cangau, M.Welsh canghau
bough, M.Ir. gc, Ir. gag bough (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in anlaut), with -
sk-suffix Gallo-Rom. *gascaria (Fr. jachre) Brachland, lit. Pflugland, Hubschmied Vox
Rom. III 1233; O.Ir. gscae twig, branch, bough; with t-suffix O.Ir. ccht plough (probably
as *kank-to- next-related with O.Ind. sakti-);
Goth. hha plough (= O.Ind. sukhu), O.H.G. huohili aratiuncula; nasal. O.N. hur
Ruderdolle (*hanha, finn. Lw.), hll peg, plug, stick (*hanhila-);
Maybe Alb. thua, thoi nail, claw, kthetr claw
Lith. aka bough (ablaut. with O.Ind. sukhu), ake fork , akalys splinter (: O.Ind.
skala-), akni s, O.Pruss. sagnis f., Ltv. sakne root; Lith. akarnis stig, Ltv. sakurnis
Wurzelende; O.C.S. *sok surculus;
Slav. socha club, cudgel (O.C.S. etc.), hook, plough (Russ.), Gabelstange (Pol.), Pol.
Page 1672
Page 1673
Material: O.Ind. susti, 1. pl. sismh weist zurecht, zuchtigt, herrscht, befiehlt, belehrt,
participle Aor. sisnt- unterweisend, sist- zurechtgewiesen, angewiesen, unterwiesen
(newer susta-, as Av. susta-); Av. susti is named, lehrt, Opt. sit , a-sta- verheien;
O.Ind. sustr- Bestrafer, lord, master = Av. sustar- lord, master, prince, lord, M.Pers.
sustur ruler, O.Ind. sustr- n. directive, Belehrung, Lehrbuch, Av. suxvan- n. doctrine,
susnu doctrine, command , O.Ind. sisti- f. Bestrafung, command, order (newer susti-),
sisya- to instruct, m. schuler;
Arm. sast Vorwurf, threat, austereness, severeness, Autoritt, sastem drohe, schrfe
ein, gebiete, sastik violent (all Iran. Lw.?).
References: WP. I 358, WH. I 179.
Page(s): 533
Page 1674
kei-1
English meaning: to lie down
Deutsche bersetzung: liegen; Lager, Heimsttte, traut, lieb (von derselben Siedlung)
Material: O.Ind. st (older sy), 3. pl. sr, Av. sate (: Gk. ) lies, 3. pl. sire,
O.Ind. sayate, -ti lies, ruht, sayu, sayyu lair , madhyama-s- in the Withte sich lagernd,
lying, ni-s-tha- m. Withternacht, etc.;
Gk. lies, 3. pl. from *jnt-, reshaped after -, Hom. ; new is Hom.
(: O.Ind. sayant); m., f. lair , Gemahlin (with Ion. Psilose
from *-); compare Bret. (d)argud light sleep (*-are-koito-); bring to bed,
schlfere ein (compare Goth. haims, O.Ir. cim, Ltv. sime, also Lith. eimyna, O.E.
ing-heimr die beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting, O.E. hum, O.S. hm,
Page 1675
Page 1676
Page 1677
kei-2
English meaning: a kind of dark colour
Deutsche bersetzung: in Farbbezeichnungen, meist for dunkle Farben
Note: (see also k-ro-)
hi(o)w n. apparition, paint, color, beauty, Eng. hue paint, color (IE *ki-uo-);
O.C.S. ser, Russ. seryj, Sloven. ser gray (*koi-ro-), with -d-suffix (?) O.C.S. sed,
Ser.-Cr. sijed, Russ. sedj gray (whether not after smed pale, wan, bled
reshaped); O.Cz. ery, Pol. szary gray, O.Cz. edivy ds. weisen though auf ein ProtoSlav.. anlaut. ch-, das from Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) from IE kh- expounded wird (probably
expressive); whereas nimmt Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 for Proto-Slav.. *cher borrowing
from Gmc. *haira- an, das sich with genuine Slav. ser gemischt habe.
Besides eine extended root form same English meaning:
Page 1678
Page 1679
Material: O.Ind. spa-, spha- m. tail, penis (with sk- prakr. cheppa- ds.);
Lat. cippus a pale, stake, post, pillar (*keipos);
Alb. thep m. sharp cliff (*koipos), tsep prick, sting, point, edge, angle , metath. step
edge, cusp, peak.
Additional connection with Lat. scpio, Gk. and root skip- cut, clip is probably.
References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.
Page(s): 543
Page 1680
srifa- m. nostril ; Av. saf whisk, small broom for dusting ; the meaning of Av. sapa- is
unclear;
Lith. iepiuos, ieptis and aipaus, aipytis making faces, making facial expressions ,
ypla mocker, person who mocks, scoffer , ypsau, -ti grin, smile broadly, bare the
teeth, grimace .
References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.
Page(s): 543
Page 1681
cechair slime, mud, ordure (if leibliche Ausscheidung die original meaning is).
References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.
See also: See still *kakka- defecate.
Page(s): 544
Page 1682
Page 1683
kel-1
English meaning: cold; warm
Deutsche bersetzung: 1. frieren, kalt, 2. warm (Bedeutungsvermittlungs probably
brennend)
Material: 1. O.Ind. sisira- kuhl, cold, m. kuhle time, coldness, Av. sarta- cold, Pers.
palas frozen earth = O.Pruss. passalis frost, Lith. paolys Nachtfrost, frost in the
earth;
O.Bulg. slana hoarfrost .
2. O.Ind. sard- f. autumn, with Zahlwrtern year, Av. sar- f. year (see also
Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to lyd. year), Osset. srd summer, Pers. sul year (autumn
as warmeZeit, also Lith. ilus August, more properly ilius);
Lat. cale, -re warm, hot sein, glow, calidus warm, hot, calor Wrme, heat;
Welsh clyd (*kl-to-) warm, wrmend (: Lith. il tas); in addition perhaps from an eiextension Welsh claear lukewarm , Bret. klouar ds.?
As. halian burn; in Gmc. wurde eine extension *kleu- frachtbar: O.H.G. luo, flect. luwr
lukewarm, warm, O.Ice. hlr ds., of weather (*hlwia-), hluna mild become, bO.Ir.
lunen tauen, O.Ice. hluka Tauwetter: O.Ice. hlyr lukewarm, hly n. Wrme, O.E.
hlowe lukewarm, O.Ice. hl (*hlwa-) n. protection, Leeseite, O.S. hleo m. protection
vor dem weather , O.Fris. hl, O.E. hlo, hlow n. Obdach, cover, protection (compare
Page 1684
Page 1685
kel-2
English meaning: to incline
Deutsche bersetzung: neigen
Material: basis the viel reicher entwickelten root form klei- lean (see under) and very
probably in consecutive words anzuerkennen:
Lat. auscult horche, lausche, originally neige das ear from *ausclture, derivative from
hjell scaffold, trestle, bottom, older Dan. hjld Heuboden, Huhnersteige, Seller, O.Ice.
hjallr scaffold, trestle, elevation, hjalli Absatz, Terrasse, hilla cornice, board, Regal (=
M.L.G. hilde); changing through ablaut Dan. hylde Regal, Swe. hylla.
References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;
See also: about kel- incline (with Velar) s. (s)kel- bend.
Page(s): 552
Page 1686
kel-3
English meaning: a thin shaft, stalk
Deutsche bersetzung: dunner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm
Material: O.Ind. sal- m. stick, sting, prick of Stachelschweins, salala- n., salal sting, prick
of Stachelschweins, saly- m. n. arrowhead, Speerspitze, thorn, sting, prick, slyak- m.
stachelschwein; dial. additional form ablaut. sila- m. Ahre = Lith. i las Heide; in addition
Page 1687
kel-4
English meaning: to conceal
Deutsche bersetzung: bergen, verhullen
Material: O.Ind. saran- schirmend, n. schirm, Schutzdach, cottage, srman- n. schirm,
Schutzdach, cover, Obhut (: Ger. Helm), lengthened grade (as Lat. cl, cella, O.H.G. huli)
cilium (seit Plinius) eyelid, esp. das untere and das older supercilium oberes eyelid
probably from *super-keliom die obere cover;
O.Ir. celim verberge, Welsh celu conceal, O.Ir. cuile Keller, Magazin and Kuche
(not from Lat. culna, but in the meaning therefrom influenced), M.Ir. luid ar cel obiit,
Page 1688
hulundi f. cave (*kelnt die Bergende), Goth. huljan, O.N. hylja, O.H.G. hullen verhullen,
whereof with Gmc. Suff. -stra-, Goth. hulistr n. Hulle, cover, O.N. hulstr sheath ; auf an
old-es-stem (see Lat. color) based on whereas probably M.H.G. hulst f. cover, Hulle and
M.L.G. hulse, O.H.G.hulsa, hulis husk (O.E. helustr, heolstor Hulle, hiding place, nook,
bolt-hole, darkness with Gmc. Suffixablaut or at most with IE *kelu-); compare in similar
meaning O.E. hulu f. bowl, husk, O.H.G. helawa, helwa Haferspreu, Swe. dial. hjelm m.
ds., O.H.G. hala Hulle, bowl; Goth. hilms, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. helm helmet, O.N. hjalmr
ds., O.E. helm also Beschutzer (: O.Ind. sarman-; das word is ubers Slav. ins Balt
gewandert: Lith. almas helmet etc.); Goth. halja, O.H.G. hella, O.S. hellia, O.E. hell f.
underworld, hell, O.N. hel Todesgttin from *halja-, IE *kolio-, compare finn.-uGk. Koljo
Unterweltsdmon; after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soll Gmc. *halj die Hehlende,
das Totenreich already early with *hallj(n) steinplatte (to Goth. hallus Fels)
zusammengeflossen sein; s. also under (s)kel- split; O.H.G. O.S. halla, O.E. heall ll,
O.N. holl f. big house (*kolnu); Nor. hulder (participle pass. f. *hul), hulda Waldelfe,
Ger. wife, woman Holle;
lengthened grade O.H.G. hula das Verbergen, M.H.G. hle Verheimlichung, O.N.
Page 1689
Page 1690
kem//-4
English meaning: to be tired
Deutsche bersetzung: sich abmuhen, mude werden
Material: O.Ind. samnt, smati, samyati, Imp. sam-sva sich muhen, work, prepare,
prepare, concoct, samit- zubereitet, samitr- Zurichter, Zubereiter, sm f., smi n.
BemuHung. work, Flei (simyati = samyati, sima- m. Zubereiter are through das
bedeutungsgleiche sm Flei hervorgerufen); sumyati hrt auf, lt after from
*ermudet, Aor. asamat, asamt; sunt- beruhigt, peaceful, gentle, mild (*kemtos, wird
seines u halber in the meaning nher with sumyati assoziiert);
Gk. muhe mich, ermude; tr. verfertige (with toil) (probably *km-n-u-, as O.Ind.
Page 1691
Page 1692
kem-2
English meaning: hornless
Deutsche bersetzung: hornlos, bei sonst gehrnten Tierarten
Material: O.Ind. sma-h hornless;
Gk. , - f., later also young deer; Hes.;
O.N. hind f., O.E. hind, O.H.G. hinta Hirschkub, Hindin (*kem-t-);
Lith. em. mulas hornless, mlis m., mule f. ox, cow without Hrner (*km-- +
forms -lo-), liv. Lw. smoul;
perhaps here Russ. komolyj hornless; compare also W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 619.
References: WP. I 385 f., Specht IE Decl. 132.
Page(s): 556
Page 1693
kem-3
English meaning: to cover, wrap
Deutsche bersetzung: bedecken, verhullen
Material: O.Ind. sumuly- n., sumla- n. wollenes Hemd, sam Prosopis spicigera;
Hulsenfrucht;
Lat. camisia (late) Hemd (Gaul. word; borrowed from Gmc. *amija- Hemd;
previously from Lat. stamen again O.Ir. caimmse Hemd, O.Corn. cams white , Bret.
kamps Mehemd);
unclear is the anlaut in M.Welsh hefys Frauenhemd, akorn. hevis, Bret. hiviz ds.;
O.E.cemes ds. is Lw. from camisia;
O.H.G. hemidi n. Hemd, O.E. hemee (*hamiia-) Hemd; O.N. hamr m. Hulle, skin,
shape, O.E. homa Hulle, cover, Anzug; lc-hama, O.S. lk-hamo body, O.H.G. lhhin-
[*h]amo body, body, corpse, Goth. ana-, ga-hamn sich bekleiden, O.N. hama-sk (*sich
in Tiergestalt verkleiden, hence:) dash; O.N. hams bowl, husk, Schlangenbalg (*hamisa-),
compare Nor. hamar Kernhaus; here also Goth. himins, O.N. himinn (dat. hifne with -nfrom -mn-, compare:) O.E. heofon, O.S. hean sky, heaven, next to which O.H.G. O.S.
himil, md. humil sky, heaven; O.H.G. himil also ceiling , Dutch hemel palate, roof, Ger.
Himmelbett, O.H.G. himiliz(z)i, M.L.G. hemelte ceiling ; barely right above S. 22 to akstone.
A s-form skem- seeks man incredible in Goth. skaman sich schmen, O.E. skamian ds.,
O.Ice. skomm, O.H.G. scama the genitals, Schande etc. (*be covered?).
References: WP. I 386, Specht IE Decl. 346.
Page(s): 556-557
Page 1694
Page 1695
hanga (preterit hekk), O.E. hn (preterit heng), O.H.G. huhan (preterit hiang) hngen
(trans.); Goth. schw. V. huhan (preterit huhaida) hangen, O.Ice. hanga, O.E. hongian,
O.H.G. hangn hangen (intrans.); causative O.Ice. hengja, O.H.G. hengn hngen;
O.H.G. M.H.G. henken aufhngen from *hengjan, therefrom Ger. Henkel, Swiss henkel
Tragriemen, compare M.H.G. hengel Eisenhaken, Henkel; in addition probably O.H.G.
Page 1696
in-cnsa non censa, Lat. cnsus (: O.Ind. sast-h gesprochen, gepriesen), censtom-en
in censum, Kenssurines gen. (= Cnsrnus);
O.Bulg. set inquit (older Wurzelaorist? compare Meillet, Slave commun2 209).
References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM3 201.
Page(s): 566
Page 1697
Page 1698
Page 1699
Material: O.Ind. srvara- varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted , srvar f. animal the
Maruts, night (v steht for b, compare Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 184 and:) sabla-, sabra(diss. reduction of ersten r) varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted (besides karbar-,
sarvar;
Slav. sobol Zobel seems from dem Aryan to derive.
The root kerb- seeks Liden Stud. 50 f. in O.Ir. corbaim besmirch, sully and Lith. krba (>
Ltv. kirba) swamp, marsh, morass and contemplates *kerb- as extension the Farbwz. ker(see S. 583 kers-); Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 383.
References: WP. I 425, Schulze Kl. Schr. 125, Specht IE Decl. 119, 262.
Page(s): 578
Page 1700
kerdho-, kerdh
English meaning: troop, line
Deutsche bersetzung: Reihe, Herde
Material: O.Ind. srdha- m., sardhas- n. herd, troop, multitude, crowd, Av. sara-,
O.Pers. ard- kind of, Gattung;
Gk. heap, erhebe mich, hufe auf;
M.Welsh cordd f. Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd, family (*kordhu; irrig Loth RC 42,
276 f.);
maybe Alb. kordh sword (of soldiers).
Goth. harda, O.Ice. hjor, O.E. heord, O.H.G. herta herd (therefrom Goth. hardeis,
O.H.G.
Reihenfolge);
in Bal.-Slav. with WestIE guttural: Lith. kerdius (and skerdius) herdsman, shepherd
(places ein *kerd herd ahead), O.Pruss. krdan acc. time (actually *row, Reihenfolge);
O.Bulg. reda , row after the Tagesordnung and herd, rediti (*anreihen,
dispose =) host , Clr. ereda row; herd, Rudel (etc.).
References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.
Page(s): 579
Page 1701
kreiz Withte (das Ir. lt sich from *krediom or *krdiom define, assumed, da die dunkle
coloring the anlaut. Konsonanz explanation findet (after cru blood?); die Brit. forms
verlangen against it eine basic form *krediom);
Goth. harto, O.H.G. herza, O.E. heorte, O.N. hjarta n. heart (*krd-on-);
Lith. irdi s f. (older m.), acc. i rdi heart, Kern, Mark from Bumen; Ltv. sirds f. (older m.)
heart and serde f. Mark, Kern in wood (basic forms *erd- and ir d-, compare den
altengen. sg. irdes and gen. pl. irdu, die auf IE *kerds and *kerdm based on; see
Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 302); O.Pruss. seyr n. (*krd), to m. o-stem extended sras, acc.
sran heart;
akl. srdce, Serb. srce heart; zero grade O.C.S. sreda Withte (*serda), Russ. sered
ds.;
Hitt. ka-ra-az (karts) heart, gen. kar-di-a (Pedersen Hitt. 41).
Maybe Alb. kredh immerse, dive
Not here (but to M.Ir. cretair relic ) IE kred-dh- witchcraft whereupon place, believe,
trust in O.Ind. srd-dadhuti vertraut, glaubt (apart, separated still e.g. srd asmui dhatta
Page 1702
Page 1703
Page 1704
Page 1705
Page 1706
ker-3
English meaning: rope; to weave
Deutsche bersetzung: schnur, Gewebefaden; flechten, knupfen
Note: only Arm. and Gk.
Material: Arm. sari-k pl. (gen. sareac, instr. sarec) band, strap, cord (*kereiu), sard (istem) spider(*kr-ti-);
Gk. (*keri-os) , Phot., perhaps
schnure beim Anbinden of Gewebes, ds., also Gewebe, binde das
Gewebe together, zero grade the Gurt of Bettgestelles, pl. (NT.) Grabtucher (die
forms , s. Liddell-Scott; die meaning Grabtucher through connection in
Todesgttin?).
References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.
Page(s): 577-578
Page 1707
Page 1708
Page 1709
ker(s)-1
English meaning: bristle, stiff hair
Deutsche bersetzung: Borste, steifes Haar; starren, rauh and kratzig sein
Material: O.Ind. *sala in kapucchala- n. Haar am Hinterhaupt;
M.Ir. carrach scabbed, scabby, steinig; different above S. 532;
O.H.G. hursti cristas, Nor. herren stiff, hard, O.Ice. herstr rough, harsh, M.H.G.
hersten erstarren; perhaps O.H.G. O.S. O.Ice. hur, O.E. hr hair from a s-losen the
abbreviated root form (lengthened grade);
Lith. erys bristle, eriuos, ertis haaren, hair lassen, iurktus, iurgdus rough;
ablaut. E.Lith. er as schauer; Ltv. sari Borsten;
Slav. *srst (= O.H.G. hurst) in R.C.S. srst f. wool, Sloven. srst Tierhaar, Russ.
erst wool, ablaut. Russ. oro m. rough Oberflche, O.Bulg. vsor rough; Slav.
*srch in Sloven. srh m. schauer, R.C.S. srchk , Sloven. srhk struppig.
References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 305.
Page(s): 583
Page 1710
kers-2
English meaning: to run
Deutsche bersetzung: laufen
Material: Fur palatales k speaks Hes., das as Lat. sarrucum, serrucum (Ital. -
rr- from -rs-) ein auslndischer cart ein Illyr. *sarsa = IE *krsu zur wellspring have could;
Gk. to help hurrying (*korsos);
Lat. curr, -ere run (*krs), cursus run, flow, currus cart , equirria Wagenrennen
(*equi-curria, from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria and haplologisch equirria);
Gaul. carros, latinisiert carrus Karren, cart , O.Ir. M.Welsh carr; Bret. karr biga,
vihiculum (*krsos); compare M.Welsh carrawc f., Welsh carrog sturzbach (*karsuku die
Laufende?), different above S. 532.
M.H.G. hurren sich rasch bewegen; doubtful O.H.G. hros, -ses, O.Ice. O.S. hross, O.E.
horg horse, steed (*hrussa-), and. hers ds. (*herssa-), da das -ss- from one in -s auslaut
root hchstens as consonant increase in a Kurznamen verstndlich wre; hence rather to a
dental extension (: O.Ind. krdati hupft, springt) the not palatalen root (s)ker- spring;
Arm. kark cart is probably Lw. from dem Galatischen.
References: WP. I 428 f., WH. I 315 f.
Page(s): 583-584
Page 1711
srnga- (*kr- n-go-) n. horn, of n-stem *ker-(e)n- with perhaps originally bare
nominativischem g, compare Gk. crab and from the u-basis Gk. --
(see also under about Ir. congan);
from the u-basis Av. sr-, srvu- horn; nail an Fingern and Zehen, srvara gehrnt (*sr
+ bhara-), srv-stuy- with hrnernen Widerhaken;
Arm. sar height, acme, apex, slope (kero-);
Gk. in Hom. auf den Kopf, Hippocr. after above, originally
probably *ker gen. *ker-s (), from which analogical , ; besides , Ion.
head; ein s-loser stem - is unabweislich for - (and -p with - as
Tiefst. to ), -- Gehirn;
perhaps here Ion. , -, Att. , - f. kind of Krebs, Dor. ds.;
Page 1712
Page 1713
cernuus, cernulus Gaukler, the Purzelbume makes, sich kopfuber uberschlgt (*kersnouos; if not rather Lw. from the language the Gk. Jongleure, compare ), crubr
hornet (see under). Vom (e)n-stem: corn horn (the u-stem perhaps as Gaul. ;
Trompete through amalgamation of n- and u-stem); compare also Illyr. PN
(Moesia), PN Cornunus etc. (Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from *krn-;
to crubr Hornisse (*crusr, kersron-) stellt sich (IE krs-n-):
O.H.G. hurnz, hornaz, m., O.E. hyrnet(u) Hornisse (*hurznuta); Dutch horzel (*hurzla), Ger. Horlitze;
Lith. i re f., irlys m., i ruolis, old iruo wasp, i ruonas, i rnas Hornisse, Ltv.
Page 1714
cervsia, cervsia hirschfarbenes, braunes Getrnk, beer (Pokorny Vox Rom. 10, 259);
Welsh carw, Corn. carow, Bret. karo m. deer (*kruo-s); in addition the Gebirgsname
Karawanken;
O.Pruss. sirwis m. roe deer (out of it borrowed finn. hirvi elk, deer compare also
Wrong etymology Alb. kau ox : Rom. bou ox derived from Root gou- : cattle.
Lith. krve cow; in addition krviena f. Kuhfleisch (: Cz. kravina Kuhhaut);
Page 1715
Page 1716
Common Alb. phonetic mutation s > th suggests Alb. being a direct descendant of Sanskrit:
Alb. thadr < O.Ind. sstrLat. care, -re entbehren, sich enthalten, vermissen, Osc. kasit oportet; to-participle,
Lat. castus free (from Fehlern), pure, enthaltsam, originally cropped, truncated, cut off ,
apart, separated; thereof castg ruge, strafe; neologism is cassus empty, bare, lacking,
eitel. nichtig; *kastrom schneidewerkzeug ( : O.Ind. sastrm) wird assumed from Lat.
s?).
References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.
Page(s): 586
Page 1717
Page 1718
Page 1719
surx red;
Gk. swan as the white.
Maybe Alb. (*keuk) kuq red
References: WP. I 378. extension from keu-2.
Page(s): 597
Page 1720
Page 1721
bersetzung:
schwellen,
Schwellung,
Wlbung
and
Hhlung;
hohl,
svu-tr- gedeihlich, strong, n. power, Strkung; s-svant- jeder, see under; from an
s-extension probably susi- m. cavity (= O.E. hyse youngling ), susir- (from sus-?)
hollow; n. cavity, ein Blasinstrument;
Av. spu(y), redupl. present participle sispimna- swell up, sra- (= O.Ind. sra-) strong,
vast, grand, superl. svita- (= O.Ind. svistha-); sra- m. hole, lacuna, Pers. srux hole
(: = : ; s. also Arm. sor, at most Lat. caver-na);
Arm. sun (see above to O.Ind. sna- emptiness ); sor hole (*so[v]oro- from *sovaro- =
O.Ind. *savra-, Gk. ), soil cave (*keu-lo-);
Alb. thel deep (= (F); to a and through umlaut to e); than Kornelkirsche
(*kousnu), Tosc i thante kerngesund (Jokl by WH. I 277);
Gk. , Hes. (: Lat. cavus, M.Ir. ca),
hollow (F = Alb. thel), lengthened grade cave, jail ; (*kuur) hole (see
Page 1722
Page 1723
kuu- has derived); O.E. hyse youngling (: O.Ind. susi Hohlstengel), hoss m. twig,
branch;
Ltv. ava scheidenartige col, gap or cavity am tree (lengthened grade, compare );
from to swell from: Lith. aunas, aunus strong, proficient, pane power, strength (:
O.Ind. sun-m; Persson Beitr. 192, the also aulis (O.Lith.) hip, haunch, uka haycock,
haystack auf dem Felde, snis heap, tis Holzsto, tis heap Steine or Holz
anreihen mchte??);
Maybe Alb. suk hill
O.Bulg. suj nichtig, eitel; compare Bga Kalba Ir. sen. I 291.
A root form ku-el- perhaps in O.E. hwylca (leg. hwelca) Eiterblschen, swelling, lump,
growth, wherefore hwelian fester and (?) Ltv. kveldt, kvlt glow (MuhlenbachEndzelin II 352).
References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, Schwyzer Gk. I 301.
Page(s): 592-594
Page 1724
keu-2
English meaning: to shine, bright
Deutsche bersetzung: leuchten, hell
Material: Av. savah- name of in osten gelegenen Erdteils (eig. nom. Du. from *savah-
morning, osten), with zero grade root syllable O.Ind. svah adv. cras; r-stem Av. srm
fruh morgens (thematic acc. a conservative stem), a-siri in Morgendunkel (sirya-), acc.
sirm breakfast ;
perhaps Arm. ukh radiance, splendor, fame (as *ku-ko-; therefrom khe glanzvoll
etc.), ol ray, Lichtstrahl (as *kuo-lo-), noyl light, radiance, Gefunkel (*ni-kuolio),
probably and, ant spark, lightning, gluhendes iron (kunti-; probably from a participlestem ku- ent- : ku-nt- derive ).
no-stem: O.Ind. sna- red, hochrot (n for n), Gaul. COVNOS (Munze), O.Ir. *cuan-dae,
M.Ir. cuanna, Welsh cun mellifluous (Sommerfelt BAL.-SLAV. 24, 219 ff.); Russ. sunica,
sunika, Ser.-Cr. sunica Himbeere; Russ. kun marten etc., Lith. kiune, Ltv. cauna,
caune, O.Pruss. caune ds. could ein corresponding color adj. from a root form with Velar
the basic lie; about Lith. vi nas lead, das Persson Beitr. 745 between as kueno- anreiht, s.
Boisacq s. v. cyanus, a dark-blue substance.
Maybe Alb. kunadhe f. marten : Gk. marten : Russ. kun marten.
Root extensions:
keu-bh-: O.Ind. sumbhati shines, sbhat is stately, nimmt sich beautiful from,
sbhan- beautiful, gleaming, subha- pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying, subhrbeautiful, gleaming, hellfarbig = Arm. surb pure, holy, srbem clean, heilige.
Page 1725
keu-dh-: O.Ind. sundhati purifies, cleans, sudhyat wird pure, suddh- pure, Kaus.
sundhayati purifies, cleans (Av. sudu- Reinigung of Getreides? Getreidemuhle? s.
Bartholomae Wb. 1583).
Page 1726
Page 1727
Page 1728
Page 1729
Material: O.Ind. si-su-ti (si-s-t), sy-ti schrft, wetzt, participle sit- gewetzt, sharp (=
Lat. catus, O.Ir. cath), suta- ds., suna- m. (with mind. n for n) Wetz-, Probierstein (= Pers.
cos, cotis whetstone, also cotes, cautes f. pl. spitzer Fels, Riff (das -auHyperurbanismus); catanus Zedernwacholder is perhaps Gaul. Lw.;
O.Ir. cath wise (= Lat. catus, O.Ind. si-t-);
O.Ice. hein f. whetstone, O.E. hun Grenzstein, Eng. hone whetstone (*ki-n- :
Av.sani-); M.H.G. hur tool zum Schrfen the scythe (*k-r-), M.L.G. haren sharpen,
sharp sein.
References: WP. I 454 f., WH. I 181, 183 f., 190 f.
Page(s): 541-542
Page 1730
Page 1731
Page 1732
Page 1733
Page 1734
Material: Gk. (Ion.), (Att.) from *F- zunde an, brenne an, Aor. Hom. F,
altAtt. gen. sg. (*F-), neuAtt. , Med. episch , pass. ,
, delph. , , and ds. Hes., Hom. duftig,
wohlriechend (from a *F blaze, incense ), , n. blaze, trockenes
wood (*F-), Eol. burning hot, Hom. (*F) etc.;
Lith. kle ti brandig become, of corn, grain , kle Getreidebrand.
References: WP. I 376 f.
Page(s): 595
Page 1735
skjra (*skeurn-) ds., Nor. skyra, skra drive off blindly on something , O.Ice. skyra
run there fast .
References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemernyi KZ. 70, 65.
Page(s): 597
Page 1736
Page 1737
Page 1738
kik-1
English meaning: strap
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa Riemen
Material: O.Ind. sic- f., sikya- n. loop, noose, snare, suspenders , suikya- damasziert, lit.
mit Schlingen versehen ;
Gk. and ivy (?);
Lith. ikna feines Leder zur Verfertigung von Riemenwerk, strap.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Page 1739
Page 1740
Page 1741
Page 1742
Page 1743
kk-2
English meaning: to rain, drizzle
Deutsche bersetzung: trpfeln
Material: O.Ind. skra- m. fine rain, skuyati dribbles ; Nor. higla drip, trickle, higl fine
rain.
Maybe abbreviated Alb. shi fine rain, rain.
Note:
The shift s- > h- suggests Germanic languages absorbed this root through Illyr.-Alb.
intermediary. Actually Root kk-2 : to rain, drizzle derived from Root seu-1, se- : s- :
juice; liquid, *rain.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Page 1744
kn- (ksn-?)
English meaning: pillar
Deutsche bersetzung: sule
Note: only Arm. and Gk.
Page 1745
Page 1746
clthe n. roof beam, roof, zero grade Welsh cledr-en sparren, lath, fence (*kli-tru = M.Ir.
clethar pad), M.Bret. clezr-en, Bret. klerenn pice principale de la claie (ablaut. with
Umbr. kletram, Lat. cltellae, Goth. hleira and O.H.G. leitara);
O.H.G. (h)linn lean (intr.), aschs. hlinn, O.E. hlinian, hleonian (*hlinn) ds.; O.H.G.
hlina reclinatorium, O.E. hlinbedd, hlinung lair , O.H.G. hlinu cancelli; Kaus. O.H.G.
(h)leinen, O.E. hlnan lean (tr.); Goth. hlain gen. pl. the hill, Mod.Ice. hleinn
Felsvorsprung, Nor. dial. lein f. Halde, slope (: Ltv. slains); Goth. hlaiw grave, Run.
hlaiwa ds., O.H.G. O.S. hlo burial mound, grave, O.E. hluw burial mound, Grabstein(=
Lat. clvus); Goth. hlija m. tent, cottage; O.H.G. (h)lta, Ger. Leite Bergabhang, O.Ice. hli
f. slope, Berghalde (compare Gk. , Lith. lai tas); O.Ice. hli f. seite, O.E. hl n.
Halde, hill (: , Lith. li te); Goth. hleira cottage, tent (see above to Lat. cltellae
etc.); O.H.G. (h)leitara ladder, O.E. hld(d)er ds.; O.E. -hldan cover, hlid n. cover,
door, O.H.G. lit cover (Ger. Augenlid), O.Ice. hli door, Gattertur, Goth.hleiduma
linker; d-present perhaps in O.Ice. *hlta (*klei-d-) trust auf, sichzufriedengeben with;
Lith. lieju, lieti (older em. leju = O.Ind. sryati =) Ltv. sleju, slet anlehnen, in
addition Lith. lyti zur Seite sinken, su-li jes sich neigend, causative nu-laji nti
umkippen; nouns: Ltv. slejs m., sleja f. line; O.Pruss. slayan n. sledge skid , nom. pl.
slayo sled , Lith. lajos f. pl. ds.; at-lainis m. Erker, Ltv. slains where man einsinkt,
Lith. lai tas m. slope, lyna f. loam, clay , at-lai mas m. Vorhof; Ltv. slita f. fence,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1747
clvus slope), ablaut. livi s m. krummbeinige person; to den Reimwrtern Lith. kleivas,
kluvas bowlegged see under (s)kel- bend; different Specht IE Decl. 130, 3171;
Slav. *sloj layer (*kloio-s) in Sloven. slj layer, lair , Russ. Cz. sloj ds.; compare
formal above O.Pruss. slayan n. Sledge skid .
About die hchst zweifelhafte affiliation from O.Bulg. etc. klet Gemach, cell (Lith. kletis
Vorratshuschen, Schlafgemach for girl is Slav. Lw.) under assumption from WestIE Gutt.
s. Berneker 517 f.
References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann nom. postverb. 144 f.,
Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.
See also: extension from kel-2 incline ; s. also under (s)kel- bend.
Page(s): 600-602
Page 1748
klep- (sklep-?)
English meaning: to cover, conceal, steal
Deutsche bersetzung: verheimlichen, verstecken, stehlen
Material: Gk. (*) stehle (, and ), n.,
(out of it Lat. clepta), , , thief, theft ;
Lat. clep, -ere clandestine wegstehlen;
Goth. hlifan steal (hliftus thief);
M.Ir. cluain (*klopni-) f. deceit, Schmeichelei, cluainech trugerisch;
O.Pruss. auklipts (*-klepts) hide, conceal; s. also under klp-.
With anlaut. sl- from skl- seems related Lith. slepiu, slepti conceal.
The meaning makes probably, da klep- extension from kel- conceal is; M.H.G. hulft
quiver seems justly zero grade our root form to sein, as O.Pruss. auklipts; O.Pruss.
Page 1749
Material: 1. O.Ind. srnti (*kl-neu-) hrt, srudh hear (= *), participle srut- (=
, Lat. inclutus, Ir. cloth n., O.H.G. Hlot-, Arm. lu) etc., sravyati lt hear, sryate
wird belongs, sruti- das Hren;
Note:
sraota- n. das Hren (compare Serb. slutiti), Av. sraman- n. Gehr (: Goth. hliuma),
O.Ind. srmata- n. good shout, call (= O.H.G. hliumunt);
Arm. lu kund (= etc.), lur knowledge, rumor, tidings , lsem, Aor. luaj hear,
heard (*klu-ke-); das -s- of present is am wahrscheinlichsten -sko-);
Gk. (F), -, ep. ruhme are secondary; heard (= O.Ind. sruvam),
, hear!, illustrious, illustrious (*F, as , Lat.
Page 1750
2 incline ), Osc.-Umbr. only in names (Kluvatiis Clovatius, Umbr. Kluviier Cluvii under
likewise);
O.Ir. cloth n. fame (= O.Ind. sruta-), Welsh clod laus;
Welsh clywed auditus, audire, M.Welsh clywaf, Corn. clewaf I hear; Bret. clevout
hear, O.Ir. ro-clui-nethar (reconverted from *cli-nu-, IE *kl-) hrt, perf. 1. sg. ro-cuala,
Welsh cigleu audivi, O.Ir. Konj. rocloor da I hear, -cloth, newer -closs wurde gehrt;
Thurneysen Gk. 357, 439;
O.Ice. hlj Zuhren, Stille; sound (= Av. sraota-), O.E. hloor sound, tone, Melodie,
O.H.G. hliodar n. sound, tone, clangor (= O.Ind. srtra-), Goth. hliuma m. Gehr, pl.
ears (= Av.sraoman), O.H.G. hliumunt, Ger. Leumund (= O.Ind. srmata-), participle
*hlua-, *hlua- in O.H.G.Hluderch, Hlothari, O.E. Hlo-wg, -here etc.; besides with
(heavy basis, see above), O.H.G. hlt, O.E. O.S. hld, Ger. laut;
Ltv. sludint announce, declare ; lengthened grade Lith. love and love glory,
magnificence, splendor , ablaut. E.Lith. lave fame;
O.Bulg. slovo, sluti heien, be illustrious, lengthened grade slava f. fame, therefrom
slaviti illustrious make, Serb. slutm, slutiti ahnen (Denom. a *slut; Sloven. slut
suspicion is probably postverbal), slytije shout, call, names;
Toch. AB kluw- announce, declare ; A klots, klautso ear, gill.
With WestIE guttural: Alb. kjuhem be called, gjuanj, kjuanj name (Pedersen IF. 5, 36).
Note:
Alb.Gheg kla, kja cry, lament, call (the dead) : Illyr. EN Ves-cleves : O.Ind. vasu-sravas
possessing good fame , where Illyr. seems the intermediary between satem and centum.
2. es-stem: O.Ind. sravas- n. fame, Av. sravah- n. word, Gk. F fame, Illyr. EN
Ves-cleves (= O.Ind. vasu-sravas possessing good fame ), Lat. cluor (Gl.) , O.Ir. cl
fame (but Welsh clyw Gehr is eine newer formation), dessen from dem gen. sg.
Page 1751
hlust f. Gehr, ear, Hren, Lauschen, O.Ice. hlusta, O.E. hlystan (Eng. listen) aufhorchen,
zuhren; with (as O.H.G. hlt, see above): O.H.G. lstrn, Ger. (schwb.-bO.Ir.) laustern
zuhren, listen , Ger. lauschen (*hls-skn); O.E. hlor, O.S. hlior, O.Ice. hlyr cheek (=
O.Bulg. sluch);
O.Bulg. slyati hear, sluch Gehr, sluati (Serb. sluati, also heavy basis as slyati)
hear;
Toch. A klyos-, klyaus- hear; klosm, klausane Dual ears.
With WestIE Gutt.: Messap. klaohi hear! (: O.Ind. srsi); Lith. klausau, -uti hear, Ltv.
klust hear, obey , O.Pruss. klauston erhren, Lith. paklusnus gehorsam (against it
Lith. klusiu ask = *will hear from *kleu-s-i hat futurisches s).
References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht IE Decl. 285, 333; Hj.
Frisk, Gteborgs Hgsk. ArsSer.-Cr. LVI 1950: 3.
Page(s): 605-607
Page 1752
sluta ds.; extension klu-k- in slauct fegen, whisk, slaukt splash, pladdern, slukt
milk, Lith. liaukti, laukyti fegen.
Perhaps extension a *kel- humid, wet, damp, das also consecutive roots the basic lies:
klep-humid, wet (see there), klek- ds. (Lith. laku, -eti drip, trickle, le kti, liknoti
sprayetc.), kleg(h)- ds. (Russ. slez tears, O.C.S. slza ds.). Wenn these zutrfe, wre
for kleu- : kel- das relationship sreu- flow : ser- either example or Parallele.
Maybe Pol. (*slez) za tear, Alb. (*luoti) loti tear [the common Alb. initial sl- > l- shift or
the drop of initial s-].
References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.
Page(s): 607
Page 1753
slaunis thigh.
The Lautform from Gk. , - steibein is still unexplained.
References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht IE Decl. 162.
Page(s): 607-608
Page 1754
Page 1755
kolmo-s, kolm
English meaning: stalk; reed
Deutsche bersetzung: Halm, Rohr
Material: Gk. , reed (from - assimilated?);
Lat. culmus Halm;
O.H.G. halm, halam, O.N. halmr, O.E. healm Halm;
O.Pruss. salme straw, Ltv. salms straw ;
O.C.S. slama (*solmu, IE *kol-mu), Russ. soloma, Serb. slama straw;
Toch. A kulmmts- reed (?).
From Gk. borrowed are O.Ind. kalma- m. eine Reisart, Schreibrohr and Lat.
Page 1756
Page 1757
Page 1758
kop(h)elo-s or kap(h)elo-s
English meaning: a kind of carp
Deutsche bersetzung: Karpfenart
Material: O.Ind. saphara- m. Cyprinus sophore = Lith. apalas Cyprinus dobula;
Gk. Karpfen, perhaps after , x, etc. reshaped;
- possibly popular etymology after , da * an think liee.
References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.
Page(s): 614
Page 1759
Page 1760
Page 1761
Page 1762
Page 1763
cterus the other, the ubrige (*ce + *etero-, compare Umbr. etru altero); hi-c (*hi-ce), hsce, s-c (s-ci-ne), ill-c, ill-c, tun-c, nun-c etc., Osc. ekak hanc, ekk hoc = plign. eci-c,
marr. iaf-c eas, esu-c eo; Osc. d-k, Umbr. ere-k id, Osc. ekas-k hae, Umbr. esmi-k
huic, Lat. ecce (probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), Osc. um -um extended ekk-um
also, after puz as from *kuti-s reshaped ekss ita; Konglutinat e-ko- e.g. Osc. ekas
hae, plign. acuf hc, ecuc huc, ecic hoc, *e-k(e)-so- e.g. Osc. exac hac;
*ki- in Lat. cis diesseits, citer diesseitig, citr here, citru dieseits, citimus
nchstbefindlich, Umbr. cive citra (stem *ki-uo-), cimu, simo ad citima, retro;
O.Ir. c here, diesseits (*kei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi here, Gaul.
), cen (compare to n-suffix O.H.G. hina weg etc.) diesseits (in cen-alpande
cisalpinus) and without, centar diesseits; Gaul. etic besides eti also could likewise -ke
contain;
O.N. hunn, hann er (*hunaR, IE *knos from *ke-eno-s), hn sie; aschs. h, he, hie,
O.H.G. h, her er, only nom., O.E. h ds.;
Page 1764
hietz(t), M.H.G.(*h)ie-zuo (from *hiu + Postpos. t to); O.H.G. hina weg, Ger. hin, hinweg
(compare O.Ir. cen); Goth. hiri come here (basic form doubtful); O.H.G. hra, O.S. her
here; Goth. hr, O.H.G. hiar, O.E. hr here (*ki-r); Goth. hidr here, O.E. hider, Eng.
hither here (: Lat.citer, citr), nl. heden today, O.H.G. hitumum, hitamun previous,
demum (: Lat. citimus);
strittig, whether here: Goth. hindana behind, beyond, O.E. aschs. hindan, O.H.G.
hintana behind, O.N. handan from that Seite her, beyond, komparativisch Goth. hindar,
O.H.G.hintar behind , superlativisch Goth. hindumists hinterster, uerster, O.E.
hindema last, whereas das n from *ki-n-t-, *ko-n-t identical as in O.H.G. hina wre; or with
Gaul. Cintugnutos firstborn , O.Ir. ctne, Welsh kyntaf erster etc. to *ken- fresh come,
soeben sich einstellen, begin (above S. 564) with the meaning last = novissimus?
O.Pruss. schis (Adverb schai here), Lith. i s (Ltv. is = O.C.S. s this), gen. Lith. io,
O.C.S. sego, acc. pl. O.C.S. sje, fem. Lith. i (Ltv. i ) = O.C.S. si, acc. sg. f. sjo, Lith. i -
tas this (*ki-to-), in addition tai sieh here (old itai), O.Pruss. stas the; Lith. iandien,
Ltv. uodien today, Lith. e, Ltv. e here, O.C.S. si-c etc.;
maybe Alb. (*iondien) sonte today
Hitt. ki dieses, ki-nun now, yet contains *ki (Pedersen Hitt. 50).
Maybe Alb.Tosk m. ki, Gheg ky this
References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304,
Schwyzer Gk. I 613.
Page(s): 609-610
Page 1765
krpo- (krpo-?)
English meaning: roof
Deutsche bersetzung: Dach
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.Ice. hrf n. roof, Schuppen, O.E. hrf roof, Schiffsverdeck, Eng. roof, M.L.G.
Page 1766
krSee also: see above S. 574 ff. under ker-1 and S. 582 under ker-.
Page(s): 616
Page 1767
Page 1768
Page 1769
srra- beautiful, compar. O.Ind. sryas-, Av. srayah-, superl. O.Ind. srstha- (srstha-),
Av. srata-, O.Ind. srmn- m. Auszeichnung, Vorrang, Av. srayan- n. beauty, adj.
beautiful, O.Ind. sriys dat. n. beautiful;
Hom. poet. edel, furstlich, ruler ( , ) Pind. Aisch.,
nachHom. EN (*[]-- participle hervorleuchtend (?), steht perhaps for
-comparative).
References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gk. I 526.
Page(s): 618
Page 1770
kre-, krei-, kr
See also: see above S. 574 ff. under ker-1.
Page(s): 617
Page 1771
Page 1772
Page 1773
ks- (gh-)
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen (versengt, dunkel??)?
Material: O.Ind. ksuyati burns, ksut- f. blaze, glow, ksum- versengt, ausgedrrt,
vertrocknet, ksur- burning, tzend; Kaus. ksupyati makes brennen; common O.Ind.
Page 1774
ks-ro- (*gh-ro-)
English meaning: dry; bright (of weather)
Deutsche bersetzung: trocken; vom Himmel and Wetter also dry = hell, klar
Material: Gk. (only acc.) festes, trockenes Land, lengthened grade dry, arid;
compare above S. 624 O.Ind. ksar-; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
Lat. serescunt (Lucil. I 306) (die dress) dry (in the sun), sernus cheerful, bright, clear,
bright, dry (of sky, heaven and weather);
O.H.G. serawn dry become, tabescere, languere, marcere, M.H.G. Ger. serben wilt,
wilted; faded, flaccid, withered become;
Toch. A ksr(k) morning ?
Da ks-ro- eine extension from ksu- burn, versengen sei, is probably.
References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gk. I 329.
Page(s): 625
Page 1775
Material: a. kuei-d-: O.Ind. svindat glares, gleams (Dhutup.), perf. sisvind; Gk. mountain
name the white, PN (?); Goth. hveits, O.Ice. hvtr, O.E. O.Fris. aschs.
hwit, O.H.G. (h)wiz white, zero grade nld. N.Ger. witt, O.Fris. hwit ds.; o-grade Goth.
hveiteis, O.Ice. hweiti n., O.E. hwte, O.Fris. aschs. hwti, ahd weizzi, Ger. wheat;
changing through ablaut M.Eng. white, Swe. dial.hvite, Westfl. wit wheat.
b. kuei-s- Lith. viesa f. light, vaisa f. Lichtschein.
c. kuei-t- (kuei-to-, kuei-tio-, kui-t()no-, kui-t()ro- bright, white):
O.Ind. svt- white (f. svn by Vopadeva) = Av. spata- ds. (= O.Bulg. svet light);
O.Ind. svtya- white, licht, fem. -u (= O.Bulg. sveta light), O.Ind. svtat is white,
vintu) in R.C.S. svnuti; Kaus. O.C.S. svetiti jemandem shine; Slav. vaita- m. light in
O.C.S. vet light, world; in addition Slav. *vaitja in O.C.S. veta light, candle;
Page 1776
Page 1777
Material: O.Ind. supti-, Av. supti- shoulder; Alb. sup shoulder, back (without formant -t-);
M.L.G. schuft m., E.Fris., Dutch schoft Vorderschulterblat a Kuh, a Pferdes (*skuftu-).
Note:
Clearly Alb. Alb. sup shoulder, back is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are
extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.
Page 1778
hvine);
Ltv. svni t refl. sich schmutzig make, svns smudges;
with other formant presumably Arm. iv residuum gepreter Trauben (ku- uo-); much, a
lot of insecure O.E. hwg, M.Du. wey wheys (*kuoio-?).
References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.
Page(s): 628
Page 1779
kuei-2
English meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: in Schallworten for zischen, pfeifen under likewise
Note: (see similar under kues- pant, gasp)
Material: NIce. hva neigh , Swe. dial. hwija loud or violent cry, M.H.G.wihe-n- -nen, -len,
-ren neigh , O.H.G. hwaijn, waijn, M.H.G. weihen neigh ; in addition as causative
weep, cry make: O.E. u-hwnan plague, torment, smite, O.S. hwin Belstigung;
O.Ice. hvna sausen, hvinr schwirrender sound, tone, O.E. hwnan sausen, hwinsian,
O.H.G. winisn lament, Ger. winseln; O.Ice. hvskra flustern, hvsla whistle, flustern,
O.E. hwiscettan whistle, from the mouse , hwistlian whistle, hwisprian mumble,
murmur, O.H.G. (h)wispaln hiss, wispern, O.C.S. svistati hiss.
Maybe Alb. (*hvskla) fishkllej whistle
kuei-k- in Arm. em fizz (*iem from *kuki) and Lith. vykti pfeifend breathe.
References: WP. I 469.
Page(s): 628
Page 1780
et bristle.
References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 142.
Page(s): 629
Page 1781
Page 1782
Page 1783
Page 1784
kura- m. das Pfeifen, Zischen (perhaps rather as st-kura- new onomatopoeic word
formation?), Arm. sulem whistle, fizz (from *soyl = keu-lo- or kou-lo-);
Maybe Alb. sulem dash, rush (breath heavely?)
Lith. v-akti breathe, wheeze, pant, gasp: Arm. un breath, breeze, breath, soul,
ghost (kuonkio-); Lith. vir kti whistle, sausen, vil pti with den Lippen whistle and in the
root kuei-2 hiss under likewise see there.
References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.
Page(s): 631-632
Page 1785
spunm, gen. pl. snam, med. (Herodot) (*kun- ko- hundeartig: O.Ind. svakawolf), M.Pers. sak, Pers. sag, kurd. sah, wui a; from Iran. derive Alb. shak() bitch,
Gk. Hes. (from *) and Russ. sobka dog; compare Pers. sabah;
Arm. un, gen. an dog (with unclear ); not gut compatible with skund Hundchen,
whether from *kuon-to-, -tu; or to den above S. 564 under *ken- fresh hervorkommen
besprochenen Tierjungenbezeichnungen?;
with for the Thrak.-Phryg. aufflligem Gutt. lyd. -, Thrac. GN (to 2. part s. dhuu- strangle, throttle, choke );
maybe Alb. (*-) kunadhe marten, musteline, sable
Gk. , dog ( hundischer, i.e. unverschmter, Sup. ; to
compare Lith. un-muse Hundsfliege);
quite unclear Lat. canis dog, cuns originally previously fem. bitch, cancula (compare
O.Ind. sun f.) hinsichtlich of a; perhaps interference a dem M.Ir. cano, cana Wolfsjunges,
Welsh cenaw young dog or wolf (see ken-3) corresponding words (so also lyd. ?);
Maybe Alb. (*kuen-) qen dog
O.Ir. c (gen. con = ), Welsh ci (pl. cwn - , Lith. unes), Bret. Corn. ki dog
from *ku;
Goth. hunds, O.Ice. hundr, O.E. hund, O.H.G. hunt dog (kun- t-), see above;
Page 1786
sunis dog); t-form Ltv. suntana groer dog; Ltv. kuna bitch probably with WestIE Gutt.,
Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 310? or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Bga Kalba ir s. I
196; quite doubtful but Russ. Pol. suka bitch;
Toch. A ku, Obl. kon, nom. kunder
The meaning from Lat. canis as unglucklicher Wurf beim Wurfelspiel kehrt in Gk.
again, as well as in O.Ind. sva-ghnn- actually Hundetter, i.e. the die schlechten Wurfe
vermeidende, gewerbsmige, also unredliche Spieler; compare also Gk.
danger (*Hundswurf) from *-, to O.Ind. dyta game? Schwyzer Gk. 1, 335
above.
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht IE Decl.
32, 121 f.
See also: derivative from the color root keu-2, S. 594.
Page(s): 632-633
Page 1787
Page 1788
Root k- : sharp; pike derived from zero grade of Root ak-, ok- : sharp; stone.
Material: O.Ind. s-la- m. n. spit, pike, spitzer picket, pole; stechender pain, Arm. slak
(from *sulak) spit, pike, Dolch, Pfeil, O.Ir. cuil culex, Welsh cylion-en ds., Lat. culex
mosquito ;
O.Ind. s-ka- m. n. sting, prick a Insekts, awn of Getreides, Av. s-ku- f. needle, Pers.
Page 1789
Page 1790
Page 1791
Material: O.Ind. kus-, kusa- cough , therefrom kusate hustet; Alb. koll cough (*kus-
lu); M.Ir. cassacht(ach) m. cough , Welsh pas ds. (*ks-t-), pesychu cough (*ks-t-isk), Bret. pas cough , Corn. paz ds.; O.Ice. hosti m. cough , O.E. hwosta, M.L.G. hoste,
O.H.G. huosto, Alem. wute ds.; Lith. ksiu (old kosmi), ksti cough, Ltv. kuseju, kst
ds., Lith.kosulys, Ltv. ksulis cough ; Slav. *kal in R.C.S. kael cough , etc.
Note:
Maybe truncated Alb. (*kosul) koll cough derived from Lith.kosulys cough
References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.
Page(s): 649
Page 1792
kei-1(t)
English meaning: to observe; to appreciate
Deutsche bersetzung: worauf achten; out of it einerseits ehrerbietig beobachten,
scheuen, ehren, andrerseits animadvertere, punish, curse, rchen, buen; Suhne,
Geldstrafe, deren Wert, Preis, Schtzung, from which Hochschtzung, Ehre likewise
gewinnbar is
Material: A. O.Ind. cuyati nimmt wahr, beobachtet, hat fear, shyness, hat Besorgnis, cuyuEhrfurcht bezeugend = O.Bulg. ajo, ajati erwarten, wait, hold on, hoffen (lengthened
gradees *ki -);
O.Ind. cinti, cikti bemerkt, cit- f. Verstndnis, c-t f. ghost, Intellekt: Gk.
beachte nicht from *--- not achtend;
k[i]su time in O.C.S. as m.: Alb. koh, Jokl Mel. Pedersen 1591 f.
Note:
Phonetically Alb. (*k[i]hu) koha time : O.Pruss.: ksman time [Accs], hence not of Slavic
origin.
B. O.Ind. cyat racht, straft, ctar- Rcher, pa-citi- f. Vergeltung (= ,
);
Av. kuy- repay, atone, e.g. ikayat soll atone, punish, curse, rchen, pairi-u-kayayanta
sie sollen as penance, atonement auf sich nehmen, kanu- f. penance, atonement (=
, sl. cena, compare also Lith. kina), Pers. kn- enmity, hate, rage, fury, Av. kua- n.
Page 1793
Page 1794
Page 1795
kei-2
English meaning: to pile, stow, gather
Deutsche bersetzung: aufschichten; daher aufhufen, sammeln, der Ordnung after auf
or to einander legen, aufbauen, abgeschwcht machen
Material: O.Ind. cinti, cyati schichtet, reiht; sammelt, huft an; fugt together, baut auf,
Page 1796
yeitiby), Av. yuta-, uta- erfreut (= Lat. quitus), a-uta- unfroh (= Lat. inquitus),
-, Av. uita- behaglichst, erfreulichst, Pers. ud blithe, glad, O.S.S. ancayun
rest; sogd. t freudig;
Arm. han-gim I ruhe, han-gist tranquility (-gi- from *-ki-);
Lat. quis, -tis tranquility , qui-sco, -scere, -v, -tum rest, with formants -lo- (as
Gmc.*hwl-) tranqulus, tranquillus peaceful (trans + klos);
maybe Alb. *kjt, qet quiet.
Goth. eila, O.E. hwl, O.H.G. (h)wla while, time, O.Ice. hvla Ruhebett, hvld
tranquility , Goth. eilan weilen, hesitate, cease, O.E. Hwula MN, O.H.G. wln, -n
weilen, sich aufhalten;
O.C.S. pokoj tranquility , pokojo, pokojiti beruhigen, poijo, poiti rest;
Toch. sute rich (: Av. yuta- erfreut);
Lyc. tezi sarkophag from *kjtis (?), Pedersen Lyc. and Hitt. 50.
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 638
Page 1797
caksas- n. shine, face, caksu- seeing , n. Helle, face, eye; Av. a(te, -uite) instruct,
teach (eig. gewahr become lassen), M.Pers. utan instruct, teach, Av. O.Pers.
aman- n. eye, Pers. am, ds.; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : O.Pers. gh- > x- : M.Pers.
x- > - phonetic mutation
Gk. , young (after ) mark, token, sign, Merkmal (*kek-m[]r-?);
different Schwyzer Gk. I 326;
with voiced final sound O.C.S. kao, kazati show, mahnen, u-kaz - (also
kazn , alignment ), probably IE *keg- besides *kek-? common O.Ind. gh- > ks- :
Slavic gh- > -, z- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 326, 519.
Page(s): 638-639
Page 1798
ke-2
See also: s. unkoPage(s): 636
Page 1799
O.Ind. crati, calati bewegt sich, wandert, weidet, treibt etc. (heavy basis in critum,
carit-, crna-; cartra- n. foot, leg, carcryamuna-, crti -, also probably tuvi-krmi tatkrftig), lengthened grade cura- m. gait , etc.; Av. araiti versatur, obliegt a Ttigkeit
etc., aruna- field, O.Pers. parikaru tend, look after! cole!;
s-extension in O.Ind. kars- f. furrow, krsati, krsti turn, wenden, pflugen, Av. karam. n. furrow, karaiti Furchen pull;
Gk. , bin in Bewegung ( Aolismus), Aor. , participle
umzingelnd (eine town, city); sich herumdrehend, den Kreislauf vollendend (),
with auerEol. - = *ke-: in ders. meaning ( vollende Pind.), Hom.
bin, become, Cret. , Cypr. er will be , also n. end,
lit. Wende ( vollende, , from *-F- fertig, vollendet, reif,
grown, consummation, termination, end), wherefore (*F, compare
above O.Ind. kars-) Grenzfurche, i.e. Wendestelle of Pfluges auf dem Acker;
Achse (Drehpunkt); umgepflugtes (umgewendetes) Land, bewege mich herum,
verweile, Dienerin (Hom.), servant = Lat. anculus servant, Knecht,
Ziegenhirt, bin priest (besides - priest); with in
Page 1800
incolere
inhabit,
incola
Einwohner,
inquilnus
Insasse,
Esquiliae
Page 1801
*hwewla-; compare also Phryg. the big, giant bear (cart ), Lith. kklas, Ltv. kokls
neck as Dreher; Toch. A kukl, kokale cart .
Lengthened grade perhaps (as twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round )
O.Ice. hvull and hll m. (latter from dem dat. pl. hlum from hvulum) roundish hill.
References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.
Page(s): 639-640
Page 1802
kel-2
English meaning: far (with regard to place and time)
Material: O.Ind. caram- the letzte, uerste, cirs long (temporal), Gk. , Eol.
afar, wide (-, -, -), lngst ( old, , -), Welsh
Corn. Bret. pell afar (*kel-s-o-?), Welsh pellaf the uerste.
References: WP. I 517.
Page(s): 640
Page 1803
kel-3
English meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd
Material: O.Ind. kula-m n. herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex; krst- f. people, people;
Gk. n. troop, multitude, crowd;
O.C.S. eljad f. Gesinde, collective to dem in elovek person present elo-.
References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda
55.
Page(s): 640
Page 1804
Page 1805
kene
English meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty
Deutsche bersetzung: Partikel der Verallgemeinerung and Unbestimmheit
Material: O.Ind. cana, Av. inu irgend; often negativ, e.g. O.Ind. n kas cana keiner;
Gmc. -in in O.Ice. hver-gin keineswegs, O.E. aschs. O.H.G. hwer-gin irgendwo
(from hwar where + -gin) from O.H.G. io-wergin, M.H.G. iergen, Ger. irgend.
References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.
Page(s): 641
Page 1806
Page 1807
ker-1
English meaning: to do
Deutsche bersetzung: machen, gestalten
Note: perhaps originally from irgendeiner not more bestimmbaren Handwerksttigkeit
Material: O.Ind. karti (Imper. kuru), krnti makes, vollbringt, participle krt-; kar- tuend,
making , m. hand, Elefantenrussel, kura- making , m. feat, dead, act, krman- n.
action, work, karmura-h smith ; krti- feat, dead, act; sam-krt once; besides with s-
akunavam, karta-; Av. uru Withtel, Hilfsmittel, Pers. ur Withtel, cura Withtel, help,
artifice(= sl. ara charm, spell, see under);
Osc. petiro-pert viermal (: O.Ind. sam-krt);
Welsh paraf bewirke, verschaffe, Verbaln. peri, wherefore redupl. (from a redupl.
present?) probably Welsh pybyr tatkrftig;
O.Ir. cruth shape, Welsh pryd (*kr tu-) shape, time; in addition perhaps O.Ir. Cru(i)thin,
M.Welsh Prydyn Pikten; Welsh Prydain Britannien hat die ending from Rhufain (Rman)
bezogen; O.Corn. prit, M.Corn. prys, Bret. pred time; M.Ir. creth Dichtung (*kr to-),
Welsh prydu dichten, prydydd Dichter;
Lith. kuriu, kurti erect, to build, make, out of it perhaps fire anmachen, heizen; Ltv. kurt
anfeuern, heizen, O.Pruss. kra erbaute; different above S. 572.
Here with the meaning es jemandem antun, verhexen, also O.Ind. krtyu (action, feat,
dead, act and:) Behexung, charm, spell under likewise, Gk. n. Wunderzeichen,
n. Ungetum, Ungeheuer, , Hes.; das - is Aolismus ;
, from *, * dissimilated; Lith.keriu, kereti jemanden enchant, in
Page 1808
skyrse m. (ubles) omen, sign, Phantom (welche die suffixale zero grade of es-stem
enthielten).
References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.
Page(s): 641-642
Page 1809
ker-2
English meaning: a kind of dish or pot
Deutsche bersetzung: in Worten, die etwas Schussel-, Schalenartiges bedeuten
Material: O.Ind. caru- Kessel, pot, pan, wherefore probably karkar water jug, karakacranium;
O.Ir. co(i)re (though not from *kerijo-, but from *kerijo-), Welsh pair, Corn. pr Kessel;
O.N. hverr m. Kessel, O.E. hwer, O.H.G. (h)wer ds.
n-extension lies before in: M.Ir. cern f. platter , Mod.Ice. hvrn bone in Fischkopf, Nor.
dial. hvann ds.; Goth. arnei f. cranium, O.Ice. hverna f. Kochgeschirr.
References: WP. I 518.
Page(s): 642
Page 1810
Page 1811
Material: O.Ind. catvurah m. (acc. caturah), catvuri n., ctasrah f.; Av. awur m. (gen.
(compare petiro-pert viermal from *petriu-, das after *triu in Umbr. triiuper dreimal);
O.Ir. ceth(a)ir (fem. cethoir after toir 3), O.Welsh petguar, Welsh pedwar (fem.
firar f., fiogor n., O.H.G. feor, fior, O.S. fiuwar, fior, O.E. fower;
Lith. ketur (acc. kturis = O.Ind. caturah), fem. kturios; Ltv. etri; aksl -etyre m., -i f. n.
Toch. A stwar (*ketuer-), s(t)wur, s(t)wer (*ketuores) 4, A stwaruk 40.
In compounds (and derivatives) ketur-, ketur -, ketru-: O.Ind. ctur- [aga-h
viergliedrig], with Schwundst. the 1. syllable Av. u-xtirm viermal O.Ind. turya-, turya-h,
Av. tirya- vierter; Av. awar-aspa- Av. aru-[gaoa-]; from *F (IE *ketur -): Gk.
-[], -; contaminated from - and -: Gk. ; - helmet
Page 1812
trutom (if es quartum stands for); Lat. quadru-[ps]; Umbr. petur[-pursus quadrupedibus];
Gaul. Petru-corii die Vierstmmigen, petru-deca-metos vierzehnter, Welsh pedryvierfach (Gaul. petor-ritum vierrderiger cart probably with dem vowel from *ketuores),
viereckig, strong; Goth. fidur-dgs (Westgermanisches see above); Lith. ketur-[kjis
vierfuig]; Arm. ktar-a-sun 40 (from *twr-, compare O.Ind. turya- vierter).
ordinals:
O.Ind. caturth-, tur ya-, turya-, Av. tirya-; Arm. orir, orr-ord, kar-ord; Gk. Att. ,
Hom. (for * vierter in ), bot. ; Lat. quurtus, prn. Quorta,
Osc. perhaps truto- (see above); O.Ir. cethramad (*ketru-metos); Gaul. petuarios =
O.Welsh petuerid; O.H.G. fiordo, O.E. fora, O.Ice. firi; Lith. ketvirtas (Ltv. ceturtais as
O.Ind. caturth-h), O.C.S. etvrt; Toch. A strt (*ketur tos), stwerne.
Von other Zubehr sei berausgehoben Lat. quattuordecim, Goth. fidwrtai hun, O.H.G.
viorzhan 14; Dor. Ion. delph. p (*ketuor-komte) = Lat. quadrugintu 40; Av.
aru viermal, O.Ind. catuh = Lat. quater (*ketrus); O.Ind. catvar- m. viereckiger
place, Lith. ketver je vier, O.C.S. etver, etvor ds., O.Ir. cethorcho 40 (*ketru-komt-
s).
References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394, 400 f.,
F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.
Page(s): 643-644
Page 1813
ke
in same relationship stehend, as *ke here to ko-, ke- this. Damit identical ke behind
forms of Interrogativ-Indefinit-stem zur Verstrkung of indefiniten Sinnes.
Material: O.Ind. ca, Av. a, . u enkLith. and; lyd. -k and; Gk. and; Ven. -ke,
lepont. -pe, piken. -p; Lat. -que; ne-que = Osc.-Umbr. nep, neip not; and not, nor; rarely
not even = O.Ir. na-ch, M.Welsh etc. nac not (to a from e see under ne not), compare
Lat. atque and in addition (ad + que) = Umbr. ap(e) ubi, cum; Goth. ni-h (etc., see under
ne) not; (see also O.H.G. etc. noh under *nu nun); Bulg. e but, and, da, weil, Cz. old
a-e, a if, Pol. acz obgleich, although ;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ne-que) nuk, Tosc nuku not
den indefiniten sense, mind intensifying e.g. O.Ind. ks-ca, Av. i-ca wer irgend,
welcher irgend, in relative clause with dem Rel.-Pron. ya-; Av. i-ca also jeder beliebige;
Arm. -k e.g. o-k whoever (if drop of e from *ke before the Palatalisierung; from Junker
with dem k of Plurals gleichgesetzt);
Gk. - (here behind dem Relativum; s. Schwyzer Gk. II 575 f.);
Lat. quom-que, cunque, Umbr. pumpe originally *when also always, then with coloring
of Zeitsinnes (as in Ger. wer immer whoever) bare verallgemeinernd, e.g. qucumque,
Umbr. pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *qu quisque: O.Ind. yh ks-ca) in Stzen relativen
Sinnes, quisque (mostly angelehnt) jeder beliebige;
Goth. -h, -u-h in az-u-h, -h, a-h jeder, -e, -es beliebige;
Hitt. ku-i-ki (= Lat. quis-que) = Lyc. ti-ke; ni-ik-ku (: Lat. ne-que) = lyd. ni-k.
Page 1814
cit (cid), Av. it , . iy Verallgemeinerungspartikel (z. . O.Ind. kas-cid wer nur immer) =
IE *kid in Osc. -pd, -pid, Umbr. -pe, -pei (e.g. Osc. puturus-pd utrisque, Umbr. putres-pe
utrius-que) = Arm. - (in- irgend etwas); s. also *kene.
References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gk. II 573 ff., 6482 f.
Page(s): 635-636
Page 1815
Material: O.Ice. hvatr quick, fast, gamy, sharp, hvot f. Anreizung, hvata, -aa antreiben,
beschleunigen, O.E. hwt quick, fast, gamy, O.S. hwat ds., O.H.G. (h)waz sharp,
violent, Goth. gaatjan antreiben, whet, O.Ice. hvetja sharpen, anreizen, O.E. hwettan
ds., M.L.G. wetten whet, O.H.G. (h)wezzen, M.H.G. wetzen stir, tease, irritate, anfeuern,
whet; to-participle Goth. assaba adv. sharp, stern (assei vehemency, austereness,
severeness ), O.Ice. hvass sharp, rash, hasty, O.E. hwss sharp, O.H.G. (h)was,
M.H.G.was(ser) sharp, spiky, violent, stern; ablaut. O.Ice. hvuta durchstoen; O.S. hta
Lcher bohren; with a ubertragenen meaning O.S. for-hwutan, O.H.G. far-hwuzan
verfluchen and Goth. ta f. threat , tjan threaten, O.Ice. ht n. threat , hta
threaten;
probably Lat. tri-quetrus dreieckig (dreispitzig; probably from *tri-quedros); possibly
also O.Ind. cdati, cdayati treibt an, throngs (*keud-).
References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.
Page(s): 636
Page 1816
Page 1817
Material: 1. stem ko-, ke-, fem. ku-; gen. keso, instr. k, Zeitadverb kom.
A. Kasuelle forms and nur einzelsprachlich belegbare Ableitungen:
O.Ind. k-h (= Phryg. irgendeiner, Goth. as wer?), fem. ku wer? and indefinit;
IE kos probably the old nom. sg. m.;
Av. k (gen. gthAv. ka-hyu, a-hyu), fem. ku wer?, who, what, which, the one that?,
O.Pers. ka[-iy], as Indef. with - t , or in Doppelsetzung, or in neg. or rel. Stzen; Av. ku
as?; O.Pers. ada-kaiy damals = Gk. by Pindar placed;
Arm. wer? (*ko-, Meillet Esquisse2 189), indef. o-k whoever (-k = Lat. que), o-mn
wer (relative o-r who, what, which, the one that); kani how much, kan as, after the
comparative (= Lat. quam), kanak quantita under likewise; Lat. quantus as big, large,
Umbr. panta quanta is from quum with formants-to- derived;
Gk. gen. sg. Hom. , Att. wessen? (= O.Bulg. ceso, O.H.G. hwes; IE *kes(j)o);
dat. sg. f. Dor. , Att. , Ion. (*ku-) whereto?, wherefore?, as?; instr. f. Ion. Att.
whereto; instr. sg. m. n. Cret. - where, whereto, Dor. -, -, Att. je einmal, noch je, , Ion. (*about einen Zeitraum hin, irgendwann =) still and
modal irgendwie in noch nicht and nicnt irgendwie, keinesfalls (compare Goth.
Page 1818
pa, pud qui, quae, quod, Umbr. po-i, -e, -ei qu, pure, porse quod, Lat. cuius, cui, qu,
quu etc., Umbr. pusme cui; adv. Lat. qu whereto (abl.) = Umbr. pu-e qu (u = , das
before Enklitika not abbreviated is); Lat. quam as, as (acc. sg. f.) = Umbr. [pre-]pa [prius]quam, Osc. pruter pam ds. (Av. kam-it in irgendeiner, jeder Weise, aLat. quam-de =
Umbr. pane, Osc. pan quam; Lat. quantus see above;
Lat. quom, cum if, as; so oft as (acc. sg. n. as primum etc. = Av. km as, Goth. an
when, O.Pruss. kan, Lith. (dial.) ka if; O.C.S. ko-gda from *ko-g(o)da, Meillet Slave
commun2 470;
with -de extended Umbr. pon(n)e, Osc. pun quom; Lat. quand when (*quum acc. the
Zeiterstreckung + d), Umbr. panu-pei quandque, M.L.G. wante bis; Lat. quantus,
Umbr. panta quanta (see 644);
O.Ir. nech, adj. (prokLith.) after aliquis; ullus, quisquam, Welsh Corn. Bret. nep (*ne-
ko-s, with coloring the negation in neg. Stzen with wiederholte negation, also Lith. kaz-neks somewhat, kad-ne-kad zuweilen, O.Bulg. nekto jemand); O.Ir. cuch, connected
cach, M.Welsh pawp, connected pop, Corn. pup, pop, pep, Bret. pep jeder (*ku- or kIndo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1819
ko-s; to O.Bulg. kak who, what, which, the one that?), Ir. cech jeder (das e after nech);
O.Ir. can, M.Welsh pan (*kanu), M.Bret. -ban whence?; O.Ir. cuin when?, M.Welsh
etc. pan, pann as, if (*kani?), O.Ir. ca-ni, M.Welshpo-ny nonne (*ku-);
Goth. as (*ko-s) wer? and indefinit (gen. is, O.H.G. hwes = O.Bulg. ceso, Gk. ),
O.S. hvar, har, aDan. hvu, O.E. hwu wer, with dem e of gen. O.S. hw, O.H.G. hwer (*ke-
s) wer; neutr. Goth. a (*ko-d), O.H.G. hwaz, O.N. hvat, O.E. hwt, O.S. hwat was;
fem. Goth. wer? welche? : Goth. an when, as, O.S. hwan, O.H.G. hwanne when
(close comparison to O.Ir. can whence is because of the meaning doubtful), O.S. hwanda
weil, O.H.G. hwanta warum; Goth. wherewith? (instr.); O.Fris. h, O.S. hw, O.H.G.
quoi, n. ka (acc. also kan, kai) who, what, which, the one that, -e, -es; Lith. kad if, da,
with it (Konjunktion as Lat. quod, from dem fragenden Gebrauch, compare O.Ind. kad, Av.
kat adv. Fragewort nun, if?); Lith. kai, kai-p, O.Pruss. kui-gi as? (= O.Bulg. ce; but about
Gk. see under *kai and);
O.Bulg. k-to wer? (gen. eso), kyj, f. kaja, n. koje qui, ?, ce , ,
(see above).
B. derivatives, die sich through mehrere Sprachen pursue lassen: ko-tero- wer from
zweien?; ku-li- as?; ko-ti-, ke-ti- as viele?.
O.Ind. katar-, Av. katura- wer from zweien, Gk. , Ion. ds., Osc. loc.
Page 1820
[*kr] where + js er das Lith. Rel. kurs, kurs who, what, which, the one that erwuchs);
-grade O.E. hwr, O.H.G. O.S. hwur where; -grade Lat. cr warum, wherefore , old
qur.
A parallel formation to Lat. quis in aLat. quir-quir ubicunque.
k- as i (z-i) was? (*kid-), instr. i-v wodurch, wherewith, (see also above to Arm.
wer); to Alb. see above under 1;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1821
quia; also in Ion. , Att. , nom. pl. (through false separation from )
and with dem relativen connected , Att. ;
Lat. quis, quid wer, was (fragend, indefinit, relative), qu adv. wodurch, whereof (rel.);
as for, warum (frag.); irgendwie (in Wunschformeln) (could abl. *kd sein, but yet probably
due to an instr. *ki = Av. , Sloven. i if, Cz. i if, O.E. etc. hw as, wherefore, warum);
qu-n (from -ne) as nicht; da nicht, without , quia-nam warum, quia da, weil (acc. pl.
*ki) see above;
Osc. pis, pd quis, quid (fragend, indefinit, unbestimmt-relative), Umbr. sve-pis s quis,
pis-i quis, quisquis; doubled Osc. pispis, Lat. quisquis, argiv. in verallgemeinernd
indef. sense;
O.Ir. cid was? with dem i from c-id obwohl es sei; originally as das adj. ced from *ce
ed;
O.Ir. cia wer, Welsh pwy, Corn. pyw, Bret. piou wer (*kei); connected Welsh py, pa,
i if, Pol. czy if, Russ. old i if, O.Bulg. i-m instr. out of it extended;
about Toch. A kus, kuse who, what, which, the one that s. Pedersen Toch. 121;
Hitt. question- and relative pronoun kui wer, who, what, which, the one that,
verallgemeinernd kui kui etc. (= Lat. quisquis) whoever , Indefinitum kui-ki (= Lat.
Page 1822
quisque) irgend jemand, n. kuit-ki (= Lat. quidque); Lyc. ti-ke (= hit kui-ki); s. P. Tedesco
Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn Lang. 22, 68 ff.
3. stem ku-:
O.Ind. k, Av. k where?
Maybe Alb. ku where, k whom
ved. kuv-d if, whether, perhaps, Av. as, in welchem Mae? (- after as?); O.Ind.
kuva, kv where, whereto; O.Ind. kutra, Av. kura where? whereto?; O.Ind. kutah
whence; O.Ind. kuha = gathAv. kudu where (= O.Bulg. kde; IE *ku-dhe; see under Lat.
ubi); Av. kua as; here also ar. ku as 1. Zsglied to verbalism of Schlechten, Mangelhaften
(eig. was for ein...!), e.g. O.Ind. ku-putra- bad son, Av. ku-nuiri Hure, compare bot.
Heihunger (*-), abot. , also from den stems ko- and ki-: O.Ind.
ka-, ku-, kad-, kim-, e.g. ku-purusa- Wicht, ka-pya- ubelriechend, kim-purusa- fairy
demon, ghost, dwarf (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.);
Cret. - whereto, syrak. (*-), rhod. whereto (* neologism to );
Alb. kur as, when (see under 1. by den r-formations = Lith. kur, Arm. ur), kurr je
(*kur-nei), ku where, ku-sh wer, ku-sh as (u from IE );
Lat. ub where (in addition unde shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cub in n-
cubi, s-cubi, ali-cubi, nesci-cubi, nun-cubi (n-cunde etc.); es is das through die stem Lat.
quo-, quu, qu before the Entlabialisierung through u bewahrte q- before u to qw- geworden
and qwu- hat anl. wu-, u- ergeben, during in *n-qwubi etc. infolge the Silbentrennung nq-
wub the Gutt. erhalten blieb; is ub after loc. auf - (*ei, *oi) from *ube = O.Ind. kuha, Av.
kudu, O.Bulg. kde reshaped = Osc. puf ubi (Umbr. extended to pufe ubi)?; after
Pedersen Hitt. 50 f. contain ubi, ibivielmehr die IE adverbial ending -bhi (Gk. -), compare
Hitt. ku-wa-pi (kwabi) where, when?; correspondingly Lat. ut as, with it, da (uti-nam, -
que) and ut, aLat. utei (reshuffling as in ub) from *ku-ti (us-piam, -quam irgendwo from
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 1823
ut + adv. s = Osc. puz, Umbr. puz-e from *kut-s-), uter, utra, -um welcher from beiden
from *ku-teros (parallel with etc.), unquam, umquam irgendeinmal (kumtemporaler acc.); whether Umbr. pu-e (-o particle) where = O.Ind. k is or *k, is doubtful;
M.Welsh cw, cwd (= ), cwt (= d) where, whereto (*ku-) = O.Ir. as?;
Goth. -hun zur formation unbestimmter pronoun: ni ains-hun not irgendeiner, etc.; O.E.
Page 1824
prena buy, Welsh prid (= Ir. crth) oppigneratio; M.Ir. tochra Umwerben (*Brautkauf), tind-s-cra n. Kaufpreis for die bride (seems *kroi o- = O.Ind. kray-), Welsh g(w)o-br Preis,
Belohnung, Corn. gober, Bret. gobr ds., Welsh also go-brwy ds. (-wy-suffix); Verbaln. acc.
M.Ir. creicc (formal after reicc sell , whereat s. Thurneysen Gk. 454), O.Ir. fochr(a)icc f.
Belohnung;
O.Lith. (gen.) krieno pretium pro sponsis, Ltv. kriens, krienis gift an die Braut, also
Lith. kraitis Brautschatz, dowry the bride;
aRuss. krnuti, krenuti buy, Infin. kriti, R.C.S. once also u-kri-jen (*u-krjen) gekauft
without den present nasal;
Toch. A kuryar trade, kuryart Hndler, karyor Kauf, kryorttau Kaufmann.
References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalprs.
197.
Page(s): 648
Page 1825
Page 1826
Page 1827
Page 1828
gilepfen ds.; intensive. M.H.G. Ger. lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken lick to
schlecken;
besides Ger. dial. labbe lip, labern slow, oafish talk; leckend drink, Ser.-Cr. labati
swig as Hunde or Katzen under likewise;
here perhaps Russ. dial. lopa devourer , lopat devour ; Bulg. lpam devour,
schlinge, etc.; also O.Bulg. lobzati kiss (*schmatzen)?
Maybe Alb. lop cow (eating a lot of grass?)
References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann nom. postverb. 72 f.
Page(s): 651
Page 1829
Page 1830
Page 1831
phonetic mutatIon. (see Alb. dergjem lie sick of Root suergh- : to take care of; to be ill).
Material: Gk. link; Illyr. PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc.; Lat. laevus
ds.; glO.S.S. laevi boves with downwards gekrummten Hrnern point at in association
with Lith. ilaivoti make bent in crooked, writhed, crooked, humped perhaps in sense
from crooked = weak, left as basic meaning; O.Bulg. lev left etc.
References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.
Page(s): 652
Page 1832
lagen sea, pond, pool; South-East Fr. loye probably from Ven.-Illyr. *lokuu; unklares also
in Gaul. PN Penne-locs (gen. *-ous);
O.E. aschs. lagu (*laku-) sea (in addition the N.WestGer. FlN Leine from Lagina),
O.Ice. logr m. sea, water, Flussigkeit; in addition lu, l f. strandwasser, sea (*lah),
M.H.G. lu stream, brook, Sumpfwasser;
O.Bulg. loky f. (*lak), gen. -ve puddle, cistern , Serb. lokva puddle, pool, slop, etc.
References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149.
Page(s): 653
Page 1833
Page 1834
lak- (*lagh-)
English meaning: to be spotted; salmon
Deutsche bersetzung: sprenkeln, tupfen
Material: O.H.G. lahs, O.E. leax, O.Ice. lax m. salmon; O.Pruss. lasasso f.; Lith. laia f.,
besides lis and Ltv. lasis m.; Russ. losos salmon; after Lwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as the
Getupfte to Lith.las drip, lae ti drip, trickle, Ltv. luse sprenkel, Tupfen, lsans
punktiert, dappled , etc.; Toch. laks fish. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also
(?) O.Ind. luksu Lack (*lachsartig, *red) and (?) laks- unubersehbare bulk, mass.
common O.Ind. gh- > ks- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht IE Decl. 31,
Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.
Page(s): 653
Page 1835
lna Kupplerin);
Lat. lascvus bratty, ausgelassen, zugellos, luscious, horny, lustful (further formations
an adj. *las-ko-s); in addition also (?) Lur, Luris, aLat. Lars Geister (eig. die Gierigen,
Lechzenden), lurua, lurva (*lusouu) ghost, Larve, mask (Lur hat nominativische
lengthened grade);
O.Ir. lainn greedy (*las-ni-s);
Goth. lustus, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. lust lust, O.Ice. losti m. pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness
(reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from M.L.G. lust;
Lith. loknus zrtlich (*lusknus);
Serb. laska schmeichelei, Cz. lska love; compare Russ. lsyj erpicht, naschhaft,
lasovat naschen, etc.; lasko-srdyj lustful, greedy , lsit schmeicheln, lstit ds., etc.
References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.
Page(s): 654
Page 1836
Page 1837
Page 1838
lauk(o)- (luk-)
English meaning: throat, jaw
Deutsche bersetzung: Kehle, Schlund, schlucken, schlingen?
Material: Hom. throat, gullet, Lith. -laukis die dewlap of Rindes, wRuss. kac
(*lkati), Iter. ukac schlucken, drink etc. (Clr. uhati schlucken with h from Proto-Slav. g,
compare die probably cognate root (s)leug- schlucken).
References: WP. II 380.
Page(s): 655
Page 1839
Page 1840
Page 1841
l-1 and lEnglish meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc..), onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallwurzeln
Grammatical information: present lui and li
Material: O.Ind. ruyati barks (possibly also to r- cry); Osset. ran bark, bay;
Arm. lam cry, weep; unclear lor Wachtel (see under Gk. );
Gk. m. gossip, prank, Tand (contains lu- or l-), schwtze; unclear is the
vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in seagull (compare Arm. lor Wachtel);
Alb. leh bark;
Lat. lumentum lamentation , lumenturi lament, lutr, -ure bark, bay; perhaps Osc.
lmr Meertaucher, loud schreiender bird, compare Ice. lmur clamor, lamentation ;
Lith. lju, lti bark, bay, Ltv. luju, lut bark, bay, fluchen, ludt verfluchen; ludt
verfluchen;
O.C.S. lajo, lajati bark, bay, inveigh etc. (lajati for *lati after dem preterite stem,
compare Lith. ljo).
Reduplicated lal(l)a-: O.Ind. lalallu Lallen; Gk. gabby, gossipy, loquacious,
garrulous, blithering , gossip, babble, leichtes murmur; Lat. lall, -
ure in den sleep sing, lallus das Trllern the wet nurse (compare die PN Lalla, Lallia,
Lall, Lollia); Ger. lallen; Lith. laluti lallen, Russ. lla babbler , etc.
similar lel-, lul- einlullen, einwiegen, swing in:
Page 1842
lluyati sways, swings ; Lat. lolium darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant ;
Maybe Alb. lule flower, narcotic plant, dizziness exciting plant , luanj play, swing, move.
M.L.G. lollen, Ger. lullen; Lith. leliuou, leliuoti lull, craddle, swing, Ltv. leluoju, leluot lull,
cradle children; in addition Lith. lelis, lelys m. Nachtrabe ; Ltv. llis ds. and clumsy
person; Serb. lljati lull, swing, cradle, dangle, ljuljati lull, swing, cradle , Russ. ljulju
little poplar = (traditional in lullabies) , lelja aunt, etc.; in addition Russ. lelek, Pol. Cz. lelek
Nachtrabe (see above Lith. lelis).
Alb. laluc, lal derogatory remark, southern people, lal, lali relative
Perhaps here with k-extension:
Gk. (*-), Aor. , perf. , Dor. rede loud, cry,
Dor. -) ds., Hes. gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ;
after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to Alb. laikatis flatter, beschwatze.
References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38, 49
f.
Page(s): 650-651
Page 1843
l-2
English meaning: to be concealed, covered
Deutsche bersetzung: verborgen, versteckt sein
Note: also lui- and lu[i]-dh-
lui-dh- in - besides -;
Lat. late, -re hide, conceal, versteckt sein (from a participle *l-t-s);
O.Ice. lmr betrayal, deceit, M.H.G. luo pestering, temptation; snare; O.H.G. luog
cave, lair , luoga Lagerwilder animal;
O.Bulg. lajati nachstellen, Cz. (due to a *lu-ku = O.H.G. luoga) lkati Nachstellungen
bereiten, pursue ;
Toch. A lt-, lnt-, lt-, lant- hinausgehen, preterit 3. sg. A lc, lac (: Gk. ), 3.
pl. A lntsenc, laten (Pedersen Hitt. 173, 189).
References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.
Page(s): 651
Page 1844
lm
English meaning: swamp, puddle
Deutsche bersetzung: Pfutze, Sumpf?
Grammatical information: f.
Material: Lat. luma f. puddle, slop, swamp, marsh, probably barely genuine lateinisch; as
Appellativ still today in Spanien, Sudfrankreich, Oberitalien, frequent, often in PN in N
Portugals and Spaniens, Korsika, Oberitalien and Apulia, also in Ven.-Illyr. Gebiet; Illyr. FlN
(Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; Ltv. lma puddle, slop, pit, pothole, Lith. lom
(man erwartet lma), acc. sg. lma ds.; Bulg. lam m. pit, pothole, hole.
Page 1845
Page 1846
Page 1847
lpst burns, Ltv. lipt gleam, kindle, inflame, nsorb. lipotas flicker.
References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalprs. 152, Muhlenbach-Endzelin II
439, 475.
Page(s): 652-653
Page 1848
a from e s. Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), perf. dellig hat sich gelegt, l(a)ige concubitus,
M.Bret. lech, Bret. leach place(*leghs-o-); O.Ir. *luigim (Kaus. *loghei) in fo-lgim (*fo-
ad-log-) schlage low, base, fu-llugaimm verberge; O.Ir. fo-lach n. hideout , Welsh Bret.
go-lo ds., Gaul. logan acc. sg. grave; nasalized and in gradation to Slav. lego probably
O.Ir. im-fo-lngai bewirkt, in-loing combined = M.Welsh ellwng, Welsh gollwng to let go,
to drop; about O.Ir. lesc see under; lengthened grade Gaul.-rom. lga (*lghu)
Ablagerung;
Page 1849
law, M.L.G. lach lair ; O.S. aldar-lagu pl. n. die bestimmte Lebenszeit, gi-lagu n. pl.
determination, fate, destiny, lot, fate (: Gk. ); postverbal are rlog N. pl. fate,
destiny, O.S. orlag, orleg ds., O.E. orlaeg n., O.H.G. urlag m. ds.; M.H.G. urlage fate,
destiny,
war,
fight
(latter
meaning
probably
from
O.H.G.
urliugi,
M.L.G.
Page 1850
Page 1851
leg-1
English meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out
Deutsche bersetzung: trpfeln, sickern, zergehen
Material: Arm. li swamp, marsh (*lgi u);
O.Ir. legaim lse mich auf, zergehe, schmelze, fo-llega (die ink) running from, d-leg(3. sg. do-lega) destroy, destroy, dlgend Vernichtung, M.Welsh dlein (*d-leg-ni-) ds.,
dileith ds., Welsh llaith, Bret. leiz (*lekto-) humid, wet, Welsh dad-leithio melt, O.Ir. lecht
death, Welsh llaith letum, caedes, nex as *Auflsung, lleas death (*leg-astu-);
perhaps also as Kaus. O.Ir. do-luigim (*logei) lasse after, verzeihe, dlgud Verzeihung;
O.Ice. lekr leck, leki m. Leck, O.E. hlec (with falschem h) leck, Ger. (actually N.Ger.)
Leck, adj. lech and (N.Ger.) leck, M.L.G. lak, O.Ice. leka strong. V. das Wasser
durchlassen, M.L.G. leken ds., O.H.G. ze(r)lechen zerlechzt, leck, M.H.G. lechen
Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, swelter (lechezen
austrocknen, actually ausrinnen, Ger. lechzen); Kaus. *lakjan in O.E. leccan benetzen,
M.L.G. lecken seihen, M.H.G. lecken benetzen; M.L.G. lak m. n. fault, error, lack,
Gebrechen, M.Eng. lac, nEng. lack ds., O.Fris. lec damage, pity; lengthened grade O.Ice.
Page 1852
leg-2
English meaning: to take care about smth.
Deutsche bersetzung: sich worum kummern?
Material: Gk. kummere mich um etwas, ds., besorge (- = die
preposition n- in); Hom. -, epithet of Todes, as schlimm for den people
sorgend, as also das presumably for - einzusetzende -, likewise epithet
of Todes, at best as inconsiderate to comprehend is; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but
to zhle;
Alb. plok, plogu, plog, plogt careless, neglectful, idle from pa- (without) + log- from
IE *lg- nec-legens proves IE g for unsere family.
References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wrter 55.
Page(s): 658
Page 1853
here
probably
also
lignum
as
Leseholz;
further
dligere
(*dis-leg-)
lce, O.H.G. luchi; in addition O.H.G. luchin n. healing, M.H.G. luchene f. Besprechen,
Hexen; Church Slavic lek remedy from dem Gmc.; about O.Ir. liaig see under lep-1.
References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.
Page(s): 658
Page 1854
Page 1855
Material: 1. O.Ind. laghu-, ved. raghu- rash, hasty, light, small, compar. lghyams-, superl.
lghistha-; Av. ragu-, f. rv agile; compar. rnjy, superl. rnjita- (of stem *lengh-);
zero grade O.Ind. rhnt- weak, small (*light); Av. rnjaiti, rnjayeiti makes light, agile,
lt sich bewegen, O.Ind. rmhat, rghati, lghati rinnt, hurries, springt auf, springt
about;
Gk. small, compar. , Att. (with secondary , s. Schwyzer Gk. 1,
538 and Anm. 4), superl. ( from IE *leghu-, as Slav. lgk and Celt. *lag; O.Ind. laghu- perhaps also or zero grade as Lat. levis); light, agile (probably
from *lnghrs = O.H.G. lungar); after Schwyzer Gk. 1, 302 though contaminated from
* (= O.H.G. lungar) and * (from *-F = Lith. legvas); perhaps Ion.
sich erholen, relax, slacken, trans. erleichtern, entlassen, befreien;
Illyr. lembus (*lengho-s) leichtes Fahrzeug, out of it Gk. , Lat. lembus ds.;
oberItal. FlN Lambrus (: ), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79;
Lat. levis light, quick, fast, leise (based on auf dem f. *leghu to m. *leghu-s);
O.Ir. compar. laigiu (and laugu) small, bad = M.Welsh llei, Welsh llai minor, Corn. le
ds. Bret. -lei in O.Bret. nahu-lei nihilominus (Proto-Celt. *lag-is, IE *legh-, see above),
superl. O.Ir. lugimem and lugam, M.Welsh lleiaf, O.Bret. lau, M.Welsh llaw small (out of it
M.Ir. lau, l ds.), O.Ir. lagat parvitas; O.Ir. lingim spring (preterit leblaing with analogical
imitation of p : b-reduplication), O.Ir. limm, Welsh etc. llam sprung (*lng-smen-);
Page 1856
Page 1857
Page 1858
Page 1859
pliegis m. ds.;
2. Arm. akat arm, poor, wenig, concise; Subst. armer beggar, akat- anam bin or
werde arm; take ab, werde schwach (*alik- from IE *oliko-; accordingly is also das - from
Gk. probably old, die root also as *(o)leig-/k- must be assumed); O.Ir. lach woeful,
wretched, miserable, unlucky ; O.Pruss. licuts small.
References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;
See also: probably to lei-2.
Page(s): 667
Page 1860
Page 1861
Also Alb. lidh besn vow, make a sacred oath is identical with Hitt. li-in-ga-in acc. oath;
Alb. common phonetic mutation g > dh, k > th.
Alb. and Hitt. prove that Root leig-4, leig- : to bind, *vow, make an oath derived from Root
fasces;
M.L.G. lk band, strap, out of it O.Ice. lk saumtau, changing through ablaut probably
M.H.G. geleich artus, joint;
with g: Clr. poluhaty sa sich verbinden, zalyhty in Bande hit, lace, tie, anknupfen, in
Beschlag nehmen, naluhaty bridle, rein, loop, noose, snare anlegen, fesseln, presumably
also Lith. laignas brother of the wife, woman, wherefore Hes.;
Hitt. li-in-ga-in acc. oath, li-ik-zi (lenkzi) swears, 3. pl. li-in-kn-zi.
References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.
Page(s): 668
Page 1862
Root leigh-, sleigh- : to lick derived from Root dngh, dnghuu : tongue [common Lat. d- >
l- phonetic mutatIon.
Grammatical information: present leigh-mi
Material: O.Ind. ldhi, rdhi, lihati leckt, lha- m. Lecker, Av. 3. pl. razaite sie lick,
Pers. litan lick;
Maybe Alb. lpi- lick : lap tongue common Illyr. k- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Arm. lizum, lizem, lizanem lecke;
Gk. lecke, lichen, skin rash, lecker, naschhaft,
belecke, forefinger (Lecker);
Lat. ling, -ere, linx lick, ligurrio, ligrio lecke (compare formal O.Ir. ligur, Corm.
tongue), ligula (*ligh-lu) spoon, as also M.Ir. liag, Welsh llwy, Bret. loa, Corn. lo spoon
(*leighu), O.Ir. ligim lecke, Welsh llyfu, llyw lick (f is Hiatuseinschub, Pedersen KG. I
100), M.Bret. leat lick; O.Ir. ligur tongue;
Goth. bilaign belecken; ablaut. geminated O.E. liccian, O.H.G. lecchn, O.S. likkon
lick;
besides with anlaut. s-: O.Ice. sleikja lick, M.H.G. slecken schlecken, naschen; das shat perhaps in the variierenden onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung of Leckens seinen
Grund, as perhaps Westfl. slappern besides sonstigem *lab- lick;
Lith. liu, lieszti lick, iter. laiau, -uti ds., sz-lios f. pl. Zwischenraum between den
Zhnen, Ltv. laischa Leckermaul;
Page 1863
Page 1864
leik-1
English meaning: to prepare for sale
Deutsche bersetzung: feilbieten, feilschen, handeln
Material: Lat. lice, -re feil sein, zum sale ausgeboten become, so and so high geschtzt
become, licet es is erlaubt, liceor, -r auf etwas bieten, pollicr (darbieten, sich
anheischig machen) promise , Osc. lktud, licitud lict;
Ltv. lkstu, lku, lkt handelseins become, salkt ds., einen trade abschlieen,
Page 1865
leik-2
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche bersetzung: biegen
Material: S. above S. 309 E (el-8, eli-, li-), wherefore further the Celt. (?) FlN Licus Lech
(Bavaria), die Lith. FlN Lieke and Leik, Lith. lekna marshy meadow, Ltv. liekna ds.;
compare Illyr. Epi-licus portus, FlN Pacco-licus (Bruttium), mod. FlN Lika (Kroatien).
Page(s): 669
Page 1866
atirka- m. berbleibsel, rknas- n. ererbter possession, property = Av. raexnahblessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance, -irinaxti rumt, lt frei, Pers. rxtan diffuse,
gurxten entbehren;
Arm. lkanem lasse, Aor. elik = , lkanim werde abandon, werde faint, languid;
Gk. lasse, verlasse, ubrig, lasse, Hes.
(probably with , from *link-i); n. berbleibsel, ds.;
Lat. linqu, -ere, lqu (*loikai, compare O.Ind. rirca, Gk. , and esp. Goth. lai),
farliwan verliehen, O.Ice. leiga mieten, O.Ice. lun, O.E. ln, O.H.G. lhan geliehenes
blessing, Lehen (*laihna- = O.Ind. rknas-, compare to n-forms also Cz. liknavu);
Lith. lieku, old liekm (reshaped from *link-mi), Infin. lkti lassen and bleiben, lktas
ubrig, liekas ubrig gelassen, old elfter, plaikas briggebliebenes, laikas bestimmte
time, Frist (Ltv. laiks time), laikau, -uti behalten (ubrig behalten), lykius Rest, tlykis
Page 1867
Page 1868
lei-2
English meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin
Deutsche bersetzung: eingehen, abnehmen, schwinden; mager, schlank
Note: (from *el-ei-)
Page 1869
Page 1870
lei-3
English meaning: slimy; to glide
Deutsche bersetzung: schleimig, durch Nsse glitschiger Boden, ausgleiten, woruber
hinschleifen or -streichen, also glttend woruber fahren; andrerseits schleimig = klebrig
Note: various also slei-
Material: 1. O.Ind. linuti (gramm.), lyat, lyat lyati schmiegt sich an, lies an, bleibt
stecken, versteckt sich, verschwindet; lna- sich anschmiegend, anliegend;
Gk. (-- from --) bestreiche, anoint, smear, rub; about lmus see under;
Lat. lin, -ere, lv (*leiuai; from d-lv seems to derive dle), litum besmear,
bestreichen, lini, -re ds.;
O.Ir. lenaid, perf. rolil folgen (actually klebt an einem; Welsh can-lyn folgen better to
glynu, Ir. glenaid steckenbleiben, anhaften), O.Ir. lenomnaib lituris, O.Bret. linom litura,
O.Ir. as-lenaim besmirch, oblin;
Lat. lmus Bodenschlamm, ordure, smut (*loimos) = O.H.G. leim loam, clay , Ger.
Lehm, O.E. lum loam, clay, Humus, O.H.G. leime loam, clay , Ger. Leimen, ablaut.
O.H.G. O.E. O.Ice. lm glue, Kalk (*Erdmasse zum Verkleben); auf an es-stem *loiesbased on O.Ice. leir n. loam, clay (lajiz-), leira (*laizn) weak. Fem. lehmiger beach,
seaside
and O.Pruss. layso f. (*laisu) clay, natural dampness of earth, Tonerde; in ders.
meaning from a d-extension O.Pruss. laydis loam, clay and Alb. leth damp clay;
Lith. laistau, -yti verkleben, with loam, clay or Kalk verschmieren, compare also O.Ind.
Page 1871
slayx m., Lith. sliekas m., Ltv. slika f. Regenwurm and Ltv. sliekas f. pl. saliva; perhaps
also Lith. siles, Ltv. seilas f. pl. saliva (from *slilus?).
6. extensions:
Page 1872
sleifen ds., M.H.G. eine burc sleifen sie dem Erdboden gleich machen, Intens. O.H.G.
slipfen ausgleiten, ausschlupfen, M.H.G. slipfec, slipferic schlupfrig;
besides with Gmc. -bb-: Dutch slib, slibbe schlick, slime, mud, slibberen glide, slide,
M.L.G. slibber, -ich schlupfrig.
*slihta- geglttet in Goth. slahts schlicht, eben, O.Ice. slttr smooth, eben, straight,
O.H.G.slht straight, eben, evil, bad, Ger. schlicht and schlecht, O.E. sliht, M.Eng. slight,
Page 1873
Page 1874
leip-1
English meaning: to smear, stick
Deutsche bersetzung: with Fett beschmieren, kleben (out of it also sich anheftend
hinaufklettern, klettern)
Note: probably extension to lei- schleimig.
Material: O.Ind. lip- (limpti-, lipyt) besmear, lipta- klebend, an etwas haftend, lpayati
beschmiert (= Slav. lepiti), rip- schmieren, stick, glue, cheat, deceive; rp- f. deceit;
Verunreinigung(= Gk. acc.), lpa- m. das Bestreichen, das Aufgestrichene, smut,
rpas- n. Fleck, smut, ripr- n. smut (similarly Gk. , Alb. lapars), ripu tuckisch,
cheater ;
Pers. fi-rftan cheat, deceive, rw deceit, Osset. f-lwun, -lwyn cheat, deceive;
Gk. n. fat, fat, gesalbt, with Auslautentgleisung anoint, smear,
rub, , ointment ; with the meaning climb, ascend (as Lith. lipu, lpti) Gk.
nur from Ziegen erkletterbar, Hes., eig. unersteiglich, ,
Hes.;
Alb. lapars bedraggle, stinke, laprdh dirty discourse , glep, shklep f., glep
Augenbutter (prefix k- + *loipos or *loipu);
Lat. lippus blear eyed, bleareyed, triefend (with expressive consonant increase);
Goth. bileiban, O.H.G. bilban bleiben, O.E. belfan bleiben, ubrigbleiben (to s. Meillet
MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. Goth. bilaibjan; O.Ice. leifa, O.H.G. leiben, O.E. lfan ubriglassen;
Goth. laiba f., O.Ice. leif, O.H.G. leipa, O.E. luf berbleibsel; Goth. aflifnan, O.Ice. lifna
ubrigbleiben, O.Ice. lifa ubrig sein;
Page 1875
*leibh- leben contain Goth. liban (3. sg. libai), O.H.G. lebn, O.S. libbian, len, O.E.
libban, O.Ice. lifa leben, lifna lebendig become; O.Ice. lf n., O.E. lf, O.S. lf, l n. life,
O.H.G. lb, lp, M.H.G. lp, lbes m. n. life; body, person];
Lith. limpu, lpti klebenbleiben (and lipu, lpti climb, ascend , see above), lipnus
humid and sticky , lipus ds., anhnglich, Ltv. lpu, lipt anhangen, lipigs humid and
sticky , lipns, laipns mild, leutselig, friendly;
Slav. *lno, *lnoti in O.C.S. pri-lnoti ankleben and Slav. *lpeti in O.C.S. pri-lpljo, pri-
lpeti ankleben, in addition Kaus. O.C.S. pri-lepiti se ds., etc. and O.C.S. *le m. glue
(= O.Ind. lpa-), also O.Bulg. lep fitting, beautiful (originally anklebend);
Toch. A lip- ubrigbleiben; lyipr Rest;
Hitt. lip- schmieren.
References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64,
67.
Page(s): 670-671
Page 1876
leip-2
English meaning: to wish for, request
Deutsche bersetzung: begehren, etwas von jemandem verlangen
Material: Gk. , newer , participle perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) lust,
crave, Hes., desire to pissen;
Lith. liepiu, liepti, pa-liepti order, O.Pruss. pallaips, acc. -san command (-so-stem),
Page 1877
lst footprint, spoor; O.H.G. M.H.G. leist spoor, Leisten (*lois-to-), whereof Goth.
laistjan (auf the spoor nachfolgen, nachstreben, O.H.G. leisten a Gebote or promise
nachkommen, leisten, O.E. lstan folgen, help, commit, withstand (Eng. last dauern);
Goth. lists f. artifice, O.Ice. list f. Kunstfertigkeit, Scharfsinn, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. list
Kunstfertigkeit, Klugheit, artifice (O.Bulg. lst artifice, deceit from Goth. lists); Goth. lais
preterit-present I know, i.e. verstehe etwas to tun (example wait), Kaus. laisjan instruct,
teach (galaisjan sik learn); O.H.G. lrran, lren, O.S. lrian, O.E. lran instruct, teach
(eig. jmdn. eine spoor guide, lead); O.H.G. lirnn, lrnn, lrnn (*liznn), O.Fris. lirna,
lerna, O.E. leornian learn, O.S. lnn ds.; Goth. lubja-leis giftkundig (example weis);
O.Bulg. lecha Ackerbeet, Russ. lech, Ser.-Cr. lijha, Cz. lcha (*loisu);
Lith. luse garden bed, garden plot, O.Pruss. lyso Ackerbeet.
References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.
Page(s): 671
Page 1878
Page 1879
leit(h)-2
English meaning: to go out; die; go
Deutsche bersetzung: fortgehen; sterben; gehen
Material: Av. ra- die (present iriyeiti);
Goth. ga-leian go, O.N. la st. V. go, vergehen, dahinschwinden, verlaufen, to end
go, verscheiden, O.S. lthan st. V. go, wander, drive, befahren, vergehen, schw. V. lithon
bring, sich begeben; O.E. lan st. V. go, reisen, O.H.G. ldan st. V. einen way nehmen,
go, drive, go away, pass over, vergehen, spoil; skillful, erleben, leiden, Ger. leiden
(different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit- verabscheuen); O.N. li n. Fahrzeug, O.E. n. Fahrzeug,
ship; O.H.G. z-lit excessus;
Gmc. *laid: 1. way in O.Ice. lei f. ds., O.E. ld ds., watercourse , Primrbildg. to
Gmc. lan go, drive; 2. Fuhrung in O.E. ld f. n. ds., Transport, sustenance, livelihood,
O.H.G. leita Fuhrung, to causative Gmc. *laidjan go, make, guide, lead; 3. O.E. ld
Reinigungseid, afrnk. lude ds., also to *laidjan as Beibringen from Eideshelfern, also
O.H.G. laida (das d from leida accusation );
Kaus. (Gmc. *laidian) O.N. leia guide, lead, geleiten, begleiten, O.E. ldan, O.S.
ldian leiten, bring, O.H.G. leittan, leiten leiten, guide, lead, with sich bear, carry, have;
O.N. liinn dead , lii n. Grabsttte (*Geleit), O.H.G. leita (*leitia), leit funus (*to
Grabe geleiten), M.H.G. bileite n. burial, funeral; with latter meaning presumably also Gk.
, Hes., also Hes.?
Toch. A lit- fortgehen, tumble, fall down.
from extension from *lei- sich ducken, disappear?? compare Goth. aflinnan fortgehen
etc.
References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.
Page 1880
Page 1881
leit-1
English meaning: to be disgusted; to violate
Deutsche bersetzung: verabscheuen; freveln
Material: Gk. Frevler, Eol. Rcher, Frevler, freveln,
sundigen, sinner, Frevler, ds., mad, wicked, evil;
O.Ir. liuss repugnance (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther nunquam fastiditur;
O.N. leir unpleasant; detested , O.E. lu (Eng. loath), O.S. lth, O.H.G. leid ds., Ger.
Subst. Leid (in origin quite different of verb leiden);
da Goth. sleija (N. pl. n.) schdlich, schlimm, O.N. slir schlimm, O.E. slie, O.S.
slthi fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil, O.H.G. sldc dsee under assumption
eines beweglichen s- anzureihen seien, scheint possible.
References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 411.
Page(s): 672
Page 1882
Page 1883
Page 1884
lcken hinten ausschlagen, hupfen, Nor. dial. lakka (auf a foot) hupfen, walk on tiptoe;
trip (*lakjan);
Lith. lekiu, lekti fly, Iterat. lakstuti hin and her fly, causative lakinti fly make, lakt
Hulmerstange (*Aufflug), lakus fleeting, behend, Ltv. lezu, lkt spring, hupfen, Iterat.
lkat (: ), lkas f. pl. Herzschlag; O.Pruss. lagno (from *lakno) Beinkleid, trouser;
Page 1885
pet- contaminated.
References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f.
Page(s): 673
Page 1886
lem-1
English meaning: to crush; fragile
Deutsche bersetzung: zerbrechen; zerbrochen, weich
Material: Gk. , - fatigueless , maybe from not zusammenbrechend, due to
eines with preposition o- refined *- n. *-;
Ven. MN Lemetor;
O.Ir. ro-la(i)methar wagt, Welsh llafasu venture, risk, Corn. lauasos ds., M.Bret.
lafuaez licit, also Welsh cyflafan Untat, perhaps to M.Ir. la(i)me axe; with other English
meaning: M.Ir. lem fade, crazy, impotent, O.Ir. lemnat Eibisch, M.Ir. lemlacht, lemnacht
sue milk, Welsh llefrith, Bret. livriz ds., M.Welsh llyveithin weak (*lemekt-);
perhaps Alb. lem, Gheg lam threshing floor, Olmuhle = Russ. lom;
O.H.G. O.S. lam (*lom-), O.Ice. lami lame, crippled , O.H.G. lemmen, aschs. lemmian
lhmen, O.E. lemian ds., tame (ein horse), O.Ice. lemia hit, entzweischlagen; hinder, grade O.H.G. luomi faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild, M.H.G. luemen, luomen languish,
reduced grade O.Ice. luma loslassen, Alem. lumme slack become, Ger. dial. lumm
slack, in addition Ger. Lummel; M.H.G.lunzen light drowse , E.Fris. lm lamed, hinkend,
faint, languid, Swe. lma stiff or schwerfllig go; -stuf.: Nor. laam lame;
Ltv. limstu, limt, Lith. lmti under a load zusammenbrechen, O.Pruss. limtwei break,
rupture; Lith. lmti es fugen, vorausbestimmen, Ltv. lemt decide, define, ordain,
determine, adjudicate; Lith. lamnti, causative lmdyti ausbilden, trainieren; in addition
probably also Lith. luomas kind of, Gattung;
O.Bulg. lomljo, lomiti break, rupture, -se sich abmuhen, Russ. lom break, pl. lmy
Gliederreien etc.; O.Bulg. prelamati break, rupture etc.; e-grade in O.Sor. lmic break,
Page 1887
Page 1888
lem-2
English meaning: open jaws (?)
Deutsche bersetzung: with der Anschauung of aufgespannten Rachens, of Lechzens
Material: Gk. gullet, N. pl. Erdschlund, Menschenfresserin (Lat. Lw.
Page 1889
lendh-1
English meaning: liquid, spring
Deutsche bersetzung: Na, Quelle
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.; or as li-n-dh- to li-4?
Material: O.Ir. lind (u-stem) n. Flussigkeit, Trank, gen. lenda, Ir. lionn, gen. leanna ale,
Welsh llyn Trank, therefrom different (s-stem) O.Ir. lind, gen. linde f. water, pond, pool,
sea, Welsh llyn pond, pool, O.Corn. len water, Bret. lenn pond, pool, O.Brit.
PN, Gaul. Lindo-magus Swiss river name Limmat;
from dem O.Ir. (?) derives O.Ice. lind (poet.) wellspring, but compare O.S. Linda FlN.
Lenne, O.Fris. lind pond, pool; ablaut. M.H.G. lunde f. wave.
References: WP. I 438; Holthausen AltWestn. Wb. 182, 365.
Page(s): 675
Page 1890
lendh-2
English meaning: hip; kidney
Deutsche bersetzung: Lende; Niere
Material: Lat. lumbus, older only pl. lumb loins (*londhuo-);
O.C.S. ledvje pl. f. lumbi, Russ. ljdveja Lende, Schenkel, Cz. ledvi n. Lende,
ledvina kidney;
O.H.G. lent f. kidney, pl. lent(n) kidneys, loins (*londhun-), O.E. lendenu N. pl.
loins, O.Ice. lend f. Lende (ein Goth. *landj wird of finn. Lw. lantio assumed); zero grade
O.Ice. lund Lende, sense, mind, kind of, O.E. lendenu N. pl. loins, lund-laga kidney,
Page 1891
lendh-3
English meaning: free land, heath, steppe
Deutsche bersetzung: freies Land, Heide, Steppe
Material: O.Ir. land free place (dat. ith-laind area, with ith corn, grain ), Gaul.-rom.
*landu Heide, M.Welsh llan area (O.Welsh it-lann, Welsh ydlan area), Corn. lan, Bret.
lann Heide, Steppe (Celt. -an- as in type Lat. frang : brechen, i.e. en?);
Swe. dial. linda Brachfeld (*lendhiu), Goth. O.Ice. O.S. O.E. land, O.H.G. lant land; in
addition with zero grade O.Ice. lundr Hain;
O.Pruss. acc. sg. lindan valley; Russ. ljd with jungem Holz bewachsenes Feld;
Neubruch, Rodeland; niedriger, wet and bad bottom, Cz. lada, lado Brache.
maybe Alb. (*linden) lndina meadow
References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to lendh-2.
Page(s): 675
Page 1892
Page 1893
log m. , Ser.-Cr. lug Hain, Rhricht, nsorb. lug grasiger swamp, marsh,
therefrom uyca Lausitz, etc.; perhaps also Russ. ljagat sja swing, waver.
References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- bend.
Page(s): 676
Page 1894
langr adj. in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung, O.S. O.E. and-lang, O.Fris. ond-ling, Ger.
entlang; O.E. b-ling backwards, O.H.G. hrucki-lingn rucklings. chrumbe-lingn in
krummer direction under likewise;
Lith. lenkiu, lekti bow, bend; lnke Vertiefung, linkstu, likti sich biegen, linkiu, linketi
sich neigen to, wish, Ltv. lkt sich biegen, liks crooked, Iterat. Lith. lankau, -uti
besuchen, lnkiti ausbiegen, Ltv. luoct bend, bow, lenken, luockla joint; Lith. lank
valley, lowland, depression; lakas Reifen, lankus pliable, Ltv. luoks Krummholz,
Radfelge, luoks pliable, O.Pruss. perlunkei belongs, perlunki gebuhrt; reduced grade
O.Pruss. lunkis angle , Ltv. lunkans pliable, O.Pruss. lonki steg; with esp. Anwendung
auf das Garnaufwinden Lith. laktis Haspel, Garnwinde, Ltv. luoks, luokids. (also Lith.
pole a noose, halter, snare, trap , Russ. ljkyj crooked, O.Bulg. lok , bow,
loka artifice, deceit, Church Slavic also Meerbusen, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh,
O.Bulg. si-lok inflexus, Church Slavic loije bulrushes (bend -flax, wattle, braid),
O.Bulg. loo, -iti separate, Sloven. loiti separate, segregate and bend (these die basic
meaning);
Page 1895
Page 1896
lndoj hurt, bend from the same root as Lat. lenture bend, make flexible.
Gaul. (?) lantuna schlinggewchs; compare Bolelli Ital. Dial. XVIII 182; Welsh smooth,
gleaming (*lnt-ro-), ablaut. Bret. lintr (*lent-ro-) ds., Corn. ter-lentry gleam, Welsh llethr f.
slope (*lent-ru), M.Ir. leittir f. ds. (Brit. Lw.); against it Welsh llithr Gleiten from *slip-tro- to
lindi m. band, strap, belt, girdle, M.L.G. lint n. flaches band, strap (out of it Lith. linta
Zierbaud), O.N. lindi n. Lindenholz, Ger. dial. lind, lint n. bast;
probably Lith. lent board (from Lindenholz?);
with o-grade Slav. *lot in Russ. dial. lut, lut Lindenbast, Clr. ut n. Lindenbast;
Weidenzweige, ut Gerte, skin;
perhaps as the sich Biegende, Windende O.H.G. lind, lint (*lento-s), O.N. linnr, linni m.
snake, poet. tree, Feier, linn-ormr dragon = O.H.G. lindwurm.
Page 1897
Page 1898
lep-1
English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallwurzel
Material: O.Ind. lpati schwatzt, flustert, wehklagt, talks, rpati ds., pum. lwam, lewam
rede, spreche, say, Pers. luba, luwa schmeichelei;
Maybe truncated Alb. *lpati, llap chat, talk, speak, llaf word, speech
It seems that from Root plab- : (to babble, etc..) derived Root lep-1 : (expr. Root)
presumably as *lpagi- Besprecher, O.Ir. laig (disyllabic), gen. lego (*l-ago) physician,
medicine man (keinesfalls to Goth. lkeis);
Russ. lepett stammeln, babble, chatter, lallen, O.Bulg. lopotiv stammelnd,
stotternd, Russ. lopott pltschern, rant, roister, klatschen, with somewhat other
meaning- turn Ser.-Cr. leptati flutter.
Perhaps auf ders. onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung, but with a-vocalism, based on
Gk. benehme mich minxish, wanton, Aufschneider, swaggerer, bragger
and whirlwind (as heulend).
References: WP. II 429.
Page(s): 677-678
Page 1899
lep-2
English meaning: to peel, flay
Deutsche bersetzung: abschlen, abhuten, abspalten
Material: Gk. schale ab, n., m. bowl, bark, skin ( schle ab),
, f. scale, husk, bowl, bark, flaches Geschirr, einschalige
Muschel, Napfschnecke, n. bowl, husk, epithet the Fische (lit. in
Schuppen being), leprosy (*sich schuppende skin); enthulst (from
Krnern); fine, thin, dainty, weak, hulse from; make thin, schmchtig,
thin
(*);
lengthened
grade
():
Hulle,
garment,
Ledermantel
*lepes- = Gk. ), lepucha leprosy (as Gk. ); -grade (as Gk. ) Russ.
lpot (*lapt) m. Bastschuh, lpit flicken, etc.
Page 1900
Page 1901
lep-3
English meaning: stone, rock
Deutsche bersetzung: Fels, Stein?
Material: Gk. n. (only N. acc. sg.) kahler Fels, stone, felsig; Lat. lapis, -idis
stone; Umbr. vapere abl. sg., vapersus abl. pl. seat (from stone?); Lat. a wird as
reduplication-vowel
words
from
nichtIE
Withtelmeersprache.
relationship
to
lep- abspalten as
Page 1902
Page 1903
lergh, Bret. lerch spoor; ablaut. O.Ir. lorc, M.Ir. lorgg m. spoor, troop, multitude, crowd,
progeny , Welsh llwry > llwrw spoor;
in addition Ger. Lurch, N.Ger. lork?
References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- stick.
Page(s): 679
Page 1904
Page 1905
aelawt din, fuss, noise, pain = O.Ir. lad n. wound (*ad-lto-), Welsh tra-llod din, fuss,
noise, pain;
Clr. lit f. rutting, heat, lityty befruchten.
References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams Et. Celt. 4, 391.
Page(s): 680
Page 1906
leather), O.Ice. ler n. leather. Is das Gmc. word old borrowing from dem Celt. and latter
as *pl-e-tro with Lat. pellis etc. (see pel- skin) related? S. Pedersen KG. II 45.
References: WP. II 428.
Page(s): 681
Page 1907
lumn fame, Seligkeit (participle *lubh-no- actually was man gern hat, lobt);
Lat. libet, older lubet, -re, -uit, -itum est es beliebt, is compliant, lubens, libens gern,
willing, lubdo, libdo eagerness ; Osc. loufir vel (compare abg lubo - lubo vel - vel);
Goth. liufs, O.Ice. lifr, O.H.G. liob, O.E. lof lieb (= O.Bulg. lub); therefrom derived
*liubn lieb sein, gefallen in O.E. lofian, O.H.G. M.H.G. liuben; *liubjan in O.E. ge-lufan,
O.H.G. (ga)liuben, originally lieb make; Goth. galaufs begehrenswert, schtzbar,
wertvoll; O.E. laf Erlaubnis, O.H.G. urloub (and urlub) Urlaub; Goth. Denom. ga-
laubjan believe, us-laubjan allow, O.Ice. leyfa (Denom.) allow; praise, laud; O.H.G.
gilouben believe, irlouben allow, O.E. lefan, u-lefan allow, gelefan believe; O.Ice. lof
n. Lob, Erlaubnis, O.E. lof n. Lob, Preis, O.H.G. lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to O.Ice. lofa
praise, gestatten, O.H.G. lobn (Denom.) praise, laud, praise, bewilligen, promise , Ger.
loben, geloben, verloben; Goth. lubains hope; O.E. lufu, O.H.G. lupa f. love, therefrom
*lubn in O.E. lufian, O.H.G. lubn lieben, O.H.G. gilubida profession, declaration ;
Lith. (due to eines es-stem *leubhes-) liaupse Lobpreisung, liupsinti lobpreisen;
O.Bulg. lub lieb (Russ. lubyj etc.), whereof lubiti lieben, luby love (etc.).
Page 1908
Page 1909
leudh-1 (*leugh-)
English meaning: to grow up; people; free
Deutsche bersetzung: emporwachsen, hochkommen
Note:
Root leudh-1 : to grow up; people; free : Root leu-dh-2 : drive, go derived from a zero
grade of Root el-6, el- : lu-; el-eu-(dh-) : to drive; to move, go.
Material: O.Ind. rdhati, rhati rises, grows , Av. raoaiti increases, grows , O.Ind. rham. ascension, elevation, height, avardha- m. Wurzeltrieb, Luftwurzel, Senkung, Av.
Page 1910
This seems erroneous etymology because Alb. klush cub, esp. young dog derives from
Root kel-6, k(e)l-, k(e)lu- or kl- ? : to call, cry. (see above)
Lat. Lber Ital. god of growth, fertility, cultivation, Osc. gen. Luvfres Liberi, Lat. lber, -
rum die Kinder, juristisch also from a einzigen kid, child, also * offspring, the young ;
lber free see above;
maybe Liburni Illyr. TN, also Alb. (*libera) lir free.
O.Ir. luss m. plant (*ludh-stu-), O.Corn. les ds., M.Corn. leys, pl. losow, Welsh llysiau,
Bret. louzou ds.;
Maybe Alb. lule (*ludhe) plant, flower common Alb. -d- > -l- phonetic mutatIon.
Goth. liudan, O.H.G. liotan, O.S. liodan, O.E. lodan grow, O.H.G. sumarlota summer
scion , O.N. loenn bewachsen, haarig, rough, loa (* have grown =) festhangen,
festkleben; Goth. laudi f. shape, swa-, sama-laus so big, large, jugga-laus youngling
, M.H.G. lt beschaffen; Goth. ludja face (with the eyes and mouth) (compare Pers. ri),
O.S. lud Aueres, physical strength (? only Hel. 154), O.H.G. ant-lutti face (with the eyes
and mouth); (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) O.H.G. liut, O.E. lod people,
M.H.G. liute people, O.E. lode ds., then also from einzelnen people O.H.G. liut person,
Ger. dial. das Leut person, nd. lud, lut woman, girl, burgund. leudis the Gemeinfreie;
O.C.S. ljudje (*leudeies) pl. the people (sg. Russ. ljud, Cz. lid), ljudin the
Gemeinfreie, Ltv. ludis pl. people, people, Gesinde, Lith. liudis people.
References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.
Page 1911
Page 1912
leu-dh-2
English meaning: drive, go
Deutsche bersetzung: treiben, gehen
Note:
Root leudh-1 : to grow up; people; free : Root leu-dh-2 : drive, go derived from a zero
grade of Root el-6, el- : lu-; el-eu-(dh-) : to drive; to move, go.
See also: see above under el-6 S. 306 f.
Page(s): 685
Page 1913
Page 1914
leugh-1
English meaning: to lie
Deutsche bersetzung: lugen
Material: Goth. liugan, O.S. O.H.G. liogan, O.E. logan lie, O.Ice. ljga lie, fehlen,
fehlschlagen; O.H.G. O.S. lugina, O.E. lygen lie, falsity, M.H.G. luc m. Lug, O.H.G.
luggi, lucki, O.S. luggi, O.E. lycge fallacious (= Slav. l), O.Ice. lygi f., O.H.G. lug f.
lie, falsity, O.E. lyge m. lie, falsity (: Slav. la lie, falsity); O.H.G. lougan m., lougna f.
das Leugnen = O.Ice. laun f. ds., Verheimlichung, Goth. analaugns hide, conceal,
laugnjan leugnen etc.; probably also O.H.G. lochon, j-verb lucchen, geminated O.Ice.
lokka, O.E. loccian, mnl. locken, O.H.G. lockon locken; in addition M.H.G. Gelucke luck?
Lith. lgoti bid, beg, ask, Ltv. lugt ds.;
O.Bulg. lo, lgati lie, l fallacious, Lugner, l lie, falsity.
References: WP. II 415, Wissmann nom. postverb. 176.
Page(s): 686-687
Page 1915
Material: O.Ir. lu(i)ge n., Welsh llw m., Bret. le oath, vow, pledge (*lughiom);
Goth. liugan, -aida marry, liuga matrimony , (*oath), O.H.G. urliugi (*uz-liugja) war,
fight (*vertragsloser state, status), zero grade M.L.G. orloge, orloch, O.S. orlag, -logi,
O.Fris.orloch ds. (therefrom hat also M.H.G. urlage fate, destiny etc. partly die meaning
war, fight bezogen, see under legh- lie); O.Fris. logia marry.
Maybe Alb. logu lists (*fight)
References: WP. II 415.
Page(s): 687
Page 1916
leug-1
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche bersetzung: biegen
Note:
Root leug-1 : to bend : Root leu-g-2 : lu-g- : l-g- : black; swamp derived from Root leu-2
(*leugh-): to cut off, separate, free.
Material: Gk. bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate , f. biegsamer twig, branch,
geflochten;
Lat. lucta f. Ringen, wrestling match , luct, sek. luctor, -ur wrestle, struggle, luxus
luxated, luxure dislocate, luxate, crick also (as auer edge and Band) luxus, -s
uppige fertility, verschwenderischer expenditure, luxuria; probably lma mint (?) from
*lg(s)mu;
Maybe Rom. luptu struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair,
striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix : Alb. lufta struggle, fighting,
battle common Rom.-Illyr. k- > p-, f- phonetic mutatIon.
O.Ir. fo-long- (er)bear, carry (from *-lung-);
Lith. lugnas ductile, pliable;
O.H.G. loc, Ger. Locke, O.E. locc, O.Ice. lokkr ds., O.Ice. lykna bend the knees ;
with gradation besides perhaps O.H.G. louh, Ger. Lauch, and. lk, O.E. lac, O.Ice. laukr
Lauch; from bend, zusammenbiegen seems die meaning zumachen, shut originated to
sein (?) in Goth. ga-lkan einschlieen, us-lkan aufschlieen, O.Ice. lka shut,
aufschlieen, finish, end, O.E. lcan shut, ffnen, O.H.G. lhhan shut, antlhhan
aufschlieen; O.Ice. lok n. schlu, Verschlu, cover, loka f. Verschlu, bar, bolt, lykja
Page 1917
Page 1918
Root leug-1 : to bend : Root leu-g-2 : lu-g- : l-g- : black; swamp derived from Root leu-2
(*leugh-): to cut off, separate, free.
Material: Gk. dark, finster, wherefore (with prefix -, compare O.Ind. u-nla-
blackish, darkish ) dark, ( whereas darkness is =) schattengebend,
, - uberschatte, bedecke;
Maybe Alb. lug spoon, scoop, Gheg lug valley, ditch, Tosc lugin valley
Illyr. lugas m. or luga f. swamp, marsh (Strabo 314: by
), whereof with Lat. forms -utum derived Alb. lgat puddle, pool, slop, swamp,
marsh; nasalized Alb.Gheg lang, Tosc lng drink, liquid, broth, juice; Lith. liugas
morass, besides lugas, Ltv. FlN Ludze (*lugiu); IE *lougiu in: R.C.S. lua swamp, marsh,
puddle, slop, etc.;
perhaps here Gaul. raven in PN Lugu-dnon Lyon, etc.
Maybe Alb. lugat monster, ghost : Gaul. raven
References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.
Page(s): 686
Page 1919
leug- (*leugh-)
English meaning: to break
Deutsche bersetzung: brechen
Note: in Ar. with g, in Balt with g; ar. g probably through influence of leug- bend
Material: O.Ind. rujti zerbricht, peinigt, rugn- broke, -ruj f. pain, disease, malady, ruju
ds., rga- m. Gebrechen, disease, malady, log- clod, Scholle;
Av. uruxti- Brechen, Zerreien;
Arm. lucanem lse los, breche auf, loic released, liberated, free;
Gk. -- unzerreibares band, strap, , sad, terrible;
Alb. lung Geschwur ;
Lat. lge, -re grieve (*lougei), lctus, -s mourning, grief, lgubris sad, pitiable
(probably *lgos-ri-s);
O.Ir. lucht load, Inhalt, troop, multitude, crowd, people (*part?), Welsh llwyth load,
burden, tribe, Gaul. luchtos part (?), adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, Lucterius MN;
O.E. to-lcan destroy, O.H.G. liohhan tear, rend, pull, drag, M.L.G. lken pull, drag,
pluck, O.E. lcan jten, Swe. luk, O.N. lok n. weed; here GN Loki as destroyer ;
Lucke, hole, Ger. Lucke, (nd.) Luke;
Lith. luiu, luti, Ltv. lauu, lauzt, trans. break, rupture, ablaut. Lith. lutu, luti, Ltv.
lustu, lust, intrans. break, rupture; in addition Lith. luas m. heap abgebrochener
Zweige, luis m. break, Ltv. launi broken Bume.
References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.
Page(s): 686
Page 1920
leuk- (*leugh-)
English meaning: bright, to shine; to see
Deutsche bersetzung: 1. leuchten, licht; 2. sehen
Material: 1. O.Ind. rcat shines, seems, Av. raoant- luminous, O.Ind. rcayati lt
shine, beleuchtet, Av. raoayeiti erleuchtet, beleuchtet (= Lat. l);
O.Ind. rcana- luminous, rok- m. light (= Arm. lois light, Welsh llug), rci s n. light
(= O.H.G. loug, O.E. lieg, O.Ice. leygr m., Slav. lu m.), lka- m. free (heller) room, world
(= Lat. lcus, Lith. laukas field, O.H.G. etc. lh); rca- luminous (: Lith. adj.
raocah-, ap. rauah- n. light, shiner, esp. of Himmels, O.Ind. ruks- gleaming, Av.
raoxna- gleaming common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : O.Pers. gh- > x- : Pers. x- > - phonetic
mutation
(= O.H.G. liehsen) f. light (= Lat. lna, M.Ir. luan, O.Pruss. lauxnos, O.Bulg. luna, zero
grade Gk. ; auf this -es-stem based on also Lat. lstrure, lucubrure, O.E. lioxan,
O.Ice. ljs, Lith. lukestis);
Arm. lois, gen. lusoi light, lusin moon, lusn weier Fleck in eye, lucanem zunde an,
burn, Aor. luci (originally sk-present);
Gk. licht, gleaming, white (, fish names), weier
Kern in Tannenholz (: O.Bulg. lua from *loukiu); f. fury (after den funkelnden
Augen); - twilight , - ds., - schreckbild;
Neumondstag, is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wrter 2124; after Kretschmer Gl.
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luacharn f. shiner, Laterne, lamp, light, Welsh llugorn (also llygorn m., pl. llygyrn), Corn.
lugarn ds., Bret. lugern m. radiance ;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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luach gleaming, O.Ir. lchet (n. nt-stem) lightning, out of it borrowed Welsh lluched,
O.Corn. luhet, Bret. luched-enn lightning; M.Ir. lan light, moon, da lain Montag
(*leuk-s-no- : Lat. lna); Welsh llwg gleaming, llygo einen radiance throw (compare with
the meaning from Gk. as con-spicuus under Welsh am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg
conspicuus); M.Ir. loch black (*luko-), Welsh llwg schwarzgelb, zero grade llug black
(*louko-) probably originally gleaming black;
Goth. liuha light (: Lat. Lcetius, Gaul. Leucetius), O.H.G. O.S. lioht bright and n.
light, O.E. loht ds.; Goth. lauhatjan gleam, shine, flash, O.H.G. lougazzen and zero
grade lohazzen flame, burn, fiery sein, O.E. legetu f. lightning; O.H.G. lh bewachsene
Lichtung, niedriges shrubbery, bush, M.L.G. lh, lch spinney, bush, names as Water-
loo, O.E. lah offenes Land, meadow, O.Ice. l fn. Lichtung (= O.Ind. lka- etc.); O.H.G.
lauc, loug, O.E. leg, O.Ice. leygr, mask. i-stem flame, fire (= O.Ind. rci -, Slav. lu),
O.Ice. logi m. = O.Fris. loga flame, M.H.G. lohe flame; O.Ice. ljmi m., O.S. liomo, O.E.
loma radiance (*leuk-mon-), Goth. lauhmuni lightning, flame (u, compare Eng. levin
lightning from *lauhuni-);
O.Ice. ln f. (*luhn) stilles water, logn n. Windstille (compare Gk. )
blanke Windstille);
O.Ice. ljri m. Rauchloch, Nor. ljra sich aufklren, M.H.G. z-lieren ds.;
due to of -es-stem O.Ice. lyr m. (*leuhiz) Lub, Gadus pollichius (from the hellen Farbe
the Seiten and of Bauches of Fisches), O.Ice. lysa f. Merluccius vulgaris, Merlan, Nor.
lysing ds., compare Swe. lja, lga Abramis alburnus from *laugin, Ger. Lauge Cyprinus
alburnus and leuciscus); M.H.G. liehsen bright (*leuhsna- = Av. raoxna-), O.Ice. ljs n.
light (*leuhsa-), lysa gleam, shine, gleam, bright make, define, announce, declare = O.E.
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lusyj naked, bald, bleak, blssig; in addition perhaps the name of Luchses (development
from den funkelnden Augen or rather after seinem grauweien fell, fur): Arm. lusanunk pl.,
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luysis, O.Bulg. rys (with r instead of l after rvati ausreien?); after Vasmer expounded
sich das Slav. r perhaps through Iran. borrowing; not ganz sicher steht die meaning Luchs
for das zudem auf voiced-nonaspirated auslautende M.Ir. lug, gen. loga; on the other hand
expounded Loth RC 36, 103 Welsh lloer, Bret. loar moon from *lug-ru, so that one -g, -k, -
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Ludrum (: Gk. );
Lat. pollu sully, lustrum puddle, slop, lutum filth, ordure =
O.Ir. loth f. smut, Gaul. PN Lutva, in addition Welsh (with lengthened grade) lludedic
muddy; with other suffix M.Ir. con-luan Hundekot, Bret. louan sale;
Lith. lutunas, -ne pool, Lehmpfutze; here probably also Lith. linas morass.
References: WP. II 406.
See also: see also under leug-2.
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leu-2 (*leugh-)
English meaning: to cut off, separate, free
Deutsche bersetzung: abschneiden, trennen, loslsen
Note:
Root leu-2 (*leugh-): to cut off, separate, free : Root leug- (*leugh-): to break
Note: also leu- and lu- : lu- (: l-), partly leu-s-
Material: O.Ind. lunuti, lunti cuts, slices, clips, cuts, lna- cropped, truncated, cut off,
geschnitten (: M.Ir. lon), lavtra- n. sickle, lav- f. ds. (: Gk. , O.Ice. l ds.), lava- m.
das Schneiden, Schur, wool, hair, break, section, luva- incisive, luvaka- m.
Abschneider, Mher;
Gk. lse, befreie; vertilge etc., f. Auflsung, separation, f. Lsung,
n. Lsegeld; - m. time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening (: so-ltus);
plowshare (F; compare O.Ice. l, M.L.G. l, lehe sickle from *lewan- and
O.Ind. lav- ds.); , Att. f. threshing floor;
Alb. laj zahle eine blame (*luni , ablaut equally with Gk. (F)); prlaj rob,
perhaps also let Mhne (*leu-t-) and (from the root form auf -s) lesh (*leus-) wool, hair
(compare the same meaning in O.Ind. lava-); da after Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. fluer Fach a
footlocker (*v-lor- from IE *lu-r-), sh-lor Hangegerust, pluar (*p-luar) plowshare ,
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lva bedstead , Ltv. luva Pritsche, Bettstelle, Dan. older lo, Swe. lofve, loge, O.S. loi, lo,
O.Ice. lfi m. threshing floor, barn (O.Ice. lufi is eine old Ablautform *lwan-);
Toch. A lo, lau remote, distant, apart, separated; A law-, lyu- fortschicken; A lot
ditch, trench, channel, hole;
Hitt. lu-uz-zi (luzzi) tax, Belastung from (*leugh-) (compare Gk. ).
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loss tail, end, Welsh llost spear, javelin, llosten tail, Bret. lost tail anzureihen are;
here (Specht IE Decl. 56) Ltv. lauska splinter, shard, ablaut. Lith. luskos rag, luzgana
husk, scale, husk , lusn husk, bowl, Russ. lust ds., etc. Mglicherweise related is *lustone, see there.
References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from vorrom.
and Proto-Gmc. *leisku, *leusku, *lasku in Ger. Lische, Fr. lache etc. carex reconstructs
J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. ein IE elei-, eleu-, el- cut, clip.
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leup- and leub-, leubhEnglish meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: abschlen, entrinden, abbrechen, beschdigen
Note: probably extensions from leu-2.
Material: With b:
O.Ice. laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. basket, Holzwerk, O.E. lap m. basket, trunk,
M.L.G. lp m. wooden vessel, lpen n. basket; die Bal.-Slav. examples under can just
as well b as bh contain.
With bh:
Lat. liber bast, book (*luber, *lubh-ro-s);
Alb. lab bark, cork (*loubh-);
O.Ir. luib, Ir. luibh f. herb, O.Ir. lub-gort garden, O.Welsh pl. luird Grten;
Goth. lubja-leis giftkundig, O.Ice. lyf f. Heilkraut, O.E. lybb n. poison, charm, spell,
lyfesn f. charm, spell. O.S. lubbi, O.H.G. luppi Pflanzensaft, poison, charm, spell; Goth.
laufs m., lauf n. foliage, leaf, O.E. laf, O.H.G. loub n. ds., louba f. schutzdach from
bark, Ger. Laube;
Lith. lub board, Ltv. luba shingle , O.Pruss. lubbo f. board, ablaut. Lith. lubas m.
bark, outer covering of a tree (*lubhos), Ltv. lubs m. bowl; Lith. lubena Obstschale;
Russ. lub Borke, bast, etc., Church Slavic lb cranium, Serb. lubina ds.;
With p:
O.Ind. lumpti zerbricht, damages, plundert, lpayati verletzt (= Slav. lupiti, Lith.
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llap talk, llap-ush (diminutive) long eared, animal with long ears, llapush broad-leafed
cabbage, covering leaf of maize, lop cow (with a big tongue), lepur rabbit, hare (with big
ears) from which derived Lat. lepus -oris, m. hare. lepusculus -i, m. a young hare. Also
O.Ind. lopusa- m. jackal, fox , Lith. lapenti to swallow food [see below]; hence Alb.
proves that from Root lb-, lb-, lub-, leb- : (to hang down loosely; lip) derived Root ulp-,
schlappen
with IE -p-: O.Ice. slafask erschlaffen and - from the imagining herabhngenden
Schleimes from - probably also Ice. slafra geifern, M.Eng. slaveren, Eng. slaver ds., Ice.
slevja f. slobber, Nor. slevjen schleimig, kotig; Nor. slabbe, Swe. slabba pollute , M.Du.
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slabben befoul, slurp , Ger. schlappen (also geifern), M.Eng. slabben sich in ordure
wlzen, Ger. (N.Ger.) schlappern, schlabbern, Swe. dial. slabb schlammwasser, Eng.
dial. slab schleimig, schlupfrig, Subst. mud puddle;
Lith. slobstu, slbti weak become, Lith. em. slbnas, E.Lith. slbnas weak, Ltv. slubet
zusammenfallen (from a swelling, lump, growth);
O.C.S. slb etc. weak.
Nasalized lemb(h)-:
O.Ind. rmbate, lambate hngt herab, hngt sich an, lambana- herabhngend, n.
herabhngender jewellery, Phlegma;
Lat. limbus Besatz am Kleid, hem; about Gk. see under;
O.E. (ge)limpan proceed, go ahead, glucken, O.H.G. limphan, limfan, M.H.G. limpfen
angemessen sein, O.E. gelimp n. Ereignis, chance, luck , M.H.G. g(e)limpf
Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle Nachricht; Benehmen, changing through ablaut aN.Ger.
gelumplk fitting, M.H.G. limpfen hinken, Eng. to limp hinken, limp schlaff
herabhngend, N.Ger. lumpen hinken, also Ger. (N.Ger.) Lumpen scrap, shred;
compare from a Gmc. Nebenwurzel lemb- (wre IE *lembh-): M.H.G. lampen (and
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l(i)-2
English meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess
Deutsche bersetzung: gewhren, Besitz; med. erwerben, gewinnen
Note: originally uberlassen and = l(i)-3 lassen
Material: O.Ind. ruti - willing to give, bereitwillig; f. Verleihung, grace , ruti verleiht, grants;
Gk. n. earnings, Sold, , Lohnarbeiter, diene um Sold;
Lat.latr is Gk. Lw.;
O.Ice. lu, O.E. l n. estate , Goth. unls arm = O.E. unld(e) woeful, wretched,
miserable , with gradation O.Ice. l f., n. yield of Bodens;
with s-suffix here probably also O.H.G. -luri (e.g. in gz-luri Goslar), O.H.G. ga-lueswes
Angrenzer, O.E. ls, g. lswe f. Weideland (*lsuu), die Swe.-Dan. Ortsnamenendung -
Page 1940
l(i)-3
English meaning: to weaken; feeble
Deutsche bersetzung: nachlassen
Note: (= l(i)- grant, see there)
Material: a. Probably in Gk. -- bin idle, lazy, raste; Lat. ltum death, Vernichtung
(*schlaff dahinsinken, compare das Leben lassen); lnis gentle, mild (perhaps
reshaped from *lnos =) Lith. lenas peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow; Ltv. lns ds.,
O.Bulg. len idle; with other suffixes Ltv. l-lis schlaffer person; lts light, wohlfeil, Lith.
lazzst, lezzist, Ger. - from dem N.Ger. - letzter), O.S. lat idle, late (superl. letisto, lazto
last, O.E. lt (superl. ltost, Eng. last) ds.; causative *latjan lasse make, hemmen in
Goth. latjan trge make, hinder, O.H.G. lezzen hemmen, hinder, beschdigen, injure,
reflex. sich letzen (= sich wobei aufhalten), sich gutlich tun, etc., O.E. lettan, ne. to let
hinder; O.Ice. loskr soft, slack, M.L.G. lasch, wFris. lask light, thin (Gmc. *latskwa-);
lid- in Lith. lidiu, lidmi, listi lasse, ablaut. palidas lose, palida Zugellosigkeit,
Hurerei, lydeti geleiten, lidoti bestatten; Ltv. last lassen, abbreviated Imper. la,
Permissivpartikel (also Lith. dial. lai, O.Pruss. -lai in bo-lai wre).
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li-4
English meaning: to pour
Deutsche bersetzung: gieen, flieen, trpfeln
Note: perhaps identical with lei-3.
Material: O.Ind. perhaps pra-lna- aufgelst, ermattet, vi-linuti zergeht, lst sich auf
(zerfliet?);
Gk. n. Weingef (*lei-tu-om);
dubious Alb. lum, lym river, lis, lys, lus ach;
Lat. ltus, -oris n. beach, seaside, seashore (Flutgegend) from *leitos;
Welsh lli m. flood, sea (*li ant-s = O.Ir. li ds.), pl. lliant Fluten, sea (*li antes); llif m.
flood, inundation (*l-mo-), Corn. lyf ds., M.Bret. livat inundation , Bret. liva flood;
Welsh llyr- m. sea, Meeresgott (Eng. PN Lear), O.Ir. ler ds. (*li-ro-); Welsh llin, Corn. lyn,
Bret. lin pus (*l-no-); M.Welsh dy-lly Ausgieen (*-liio-), di-lly giet from; O.Ir. do-lin
streams (*-li-nu-t), tu(i)le n. flood (*to-liio-), tlae n. ds.(*to-uks-liio-); about li see above;
Goth. leiu n. acc. Obstwein, O.Ice. l n. beer, O.H.G. lth, aschs. l m. n.
Obstwein;
Lith. leju, leti pour (old leju, IE *li ), l ja luti rain, stream, ludau, luditi rain lassen, fat
zerlassen; lytus m. rain, lyts f. form, shape (*Guform), ut-lajis m. Abflu; Ltv. lit
pour, lt rain, litus m. rain; letas and Ltv. lits vergossen, O.Pruss. pra-lieiton, pra-
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Root lk-1 : lk- : trap : Root lk-2 : lk- : to tear derived from *nak(u), lak(u) of Root nog-,
lact, d-lect, d-lici verfuhre, entzucke, lax Koder, loop, noose, snare under likewise,
laqueus a noose, halter, snare, trap (voneinem u-stem *lacus?);
Maybe Alb. lak trap, snare, rope.
O.E. ll(a) twig, branch, Peitsche, Hiebmal, Strieme (*luhil-)?
References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.
See also: Perhaps to lek-2.
Page(s): 673-674
Page 1945
Root lk-1 : lk- : trap : Root lk-2 : lk- : to tear derived from *nak(u), lak(u) of Root nog-,
lacinia f. Zipfel, Besatz or Fransen am Kleid, limbus; parts from Herden, Ackern under dgl;
lancin, -ure tear, rend;
Pol. ach, Russ. lchma scrap, shred (express. ch), etc.
Maybe Alb. (*lchma) llokma scrap, shred
References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.
Page(s): 674
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Material: Goth. lasiws (*las-uos) weak, M.H.G. er-leswen weak become; O.Ice. lasinn
weak, destructed, las-meyrr weak, woeful, wretched, miserable , M.L.G. lasich = lasch,
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lu-1
English meaning: to slacken
Deutsche bersetzung: nachlassen
Note: compare also (s)leu- slack
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ladn laden, berufen; in addition ablaut. M.H.G. luoder Lockspeise, Schlemmerei (out of
it Fr. leurre), Ger. Luder.
References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.
Page(s): 665
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Material: O.Ir. lorc (lorgg) f. club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis, M.Ir. lurga f. shinbone,
gen. lurgan, M.Welsh llory club, mace, joint, llorf foot the Harfe, O.Corn. lorch staff,
Bret. lorchenn shaft;
O.Ice. lurkr m. cudgel, club. older Dan. lyrk ds. (*lurki-), Swe. lurk fool ; Ger. tirol. lorg,
lork mythical giant ; O.Ice. lerka zusammenschnuren, torment, smite; O.E. lorg m. f.
shaft, pole, spindle is Celt. Lw.
References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.
Page(s): 691-692
Page 1958
laur);
Lat. lav, -ere and -ure, luv wash, bathe and sich wash, bathe (out of it borrowed
O.H.G. labn laben, etc.), ab-lu, -ere etc. (out of it ein neues Simplex lu, -ere), participle
lautus gewaschen (with vulg. : ltus) and adj. sauber, nett, in-ltus ungewaschen,
l(av)utrna Ausgu, in den das Kuchenwasser abluft; Abtritt, l(av)ubrum Becken,
diluvium, adluvisunder likewise, polbrum Waschbecken, dlbrum Entsuhnungsort =
temple, Heiligtum; probably also Umbr.vutu (*lovetd) lavit;
maybe Alb. *lou-, laj wash, lot tear
Gaul. lautro balneo (Gaul. -ou- to -au- before a, basic form *lou-tro-), O.Ir. lathar,
tro-); O.H.G. louga, Ger. Lauge, O.E. lah ds., O.Ice. laug f. Badewasser (*lou-ku), ablaut.
O.H.G. luhhen wash (*luk-);
Hitt. la-u-uz-zi (lauzi) giet from.
References: WP. II 441, WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemernyi KZ. 70, 57 f.
Page(s): 692
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Material: ABrit. *luuu > louu > Welsh llau Luse (sg. lleuen), Corn. low Bret. laou, Vannes
leu ds.;
O.E. M.L.G. O.H.G. O.Ice. ls f. louse; O.Ice. lyski f. Lusekrankheit;
with taboo distortion: O.Ind. -ku, pali -ku, prakrit u; Lith. u-te, and (with ablaut and
reduplication) vevesa, vieves f.; Church Slavic v, Serb. va, gen. vei and u, etc.
(*usi-);
about Toch. luwa animal, pl. lwusa s. Pedersen Toch. 72; compare Dan. olyr animal
and louse; or to O.C.S. lov above S. 655?
References: WP. II 443, Specht IE Decl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
Page(s): 692
Page 1961
matt- trunken, freudig, excited, aroused , Av. mad- (maait, maayaha) sich
berauschen, sich ergtzen an; O.Ind. madgu- ein certain Wasservogel, ein fish = Pers.
mu ein Wasservogel, O.Ind. mtsya- m., Av. masya fish (the nasse; derivative from an
-es-stem *mades-); O.Ind. mdas- n. fat, mdana- n. Mstung, mdyati, mdat wird
fett, mdya- fat (mda- from *mazda-, IE *mad-do- or *mad[e]z-do- and = O.H.G. mast
Mstung; die specific meaning Mstung also in this formation previously IE); mstu- n.
sour skimmings (*mad-stu-), Pers. maskah frische butter (*mad-sk-?); O.Ind. mdya-,
madir- berauschend;
skyth. Donau, PN , VN Donauanwohner;
Arm. mata young, fresh, tender; macun sour, coagulated milk (*madio- + Arm. Suff. -
un); macanim, macnum hafte an, coagulate ; additional Iran. words for Dickmilch under
likewise, so Pers. must sour milk, musdan curdle, coagulate, harden , etc.;
Gk. zerfliee, lse mich auf, verliere die hair; humid, wet; against it
nipple (= O.H.G. mast, *madz-dos), brost (*mad-ts), ds.
(reshuffling after brost);
Alb. manj (*madni) mste, maim fat, maz skimmings, cream, skin auf the milk
(*madiu); madh Maismehlbrei, changing through ablaut modul, motul pea, modh
ryegrass ;
Page 1962
made); in-madae futile, without Erfolg (in addition probably c. maddeu erlassen,
verzeihen, O.Bret. in madau pessum; Gael. maistir urina (*mad-tri-); M.Ir. mut f. swine
(*muddu Mast-swine);
O.H.G. mast food, Mstung, Eichelmast, Ger. Mast, Mstung, O.E. mst Buchecker;
Goth. mats dish, food, O.Ice. matr m., O.E. mete m., O.H.G. maz n. ds. (Ger. still in
Messer from O.H.G. mezzi-rahs), as well as Goth. matjan eat, devour , O.Ice. metja
slurp , O.E. mettan feed, M.L.G. mat(e) Kamerad, esp. in the Seemannssprache (Maat),
O.H.G. gamazzo Kamerad, eig. *Essensgenosse; in addition also M.L.G. met
schweinefleisch, nnd. mett gehacktes Fleisch as *saftiges, breiiges Fleisch, O.H.G.
(eig. N.Ger.) Mettwurst (from aN.Ger. *matja-); changing through ablaut O.E. O.S.ms
porridge, mash, dish, food, O.H.G. muos gekochte, esp. breiige dish, food, food, eating
generally , Ger. Mus, Gemuse (*mudso-).
References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalprs. 140.
Page(s): 694-695
Page 1963
maghos, -
English meaning: young
Deutsche bersetzung: jung
Material: Av. maava- unverheiratet;
Alb. makth young hare;
Celt. *magus in Gaul. PN Magu-rx, urIr. (Ogam) Maguno-, O.Ir. maug, mug slave; Corn.
maw, Bret. mao youngling, servant, Welsh meu-dwy Einsiedler (eig. Diener Gottes);
Fem. Corn. mowes girl, Bret. maouez wife, woman; Celt. -smo- derivative in O.Ir. mum,
aktu through contamination with makko- kid, child) in M.Ir. ingen maccdacht young
erwachsenes girl, O.Ir. ro-macdact gl. superadulta, M.Welshmachteith, O.Corn. mahtheid
virgo, M.Corn. maghteth, maghtyth ds., Bret. matez Dienstmdchen; nickname
*magguos in Gaul. Mapo-no-s GN, O.Welsh map, Welsh mab son; doppelte intensification
in urIr. maqqas, O.Ir. macc, Ir. mac son;
Goth. magus knave, boy, O.Ice. mogr son, young man, husband, O.S. magu knave,
boy, O.E. mago son, man, husband, servant; Fem. *ma()w in Goth. mawi girl (gen.
maujs), O.Ice. mr (acc. mey) girl, Dimin. Goth. mawil, O.Ice. meyla, O.E. mowle
small girl; abstract noun *maghotis young Weiblichkeit, from which konkret girl, in Goth.
magas young wife, woman, O.E. mge (Eng. maid), O.S. magath, O.H.G. magad,
Ger. Magd, Dimin. Mdchen;
Ltv. ma (from mag) small.
References: WP. II 228, Feist 3339.
Page(s): 696
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Maybe Alb. (*magh-) math big, powerful [common Alb. -g > -dh; -k > -th shift]
Arm. marthankh Hilfsmittel (*mag-thra-);
Gk. n. (Dor. ), poet. Hilfsmittel, , Dor. (> Lat.
magan, mugan mgen; 1. sg. present Goth. O.S. O.H.G. mag, O.Ice. mu, O.E. mg,
O.Fris. mei; O.Ice. magn, meg(i)n n. power, Hauptsache, O.E. mgen, O.H.G., O.S.
magan, megin ds.; Goth. mahts f. power, power , O.H.G. O.S. maht, O.E. meaht, might,
O.Ice. muttr ds.;
Maybe truncated Alb.Gheg (*mugan) mun, Tosc mund might [common Alb. n > nd shift]
Lith. mgulas numerous, much, a lot of;
O.C.S. mogo, moti to be able, vermgen, po-moti, Iterat. po-magati help etc.,
O.C.S. mot, Russ. mo etc. power, strength (= Goth. mahts).
References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Guntert, Weltknig 108 f.; whether E.
Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) right Gk. with Lith. moketi to be able, understand,
comprehend auf eine root mukh- zuruckfuhrt, could die other words also auf megh-:
Page 1966
Page 1967
Page 1968
(gi)-makn make, erect, to build, O.H.G. mahhn ds., Ger. machen, O.E. macian make,
cause; O.S. gemaco comrade, Seinesgleichen, O.H.G. gimahho socius (gimahha
conjux), O.E. maca ds., gemcca ds., husband (O.Ice. maki aequalis is N.Ger. Lw.),
O.H.G. ga-mah, gi-mah zugehrig, fitting, bequem (gimah connection, husliche
Bequemlichkeit, Gemach), un-gamah malus, minus idoneus, O.E. ge-mc fitting,
suitable, (O.Ice. makr fitting, bequem is N.Ger. Lw.); O.Fris. mek n. Verheiratung,
mekere Ehenunterhndler, M.H.G. mechele Kuppelei; from Gmc. *mak derives Lat.
mac(h)i Maurer; out of it rom. *matsi, whence again O.H.G. stein-mezzo steinmetz.
References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;
See also: compare mak-2 and menk-.
Page(s): 696-697
Page 1969
Page 1970
mai-1
English meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument
Deutsche bersetzung: hauen, abhauen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten
Note: probably actually mi- and s-lose form besides smi- : smi- : sm- carve, with a
mte, O.H.G. mza Milbe (probably to Gk. Made), perhaps also O.E. -mette, Eng.
ant, emmet, O.H.G. u-meiza Ameise (Abschneider); whether also O.Bulg. med Erz,
Russ. med copper?
3. t-extension: O.Ind. mthati verletzt (expressives th), Gk. mutilated, without
Hrner, zerstuckle (Fleisch); O.Ice. meia krperlich injure, verstummeln,
destroy, M.H.G. meidem male horse (eig. Kastrat), Goth. *gamai-s crippled ,
wherefore (probably after den Hofnarren) O.H.G. gimeit verruckt, M.H.G. in bonam partem
gewendet gemeit lebensfroh, pert, beautiful, lieb, O.S. gimd, O.E. gemud, mded
verruckt, Eng. mad ds.;
O.Lith. ap-maitinti verwunden, Ltv. mitt spoil, destroy, Lith. maitelis verschnittener,
gemsteter boar, O.Pruss. nomaytis verschnittener boar, ismaitint lose (as it. perdere);
different Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 552.
References: WP. II 212, Holthausen AltWestn. Wb. 193, 194.
Page(s): 697
Page 1971
Page 1972
mai-2 (moi-?)
English meaning: to smudge, dirty
Deutsche bersetzung: beflecken, beschmutzen?
Material: Gk. (Aor. ) sully, besmirch, n. Befleckung,
(*miuros?) besudelt, - with murder befleckt;
O.E. mul n. Fleek, Makel, O.H.G. meil n., meila f. ds.; Lith. pl. mieles, Ltv. meles
yeast; perhaps also Lith. miva sumpfwiese?
References: WP. II 243.
Page(s): 697
Page 1973
Page 1974
makstis vagina, Lith. makna sheath , makti s vagina (of Degens or Messers),
O.Pruss. danti-max gums; O.C.S. mona Beutel;
doubtful is affiliation from O.Ir. mn (from *makno- or *mekno-) mouth, bay, mnaigte
qui inhiant.
References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 698
Page 1975
masalas Rofliege, wherefore Russ. moslit plague, zudringlich anbetteln (of Bilde of
zudringlichen Muckenschwarms), and with anderm forms (*most?) O.Sor. moscic so ,
moscec so wimmeln (as ein Muckenschwarm), as well as probably also Lith. maoju, -ti
ein kid, child zeugen;
compare with Velar die arische family of O.Ind. mksa- m., maksu f. fly, Av. maxi- fly,
mosquito etc., and Lith. mkatas Kriebelmucke. common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : O.Pers. gh- >
Page 1976
Page 1977
manu-s or monu-s
English meaning: man
Deutsche bersetzung: Mann, Mensch
Material: O.Ind. mnu-, mnus- person, man, husband (also Ahnherr the people), Av. in
PN Manus-ira-, Proto-Gmc. *manuaz in PN Mannus (Tacitus), Stammvater the
Deutschen, Goth. manna (gen. mans), O.Ice. mar, mannr, O.E. O.Fris. O.H.G. mann
man, husband, Goth. mannisks, O.Ice. mennskr, O.E. O.H.G. mennisc menschlich;
O.H.G. mannisko etc. person; O.C.S. mo, Russ. mu man, husband (*mangia-, suffix
similarly as in Lith. mo-g-us person).
Probably Hom. Menelaus diminutive form of husband
Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus moon god?;
also egypt. Menes? lion of revenge (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt).
Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.
In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu,
or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic
Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the Roman
historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian Noah.
Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both words
meaning "human being."
Page 1978
The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its equivalents
in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language, used the form
Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").
The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was
called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (NOTE Genesis
9:13). In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy
mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was
identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning sky."
Page 1979
Material: Ir. marc, Welsh etc. march horse, Gaul. acc. sg., Marcodurum PN;
O.H.G. marah, O.E. mearh, O.Ice. marr horse (Ger. in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. O.H.G.
Page 1980
Page 1981
mat-2
English meaning: hack, flapper
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa Hacke, Schlegel
Material: O.Ind. maty- n. harrow or stump or likewise, matkr ta- geeggt or gewalzt; Lat.
mateola tool zum Einschlagen in die Erde (in RomO.N. lebt not deminuiertes *mattea
club, mace, joint); O.H.G. (gl.) medela plough (Lehmann AfneuereSpr. 119, 188); from
V.Lat. mattiuca: O.E. mattoc, Eng. mattock hack, mattock, hoe, O.Bulg. motyka hack,
mattock, hoe;
References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.
Page(s): 700
Page 1982
Page 1983
mazdo-s
English meaning: pole, mast
Deutsche bersetzung: stange, Mast
Material: Lat. mulus m. Mast, Mastbaum (with sabin. l = d from *mudos, *mazdos or
support in pulus) = O.H.G. mast shaft, pole, Fahnen- or Speerstange, esp. Mastbaum,
O.E. mst (from M.L.G. mast derives Nor. mastr Mastbaum); M.Ir. maide stick (O.Ir.
*maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios), O.Ir. matan club, mace, joint, M.Ir. ad-mat, Ir.
adhmad timber. As Gmc. loanword contemplates Schrader RI2168 O.Bulg. most
Knuppelbrucke, Russ. mostovja Pflaster, po-most Diele; rather is es ein
urverwandtes collective *mazd-to- stangenwerk.
References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.
Page(s): 701-702
Page 1984
Page 1985
mk-1
English meaning: damp, to soak
Deutsche bersetzung: na; feuchten
Material: Arm. mr ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh (*muk-ri-); Alb. mak glue, skin
auf Flussigkeiten;
Lith. makone puddle, slop, maknti, maknti through ordure wade, probably also Ltv.
moit, Iterat. mivat damp make, anfeuchten, moa Urin, moag damp, sumpfiger
place; compare ligur. FlN Macra, spO.N. FlN Magro;
lengthened grade Slav. *makajo, *makati in Cz. mkati, meti nssen, etc.
References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.
Page(s): 698
Page 1986
mk-2
English meaning: to knead, press
Deutsche bersetzung: kneten, quetschen, drucken
Material: Lett, mcu, mkt urge, press, push, press, plague, torment, smite, Cz. mak-m,
Page 1987
Page 1988
m-1
English meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive
Deutsche bersetzung: with the Hand winken; from verstohlen zuwinken dann
vorspiegeln, betrugen, zaubern
Note: (extended mui-?)
Zauberei,
Ltv.
Gemutsbewegung, Pol. mara deception , etc.; s-extension in: Church Slavic machaju,
machati ventilare, etc.; t-extension in: aSerb. matam, matati anlocken, Cz. mtati as
ghost spuken, etc.
References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.
Page 1989
Page 1990
m-2
English meaning: good, timely
Deutsche bersetzung: gut, to guter Zeit, rechtzeitig
Material: With formants -no- aLat. munus gut, immunis terrible, adverbial mune, mun
early, matutinal; here also muns f. die abgeschiedenen Seelen, later underworld,
death; perhaps Phryg. abgeschiedene soul, ; or belongs Lat. muns to
Gk. , Dor. Groll? compare S. 727.
With t-formant: Lat. Mutta die goddess the Fruhe, the Morgenhelle, but also the
ripeness, muttnus morgendlich, mutrus rechtzeitig; zeitig = reif (based on auf *mu-tu, perhaps good, gelegene time), Osc. Maatus (*Muts = d Muns); reduced grade
perhaps Celt. *mu-ti- in O.Ir. maith, Welsh mad, Corn. mas, M.Bret. mat, Bret. mad gut
and Gaul. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos; also O.Ir. maithid verzeiht.
References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.
Page(s): 693
Page 1991
Page 1992
Root muter- : mother derived from the nasalized stem muhnt-r of Root meg(h)- : meg(h)suffixed in -er: O.Ind. mahunt-, Av. mazant- big, large, O.Ind. mah-, Av. maz- ds. (only out
of nom. acc.), O.Ind. mhi nom. sg. neutr. (das -i = -, then = Gk. ), as O.Ind. mahu(Av. mazu-), mostly extended maht- = Av. mazant- big, large; compar. superl. O.Ind.
tris mother, wet nurse, wellspring, Osc. maatres, Umbr. matrer matris; Gaul. (?)
Matribus; O.Ir. muthir mother (Welsh modrydaf beehive with bydaf nest of
wild bees as 2. part); O.H.G. muoter, O.E. mdor, O.Ice. mir mother; Lith. mte (gen.
O.Lith. motes, Lith. moters) woman, wife (mtyna mother, motera Frauenzimmer,
woman), Ltv. mte mother, O.Pruss. mti, mothe mother (pomatre stiefmutter); O.C.S.
Page 1993
Page 1994
holz-muoja witch ;
O.Ind. muma- vocative m. uncle (from *mumu MutterschWester); Pers. mum, mumu,
mum mother; Arm. mam grandmother (Gk. Lw. as pap?); Gk. Lallvokativ,
whereof Ion. Att. mother, mother; Lat. mamma Kosewort Mama, mother,
also brisket , mamilla nipple ; Alb. mm Gheg mam mother; Ir. Welsh Corn. Bret.
mam mother, O.Ir. muimme Pflegemutter (*mammiu); Ger. Alem. mamme mother,
changing through ablaut O.H.G. muoma MutterschWester, Ger. Muhme; Lith.mam,
mom, Ltv. mma ds.; Russ. (etc.) mma Mama, mother; Hitt. divinity Mamma; compare
Asia Minor , nGk. mother, O.Ice. mna mother, M.L.G. *mne, mme
MutterschWester.
References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; mu is (?) base from muter- (see
there).
Page(s): 694
Page 1995
metemo mediocris (: Av. mama-) and Goth. *midjuma (= O.Ind. madhyam-) in midjungards, O.E. middan-geard Erdkreis, O.H.G. mittamo mediocris, in mittamen inmitten;
O.H.G. mittar medius;
O.Bulg. meda road (originally Grenzrain), Russ. mea limit, boundary, Rain (etc.),
O.Bulg. medu (loc. Du.) between adv. preposition, aRuss. mei (loc. sg.) ds.; here also
probably as *wood, forest auf dem Grenzrain: O.Pruss. median, Ltv. mes wood, forest,
spinney, Lith. medias tree; Lith. FlN Meduy.
Page 1996
Page 1997
medhu
English meaning: honey
Deutsche bersetzung: Honig; especially Met
Grammatical information: n.
Note: actually substantiviertes adjective sweet
Note:
Root meli-t : honey : Root mdhu : honey derived from a truncated Root mel-1 (auch
smel-), mel- : ml-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-i- : ml -, mel-k- : mlu-k-, mlu- : ml- : to
grind, hit; fine, ground.
Material: O.Ind. mdhu- n. honey, Met (in addition mdhu- sweet; madh(u)v-d- honeyeater: O.C.S. medv-ed bear); Av. mau- n. Beerenwein;
Gk. Wein (from Rauschtrank; die meaning honey hat sich auf
zuruckgezogen); bin trunken, make trunken;
O.Ir. mid (gen. medo), Welsh medd, O.Corn. (Plur.?) medu, Bret. mez Met, M.Ir. medb
berauschend (*medhuo-), Welsh meddw berauscht, Bret. mezo ds., mezvi berauschen;
O.Ice. mjor, O.E. meodo, O.H.G. metu m. Met;
Lith. medus m. honey (mdus Met from Goth. *midus), Ltv. medus honey, Met,
O.Pruss. meddo (*medu) honey;
O.Bulg. med (gen. medu and meda) honey (in addition among others Serb. o-mditi
se spoil, e.g. from fat, actually sulich, fade become or vergren); Toch. with honey.
Zur Konkurrenz with *melit honey (nie Honigmet) and about finn.-uGk. Vergleichungen
(finn. mete-, lapp. mtt, mordw. med; chin. m4 honey) s. Gauthiot MSL. 16, 268 ff.,
Schrader RL. 85, 2139.
References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.
Page 1998
Page 1999
med-1
English meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing
Deutsche bersetzung: messen, ermessen
Material: A. O.Ind. masti- f. das Messen, Wgen (*med-tis, with in isolierten word not
ruckgngig gemachtem alteration from d-t to s-t-?);
airmed Ma, mess judicium (*med-tu-), med (*medu) Waage, Welsh meddwl animus,
mns, cgitati, M.Welsh medu imstande sein, beherrschen, Welsh meddu besitzen
(zahlreiche Ir. compounds by Pedersen KGk. II 577 f., britische formations by J. Loth RC.
35, 446; 38, 177, 296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43,
272); medd inquit etc.;
Page 2000
Metze(n); Goth. mitn, O.H.G. mezzn ermessen, consider, O.Ice. mjotur fate, destiny,
O.S. metod m. knife, Ordner, creator, god, O.E. metod m. fate, destiny, Goth. mitas
(Trocken)ma;
-grade (besides pl. preterit Goth. mtum etc.) Goth. us-mt Lebensfuhrung, O.Ice. mut
n. das Abschtzen, M.H.G. muz n. Ma, kind of and Weise, O.H.G. muza Ma,
Angemessenheit, kind of and Weise, O.Ice. mtr respectable, wertvoll, O.E. gemte
angemessen, O.H.G. muzi ds.;
-grade: Goth. ga-mt find room, have Platz, Erlaubnis, possibly , O.E. mtan
Veranlassung have, to be able (Eng. must mussen from dem preterit), O.S. mtan
Platz finden, Veranlassung have, sollen, mussen, O.H.G. muoz, muozan to be able,
mgen, durfen, Ger. mussen; M.L.G. mte freie time, Frist;
maybe Alb. moti age, time, weather.
O.H.G. muoza freie time, attention, Gelegenheit to etwas, Ger. Mue; O.E. -metta,
mta, from *u-mtia f. Mue, whereof m(e)tig = Eng. empty empty, bare, lacking;
O.Ice. mt n. Bild, mark, token, sign, kind of, Weise;
Goth.
Page 2001
Page 2002
med-2
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche bersetzung: schwellen?
Material: Gk. (Hesiod), (Archil.), (Hom.; lies ?) mnnliche
Genitalien; full; M.Ir. mess m. (*med-tu-) Eicheln, Eichelmast, Fruchternte,
Welsh Corn. mes f. Eicheln, Bret. mez ds.; also M.Ir. mess Pflegekind?
References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gk. 1, 208.
Page(s): 706
Page 2003
mahu- (Av. mazu- is Textfehler), mostly extended maht- = Av. mazant- big, large;
compar. superl. O.Ind. mahyas-, mahistha-, Av. mazyah-, mazita-;
O.Ind. mahyati erfreut, venerates, mah- m. Feier, sacrifice, oblation, mahyat freut
sich; Av. mima du sollst to verherrlichen suchen, d. h. hold festivities;
O.Ind. mahas-, Av. mazah- n. greatness, bulk, extent, O.Ind. majmn- greatness, bulk,
extent : [Alb. majm fatten, make fat ]
Av. mazan- greatness, bulk, extent, Erhabenheit, O.Ind. mah die Groe, Alte, die earth
(: Lat. Maia);
adv. gthAv. ma very (*meghs), zero grade (*mghs) jAv. a very;
Arm. mec big, large, Denomin. mecarem hold high (: Gk. );
Gk. , , (*meg-n) big, large (to is , - neologism; das
- the case obl. and of Fem. contains *alo- growth, Statur, as low);
compar. Ion. Dor. ark. from * (Att. after ), superl. ;
(: Arm. mecarem) schlage high an, bewundere; hold for to high, mignne; zero
grade from *m - very (- etc.), to very, aegre fer, compare
, Hes. and jAv. a- very; in addition probably Gk. beneide,
bewundere, glorify , love, verehrungswurdig;
Page 2004
Alb. math big,: M.Welsh maon (*magones) the clumsy , maith long, big large common
Alb. - M.Welsh -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Maybe Alb. (*mad) mal mountain (big) : Illyr. TN Molossii
Lat. magnus big, large (*meg-n-s), compar. mag-is more, maior grer (*meg-is),
superl. maximus (*meg-semo-s); in addition maiestus greatness, bulk, extent, stateliness
(*meg-ies-tut-), compare Alb. madhsht (*megis-t-iiu) ds. (about Osc. mais, maimas, Umbr.
mestru see under m- big, large), Maia die Genossin of Vulcanus and Mutter of Merkur
(actually die Groe, Alte, die mother, from *magiu, to O.Ind. mah die Groe, Alte, die
earth); deus Maius Juppiter (Tusculum), whereof the Monat Maius (as Osc. Maesius
Mai from dem verschollenen Gottesnamen derives, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), Osc. PN
Maiiu dat. sg. (compare also Celt. magio-); Lat. (Celt., also Alb.) -a- is IE e; about Lat.
maiulis a castrated boar s. WH. II 13;
Lat. mactus through Gabe geehrt, gefeiert, verherrlicht, macte Opferruf Heil!, mact, -
ure in the meaning through ein Opfer verherrlichen, hold festivities, with other object
jemanden as Opferweihen, then schlachten, slay go auf ein verb *magere augere,
vergrern back; magmentum Fleischstucke as Zusatz zum Opfer kann eine formation
from magnus from after augmentum sein;
O.Ir. mochtae big, large (o!), M.Ir. maignech ds. (*maginiukos, compare Gaul. Maginus
under likewise; compare das n-forms from Lat. magnus), M.Ir. mag-, maige big, large,
Poimp Maige Pompeius Magnus, Gaul.Magio-rx, Are-magios under likewise (formal = Lat.
Maius); M.Ir. mul (*maglos) Edler, prince, lord, Gaul. Maglo-s in gods- and PN, O.Brit. PN
Maglo-cune (Welsh Mael-gwn), Cuno-maglus etc.; Gaul. Magalu dat. sg. Gttername,
Magalos PN, M.Ir. mag-lorg club, mace, joint (*mago-lorgu groer cudgel, club), mass
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2005
mycel, urg.*mikilaz probably with -lo suffix after leitils, O.H.G. luzzil; O.Ice. mjok very (Eng.
much) at first from *meku- after felu much, a lot of;
Toch. A mak, maku big, large an number, much, a lot of; Hitt. me-ik-ki-i (mekki)
big, large.
References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemernyi Word 8, 48.
Page(s): 708-709
Page 2006
enmigguns dozed off, ismig entschlief; Ltv. migt die Augen shut, O.Pruss.
maiggunacc., Lith. miegas, Ltv. megs sleep, in addition Lith. miegu (old miegmi), miegti
and O.Pruss. meicte sleep;
Slav. *mig in Bulg. Russ. mig instant, eye blink; Slav. *mgnoti in R.C.S. megnuti
nictare, Serb. namgnuti winken, and migati blink; Iterat.-Kaus. O.C.S. s-meziti
Augen shut, with aor.-pass. meaning Slav. *mati, Sloven. mati Augen geschlossen
halten, Russ. mat drowse ; Serb.-Church Slavic migliv blinzelnd;
B. with the meaning dark vor den Augen become, fog, cloud.
O.Ind. mgha- m. cloud, mh fog, wsseriger Niederschlag, Av. maa- cloud; Arm.
Page 2007
kw phonetic mutation]; Alb. proves that from Root mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: to shimmer,
shine derived the truncated Root meigh-, also meik- : to glimmer, twinkle; mist.
g) verachte is Brit. Lw.; O.Bulg. mt Vision, Spuk, Schimmer; O.Sor. mikac blink,
blink, glitter, flash, etc.
References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;
See also: s. also under meis-.
Page(s): 712-713
Page 2008
migoa urine, Goth. mahstus, O.S. O.H.G. mist crap, muck, O.E. meox ordure,
manure, nFris. mjuks, O.E. miexen f. Misthaufe, O.S. mehs n. urine, M.L.G. mes,
O.Fris. mse ds.; probably here the name the only through den crap, muck, droppings the
Vgel verpflanzten Mistel: O.H.G. mistil, O.E. mistel, O.Ice. mistil-teinn Mistelzweig; (with
aufgefrischter Tenuis of formants:) M.H.G. meisch Maische, M.L.G. meisch, msch
ungegorener Malzsaft, Maische, O.E. musc-, mux-wyrt Maischwurze, Eng. mash
Maische, zerquetschen;
Lith. meu (neologism for *minu), miti urinate, pass water, Ltv. meznu and mu,
participle mzu, Inf. mzt urinate, pass water (but Lith. meiu, meti den manure
bearbeiten is rather meiu = Ltv. mu, mto, mzt; es lies ein lengthened gradees root
nouns *m[i]gh- the basic);
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minati vermischt, misvan- die Gemischten enthaltend; myusaite sie mischen sich;
common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- > -s- : Avestan -ks- > --, -s- phonetic mutation
Gk. (more properly ), , , (), mix, mingle,
ds., , adv. gemischt, , - mixture (with unclear ); mix, mingle
from*-, or to mezg-; common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : Gk. Illyr. -gh- > -d-, -z- phonetic
mutation
Lat. misce, -re mix (extension from mi[k]-sk);
O.Ir. mesc betrunken, M.Ir. also baffle ; mesc(a)id mischt, taucht ein, baffle ; Welsh
mysgu mix;
O.H.G. miskan, O.E. miscian mix (rather Lat. Lw.);
Lith. mieiu, mieti (*meiki) mix, Iterat. maiau, maiyti, Ltv. misu, mist ds.; also
zum second Male pflugen; compare O.Pruss. maysotan gemengt, i.e. varicolored;
Intransit.sumiu and sumitu, -mti in Verwirrung geraten, Ltv. samist ds.; Ltv. mist mix,
make mad; Lith. maitas m. agitation mras vermischt, Ltv. mistrs ds.;
maybe Alb.Gheg mshoj press, push, msoj learn, teach (mix in ones mind?), *make
mad
O.Bulg. meo, meiti etc. mix, das seine iterat. meaning verloren hat.
Here probably O.Ind. u-mksu curd from milk, Osset. misin buttermilk , M.Ir. medg,
Welsh maidd, nCorn. meith, O.Bret. meid, Gaul.-Lat. *mesga (Fr. mgue) wheys (*misgu),
Page 2012
Page 2013
mei-1
English meaning: to strengthen; pole
Deutsche bersetzung: befestigen
Material: O.Ind. minti befestigt, grundet, baut, mit- f. Errichtun, mit- befestigt, mtarthe Aufrichter, maykha- m. peg, plug, ray, Pers. m peg, plug, nail (*maia-), sogd.
mta (*picket, pole), jede kegel- or pyramidenfrmige Figur); M.Ir. methas Grenzmark
(*mitostu-); O.Ice. meir tree, balk, beam, shaft, pole; Lith. mietas, Ltv. mets picket,
pole; zero grade Lith. mita stecken zum Netzestricken; probably also O.Bulg. mesto, Ser.Cr. mjesto, Cz. msto place from *mitsto- or *m[i]tsto-.
References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.;
See also: compare mei-4.
Page(s): 709
Page 2014
Page 2015
mei-2
English meaning: to change, exchange
Deutsche bersetzung: wechseln, tauschen; out of it gemeinsam, Tauschgabe, Leistung
and tauschen, tuschen
Material: O.Ind. myat tauscht, ni-maya- m. Tausch; Ltv. mju, mt tauschen.
With n-formant: Lat. mnis dienstfertig, mnus, -eris (arch. moenus) Leistung; Amt;
tribute, tax; gift, Liebesdienst, mnia, -ium (old moenia) Leistungen, immunis free from
Leistungen, commnis (aLat. comoin[em]) common (= Goth. etc. gamains), Osc.
Page 2016
mei-3
English meaning: to wander, go
Deutsche bersetzung: wandern, gehen
Material: Lat. me, -ure go, wandeln (perhaps previous u-verb =) Pol. mijam, mijac,
Cz.mjm, mjeti vorubergehen, vergehen, avoid; auf this basis *meiu- kann also das nupresent*mi-numi based on: O.Bulg. mino, -oti vorubergehen, vergehen (also minujo,
minovati ) and M.Welsh mynet go; O.Bulg. mimo voruber, vorbei; (compare
Gk. schauspieler?)
here also die river names Gaul. Moenus Main, M.Ir. Mon (in Kerry), Pol. Mien, Mianka;
*mein- in Pol. Minia, zero grade min- in Lith. Minija, Pol. Mnina, hispO.N. Minius (Galicien),
Etrurien Mini.
Das relationship migrare : lt old resemblance with mei- swap, vary,
exchange as Ortsvernderung possible appear, seem.
maybe Alb. (*migrare) mrgoj migrate.
References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.
Page(s): 710
Page 2017
mei-4
English meaning: to bind
Deutsche bersetzung: binden, verknupfen
Material: O.Ind. mitr- n. (secondary m.) friend (originally friendship from *connection),
Av. mira- m. friend; pact, covenant; name eines Gottes (Personifikation of Vertrages),
O.Pers. Mira- Gottesname;
Gk. Hom. Gurt; head fascia, Withra; doubtful Einschlagfaden;
Ltv. memuri, meimuri Femerstricke.
References: WP. II 241 f., Guntert Weltknig 50 f.;
See also: compare mei-1.
Page(s): 710
Page 2018
minu vermindere, Osc. menvum minuere (probably with nachlssigem e for i);
Corn. minow verkleinern, mindern, M.Bret. mynhuigenn, Bret. minvik mie de pain;
N.Ger. minn, minne small, little, lean is from dem comparative back formation; compar.
Goth. minniza, O.Ice. minni, O.H.G. minniro geringer, minder, superl. Goth. minnistr,
O.H.G. minnist, O.Ice. minnstr kleinste, mindeste (-nn- from -nu-, IE *minu- with neuer
echter Steigerungsbildung through -izon-, -ista-), adv. Goth. mins (*minniz), O.Ice. minnr,
O.H.G. O.E. min geringer, less;
O.Bulg. mnj (f. mni) small, geringer, junger (*mnvj-j);
here also Lith. mila Kleinigkeit, small Fische, Ltv. maile small fish, Slav.*mel-k in
altSerb. mioki seicht, Cz. melku small, seicht, meliti crumb, spall, crumble , and O.Ice.
mjr, mjur, mr narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, thin from *maiwa-, *maiwi-; Toch.
maiwe small, young .
References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.
Page 2019
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mmati stammeln.
References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;
See also: s. also m-.
Page(s): 711
Page 2021
Page 2022
Page 2023
meit(h)-1
English meaning: staying (place)
Deutsche bersetzung: Aufenthals(ort), from which Balt also Lebensunterhalt, Nahrung
Material: Av. maanm n. Aufenthaltsort for people and gods, dwelling, house, minuiti
stays, dwells, bleibt;
Lith. mintu, msti sich nhren, mtas Lebensunterhalt, maitnti nhren, maistas
nourishment, food, also Lith. mait, Ltv. mita carrion ; O.Pruss. maitu nourishes ; Ltv.
mitit abode, residence and nourishment, food give, mtu, mist stay, dwell, sich aufhalten,
seine nourishment, food have.
References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker 2, 52.
Page(s): 715
Page 2024
mei-t(h)-2
English meaning: to exchange
Deutsche bersetzung: wechseln, tauschen
Material: O.Ind. mthati, mithti wechselt ab, zankt, gesellt sich to, mith- adv.
gegenseitig, abwechselnd, together = Av. mi adv. inverted, incorrect ; O.Ind. mths,
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meckatzen, mechzen, Ger. meckern, M.H.G. mecke he-goat; Lith. mekenu, -nti grouse,
bleat, stammeln; Clr. mkaty grouse, bleat, bleat, etc.
Maybe Alb. mek-sh (diminutive), meksh buffalo-calf
References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;
See also: compare mei-6.
Page(s): 715-716
Page 2027
me-1
English meaning: 1sg personal pronoun (oblique stem)
Deutsche bersetzung: oblique Form of Pers.-Pron. the 1. sg.
Grammatical information: nom. sg. eg(h)om I (see 291)
Material: gen. betont *me-me from mir, meiner in O.Ind. mma; dissimil. *me-ne in Av.
mana, O.Pers. manu; Welsh fyn, Bret. ma, Vannes me (as Possessiv); Church Slavic mene,
Lith. man; different dissimil. *eme in Arm. im, Gk. Hom. , etc.;
dat. betont me-ghi mir in O.Ind. mhy-a(m), Lat. mihi, Umbr. mehe; Arm. inj from
*emegh-; enkLith. moi (also as gen.) in O.Ind. m, me, Av. me, gthAv. moi; Gk. ; O.Ir.
infig. and suffig. Pron. -m-; O.Lith. mi, O.Pruss. maiy; Hitt. -mi;
acc. m in O.Ind. Av. mu (enkLith.), Arm. is (*eme-ge?), Lat. m(d), Gk. , ; O.Ir. me-
sse, m (I), infig. and suffig. Pron. -m- (Welsh mi I with i after ti du); m-m in O.Ind.
betont mum, Av. mam, Alb. mua, mue, O.Pruss. mien, O.C.S. me; with -ge erweit. Gk. , Ven. meo, Goth. mik mich, etc., Hitt. am-mu-uk (muk) mich, mir (above S. 291),
enkLith. -mu;
ablative m-d in O.Ind. mt, Av. mat, Lat. m(d);
locative moi in O.Ind. m;
Possessiv mo- in O.Ind. ma, Av. ma m. n., mu f., Arm. im, Gk. , Alb. im (article i +
em);-mo-io- in O.Bulg. moj, O.Pruss. mais, f. maia; me-io- in Lat. meus, Hitt. mi-i(mes);
secondary Goth. meins, O.H.G. etc. mn (*mei-no-); Lith. manas, Toch. i (*mni).
References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 599 ff.
Page(s): 702
Page 2028
me-2
English meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with
Deutsche bersetzung: as Grundlage von Adverbien (Prpositionen) mitten in, mitten
hinein
Material: A. me-dhi (also basic form me-ti possible) in Goth. mi with, asch. mid(i), O.E.
Page 2029
meldh-1
English meaning: to pronounce ritual words
Deutsche bersetzung: rituelle words an die Gottheit richten
Material: Arm. maltem I bitte; aschs. meldn angeben, tell, O.H.G. melda Angeberei,
slander , meldn, -n melden, angeben, verraten, O.E. meld Bekanntmachung; Lith.
meldiu, melsti bid, beg, ask, pray, mald f. request; prayer, Iterat. maldau, malduti;
O.Pruss. maddla request, prayer; due to from dissimilation from *mold-lu to *modlu
request: Cz. modla Gtzenbild, temple and Pol. moda f. prayer; with -dl- to -l-: O.C.S.
moljo, moliti bid, beg, ask, refl. pray, etc.; from weihen and schlachten then to certain
Zeit schlachten in Russ. molt, etc.;
Hitt. ma-al-ta-i, ma-al-di (mald-) betet.
References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 133
ff., Mudge Lg. 7, 252.
Page(s): 722
Page 2030
meldh-2
English meaning: lightning
Deutsche bersetzung: Blitz, Hammer of Donnergottes
Material: Welsh pl. mellt, sg. -en lightning, with secondary t;
O.Ice. mjollnir Thors hammer (*mel[u]niiaz); in addition O.Ice. poet. myln fire;
O.Pruss. mealde (*meldiu) lightning, zero grade Ltv. milna (*mildna) the hammer of
Donnerers; wRuss.maladna lightning (*meldna), zero grade O.Bulg. mlnji, Russ.
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Page 2032
meli-t
English meaning: honey
Deutsche bersetzung: Honig
Grammatical information: n., gen. mel-ns
Note:
Root meli-t : honey : Root mdhu : honey derived from a truncated Root mel-1 (auch
smel-), mel- : ml-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-i- : ml -, mel-k- : mlu-k-, mlu- : ml- : to
grind, hit; fine, ground.
Material:
Arm. mer honey, gen. melu (to u-stem probably after *medhu geworden), meu, gen.
Common Alb. phonetic mutation m > mb > b in (*melita, *mbleita) bleta f. bee while Alb.
Arbresh uses miz (fly, insect) bletje (*honey insect) = bee : Gk. cut out the
comb of bees, take the honey.
Lat. mel, mellis (*melns) honey, mulsus mixed with honey; sweet as honey, honeysweet; stirred or cooked with honey (*melsos; old imitation from *saldtos, salsus); O.Ir. mil
honey (*melit to *meli, whereupon gen. mela), Welsh Corn. Bret. mel ds.; Ir. milis, Welsh
melys sweet, Gaul. PN Melius, Melissus; also Welsh etc. melyn yellowish is probably
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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melk-1
English meaning: to rub (?)
Deutsche bersetzung: woruber streichen
Note: parallel root to melg-.
Material: Lat. mulce, -re, muls, -sum to stroke, graze, touch lightly, fondle; rustle
through; to move; to soothe, soften, caress, flatter, delight; to relieve, alleviate , mulcetra
a plant, called also heliotropium, App. Herb. 9. (plant with giftlindernder Wirkung), mulcdo
pleasantness, agreeableness , Mulciber (WH. II 120); streiche versetzen in mulc, -ure
to beat, cudgel; to maltreat, handle roughly, injure, damage .
References: WP. II 297.
Page(s): 724
Page 2035
*malka- in aRuss. molokita probably swamp, marsh, Gewsser, Serb. mlaka wsseriger
bottom, mlkva puddle, Pol. pa-moka fog, etc.; Cz. mlklu humid, wet, Lith. malkas m.,
Page 2036
malvinti; from the i-basis O.Ind. mrityati zerfllt, lst sich auf;
Arm. malem zerstoe (*mel-), ml-ml-em rub, mem soft, slack, ma-mul presses;
Gk. f., late m. mill, mahle, grind, pulverize, crunch (also as Lat.
kumultu, comultu commolit, kumates, comatir commolits, maletu molito (IE *mel);
Lat. mulier woman (from *mulisi, IE *ml-is die zartere, compar. to mollis [S. 718]);
malaf mahlen, meil mill (*meliu); O.Ir. mlith dat. to mahlen, (*ml-t-), mol Muhlstange;
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Page 2037
*maluo- soft in Bret. divalo (not tender =) raw, ugly, Welsh malwoden slime, mud; from
schwerer basis Gaul. *bluto- (Fr. bl), M.Welsh blawt, Welsh blawd, O.Corn. blot, Bret.
bleud meal, flour (ml-t- = Lith. mltai) O.Ir. mluith, M.Ir. bluith gentle, smooth , M.Bret.
blot soft, tender (*ml-ti-; Welshmwlwg rubbish (*molu-ko-); Celt. *molto- in Welsh mollt,
Corn. mols, Bret. maout, M.Ir. molt, Gaul.-rom. multo, -ne (verschnittener) aries, ram;
Goth. O.H.G. malan, O.Ice. mala mahlen (Gmc. a-present); O.H.G. muljan crunch ,
O.Ice. mylia ds., O.H.G. gimulli Gemull (but O.H.G. mul, -n, O.E. myln, O.Ice. mylna mill
from late Lat. molna); Goth. mulda, O.E. molda, O.Ice. mold, O.H.G. molta f. dust, powder,
earth (*ml-tu); Goth. malma m. sand, O.Ice. malmr Erz, ablaut. O.E. mealm-stun
sandstein, M.H.G. malmen crunch , O.S. O.H.G. melm dust, powder, sand (: Lith.
melmu Nierenstein, Steinkrankheit); Ger. dial. mulm zerfallene earth, dust, powder,
vermodertes wood; O.H.G. O.S. mlo, gen. -wes, O.E. melu-, gen. -wes, O.Ice. mjol meal,
molek, a Canaanite idol to whom children were sacrificed as burnt offerings ( Lev. 18:21),
held to be old. of melek king.
Note:
Illyrian and Albanian prove that Ven. FlN Mal-ont-na Maltein (Krnten), sudIllyr. PN
Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Wurzburger Jahrb. 1, 214); are related to Lat. *mal-ont-na, montis,
mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru mount in India
obviously Root mel-8, mel- : ml- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root mel-1 (also
smel-), mel- : ml-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-i- : ml -, mel-k- : mlu-k-, mlu- : ml- : (to
grind, hit; fine, ground).
Page 2038
molawn tabere; O.Ice. mjoll fine snow, schw. dial. mjl(l)a kind of fine Sanderde
(*melnu); Goth. mulda, O.E. molde, O.H.G. molta dust, powder, earth (participle *ml-tu
die zerriebene);
Lith. malu, mlti (Akzent the heavy basis) mahlen, malunas, O.Pruss. malunis mill,
mltai, Ltv. milti meal, flour (= Welsh blawd), O.Pruss. meltan meal, flour; Lith. malinys,
milinys, Ltv. mlna Quirlstange; Lith. malvinti, mulvinti plague; with formants -to-: Ltv.
mltt, miltt hit; Lith. melmu see above;
O.C.S. meljo, mlet, Russ. molt, Ser.-Cr. mljeti (heavy basis) mahlen; Pol. mlon
handle, grasp an the Handmuhle (*meln), Russ. mlen (*mel-eno), Ser.-Cr. ak. mln
(*moln) ds.; Ser.-Cr. mlvo, mlijevo Mahlgut, corn, grain (= O.H.G. melo, Alb. mje;
besides Serb. ml--vo, Russ. ml-i-vo Mahlgut); Clr. mot m. grape marc, Hulsen from
malt , Sloven. mlto n., mlta f. Malztreber, Cz. mlto ds., O.Pruss. piva-maltan
Biermalz (Gmc.? s. mel-d-) etc.; probably also (light basis) O.C.S. mlat, Russ. mlot
etc. hammer as *mol-to- Zermalm-ung, -er; Church Slavic mlatiti (*moltiti) hit;
lengthened grade melk small and O.C.S. mel Kalk etc.;
Toch. A malywt du druckst, zertrittst, melye sie zertreten;
Hitt. ma-al-la-i zermalmt;
maybe Alb. mbllait chew [common Alb. m > mb shift].
Page 2039
smula, smule gobbet (besides O.Ice. moli ds., mol f. heap from Steinen); Ltv. smelis,
smlis Wassersand in Felde, Lith. smelys, gen. smelio sand, smilts ds.
B. basis m(e)li- : ml- in: Welsh blin tired (*ml-no-), abr. pl. blinion inertes; Ltv. blnis
muder person, blint siechen; Serb. mlitum, -ati faul become, amble (compare with i:
O.Ind. mrityati, Gk. ), R.C.S. mlin cake, Russ. blin Pfannkuchen, Serb. mlinac
gewalkter dough, Matze; Clr. mlity vergehen, Kaus. mloity nausea erregen;
doubtful Serb. mldan lean, weak, dial. fade, flau (in Slavonien mldan), etc.
here probably (as Mahlfrucht) Gk. , Lat. milium (*meliio-), Lith. f. pl. malnos millet,
sorghum; originally inflection *ml-i-, -n-s.
C. Von an u-basis (compare Gk. , O.Ind. malv-, Ger. Mehl etc.): Av. mrutaaufgerieben, weak, mrra aufreibend, ruinous .
mradistha-; vi-mradati erweicht; O.Ind. mrt- (mrd-) earth, loam, clay, mrtsn- m. n. dust,
powder, Pulver, mrtsnu schne earth, good loam, clay (: Mod.Ice. mylsna dust, powder);
Arm. mek mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack (*meldu-i-);
Gk. schwche, destroy, smash (to *[]- = O.Ind. mrdu-); ,
slack (*-, *mld-); schmelze (tr., med. intr. = O.E. meltan etc.); with
the Vokalstellung and meaning from O.Ind. vimradati, mradyun also f., n.
mucus, Rotz, langsam from Verstand, verdummt (*mled-sno-, compare O.Ind.
mrt-sn-);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2040
malteins f. Auflsung, O.Ice. maltr decayed, spoil, O.H.G. malz hinschmelzend, feeble;
O.H.G. malz, O.E. mealt, O.S. O.Ice. malt malt (Slav. *molto, Cz. mlto etc. ds. borrowed
from dem Gmc.);
with O.Ind. mrd-, mrtsnu- compare Mod.Ice. mylsna dust, powder, O.E. formolsnian to
dust, powder become (see above);
with anl. s-: O.H.G. smlzan deliquesce, melt, smalz ausgelassenes fat or butter,
O.E. smolt, smylte quiet, from the sea, O.S. smultna peaceful become; here perhaps
O.H.G. milzi, O.E. milte f., milt m., O.Ice. milti Milz (lt sich leicht ausstreichen,
gleichsam zerschmelzen);
maybe Alb. (*milzi) mli the spleen (that of a domestic animal).
O.Bulg. mlad, Russ. mlod etc. young, tender (*moldo-); O.Pruss. maldai nom. pl.
m. Jungen, mald-ni-n acc. sg. Jugend, maldian foals; O.Pruss. maldenikis kid, child,
O.Bulg. mladenc, mladnc youngling (*molden-, *moldin-);
Page 2041
mlknati verstummen (: Ir. malcaim verfaule); Bulg. Serb. mlk lukewarm , etc. in
addition Lith. mulkis (*mlkios) Dummkopf.
With -sko-: Goth. un-tila-malsks unbesonnen, O.S. malsc stout, proud, Ger. mulsch
soft, mulschen dial. sleep.
References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.
Page(s): 716-719
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mel-2
English meaning: to fail; to deceive
Deutsche bersetzung: verfehlen, trugen
Material: Av. mairya- deceitful, schurkisch; Arm. me, pl. mek sunde; Gk.
futile, nichtig, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable (seems as *[] auf dem -esstem *meles- to based on, dessen schwchste grade *mls-, - perhaps in -
as Verfehltes, Unpassendes sagend);perhaps Migeburt? to ,
tue eine Fehlgeburt; M.Ir. mell error, fault, error (*mel-s-os, of es-stem), mellaim
betruge, maile evil, harm; Welsh mall verderbt (*mlso-); Lith. melas lie, falsity, Ltv. pl.
meli ds., mldt err, sich versehen, muldt herumirren, fantasize, sich plagen, mlst
baffle talk.
References: WP. II 291.
Page(s): 719-720
Page 2044
mel-3
English meaning: to hesitate
Deutsche bersetzung: zgern
Material: Gk. , Fut. zgere, bin in Begriffe ( barely?); es
liegt mir am Herzen, , -, -, (Dor. ), am Herzen, in
sense lie, besorgtsein, , , care , ds.,
Fursorger; Lat. pr-mellere(-ll- = -ln-) ltem prmovre, re-melg remoratrix, re-mulcum
schlepptau, pr-mulcum ds.; O.Ir. mall (*ml-so-) slow.
References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.
Page(s): 720
Page 2045
mel-4
English meaning: strong, big
Deutsche bersetzung: stark, gro
Material: Gk. very, more (for * = Lat. melius eingetreten after
, : ), am meisten; Lat. melior better (originally *stronger);
multus much, a lot of (*mlto-); here multa, older molta punishment, penance, atonement,
mult, -ure bestrafe, Dialektwort, compare Osc. moltam multam, moltaum moltare,
multasikad
multaticia,
Umbr.
motar
multae,
mutu
multa
(*mltu
Vergutung,
replacement; compare Gmc. *bt penance, atonement: *bata- better); Ltv. milns very
much, a lot of.
References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f.
See also: A through g(h) extension root form is perhaps melgh- to swell, see there.
Page(s): 720
Page 2046
mel-5
English meaning: member; to join
Deutsche bersetzung: Glied; zusammenfugen
Material: O.Ind. mrman- n. limb, member, offene, ungeschutzte Krperstelle, Arm.
marmin body, Fleisch (from dem Iran.?), Lith. mlmenys Fleisch an den kidneys
, Ltv. mlmeni groin, loins; different Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S.
718);
Gk. n. limb, member and gegliederte Weise, song, Melodie, hence
besinge; Bret. mell m., Corn. mel, pl. mellow ankle, Welsh cym-mal articulus, junctura,
commissura (Proto-Celt. *melso- : = Lith. tamsi : O.Ind. tmas n.); Toch. AB mlkzusammenfugen.
References: WP. II 292.
Page(s): 720
Page 2047
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Page 2049
mel-7
English meaning: wool
Deutsche bersetzung: Wolle, Wollgewand?
Material: Gk. (*ml-n-) tuft of wool, Flocke; Lith. mlas kerchief, cloth, Ltv. mil(n)a
coarse kerchief, cloth, O.Pruss. milan ds. (Ser.-Cr. malje, gen. mlju pl. f. Flaum,
Milchhaar is Lw. from nGk. pl.).
References: WP. II 294.
Page(s): 721
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go-fin(n) long, want, bid, beg, ask, fragen, Corn. govyn ds.;
Goth. mundn look up , mundrei purpose , O.Ice. munda aim, strive, O.H.G. muntar
keen, eager, munter, muntar eagerness ; O.H.G. mend pleasure, joy, menden, O.S.
mendian be glad ;
Lith. madras, mandrus alert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton; Ltv. mudrs and mus
ds. (*mandus), mustis aufwachen; O.Bulg. modr wise.
Maybe Alb.Gheg men(d)-t brains, Alb. mend-im thought, (*mentsur) menur smart :
Lith. mandrus alert, smart.
IE men-dh- through compression from *men-dh- sense, mind whereupon place ,
compare O.Ind. man[*z]-dhutar- the thinking, the pious , Av. maz-du- commit to memory,
memorize (therefrom mazdra- sensible, smart, wise). - From Gk. - vorsorglich
(Dor. -u-) to be closed in IE *mu-dh- besides*men-dh- (as gu- : gem-), seems possible.
References: WP. II 270 f., Trautmann 168 f.
Page 2056
Page 2057
Mandeta; mandos small horse, out of it dial. mannus: Lat. small Gaul. horse; Messap.
Juppiter Menzana (*mendio-no-) god, dem Pferde geopfert wurden; from dem Illyr. derives
rom. mandius Fullen, rother, cattle (Rom. minz Fullen, manzat young cow, Ger. Tirol
Manz, Menz unfruchtbare cow, rheinlnd. Minzekalb, Basquemando mulus, etc.); M.Ir.
menn (*mendo-), mennn young animal, calf, Fullen, secondary bennn Klbchen, kid,
Hirschlein, Ir. binnseach, gael. minnseach young goat, kid, Welsh mynnan kid, Corn.
min haedus, Bret. menn young animal, menn gavr young goat, kid; Gaul. PN Epomanduo-durum, Brit. PN Mandu-essedum (Illyr. Lw.?); probably also the bO.Ir. FlN Mindel;
O.H.G. manzon m. pl. teat, udder; Illyr. Gaul. mand- could also IE ablaut mnd- contain.
References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, Wurzburg. Jb.
1, 189, 202.
Page(s): 729
Page 2058
mend(, -om)
English meaning: defect, flaw
Deutsche bersetzung: Fehler, Krperfehler, Gebrechen (also Makel, Fleck?)
Material: O.Ind. mindu Krperfehler (for *mandu after nindu reprimand);
Lat. mendum, menda fault, error, Gebrechen, -mendure ausbessern; heal, cure,
whereof mendcus beggar and mendux, -ucis fallacious (*fehlerhaft);
perhaps O.Ir. mennar macula, zero grade O.Ir. mind mark, token, sign, Merkmal
(*mndu n.; also in the meaning diadema = insigne dass. word), Welsh mann place,
Page 2059
Page 2060
mengan,
O.S.
mengian,
M.H.G.
mengen,
Ger.
mengen
(actually
Page 2061
Material: O.Ind. maju-, majul- already, mellifluous, mangal- n. good Omen, luck;
Osset. mng deceit; Gk. n. magical cure, magic potion; philtre,
Kriegsmaschine etc. (out of it borrowed Lat. manganum Maschine, Alb. mang
Hanfbreche etc., M.H.G. mange Wurfmaschine, Ger. Mange(l) Wscherolle),
gr* (out of it Lat. mang betrugerischer Hndler), betruge etc.; M.Ir.
meng deception, artifice, mengach verrterisch; from Ger. mange derives O.Pruss.
manga Hure, Lith. mnga ungezogene person; Toch. A mank blame, fault, error.
References: WP. II 233, WH. II 28 f.
Page(s): 731
Page 2062
men-1
English meaning: to tower
Deutsche bersetzung: emporragen
Material: Av. framanyente (:Lat. pr-minre) sie gewinnen protrusion, mati- (*mnti-)
protrusion of mountain range;
Lat. -mine, -re heraus-, hervorragen, im-minre threatening about etwas
hereinragen, pr-minre hervorragen; from diesen compounds is probably also das i
folgender words to define:minae die hervorraffenden Zinnen (murorum); Drohungen,
mant die Stelle eines ausgefallenen Zahnes, gums); O.Bret. -monid, umgelautet
Welshmynydd, Corn. meneth, Bret. menez mountain (*moniio-), Welsh gor-fynydd
Aufstieg (formal = O.Ir.formna shoulder); s. also under menth-2;
O.Ice. mnir ridge of the roof (lengthened grade besides Celt. *moniio-), mna
emporragen;
related is probably *mono- nape, neck .
References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.
Page(s): 726
Page 2063
men-2
English meaning: to step, tread over, press
Deutsche bersetzung: treten, zertreten, zusammendrucken
Material: O.Ind. carma-mnus nom. pl. Gerber; Eol. tretende (*),
Hes., Denom. from a mn-ts getreten; Welsh mathru with Fuen treten, Bret.
Page 2064
men-3
English meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity
Deutsche bersetzung: denken, geistig erregt sein
Note: extended men- : mnu- and mn-, meni- : men-
Material: O.Ind. mnyat denkt, Av. mainyeite ds., ap. mainyuhay (IE *men-i-o-, = Gk.
rase, O.Ir. -muiniur, Slav. mnjo meine, see under), O.Ind. perf. ma-mn,
mn; manuy-ati is keen, eager, manu-u- keen, eager, godly, pious, man-su Weisheit,
Verstand; devotion, prayer (*meni- : men-); O.Ind.manut denkt; mnati erwhnt (=
Lith. menu, Pol. -mione, Cz. -menu); O.Ind. munayati ehrt, (: Lith. -monis Verstand),
Av. manayn man could believe; Supin. O.Ind. mntum, participle perf.mat- gedacht (=
Gk. -, Lat. commentus, Lith. mitas, O.Ir. dermat);
from the u-basis (= Gk. -): O.Ind. mnuta- erwhnt; mnuyat wird erwhnt;
O.Ind. mnas-, Av. manah- n. sense, mind (= Gk. ); O.Ind. durmanus (=
); ap. Haxu-mani from Freundessinn beseelt; O.Ind. mnmansense, mind, thought, notion (= O.Ir. menme); mantr- thinker (= Gk. , Lat.
Page 2065
cuimne (= M.Welsh covein) Erinnerung, Welsh co-f (*kom-men) ds.; O.Ir. menme (=
Page 2066
munan (preterit -munsta) not gedenken, verleugnen; Goth. schw. V. munan (3. Sg
munai, preterit munaida) gedenken (to do), (munai from *meni -eti = O.Ind.
manuy-ati, compare men- in:) O.H.G. firmonn despise (and Slav.moneti, Lith. mineti,
as well as - if old - Gk. ); o-stuf. O.H.G. O.S. mann, O.E. manian mahnen
(O.H.G. mant 3. sg. = Lith. mno understands, compare reduced grade Arm. i-manam
verstehe from*menumi); Goth. muns m. thought, notion, opinion, O.Ice. munr sense,
mind, desire, lust, O.E. myne Erinnerung, desire, love, O.S. muni-lk mellifluous (=
O.Ind. muni-); Goth. ana-minds suspicion (= O.Ind. mant-), ga-mini n. Andenken,
O.Ice. minne Erinnerung, O.H.G. O.S. minn(e)a love, Minne (*minju, *mindju); Goth.
ga-munds, O.E. ge-mynd, O.H.G. gi-munt Andenken, Gedachtnis (= O.Ind. mat- etc.);
Lith. menu (= wSlav. *-meno, O.Ind. mnati), miti gedenken, red.-stuf. miniu, mineti ( :
O.H.G. firmont etc.) ds., erwhnen, Ltv. mint ds., ablaut. Lith. manuti understand,
comprehend ; lengthened grade -monis Verstand; Lith. mints thought, notion (=
O.Ind. mat- etc.); menas m. Kunst; pr-mintas benannt; O.Pruss. mntimai wir lie;
O.C.S. mnjo (mnii), mneti mean, -mneti gedenken, sich remind, pamet
Gedenken; Toch. A mnu Denken, mau desire;
Hitt. me-im-ma-i (memmui) sagt, whether from *memn- or *men-? compare Benveniste
BAL.-SLAV. 33, 140, Pedersen Hitt. 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff.
References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2067
Page 2068
men-4
English meaning: small, to diminish
Deutsche bersetzung: klein, verkleinern; vereinzelt
Note: partly with u-, uo-, partly with k-formant
Material: u-, uo-stem: Arm. manr, gen. manu small, thin, fine, manuk kid, child, knave,
boy, servant; Gk. - Hes., (Hs. )
Hes., , Att. (*F) thin, lax, sparse , diss. (= )
Hes.; in addition as isoliert sich after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lith.)
Hes.; i.e. druckt sich, slinks sichweg and with Diss. possibly Att.
(*wer sich abseits, from other fernhlt =) the small Mann with beschrnktem
Gesichtskreis; o-grade Ion. , Dor. , Att. (*F) allein, occasionally
; O.Ir. mn (*mni-) smooth, gentle; menb small, old Menueh gen., Welsh di-fanw
unbedeutend, di-fenwi (*mnu- ) verkleinern, vilify, scold.
With k-formants: O.Ind. manuk ein wenig; O.H.G. mengen (*mangjan) and mangoln
entbehren, Ger. mangeln, M.H.G. manc (-g-) lack, Gebrechen; Lith. mekas small,
unbedeutend, mnke codfish, Aalquappe, etc.;
Maybe Alb. mungonj lack also Ital. mancare be lacking, missing
Toch. menki minder; Hitt. ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-e nom. pl. short.
References: WP. II 266 f., WH. II 93.
Page(s): 728-729
Page 2069
men-5
English meaning: to stay, stand still
Deutsche bersetzung: bleiben, (sinnend) stillstehen
Note: (= men- think?)
Material: O.Ind. man- (parimamandhi, maman) hesitate, stillstehen, Av. ap. manbleiben, wait, hold on, Av. fra-man- ausharren; Arm. mnam bleibe, erwarte (*mnu-);
Gk. , () bleibe, f. das Bleiben, ausharrend,
donkey (persistent ); Lat. mane, -re (compare-) bleiben (*menei),
Denomin. manture saepe manre; O.Ir. ainmne, Welsh amynedd, M.Welshanmynedd
Geduld (*an-meniu);
Toch. msk- sein; Hitt. mi-im-ma-i refuse.
References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hitt. 121.
Page(s): 729
Page 2070
Page 2071
menth-2
English meaning: to chew, mouth
Deutsche bersetzung: kauen; Gebi, Mund
Material: O.Ind. math- devour :
Gk. Hes. (compare Maced. Fleischgericht), chew,
bite (from *-, IE *mnth-iu), chew , f. mouth and mouthful ,
knirsche with den Zhnen, Hes. (probably with
from before , from *() assumed from Att. , m.
parasita); e-grade Hes. (*menth-to-);
Lat. mand, -ere, -i, mansum chew (*menth);
Ir. madal belly, Gedarme (*menth-lu or *mnth-lu);
O.H.G. mindil, gamindel n. Gebi am bridle, rein, O.E. ml ds., O.Ice. ml (*minl),
O.S. ml ds.; O.Ice. minna-sk kiss; zero grade Goth. muns, O.Ice. mur, munne, O.E.
Page 2072
morgat trube become (*mrgat), moroch, morozg fine rain (*morgh-s-), morosit fein
rain.
References: WP. II 280, Trautmann 182.
Page(s): 738
Page 2073
-en-); O.Ir. mruig, M.Ir. bruig (*mrogi-) Mark, Landstrich, Welsh Corn. Bret. bro district,
region, area , brogae Galli agrum dicunt (Schol. to Juvenal VIII 234), Gaul. PN Brogi-
muros, VN Allobroges (= Run. alja-markiR Auslnder) under likewise; Goth. marka f. limit,
boundary, O.H.G. marc(h)a limit, boundary, Grenzland, O.E. mearcds., O.Ice. mork f.
Grenzland, wood, forest (*morgu), O.Ice. landa-mark n., O.E. gemearc n. limit, boundary,
Grenzstrich, Abgrenzung, Definitio (*morgom), probably also O.N. mark n. mark, token,
sign, Kennzeichen, M.H.G. marc(h) n. Marke, Kennzeichen, Ger. merken (also Mark as
Geld, actually probably Merkstrich am Gewicht).
References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f.
Page(s): 738
Page 2074
Page 2075
merg-1
English meaning: to strip off, to wipe
Deutsche bersetzung: abstreifen, abwischen
Note: (partly also East IE merg-)
Material: O.Ind. mr-na-j-uni (1. sg. Konj.), mrnjata (3. pl.) whisk, abstreifen (compare
); s. also under melg -; Arm. merem scaccio, espello; Gk. streife ab
(leaves, Fruchte), ausdruckend, mulsche mass der ausgepreten
Oliven (out of it Lat. amurca); wische ab; push, press from (-- probably from
-er- under Einwirkung of consecutive ); Lat. mergae, -urum Mhgabel, merges, -itis f.
fascicle, sheaf (Zusammengestreiftes).
References: WP. II 283, WH. II 76.
Page(s): 738
Page 2076
merg-2
See also: see under merk-1.
Page(s): 738
Page 2077
Page 2078
*morky ds.), Welsh brag-wellt sumpfgras; Gaul. mercasius swamp, marsh, aFr. marchais;
Gaul. embrekton eingetunkter morsel, mouthful (out of it Lat. imbractum); M.Ir. brn,
Welsh braen (*mrakno-) morsch, faul; M.H.G. mer(e)n, M.L.G. meren bread in Wein or
Wasser eintunken (*merhen), Lith. merkiu, merkti (Flachs) steep , ablaut. mirkstu, mirkti
in Wasser lie, markuti steep , mark Flachsrste, Ltv. marks ds., mrka dampness ,
mrcet tunken; Clr. morokv morass (reshuffling from *morky), wRuss. mjara ds.
(*merkiu).
Note:
M.Ir. mraich, braich, Welsh Corn. brag malt : Lat. bracchiule Armspange, bracchiolum
Armchen : Alb. Alb. brryl elbow from abbreviated diminutive of Lat. bracchiolum (bruch), i, n. dim. [bracchium] a small, delicate arm]
bracchium (less correctly bruchi-um ;
I. gen. bracchi, Lucr. 6, 434), ii, n. [perh. kindr. with Gk. brachin; but cf. Sanscr. buhu;
Albanian krahu, krahi arm (ph- > h- in Arm.) : Rom. cracu branch, branching, limb, arm,
bough, roost
Page 2079
like frango, Sanscr. bhang, Bopp, GlO.S.S. p. 239 a] , the arm; particularly,
I. Lith., the forearm, from the hand to the elbow (while lacertus is the upper arm, from the
elbow to the shoulder)
Greek: , -
Grammatical information: m.
English meaning: Oberarm, Arm im Ghegensatz zu = (Unter)arm (seit Il.).
Derivatives: Davon Armspange (Delos IIa), ds. (Plu. u. a.); vgl.
A.),
Ohrgehnge
(Ar.,
Lys.),
Weisheitszhne (Hp. u. a.) und andere Gerte- und Krperteilnamen bei Chantraine
Formation 327f. Auerdem , - (Sm., Th., Aq.) und (Alex. Trall.)
im Anschlu an Lat. bracchiule Armspange, bracchiolum Armchen, s. unten.
Etymological information: Nach Pollux 2, 138 wird der Oberarm genannt,
; vgl. Bechtel Lex. s. v. Wohlbegrundete Bedenken bei Seiler
Steigerungsformen 42f. - Daraus als LW Lat. bracchium, woraus ferner kymr. braich usw.;
vgl. W.-Hofmann s. v.
merydd humid, wet, idle; merddwfr Brakwasser, O.Bret. mergidhaam hebesco (Bret.
mergl Rost is Ir. Lw.); M.H.G. murc morsch, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered , Mod.Ice.
morkinn morsch, murbe from decay , O.Ice. morkna morsch become; Bulg. mrzel
Faulheit, O.C.S. mrzit (*mirti) , Slov. mrziti disgust (basis *merg-),
compare O.H.G. bruoh Moorboden, swamp, marsh, M.L.G. brk, Dutch broek; with it is as
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2080
po-mrznoti freeze , mraz, Russ. morz (likewise intonation the heavy basis) frost.
Maybe Alb. mrzit bother, annoy, (*morz) muzg dusk, darkness.
References: WP. II 281 f., WH. II 36 f., 129, Trautmann 182, 187.
Page(s): 739-740
Page 2081
Page 2082
Page 2083
mer-1
English meaning: to plait, bind; rope
Deutsche bersetzung: flechten, binden; Schnur, Masche, Schlinge
Note: extended meregh-, mergh-
meregh-, mergh-: Gk. (*) m. rope, loop, noose, snare, Masche, Dimin.
f., basket from bark (from *?); M.Ir. braige, braga captive; Ltv.
merga, ablaut. marga handrail, perhaps Lith. mrka linen, fishing net, whether from
*morgh-ska; O.C.S. mrea net, loop, noose, snare , Russ. mera Netzsack,
Beutelnetz, Dimin. merka Masche in net, feines Muster (out of it zuruckgebildet merga
Gewebe, netting, embroidery ), Serb. mrea net.
References: WP. II 272 f., Trautmann 182.
Page(s): 733
Page 2084
mer()k- flicker, vor den Augen flimmern; sich verdunkeln, also of twilight.
O.Ir. mrecht- buntscheckig (*mrkto- varicolored), Ir. breachtach ds., Welsh brith, f.
braith ds., Corn. bruit varius, Bret. briz fleckig, Welsh brithyll Forelle, Corn. breithil
mugil, Bret. brezel Makrele (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) Ice.
Page 2085
smerk dusk, twilight, ablaut. Slav. *mork in O.C.S. mrak darkness, Russ. mrok
darkness, fog, clouds; Russ. mrek Phantasieren, apparition; bser ghost, Bulg. mrezgav
trub, unfreundlich (of weather), mrd, mrt werde trub, finster, mrdolej
flimmere (stimmhafter Wurzelauslaut through Fernassimilation), Cz. dial. mrideti se
dmmern;
mer()g-:
Gk. dark (Eol. for ); Alb. mje(r)gul fog, darkness ;
Note:
Gk. dark derived from Alb. mje(r)gul fog, darkness [common Gk. < gw, p <
kw phonetic mutation]; Alb. proves that from Root mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: to shimmer,
shine derived the truncated Root meigh-, also meik- : to glimmer, twinkle; mist.
O.Ice. myrkr (*mirkwa-), acc. myrkvan dark, mjorkvi, myrkvi m. darkness , O.S. mirki,
O.E. mierce dark;
Lith. mrgu, -eti flicker, Ltv. mirdzt flicker, blink, glitter, flash, mirgas abrupt
Hervorblinken, Lith. mrgas varicolored, marguoti bunt shimmer, Ltv. marga schimmer,
Page 2086
Page 2087
Page 2088
Material: O.Ind. marati, mrat stirbt, Arm. meranim die, Gk. starb Hes.
(compare Lith. mris m., mre f. death, mrdeti in Sterben lie); causative O.Ind. murayati
slays , Osset. muryn slay, Lith. marnti, Serb. mriti ds., etc.; zero grade O.Ind. mriyt
stirbt, Av. miryeite (= miryeit) ds., O.Pers. a-mariyatu er starb, Lat. morior (*mr-ir) I
die; Bal.-Slav. *mir- in Lith.mrtu, mirti die, Ltv. mirstu, mirt ds. (in addition Lith. mre
the Tote, Ltv. mirjs m. sterbender); O.C.S. mro, mreti and -mreti ds., Hitt. me-ir-ta
(mert) starb.
participle mr-t- dead in O.Ind. mrt- = Av. mrta- gestorben, Arm. mard person
(mortal, human being), Lat. Morta, Death goddess, Bal.-Slav. *mirta- dead in Lith.
mirtji dien Todestag, O.C.S. u-mrtije n. death, etc.; n-mr-to- immortal, lebendig in
O.Ind. amrta-, Av. am-, Gk. (Eol. for ), therefrom belonging
to the immortal ; from abstracted perishable and blood that
has run from a wound, gore, coagulated blood (M. Leumann, Homer. Wrter 126 ff.).
mr-t-m death in O.Ind. mrt- n. death, O.H.G. mord, O.E. O.Ice. mor n. murder
(besides *mr-tro-m in Goth. maurr n., O.E. moror n. murder).
Maybe Alb. mort funeral, mortje death
mr-ti- death in O.Ind. mrti-, Av. mrti-, Lat. mors, -tis, Lith. mirts, O.C.S. s-mrt
(from *-mrt), Serb. smrt, etc.
mr-tu death in Arm. mah, older marh; with -ti- contaminated: O.Ind. mrtyu-, Av.
mryu- ds.
Page 2089
mr-to- perishable in O.Ind. mrta-, Av. maa- person, with Tonwechsel marta-
perishable, mortal, human being, Gk. person, mortal, human being Hes. (for
*); derived *mor-tio- in O.Ind. martya-, Av. maya-, O.Pers. martiya- perishable,
mortal, human being.
mr-u- dead in O.Ir. marb, Welsh etc. marw, Gaul. *marvos (M.-L. 5387a); unclear
Gaul. (?) Mori-marusa mortuum mare; through influence of mr-tu- to *mr-tu-o- in Lat.
Page 2090
ermatte,
Hinschwinden,
Krfteverfall;
kmpfe;
Page 2091
mer-g-:
M.L.G. morken crush, O.E. murc(n)ian sich grmen, murc druckend, nagend (of
hunger); s. further under (merk-), merg- morschen, faulen etc.
mer-d-:
O.Ind. mrdnuti (mrdnta-, mrdit-), mrdati, mardyati zerreibt, zerdruckt, zermalmt, reibt
auf, Av. 3. sg. mrndat (= mrnd-) vernichtet (diese ar. words become also IE meldfortsetzen, s. mel-1; O.Ind. mrdnuti perhaps instead of *mrntti (*mr-n-ed-ti) through
influence of mrnuti (see above S. 735);
Arm. mart fight, struggle;
Gk. Hes. (*mrd-); rob and blind,
verdunkle (rob of Glanzes, of Augenlichtes), Hes.; to Aor.
neologism ;
E.Fris. murt brockelige mass, dust, powder, nd. murten zerfallen, M.H.G. murz
stump, Swiss murz, morz small shred;
Ltv. merdt abmergeln, starve lassen; eines people Tode beiwohnen (latter meaning
nher zuLith. mrdeti, present mrdmi, mrdiu die, das auf do- or dho-present to *merdie based on, as also mer-d- rub in letzten Grund auf ein solches do-present go back
wird; is Ltv. merdt likewise to mer- die to pull, drag?);
Lat. morde, -re, momord bite (= O.Ind. mardyati, mamrd), also from Gefuhlen and
Geschmacksempfindungen;
compare die s-forms:
Page 2092
smerzo pain, M.L.G. smerten, nd. Dutch smarten, O.E. smeortan ache, Eng. smart
biting, sharp, witzig and nett, dainty; compare also smerd- stink.
mer-k-:
O.Ind. marcyati gefhrdet, injures, hurts, disables, damages , mrkt- injures, hurts,
disables, mark- m. Hinsterben, death = Av. mahrka- death, conservative stem O.Ind.
instr. sg. mrc-u, Av. mrx ruin, destruction , Av. mrnaiti injures, hurts, disables,
destructs ; Arm. mor young, tender (*morkio-); perhaps Alb. morr louse(*mrko- die
Kratzende or likewise? compare ds.: ); Lat. murcus mutilated (out of it Sicil.
dumb ) and murcidus idle, slack; M.H.G. morgen slack.
With anl. s- Lith. smerkti in Not to versetzen suchen, smarkus cruel, savage, pa-
mer-s-:
O.Ind. masam, masm kar- pulverisieren, masi-, mas Pulver;
O.H.G. morsuri mortar (reshaped from Lat. morturium, s. S. 736), M.H.G. zermursen
crush, zerquetschen, md. zermorschen ds., Swiss morsen, mursen crunch, kleinstoen,
M.H.G. nd. mursch, murs, Ger. morsch, Dutch morzelen grind .
References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.;
See also: identical with mer-4.
Page(s): 735-737
Page 2093
u-, pa-) and Ltv. iz-mrstu, iz-mrst forgotten, Lith. Kaus. mari nti vergessen make.
Maybe Alb. mrzi boredom, mrzej rest at noon (livestock)
References: WP. II 279, Trautmann 187.
Page(s): 737-738
Page 2094
Page 2095
meug-1
English meaning: to take by surprise, wily
Deutsche bersetzung: heimlich and tuckisch lauern
Material: Lat. muger the Falschspieler beim Wurfelspiel (*mug-ro-s lauernd);
O.H.G. mhhari, mhh(e)o Wegelagerer, Straenruber, muhhn clandestine lauern,
anfallen, M.H.G.vermchen clandestine auf die Seite make, late-O.H.G. mhhiluri (to
Page 2096
maugel nebelig, bewlkt, dmmerig, O.E. for-mogod decayed ; with IE g: O.Ice. mykr
and myki f. (*muk) manure, M.H.G. mucheln, mucheln schimmelig smell, O.Ice. mjkr
(out of it Eng. meek) soft, changing through ablaut Goth. mka-mdei sanftmut, mnl.
muik soft, Ger. dial. maukig decayed , Swiss mauch morsch, faint, languid, hungry (as
Swiss mucht faint, languid, hungry); M.H.G. mche Pferdefukrankheit, Goth. *mauk in
prov. mauca Gedrm;
Ltv. mukls, muklans paludsus, muku (*munku), mukt in einen Sumpf sink in ;
Ser.-Cr. mukljiv humid, wet.
Page 2097
smykati se grovel, truckle, creep (modern Slav. also schlupfen, glide, slide, abstreifen),
R.C.S. mknuti sja transire, O.C.S. mati (mk-) jactare, etc.
A root form meukh- with the specific meaning hineinschlupfen probably in Arm. mxem
(*muxam) stecke hinein, tauche ein, bade, mux dyeing, mxim enrare, insinuarsi,
ingolfarsi, at first to Gk. m. innerster angle (perhaps *hiding place, nook, bolthole), innerst.
Auf (s)meugh- based on die Gmc. family of:
O.Ice. smjga hinein- or durchkriechen, O.E. smgan schlupfen, grovel, truckle, creep
, M.H.G. smiegen sich ducken, Ger. schmiegen, Kaus. O.Ice. smeygia schmiegen,
anziehen, M.H.G. sich smougen sich ducken, O.E. smag smart, sharp witted, shrewd,
smagan think, suchen, smagol eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin , O.Ice. smuga f.
schlupfloch, further Swe. i mjugg, Nor. i mugg verstohlen, with s- Dan. Nor. i smug,
Dutch ter smuig (and ter smuik) ds., Dan. Nor. smughandel schleichhandel, N.Ger.
smuggeln, Ger. (out of it) schmuggeln (with kl Dutch smokkelen ds.); probably also Ger.
mogeln, nd. mogelen, muggelen heimliches, betrugerisches Spiel drive, push; with Gmc.
k(k): Nor. dial. smokla, smukla lurk, sich vorwrts schleichen, Swiss schmauchen
clandestine entwenden, naschen; in the meaning schmiegen, hineinschliefen M.H.G.
Page 2098
-g- or -gh- in Ltv. smaugs slim , Lith. smugti erdrosseln, Ltv. smudi, smdzi
Mucken, small Fliegen, Pol. smug, smuga (besides smuk) Engpa, schmaler stripe.
References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalprs. 124 f.,
129.
Page(s): 744-745
Page 2099
Page 2100
mundus schmuck, sauber, pure, nett, Subst. Putz the Frauen; Weltordnung, Weltall (after
Gk. );
B. extensions:
1. meu-d-; mud-ro- alert, awake, smart (compare humid, wet-cheerful).
Page 2101
Page 2102
muchl mildew ; in addition presumably Arm. mamur red or purple dye; red or purple
color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, situs (*memus-ro-).
5. With formant guttural: Lat. muscus m. Moos; Nor. dial. musk dust, powder, fine rain,
darkness, Dan. dial. musk mildew , M.Du. mosch, mosse ds.; O.C.S.; muzga (*mouz-gu)
Lake, Weiher, Russ. mzgnut spoil, mozgnut abmagern, O.Bulg. mditi schwchen,
Russ. mozg rainy weather , moit steep .
Maybe Alb. muzg darkness, *fog, dusk, mys clod (of earth); bread crust similar to Alb.
Moder, genuine Ger. Essig-, Weinmutter), Eng. mother yeast (*mutro-); Eng. mud slime,
mud, M.L.G. mudde thick slime, mud (Du. modde), md. mot (-tt-) Torferde, morass
(Swiss mott turf), E.Fris. mudden smudge, muddig dirty, filthy, Swe. modd
schneeschmutz, dial. muddig dirty, filthy;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2103
smodder morass, M.Eng. smod smut, smudderen, Dutch smodderen schmutzen, older
Dutch also to feast (originally unreinlich eat and drink; so also E.Fris. sms, Ger.
Schmaus, older Dutch smuisteren to feast and besmear, nd. Dutch smullen to feast
and pollute, smudge probably from *smu-ln; Lith. smutnas sad derives from Pol.
Page 2104
Page 2105
Material: O.Ind. mvati schiebt, throngs, moves = Av. ava-mivumahi wir beseitigen,
nehmen weg, Av. a-muyamn unbeweglich, whereof nicht abzubringen, O.Ind. kma-
Page 2106
mezg-1
English meaning: to plunge
Deutsche bersetzung: untertauchen
Material: O.Ind. mjjati taucht under, sinkt under (particle perf. pass. magn- from
*mazgn-), Kaus. majjayati versenkt; Lat. merg, -ere tauche ein, sink, verberge,
therefrom mergus m. aquanaut (Wasservogel); Rebsenker: Balt iterative *mazgui
tauche mehrfach ein, wash in Lith. mazgti, Ltv. mazgt wash. compare estn. mskma,
mordw. muskms, samojed. masu ungar. mosni wash, etc.; doubtful, whether here Gk.
mix, mingle from *mi-mzg; different above S. 714.
References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. Guntert Kalypso 51.
Page(s): 745-746
Page 2107
mezg-2
English meaning: to bind, attach
Deutsche bersetzung: stricken, knupfen
Material: O.H.G. O.S. musca, O.E. max, mscr Masche, O.Ice. moskvi ds.;
Lith. mezgu, mgsti tie, bind, knot, knit , mzgas, Ltv. mazgs knot, Lith. mazguti Iter.
knit , makstuti flax, wattle, braid, Ltv. meget, miget dislocate, luxate, crick , megi t
ranken (Russ. mzgar spider? s. Berneker II 28).
References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 172.
Page(s): 746
Page 2108
mg Eidam (compare Fr. belle-mre), O.Ice. mugr kinsman, relative through Heirat, O.E.
mg, O.S. O.H.G. mug kinsman, relative, etc.; Lith. megstu and megmi, megti gern
have, megnti prufen, Ltv. mgt taugen.
References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 11 f.
Page(s): 707
Page 2109
Material: O.Ind. myas- n. Labsal, pleasure, joy, lust, in addition *m(i)ies dh () in O.Ind.
miydha- m. Opferspeise, Av. myazda- m. sacrificial meal; as *mei-dho- O.Ind. mdham. Fettbruhe, mdhas- n. sacrifice, oblation;
with l-: Welsh mul bescheiden, di-ful bold (*mi-lo-); O.Pruss. mijls, Lith. melas
undmulas lieb, pleasant, mile f. love, meilus liebreich, muliu, myleti lieben, pa-mlstu,
pa-mlti liebgewinnen; Ltv. ml (older u-stem) and mils (from *mielas) lieb, milt lieben,
mielut host ; O.C.S. mil erbarmenswert, Russ. mlyj lieb, etc.;
with n-: Welsh mwyn friendly, O.Corn. muin, moin dainty, Bret. moan thin,
winzig(*mi-no-); O.Ir. mn smooth, gentle (*m-no-);
with r-: Alb. mir good, beautiful; O.C.S. mir peace; ablaut. aSerb. mijer (*moiro-),
O.Pol. mier peace (O.Lith. mieras, Ltv. mirs ds. are Slav. Lw.);
with t-: Lat. mtis mild, soft (*mit-); O.Ir. mith, meth (*mit-) ds., also (?) pl. m(i)th
fat, fertile; Welsh mwydo (*mit-) erweichen, mwydion Weichteile; Ltv. at-mist soft
become, at-mett erweichen.
References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.
Page(s): 711-712
Page 2110
m-1
English meaning: prohibitive particle
Deutsche bersetzung: (da) nicht
Grammatical information: prohibitiv
Material: O.Ind. Av. O.Pers. mu, Gk. , Arm. mi ds., Alb. mos ds. (from *mo = IE *m + s,
that perhaps goes back to IE ke).
From PIE the prohibitive particle passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *ma
English meaning: a negative particle
Turkic protoform: *-maTungus protoform: *-me
Korean protoform: *m-t
Japanese protoform: *-maNote: 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative
particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it
was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to
NOTE Mong. *bui, *bu neg. particle - which may be originally the same morpheme, but
functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.
Page 2111
Matte meadow, die gemht wird, O.E. md f. meadow, willow (*mdwu), Eng.
meadow, O.S. ma ds.
References: WP. II 259, WH. II 82 f.
Page(s): 703
Page 2112
melg n. (es-stem) milk, gen. b-milge the Kuhmilch, mlicht, blicht milk (*mlg-tu-s);
besides b-mlacht (from *b-mlicht Kuhmilch): O.Ir. *to-in-uss-mlig- prmulgure;
causative M.Ir. bluigid milks, erpret; Welsh blith m. milk; milchgebend (*mlg-ti-);
gallorom. *bligicure milk;
Page 2113
mjolka Denominative from *meluk- milk see under), O.H.G. chumelktra Melkkubel
(perhaps Lat. mulctra replicated), O.N. mjaltr milchgebend (*melkta-); with zero grade
O.E. molcen, M.H.G. molchen, molken thick milk, Ger. Molken, and O.Ice. schw. V. molka
milk, mylkja suckle ;
because of second Vokals strittig is die original affiliation from Goth. miluks, O.H.G.
miluh, O.E. meolc, mioluc, O.Ice. mjolk milk; eine i-extension in O.E. milc and Ger. hess.
mel (*mili-k-); after Specht (IE Decl. 126) is generally eine dissyllabic root must be
assumed; from dem WestGmc. probably Lat. melca f. sauermilch;
Lith. mlu, mlti, participle mltas (= O.Ind. mrst-, Lat. mulctus) milk; Iterat. mlyti;
R.C.S. mlzu, mlesti milk, Slav. *melzivo in slovak. mlezivo, Russ. molzivo (etc.)
beestings ; with o-grade: Serb. mlz m. Milchstrahl beim Melken (the glottal stop from
Serb. musti = *mlz-ti is from the lteren Dehnstufenform of Inf. mlesti = Lith. mlti
ubernommen);
Toch. A mulklune das Melken; Amalke, malk-wer milk.
References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht IE Decl. 147
f.;
See also: compare also melk- and merg-.
Page(s): 722-723
Page 2114
smalaz fihu, M.H.G. smal-nz, smal-vihe ds., Schmaltier, M.H.G. smal-hirte herdsman,
shepherd for small cattle.
Maybe Alb. *maal, mull longing, missing, suffering (of love) [common Alb. shift li, lu > ll]
probably from the same root as Dutch maal young cow as small and lovely animal,
human.
References: WP. II 296, WH. II 20.
Page(s): 724
Page 2115
upa-muti- Zuteilung, miti- Ma, Gewicht, cognition , prukr. mettam ds. (= O.Ind. *mitram);
about muyu s. 1. mu-;
Av. ap. mu- messen, participle -m ta-, -muta-, ap. fra-mutar- lord, master, Av. mitiMa, Gewicht, Wert;
Gk. Ma (after Brugmann Grundr. II2 1, 342 as O.Ind. d--tra-m gift to *d-);
plan, artifice, beschliee, ersinne;
Alb. mat, mas (*mati) messe, mat Ma, mt (*mto-) year, weather, matem
erhebe die Hand zum Schlage, throw, cast (abmessen = aim);
Ir. to-math- (e.g. 3. sg. do-mathi) threaten;
Lat. mtior, -r, mnsus sum (rhyme meaning to pnsus) messen, abmessen, whereof
probably mnsa table, desk, Etisch; die Speisen selbst = Umbr. mefe mnsae, mefa
lbum as subst. Fem. of participle perf. pass.;
M.Welsh medru ein Ziel treffen, to be able , to medr dexterity (: Gk. ?); Gaul.
mataris spear, lance; perhaps here O.Welsh maut, M.Bret. meut (*m-tu), Welsh bawd
Daumen (as Ma?);
O.E. m f. Ma; Goth. mla m. bushel ; O.Ice. mlir m. ds., O.E. mle, mle
paten ; O.Ice. mla messen; Goth. ml n. time, O.Ice. mul Ma, Zeitpunkt, repast,
meal, O.E. ml ds., O.H.G. mul Zeitpunkt, repast, meal, Ger. mal meal;
Page 2116
msti, Ltv. metu, mest throw, Iterat. Lith. metyt, Ltv. mett hin and her throw; O.Pruss.
metis = Lith. metis m. Wurf; mstas m. Ma, mtas m. ds., matuoti messen, pmatas
foundation etc.;
O.C.S. meto, mesti throw, Slov. motti aufwinden, R.C.S. Iterat. vmetati throw,
Slov. mt Wurf, etc.; O.C.S. mera Ma, meriti messen; Cz. old men Ma (: O.Ind.
Page 2117
murian, O.H.G. muren, O.N. mra announce, declare , wherefore Ger. Mr, Mrchen
under likewise, as well as das post-verbal adj. O.H.G. O.S. muri illustrious, gleaming, O.E.
mre, O.N. mrr ds., Goth. waila-mreis from gutem shout, call;
Slav. -mer in names as Vladi-mer;
m-lo- in Welsh mawl Lob, moli praise, laud (out of it O.Ir. molur praise), Bret. meuliff
ds.;
comparative *m-ies, -is, respectively (with the zero grade of Superlativs) m-ies, m-is:
O.Ir. muu, out of it mu, m (from *m-is); Welsh mwy, Corn. moy, Bret. mui more from
*mis; eine Abstraktbildung auf Proto-Celt. -ant (*mant from ma-ant) in O.Ir. mit
greatness, bulk, extent, O.Welsh pamint gl. quam, Welsh maint greatness, bulk, extent,
Corn. myns, M.Bret. Bret. ment; perhaps Osc. mais (*m-is-) adv. more, maimas
maximae (probably from *mais[e]mo-), GN Maesius Maius, Umbr. mestru f. maior (from
*maisteru); Goth. mais magis, maiza maior, maists maximus, O.Ice. meir(i) more,
O.E. mu, mura, mst, O.S. mr, mro, mst, O.H.G. mr, mro, meist; O.Pruss. muisieson
adv. more (muis from*mu-is-); Toch. A mnt as, mant so (= O.Ir. mit?).
References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.
Page 2118
Page 2119
Page 2120
Page 2121
Material: O.Ind. mus, musa- m., Av. mu, gen. muh, Pers. muh moon, Monat; Arm. amis,
gen. amsoy Monat (*mnsos); Gk. Att. neologism , to gen. (Lesb. ), nom.
Ion. , Dor. m. Monat (*mns), (*) moon; Alb. muai Monat (*mnfrom IE *mn-); lat mnsis m. Monat (conservative gen. pl. mens-um), mnstruus
monatlich (GN Mna is Gk. Lw.), sm(n)stris sechsmonatig, halbjhrig, Umbr. mnzne
mense; O.Ir. m (*mns), gen. ms (*mnsos), Welsh O.Corn. mis, Bret. miz Monat;
Goth. mna, O.Ice. muni, O.E. mna, O.S. O.H.G. muno moon (-en-stem); Goth. mns,
O.Ice. munar, O.E. mna, O.S. munuth, O.H.G. munt, Ger. Monat (*mnt-), Lith.
menuo (*mnt), menesis m. moon, Monat, Ltv. mnes(i)s moon, Monat (dial. Lith.
menas from a neutr. *mnos), O.Pruss. menins moon; O.Bulg. mesec m. moon, Monat
(*ms-n-ko-);
Toch. A ma Monat, ma kt moon (= god Monat), mee Monat, mem moon.
References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f.
Page(s): 731-732
Page 2122
Page 2123
munuv-e in manu, abl. mani, Osc. acc. manim, consonant-stem still in Umbr. manf acc.
pl.; Lat. mancus mutilated (originally an the hand); here Lat. mand, -ure entrust, order,
Osc. aama-naffed manduvit, manafum mandavi? from manus and -dere (root dh-),
wrtl. in die Hand lay, place; M.Ir. montar, muinter rechtmige wife;
Maybe Ital. manca left hand, left : Alb. majta left hand, left
with a similar meaning as Lat. manipulus bundle (*mani-plos eine Hand fullend) also
Celt. *manatlo- in Corn. manal fascicle, sheaf , M.Bret. malazn (for *manazl), Bret. malan
ds.;
perhaps Goth. manwus willing, ready (zur Hand?), manwjan willing, ready-,
zurechtmachen;
Hitt. maniia- einhndigen, verwalten.
Auf mn-t- based on O.Ice. mund f. hand, mundr m. Kaufpreis the Braut and die through
den Kauf erworbene Vormundschaft about diese, Goth. PN Mundila, O.E. mund f. hand,
protection, Bevormundung, O.H.G. munt f. ds. Ger. Vormund.
References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210.
Page(s): 740-741
Page 2124
Page 2125
Page 2126
Page 2127
moiso-s or maiso-s
English meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork
Deutsche bersetzung: schaf; Fell, out of it gefertigte Schluche, Scke
Material: O.Ind. ma- m. aries, ram, ms- schaffell, Av. maa- aries, ram, sheep;
O.Ice. meiss m. basket, O.H.G. meis(s)a Gepck, M.L.G. mse barrel.
O.Bulg. mech hose, Russ. mech fell, fur, hose; sack, bag (etc.); Lith. mias, mie
Heunetz under likewise, Ltv. miss, mikss sack, bag, O.Pruss. moasis bellows;
References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht IE Decl. 52 f.
Page(s): 747
Page 2128
Page 2129
Page 2130
Material: O.Ind. mnyu f. nape ; Av. minu- Halsgeschmeide (i from avest. ) and with
lengthened grade manaor neck, nape (*mon-eu-tro-); pon. -, - Wisent
(mhnenartig); Gaul.-Gk. , , collar, neckband keltischer Vlker
( dorisch?); Lat. monle collar, neckband as jewellery (from *mon- as O.Bulg. moni-
sto); O.Ir. muin- neck in muin-torc necklace , muinl neck (*moniklo-), Welsh mwn,
mwnwgl neck ; O.Ir. formnae shoulder (*for-monio-); O.Ir. muince collarium, Lw. from
O.Welsh minci monile (from mwng Mhne + ci, see above S. 518); from *moniio- neck
: Welsh mynydd mountain, Corn. meneth, abr. -monid, Bret. menez ds.; O.Ice. men, O.E.
mene, O.H.G. menni (*manian) Halsgeschmeide, O.Ice. mon, O.E. manu, O.H.G. mana
(Gmc. *man) Mhne; O.C.S. monisto collar, neckband, polab. mimestia Koralle; with
formant g: M.Ir. mong Mhne, hair, Welsh mwng Mhne, O.Ice. makke upper part of
Pferdehalses, Dan. manke Mhne; perhaps here Illyr. (paeon.) , - Wisent
(mhnenartig);
References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff.
See also: compare above S. 726 men- emporragen.
Page(s): 747-748
Page 2131
mori, mri
English meaning: sea
Deutsche bersetzung: Meer; Gmc. also stehendes Wasser
Material: Lat. mare, -is n. (i-stem; gen. pl. marum secondary; with unclear a); O.Ir. muir gen.
mora n., Welsh Corn. Bret. mor sea, Gaul. Mor-in, Aremori-c VN Meeranwohner, morimarusa mare mortum; PN Mori-dnum Murten; Goth. marei f. sea, O.S. meri, O.H.G.
mar, mer ds. (-n-stem); Goth. mari-saiws m. sea, O.Ice. marr, gen. marar m. sea, sea,
O.H.G. mari, meri (gen. meres) m. n. sea, O.E. mere m. sea, sea, pond, pool, O.S. meri
m. ditch, trench, channel, pond, pool; with -sk-Suff. O.E. merisc m. swamp, marsh
(compare M.Lat. marisca ds., Gmc. Lw.), O.S. mersc, M.N.Ger. mersch, marsch, Marsch;
with -g-Suff. O.E. merece m., O.Ice. merki; lengthened grade O.E. mr m., O.S. mr n.,
O.H.G. muor n. moor, fen, sea, O.Ice. mrr f. sumpfland, O.H.G. salz-muorra salzsumpf
(*mri ); O.Pruss. mary Haff (*mar); Lith. mre, mostly f. pl. mres, mrios sea, ostsee,
kurisches Haff; O.C.S. morje sea;Bal.-Slav. *pa-mariia- n. Meeresgegend in Lith. pa-
3.
Page(s): 748
Page 2132
murmuru name eines Flusses; Arm. mrmram, mrmrim (*murmur-am, -im) grumble,
murmle, brulle; Gk. (*) murmle, rausche; Lat. murmur murmle,
murmur n. murmur, Gemurr; O.H.G. murmurn, murmuln, Ger. murmeln, short form O.N.
murra, M.H.G. Ger. murren; further formations O.E. murc(n)ian wail, murmur; changing
through ablaut Nor. dial. marma roar (of sea); Lith. murmlnti, murmnti mumble,
murmur, murmeti, marmeti murmur, drone, grumble; ablaut. marmalai big, giant
Bremsen (eine short form with Dissim.m - m to m - v seems marv, merv gadfly, brake);
O.C.S. *mrmrati mumble, murmur.
Maybe Alb. mrmrij murmur.
Unredupl. with n-suffix Ir. muirn (*murni-) f. Lrmen, Sausen.
References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;
See also: to consecutive (mormo(ro)- )?
Page(s): 748-749
Page 2133
Page 2134
mrum Maulbeere, blackberry Gk. Lw., Lat. as replacement of geschlossenen Gk. ogood from borrowing explicable; is also perhaps ein *morum blackberry through das
borrowed mrum from phonetically absorbiert worden? from to mer-3 S. 734?
From dem Lat. derive O.H.G. mr-, mrbere, M.H.G. mlber Maulbeere and Lith. mras
ds.
References: WP. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht IE Decl. 119.
Page(s): 749
Page 2135
moru
English meaning: ant
Deutsche bersetzung: Ameise
Note: distorted taboo uormo-, mormo-, mouro- (Gmc. also meuro-)
Material: Auf moru- are zuruckfuhrbar: Av. maoir- (secondary m. maurvay-), sogd. mwr
f., Pers. mr Ameise;
O.Ir. moirb, pl. Welsh myrion, Bret. merien, Corn. muryon; O.Bulg. mravi (out of it
reshaped Russ.muravj, Slov. mrv, Bulg. mravij).
Auf morm-: Lat. formica (compare to phonetically above Lat. formd: Gk. ); Gk.
(Lycophr.), , Dor. (k-extension to u-stem, as Lat. formica,
O.Ind. valm-ka- to -stem, and O.Ind. vamra-k to o-stem); unclear Arm. mrjiun (*murjimno), gen. mrjmO.N.
Auf uorm-; Gk. , Hes. (- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also
Hes.); O.Ind. valmka- m. Ameisenhaufen; besides with ganz alleinstehender
Lautfolge vamr- m., vamr f. Ameise.
Auf mouro-: O.Ice. maurr, besides *meur- in Dan. myre, Swe. myra (*meurin-), M.Du. pl.
mure (once covered) miere, nDutch mier, M.L.G. mre (to s. van Wijk), M.Eng. mire, myre
(skand. Lw.), O.E. myre, Eng. mire, nowadays only still pis-mire (of Ausspritzen ihrer
Sure), krimGoth. miera.
References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht IE Decl. 45.
Page(s): 749
Page 2136
Page 2137
mergr (gen. mergjar) Mark, O.S. mirgher; Church Slavic mozg Gehirn, modan
(*mozgen), acc. pl. modeni Mark, O.Pruss. musgeno Mark, wherefore (with
rearrangement from *mazgenes) Lith. f. pl. smgenes, Ltv. smadenes Gehirn; Toch. A
mssunt Mark.
References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht IE Decl. 78 f.
Page(s): 750
Page 2138
mozgho-s
English meaning: young bull
Deutsche bersetzung: junges Rind
Note: only Arm. and Gk.
Material: Arm. mozi young rother, cattle, calf = Gk. , Dimin. to m. young
bull, calf, f. young cow, girl; probably identical with Pflanzentrieb, sprout.
References: WP. II 309.
Page(s): 750
Page 2139
(ge)mt, O.S. mt, M.H.G. muoz ds., Goth. ga-mtjan, O.Ice. mta, O.S. mtian, O.E.
mtan, Eng. meet meet; auf IE*m[d]-tlo-m based on Goth. mal Versammlungsort,
market , O.E. mel Ratsversammlung, discourse and (as *mala-) O.E. ml
discourse, fight, M.L.G. mul congregation, meeting, O.S. O.H.G. mahal n. Gerichtssttte,
court, pact, covenant (Ger. Mahlstatt), O.Ice. mul sprechvermgen, discourse,
Verhandlung, Rechtssache, M.Lat. (Gmc.) mallum, mallus Gerichtssttte, gerichtlicher
Termin, whereof Goth. maljan, O.E. maelian, mlan and mlan, O.H.G. mahelen,
O.Ice. mla talk and (from dem ffentlichen promise) O.H.G. gi-mahalo husband,
Page 2140
Page 2141
Page 2142
brgen n. Gehirn (Eng. brain), O.Fris. brein, M.L.G. bragen, bregen, Ger. Brgen m. ds.
References: WP. II 314.
Page(s): 750
Page 2143
Page 2144
Mohr-rube, Mhre, O.E. more, moru ds., LateO.H.G. Dimin. morhila Morchel
(mhrenhnlicher fungus); against it seems Russ. morkv, morkva Mhre, Serb. mrkva
from dem Gmc. borrowed to sein.
References: WP. II 313.
Page(s): 750
Page 2145
mut-o-s
English meaning: circumcised
Deutsche bersetzung: gestutzt?
Material: Lat. mutilus, mutidus mutilated, *muticus truncated, chopped down, cut down,
cut off, circumcised , mt, mutt penis, GN Mutunus, rom. mutt- abgestumpft; Ir. mut,
gael. mutach short (with expressive tt); perhaps also Ir. moth penis as stummel.
References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to Lat. mtus S. 751, compare
dumb : verstummeln.
Page(s): 753
Page 2146
werf Maulwurf, with -k(k)-: M.L.G. mke, Dutch muik, M.H.G. mche, Ger. (half nd.)
Mauke f., bO.Ir. (genuine hochd.) Mauche hunch, outgrowth, Fugeschwulst the Pferde;
mallenders , Swiss mauch m. hunch, outgrowth an Rebholz, uN.entlicher heap and with
: Nor. dial. mukka heap, bulk, mass, M.H.G. mocke m. clump, gobbet (with it identical
is M.H.G. mocke Zuchtsau); O.Ice. mostr big, giant bulk, mass (*muh-stra-); einzige
lengthened grade form in O.E. magol (*lumpy, massig =) tight, firm, strong.
maybe Alb. (*urif), urith mole [common Alb. f > th shift] from O.H.G. m-werf mole or
maybe a contamination from Gmc. Maulwurf mole.
References: WP. II 311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. nichtIE
Page(s): 752
Page 2147
m-1
English meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallnachahmung for den with gepreten Lippen erzeugten
dumpfen Laut: undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmeln (hence also words for stumm);
mouth, muzzle; den Mund geschlossen halten or schlieen
Material: 1. Gk. , Ausruf gepreten Schmerzes, Lat. m facere, mutmut facere
mucksen.
2. O.Ind. mka- dumb , Arm. munj dumb , Gk. , , , , ,
Hes. dumb , Lat. mtus dumb ; compare also older Dan. mue, Nor. mua
schweigen, not mucksen; O.H.G. muwen cry, Ltv. maunu, muwu, maut roar, bellow,
Cz. myjati muhen; here also Ger. Mwe, O.E. mw, mw, O.Ice. mur (pl. muvar), O.S.
mu ds.
3. [O.Ind. mukh- n. mouth derives from dem Dravidischen]; Gk. lip;
verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter ( Oberlippe, whisker, moustache, s.
Boisacq m. Lith.), O.H.G. mla f., M.H.G. ml n. muzzle, M.L.G. mle muzzle, snout,
O.Ice. mli muzzle, esp. Oberlippe an animals, hervorragende crag , Goth. faurmljan
das Maul zubinden (whether with anl. s- in addition Nor. smaul, Ltv. smaule muzzle??);
s. also under mu-lo- S. 750.
4. With dental formant:
Lat. mutti, -re mucksen, muttum nullum keinen Muckser (compare above mutmut);
O.H.G. mutiln mumble, murmur, trickle , musse wellspring, O.Ice. mula mumble,
murmur, besides with Gmc. t: Nor. dial.mutra, M.Eng. muteren, Eng. mutter ds.; Lith. mute
muzzle.
5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.):
Page 2148
mgilure of Naturlaut of Esels; O.H.G. muckazzen leise talk, mucksen, Ger. M.L.G.
mucken with halboffenem Munde talk (kk is expressive), E.Fris. muk kiss.
6. s-extension: Gk. sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen (hence die
Augen zusammenkneifend, shortsighted ; bite die Lippen together; from *
verschwiegen: in die Mysterien Eingeweihter, die Mysterien
betreffend, mystery, geheime Zeremonie, compare also in die
Mysterien einweihen; Nor. mysa die Augen zukneifen; from dem Gmc. here also M.L.G.
mummelen, Eng. mumble mumble, murmur, mump, Nor. mumpa ds.; M.H.G. mupf, muff
Verziehung of Mundes, mupfen, muffen, M.L.G. mopen, Eng. mope gawk, Eng. mop
Fratze; perhaps Ger. bO.Ir. muen wiederkauen under likewise;
Ltv. musint flustern, mumble, murmur; Hitt. mu-u-ga-u-mi (mgumi) spreche
Klagegebete.
References: WP. II 309 ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188.
Page(s): 751-752
Page 2149
muso, Ltv. musa, mua fly; O.Bulg. mucha fly (*mousu), mica mosquito .
References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht IE Decl. 43.
Page(s): 752
Page 2150
ms
English meaning: mouse
Deutsche bersetzung: Maus also Muskel
Note: (older *mus, muss from *meus, muss)
musk- m. testicle, vulva, Pers. muk Bibergeil (from dem Pers. derives Gk. ,
Ger. Moschus); Gk. Geschlechtsorgan;
Maybe Alb.Gheg muskul muscle, mushk shoulder, mushkni lungs, *chest.
probably to O.Ind. musnuti stiehlt, raubt etc., see under meu-2 fortschieben.
References: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht IE Decl. 40 f.
Page(s): 752-753
Page 2151
men etc. Aalraupe; but O.Ind. mna- m. fish (whereof muinika-, muinala- fisherman )
is dravid. origin; perhaps here O.H.G. muniwa, O.E. myne, Eng. minnow Elritze, ein fish.
References: WP. II 267 f.;
See also: belongs probably to men-4.
Page(s): 731
Page 2152
s-ko-, -ku; compare den -es-stem ); O.Pruss. nognan (from *noknan) n. leather
(*nuk-no-); in addition after E. Lewy O.Ind. nuka- Himmelsgewlbe.
References: WP. II 316.
Page(s): 754
Page 2153
Page 2154
Material: O.Ir. nit m. fight, struggle (*nanti-); Goth. ana-nanjan venture, risk, O.Ice.
nenna ubers heart bringen, O.H.G. preterit ginand courage wherefore have, ginenden,
O.S. nuthian, O.E. nan venture, risk, O.Ice. nenninn ttig, strebsam (*wagefroh)
M.H.G. genende(c) keen, eager, O.H.G. nand (also in names as Ferdinand), O.E. n f.
courage .
References: WP. II 317.
Page(s): 755
Page 2155
nas- (*ena-)
English meaning: nose
Deutsche bersetzung: Nase
Note: (nus- from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally nom. sg.),
nurem) nose; Lat. nuris, mostly. pl. -s, -ium nostril (i-stem geworden; acc. sg. pl. still
conservative form); nusum n. (aLat.) and nus(s)us m. nose (expressives ss);
Note:
Lat. (*nusus) naris f. the nostrils, nose reflect common Lat. s > r rhotacism.
O.E. nse f. foreland, promontory , O.S. Nor. ns snout, O.Fris. nsi ds. (*nus-); ablaut.
O.H.G. nasa nose, O.N. nos f. nostril, nose, projecting cliff, O.E. nasu nose
(presumably Dual both nostrils ); ns- in compound, O.N. nes n., gen. pl. nesja
foreland, promontory, Landzunge, M.L.G. nes (-ss-) m. ds., O.E. nss m. ds. (Gmc.
*nasja-); O.Pruss. nozy, Lith. nsis f. nose, nasrai m. pl. Rachen (old nsras mouth),
O.C.S. nozdri Nasenlcher (from -sr-), s nose (Russ. foreland, promontory).
Maybe zero grade of attribute noun in Alb. (*nasu-th) hunda nose [the old laryneal -] :
O.Ind. nas-th adv. of the nose : Hittite titita nose see Alb. numbers. Also O.Ind. rjnas[m] PN (RV .052.02); urnasa- [adj] with a broad nose (RV 10.014.12); Also nasy-ot[adj] grabbed at the nose (TS+); pavnasa- [adj] with a nose like a felloe (AV); nasvnt[adj] nosed (AV)
Page 2156
Page 2157
Page 2158
n-1
English meaning: to help, be of use
Deutsche bersetzung: helfen, nutzen
Material: O.Ind. nu-tha- n. help, m. schutzer, nu-tha-t fleht; Gk. ---, --
nutze, Fut. --, Med. ---, Aor. have benefit, n., more
properly , - benefit (*o-nu-ur), etc.
References: WP. II 315.
Page(s): 754
Page 2159
n-2
English meaning: to be afraid, ashamed
Deutsche bersetzung: sich furchten, schmen
Material: O.Ir. nur bescheiden (*nu-sro-), n(i)re the genitals (*nu-sriiu); Hitt. na()fear, dread, sichfurchten, naarii a- be afraid.
References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187.
Page(s): 754
Page 2160
nwt slay, nwtis sich muhen, sich slay; O.Pruss. nowis trunk.
B. O.Ir. nne (older naunae) f., Welsh newyn m. Hungersnot (*nuenio-), Bret. naoun
(*nueno-) ds.; M.Welsh neued sehnsucht, need (*nuu-itu); Ltv. nwtis (see above), Lith.
nvyti torment, smite, slay, i-nvyti destroy; causative O.C.S. Cz. unaviti exhaust,
POstverbal Cz. unava Ermudung, Russ. dial. onva tiredness , zero grade O.C.S. unyti
slack sein, erschlaffen, Cz. nuti dahinschmachten, Russ. nut elegiac become.
nu-ti- in Goth. naus f. need, Zwang, O.Ice. nau, naur f. Zwang, tribulation,
Notwendigkeit, O.S. nd, O.H.G. nt crowdedness, tribulation, need, O.E. nad-, ned f.
need, obligation, tribulation; O.Pruss. nautin (*nuuti-) (acc.) need; in Slav. forms with u
and o, t and d (see Meillet, Slave commun2 61 f.): O.C.S. noda Zwang, force, might,
Notwendigkeit, Pol. nedza need, O.Bulg. noditi ntigen, but also O.C.S. nuda Zwang,
need, nuditi ntigen, Pol. nuda Langeweile; with t Pol. net Lockung, Bulg. nut Zwang,
Pol. nucic (16. Jhdt.) constrain, oblige; das -d- steht as IEextension besides -t-, das o is
through secondary nasalization originated.
References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.
Page(s): 756
Page 2161
nus-1
English meaning: boat
Deutsche bersetzung: schiff (ausgehhlter Einbaum)
Grammatical information: f. acc. nuum
Material: O.Ind. nuu- (nom. nuuh) ship, boat (nuvya- schiffbar); ap. nuviyu fleet (: Gk.
zumSchiff gehrig); nuvuja- m. schiffer, Av. navuza- ds (: Gk. - ds.,
compare also Lat.nuvig-ure, -ium); Av. nuvaya- schiffbar (about O.Ind. ati-nu s. Brugrnann
II1 137 Anm. 2); Arm. nav ship (from dem Pers.?); Gk. Hom. , (*F), Att.
, ship; Lat. nuvis ds. (originally conservative stem, compare acc. nuvem = O.Ind.
nuvam, Gk. ; O.Ir. nu (gen. ne, dat. pl. nib) ship; Welsh noe flaches vessel,
kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch , Bret. neo ds. (*nuui u); here Gaul. (vorrom.)
nuvu Talschlucht, also FlN; Gaul. nausum ship; O.Ice. nr m. ship, nau-st
schiffsschuppen, na-tn (na = Gk. ) schiffsburg, O.E. nwend schiffer, (but
M.H.G.nuwe, nwe small ship, Ger. dial. Naue from dem Lat.); Nor. n trough from a
ausgehhlten tree truck, nla (*nwiln-) groer trough, schweres boat O.H.G. nuosc,
M.H.G. nuosch m. trough, gully, O.Fris. nst trough, M.L.G. nste Viehtrog,
Wassertrog; here the Lith. FlN Nva, polonis. Nawa.
Page 2162
ne 2, n
Enclitic particles
Deutsche bersetzung: enkLith. Partikeln
See also: see above S. 320 f. (eno-).
Page(s): 758
Page 2163
nebh-1
English meaning: to burst
Deutsche bersetzung: bersten??
Material: O.Ind. nbhat cracks; O.Ice. nfr die outer birch bark as berstend, sich
losschlend.
References: WP. II 330.
Page(s): 758
Page 2164
nebh-2
See also: see above S. 315 f. (enebh-).
Page(s): 758
Page 2165
nestila loop, Schnurriemen, Binde, Ger. Nestel, O.S. nestila Binde, Haarband, agutn.
nast, nestli; reduced grade O.E. nos(t)le band, strap;
da ned- eine extension from (s)n- zusammendrehen sei, wird besides through die
meaning also through die s-anlaut. forms O.Ir. snaidm knot (compare above naidm) and
Ger. hess. Schnatz das geflochtene and um die Haarnadel gewickelte Haar the Frauen,
Kopfputz the Brute (*snatta- with Gmc. -tt-) probably.
2. Here presumably die appellation the nettle (as older Gespinstpflanze):
Page 2166
netele; besides with IE -t- (also *n-t-, n-t- as t-extension zur vermutlichen root (s)n-)
O.Pruss. noatis, Lith. ntere, notre nettle, ntryne Taubnessel, Ltv. ntre, ntra nettle,
Slav. *nat Krautbltter in Slov. nt (gen. nat), Pol. nac ds. and at most (as redupl. ProtoCelt.*ni-nati-?) M.Ir. nenaid, Ir. neantg nettle, dissimil. Bret. linad ds.
References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier
under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;
See also: see under (s)n-.
Page(s): 758-759
Page 2167
ned-2
English meaning: to sound, roar, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: tnen, brullen, rauschen
Note:
Root ned-2 : to sound, roar, etc : Root neid-2 : nid- : to flow, stream derived from Root
neig- : to wash.
Material: O.Ind. ndati sounds, bellow, roar, soughs, nada- m. Bruller, bull, river, nad - f.
river, flood, nad-na- m., nad-sa- m. sea, etc.; Av. nad- vilify, scold; Gk. (Illyr.) FlN
(Arkad.), (Messen.); Thrac. FlN ; Illyr. FlN (Dalm.) from *ned-to-.
Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river
Note:
Page 2168
Page 2169
Page 2170
neid-1
English meaning: to scold, put to shame
Deutsche bersetzung: heruntermachen, schmhen
Material: O.Ind. nndati, pass. nidy-t vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise , ndyanot to vilify, scold, nd-, nidu, nidu, nindu schmhung, reprimand, disdain, contempt; Av.
nad- (nuism) vilify, scold; Arm. anicanem, Aor. 3. sg. anc fluche (*oneid-s-et);
Gk. Vorwurf, disgrace, shame, schmhe (o-prefix be-schimpfe, as
also Arm. anicanem); Goth. ga-naitjan vilify, scold, naiteins Lsterung, O.H.G. neizzen
torment, smite, plague, O.E. ntan ds.; Lith. nedeti, Ltv. nst despise , nads, nadus
hate, enmity.
References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 130, Trautmann 193;
See also: probably to nei- S. 312 f.
Page(s): 760
Page 2171
Root ned-2 : to sound, roar, etc : Root neid-2 : nid- : to flow, stream derived from Root
neig- : to wash.
Material: O.Ind. ndati flows, streams; Gaul. FlN Nida Nidda and Nied, Brit. FlN Nida,
Welsh Nedd Neath; full grade Pol. FlN Nida, Lith. FlN Nied, O.Pruss. FlN Nyda Neide.
References: J. Lwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.
Page(s): 761
Page 2172
nikt-, ninikta Imper. waschet, Kaus. njayati; Aor. naniaiti Intens. wscht ab, swills
weg; Gk. (*nigi = Ir. nigim) wash, Fut. , Aor. , Waschwasser,
- ds., - ungewaschen (= O.Ind. nikt-, Ir. necht); Gk. ;
Lat. noegeum (*noig-io-) schweituch; common O.Ind. gh- > ks- : gh- > - : Gk. gh- > zphonetic mutation
O.Ir. nigid wscht (*nigi eti, loss the Labialisieruug before i), Fut. -ninus = O.Ind.
(Gramm.) niniksati; necht pure; M.Welsh enneint spa, bath (*an-nig-antio-; das g from
dem present figurative);
Gmc. *nikwes, -us- in O.Ice. nykr (gen. nyks) Wassergeist, Flupferd, O.E. nicor
Wasseruntier, Krokodil, O.H.G. nihhus, nichus Fluuntier, Wassergeist, Ger. Nix, O.H.G.
Page 2173
cruth-necht roter wheat, Welsh nithio, Bret. niza winnow, fan (also probably Welsh
gwenith, Bret. gwiniz, Corn. gwaneth wheat); Lith. niekti, Ltv. niekt corn, grain through
Schwingen clean; besides Lith. liekuoti ds., Ltv. lieka winnowing shovel; das Balt l- lt
sich not through dissimilation define.
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.
Page(s): 761
Page 2174
ntra- n. direction, eye; M.Ir. n, na warrior, Held (*neit-s), gen. sg. urIr. ntas, O.Ir.
nath (*nei-t-os; s. also nei-2); Hitt. nui- lenken, guide, lead.
References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hitt. p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f.
Page(s): 760
Page 2175
Page 2176
Page 2177
noxa f. damage, punishment, blame; nequulia dtrmenta (due to of stem neku-); O.Ir.
c, Bret. ankou, Corn. ancow, Welsh angeu death (*nku-); Bret. (Vannes) negein slay,
O.Ice. Nagl-far Totenschiff; Toch. A nk- vergehen, destroy, Med. vergehen; about
Lat. necesse see under sed-.
References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;
See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.
Page(s): 762
Page 2178
nek-(t-), nok-t-s
English meaning: night
Deutsche bersetzung: Nacht
Grammatical information: stem nokt- f. (originally neutr.??), nokti-, noktu- f., nokt(e)r n.
Note: about Ablautformen see under
Root nek-(t-), nok-t-s : night derived from zero grade of Root ong- : to anoint, dark
ointment : O.Ind. aktu- [f] night (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktu- [m] flowing; ointment; (light or
dark) color; (final part of the) night (RV+) {3}.
Material: O.Ind. nk (*nkt) nom. night (nag jiht), naktu f. Du., naktam adv. solidified acc.
nachts, instr. pl. naktbhih ds. (imitation from habhih), acc. pl. nkth Nchte;
Gk. , f. night, in compound -, -, adv. nachts (*acc. shaped
as ), , nchtlich (: Lat. nocturnus); unclear are
Hes., Hom. neun Nchte hindurch, nchtlich, die ganze
night lasting , in the same night;
Alb. nat night;
Note:
Clearly Alb.Gheg not, Tosc nat, net pl. night derived from O.Ice. ntt, nutt night.
Lat. nox, noctis night (gen. pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in adv. nox
nachts from gen. *nokt-es, -os); nocturnus nchtlich (: , ); of stem
hwyr evening) last night, Corn. nehues M.Bret. neyzor, Mod.Bret. neizeur ds.;
Page 2179
nekciye abends;
zero grade: O.Ind. aktu night (perhaps n-stem), aktu- m. darkness, night, light, ray
(actually dawn, twilight), compare in latter meaning Goth. htw (: Lat. noct etc.), O.Ice.
tta, O.H.G.hta (uohta), M.H.G. hte (uohte), O.S. tha f., O.E. th(a) m. fruhe
Morgenzeit, Goth. hteigs zeitig;
eine other ablaut grade *onkt- seems Lith. ankst fruhe, aksto from fruh an,
Page 2180
ne1, n, nei
English meaning: negative particle
Deutsche bersetzung: Satznegation der reinen Verneigung
Note: (ne einzelsprachlich also Wortnegation geworden)
Material: ne: O.Ind. n not, nd (nid) ds., Av. ap. na- not, Av. nit (= O.Ind. nd), O.Ind.
n-vu = Av. na-va or not (compare Lat. n-ve, and genauer O.Ir. n see under); O.Ind.
naca and not (= Lat. neque etc.); = Alb. nuk or not
about ne- in Arm. (nua languissant from *ne-val-, etc.) s. Dumzil BAL.-SLAV. 40, 48
f.;
Gk. - only (as replacement from n-) before verbalen, then also other adj. with dem
anlaut u, , , with denen es contracted is, e.g. , , () (thereafter
secondary - in ungercht, Dor. , etc.);
Lat. ne- in ne-fus, ne-sci (ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, nunquam, nusquam,
nllus, nn (*noin[om], compare O.H.G. Ger. nein), ne-que not; and not, nor; rarely not
even (= Osc. nep, Goth. nih, O.Ir. na[ch] not, O.Ind. na-ca), osk ne non, n; compare
also Lat. neg[ure, -tium] above S. 418; Lat. neu, n-ve, old neive, nve or not;
O.Ir. ne-ch aliquis, Welsh nep quispiam (= O.Ind. nakis niemand, but with
Abstreifung of negativen Sinnes in Stzen with wiederholter, but einander nicht
aufhebender negation; the same Vorgang in Lith. nekas irgend somewhat, nekurs a
certain, a kind of, as one might say , etc.; similarly gelangte ne-ue or not zur positive
meaning or in:) O.Ir. n, n, Welsh neu, O.Bret. nou or, also verbal Stutzpartikeln (for
pronoun infixa and das relative -n-) O.Ir. no-, nu-, M.Welsh neu- as originally formelhaft
prefixed or not?: proklitisches *ne ergab *na (as e.g. Ir. ass- ex) in Vorton in the
Page 2181
ke = O.H.G. nih-ein, O.S. (with gramm. variation) nig-n not (but O.S. nec and not =
Lat. neg-, see above S. 418); O.H.G. Konjunktion noh yet from *neh (*ne-ke) or from ne +
O.H.G. ouch also; O.H.G. nein, O.S. nn no from *ne + oinom nicht einer (see above
Lat. nn, nllus); O.E. nu nie, not, no, Eng. n no (also O.Ice. nei no from *ni + aiw =
O.S. O.H.G. nio nie);
maybe Alb. (*nio) jo no
O.Pruss. ni, Lith. ne not, nekas, nekurs (see above); O.C.S. ne not;
maybe Alb. *(*ne-ke), nuk not = Lat. ne-que not; and not, nor; rarely not even a
compound of Root ne1, n, nei : negative particle + Root ke 1 : and (encl.)
Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of Proto-Illyr. origin.
nei accentuated not: Av. na-i keiner, adv. nai intensified negation; Lat. n,
altLat.nei adv. and Konj. 1. older not, da nicht, 2. si non, quid-n; Osc. nei not (nei-p
neque); Goth. nei (..) not, O.Ice. n no, O.H.G. n emphatisches not; Lith. nie-
kas niemand, nei also not, nicht einmal; O.C.S. ni neque, ni-kto niemand; die Gmc.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2182
n- Verneinungspartikel as erstes part: O.Ind. Av. ap. a-, before Vokalen (also i, u) an-;
Gk.-, before vowel -; Lat. in-, oldest en- (die vorkonsonantische form); Osc. Umbr. an-;
O.Ir. in- (before Med.), - (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), Welsh Corn. Bret. an-; Goth.
O.H.G. O.S. un-, O.Ice. -, -; in Bal.-Slav. absolutely through ne- verdrngt; about Church
Slavic ne-je-ver unglubig, ne-je-syt unersttlich = Pelikan s. Berneker 429; Toch. AB
a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through mehrereSprachen durchgehende equivalent are e.g.:
O.Ind. amrta-, , immortulis; O.Ind. juta-, , Arm. ancanaut, igntus, O.Ir.
Page 2183
Material: 1. O.Ind. Du. acc. dat. gen. nuu, gthAv. gen. nu, O.C.S. nu, Gk. , Hom. from
*-F (dessen 2. part the Nominativst. *ue-, *ui- is); O.Ir. nu(tha)r gen., Goth. ugkis, O.S.
unc, O.N. okkr uns both(n) (unc = *n-ge, compare mik from *me-ge).
2. Pluralisch: O.Ind. nah enkLith., Av. n, nu, n, Lat. ns, Alb. na nom. (*nos), ne gen.
dat. acc. (*ns); Ir. ni etc. (seems *s-ns), gen. ar n- (*ns-r-m), Welsh Corn. Bret. ni, ny
wir (*ns), Goth. O.H.G. uns, O.S. s, O.N. oss uns (*ns), O.C.S. nas gen. (*ns-sm),
O.Pruss. nuson (also);
auf *nsme (probably ns + particle *sm-, related with dem -sm- the Pron.-Decl., e.g. O.Ind.
t-sm-ut) based on Av. ahma (O.Ind. asmun, ap. gen. amuxam) = Eol. -, Dor. -, Ion.Att. -; PO.S.S. Lesb. , Dor. = Av. ahma-, Ion.-Att. ) etc.; Hitt. dat. acc.
Page 2184
nem-1
English meaning: to take; to put in order, count
Deutsche bersetzung: zuteilen, nehmen (von the Vorstellung der hingestreckten Hand);
von zuteilen from O.N.nen, rechnen, zhlen (Geldwesen)
Material: Av. nmah- n. Darlehen;
Gk. divide from, lasse weiden; later beherrsche, Med. teile mir to, devour,
weide, Herod. - allot, aufrechnen, distribution; Weideplatz, , weidend, after willow wandering , herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler,
willow, Wohnsitz, alignment, order, see, observe as geltend an,
custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebruchliche Geldwhrung; lengthened grade
divide to; Unwille, gttliche revenge, vengeance (*, eig. das
Zurechnen), (), -, - be angry with, rebuke, reproach,
Rcher; Alb. nam, nme curse, oath, malediction, imprecation, formal = ; nms
the Fluchende, Gotteslsterer; here also O.Ir. numae, gen. numait fiend?
Da n. Weideplatz here gehre, is not ganz certainly; see under nem-2;
Lat. numerus number (*nomes-o-), nummus Geld, Munze (from Gk.
gesetzmig, ordinary );
O.Ir. nem f., M.Ir. neim Gift (compare Ger. Gift : geben give);
Goth. O.S. O.E. niman, O.H.G. nman, O.Ice. nma take;
maybe Alb. causative nem give
lengthened grade Goth. anda-nm n. Empfang, O.H.G. numa gewaltsames Nehmen,
robbery ; O.E. num f. the griping from O.Ice. num m. das Nehmen, Lernen; Goth.
anda-nms pleasant, O.H.G. numi genehm; Ltv. nemt (contaminated from nemt
undjemt) nehmen; Lith. nmas, mostly pl. namai dwelling, house, Ltv. nams m. house;
Page 2185
Page 2186
nem-2
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche bersetzung: biegen
Material: O.Ind. nmas- n. = Av. nmah- n. bowing, bending = worship, veneration,
Huldigung, O.Ind. nmati beugt sich, neigt sich, beugt, bends (Kaus. numayati), Av.
nmaiti beugt sich (weg) (numaiti, Kaus. numayeiti), with apa-, fru- escape, flee;
participle O.Ind. nat- bent, curved ;
Gk. n. Weideplatz = Lat. nemus, -oris Hain, etc.; Gaul. sacred Hain,
PN Nemeto-brigu, VN Nemetes, O.Ir. nemed Heiligtum, then Privileg, privilegierte
person; aschs. nimidas sacra silvurum; Lith. FlN Nemunas Niemen (= sumpfiger
stream), nemuoge Heidelbeere; Gaul. nanto valle, trinanto drei Tler, VN Nantuates,
Welsh nant valley, stream, brook (*nm-tu-, compare participle O.Ind. nat- from nmt-);
savoy. n stream, brook; perhaps here O.Ir. nem sky, heaven; different above S. 315.
References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Frnkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.
Page(s): 764
Page 2187
nept- (*nepotis)
English meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant
Deutsche bersetzung: Enkel; Neffe
Grammatical information: fem. neptMaterial: O.Ind. nput (secondary nptr-) grandson, descendant , Av. naput-, naptar-, .
naput- ds., O.Ind. apum naput, Av. apam nap- n. name of a divinity ( primeval offspring of
the waters ); Hom. () young ones, children from a N. sg. *; perhaps
here lemnisch-tyrsenisch offspring, descendant, son (Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266);
Alb. nip grandson, nephew ; Lat. neps, -tis grandchild, grandson , later also nephew
; O.Lith. nepotis, nepuotis grandchild, grandson; O.H.G. nevo nephew, kinsman,
relative, O.E. nefa grandchild, grandson, nephew , O.Ice. nefe nephew, kinsman,
relative (*nepts); M.Ir. n, gen. nath sisters son (for the form in the end Pokorny
ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), Welsh nei, nai ds., Corn. noi grandchild, grandson, M.Bret. ni
nephew .
Fem. O.Ind. napt - granddaughter, female descendant , Av. napt- granddaughter;
Lat. neptis (for -ti(s) after the i-stem) granddaughter, later niece; O.Ir. necht, Welsh
O.Bret. nith, M.Bret. niz, Corn. noith niece; O.H.G. nift neptis, privigna, Ger. (actually
nd.) Nichte, O.N. nipt sisters daughter, niece; O.Lith. nepte granddaughter; R.C.S.
Alb.Gheg mesa, Tosc mbesa niece (sisters daughter) derived from Hittite Luwian *nosa(a descendant); Luwian nsa grandson : Hittite ama- haa (a grandson) : Latvian
Page 2188
musas-meita niece (sisters daughter) = Latvian musa sister (: Alb. motra, motr sister) +
meita daughter; Alb. has lost the Anatolian old larygeal.
Gk. - brothers or sisters son (*sm-neptiios); R.C.S. netij nephew .
Probably as Unmundiger, Unselbstndiger to ne- and potis.
References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196.
Page(s): 764
Page 2189
Probably Alb. cognate njeriu man derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified Alb. pl.
njerz men, people, njerzim humanity where -os, - us ending has been solidified.
Lat. nerisus resistens, fortis, Neri, -inis eine with Mars in Kultverbindung stehende
goddess (*die Starke), Ner, Sabine = fortis ac strenuus (Schulze Eigenn. 315, 363,
485; sabin. Nerius stimmt to O.Ind. nrya-), Osc. gen. pl. nerum vir, procer, Umbr. nerf
acc. pl. proceres, principes;
Page 2190
nriu, noreti wollen, O.Pruss. PN Nor-mans, ablaut. Ner-man; Lith. nrteti, ablaut. nartnti
be angry with, i-nirtes ergrimmt, nartsas m. (*nar-sa-s) boldness, rage, fury, narsus
fierce, grim; O.Pruss. nertien acc. rage, fury, er-nertimai wir enrage ; Slav. *norv m. in
O.C.S. nrav custom, etc.;
Gk. Hom. after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. Erz from Noricum, also not here;
after Kuiper voll from vitality .
References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl.
Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.
Page(s): 765
Page 2191
ner-2
English meaning: under
Deutsche bersetzung: under
Material: Gk. unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer (through hybridization with
die Unterirdischen, s. S. 312 *en in, also ); () (and again (), Dor.
Eol. ) from under; the Unterste (*nerio-); Osc. nertrak a sinistra, Umbr.
nertru sinistro (= ); zero grade O.Ice. norr n. Norden, O.E. norerra more
nrdlich, O.H.G. N.rni nrdlich (Nord is by the Richtung of Betenden nach Osten =
links);
possible kinship from n-er- with *n-ei- low, base (see 312).
Maybe Alb.Gheg nr, Alb. ndr under [common Alb. n > nd shift]
References: WP. II 333 f.
Page(s): 765-766
Page 2192
ner-3
English meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
Deutsche bersetzung: eindringen, untertauchen, Versteck, Hhle
Material:
Gesichert
only
for
the
Balt-Slav.:
Lith.
neriu,
nrti
(under)tauchen,
po-ndreti submerge , Clr. po-nerty dive, O.C.S. nora , latibulum, Russ. nor
hole, cave, pit, pothole, aRuss. po-norov Erdwurm, Serb. nrac aquanaut ; auf a zero
grade *nr- (*nor- to IE *nor-) based on Slav. nyr-, nur- in Russ.-O.C.S. nyrjati, se
immergere, nura janua (etc.); here probably die FlN O.Pruss. Narus, Lith. Nar-upe, Illyr.
Narenta = schott.-gael. Abhainn Narunn Nairn; Lith. Ners, Nerys, Neret,
O.Pruss. Neria Nehrung, Russ. Neretva (to Bug).
References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;
See also: perhaps to ner-2.
Page(s): 766
Page 2193
nmsat 3. pl. sie beruhren nahe with dem body, kiss (*ni-ns-at), participle nms-una- (old
Deponentien); GN Nusatyau m. Dual. die beiden Nothelfer, urind. Naattia, Av.
*nes-lo-); Goth. ga-nisan gerettet become, recover, recuperate , O.H.G. O.S. gi-nesan ds.,
O.E. ge-nesan gerettet become, entkommen, uberleben, Goth. ga-nists, O.H.G. O.S. gi-
nist Genesung, salvation; Kaus. Goth. nasjan fit, healthy make, O.H.G. nerian, nerren
retten, heal, cure, nhren, O.S. nerian, O.E. nerian retten, shield (besides with , :
O.Ice. nra and nra beleben, erfrischen, nhren, Swe. dial. nra fire anmachen);
O.Ice. aldr-nari m. ( life preserver =) fire, O.S. lf-nara f. nourishment, food, O.E. neru f.
Rettung, nourishment, food, O.H.G. ner, nara f. Rettung, nourishment, food; latter
meaning also in O.H.G. wega-nest, -nist n. trip food , O.E. nest n. nourishment, food,
O.Ice. nest n. viaticum, nourishment, food; Toch. A nas-, nes- sein; A nasu- friend.
References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wrter, 191 ff.
Page 2194
Page 2195
niedlich, O.S. niud m. desire, Begier, O.E. ned, nod f. wish, Sehnsucht, eagerness ;
Goth. PN Neudis (*Niudeis); Lith. pa-nustu, -nudau, -nusti whereupon Geluste have, sich
whereupon sehnen.
Page 2196
nytt f., M.L.G. nutte, nut benefit, O.H.G. nuz, -zzes m. Nutz, O.E. notu f. yield; O.Ice.
naut n. stuck Vieh, nautr m. valuable possession , O.E. nat n. stuck Rindvieh, animal,
O.H.G. nz m. (Nutz)vieh, O.S. notil n. small cattle (Church Slavic nuta Vieh from dem
Gmc.); O.H.G. ganz, -o comrade, O.S. gent, O.E. genat, O.Ice. nautr ds.;
Lith. naud benefit, profit, gain, property, naudyti lust, crave, Ltv. nuda Geld;
perhaps O.Ir. Nuado, gen. Nuadat GN, Welsh Nudd GN, O.Brit.-Lat. dat. Ndonti,
Ndenti GN (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually Angler, fisherman after Vendryes RC.
39, 384.
References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 3379;
See also: to consecutive (neu-dh-)
Page(s): 768
Page 2197
nysa wittern, snuffle, sniff, peer , njsn f. tidings, Suche, O.H.G. niusen versuchen (to
alteration from -hs- to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;
neus- in: O.E. nosian, nosan, O.S. niusian, niusn untersuchen, nachspuren; in
addition O.E. nosu, Eng. nose, Dutch neus nose, Nor. nosa wittern, ns smell, odor,
Witterung, nuska suchen, Ger. nuschen with the Schnauze wuhlen, Eng. nuzzle, Dutch
neuzelen snuffle, sniff, M.L.G. nOster(en), nuster(en) Nuster; Russ. njuchat snuffle,
sniff, smell, Serb. njuiti snuffle, sniff.
Maybe Alb. (*njuchat) nuhat, nuhas snuffle, sniff, smell, through metathesis derived
Alb.Gheg (*nuhas) huna, Tosc hunda nose [common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutation]
Clearly Root nas- : nose derived from Root neu-ks-, neu-s- : to sniff, smell while both
nas- : nose, neu-ks-, neu-s- : to sniff, smell are zero grade of Root an()-3 : to breathe
References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.
Page(s): 768-769
Page 2198
lusctisus nachtblind; Lith. niksoti dark emporragen, nikiu, niukti din, drone, dull
sound, clink, apsi-niukti sich bewlken, Ltv. apnauktis ds.
References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.
Page(s): 768
Page 2199
neu-1
English meaning: to call, to praise
Deutsche bersetzung: rufen, preisen?
Material: O.Ind. navat, nuuti sounds, jubelt, preist, O.Ir. nall (*neu-slo-) n. scream, din,
fuss, noise, proclamation ; perhaps Lat. nntium Botschaft (*nouention).
References: WP. II 323, WH. II 188 f.
Page(s): 767
Page 2200
neu-2
English meaning: to make a push; to nod
Deutsche bersetzung: einen Ruck machen or Sto geben, especially (europ.) nicken,
winken
Material: O.Ind. nvat, nuuti wendet sich, bewegt sich, nuvayati wendet, kehrt, as dpresent probably nudti stt fort, ruckt; Gk. nicke, winke (*), Wink,
nicke; Lat. nu, -ere nicken, winken, sich neigen, nt, -ure sich hin and her
neigen, waver, wobble, ntus, -s das sich Neigen, Wink, command, order, nmen
Wink, volition, Gehei, esp. gttliches (*neu-men, or as *neu-smen = Gk. from
*- with here indeed wurzelhaftem ); O.Ir. nd makes bekannt, *ate-no- entrust,
verbal noun aithne depositum = Welsh adnau ds.;
with formant. -r(o)- Russ. (etc.) ponuryj (*neu-ro-) gesenkt (of Kopfe), niedergeschlagen
(from den Augen); with the meaning stupfen presumably Gk. ,
, Hes., and (?) Lith. niurkyti press, squeeze;
with g- further formations: Gk. , Att. prick, pricke, Hes., pass. perf.
, participle present ; with intensive intensification Hes.,
M.L.G. nuck(e) pltzlicher shove, Tucke, md. nucken einnicken, M.H.G. ent-nucken ds.,
perhaps also O.C.S. n(j)ukati ermuntern.
References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 7174.
Page(s): 767
Page 2201
neuos, -ios
English meaning: new
Deutsche bersetzung: neu
Material: O.Ind. nva-, Av. nava- neu, compar. navatara- (: Gk. ), Gk. (F),
Lat. novus, Osc. Nuvlanuis Nluns (from *Nuvelu = Lat. Nla), O.Lith. navas, O.Pruss.
neuwenen certain nom. sg. n. (*nawanjan; O.Pruss. nauns probably after jauns young ),
O.Bulg. nov neu; -io-form O.Ind. nvya-, Ion. , Gaul. Nevio-, Novio-dnum (Neuenburg), O.Ir. ne, Welsh newydd, O.Bret. nouuid, neuued, Bret. neuez, Goth. niujis, O.Ice.
nyr, O.H.G. O.S. niuwi, O.E. nwe, nowe, Lith. naujas neu; Toch. u, une ds., Hitt.
neua- ds.; with -ro-forms Gk. (F), Arm. nor neu (*nouero-), Lat. nover-ca
stiefmutter;
Maybe truncated Alb. (*nouero-) re (fem.), ri (masc.) new.
Gk. = Lat. novure erneuen (therefrom novulis ein farmland, the zum ersten Male or
after one-year-old Ruhe gepflugt wird; forms as in aequulis, also junges Alter habend);
= Lat. novitus Neuheit; Feminina with - besides u-suffix (see Specht IE Decl.323 f.)
lie consecutive formations the basic: Lat. novcius neu, Neuling; Russ. novk Neuling;
Gk. young Kerl; Church Slavic novak Neuling; but youngling from F- young Atmender; neu see above S. 414.
Page 2202
Page 2203
n-tr..., n-tr...
English meaning: snake
Deutsche bersetzung: schlange, Natter
Material: Lat. natrix, -icis m. f. water snake, penis = O.Ir. nathir, gen. nathrach natrix,
serpens; Welsh neidr snake (*natr), pl., nadroedd, Corn. nader, mbr. azr, br. aer ds.,
O.Bret. natrol-ion Basilisken (pl. eines adj. sich auf die Schlange beziehend); Goth.
nadr gen. pl., O.Ice. nar m., nara f. Natter; with O.E. nddre, O.S. nudra, O.H.G.
nutara, nutra f. Natter (*n-tru).
References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;
See also: probably as die sich Windende, zur root (s)n-.
Page(s): 767
Page 2204
Page 2205
Page 2206
Page 2207
Material: O.N. nkkva naked make; lengthened grade Lith. nuogas, Ltv. dial. nugs,
O.C.S. nag naked;
with Dentalformantien: Lat. ndus naked from *noged(h)os or *nogod(h)os = Goth.
naqas (-d-), O.N. nkkuir (also noktr), next to which O.S. nakuer, O.E. nacod, O.H.G.
nackut, nachut, Ger. nackt; O.Ir. nocht, Welsh etc. noeth naked (*nog-to-s);
with formants -no-: O.Ind. nagn- naked, Av. mana- ds. (m- through dissimilation, die
Vorstufe from WestOsset. bn); Arm. merk naked; hieher also Gk. , by Hes.
(for *) and . ; O.Ice. nakinn, O.Fris. naken
naked (k instead of N.. ku point at auf rearrangement from *nak(u)-na- after den participle
auf -inn); Hitt. neku-manza naked.
References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht IE Decl. 251.
Page(s): 769
Page 2208
Page 2209
Page 2210
nmn
See also: s. enomn.
Page(s): 770
Page 2211
Page 2212
nauh still, O.Fris. noch, O.S. O.H.G. noh Adverb still, also now, yet from *nu-ke; about
die Konjunktion ( neither - ) noch see above S. 757 under ne1.
IE n is probably zero grade to neuo- neu, compare O.Ind. ntane- jetzig and neu,
Gk. eben, neulich, O.H.G. niwes (adv. gen.), Lith. naujai fresh, neulich.
Maybe Alb. ta-ni now [ta- (at ) this, that + *ni now] : O.Pruss. in tei-nu : Skt. nu now,
just, but [adv]; Go.nu now [adv]
References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.
Page(s): 770
Page 2213
ndhos, ndheri
English meaning: under
Deutsche bersetzung: under
Material: O.Ind. adhh under (as preposition m. acc. under gen.), Av. ad under, Arm.
nd (m. instr.) under, O.Ice. and ds., Toch. a under, after under (?);
Av. aairi under, below, Goth. undar etc., O.H.G. untar and untari under, neologism
after IE *uperi (O.Ind. upari etc. about);
O.Ind. dhara-, Av. aara- the untere, Lat. nferus ds. (*enferos, IE *ndheros), nfernus
ds.(after supernus), infru below (*inferud) with Anlautsbehandlung of -dh-; Gk. placed perhaps in verachte (compare O.Ind. adharna- verachtet); Goth. undaro
preposition under (abl. auf -d) = O.Ind. adv. dharut under;
O.Ind. adham- the unterste = Lat. nfimus ds.
References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht IE Decl. 2591.
Page(s): 771
Page 2214
nsi-s
English meaning: sword
Deutsche bersetzung: schwert
Note: only Aryan and italisch
Material: O.Ind. as- m. sword, Schlachtmesser; Av. ah- f. ds.; Lat. nsis sword.
References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.
Page(s): 771
Page 2215
Page 2216
Material: Arm. avelum I sweep (ar-avelum I vermehre: aveli more), Gk. sweep
and vermehre, besom and benefit, advantage, besom Hes.,
sweep; benefit, nutze.
References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Wrter 120 ff.
Page(s): 772
Page 2217
Page 2218
od-1 (*had-)
English meaning: to smell, *have repulsive smell
Deutsche bersetzung: riechen
Material: Arm. hot Duft, smell, odor (sek. o-stem), hotim rieche, hototim wittere;
Gk. rieche, dufte (*-, with Lat. olre under an extension basis *odicompatible), , Hom. etc. , Dor. :, Att. Duft, smell, odor (*-), , - evil-, wohlriechend, - rieche, wittere with *- (: Lat. odor) as
erstem part; Alb. am unpleasant smell, odor (*odmu = ); Lat. odor smell, odor,
odefaci, ol(e)faci rieche, wittere, ole, -re smell, stink (sabin l = d perhaps tight, firm
geworden through support in oleum); Swe. os smell, odor, erstickendes Gas, Nor. Dan. os
(*d-s-o-) haze, mist, erstickender vapor, O.Ice. spun-sa neu, neu hergestellt (of ship
etc.), actually: after chip, splinter smelling ;
Lith. uodiu, uosti smell (*di ), Ltv. uu, ust smell, Lith. uostyti herumriechen,
snuffle, sniff = Ltv. ustt (and ukstt ds.; with the same parasitischen k Lith. uoksauti
unaufhrlich
lauern
under
likewise);
O.Cz.
jadati
forschen,
untersuchen
(*ausschnuffeln).
References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.
See also: see also od-2 repulsion; about Gaul. odocos s. S. 289.
Page(s): 772-773
Page 2219
od-2 (*had-)
English meaning: disgust, hate
Deutsche bersetzung: Widerwille, Ha
Note:
Root od-2 (*had-): disgust, hate derived from Root od-1 (*had-): to smell, *have repulsive
smell
Material: Arm. ateam I hasse, ateli detested, hostile ;
Gk. - (as *-- das participle perf. enthaltend) in Hes. (- metr.
lengthening for -), , , , be angry with,
grumble, rumble ; Lat. d empfinde Widerwillen, hasse, odium naturlicher repulsion,
hate; O.E. atol, O.Ice. atall dirus, atrox; Hitt. atuki terrible, dreadful;
as repulsion infolge Geruches perhaps to od-1 smell.
References: WP. I 174 f., WH. II 202 f.
Page(s): 773
Page 2220
oid- (*gheid-)
English meaning: to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water
Deutsche bersetzung: schwellen
Note:
Considering Phryg. water : nasalized Illyr. Bindus water god, Root band- (*gheid-):
drop : Root oid- (*gheid-): to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water derived from a
zero grade of Root au(e)-9, aued-, auer- (*akuent-): to flow, to wet; water, etc.
Material: O.Ind. ndra- strong, also GN Indra-, urind. (mitanni) Indar = Av. GN Indra-;
O.Ind. indriym n. power, fortune; perhaps also ndu- m. drip (originally sehwellung,
ball);
Arm. ait (i-stem) cheek, aitnum I swell (*oid-nu-mi), aitumn swelling, lump, growth;
Gk. , swell, n. swelling, lump, growth, unripe Feige, o
swelling, tumescence, Schwall of Meeres, - schwellfu;
O.H.G. eiz, Ger. dial. Eis Eiterbeule, ulcer, and as Bezeichnung from deren giftigem
Inhalt O.H.G. eitar, O.E. ut(t)or, O.Ice. eitr pus (O.Ice. also figurative fury, bitter sense,
mind, E.Fris. eitel angry, irate, frenzied ); O.Ice. eitill m. Einschlu in a stone , Nor. eitel
gland, knag am tree, knot, bud (= M.H.G. eizel small pustulating ulcer); O.Ice. eista
testicle (*oid-s-to(n)-, from the zero grade of es-stem: Gk. ); perhaps also O.E. ute,
Eng. oat Hafer; Ltv. idra das faule Mark eines Baumes; with Slav. *e-, *ja- from oiprobably O.Bulg. -edro, jadro (etc.) sinus; velum, sail, Pol. kaschub. also net (basic
meaning swelling);
O.C.S. jad poison (*oidos), Slov. jditi anger, Serb. ijditi enrage ; Lith. aidinti
stir, tease, irritate and O.C.S. isto, pl. istesa testicle, kidney from schwundstufigem *id-s-
to-, next to which*oid-s-to- (: O.Ice. eista) perhaps in aRuss. jestese n. Du. testicles, if with
Page 2221
jadro nucleus, testiculus, Russ. jadrovtyj kernig, strong, jdrica Gersten-, Hafergrutze,
Pol. jadro Kern; pl. testicles, jedrny kernig, strong, lively ;
in addition Balt FlN Indus, Indura, Indra, Indraj and Indrica, also die Innerste, NFl the
Leine (Hildesheim), old Indrista (probably Ven.-Illyr.).
Maybe Alb. gjendra (*testicle), lump, tumor, swelling, gland : Church Slavic jadro nucleus,
testiculus.
References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, Guntert Weltknig 13 f., Machek
KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.
Page(s): 774
Page 2222
Page 2223
oiu
See also: see above S. 297 (ei-).
Page(s): 774
Page 2224
Root ok- : to think over, *understand, see derived from a reduced Root ok- : to see; eye.
Material: Gk. dubiousness, hesitating , hesitate , dilatorily ;
Goth. aha sense, mind, understanding , ahjan believe, mean, ahma m. ghost; ahaks
dove (as spirit bird); O.H.G. ahta observance, paying attention (Ger. achtgeben), O.E.
eaht f. calculation, consultation, estimate , O.H.G. O.S. ahtn, O.E. eahtian consider,
observe, appraise , Ger. achten, beachten, O.Ice. tla (*ahtiln) mean, think, intend,
mean, aim.
References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 211 to ok-.
Page(s): 774
Page 2225
okt(u)
English meaning: eight
Deutsche bersetzung: acht
Note:
Root okt(u) : eight derived from the extended Root ok- : to think over, *understand, see,
count + -ta formant modelled after Illyr. attribute nouns, adjectives. Hence PIE numbers
derived from previously ordinal numbers.
Material: O.Ind. astu, astuu (besides ast- f. achtzig), Av. ata to Av. ati- Breite from vier
Fingern (to sg. *ata-), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; Arm. ut (probably from *opt with
from the Sieben ubernommenem p); Gk. ; Alb. tet (*okt-t-);
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight : Alb.
teta eight; Lycian utta nine : Alb. nanda nine. Therefore Alb. shtata seven derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata seven later O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E.
seofoa, Lith. septitas; also O.Ind. saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70; in Alb. -ta, -t are attribute
formants that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute -ta formant
(used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb.-Anatolian languages alone.
Therefore Alb. teta eight is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuugintu 80].
Therefore Gk. Greek: n. the eighth letter of he Greek alphabet (Ar.), gen.
Demokr. 20, Lat. pl. tetates from ; further uninflected. Origin (see intro): LW Sem.
Etymology: from Semitic, cf. Hebr. tth; cf. Schwyzer 140. is of Anatolian origin.
compare Maced. Otto-lobus 8 huglig; Lat. oct;O.Ir. ocht n- (Nasalwirkung after secht nand ni n-); Welsh wyth, nCorn. eath, Bret. eiz (*ocht, older - from -); Goth. ahtau, O.Ice.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2226
utta, O.H.G. O.S. ahto, O.E. eahta; Lith. atuo-n; O.C.S. osm (after dem ordinals sm
reshaped); Toch. okt, A okt.
ordinals: Lat. octuvus (compare also Osc. Uhtavis Oktavius) probably from *octuos;
aPhryg. F F in 8. years (*oktuoi uetesi); Gk. Ion. Att. (F) ( after
), obstructed in (Hom. to reshaped after ), compare
Lat. octuugintu 80, das earlier example from septuuginta and in very later time after latter
again neu aufgekommen; after dem ordinals to septm (and dekm) gerichtet have sich
O.Ind. astam-, Av. atma-, Gaul. oxtumetos, O.Ir.ochtmad, Welsh wythfed, Lith. mas,
O.Pruss. asman (acc.), O.C.S. osm (oktmo-); compare Toch. A oktnt, oktante the
achte.
An other congruities are to name ved. astudasa- 18, Av. atadase- the 18., Gk.
(), Lat. octdecim, O.H.G. ahtozehan 18; Gk. , Lat. octingent 800.
References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.
Page(s): 775
Page 2227
ok- , (*hegh- )
English meaning: to see; eye
Deutsche bersetzung: sehen
Note: besides ok-, see there
Note:
Root ok- : to see; eye derived from Root deik- : to show : Root dek-1 : to take, *offer a
sacrifice, observe a custom [common Illyr.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutation]. The drop of
initial d- in Proto-Aryan languages caused the birth of old laryngeal -.
One of the oldest cognates is Gk. to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think,
suppose, imagine, expect , then Marathi dola (*dokula) eye.
Material: Aryan out of the compounds only forms of stem *ok- (whereupon partly the iand n-stem is layered):
O.Ind. ksi n. eye (this i-stem ved. only nom. acc. sg. and in compounds, aksi-pt a
little, a bit, after ved. also in bh-case and in loc. pl.), gen. sg. aks-n-h etc., nom. Du. aks =
Av. ai (both) eyes
common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -x-, -- phonetic mutation
(compare *ok ds. in Lith. ak, O.Bulg. oi and as base from Arm. a-k and Gk. ),
formation of conservative stem *aks-; this stem aks- also in ved. an-k blind; Av. ai for
*ax after ui ears, compare Av. aiwy-uxayeinti they supervise , aiwyuxtarsupervisor, custodian, keeper; redupl. O.Ind. ksat sees (IE *k- from *i-ok-); aksa- m.
dice, cube, i.e. provide with eyes ;ksana- m. n. instant, eye blink (seems grown from a
loc. *[a]ksn); is not overgrown the -stem in the darkened compounds O.Ind. prtka-
turned, opposite , n. face (with the eyes and mouth) (: -), nka- n. the
turned, front , Av. ainka- m. face (with the eyes and mouth) (*proti, *eni + ok-; compare
Page 2228
Page 2229
gh- > ks- : Gk. -gh- > -kh- > -phs- phonetic mutation
- rebuking, reproving appellation , common O.Ind. -gh- > ks- : Gk. -gh- > -k- > -pphonetic mutation
(changed ), Aor. and rebuke, reproach, reprove, punish,
avenge, scold (IE *k- from redupl. *i-ok, compare O.Ind. ksat); common O.Ind. -gh- >
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)], hence Alb. geg
suni eye : Old Irish (*sli-) sil eye : Root suuel-, suuol-, suul-, suel-, sl- : sun.
Finally zero grade Alb. geg suni eye : Old Irish (*sli-) sil eye : Lat. oculus eye : Lith.
akulas attentive .
Hitt. akuua- n. pl. eyes, akuuui- see it seems that Root ok- : to see; eye derived from
Root sek-2 : to see, show; to speak.
Lat. oculus eye (kelo-s); atr-x grisly (to uter, above S. 69), fer-x wild (to Lat.
Page 2230
einepp halbe Seite are unclear; common O.Ind. -gh- > ks- : Celtic -g > -b : -k > -p
phonetic mutation
in Gmc. finden wir besides dem stem *aw- (*k-, O.H.G. ac-siuni f. species, auc-siuno
evidenter) : *awi- (*oki -) in O.H.G. awi-zoraht augenscheinlich, O.E. awis (*aw-wis)
apparent, manifest, obvious, awan show, offenbaren, O.Fris. uwia, auwia ds. (*awjan),
M.H.G. z-ounen, M.Du. t-nen show (with abbreviated prefix); besides Gmc. *aun- (*ok-
n-); through Ausgleich and influence of *aus ear entstand ein stem *auan-: krimGoth.
pl. oeghene (oe = ), then Goth. aug, O.Ice. auga, O.H.G. ouga, O.E. age n. eye; stem
*augja- in Goth. and-augi n. face (with the eyes and mouth), O.E. and-ages, amd. andouge angesichts, O.Ice. -eygr, O.H.G. -ougi, O.E. -aged -ugig;
maybe Alb.Gheg (aug-) agu dawn, sunshine, dark, agull blindness
Lith. aks eye, ak (= O.Bulg. oi) die beiden Augen, Ltv. acs eye, O.Pruss. ackis
nom. pl. Augen, O.Bulg. oko (Russ. ko), gen. oese, Du. oi eye; Lith. akulas attentive
, Pol. obaczyc (lengthened grade) see, bemerken, behold , from which durcb
Suffixverkennung (ob : o): baczyc look out, aufpassen, wahrnehmen, see; of n-stem
Serb.-Church Slavic okno window; compare Eng. (O.Ice.Lw.) wind-ow ds., eig.
Windauge;
affiliation from Lith. ukas Wuhne, hole in Eise, Ltv. aka gegrabener stream, brook,
Russ. river name Ok (different above S. 23), Lith. ekete (akete, akyte) in das ice
gehauenes hole zumWasserschpfen, Wuhne, Ltv. akate with Wasser gefullte pit, pothole
in morass probably: Wasserauge, compare Meeraugen as Bezeichnung the Tatraseen;
Toch. A ak, Du. asm, ek, Du. esane n. eye; A ak-mal face (eye + nose); compare
W.Schulze Kl. Schr. 248.
Maybe Sumerian ig[~]2i: noun, eye(s); face; front.
Page 2231
verb,
to
see
Page 2232
Page 2233
om(e)so-s
English meaning: shoulder
Deutsche bersetzung: schulter
Material: O.Ind. msa- m. shoulder; Arm. us, gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade Gk.
ds. from *msos, compare - by Theokr.; Lat. umerus from *omesos ds., Umbr.
uze, onse in umero; Goth. ams ds. (Gmc. *amsa-), O.Ice. ss ridge ; Toch. A es
shoulder (*omso-), B untse (*omeso-).
References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Toch. 250; W. Schulze KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815.
Page(s): 778
Page 2234
matra- tight, firm, mavun- boisterous, strong =Av. amavant- strong, mighty, vast,
grand, O.Ind. ma- m. rush, Ungestum = Av. ama- power, mnnliche Potenz,
Angriffskraft, adj. strong, O.Ind. umayati schdigt; is schadhaft, sick , umaya- m.
disease, malady; Av. amyavu affliction, tribulation;
Gk. , schwre (, ; Fut. neologism), (:
O.Ind.sam-amant), Hom. plagend, leidvoll (probably metr. lengthening from
F, to *-F); , Ion. distress (dissimil. from *F, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 259,
309);
O.Ice. ama plague, belstigen, amask Ansto nehmen, Unwillen feel, sich wherewith
abplagen,
unaufhrliche, esp. erfolglose Beschftigung with a thing, Nor. amla sich abmuhen, work,
esp. without Erfolg, O.Ice. PN Omlungr; Amali the name of ostgotischen Knigshauses, die
Amalunge, Amulinge the deutschen undO.E. Heldensage, O.H.G. Amal-olf under likewise;
O.H.G. emiz bestndig, fortwhrend, emizzg, emazzg bestndig, beharrlich, Ger.
emsig.
Toch. A. amiske Unzufriedenheit, B omskem evil, bad.
References: WP. I 178 f.
Page 2235
Page 2236
om- (*amel)
English meaning: raw, bitter, *sweet
Deutsche bersetzung: roh, bitter
Note: reduced grade om-
Root om- (*amel): raw, bitter, *sweet : Root sem-1 : to pour : Root sem-3 : summer,
O.Ind. aml-, ambl- sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella : Gaul. samon[ios] summer months,
*ampra-), zero grade umra- m. Mangobaum, uma- raw, unreif (= Gk. ), umud-
eating raw flesh ; skyth. VN from Iran. *umud-aka- Rohfleischesser;
Note:
Phonetically the closest cognate to O.Ind. aml-, ambl- sour is Alb.Gheg amla, Tosc
mb()la sweet common Alb. shift m > mb. Clearly the cognate of O.Ind. aml- sour
derived from Alb.Gheg ama mother, taml sour milk (of the mother), brost milk .
Arm. zero grade hum raw, cruel, savage;
Maced. - zusammenziehend, Hes.;
Gk. raw, cruel, savage, rohes Fleisch fressend etc. (= O.Ind. umudwith already IE contraction from mo- and ed- eat);
Alb. taml (sour) milk, ambl, mbl sweet, tmbl Galle (article t-);
Lat. amurus bitter; O.Ir. om raw, Welsh of ds., in addition O.Ir. um(a)e copper, Erz =
Welsh efydd copper, bronze (*omiio-);
Gmc. *ampra- (from *ambra- < *am-ro-) in Dutch amper sharp, bitter, unreif, O.Ice. apr
(*ampraR) sharp, Subst. O.E. ampre, O.H.G. ampfaro (Sauer)ampfer; doubtful O.E. m
Page 2237
Page 2238
Page 2239
Page 2240
Root egnis : ognis : fire derived from Root ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): coal < Root ok- :
to see; eye
Material: O.Ind. ngura- m. coal, Pers. angit ds.; gael. Ir. aingeal light, fire;
Balt-sl. *angli-: O.Pruss. anglis, Lith. angls, Ltv. uogle coal (Ltv. uogle is neologism);
O.C.S. ogl m. ds., but Russ. ugol, Ser.-Cr. ugalj, Pol. wegiel ds. etc. (io-stem).
Maybe Alb. thngjill (*coal) ash
References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Dict. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3,
134.
Page(s): 779
Page 2241
ong- (*ongh-)
English meaning: to anoint, dark ointment
Deutsche bersetzung: salben
Material: O.Ind. aj-, ankti (3. pl. ajnti) salbt, bestreicht, schmuckt, participle perf. akt-,
pass. ajyte; ajanam das Salben, ointment , jas- n. ointment , aj- salbend; m. n.
ointment, jewellery, ujyam n. Opferschmalz (u + ajya- < *ngio-);
Arm. aucanem anoint, smear, rub (compare Meillet Esquisse de lArm.2 37);
Lat. ungu, unctus; Umbr. umtu unguito; O.Pruss. anctan, ancte butter.
ng-en-: Ir. imb (gen. imbe) butter, O.Corn. amen-en, Bret. amann, aman-enn, Welsh
ymen-yn(from umgelautetem *emen-yn); compare above O.Ind. ujyam.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ngh-en) ngjyenj to wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue.
References: WP. I 181, Kuiper Nasalprs. 122.
Page(s): 779
Page 2242
Material: O.Ind. nghri- f. foot (presumably with r from l, *ogh-li-); with ar. kh O.Ind.
nakh m., n., nakhra- m. n., nail, claw, talon , Pers. nuxun ds. (ar. kh- an innovation);
perhaps Arm. eungn ds. (*e-nungn):
Gk. , - nail, claw, talon (from *-?);
Lat. ungu-is the nail an Fingern and Zehen, ungula claw, nail, hoof, later also nail
(*ongh-(e)lu);
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*honus) thoi, thua, pl. thonj nail : Gk. , - nail, claw,
talon , also Alb. (*hunghula) thundla, thundra hoof : Lat. ungula claw, nail, hoof
common Alb. h- > k- > th- phonetic mutation, preservation of the old laryngeal; also
common Alb. -n- > -nd- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Note: Alb. thoi, thua, pl. thonj nail : Alb. thngjill (*coal) ash; Root onogh- (: ongh-, nogh-
; Celt. ngh-), ongh-li- (*henegh-): fingernail, claw : Root ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): coal;
Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.
O.Ir. ingen f. dat. pl. ingnib, nom. pl. ingnea, O.Welsh eguin, Welsh ewin f., Corn. euuin,
Bret. ivin (m. geworden) nail (*nghu-nu); O.H.G. nagal, O.E. ngel nail, O.Ice. nagl ds.
(conservative stem geworden, pl. negl); negl perhaps originally sg. i-stem, compare O.Ind.
nghri-, and to pl. umgedeutet, whereof sich die additional conservative Decl. angliederte),
Goth. ga-nagljan annageln; Lith. ngas m. nail an Fingern and Zehen; claw, nail bei bird
of prey, Ltv. nags ds.; Lith. nag hoof, O.Pruss. nage foot, O.Bulg. noga, Russ. nog
Page 2243
Page 2244
on schande; perhaps with reduplication-stem also the ersten syllable M.Ir. anim (i-stem)
Makel, fault, error, O.Welsh anamou mendae, Welsh anaf, M.Bret. anaff Makel, fault,
error.
extension (o)no-d- in: Av. nadnt schmhende, lsternde, Gk. rebuke,
reproach etc., tadelnswert.
References: WP. I 180.
Page(s): 779
Page 2245
opi
See also: see under epi.
Page(s): 781
Page 2246
op-1
English meaning: to work, perform
Deutsche bersetzung: arbeiten, zustande bringen; Ertrag der Arbeit, Reichtum
Material: O.Ind. pas- n. work (= Lat. opus), Av. hv-apah- good work (verrichtend); upasn. work, religise action; pnas- n. yield, property, possession , Av. afnah-vant- rich an
Besitz;
Gk. f. nourishment, food, Brotfrucht, nourishing ;
Lat. opus, -eris work, Beschftigung, action, work, opus est es is ntig (*is
Muarbeit), whereof oper, -ure work, Osc. upsannam operandam, upsatuh sent (fact
sunt), perf. upsed fecit, uupsens fcrunt, (lengthened gradees perf. as in Lat. d),
Umbr. osatu facit, plign. upsaseter fieret; Lat. ops, opis fortune, richness, power;
help, Beistand, by Ennius also Bemuhung, Dienst, officium obligation < *opi-ficium
Arbeitsverrichtung, Ops goddess of Erntesegens, inops, cpia (*co-opia), opulentus rich
an Vermgen, mighty, probably also optimus the best (eig. the Wohlhabendste) ;
perhaps the name the Osc, Opsc, as die Verehrer the Ops and Lat. omnis all,
whole, jeder (*op-ni-s); perhaps O.Ir. somme rich, domme arm (su-, dus-op-smio-);
O.E. efnan, O.Ice. efna wirken, do; lengthened grade O.H.G. uobo Landbauer, uoben
ins work place, ausuben, worship , Ger. uben, O.H.G. uoba m. pl. Feier, M.H.G. uop
das Uben , Landbau, O.S. ian hold festivities, O.Ice. fa train, practice , fr vast,
grand, violent, O.Ice. efna commit , efni stoff, Zeug for etwas; about O.Ice. afl power
etc. see above S. 52; Hitt. appina- rich make.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*appina-) puna work, labor not from Lat. opus work.
Note: Lat. opus, -eris (*opines)work is a truncated cognate of older Hitt. appina-
become rich, Alb. punoj work, gain ealth. The shift i > u is common in Alb. m. ending Alb.
Page 2247
ahi, ahu beech, oak. In Lat. the same as in Alb. the definite form was primary hence Lat.
operis (definite) > opus (indefinite), also rhotacism in Lat. n/r is regular.
Not only Lat. opulentus -a -um, also opulens -entis, adj. rich, wealthy derived from Hitt.
cognate but Lat. also displayed common Alb. n > nt phonetic mutatIon. Also O.Ind. pas- n.
work, upas- n. work derived from Hitt. appina- become rich which has preserved
the old laryngeals. Hence we are dealing with historic developments and not word roots.
Clearly Hitt. is the oldest language of IE family. Phonetically Hitt. appina- become rich
is a real treasure as it shows that Proto-Indo European and initially Hittite not only used
laryngeals at the begging of the word but also at the end of it. The reason for that was the
common sandhi or agglutination of the end of the first word with the laryngeal of the
subsequent word in the sentence. In Hitt. appina- become rich was the first part of a
compound clearly marked by -- gemination of laryngeals.
In Lat. initial laryngeals disappeared while in Gk. and partly in Alb. they were preserved. In
Lat. and Gk. ending laryngeals became spirants: Proto-IE a > Gk. -os, Lat. -es, -us. Illyr.
and Alb. dropped the ending laryngeals to give f. -a > -a, m -u > -u, -i > -i endings.
Grammatically speaking Illyr. and later Alb. derived from Hittite. In Indic and Avestan the
ending laryngeals were preserved as in Av. hv-apah- good work while in O.Ind. initial
laryngeals were frequently dropped.
References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.
Page(s): 780
Page 2248
op-2
English meaning: to choose; to suggest
Deutsche bersetzung: auswhlen, den Vorzug geben, vermuten
Material: Gk. to -- whlen, auslesen; Lat. *opere is through *praed-opiont
(Festus p. 205 praedotiont) praeoptant covered; derived *opi(n) expectation, opinion,
wherefore Denominativum opnor, -uri assume, whnen, mean opnio opinion,
expectation ; Frequentativum to *opi, -ere is Lat. opt, -ure wish, wherefore opti f. freie
Wahl, m. Gehilfe;
Umbr. upetu optut, opeter gen. lct, Osc. ufteis optut;
O.C.S. za-(j)ap Vermutung, ne-vz-apn unvermutet (compare Lat. in-, nec-opnus
unvermutet, welche Ruckbildungen from inopnatus are);
Toch. A opyuc, Verstand (Iran. Lw.?).
References: WP. I 176 f., WH. II 212 f.
Page(s): 781
Page 2249
niedrige
Arbeit
to
verrichten
hat,
Knecht,
Sklave
(Slav.,
Arm.),
whereof
Knechtesarbeit
Material: O.Ind. rbha- small, weak; kid, child; Arm. orb, -oy Waise; arbaneak servant,
Gehilfe?;
Gk. - Hes., Hes., verwaist
(compare Arm. arbaneak), Lat. orbus a thing stolen; looted, verwaist;
maybe Alb.Gheg verbonj I blind from Lat. orbus -a -um through Fr. mur orbe blind wall a
contamination from Gmc. verblenden blind.
also Alb.Gheg (*) vorfn poor; initial Alb. prosthetic v- proves the presence of old
laryngeals in archaic alb hence it si not a loanword.
O.Ir. orb(b)e, orpe m. n. the, das Erbe (*orbhio-), comarbe Witherbe, Gaul. Orbius MN
(in addition das verb O.Ir. no-m-erpimm committo me, ro-eirpset sie ubergaben etc.,
maybe from*air-orb-);
Goth. arbi n. das Erbe, O.H.G. arbi, erbi n. ds., O.E. ierfe, yrfe n. ds. (O.Ice. arfr m. das
Erbe is to arfi, arfa the Erbe, die Erbin neologism), O.Ice. erfi (Run. arija) n.
Leichenmahl; Goth. arbja, O.Ice. arfi (f. arfa), O.H.G. arpeo, erbo the Erbe, O.E. ierfe n.
das Erbe; die Gmc. words derive because of consecutive barely from dem Keltischen;
from ein intr. verb *ar-i bin verwaistes, zur harten Arbeit verdingtes kid, child? one
leads back Goth. arbais f. hardship, work, O.Ice. erfii n. ds., O.S. arad f., ardi n.,
Page 2250
arms woeful, wretched, miserable , O.Ice. armr woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ,
O.H.G. O.S. ar(a)m, O.E. earm arm, poor; basic meaning wre perhaps armes
Waisenkind;
O.Bulg. rab Knecht, rabota servitus, Cz. rob slave, robe small kid, child, Russ.
rebjta Kinder, rebnok kid, child; die Russ. forms go auf rob-, Proto-Slav.. *orb- back
(Vasmer brieflich);
maybe Alb. rob slave of war, captive
perhaps Hitt. arpa- Ungunst, Mierfolg.
Alb. jetim orphan (non IE) from turk. YETIM orphan
References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.
Page(s): 781-782
Page 2251
Page 2252
Page 2253
From Root ergh- : to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful derived Root orghi-, rghi- : testicle
(hence a taboo word)
Material: Av. rzi- m. Hodensack, Du. rzi testicles;
Arm. orji-k pl. testicles, orji not kastriert (*orghi-ios), mi-orji ;
Gk. m. testicle; Alb. herdhe f. testicle (*orghi-u); M.Ir. uirgge f. testicle
(*orghiu), Ir. uirghe with secondary gh; Lith. arus lascivious , erilas stallion, Ltv. rzelis
ds.
Note:
Common Alb. -gh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal
Alb. herdhe f. testicle.
References: WP. I 182 f., Trautmann 71.
Page(s): 782
Page 2254
Alb. hardhi vine, *grape, round fruit and herdhe testicle prove that from Root orghi-, rghi: (testicle) derived Root ort- : (vine, *grape).
Note:
Common Alb. -gh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal
in Alb. herdhe f. testicle, hardhi vine, *grape, round fruit. consequently Arm. cognates
derived from Alb.
References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.
Page(s): 782
Page 2255
asgwrn (see under), wherefore probably Lat. asser lath, shaft, stake, pole; perhaps here
O.Ir. odb m. knot, hunch, outgrowth , Welsh oddf ds. from *ozbho-, older *ost-bho-, welter
to Gk. hip, haunch (different S. 773);
Hitt. astui- bone, Widerstandskraft.
Note:
Hitt. astui- bone : Alb.Gheg ashti bone prove the common origin of those two cognates.
A ko-derivative *ost-ko- lies the basic in: Av. asca- shinbone, calf, Arm. oskr bone;
Welsh asgwrn bone, pl. esgyrn, Corn. ascorn, Bret. askourn ds. (Celt. forms -rno-).
Page 2256
Page 2257
oug-, ou-?
English meaning: cold
Deutsche bersetzung: kalt
Material: Arm. oic cold (*oug-);
Gaul. Monat Ogron...; M.Ir. ar cold = Welsh oer ds. (*ougro-); O.Ir. cht, acht m.
coldness (*ougtu-);
Ltv. auksts cold; Lith. uti cold become (*aug-ske-ti?); causative Ltv. aust, Lith.
uyti abkuhlen; after Pedersen KGk. I 103 wre Lith. uti from *au-s-ti to define and to
O.Ind. -man- coldness, Av. aota- cold, ao-dar- coldness, also to a root au- (ou-) cold
to stellen.
References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, Muhlenbach-Endzelin 1, 222 f.
Page(s): 783
Page 2258
oui-s
English meaning: sheep
Deutsche bersetzung: schaf
Grammatical information: m. f. gen. sg. uios; f. ouiku ds.
Material: O.Ind. vi- m. f. sheep, avika- m. ds., aviku female sheep (= O.Bulg. vca),
vya- of sheep, compare Gk. ; Arm. hov-iw (*oui-pu-) schfer; Gk. , (argiv. acc.
pl. F) sheep, of sheep, , schaffell, lengthened grade schaffell, hem
(as O.Ind. uvika- n.); Lat. ovis, Umbr. oui, uvef acc. pl. oves (au-bubulcus pastor bovum,
also avillus lamb, see belowaghnos); O.Ir. i sheep; Welsh ewig, O.Corn. euhic cerva
(*ouku); O.Ice. r, O.E. owu, owe, O.S. ewi, O.H.G. ouwi, ou sheep (*aw, gen. *awjz),
Goth. awistr sheepfold , O.E. oWestre ds., O.H.G. awist, ewist (with to stu- stand
gehrigem 2. part -sto-, -st[]tro-), Goth. awi, O.E. owde, O.H.G. ewit schafherde; Lith.
avs, Ltv. avs f. sheep; Lith. vinas, Ltv. avins, uns, O.Pruss. awins aries, ram = O.Bulg.
ov-n ds.; O.Bulg. ov-ca sheep.
Maybe Alb. zero grade in Alb.Gheg (*ov-ca) voc, voca pl. young boy, child.
References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f.
Page(s): 784
Page 2259
Page 2260
ozdo-s
English meaning: branch
Deutsche bersetzung: Ast
Note:
Root ozdo-s : branch derived from Root ozgho- : bud, sprout, branch common Illyr. - Gk.
Dor. gh- > z- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Arm. ost twig, branch, bough, Gk. ds., Goth. asts, O.H.G. ast bough; with
Vriddhi *zdos in O.E. st, M.L.G. st knot in wood, knag (= die Stelle, where ein Ast of
stem ausgegangen is); probably (?) -ozdo-s (am stem) ansitzend, s. prefix -, - and sedsit.
References: WP. I 186, W. Schulze KZ 63, 28.
Page(s): 785-786
Page 2261
Page 2262
Page 2263
jagoda , fruit, Russ. jgoda berry, Church Slavic vin-jaga, Slov. vin-jga wild
Weinrebe;
reduced grade: Goth. akran n. fruit, partly from Bumen, partly of corn, grain , O.Ice.
akarn, O.E. cern, M.H.G. ackeran, eckern wild Baumfrucht, esp. acorn, Buchecker, Ger.
Ecker, wherefore keltorom. *agrani, Ir. uirne (*agrni u) schlehe, Welsh aeron
Baumfruchte, eirin-en plum (umlaut), M.Bret. irin, Bret. hirin schlehe; perhaps here
Arm. aem grow (*gi); here also O.Ir. uru kidney (sek. from *urann < *agrnu), Welsh
Page 2264
ku-s
English meaning: quick
Deutsche bersetzung: schnell
Grammatical information: compar. ki s, superl. kistoMaterial: O.Ind. usu- quick, fast, compar. usyun, superl. usistha-, Av. usu- quick, fast,
compar. usyu, superl. usit; Gk. , , poet. , Lat. cior schneller,
superl. cissimus (Positiv lacks), O.Welsh di-auc, Welsh di-og, Corn. di-oc, Bret. di-ec
idle, actually unschnell;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*assu-pedis) shpejt (*swift footed) quick, fast : Lat. acu-pedius
swift-footed : zero grade Alb.
perhaps in ablaut to ak-, ok- sharp (above S. 18 f.); then Lat. acu-pedius swift-footed
and accipiter hawk, falcon (above S. 19) could also belong here;
[see Root pd-2, pd- : foot, *genitalia]
maybe zero grade in rom. (*accipiter) oim hawk [-p- > -m- phonetic mutation] : Alb.
(*accipiter) skiptar eagle man, shqipe eagle, skifter hawk, flying fast, probably Illyr.
*uku-pedios, *uku-(pe)-lios > Achilles swift footed.
Note:
Illyrian Albanian frequently abbreviated long IE root words. Hence the abbreviation of ProtoGk. *uku-(pe)-lios > Achilles swift footed could have taken place only in IllyriO.N. The shift
-d- > -l- is characteristic of Italic IllyriO.N. That means Greeks translated the Illyrian myth
and the name of Achilles swift footed. Clearly Greeks translated wrongly the compound as
Root ku-s English meaning: quick + Root pd-2, pd- : foot. While the true meaning was
the compound of Root ak-, ok- (*hek-) English meaning: sharp; stone, edge, painful +
Page 2265
Page 2266
Page 2267
aureae (reae) Gebi am bridle, rein, therefrom aurga (riga) Wagenlenker (-igu to
ag); sculum kiss is Dimin. from s;
O.Ice. ss m. Flumundung (Gmc. *saz), moreover O.E. r n., ra m. edge, Anfang;
from O.E. r is M.Ir. or ora, margo, linea, O.Welsh r ds. borrowed.
The reduced grade IE *us- proves: Alb. an seite, hem, bank, border, shore, Borte
(*ausnu); possibly also Hitt. ai, gen. ia n. mouth (*aies, *aisos)? s. Pedersen Hitt. 47 f.
t- derivatives are O.Ind. stha- m. n. lip, Av. aota-, aotra- ds. (*us-), Lat. stium
entrance, Flumundung (= Slav. *ustje); O.C.S. usta pl. mouth; Slav. *ustje n. estuary
is must be assumed after Bulg. ustije, Russ. ustje etc.; compare O.C.S. ustna, Slov.
ustna lip; O.C.S. ustiti (naustiti) move, anregen, uberreden; probably O.C.S. uzda etc.
bridle, rein; Ltv. ap-aui (*-austi-) halter ; O.Pruss. austo mouth (nom. Plur.?; acc. sg.
uustin), Lith. uioti babble, chatter, rumor, gossip , Ltv. aut babble, chatter ;
changing through ablaut Lith. uost f., uostas m. embouchure, estuary, mouth of a river,
lagoon , Ltv. uosts m., usta f. harbor .
References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.
Page 2268
Page 2269
Root us2 : us- : us- : ear, derived from zero grade of Root ghous- : to sound; hear.
Only Indo Iranian: O.Ind. ghsati sounds, announces aloud, hears , Av. gao- hear,
O.Pers. gaua-, Av. gaoa- m. ear, Pers. g ear
Material: Av. ui nom. Du. both ears, understanding, mind, sense, instr. Du. ui-bya,
Pers. ho (Iran.*au-) ear;
Arm. unkn ear (*us-on-ko-m); kn after akn eye;
Maybe Gk. F auricular, ears : Luwian (*gh(o)umata) tumman- (an ear) Breton
This seems erroneous etymology. Alb. cognate proves that Illyr. used a prothetic v- before
bare initial vowels, while Gk. preserved the old laryngeal H-.
Also Alb. (*ves) vath earring, vath loop, sheepfold, pen, [the common Alb. -s > -th shift].
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2270
vuchi, vuxa, Lusatian L hucho, Lusatian U wucho, Ukrainian vucho, vuxo, Macedonian uvo,
usi ear
Phonetic mutation were sk- > h- from Celtic to Greek while Illyrian dialects introduced
prothetic v- before bare initial vowels.
Lat. auris f. ear (*ausi-s); from-cult horche see above S. 552;
O.Ir. uu, n. ear (*usos-); O.Ir. arae m. schlfe (*par-ausios), Plur. in PN Arai; Gaul.
PN Arausi Orange (Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausiu f. with nice, beautiful ears;
Goth. aus n. ear (Gmc. *ausan-); with gramm. variation (*auzan-): O.Ice. eyra, O.E.
eare, O.Fris. are, O.S. O.H.G. ra n. ear; therefrom O.H.G. ri, M.H.G. re Ohr;
Lith. auss f. (older also m.), gen. pl. ausu (konson. stem), Ltv. uss f.; O.Pruss. acc. pl.
Page 2271
(u)i-om
English meaning: egg
Deutsche bersetzung: Ei, d. h. das zum Vogel gehrige
Grammatical information: reduced form im
Material: Av. ap-uvaya- entmannt (?), whether from apa-uvaya- without testicle,
compare O.Pers. xuya egg;
Gk. Att. (*ui -om), Eol. (*uii -om), Dor. (*uei-om) egg;
Welsh wy, O.Corn. uy egg (*uui on from *ui om);
without u, das probably in langdiphthong. *ui om dwindled war:
Arm. ju, gen. jvoj egg (*iio-, through assimilation from *i o-); Lat. vum egg after
Szemernyi KZ. 70, 64 f. from Lat. *oom, IE *i om;
O.C.S. ajce, Slov. jjce, O.Cz. vajce, Cz. vejce (*i a- n.) egg;
difficult are krimGoth. ada (Goth. *addja); O.Ice. egg, O.H.G. ei, O.E. g egg (Gmc.
*ajjaz-; O.H.G. pl. eigir, O.E. gru prove -es-stem); perhaps after Specht from *im, not
abbreviated from Proto-Gmc. *uii am, IE *i om.
This is wrong etymology. The evolution of the egg cognate in IE followed a phonetic
pattern: Persian tokhm, Tadzik tuxm egg, the Balt-Illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation
created old laryngeals in IE: Greek Cretan hoon, Armenian havgit, Baluchi haikh, Afghan
hagej, Irish ubh (*ukh), Spanish huevo, Frisian eike, Danish aeg, Swedish agg (*(t)okhm)
egg; then Illyr.-Slav. -kh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation reflected in satem languages:
Gujarati indu, Lahnda enda, Panjabi anda, Hindi enda, Bengali anda, Marathi ende,
Albanian vez, Slovak vajce, Czech vejce, vayco, egg.
Page 2272
Page 2273
Page 2274
pando-s
English meaning: crooked
Deutsche bersetzung: gekrummt
Material: Lat. pandus writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved, geschweift (pand, -ure
bend, crook) = O.Ice. fattr (*fanta-) zuruckgebeugt, zuruckgebogen.
Page 2275
pogvica globulus.
References: WP. II 6, WH. II 248.
Page(s): 789
Page 2276
pap(p)a
English meaning: Daddy; meal
Deutsche bersetzung: Kinderlallwort for Vater; Speise
Material: Gk. voc., - gen. Papa, ,
grandfather (out of it Lat. pappus), Vterchen, Papa say; skyth.
; Lat. pupa, pappa Kinderlallwort for dish, food; father, papp -ure eat; Ger.
Page 2277
park
English meaning: concubine
Deutsche bersetzung: Buhlerin, Konkubine
Note: only Iran. and Irish
Material: Av. pairiku dmonische Buhlerin, mp. park, Pers. par Peri (Iran. *parka); M.Ir.
a(i)rech concubine .
References: Thurneysen IF. 42, 146 f., WP. II 7.
Page(s): 789
Page 2278
Page 2279
Page 2280
pourupaxta- much, a lot of, reich gefaltet s. Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 29, 106 f.);
Gk. , Att. m. peg, plug, nail (--), , Att. ;
(Dor. --) befestige through Hineinschlagen, Hineinstecken; lasse erstarren
(, , ), n. plant, Gestell, tight, firm, strong, n.
Raute, - schiffbaumeister, adj. f. reifig, icy, m. ice, hoarfrost
(also dat. pl. frost), Hom. crag cliff ; (*) hoarfrost, frost,
loop, noose, snare, Falle, make tight, firm, verschliee, verstopfe, - simple,
just; adv. enough!; here , Dor. ueulle;
Lat. pacsc (sek. -or) einen pact, covenant or comparison moor, abschlieen, aLat.
paci pacti, pacunt paciscuntur, pux, -cis f. peace; freundliche Gesinnung (Umbr.
pase tua puce tuu in the appellation an Gottheiten), pulus picket, pole (from *pak-slos,
compare Dimin. paxillus); pang (pepig; geneuert = renamed, has changed?? pgi after
Page 2281
fuogen, O.S. fgian fugen, O.E. gefgan passen, connect , M.H.G. vagen fugen; from
*pag-: O.S. fac Umfassung, Umzunung, M.L.G. vak m. ds. and dividing off, partitioning
off, O.H.G. fah moenia, Ger. Fach, einfach; from zeitlicher dividing off, partitioning off
O.E. fc stretch of time, M.L.G. vaken, vake, LateM.H.G. gevach often, M.H.G. drer
vacher dreimal;
Slav. *pua- m. in Sloven. pz Fuge, p Bretterwand.
References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209.
Page(s): 787-788
Page 2282
fane, fanu f. banner, ensign, flag, Schwertlilie; unclear. M.Ir. an-art leinernes kerchief,
cloth; durfte man das Gk. and Lat. u as expressive auffassen (compare above S. 211 to
Gaul. drappus), could relationship to (s)pen- spannen, spinnen angenommen become.
References: WP. II 5, WH. II 247 f.
Page(s): 788
Page 2283
Page 2284
pso-s
English meaning: a relation
Deutsche bersetzung: Verwandter?
Material: Gk. , Dor. Verschwgerter, Hes.; Lat. puri-cda
(*puso-kaidu) newer parri-cda murderer an nahen Verwandten; after Wackernagel
Gnomon 6, 458 from *parso-cda to ind. purusa- person from O.Ind. *pursa-.
References: WP. II 7, WH. II 253 f.
Page(s): 789
Page 2285
Paus, -onos, Gaul. (Ven.) PN Pusa m.; doubtful, whether to O.Ind. pusyati, pusnuti, psati
prospers, becomes overgrown, makes prosper, nourished , psa- m. prospering;
flourishing, growth ;
References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier IE Jb. 19, 90.
See also: see under p-1.
Page(s): 790
Page 2286
dhlom), punis bread (because of pastillus pellet, globule from meal, flour from *pa-stnis); Messap. bread is Lat. Lw.; O.Ir. ain-chess Brotkorb; perhaps as Ven.-Illyr.
element in Keltischen *pu-ro- willow in Welsh pawr willow , pl. porion, therefrom
Verbalnom. pori, M.Bret. peuriff, Bret. peuri Weiden; with -tro- suffix O.Ice. fr n., O.E.
for n., O.H.G. fuotar food; O.C.S. paso, pasti weiden (*pusk); Toch. A pus-, puskbeware, guard; Hitt. pa- (paa-) shield .
Maybe Alb.Gheg me pa, aor. pash to watch, protect.
With -t- further formations: Gk. eat and trinke; without Speise and
Trank; doubtful O.Ir. us(a)id wchst (es mehrt einen), M.Ir. us Wachsen (*put-to-);
Goth. fdjan ernhren, O.Ice. fa, O.E. fdan, O.S. fdian, O.H.G. fuoten ds., O.E. fda,
Eng. food nourishment, food, O.E. fstor ds., O.Ice. fstr upbringing, sustenance,
livelihood (*put-tro-); ablaut. O.H.G. kauatot pasta (O.H.G. Gl. 2, 333, 65), fatunga
nourishment, food, M.L.G. vedeme f. Eichelmast.
References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;
See also: compare also pen-1 feed.
Page(s): 787
Page 2287
Root (peg- :) pog- : pg-, pk-s- : shoulder, hip, side is a reduced root of Balt Lith. pa-
Page 2288
Page 2289
pictum malen; with the needle prick , pictor Maler; O.Bulg. peg varicolored; Toch. A
pik-, pek- schreiben, malen (pekant- Maler), pink-, pai(y)k- schreiben.
Maybe Alb. pik dot, stain, pis dirty, stained
B. O.Ind. pimsti haut from (esp. Fleisch), cuts, slices zurecht, gestaltet, schmukt,
psah- n., psa- m. shape, form, paint, color, psala- verziert; mellifluous; skilful
(compare ); pisga- reddish, reddish brown , pisa- m. Dammhirsch etc.;
perhaps silp- varicolored, whether from*pisl- (Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.);
Maybe Alb. pis dirty, stained
Av. pas- farbig make, adorn, pasa- m. pasah- n. jewellery, Zierat, O.Pers. ni-pitu
niedergeschrieben, Av. fra-pixta- verziert;
Gk. varicolored; sharp (of Pfeil), bitter, shrilly, screaming, feindselig
(formal = O.Bulg. pstr varicolored); Lat. pignus, -oris pledge (if festgestecktes?);
Goth. filu-faihs very mannigfaltig (compare O.Ind. puru-psa- mannigfaltig), O.H.G. O.S.
fh varicolored, O.E. fuh, fug varicolored, whereof O.Ice. fu (*faihn) frben, adorn, fu
rnar Runen ritzen (originally red frben), fuinn bunt dappled , O.E. fugian, O.H.G.
fhen adorn;
Lith. pieti malen, schreiben, paias, pieas Rufleck, piea smut, paiinas,
puiinas, puius ruig, dirty, filthy, ipaiau adumbr; O.Pruss. peisui sie schreiben;
Page 2290
Page 2291
Material: A. Lat. piget es verdriet mich, excited, aroused Widerwillen, piger, -gra, -grum
querulous, slow, faul; O.Ice. feikn n. ruin, O.E. fucen, O.S. fcan n. betrayal, malice,
deceit (O.E. fcne deceitful, mad, wicked, evil), O.H.G. feihhan n. guilefulness, deceit,
O.E. gefic deceit, ficol arglistig, unzuverlssig.
B. O.Ind. psuna- bsgesinnt, verrterisch, verlumderisch, pisuc- demon; here the
Gaul. (Ven.-Illyr.) VN Pictones, Pictuvi (: Lith. pktas) Poitou; WestGmc. *faihi in O.H.G.
fhida hate, fight, Ger. Fehde, O.E. fh(u) f. enmity, Fehde; O.H.G. fhan zlure and
hate, O.S. u-fhjan feindlich behandeln, of adj. O.H.G. gifh hostile , O.E. fuh, fug
gechtet, verfemt (Eng. foe fiend); in addition also O.H.G. feigi dem Tode verfallen,
Ger. feige timorous (dial. also dem Tode verfallen, fast reif, or faul), O.S. fgi of
Todes, O.E. fge dem Tode nahe, bang (Eng. fey), O.Ice. feigr dem Tode verfallen
(*poikis, compare Lith. paikas stupid);
Lith. paikas stupid, peikiu, peikti rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold; pktas mad, wicked,
evil, angry, irate, pykstu, pykti rage against, mad, wicked, evil sein; Ltv. peiksts
unzuverlssiger person; O.Pruss. paikemmai 1. pl. Konj., aupaickt cheat, deceive,
Page 2292
Page 2293
Material: O.Ir. im (*peimi-) rash, hasty, agile; O.Ice. fimr ds., or-fimi f. adroitness in
words; but Nor. fimra umhertappen, M.L.G. fimmelen, fimmeren ds., Eng. dial. fimble ds.;
Swe.famla,
fumla,
N.Ger.
fummeln,
Eng.
fumble
umhertappen
are
distinct
lautnachahmend.
References: WP. II 11, Sommer IF. 51, 247.
Page(s): 795
Page 2294
Page 2295
pla ds., plum Mrserkeule (and spear, lance), pistillum stampfer; Umbr. pistu pistum;
M.L.G. vsel mortar, M.H.G. fisel penis; Lith. Iterat. paisuti (barley) abklopfen, den
Gerstenkrnern die Grannen abschlagen, primr psti coire cum femina; O.C.S. pso and
pchajo, pchati bump, poke, *peno meal, flour, Russ. peno n. enthulste millet,
sorghum, Cz. Iterat. pechovati stomp.
References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 692.
Page(s): 796
Page 2296
Page 2297
pjusi), O.Ind. pna- fat, fat, obese, thick, pyuyat schwillt, strotzt, pinvati makes
schwellen, Av. fra-pinaoiti bringt zum Gedeihen; O.Ind. pyas- n. juice, sap, water, milk,
Av. payah- n. milk, Av. paman- n. Muttermilch (: O.E. fmne); Pers. pn sour milk,
fresh cheese (: Lith. penas milk), O.Ind. pru-, pru- anschwellend, tumescent making
(probably with IE l, so that to Nor. fl);
Nor. fl skimmings, dickgemachte milk; O.E. fmne virgin, young wife, woman, O.S.
fmea schwangere wife, woman, O.Ice. feima girl (: Av. paman- Muttermilch);
Lith. papjusi krve cow, die beim Melken die milk nicht zuruckhlt, pudau, -dyti zum
Milchen stir, tease, irritate, puti milk spenden, penas milk;
pmo-s fat in Gk. fat, Lat. opmus fat, wohlgenhrt; fertile; rich (probably
pnguis fat: hybridization from *pmos and *finguis, see above S. 128).
u-formations:
Att. , ep.-Ion. , Dor. grass, Rasenplatz, from *F = Lith. peva
meadow (*poiuu);
puo-s- and pu-er/-en- fat, fat: O.Ind. pvas- n., Av. pvah- n. fat, bacon; O.Ind. p van-,
f. p var tumescent, strotzend, fat, obese, fat, pvara- ds., newer formation of Fem. from,
with dem likewise not old Gk. , = Gk. , f. fat, fertile, rich,
(only nom. acc. sg. *p-ur) fat; O.Ir. riu, gen. renn (*p-uer-i) Erdboden, land, if lit.
;
Page 2298
tu-stem pei-tu-, p -tu- fat, juice, sap, Trank, nourishment, food: ei in Lith. piets
Withtagsmahl; compare O.Ind. ptv-a- m. he-goat; billy goat, Hammel (eig. fat, obese),
Av. piwa fat, obese;
p -tu- Trank, dish, food: O.Ind. pitu- m., Av. pitu- m. juice, sap, Trank, nourishment,
food, dish, food, Av. armpiwu, ra-piwu f. midday, Withtagszeit, eig. die zum Mahle
passende time; O.Ir. ith (*nourishment, food), corn, grain, O.Welsh it, Welsh yd (*pitu-)
etc. ds.; Lat. ptuta reiche dampness, catarrh; M.Ir. th tallow, suet (*ptu-); wherefore
as denominative O.C.S. piteti, jungerpitati feed, ernhren, aufziehen; here from the
meaning resin from: O.Ind. ptu-duru eine Fichtenart, eig. Harzbaum, and as
Kurzformen eines solchen Kompositums pamird. pit fir, spruce, Gk. ds.; full grade
M.Ir. ath n. (fette) meadow, land (*pei-tu-); die meaning resin also in the k-derivative *pi-
k-: Gk. Att. f. tar, n. schreibtfelchen, Pflaster, Lat. pix, picis f. tar
(out of it O.H.G. peh etc.), perhaps M.L.G. v(g), vhe swamp, marsh, break; (Lith. pkis
tar is Gmc. Lw.), O.C.S. pcl, R.C.S. pkl tar; but Lat. pnus, -s and - fir, spruce,
pine, pine tree because of Alb. pish fir, spruce, pinewood torch (*pit-s-iu) probably from
*pit-s-nu-s;
extension poi-d-, p -d-: Gk. quellenreich, wellspring, lasse
durchsickern, quelle hervor, nom. pl. n. damp Orte, Wiesen (*p-d-s-es-); O.Ice. fita
f. fat, Gmc. *faitian msten (O.H.G. feizen, O.E. ftan, O.Ice. feita), *faita- fat(O.H.G.
feiz, O.Ice. feitr), participle Gmc. *faitida-: O.H.G. feizzit, M.H.G. veiz(e)t, Ger. feist, O.E.
fted, Eng. fat, M.L.G. vet fat; O.Ice. fit meadow, E.Fris. puddle, slop; Ltv. psa, pse
morass, Buschwald; about M.Ir. esc water (see above S. 45 about M.Ir. esc-ung Aal),
wherefore M.Ir. esca f. swamp, marsh, see under peisk- fish; or esc from *pid-sku?
References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217.
Page(s): 793-794
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2299
Page 2300
gi-fehn ds. = O.E. ge-fon, O.H.G. gi-fehan sich erfreuen; Kaus. Goth. fulla-fahjan
sufficiency leisten, satisfy, serve , O.H.G. fagn beistehen; Goth. fahs pleasure, joy,
O.Ice. feginn, O.E. fgen blithe, glad, Goth. O.H.G. faginn, O.E. fgenian sich freuen,
O.Ice. fagna ds., Goth. ga-fhaba fitting, ehrbar, O.Ice.fgiligr pleasant; Goth. fagrs
geeignet, O.Ice. fagr, O.E. f
ger beautiful etc.; Goth. ga-fahrian prepare, concoct; in
materieller meaning M.H.G. vgen clean, scour, rub, clean, fegen, O.Ice. fuga adorn,
clean, fgja gleaming make, putzen and Lith. puoiu (*pkei ), puoti adorn, Ltv. puost
clean, subern, adorn, refl. sich putzen; perhaps hieher M.Ir. uil pleasant as *pkli- (yet
s. also under puk- moor ).
References: WP. II 16, Wissmann nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.
Page(s): 796-797
Page 2301
pek-2
English meaning: to fleece; cattle
Deutsche bersetzung: Wolle or Haare rupfen, zausen
Material: O.Ind. psu-, pasu- n., gen. pasvh; pasu- m. Vieh; Av. pasu- m. Vieh (mostly
still small cattle), in compound fs-, -fs-, wherewith O.Ind. ku-mun- nahrungsreich,
puru-ku ds. (twice also basic ksu) as Diss.-forms for psu- identical; = Lat. pec, -s n. a
head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd, next to which pecus, -oris n. (formal =
Gk. ), pecus, -udis f. ds.; derivatives pecnia property, riches, wealth, peclium
property; Umbr. pequo pl. n. pecua ; = Goth. fahu possession, fortune, O.Ice. f, O.E.
feoh, O.S. fehu, O.H.G. fihu Vieh; = Lith. pekus, O.Pruss. pecku Vieh (WestIE Gutt.);
Goth. bi-, ga-fahon ubervorteilen are after W. Wissmann (The ltesten Postverbalia 79 ff.)
Denominativa from fahu, and bi-fah deceit is noun post-verbal;
Arm. asr, gen. asu schafwolle, Flie, asve fleecy (*poku + r, with from in
offenerAnlautsilbe); Gk. (= Lith. peu), (= Lat. pect, O.H.G. fehtan),
comb, schere, n. Flie, wool, m.; Flie, , comb (from zero
grade *-; Lat. pecten);
Alb. pil tool zum Flachskmmen, -hecheln (*peklu); Lat. pect, -ere, pex comb,
pecten, -inis comb, Umbr. petenata pectinatam ; O.H.G. O.S. fehtan, O.E. feohtan
fechten; O.H.G. O.S. fahs, O.E. feax ( head)-haar, O.Ice. fax Mhne (*-pok-s-o-,
compare den es-stem ), O.Ice. fr, O.S. fur sheep (*fahaz = ), O.S. ft
(*fahti-) wool, Flie, O.E. feht Flie, Dutch vacht f. wool, Schur, O.E. fihl a piece of
cloth, garment of cloth ; Lith. peu, pti pluck, an den Haaren zausen, Iter. payti,
Page 2302
Page 2303
pek- (*kekh)
English meaning: to cook
Deutsche bersetzung: kochen
Grammatical information: participle pek-to- cooked, boiled
Material: O.Ind. pcati, Av. paaiti kocht, bckt, brt (= Lat. coqu, Welsh pobi, Alb. pjek,
O.Bulg. peko, compare also Lith. kepu); Fut. pksyati: Gk. ); common O.Ind. -gh- > -
ks- : Gk. -gh- > -kh- : -kh- > -ps- phonetic mutation
Supin. paktum = Lat. coctum, O.C.S. pet; participle pakt- (= Gk. , Lat. coctus,
Welsh poeth), O.Ind. pcyat reift, pakv- cooked, boiled, reif, pakt- f. das Kochen,
gekochtes Gericht (= Gk. , Lat. cocti-, O.Bulg. t, O.Pruss. pectis), paktr- the
Kochende (= Lat. coctor, fem. Gk. ) puka- m. das Kochen, Backen, Reifen, Av.
*kopos in - (besides -) Brotbcker; Alb. pjek I bake; Lat. coqu, ere cook (Ital. Celt. Assim. from *pek to *kek), coquus Koch (: -), coquna
Kuche, as Osc.-Umbr. Lw. popna; Welsh pobi (o from e), Corn. pobas, Bret. pibi
backen, Bret. pobet gebacken, Welsh poeth (*kek-tos) hot, Bret. poaz cooked,
boiled, M.Welsh poburies Bckerin, Corn. peber, Bret. pober Bcker;
common celt.-Illyr. k- > p- phonetic mutation
O.Ir. cuchtar Kuche from Lat. coctra ds.; O.E. u-figen roasted; Lith. (reconverted) kepu,
kpti, Ltv. cepu, cept backen, fry, ceplis oven; without rearrangement O.Pruss. pectis
Ofenschaufel = O.C.S. pet oven, hle; Lith. pktas roasted, O.C.S. *peko, *peti
Page 2304
Page 2305
luthar n. plan, place, Lage (*plu-tro-), to Welsh llawdr britches , O.Corn. loder caliga,
Bret. loer bas, chaussure (originally Unterlage); Ltv. plti breitschlagen, Ltv. plut thin
aufstreichen; Russ. plyj open, free, unbedeckt, ausgetreten (of water), O.C.S. polje
field (ausgebreitete surface, plain, area, hence das Land Polen); O.S.-Mod.Swe. fala f.
Ebene, Heide; Hitt. pali- breit;
as dh-present probably here Gk. (*, phonetically dem present from
Gutturalstmmen angeglichen), Aor. , from weicher mass build,
gestalten, -, - streiche auf, n. Gebilde, m. molder,
n. > Lat. emplastrum > Ger. Pflaster; in addition m., f.
Kuchenbrett, - clay formend, a worker in clay, potter ; nominales dh in
flat Fruchtkuchen;
with formants -no-: Lat. plunus platt, eben, flat (IE *plu-no-s) = Gaul. Medio-lunum eig.
mitten in the Ebene?, Lith. plnas thin, Ltv. plns flat, eben, thin, plns threshing
floor, O.Pruss. plonis (O.Lith. plunas) threshing floor:
Slav. *pol-no- in O.Sor. pon Ebene, Clr. poonuna Hochebene, Cz. plauu
unfruchtbar, field-, wood, forest-, pln Ebene, Prrie, Sloven. pln, f. plna free from
Baumwuchs, plnja offene, freie surface, plain, area, Ser.-Cr. planna Bergwald etc.;
Page 2306
folma hand, O.E. folm flat hand; other ablaut in O.Ind. puni - m. hand (mind. from
*parni-), Av. prnu hohle hand;
with r-formants: O.Ice. flrr m. Diele of Viehstalles; cattle shed, O.E. flr Diele,
M.L.G.vlr Diele, meadow, M.H.G. vluor bottom, meadow, sown field , Ger. Flur; O.Ir.
Page 2307
*palla ds.
References: WP. II 66 f., Specht IE Decl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f.
Page(s): 807
Page 2308
ungifolgan inflexus; ablaut. Gaul. olca Brachland, O.E. fealg, bO.Ir. falg ds., Russ.
polos dividing off, partitioning off eines Feldes, Streif.
addendum to S. 807:
Gaul. olca Pflugland (Fr. ouche good Ackerland) = O.E. fealg Brachfeld (Gmc.
*falg), Eng. fallow, E.Fris. falge, bO.Ir. falg ds., M.H.G. falgen, felgen umackern, Ger.
Felge gepflugtes Brachland; ablaut. Gmc. *felg Radfelge in O.E. fielg, Eng. felly,
O.H.G. felga Felge, harrow; besides Gmc. *falgiz in mnl. felghe, O.E. felg(e), Eng. felloe
ds.; Gmc. felgan wenden in O.H.G. un-gifolgan ungewendet;
Russ. polos etc. stripe, Ackerfurche;
perhaps here pelg-, polg- in Slav. *lz, *pelzti, R.C.S. plezet crawls etc. and Slav.
Page 2309
fel(a)wa, Ger. Felber Weidenbaum (as sumpfbaum), and Lat. palus, -dis f. stehendes
water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop (*pel-ou-d-), probably to O.Ind. palval- n. pond, pool
and palvalya- sumpfig; in addition still pelk- : pluk- in Gk. Hes.,
(*) bespritze, Lith. plke Moorbruch, O.Pruss. pelky ds., Ltv. pelce puddle,
slop: plucis morass; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 112 alle originallyFarbenbezeichnungen,
also to pel-8.
Page 2310
prut (: ), Imp. prdhi , perf. papruu (: Lat. plv), participle pruta- (= Lat. -pltus, Alb.
plot; compare also pruti - : Lat. com-plti-), prta- full, pruna- full (= Lat. plnus, Av.
fruna- Fullung, O.Ir.ln-aim fulle), prna- full (= Goth. fulls, litt. plnas, O.Bulg. pln,
O.Ir. lun; from *pel- whereas Av. prna- gefullt); parnah n. fullness, wealth (: Av.
parnah-vant- rich), par-man- fullness, wealth, Spende (*pel-); Av. par- fullen;
Arm. li, gen. liog full (from *pl-io-s = Gk. ? or from *pl-to-s = O.Ind. pruta-?),
lnum fulle (*linum, neologism), Aor. eli-c I fullte; lir (i-stem) fullness, wealth; presumably
holom, holonem hufe auf, sammle an;
Gk. fulle (originally , the nasal from ), Fut. , Aor.
fullte sich, bin voll, fulle mich, n., Ion. bulk, mass, bin
or werde voll, swell an (: Lat. plbs), flood, Anfullung, Sttigung,
light fullend, sttigend, Fullung Hes. (: Lat. plminure anfullen); Hom.
, Att. , Ion. full (*-[]-; = Arm. li?), full, make
voll (from *- = Lat. plrus, compare Arm. lir fullness, wealth, i-stem); -, f. flood, to S. 742;
Alb. plot full (*pl-t-os); also pjel beget, gebre? intrans. full = pregnant sein?? with
formants -go- here plok, plogu heap (*pl-go-? compare O.H.G. folc heap, Kriegshaufe,
people, O.E. folc troop, multitude, crowd, Heer, people, O.Ice. folk troop, multitude,
crowd, people as *pl-go- or *el-go-);
Lat. ple, -re mostly com-ple, im-ple fulle, participle pass. (com)pltus; plnus full,
Umbr. plener plenis; plrus, -a, -um zum grten parts, plrusque, plrque eine big,
giant number, very much, a lot of, am meisten; plbs, -ei and -, plbs, -is Volksmenge;
die mass of Volkes in contrast to den Adeligen (*pldhus), manipulus eine handful;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2311
*plmen = Gk. ;
O.Ir. ln(a)im I fulle (from an adj. *ln = *plno-s), ln numerus, pars; O.Ir. lun, O.Welsh
laun, Welsh llawn, Corn. luen, leun, len, Bret. leun full (= O.Ind. prna- etc.), O.Ir.
comalnur I fulle (Denom. from comlun full); u(i)le whole, pl. alle (*polio-);
Goth. fulls, O.Ice. fullr, O.E. O.S. full, O.H.G. fol (-ll-) full (= O.Ind. prna- etc., see
above); = Lith. plnas, O.Bulg. pln, Ser.-Cr. pun full; about O.E. folc etc. see above;
M.H.G. vljen spulen to - above S. 799.
plu bulk, mass, einzelsprachlich also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter much, a lot of;
besides IE pelu- adj. much, a lot of; compar. pl-ios, -is-, superl. pl-is-t- more, mostly:
O.Ind. puru-, Av. pouru-, ap. paru much, a lot of (= Gk. , if these from *,
Lith. pilus), compar. O.Ind. pruyas- adv. meistens, usually , Av. fruyah-, superl. fratathe meiste; here Iran. *pelu-, *polu- in Plejadennamen Pers. parv, Av. paoiryain
(*paruiiain-), ablaut. Gk. , Hom. (*pleuii-), originally sternhaufen;
Gk. much, a lot of (assimil. from * = O.Ind. puru-), ubrige case of stem
-, -, wohlausgegangen of f . * F O.Ind. prvi ; compar. superl. originally
*[] > (*plisn) : (*plisto-), das through influence of * more
(*plis = O.Ir. la) and of compar. to wurde; from a IE *pleu-es- berflu, big,
giant bulk, mass wurde secondary the Gk. compar. n. , wherefore the achische
nom. pl. neologism wurde; also wurde aLat. plous, Lat. pls to compar., and with pls(older compar. *pl-ies- in aLat. pleores, and *plis- in superl.plsima) to *ploiscontaminated, from which Lat. plrimus mostly (old ploirume, plouruma, plusima);
compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 537 f., E.-M.2 783;
O.Ir. il much, a lot of (= Goth. filu), la plus, plures (*pl-is); O.Welsh liaus, Welsh
Page 2312
filu, filo, O.E. fela, feala, feola much, a lot of, very, O.Ice. fiol- much, a lot of, n. bulk,
mass; compounds Sup. O.Ice. fleiri, fleistr more, most (*pl-is-, -isto-, Av. frata-);
Lith. pilus in Uberflu.
E. pel-ed- in Gk. n. dampness, decay , humid, wet, , -
damp sein; O.H.G. fledirn, Ger. flattern, O.H.G. fledar-ms Fledermaus; Ltv. peldt
swim, peldtis bathe, peldint bathe, schwemmen: pildint (*pld-) ds.; pledint with
den Flugeln hit, pledins butterfly; compare E. Fraenkel Mel. Boisacq 1, 357 ff.
F. words for butterfly: reduplicated Lat. pupili, -nis m. (*pu-pil-); Gmc.*ffalrn- in
O.Ice. ffrildi n., O.E. ffealde, O.H.G. ffaltra, M.H.G. ffalter, Ger. Falter; Lith. petelke ds.,
Ltv. petelgs flatterhaft (*pel-tel-);
from the same root die balto-Slav. words (*paipalu-) for Wachtel: Lith. pepala f., Ltv.
papala, O.Pruss. penpalo (in addition O.Pruss. pepelis, pl. pippalins bird); Cz. prepel,
krepel, Slov. prepelca (also butterfly) etc.
G. words for swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen etc.: Gk. (*pl-i), Aor.
swing, brandish, shake, Med. spring, zapple, geschwungen,
Zucken, Vibrieren, m. lot, fate, lose; redupl. Hes.
shake; O.Ice. fla frighten, O.E. eal-flo furchterlich, M.H.G. vulant devil; perhaps to
O.C.S. plach zitternd, ngstlich (*polso-?), plaiti frighten etc.;
die extension pelem- in Gk. swing, brandish, erschuttere, pass. erbebe,
, battle, war, fight (PN -, ), Goth. us-filma
erschrocken, O.Ice. felms-fullr ds., felmta bange sein (*falmatjan), O.H.G. bO.Ir. felm
fright;
Page 2313
palpor, -uri (also palp) streichle, palpit zucke, palpebrae eyelids , Alb. palun
fluttering, zitternd and Ahorn as well as WestGmc. *fljan (O.H.G. fuolen, M.H.G. fuelen,
O.E. flan etc.) feel belong, also M.L.G. vlader Ahorn, vladarn flutter.
References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;
See also: die words under G. could also to pel-2 belong; here also pleu- flow.
Page(s): 798-801
Page 2314
Page 2315
puls, -tis thick Brei from Speltmehl (*poltos); M.Ir. littiu (gen. litten), Ir. lite, Welsh llith (i
instead of y after llith bait) Mehlsuppe, pulmentum (*plt-; with expressive Gemination);
with u-formants: Lat. pulvis, -eris dust, powder (*polui-; inflection after cinis); Gaul.
(rom.)*ulvos ds.;
maybe truncated Alb.Gheg (*pulvereum) pluhun dust, powder [M/N allophones] from Lat.
pulvereus -a -um, full of dust, dusty
here (IE *pelus, pelu-s) O.Ind. m. pl. paluvus chaff, Bal.-Slav. *pel- and *pluu- f.
chaff in Lith. pels f. pl., Ltv. pelus, pelavas f. pl. ds., O.Pruss. pelwo f. and Ltv. pelvas f.
pl. ds.; O.C.S. plevy f. pl. , Clr. pova ds. etc.;
with n-formants: Lat. pollen, -inis very feines meal, flour, Staubmehl (ll from n.
Ausgleichung an inflection *polen, *polnes); pollenta f. Gerstengraupen; here also
O.Pruss. pelanne f. ash, Lith. pelenai m. pl., Ltv. pelni ds., wherefore O.Pruss. pelanno f.
stove, hearth, Lith. pelene stove, hearth; O.Pruss. plieynis staubasche, Lith. plenys f. pl.
Flockasche, Ltv. plene weie Asche auf Kohlen; s. S. 805;
without n-forms, but with Redupl. Russ. ppel, O.C.S. etc. popel ash, am ehesten as
zerstoenes, zermalmtes to pel-2a pellens, pulture.
References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225;
Page 2316
Page 2317
pel-3a
English meaning: to fold
Deutsche bersetzung: falten
Material: . plo- as 2. composition part in adj. as Gk. - simple, just, -,
twofold (compare Arm. ha Mal), Lat. simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex ein-, two-,
dreifach, Umbr. dupla double, twice as large, twice as much , tuplak acc. sg. n.
duplicem, tripler triplis; M.Ir. dabul double (*duei-plo-); Goth. twei-fls doubt, O.H.G.
zvfal dubious, m. doubt, probably also Av. bifra- n. comparison, Ahnlichkeit, in Gk.
besides die Umbildungen of type (to ) and Ion. ; further with older tAbleitg. (see under) , Dor. etc. double, double so gro (*pltio-;
twofold from *).
. Alb. pal (*pol-nu) crease, row, Joch, pair; Gk. m. Frauengewand; O.Ice.
faltan fold, weak. V O.Ice. falda fold, O.E. fealdian, O.H.G. faltn ds., O.Ice. faldr m.
crease, Zipfel, Kopfputz the Frau, feldr m. (*faldi-) mantle, M.H.G. valte crease,
convolution, angle ; Goth. ain-fals, O.H.G. einfald, -t, O.Ice. einfaldr, O.E. unfeald simple,
just under likewise
References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;
See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.
Page(s): 802-803
Page 2318
Page 2319
filmen Hutchen; here with k-Erweit. Gmc. *felh- save, store in Goth. filhan etc. conceal,
bury, O.Ice. fela conceal, hand over , O.E. folan anhngen, eintreten with gramm.
variation Goth. fulgins hide, conceal, O.Ice. folgenn ds.; Gmc. bi-felhan entrust, save,
store in O.E. be-folan, O.H.G.bi-fel(a)han, M.H.G. bevelhan, Ger. befehlen.
With n-formant: Gk. acc. pl. Hute, - pellurius, Lat. pellis fell, fur,
O.H.G. fel, -lles, O.E. fell, O.Ice. fjall n. skin, Goth. rts-fill leprosy ; (Lat. pellnus from
fell, fur = O.H.G. filln, O.E. fellen ledern); with other Wurzelstufen O.C.S. pelena, Russ.
pelen diaper, kerchief, cloth, Hulle (compare without n-forms Russ. plka ds.) and
Russ. plen (for plen), Sloven. plena, Cz. plna, plna ds., Lith. plene, plens Hutchen,
O.Pruss. pleynis Hirnhaut;
Lat. palla langes Obergewand the Frauen, curtain, pallium bedspread, esp. ein further
berwurf the Griechen, maybe from *par(u)lu (?), Lw. from Gk. mantle?
With t-formants: O.Ind. pata- m. stuck Zeug, linen, garment , patla n. Hulle, cover,
Schleier, Membrane, Gk. light shield; O.C.S. platno canvas, fabric.
With u-formant: Gk. -[F] die Netzhaut um die Gedrme; Lith. pleve f. feine
dunne skin, Sloven. pleva eyelid; perhaps O.Ice. fol, folva f. dunne Schneeschicht
(*falw?), as Nor. folga ds. to Goth. filhan etc. conceal.
References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226;
Page 2320
Page 2321
pel-4
English meaning: a kind of vessel, dish
Deutsche bersetzung: in Gefbezeichnungen
Material: O.Ind. pulavi a kind of Geschirr; pur Melkeimer, pula- m. Almosentopf, ein
bestimmtes measure of capacity , puliku Kochtopf probably also pala- n. ein bestimmtes
measure of capacity palya- n. ein sack, bag for corn, grain ; Lat. pluis Becken, platter ,
(*ploui-s); Gk. , - helmet (from *F-) and Melkeimer (from (F)
or *peliu, compare O.Ind. pur Melkeimer); from is for figurative auf , platter, Becken, compare , , Dimin. (ending nach, -)
goblet, die likewise *pelu-i- sein can (or *peli-);
O.Ice. O.E. O.S. full goblet (*pl-no-m).
References: WP. II 56 f., WH. II 278;
See also: perhaps to pel-4 and pel-5 as originally container from skin.
Page(s): 804
Page 2322
pel-5
English meaning: to sell; to make money
Deutsche bersetzung: verkaufen, verdienen
Material: Gk. sell , Dor. :, Att. (Gramm.) f. sale; O.H.G. fuli
verkuflich, feil (*plio-), O.Ice. falr ds. (*polo-); O.H.G. feili, M.L.G. veile, O.Fris. fl feil
are not related;
Lith. pelnas earnings, pay, pelnau, -uti verdienen, peldeti spare, Ltv. pelns, pelna
earnings, Gewinst, pelnt verdienen, gain, verschulden, O.C.S. plen, Russ. poln
booty.
References: WP. II 51, Trautmann 213.
Page(s): 804
Page 2323
pel-6
English meaning: grey; pale
Deutsche bersetzung: in Ausdrucken for unscharfe Farben as grau, fahl, also scheckig
Material: O.Ind. palit-, fem. plikn (from *-tn) altersgrau, greis (: ), parusfleckig = Av. pourua-, paourua- gray, old; pers. pr gray (*parya-);
Arm. alik die (weien) waves, billows; white Bart, weies hair (*pliio-);
Gk. gray (for * = O.Ind. palit-h after dem Fem. * = O.Ind.
palumbs, O.Pruss. poalis dove), swan (the schwarzweie); from *F()+ ; Maced. Hes.; probably here also , Dor. (*)
loam, clay, slime, mud, ordure, morass;
Lat. palle, -re pale, wan sein, pallor paleness, pallidus pale, wan (at first from
*paluos, older *poluos = Gmc. falwa-, Lith. pavas, O.C.S. plav); pullus schwarzgrau (ul
from l infolge of anlaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbs or -is wood-, Ringeltaube (*pelon-bho-?
rather parallel formation to columbus, -a, see above S. 547);
Note:
Alb. (*palumb) pllumb dove shares the same root with Lat. palumbes -is, m. and f. a
wood pigeon, ring dove. It is not a Lat. loanword otherwise the ending -es, -is would have
been solidified in Alb. like Lat. radius > Alb. rreze ray; actually Lat. could have borrowed
this cognate from Illyr. since the shift m > mb is a typical Alb. not Lat. phonetic mutatIon.
Page 2324
*falha- (: Lith. plas) in alemO.N.-rheinfrnk. falch falb, esp. from hellbraunem Vieh;
*fela- or *felwa- in Westfl. fel falb, fele fahles roe deer, fahles horse; with dem Gmc. kforms as in other bird name here presumably O.H.G. (etc.) falco falcon (late Lat. falco
from dem Gmc.);
Lith. palvas blagelb (= Gmc. *falwa, Lat. palli-dus) = O.Bulg. plav white, Serb. pluv
blond, blue; Lith. pele mouse , Ltv. pele ds., O.Pruss. peles pl. mouse (= Armmuskel),
O.Pruss. pele consecration; as derivative from pele mouse also Lith. pelekas, Ltv.
pelks mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray; Lith. peleda, Ltv. pelda owl (Musefresserin);
from a *pele mildew derives Lith.pele- ju, -ti mildew , pelesiai pl. mildew and in ablaut
plek-stu, -ti mildew, modern; in ablaut Lith. plkas gray, plke Moorbruch, also plas,
Ltv. plss sallow, paled (*polkos) as well as O.Pruss. poalis dove (*plis); Slav. *plesn
in R.C.S. plesn, O.Cz. plsen mildew and Church Slavic peles pullus, Russ. pelsyj
mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored; das forms IE -so- or -ko-.
References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212;
See also: see above S. 799 C (pel-1).
Page(s): 804-805
Page 2325
Material: O.Ice. flr (*fl-wa-) lukewarm, warm; Dutch flouw faint, languid, lukewarm,
Ger. flau (*pl-uo-); O.C.S. poljo, poleti burn intr., causative paliti burn tr., vs-planet se
, plamy, plamen m. flame (*polmen-); whether here Lith. plenys above
S. 802?
in addition probably Welsh go-leu light, Bret. gou-lou ds. (*plo-uo-); different LewisPedersen 29 (to GN Lugus), compare above S. 690.
References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157.
Page(s): 805
Page 2326
Page 2327
penke
English meaning: five
Deutsche bersetzung: funf
Material: A. O.Ind. pca, Av. pana; Arm. hing; Gk. , Eol. ; an den
5 Fingern zhlen (: Bret. pempt die Garben [to 5] fold, plait, fold up, merge ); Alb. pes,
Gheg pes (*pekti u); Lat.qunque ( after qun(c)tus), Osc.-Umbr. *pompe (compare Osc.
pumperias, Umbr. pumperias quincuriae); O.Ir. cic, O.Welsh pimp, M.Welsh nc. pump,
Corn. pymp, Bret. pemp, Gaul. ; Goth. fimf, O.Ice. fimm, O.H.G.
fimf, finf, O.S. O.E. ff (schwb. fuchze 15 after sechze; das u these forms as well as O.H.G.
funf, funfzich and of Ord. O.H.G. funfto point at not auf IE n); Lith. penk (inflectional);
O.C.S. pet 5 (t from kt after dem ordinals; originally collective = O.Ind. pakti - Funfzahl,
O.Ice. fimt f. number from funf; also Umbr. puntes if quiniones); Toch. p, B pis;
here.-Hitt. panta.
B. 15: O.Ind. paca-dasat, Av. pancadasa, Arm. hnge-tasn, Gk. (), Goth.
patahva- Funftel); Gk. , Lat. quntus, Osc. *pontos (compare above Puntiis,
, pl. Ponties Quinctius = Lat. Quinctius, also Osc. pomptis quinquies; -m- after
dem Kardinale, as also das n from Quinctius and quinctus); O.H.G. fimfto, finfto, O.S. ffto,
O.Ice. fim(m)ti, Goth. (in compound) fimfta-; Lith. pektas, O.Bulg. pet, Toch. A pant,
Page 2328
hinger-ord the funfte; compare perhaps O.Ir. cicer number from funf and Goth. figgrs,
O.Ice. fingr, O.E. finger, O.H.G. O.S. fingar finger (*finraz, IE *penkros).
References: WP. II 25 f., WH. II 407 f., Trautmann 213 f.
Page(s): 808
Page 2329
pen-1
English meaning: to feed
Deutsche bersetzung: futtern; Nahrung; Aufbewahrungsort der Nahrung
Material: Lat. penus, -oris n. and penus, -s m. Mundvorrat, also das Innere of Hauses
(where die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); penes (solidified loc.) preposition with acc.
by; penitus (from) inside, deep, grundlich (*pene-to-); in addition (after intus : intr)
penetr, -ure penetrate;Penuts die Gtter in Inneren of Hauses; perhaps Goth. fenea
(*finja) Gerstenspeise; Lith. penu, peneti feed, msten, Ltv. pent verwhnen, Lith.
penas food.
References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.-M.2 753 f., Trautmann 214;
See also: perhaps to pu- feed.
Page(s): 807
Page 2330
venne n., O.S. feni n. ds., M.L.G. venne f. moorige willow , O.E. fenn m. n. swamp,
marsh, moor, fen, wherefore changing through ablaut O.E. fyne dampness , fynig
schimmelig, mnl. vunsc, M.Du. vuns muffig; O.Pruss. pannean Moorbruch (= Gmc.
*fanja-), Lith. paniabude Fliegenpilz, Ltv. pane f. Jauche; also Illyr. Pannonia.
With ko-formants: O.Ind. paka- m. n. slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh; M.Ir. icne
salmon (*penk-ni o-); tiefstufige -t(i)o-derivative *fut(j)a- in O.H.G. fht, fhti, O.E. fht
humid, wet.
References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.
Page(s): 807-808
Page 2331
Material: O.Ind. pnthuh (= Av. pantu), acc. sg. pnthum (= pantam), and pnthunam (= Av.
pantunm), instr. sg. pathu (= paa); i-stem in instr. pl. pathbhih (Av. padb), O.Pers.
acc. sg. im; Av. pantu also room, place, as in ablaut. O.Ind. puthas- n. place,
homeland;
Arm. hun, gen. hni ford, way (*pont);
Gk. m. Meerespfad, sea, zero grade m. Pfad, Tritt, trete;
deceive (*- bringe vom Wege ab), deception, deceit;
Lith. pons, -tis Prugelweg through Sumpfe, bridge; pontifex Oberpriester, originally
Bruckenmacher;
Gmc. *paa- in O.E. p Pfad, way (Eng. path), O.H.G. Ger. pfad derives probably
from an Iran. Mundart, compare Av. pa-;
Goth. finan find, learn, O.Ice. finna ds., O.E. findan, O.S. fthan and findan, O.H.G.
findan, fintan st. V. find, learn, erfinden; O.S. futhi n. the going (*fanio-); O.H.G.
fend(e)o Fuganger, M.H.G. vende Fuganger, young Bursche, O.E. fa m. troop,
multitude, crowd, Fuvolk (*fanjan-); O.H.G. fandn = O.E. fandian untersuchen;
M.H.G. vanden besuchen, Ger. fahnden; O.S. fundon sich aufmachen after, strive, go,
hurry = O.E. fundian ds., O.H.G. funden ds., O.Ice. fss geneigt, willing, O.S. O.E. fs
quick, fast, keen, eager, willing, O.H.G. funs willing, ready, willing (*fund-sa-), Nor. fsa
quick, fast run;
maybe Alb. fus, fut insert, thrust in, plant, put in.
Page 2332
Page 2333
pordha), pordhe breaking wind, fart (*prdu); O.H.G. ferzan, O.E. feortan, O.Ice.freta
furzen, O.H.G. firz, furz, O.Ice. fretr breaking wind, fart; Lith. prdu, prsti, Ltv. pirdu,
pirstds., Lith. pirdis (= Ger. breaking wind, fart); Sloven. prdeti, Russ. perdet furzen;
Welsh rhech breaking wind, fart (*rikku from *prd-ku); for schallmalenden origin of the root
sprche Swe. dial. prutta furzen (esp. from horses).
Page 2334
perg-1
English meaning: pole; trunk
Deutsche bersetzung: stange, stem
Note: (originally felled trunk?)
Root perg-1 : pole; trunk derived from Illyr. : Balt : Slav. prefix pre- + gu road of Root gu, gem- : to go, come : Lith. gita way , road , prga opportunity, term (*end of the
road) (Prfix *pr + gu); Gk. m. step, threshold, footstep .
Material: O.Ice. forkr m. shaft, pole, stick; (O.E. feorcol, O.S. fercal bar, bolt, Verschlu
from Lat. veruculum);
Lith. prgas fishing canoe (*dugout canoe);
O.C.S. prag threshold, porg ds., Pol. prg threshold, house, dwelling, progi pl.
Dielen, Bnke;
maybe Alb. prag threshold, doorstep.
perhaps here Lat. pergula protrusion, Vorbau an a Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube as
Dimin. eines *pergu Geblk.
Maybe Alb. pjergull pergola.
References: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Withte (per-3, per-g-).
Page(s): 819-820
Page 2335
perg-2
English meaning: fear, to fear
Deutsche bersetzung: Furcht, sich furchten?
Material: Goth. faurhrtei, O.E. fyrhtu f. fear; Goth. faurhts, O.H.G. O.S. for(a)ht, O.E. forht
timorous; O.H.G. O.S. forhta fear; Goth. faurhtjan, O.H.G. furhten, for(a)hten fear,
dread; perhaps to Toch. prsk-, A prask-, prusk- fear, dread, A praski, prosko,
Page 2336
Material: O.Ind. prnkti (prcati, piparkti) fullt, gives rich; mengt, mischt, participle prktagemischt, erfullt, voll from, Aor. apruk; upala-praksin- die Handmuhle drehend, common
O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- phonetic mutation sam-prc in Beruhrung stehend; pracura- much, a lot
of, rich; M.Ir. ercaim fulle.
Page 2337
riches f. glowing coal, Bret. regez Kohlenglut (*prki-stu, compare das Ltv. forms); unclear
Welsh rhys-yn, pl. rhys-od glowing ash, with other forms O.Corn. regihten, Kollekt. regyth
ds.; whether as spruhend to *sp(h)er- strew, distribute, spruhen? compare Ltv. spirgsti
glowing coals under the ash under sp(h)er(e)g- twitch, spruhen.
References: WP. II 47, Muhlenbach-Endzelin III 223.
Page(s): 820
Page 2338
perk-1
English meaning: rib; brost
Deutsche bersetzung: Rippe; Rippengegend, Brust
Material: O.Ind. prsu- f. Rippe, gebogenes knife, pursva-, -m Rippengegend, Seite, Av.
parsu- f. Rippe, prsu- m. Rippe, Seite, Osset. fars seite, line, region; O.C.S. prsi
Bruste, f. pl. probably from Rippengegend; compare Lith. em. prys f. pl. Brust of
Pferdes.
References: WP. II 44 f., Trautmann 220.
Page(s): 820
Page 2339
Page 2340
Page 2341
perk-3, prk
English meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow
Deutsche bersetzung: aufreien, aufwuhlen, aufkratzen; Furche, and die besides
aufgewuhlte Erde
Material: O.Ind. prsuna- m. cleft, gap, abyss, Einsenkung;
Lat. porca furrow in farmland, Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland (porcu-ltum
Ackerbeet mars. Umbr. porculeta); Welsh rhych furrow (with expressive -kk) perhaps =
Bret. rech distress , against it with k O.Bret. rec, gl. sulco, ro-ricse[n]ti sulcavissent;
Gaul. rica furrow, Fr. raie stripe; O.H.G. furuh, O.E. furh f. furrow, O.Ice. for f.
drainage ditch, canal (*prk- ); zero grade Nor. fere m. Ackerbeet; after F. R. Schrder,
Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here O.Ice. Fjorgyn f. as goddess the Ackerfurche;
Lith. pra-peris Blnke in ice, pra-paras ditch, trench, channel, pere ti burning
ache (from Wunden);
in addition *porks swine (Wuhler).
References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.
Page(s): 821
Page 2342
chom-arc gegenseitiges Fragen, Begruen etc.) with ar from r before dem s the basic
form *prsk (from *prk-sk); Lith. peru, pirti for jemanden freien (pirlys Freiwerber), if
with analogical present-ablaut e instead of i; in addition O.Ind. prcchu question,
Erkundigung = Arm. harc ds.; O.H.G. forsca Forschung, question is post-verbal to forscn
fragen, forschen; Lat. postul fordere (diminutive of participle *posctos to posc);in Osc.Umbr. is *porsc to *persc reshaped: Umbr. persnimu Imper. Med. precutor, in addition
with (forms -(e)lo-) Umbr. persklu, pesklu supplicutine, further mars. pesco sacrificum,
and of participle *pes[c]to- from: Osc. pestlum, peeslum an open place for observation,
place marked off by the augurs staff , from which Messap. Bethaus.
2. O.Ind. prus- (gerichtliche) Befragung, Av. frasu f. question, O.Ind. prsthu- (= Av.
frahnan); Lat. procus suitor , prex f. request, precor, -ur bid, beg, ask, Umbr.
pepurkurent 3. pl. Fut. poposcerint; Goth. frahnan fragen, O.Ice. fregna, O.E. frignan
(and io-present fricnan) ds., O.S. preterit fragn; O.E. friccea Herold; Gmc. *frehti- in O.Ice.
frtt f. question, Erforschung, O.E. freht f. Wahrsagung; O.H.G. fruga question (*frug-
Page 2343
n, -n, fruhn fragen), O.Ice. frgr, O.E. ge-frge, O.S. gi-frugi illustrious; ablaut.
O.H.G. fergn bid, beg, ask; O.Ice. prositi bid, beg, ask;
Maybe Alb. porosit order, demand : O.Ice. prositi bid, beg, ask
Lith. Iterat. praau, -uti arrogate, bid, beg, ask; Toch. A prak-, prek- fragen
References: WP. II 44, WH. II 346 f.
Page(s): 821-822
Page 2344
perku-s
English meaning: oak
Deutsche bersetzung: Eiche
Note:
Because of the common Lat., Gk., Illyr., celt. k- > p-, g- > b- phonetic mutations, Lat.
quercus f. oak is the oldest IE cognate, hence Root perku-s : oak derived from an earlier
Root kerku-s.
Material: O.Ind. parkat- sacred Feigenbaum, nind. pargui steineiche; Ven. VN
Page 2345
forca, force corresp. to OFris. forke, OS furka, OHG furcha (Du. vork, G (dial.) Furke), ON
forkr, f. Gmc f. L furca pitchfork, forked stake, whence (O)Fr. fourche, ONFr. fourque (which
reinforced the wd in ME).]. Since lightning usually strikes the oak tree, Aryans and Illyrians
named the fork, weapon, after the thunder goddess.
Also Alb. (*Perun) perndi f. goddess, perndim m. West, sunset.
References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme,
Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71.
Page(s): 822-823
Page 2346
*pri eti in Pol. przec sicherhitzen, braise, Russ. prejet, pret schwitzen, simmer, seethe,
boil, O.C.S. para smoke, vapor, (O.Pruss. pore vapor from Pol. para); Hitt. paruianfachen, blow;
with t-forms O.S. fradha scum, froth, foam, slobber, M.L.G. vradem, vratem haze, mist,
breath, breeze; with s-forms O.Ice. frs f. das blast, Zischen, reduced grade Nor. frasa
knistern; -grade(?) Nor. frsa effervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen (perhaps
contaminated from frysa and fnsa).
Maybe Alb. fryj swell, blow, fryma breath
B. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in O.Ind. vi-pru- after allen Seiten hin spruhen (but
compare pravat springt auf, eig. auseinanderspringen);
preus-: O.Ind. prusnti spritzt from, Intrans. prusyati spritzt, O.Ice. frysa prusten, pant,
sniff, snort, Swe. frusta ds., frsa spray; lautmalend M.L.G. O.H.G. prsten; Bal.Slav.*prausi spritze in Lith. prausti das Gesicht wash, Ltv. prauslt leise lachen,
prl uot prusten, Lith. prusnos, Ltv. prusnas Lippen, mouth, O.Pruss. acc. sg. prusnan
face; O.C.S. prysnoti, Russ. pryskat spray; from Bal.-Slav. *prsa- (: Swe. frsa) Slav.
Page 2347
preu-t(h)-: O.Ind. prthati prustet, schnaubt (of Rosse), Av. fraat-aspa- with
schnaubenden Rossen, O.Ind. apa-prthati schnaubt weg, blst weg, pra-prthati
aufpusten, inflate, bloat; O.Ice. frau n., froa f. scum, froth, foam, O.E. u-froan
schumen;
here einige Gmc. words for frog, as the Geiferige: O.Ice. fraur (compare frau
slobber), M.Eng. frde toad .
C. consonant extensions from per- s. still under perk-, prek- dappled , pers- spruhen,
spray, dappled .
References: WP. II 27 f., Trautmann 230 f.
Page(s): 809-810
Page 2348
per-2
English meaning: to go over; over
Deutsche bersetzung: das Hinausfuhren about
Material:
A. Dient as preposition, preverb and Adverb: a. per, peri (locative of Wurzelnomens)
vorwrts, in Hinausgehen, Hinubergehen about, in Durchdringen, in Uberma, from which
about - out, through - toward ;
O.Ind. pri, Av. pairi, O.Pers. pariy, Gk. , , Alb. pr (partly also = IE *pro), pej, pe;
besides per (*peri) with wiederhergestelltem r; Lat. per (*per or *peri); Osc.-Umbr. per- and
pert (*per-ti); Gaul. eri-, O.Ir. ir-, er- (analogical *ero-); Welsh Corn. Bret. er; Goth. far-, O.E.
fyr-, O.H.G. fir- ver-, O.H.G. O.S. firi- ds.; O.Pruss. per, Lith. per, per-; Slav. per- in O.C.S.
pre- etc.; from vorwrts entwickelte sich already IE die meaning very (O.Ind. pari-pr very lieb, Gk. - very beautiful, Lat. per-magnus very gro; Lith. per-didis to
big, large, O.C.S. pre-blag very good), then die the Uberlegenheit (O.Ind. pri - as-, pri
- bh- ubertreffen, Gk. - ds.), of Ubermaes or hohen Grades (O.Ind. pri-vid-,
Gk. -, Lat. per-vidre genau know, have knowledge of ); esp. O.Ind. and Gk. is
die meaning ringsum, umherum (O.Ind. pri i - umhergehen, Gk. -; Gk. = Lith. pr-jousti umgurten);
derivatives are:
Goth. farra adv. afar, as preposition fern from, O.Ice. fjar(ri) adv. afar (therefrom
compar. firr, superl. first), O.E. feor(r), Eng. far, O.S. ferr, O.H.G. ferro adv. afar, very,
compar. ferrr (*fer-ro- from *fer-ero-); O.C.S. pred before; voran; das Vordere (as na-
d), prez about - toward ; -ko-adj.: prek quer, Cz. pr(ka) transom = Umbr. percam
virgam, Osc. perk[ais] perticis;
Page 2349
verne the previous year, vern in vorigen years, Goth. only in af fai rnin jra of Vorjahre,
O.S. fernun gre, fernun iura in Vorjahre, therefrom with io-forms Goth. farneis ,
O.Ice. fyrnd f. age, O.H.G. firni old; wise, Ger. Firn alter snow; also to zero grade Goth.
faur das O.Ice. forn old, besides dem i-stem O.S. an furndagun, O.E. fyrn, firn old;
compare O.Ind. puruna- vormalig to puru, ap. paranam vormals to paru; Lat. perendi
ubermorgen from *peren-die?
auf per- in other Verwendung point at *per-u-r/n- in Hom. (Pind. ),
, Att. , - ending, end, Hom. unendlich = (Att.)
Hes., Hom. , Att. vollende; - besides in O.Ind. eine
gleichlautende family the meaning knot: O.Ind. prva- nom. acc. pl. n. knot, Gelenke
(instead of *parvr), pru- m. knot, joint, limb, member (Ozean, sky, heaven), parus- n.
knot, joint, limb, member; Gk. knot is doubtful (G. Bjrck Mel. Boisacq 1, 143 ff.).
b. adj. pero-s further: O.Ind. pra-h further, jenseitig, fiend; prior; later, superl.
param-h fernster, last, best, Av. ap. para- ulterior, the other, Lateere, kunftige, paratara- fiend; O.Ind. parh (nom. sg. m. with adv. End stress) preposition m. acc. about out, with abl. fern from, with instr. beyond from, seldom adverbal = Av. par preposition
m. acc. besides - apart from; O.Ind. pru, Av. para (instr. sg.) adverbal fort, weg, zur
Seite; O.Ind. par (loc. sg.) darauf, fernerhin; O.Ind. param (nom. acc. sg. n. = Osc.
Page 2350
prae-, Umbr. pre , prefix and preposition, pre-pa priusquam, compar. Lat. praeter
vorbei an = besides, ausgenommen (*prai-tero-), Umbr. pretra prirs;
aLat. pr (*prei) prae (prehend ergreife from *praehend), compar. *pri-is, *pri-is
(from which prs-) in prior the fruhere, prmus (from *prs-mos), pl. prismu prma,
presumably also prdem before lngerer time, lngst; prs-cus archaically (*preis-ko-,
compare Arm. erc, gen. ericu Altester, priest, *preis-ku); prstinus vorig, vormalig, old,
plign. pri-trom-e prtinus, pristafalacirix *praestibulutrx; here probably also Lat. prvus
(*prei-uos) for sich consisting, einzeln; eigentumlich; a thing stolen; looted , prv, -ure a
Page 2351
fra-liez.
prei- in Lith. prie, em. pry by, an, Nominalpref. pre-, prie-, prie-, pru- (also prei-klas
m. Ambo), preverb pri-; preposition prie against, pre before; Ltv. pre(k)a das
Vordere (*preitiu); Ltv. pere forehead, Vorderseite (*prere?); O.Pruss. prei to, by, as
prefix also, before, an, prisiks m. fiend; O.C.S. pri preposition and prefix by, an, to;
from Lat. pr[s]mus similar *prisemi-, -ei: O.Ir. rem- prefix (lenierend) before, voran (ram
vor ihm, remi vor ihr), remi- as preverb, preposition re (nasal.).
d. peres, peros (and as 1. composition part pres- before, gen.-abl. of stem per-):
O.Ind. purh adv. and prefix voran, vorn, preposition before, Av. par adv. vorn,
before, preposition before, Gk. adv. prior; voran, vorn, preposition before;
pres- in Gk. -, - old (*in Alter vorangehend, compare O.Ind. pur-gavguide, leader (*Leitstier), see under gou- rother, cattle; to Cret. see above);
O.H.G. frist m. n., O.S. frist n., O.E. first m. Frist from *pres-sti-, O.Ice. frest n. ds. from
*pres-sto-, compare O.Ind. purah-sthita- bevorstehend; from *peros-stuti-s in Alter voran
seiend probably O.Ir. arsaid, arsid vetus (O.Ind. purstut before, voran, vorn, vorher is
certainly purah + abl. -tut).
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2352
ded brachte dar, widmete; Goth. faur, O.S. for, fur preposition before, for, O.E. for ds.,
O.Ice. for- before, with steigender meaning O.Ice. for-ljtr very ugly, O.E. for-manig gar
viele, allzu viele;
Gmc. Derivatives: O.Ice. forr hasty, voreilig (*furha-, compare from *pro: Gk.
under S. 815); O.S. O.Fris. forth, ford, O.E. for fort, vorwrts; M.H.G. vort vorwrts,
further, fort, Nor. fort quick, fast, bald, O.Ice. fora, O.E. ge-forian fortbringen; compar.
*furera- in O.S. furor, furdor adv., O.E. furor adv. further, furra adj. grer, higher,
O.H.G. furdir, -ar adv. adj. vorder, vorzuglicher, prior, vormalig.
compounds with forms from stu- stand in O.Ind. prsti- f. Rippe, pr-sth-m
hervorstehender back, acme, apex , Av. par-ta- m. back, par-ti- f. (Du.) back, M.L.G.
vorst- f. ridge of the roof from *for-st, O.E. fyrst ds. from *fur-sti-; besides with lengthened
grade prefix O.H.G. first m., O.E. fierst f. First from *fir-sti-; probably also Lat. postis
Pfosten, doorpost (*por-sti-s hervorstehendes); Gk. (besides )
Pfosten, Pfeiler, Turpfeiler, Hes. (*-), Lith. pirtas, O.C.S.
Page 2353
pro-, pru-;
air- ro-, Welsh ry-, O.Bret. ro-, ru-, M.Bret. Bret. ra-, preverb and intensive prefix, e.g.
O.Ir. ro-mr to big, large, Gaul. GN f. Ro-smerta;
Goth. fra-, O.H.G. fir-, Ger. ver- preverb (latter partly also = Goth. far-, see above A.);
O.Pruss. pra, pro through, as preverb ver-, Lith. pra, pr vorbei, as preverb vorbei-,
through -, ver-, compare pr-garas wolverine = Ltv. pra-garis ds.; Ltv. pru-jm weg,
fort; O.C.S. preverb pro- through -, ver-, preposition Russ. Cz. pro because of, ablaut.
Russ. pr-ded, Serb. pra-djed great grandfather;
doubled: O.Ind. prpra, Gk. always vorwrts.
pru- (Reim auf *pu, s. *apo?) lies the basic in Gk. -- durchgehend,
das uerste end from perhaps forming ( Hinterschiff etc.).
pr- early, matutinal, morgens in O.Ind. pru-tr early, matutinal, morgens, Gk.
(Att. ) early, matutinal, morgens, morgendlich, Dor. , (*),
Att. (*F scil. ) kurzlich, vorgestern, O.H.G. fruo in the Fruhe, fruoi,
M.H.G. vrueje (= ) adj. early, matutinal (IE *pr); Lith. pr vorbei, Slav. pra- see
above.
derivatives from pro-:
Page 2354
pro-tero- in O.Ind. pratarm, -um adv. further, prospectively , Av. fratara- the vordere,
fruhere, Gk. the vordere, vorige; Osc. pruter pan
priusquam is
einzelsprachlich to *pr- shaped, also O.Ind. prutar early, matutinal, morgens see above;
in addition with Superlativsuffix -temo-: O.Ind. pratamum vorzugsweise, Av. fratma-,
. fratama- the vorderste, vornehmste, erste (besides O.Ind. pratham- erster and
einzelne Iran. forms with th); Gk. *- (from ?) perhaps in Dor.
erster; but Gk. ds. from *pr- to- (reshaped from *pr- mo- ds.); in addition m.
one-year-old lamb (see above S. 314);
pre-mo- in Gk. guide, leader (rather korrupt for ds.?), Goth. fruma
erster (Sup. frumists), M.H.G. frum, vrom proficient, brav (Ger. fromm; O.H.G. O.S.
fruma f. benefit, Ger. Frommen); similarly Lat. probus good, proficient, brav, Umbr. profe
probe from *pro-bhuo-s : O.Ind. pra-bhu- salient, superb an power and Fulle, as well as
in O.Bulg. pro-st rechtschaffen, simple, just, schlicht, and (from *pr- mo-) O.S. formo,
O.E. forma erster (superl. fyrmest), Lith. rmas O.Pruss. pirmas erster, probably Lat.
Page 2355
pr-uo-: in O.Ind. pravanu- (vorwrts) geneigt, abschussig, n. slope, Halde; about Lat.
prnus see above; Gk. , Hom. vorwrts geneigt after Leumann Homer.
Wrter 77 f. from *- face ahead; with other meaning O.H.G. fr, O.S. frao, O.E.
fra master, mister (*frawan-), Goth. frauja master, mister (O.Ice. Freyr GN to o-stem
geworden), O.S. frio ds., O.Ice. freyja mistress; name the goddess, O.H.G. frouwa wife,
woman; besides O.S. fra, M.L.G. frwe wife, woman from *frwn, idg *pr-uo-, das
also in Att. (Lat. Lw. prra) schiffsvorderteil (F-, - IE *pru-riu);
perhaps Lat. prvincia, if auf a *pruin master, mister, Herrschaft being based on;
O.Bulg. prav right, right (*gradaus);
with the same forms, but as Lith. pr-mas erster from *per- shaped, IE r-uo- in:
O.Ind. prva-, Av. paurva-, pourva-, . paruva- the vordere, fruhere (O.Ind. prvya-, Av.
paouruya- paoirya-, ap. paruviya prior, then primus), Alb. par erster, para vor;
O.C.S. prv prv the erste; probably also die base from O.E. forwost, forWest the
erste.
h. preti, proti compared with, entgegen, against, partly in sense of Entgelts; preti-os
equal in .
O.Ind. prti (in Iran. through paiti verdrngt) prefix against, back etc. preposition
against etc.; Gk. Hom. (Cret. reconverted), Ion. Att. Lesb. (compare
() vorwrts from *proti, () from vorn), pamphyl. (reconverted
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2356
pretium Wert, Preis a thing (Neutr. eines adj. *pretios), compare O.Ind. prati-asgleichkommen, apratu (stem *pratay-) without Entgelt, free, Av. prsku (*prt-sku) Preis
or Wert, O.C.S. protiv, protivo entgegen, kaschub. procim; wRuss. preci, Pol. przeciw
against (also in sense, mind of Tauschverhltnisses); Ltv. pret etc.
i. pors(d): Arm. ar by, an, besides, verbal prefix and preposition; in addition araj
Vorderseite, Anfang, arajin erster; Gk. , (Pind.) vorwrts = Lat. porr
vorwrts, furder; through ihren o-vocalism auffllige formatIon.
References: WP. II 29 ff., EM.2 754 f., 801, 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351, 364 ff.,
Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gk. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff., 541 f.,
543 ff., 654 ff.
Page(s): 810-816
Page 2357
Material: O.Ind. pparti fuhrt hinuber, geleitet, furthers, ubertrifft, causative purayati
places about (= pulayati schutzt), Av. par- (with Prfixen) hindurch-, hinubergehen,
Kaus. -purayeite, O.Ind. pura- hinuberbringend, ubersetzend, m. n. jenseitiges bank,
border, shore, purpose, uerste limit, boundary (in addition purya- wirksam), Av. puram. bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end;
Arm. hord begangen, betreten, hordan fortgehen, hordantam lasse fortgehen, and
sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay ds., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein (dis- + *prei ), sh-pie
lead, guide hin (*sem- + *per); pirr() f. thorn (*per-nu) etc.;
Maybe Alb. perndim sunset, West : Middle Persian: xwarfrun, (MO.N.) xwrwprn
sunset, West : Avestan: prtu- [m] crossing, bridge; OAv. (fra)fru [1sg.subj.aor.act.] to
Page 2358
purayati, O.C.S. pariti); O.H.G. fuora Fuhre, Fahrt etc., O.E. fr f. Fahrt, cart ; O.Ice. frr
fahrbar, geeignet, O.H.G. gi-fuori fitting, bequem, nutzlich; Verbalabstr. O.Ice. fer, O.E.
Page 2359
fearn m. ds., Lith. sparnas, Ltv. sprns m. Flugel (das s- from the root spher-);
*prti-s in Gaul. ratis, M.Ir. raith f. Farnkraut, Bret. rad-enn collective ds.;
*po-port-io- in Lith. paprtis, papartys Farnkraut, Ltv. paparde, paparske ds.; with
lengthened grade Slav. *paparti- f. in Russ. pporot etc. ds.
WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313.
References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.
Page(s): 816-817
Page 2360
*peru-), meretrix; O.Ir. ren(a)id verkauft (*pr-n-: Gk. -), Konj. 3. sg. -ra(*ru-after Indik. *[p]ri-na- for *[p]eru- eingetreten), perf. 3. sg. -rir (*ri-r-e); verbal noun reicc
(dat.) Verkaufen (in final sound after cc healing, payment directed); compare with an
old Gutt.-extension Lith. perku pirkti kaufe.
. Av. pairyante sie become compared, aipi-par- (seine blame) begleichen, penance,
atonement make, a-prti- suhne, pra- n. Ausgleichung (a blame), Suhne,
punishment , pura- m. blame (in addition probably also par- verurteilen); Lat. pur
(lengthened
grade),
puris
gleichkommend,
gleich,
pair,
therefrom
par,
-ure
gleichschtzen, comparure compare (Umbr. parsest par est hat das s from mers est).
. O.Ind. prta- n., prti - f. earnings = Lat. pars, -tis part (*pereti-), porti part,
allotment (nachklass.; klass. only pr portine, assim. from *pr partine); O.Ir. rann,
Welsh rhan, M.Corn. ran, O.Bret. pl. rannou part (*per-snu); O.Ir. ern(a)id grants, Konj.
r-a-ra er mge esgewhren, preterit ro-r er hat gewhrt (*pr-e), Fut. *ebraid (*pi-prus-e-ti); ro-rath is gewhrt worden (*pr-to-?); Hitt. par- break, rupture, grind, split up, cut
up, divide.
References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.
Page(s): 817
Page 2361
Page 2362
Material: . Lat. pari, -ere, peper, partum, paritrus to give birth to children , reperi, -
re, repper, repertum wiederfinden, find, learn, partus, -s to give birth to children, birth;
Leibesfrucht, Parca (*parica) originally Geburtsgttin, Propertius eig. the Fruhgeborene
= Umbr. Propartie Propertii, par, -ure bereite, erwerbe, kaufe, compar kaufe (sich
etwas besorgen, verschaffen); imperure anschaffen = order;
Lith. periu, pereti brute, perai nom. pl. Bienenlarven.
. O.Ind. prthuka- m. rother, cattle, calf, Tierjunges, Arm. ort, -u calf of Rindes or
Hirsches (with formants -thu-); Gk. , , calf, young cow; Welsh erthyl
abortus; O.H.G.far, farro, Ger. Farre, O.E. fearr, O.Ice. farri (*farz-) bull, with gramm.
variation M.H.G. verse, Ger. Frse young cow (Gmc. *frs, gen. *frsjs), to O.E. hah-
fore, Eng. heifer; originally from jungen animals, compare Eng. farrow not pregnant, wFris.
fear gelt; lengthened grade O.E. fr, M.L.G. vr schweinchen; O.C.S. za-prtk windEi, Cz. s-pratek fruh geborenes calf, Clr. vy-portok Fruhgeburt.
References: WP. II 41 f., WH. II 255 f., Trautmann 215.
Page(s): 818
Page 2363
Material: Arm. porj Versuch (express. p-); Gk. f. Erfahrung, Versuch, Eol.
(*), , - versuche, skillful, smart, adroit; Lat. experior, -r
versuche, prufe, expermentum Versuch, Prufung, comperi, -re erfahre genau,
opperior, -r, -tus (and -tus) sum warte, erwarte, pertus skillful , perculum Versuch,
Probe; danger; Proze; accusation ; das from per-tus, -culum derives from den
compounds with -perior; O.Ir. a(i)re Wachen, attention, Ir. faire, because of gallo-Brit.
areun pl. Kundschafter from *prei u; Gmc.*firina- das Auergewhnliche in Goth. farina
f. blame, O.H.G. firina Verbrechen etc.; Gmc.*fra- danger in O.Ice. fur n. danger,
misfortune, O.E. fr m., O.H.G. fur(a) pestering, temptation; snare, danger, to Goth.
frja m. Aufpasser, O.H.G. furn auflauern etc.; perhaps in addition with AbtnungGk.
- afflicted as Gefahren erduldend.
References: WP. II 28 f., WH. II 288 f.
Page(s): 818
Page 2364
pr-em- (with durativem -em-) and pr-es- as Gk. tremble: (*tres) ds.;
Lith. periu, perti with dem Badequast hit, jemanden bathe; hit, Ltv. peru, prt ds.; Lith.
perg-: Arm. harkanem (prg-) hit, zerhaue (wood), flle (Bume), slay, kmpfe; O.Ir.
orcaid,
M.Ir.
oirggid
erschlgt,
slays,
verwustet;
M.Ir.
Welsh
orn
Morden,
Zerstren(*[p]org-no- od. -nu); O.Bret. treorgam perfor, orgiat caesar (= caesor), Gaul.
orge occide, PN Orgeto-rx; different about Celt. org- s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to Hitt.
harganu- destroy; compare das O.Ir. verbal noun orcun from *orgenu); perhaps here
O.Ind. Parjnya- rain- and Gewittergott; see under perku-s.
Page 2365
Page 2366
Page 2367
pursla Flocke (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. persla ds.; (compare Ltv. spurslut prusten);
Slav. *parsa- m. dust, powder > *porch in O.C.S. rach ds.; Slav. prst in O.C.S.
prst , (*pers-), besides Sloven. prh m. dust, powder, ash (= O.Ice. fors), prhati
strew, distribute, whisk , Cz. preti ds. etc.; Toch. prs- sprinkle; participle Akt.
Page 2368
Page 2369
pes-3, pesos
English meaning: membrum virile
Deutsche bersetzung: das mnnliche Glied
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. psas- n. = Gk. n. penis, Gk. f. ds., Lat. pnis (*pesnis);
O.H.G. fasel, O.E.fsl, O.H.G. faselt penis, M.H.G. vaselrint Zuchtstier, Ger.
Page 2370
patina ds.);
Lat. pate, -re sich erstrecken, offenstehen; in addition pand, -ere ffne, breite from
(the variation t : d expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalprs.
163), passus m. footstep, Klafter; patera flat bowl (from patina through influence of
crater ?); whether here petlus thin and schmchtig??; Osc. pat[t?] patet, patensns
panderent, volsk. Imper. an-patitu *adpandit;
schott.-Gael. aitheamh (*eitheamh) filament (as Ma), = O.Welsh etem, Welsh edau
ds. (*petimu);
O.Ice. famr hugging, embrace, Klafter, filament , FlN Fo, gen. Faar, O.E. fm mf.
ds. filament, Klafter, Eng. fathom, O.H.G. fadam, fadum filament ; here also O.E. foer,
Eng. fother, Ger. Fuder?, O.H.G. fuodar, O.S. fther, O.E. for Wagenlast, Ger. Fuder,
from Gmc. *fra- das Umfassende; Goth. faa, M.H.G. vade f. fence (as Umfassung);
O.H.G. fedel-gold Blattgold (:Gk. ), doubtful O.E. gold-fell Goldplatte, M.H.G.
Page 2371
Page 2372
apaptat; pet- in Fut. patisyati, Supin. ptitum, participle patit-); patyati flies (= Gk.
), putayati lt fliegen, schleudert, lt fall (lengthened grade as puta- m. Flug,
fall, Sturz, Gk. flattre), pra-pat- hineilen, fall, ptman- n. Flug, Pfad, pathway
(: , ); Av. pataiti flies, hurries , ap. ud-apatatu erhob sich, Av. patayeiti
flies, acapasti Inf. hinabzufallen, paitipasti- f. Entgegengehen, -treten (compare
O.Ind. ati-patti- Zeitablauf), from an u-present parapawant- fortfliegend (of Pfeil); Av.
Page 2373
tio, also probably petgo mange; scabies as Befall); petulans aggressiv, pert, bratty,
ausgelassen, petulcus stoend (from *petulus, compare to l-forms Gk. ), impetus
assault, attack, praepes in Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast;
O.Welsh hedant volant, Welsh eh-edeg das Fliegen; eh-edydd m. Lerche;
Ltv. pti t desire have, nachforschen.
r- and n-formations: 1. with dem g-forms O.Ind. patamg- fliegend, bird, pataga- bird
(*petn-go-s; from den Indern as in Fluge going umgedeutet); Av. fraptrjut- (-jant-) bird;
Gk. , - Flugel (compare O.Ind. patru-); das Denom. hit with den
Flugeln after shake; O.H.G. fed(e)rah Flugel, anfrk. fetheracco alarum (-a-cthrough influence of O.H.G. fedara-, anfrk. fethera);
2. O.Ind. pttra-, pta-tra- n. wing, feather , patar-, patru- fliegend, Av. patartafliegend; Arm. tir Flug, titern butterfly (redupl.), tert leaf, foliage (*pter-); Gk.
feather, Flugel; Farn;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2374
Common Arm. ph- > h-, zero phonetic mutation, spread in Sanskrit and Celtic
ANATOLIAN
Hittite
pata- foot
WEST EUROPEAN
Latin
Old Irish
water
A pts foot
Tocharian
SOUTH EUROPEAN
Greek
Armenian
Sanskrit
Avestan
pad- foot
Page 2375
*pti-, pti-: Gk. stoe an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune
(, , ), rare tr. bump, poke, umsturzen, damage, loss,
misfortune, Niederlage, geradaus fliegend (probably eig. geradaus treffend =
stoend, aufschlagend), feather, Flaumfeder.
References: WP. II 19 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.
Page(s): 825-826
Page 2376
*piau), zero grade Lith. pui s f., gen. pl. puu, E.Lith. nom. pl. pues (conservative stem).
2. peug-: Gk. adv. with the fist, f. fist, Faustkampf, eine Faust
high, dwarf , , - m. ulna, ell, -, Faustkmpfer; Lat. pugil ds.,
pugnus m. fist, pgn, -ure fight, pung, -ere, pupug, punctum prick , pgi m.
Dolch.
References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Decl. 57 f.
Page(s): 828
Page 2377
pavtar-, ptar- m. Reiniger, Luterer, pavtram Luterungsmittel, Seihe, Sieb; puvanareinigend, puvaka- (also pavuka-) lauter = M.Pers. pavug, Pers. puk lauter, pure; O.Ind.
pta- pure, pti- f. cleaning, purification ; Av. pitika- zur Luterung dienend;
Lat. prus pure (formation as clu-ru-s), prg, older prig, -ure clean; putus pure,
nepus non prus (*nept-s); puture clean, putzen; M.Ir. r neu, fresh, edel, Welsh ir
fresh, green; O.H.G. fowen, M.H.G. voewen sieben, corn, grain clean (*fawjan = O.Ind.
Page 2378
peu-2
English meaning: to research, to understand
Deutsche bersetzung: erforschen, begreifen, verstndig sein
Material: Gk. - (*-F-) and -- unverstndig, kindisch, smart,
Hes. (due to eines present
(puture ) to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts;
hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think; O.C.S. is-py-t
perscrutatio, pytajo, -ati scruturi, quaerere.
maybe Alb. (*peus) pyes ask questions, pyetje question : Gk. , f.
question.
Proto-Slavic form: pytati: O.C.S.: pytati examine, scrutinize [verb], Russian: pytt torture,
torment, try for [verb], Slovak: pytat ask [verb], Polish: pytac ask [verb], SerboCroatian: ptati ask [verb], Slovene: ptati ask [verb], Other cognates: Lat. puture cut off
branches, estimate, consider, think [verb].
Note:
From Root bheudh-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : to be awake, aware derived Root peu-1, peu- :
Page 2379
peu-3
Deutsche bersetzung: schaum
See also: see under p-1, S. 847.
Page(s): 827
Page 2380
Page 2381
Material: Arm. hur (gen. hroy) fire (*pr-), hn-oc oven (*pn-); Gk. , fire,
wherefore Feuersttte, stove, hearth, Scheiterhaufen, m. fever,
m. Brandfackel, korinth. F Pferdename (*feuerrot), , poet.
feuerrot (*F);
Maybe Illyr. TN Pirustae (Pipustae)
Umbr. pir fire (*pr), acc. purom-e ins fire (*pur-), Osc. aasa purasia in araigniaria;
O.Ice. frr m. fire (*pr-) and fyrr, fyri; O.H.G. O.S. O.Fris. fiur (*peuri); O.H.G. older fuir
(disyllabic, compare Musp. vugir), O.E. fyr (from dem loc. *puuri);
Goth. fn fire (*pun), gen. dat. funins, funin (latter from *puneni, a hybridization from
*puuni : *pun-s), O.Ice. funi m. fire; O.H.G. funko, M.Eng. fonke spark; with ablaut
(*puon-) M.L.G. vanke spark;
Maybe Illyr. TN Perestae (Penestae)
O.Pruss. panno fire, panu-staclan Feuerstrahl (*puon-u), Lw. finn. panu fire;
Slav. *pri a- m. glowing ash in Cz. pur m. and puri n. ds.; in addition O.Cz. pyrina
favilla, Cz. pureti glow, Serb. upriti anfachen etc.;
Hitt. paur, pauwar, dat. pahu(e)ni fire; Toch. A por, puwur, pwur ds.
References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10;
Pedersen Hitt. 187 f.
Page(s): 828
Page 2382
Page 2383
Material: Gk. leise einen streichen lassen from *z (reconverted from *pezd),
wherefore - fetidness with new formationer o-grade, and *-- pdens,
scornful, ridiculing in - Cleont oppdns, as well as as base from
disgusting, verabscheue, empfinde disgust, repulsion, loathing ,
verabscheue, dread, but also ; Lat. pd, -ere furzen (*pezd), pdex the
Hintere (*pozd-ek-s), pdis louse (because of Dimin. pdiculus older *pdex);
Clr. pezdty and zero grade (Proto-Slav. *bzd-) bzdty, Russ. bzdet leise einen
streichen lassen, Sloven. pezdeti, Lith. bezdu, bezdeti, Ltv. bezdt leise einen streichen
lassen, Lith. bzdas podex, bzdius stnker; Balt *bezdti based on auf *pzdti besides
*pezdti; perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root bhes- blow, above
S. 146.
References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221;
See also: compare above pes-1.
Page(s): 829
Page 2384
fezzil, M.H.G. vezzel band, strap, manacle, O.E. fetel(s) m. belt, girdle, O.Ice. fetill m.
schulterband (Gmc. *fatila-), O.H.G. vazz container, Kasten, O.S. fat n. vessel, O.E.
ft n. vessel, barrel, vat, cask, O.Ice. fat n. vessel, fur; O.E. ftels vessel, O.H.G.
givazzi Bagage, M.H.G. gevzze, Ger. vessel; Goth. fetjan, O.E. ftan adorn, O.Ice.
fta es with jemandem to tun have (adorn from beautiful tunmit?); Lith. pedas
Getreidegarbe, Ltv. pda bundle, armful, armload , ablaut. Lith. puodas, Ltv. puds m.
pot, pan.
References: WP. II 22, Trautmann 227.
Page(s): 790
Page 2385
ft from *ft-iz) O.H.G. fuoz foot; Hitt. luv. pata-, Hierogl.-Hitt. pat ds.; Toch. A pe, pai,
Dual A pem, paine;
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*po-s) posht below, under from the same root as Slav. languages Slav. po-
d below, under from Root apo- (p, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root pd-2, pd- :
(foot, *genitalia).
to ped- foot belongs Gk. dial. , originally (jemandem) auf dem Fue,
compare Lat. pedisequus, -a servant, -in eig. auf dem Fue folgend and under die Arm.
from het footprint refined prepositions;
with -i-s, -i-t- going are shaped: Gk. pedestris, Lat. ped-es, -i-t-is Fugnger,
Fusoldat; from Lat. ps derives pedure with a Fu versehen, prop, support, and
therefrom again pedum Hirtenstab, pad;
Page 2386
pdio- in O.Ind. pdya- den Fu betreffend, pdyu Futritt, hoof, Av. paiyu foot, Gk.
f. foot, unterer edge, border, hem, small fishing net, Lat. acu-pedius swift-footed,
O.H.G. fizza Gewinde, Garn (= Gk. ), Ger. Fitze, (wherefore Gmc. *fet f. in O.Ice. fit
schwimmhaut, edge, O.E. fitt break, section, poem, Nor. dial. fior-fit Eidechse,
), Lith. lengva-pedis leisefuig; ped- in Gk. n. sandal and Gmc.
po-pasti catch eig. auf jemanden fall, anfallen (or to pd-1?); napast casus; Lith.
pedinu, -inti slowly go, leise tread, peduoti Futritte make, Gk. spring, hupfe;
compare zur -grade still Lith. ped footprint , pesias to foot from *pd-tios, Ltv. peda
Fusohle, Fustapfe, foot as Ma, pc (from pdis, instr. pl. from peds footprint ,
compare Lith. pedas ds.) after, because of, gem, O.C.S. pe to foot, Gk.
Ruderblatt, rudder, helm ; auf the verbalen meaning more abfallend or to
Fallen, Verkommen geneigt based on letzten Endes also the compar. Lat. peior bad
(*ped-is), superl. pessimus the schlechteste (*ped-semos); pessum to bottom, zugrunde
(*ped-tu-m) = Infin. O.Ind. pttum; O.Ice. feta st. V. (also with lei, veg, heim) den way
find O.E. ge-fetan st. V. fall, O.H.G. fezzan labare, gi-fezzan exire, excidere, O.Ice.
fata seinen way finden, O.E. fatian (wf) uxorem ducere, O.H.G. sih uazzon scandere,
O.E. fetian, Eng. fetch get, fetch (O.E. fatian and fetian could also to pd-1 belong, as
generally die beiden Sippen not sharp to separate are).
3. pedo-m etc.: O.Ind. pad- n. footstep, Tritt, Fustapfe, Av. paa- n. spoor (and
foot as Ma), ap. pati-padam an seine Stelle zuruckkehrend;
Arm. het, gen. hetoy footprint , preposition y-et (*i-het in the footprint ) after, z-het,
zetoy behind after; M.Ir. ined (*eni-pedo-) spoor (the Fue); place, O.Ir. ed n. stretch of
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2387
peda vestigium humanum, O.Ice. fet n. footstep; foot as Ma; Lith. ped footprint ,
Ltv. peda Fusohle etc. (see above); Gk. ground, bottom, Ebene, field
(- tight, firm stehend; about see above S. 198); Lat. oppid vollig, ganz
and gar (ob + *pedom auf the Stelle); Umbr. perum, persom-e solum; Hitt. pedan
n., place;
Page 2388
References: WP. II 23 ff., WH. I 428 f., II 214 f., 269, 272 f., 293 ff., Trautmann 209 f.
Page(s): 790-792
Page 2389
paenitet es reut, tut leid, pnria lack; from a participle *p-t-s geschdigt derives
patior, -, passus sum dulde, erdulde, suffer;
IE pi- in Goth. faian rebuke, reproach, p- in Goth. fijan, O.Ice. fju, O.E. fon, O.H.G.
*puman- eingetreten; O.Ind. puman- stands for eine Hautkrankheit, scabies , pumana-,
pumara- scabby , as Av. puman- scabies, surface, plain, area, Trockenheit, wherefore
presumably Lat. paeminsus, pminsus brittle, rissig; O.Ind. pupa- = Arm. hivand- sick
(Ernst Lewy).
References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.
Page(s): 792-793
Page 2390
ps-1
English meaning: to blow
Deutsche bersetzung: blasen, wehen
Note: (see also ps-2 dust, powder, sand)
fjser, older f(j)s fibers , O.H.G. fasn untersuchen (*rub, wear out);
O.C.S. echyr a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble, pachati ventilare,
agitare, Russ. pachnut blow, pchnut duften, smell, zpach smell, odor, Duft etc.;
Russ. psmo Garnstrnne, Ltv. pusm(i)s dividing off, partitioning off between zwei
Endpunkten, as much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht; Cz.-Pol.
pochva tail (wedelnd), O.C.S. - ds.; nasalized Pol. pechnac anblasen, anwehen,
pach, pech Witterung (of Hundes) etc.; perhaps Bulg. pasmina Rasse (compare O.Ind.
tntu- filament, fibre, Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny ).
References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer 2, 320.
Page(s): 823-824
Page 2391
pesk sand;
presumably as the wehende, gewehte benannt and to ps-1 blow.
References: WP. II 68, Trautmann 216 f.
Page(s): 824
Page 2392
Page 2393
gutu-ater see above S. 413; Goth. fadar, O.Ice. fair, O.E. fder, O.H.G. fater father;
Toch. A pucar, pucer ds.; about O.Ind. Dyuus pitu etc. see above S. 413.
Ableitnngen: O.Ind. ptrya-, Gk. , Lat. patrius vterlich, M.Ir. aithre f. vterliche
family; O.Ind. ptrvya-, Av. tirya- (*ptrvya-), Lat. patruus, O.H.G. fetiro, fatirro, fatureo
(Gmc.*fauruia-) Vaterbruder, Ger. cousin , O.E. fdera Vatersbruder (compare Gk.
from*ptrus ds., with verschobener meaning vterlich); O.Pers. hama-
pitar- = Gk. -, compare O.Ice. sam-fera from the same Vater (*-fadrjans);
compare Gk. stiefvater (after stiefmutter), Arm. yauray ds.; only
einzelsprachlich are Gk. , Att. Vaterland, , - f. ds., Lat. patria ds.,
Page 2394
Page 2395
Page 2396
Page 2397
Page 2398
Page 2399
Material: Goth. fitan to give birth to children , perhaps to O.E. fitt fight, Eng. fit attack of
a disease, malady, nwFris. fits bissig; M.Ir. idu, gen. idan, nom. pl. idain throes of
childbirth, pain; die M.Ir. inflection goes auf O.Ir. u-inflection back, as e.g. M.Ir. persu
person auf O.Ir. persan; the O.Ir. nom. sg. mu somit *idan (*pidunu) gelautet have.
References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.
Page(s): 830
Page 2400
Page 2401
Root pi-lo- : hair : Root pu-lo- : hair derived from Root pleuk- : flake, feather, hair
common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel phonetic mutation recorded in
centum languages first, mainly Latin.
Material: Lat. pilus m. hair, whereof as collective Haarknuel also pila f. ball, Ballen,
Strohpuppe; auf an s-stem based on *pil-s-os verfilzt, in Gk. m. Filz, filze,
Lat. pilleus, -eum Filzkappe, Filzmutze (*pilseio-); O.C.S. plst Filz.
References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.
Page(s): 830
Page 2402
Page 2403
Material: O.Ind. pppaku ein certain bird, pippka- ein bird? Gk. f. or m.
young bird, , f. a kind of Baumhacker, () piepe; Lat. ppil, -ure,
ppi, -re, pp, -ure piepen, pip(p)iture of Naturlaut the Muse, ppulum das Wimmern,
Osc. pipatio clamor plorantis, Ger. (nd.) piepen (with verhinderter consonant shift); Lith.
pypti whistle (Lw.?); Cz. pipteti piepsen, Sloven. ppa chicken; duct, tube, pipe, Serb.
pi, eine disease, malady the Huhner (Ger. Pips) etc.;
Cz. pikati piepen, under likewise; Bulg. pile, Ser.-Cr. ple Kuchlein under likewise;
similarly Alb. bib young Wasservogel, Arm. bibem pigolare, Gk. , ein
bird.
References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.
Page(s): 830
Page 2404
Page 2405
lavar word, Ir. amlabar dumb , Welsh aflafar, O.Corn. aflauar infans, O.Ir. labraid, rel.
labrathar speaks, Welsh llafaru talk, speak,
Maybe Alb. llaf word, speech, llafos talk, llafazan talkative.
Corn. lauaraf I rede; Celt. FlN Labaru Labor (Bavaria); perhaps to N.Ger. M.Eng.
Page 2406
pl-k-1: pl-k-, ple-k- : pl-k-, plei-k- and pel-g- : pl-g: pl-gEnglish meaning: wide and flat
Deutsche bersetzung: breit and flach, ausbreiten
Note: extension from pel- S. 805
Material: Gk. , - surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte (=
O.Ice. flr pl. from *flahiz), platt, , - m. flat cake (out of it Lat.
Page 2407
pleka (besides plaka Kuhfladen), plece Plattfische, Butten, plecs shoulder, further:
zero grades *plku f., Celt. *(p)lika in Gaul. Arelica (Gardasee), eig. eastern from the
Felsplatte from Sirmione, fass. lia bottom of Backofens (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.),
expressives -kk- in M.Ir. lecc steinplatte, Welsh llech, Bret. lech ds.
A i-root plei-k- in Lith. pleikiu, pleikti breit make, plaikstuti die Oberkleider about Brust
and Schultern, luften, eig. sich breit aufmachen; to M.H.G. vlen, vlgen schichtweise lay,
place, fugen, sort, order, arrange, zurechtmachen, adorn, md. vl(h)en ds.
root form auf -g: Gk. offene sea (aequor), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner
the thessalischen Ebene, die Flachlandbewohner (*-); herald.
n. seite, die Seiten, Flanken, (*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant,
skew; Lat. plaga surface, plain, area, net, berzug; region, landscape , plagula BIatt a
Toga, leaf Papier, plagella rag;
Mod.Ice. flki m., O.E. flc m. Flunder, Eng. flook-footed plattfuig; O.H.G. flah (-hh-),
Dutch flak, flach smooth , O.S. flaka f. Fusohle, Nor. flak n. scheibe, Eisscholle,
O.Ice.flaki, fleki m. Bretterverschlag, tirol.-krnt. flecken board, plank, balk.
References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.
Page(s): 831-832
Page 2408
pluga blow, knock, wound, plang, -ere hit: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve ; M.Ir.
ln, gen. loin affliction, wound (*plakno-), lssaim schlage violent (*plang-s); Goth.
faiflkun
betrauerten,
O.E.
flcan
Beifall
klatschen,
O.S.
flcan
verwunschen, verfluchen (at first from loud die Brust hit), O.H.G. fluohhon ds., fluoh
Fluch, O.Ice. flki gestampfter Filz; from dem Gmc. here probably also words for
Anprall, gust of wind and with den Flugeln hit, flutter, flicker: O.Ice. flaga pltzlicher
attack , M.L.G. M.H.G. vlage shove, attack, storm, Eng. flaw gust of wind, Sprung,
crack; O.Ice. flogra flutter, O.H.G. flagarn umherfliegen; with Gmc. k: O.Ice. flokra
(flakurn) umherschweifen, M.H.G. vlackern, Dutch vlakkeren flicker, O.E. flacor
fliegend, flicorian flicker, O.Ice. flokta (*flakutn) umherstreifen, flutter, expressive
O.Ice. flakka flutter, umherschweifen, older Dutch vlacken twitch ; nasalized M.L.G.
vlunke (Flugel); O.Ice. flengja thrash (Eng. fling throw from dem O.Ice.), wherefore (?)
Lat. lancea die originally spanische Lanze (Celt. word);
Lith. plaku, plkti hit, chastise, castigate, plkis m. Rutenstreich; O.C.S. plao, plakati
plek-iu, -ti hit, thrash, chastise, castigate, dial. pleg Prugel, Zuchtigung.
References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.;
See also: probably to pel-: plu- S. 805, also originally breit hit.
Page 2409
Page 2410
prtha- m. flat hand, prthas- n. = Av. fraah- n. Breite, O.Ind. prthu-, Av. pru- wide,
breit, capacious , fem. O.Ind. prthv, Av. prw (also as Subst. Oberflche), besides
from *plt(h)u- : prthiv f. earth (Erdoberflache) = Gk. , Gaul. GN Litav f., Gaul.Lat. Letavia, leg.*Litavia, Welsh Llydaw die Bretagne, M.Ir. Letha ds.;
Arm. lain breit (*plet-no-).
Gk. platt, breit (= O.Ind. prthu-), n. Breite (reshuffling from * =
O.Ind. prthas- after ), Ruderschaufel, - f. scapula,
sycamore (breitstig); jeder flat body (: O.Ind. prathimn- m. Breite,
Ausdehnung); das Klatschen; formal nicht right clear, bright are flat
hand, flat bowl;
Lat. planta f. Fusohle (*pla-n-tu); planta setzreis is back-formation to *planture den
Boden ebnen;
Welsh lled, Corn. les, Bret. let, led m. Breite (from dem n. *pletos = O.Ind. prthas-),
Welsh lledu, Bret. ledaff outspread , O.Ir. lethaim dehne from, erweitere (probably also
O.Ir. leth n. side, flank etc.), compar. Welsh lled wide, further (*plet-is), O.Ir. letha wide,
Positiv*plteno- in O.Ir. lethan, Welsh llydan, Bret. Corn. ledan breit, Gaul. Litana (silva),
Litano-briga; M.Ir. leithe shoulder (*pletiu), M.Ir. lethech flounder, flat fish ; O.Ir. less,
Welsh llys castle (*plt-to-?);
Page 2411
vlade wide, dunner cake, Ger. Fladen, Kuh-fladen, Nor. flade m. small Ebene, flaches
field; M.L.G. vladder dunne Torfschicht;
Lith. pltyti outspread , pltas Platte, pltis Breite, Ltv. pltt, plst, thin
aufstreichen; O.C.S. *plast tortum, Russ. plast layer (root form *plut-); Lith. spleiu,
splesti breiten, breitlegen (doubtful because of anl. s-, das in our family otherwise
nirgends), platus breit (a = o, different from , prthu-), plantu, plsti wide become,
O.Pruss.plasmeno f. Vorderhlfte the Fusohle; from the root form plet-: Lith. pletti sich
ausbreiten, O.C.S. plesna Fusohle (*plet-s-nu, to es-stem O.Ind. prthas-); but Slav.
flazzi, flezzi geebneter bottom, threshing floor, Hausflur, Vorhalle (Ger. Fltz ebene
Bergschicht); O.H.G. flazza palm; Ltv. pladt breit make.
References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.
Page(s): 833-834
Page 2412
Page 2413
Material: O.Ind. prasna- m. netting, lurban (also plusi- m. intestines, entrails ); Av.
rzato franm with silbernem Panzerhemd; Gk. flechte (= Lat. plic), participle
; rope, band, net, n., n., netting, wickerwork ,
netting; Rnke, , , (*--, compare den es-stem
) braid, plait, curl , Alb. presumably plaf bunte, wollene cover (*plok-s-ko-),
plhur grobe canvas, fabric; Lat. plic, -ure zusammenwickeln, zusammenfalten, with i
after den compounds explicure, implicure, applicure; t-present plect, -ere, -xi, -xum flax,
wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten = O.H.G. flehtan, O.E. fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.),
O.Ice. fltta flax, wattle, braid; O.Ice. fltta f. lichen, O.E. fleohta m. hurdle , Goth.
flahta hair lock ; O.H.G. flahs, O.E. fleax n. Flachs (about Dutch vlijen flax, wattle,
braid s. Franck van Wijk 749); O.C.S. pleto, plesti flax, wattle, braid (if with WestIE
guttural from *plek-t), ablaut. O.C.S. plot fence;
References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.
See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek-.
Page(s): 834-835
Page 2414
Page 2415
Page 2416
plauskas and plaukstes dandruff , Ltv. plsni in Winde flatternde birch bark , Lith.
pliinti rub, wear out, pla Bastfasern (in addition le reed) etc.;
Lith. pluskos pl. Haarzotten, hair, Ltv. pluskas Zotten, rag, ablaut. plauskas f. pl.
schelfer; Lith. pluzdinis (Feder)bett, Deckbett, O.Pruss. (with g-insertion) plauxdine
feather-bed.
References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.
Page(s): 838
Page 2417
(berflu, uberflieend)
Material: O.Ind. plvat schwimmt, hovers, flies (= Gk. , Lat. perplovre, O.C.S.
plovo), pravat springt auf, hurries (here and in Av. ava nifruvayenta sie lassen in Fluge
heimkehren, usfravunte (die Wolken) steigen auf kann also ein IE preu- spring
vorliegen); Kaus. plavyati lt swim, uberschwemmt (= Serb. ploviti, O.H.G. flouwen,
flewen);
lengthened grade O.Ind. pluvayati lt swim, Av. usfruvayit da er wegschwemmen
could (= O.C.S. plavljo, plaviti swim lassen, schwemmen);
Page 2418
levier ds.;
O.H.G. causative flouwen, flewen spulen, wash (= O.Ind. plavyati), O.Ice. flaumr
current, O.H.G. floum colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend), M.L.G. flme f. rohes Bauchand Nierenfett, Ger. Flom, Flaum m. ds., O.Ice. fley (= , *plouiom) n. ship; O.Ice.
fl f. blinde cliff (i.e. uberflutete; : [] : u); pl- in M.H.G. vljen spulen; pl[u]- in
O.Ice. fla, O.E.flwan uberflieen, Goth. fldus (: ), O.Ice. fl f. n., O.H.G. fluot
flood, O.Ice. fli m. swamp, marsh;
Lith. causative pluju, plviau, pluti wash, spulen, Fut. plusiu (*plusi ); pltis offene
place in Eise; plevesuoti flutter;
O.C.S. plovo, pluti flow, schiffe, plujo schwimme, Kaus.-Iter. Serb. plviti
schwemmen, swim, Russ. plov boat, Clr. plov natuti, lengthened grade O.C.S. plaviti
swim lassen, -se navigare, plavati swim; Serb. pluta f., pluto n. cork; *pl- in Inf. Russ.
pleu-d-: O.Ir. im-ladi exagitat, imlad agitatio, for-ladi schwenkt, laid- move,
erwhnen, uern; in addition M.Ir. loscann frog (springer); O.Ice. fljta, O.E. flotan,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2419
flutteren voliture;
Maybe Alb. flutur butterfly : Rom. fluture butterfly, Alb. fluturonj fly : Rom. flutura
wave, flutter, flaunt, fly.
dubious is die apposition from Goth. flauts prahlerisch, flautjan sich gromachen, O.H.G.
flzzan superbire; Lith. pludiu plusti wash, clean, Ltv. plaust ds., Lith. plustu, pldau,
plsti stream, fluten, uberflieen, plude Schwimmholz , pldi mas das Strmen ,
berflieen, Ltv. pludut obenauf swim, pludi, pludini schwimmhlzer, pludi pl.
inundation, flood, pldi t ergieen, stream; bewssern; Lith. pluostas Fhre (*plud-tu),
Page 2420
pleike Glatze, plinku, plkti baldheaded become, Ltv. pliks, pleiks entblt, naked, bald,
bleak; R.C.S. ple Kahlheit, pleiv naked, bald, bleak, Cz. ple f. Glatze etc.,
compare also Nor. flisa grinsen, lachen, kichern, fleis face (eig. grinsendes face,
Grimasse), flire kichern, lachen, O.Ice. flim derision ;
here also the oberItal. (raet.) PN Plinius.
References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;
See also: compare under under plk- etc.
Page(s): 834
Page 2421
flagna sich peel; nasalized O.Ice. flengja throw, Nor. ds., losreien; with Gmc. -k- (= IE
g), O.Ice. flakna =flagna (skip-flak schiffswrack), flaka aufklaffen, sich unpick, yawn ;
Lith. ple-iu, -ti rend (trans.), nupleti abreien (e.g. dress), die Haut abschinden,
plasums crack, plaist Risse bekommen; diese alien i-forms gestatten also die citation
of Nor. dial. flk(e) ghnende wound (eig. crack, col, gap), O.Ice. flk, pl.flkr and flkar f.
scrap, shred, rag, O.E. (kent.) flc (*flaiki) Fleisch (k probably from kk), flicce
speckseite, O.Ice. flikki ds., M.L.G. vlicke ds., Flicke, abgetrenntes Stuck; O.H.G.flc,
flccko, M.H.G. vlec, vlecke (Proto-Gmc. *flikka) stuck Zeug, Stuck Haut, Stuck Land,
place, andersfarbige place, macula; O.Ice. flekkr Fleck, Stuck Land (M.L.G. vlacke
Fleck is neuerAblaut);
because of O.E. flc Fleisch is also kinship from O.E. flsc, O.S. flsk, O.H.G. fleisk
Fleisch, O.Ice. flesc (*fleisk) bacon, ham to consider, yet barely under a basic form *flaik-
sk-, da M.L.G. M.Du. vls, vlees Fleisch, O.Ice. flis abgeschnittenes Stuck, splinter, Swe.
fls, flsa ds., Nor. dial. fls ds., kjt-flis dunnes Stuck Fleisch eine cognate, Gmc. root form
Page 2422
Page 2423
Material: O.Ice. flasa f. dunne Scheibe, splinter, fles f. flat cliff, Ice., O.S. flas dandruff,
scale , Nor. flasa absplittern, abspalten, Ice. flaska gespalten become; Lith. plskanos
pl. schinnen in Haar.
References: WP. II 93;
See also: compare under plk- etc.
Page(s): 834
Page 2424
s Beifall (compare aplda chaff, bran from *ab-plaudu die abgeschlagene) ; Lat.
plautus breit, platt, plattfuig, PN Plautus, prn.-Lat. Plautios, pl. Plauties, with Umbr.
:Pltus; Umbr. Imper. pre-plotatu prosternito; Ltv. plauksta flat hand (different
Muhlenbach-Endzelin III 325).
References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;
See also: extensions the root pel- flat, eben, above S. 805.
Page(s): 838
Page 2425
Page 2426
pfnsen pant, sniff, snort, sneeze (pf- schallverstrkend for f), pfnust m. unterdrucktes
laughter , Nor. fnysa kichern; besides Gmc. *fns-, *fns-, *fnas-: O.E. fnesan anhelare,
fnst m. breath, breath, breeze, fnsettan schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort, M.H.G.
pfnusen pant, sniff, snort, pfnust m. das snort, O.H.G. fnusten anhelare; O.Ice. fnsa
pant, sniff, snort; O.Ice. fnusa pant, sniff, snort; O.H.G. fnaskazzen, fneskezzen, M.H.G.
Page 2427
Page 2428
plam search, seek, O.H.G. fuolen, Ger. fuhlen, O.E. flan, Eng. feel, (*fljan), O.Ice.
felma tap, grope , ablaut. falma ds.
References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.
Page(s): 840-841
Page 2429
porko-s
English meaning: pig
Deutsche bersetzung: schwein (neugeborenes Tier, Ferkel)
Note:
From an extended zero grade of Root eghi- : hedgehog derived Root ghers-, gher- :
rigid, *pig > Root porko-s : pig : Illyr.-italic-celtic gh- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Sakisch pusa (*parsa), kurd. purs, borrowed finn. porsas, mordw. purts swine;
Lat. porcus das zahme swine, Umbr. porca, purca porcus; M.Ir. orc m. piglet, young
animal, O.Brit. Orcades (with Gk. ending) = M.Ir. Innsi Orc Orkney-islands;
O.H.G. far(a)h n., O.E. fearh m. n. swine, (Dan. fare piglet throw); Lith. paras a
castrated boar, O.Pruss. prastian piglet (*parsistian); O.Bulg. prase, -ete swine, piglet
(deminut. nt-Suff.); to Lat. porcnus of swine compare Lith. pariena Ferkelfleisch, to Lat.
porculus schweinchen das Lith. parelis piglet, O.H.G. farheli, M.H.G. varcheln, Ger.
Ferkel.
References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 45, 74 ff.; after
Specht IE Decl. 34 to perk- tear open (see 821).
Page(s): 841
Page 2430
pos
English meaning: by, about, around, beside
Deutsche bersetzung: unmittelbar bei, hinter, after
Note: probably *p + os, gen.-abl. to *(e)p-, above S. 53 f.
Material: Gk. in ark.-Cypr. and auf Gk. Inschriften Phrygiens , vor vowel also -,
geltungsgleich with (see *per out - about, Nr. 8) and Dor. ; Lith. ps preposition
an, by; probably also O.C.S. po in the meaning behind, after; compare das erhaltene sin O.C.S. poz-d adj. late, poz-de adv. late, pozderije (paz-derije) , .
To Lith. ps also pstaras the letzte, hinterste.
Derivatives: 1. with -ti probably Arm. st after, Adverbal and preposition after =
secundum, gem; in addition stor the untere part?; Lat. post, aLat. poste after, behind
, rtlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. acc., Osc. pust, post, Umbr. post, pus
post rtlich and zeitlich, preposition m. abl., therefrom Lat. posterus, Osc. pustre in
postero, Umbr. postra, Lat. postumus, Osc. pustma[s] postremae; Umbr. postne, Lat.
pne from *posti-ne; Osc. pustin, Umbr. pustin (from *posti en) je after preposition m. acc.;
Umbr. pust-naiaf posticas, purnaes posticis; Lat. postcus hinten situated.
2. -ko- O.Ind. pascu (instr.) adv. behind, Westlich, later = Av. paca preposition
behind, after, rtlich and zeitlich, O.Ind. pascut (abl.) preposition behind, after, Westlich,
Av. paskut adv. vonhinten her, hinterdrein spacial and zeitlich; Lith. paskui, pskui (dat.)
adv. afterwards, nachher, preposition after.
3. In ending still strittig is ap. pasu after, preposition rtlich and zeitlich; Alb. pas, Gheg
Page 2431
Page 2432
poti-s
English meaning: owner, host, master, husband
Deutsche bersetzung: Hausherr, Herr; Gatte
Material: O.Ind. pti-, Av. paiti- master, mister, lord, master, Gemahl; O.Ind. ptn
mistress, wife, Av. pan- mistress; O.Ind. ptyat herrscht, is teilhaftig (: Lat. potior);
Av. x a-pati- er selbst;
Gk. husband , mistress (of Hauses), wife; - mistress of
Hauses (*-, from *-), -, - master, mister of Hauses (see
above S. 198); Alb. pata had, pash gehabt (*pot-to-) (to a present as Lat. potior, O.Ind.
ptyat);
Lat. potis (potior, potissimus) vermgend, mighty, possum, aLat. also potis sum kann,
potui, potens from an -denominative as Osc. putad possit, putans possint, Lat.
potestus power, potior, -r (potitur and pottur) sich bemchtigen; com-pos teilhaftig
(*Withherr), hospes, -itis guests friend , pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots Gastherr); ein
unflektiertes *poti selbst placed in utpote as naturlich, da nmlich, namely, eig. *ut *pote
(est) as es possible is = naturlich, further with syncope in mih-, me-, suupte etc.;
Goth. br-fas bridegroom , hunda-fas Befehlshaber about 100 Mann; Eng. fad
strong, valiant, big, large;
Lith. pts husband and selbst (old patis), Ltv. pats householder and selbst,
Lith.viepats master, mister (old viepati s), O.Pruss. pattiniskun acc. f. matrimony ; f.
O.Lith. viepatni; *patn under influence of *pati- transfigured to *pat in O.Pruss. waispattin
acc. wife, woman, Lith. pat wife, Ltv. pati Wirtin; indekl. particle Lith. pt, Ltv. pat
selbst, sogar, straight; about O.C.S. gospod master, mister, see above S. 453;
Hitt. -pat eben(so), also, rather; Toch. A pats husband.
Page 2433
Page 2434
po-ti
English meaning: against
Deutsche bersetzung: compared with, entgegen, gegen
Note: through das adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from *po (see under
Page 2435
Material: O.Ir. g jungfrulich, ge Jungfrulichkeit; Cz. pouhu lauter, bare, simple, just.
References: WP. II 77.
Page(s): 843
Page 2436
Page 2437
punam n. Trunk (: Gk. pleasant to drink Hes., M.Ir. un f. vessel), Inf. putav
to drink (= O.Pruss. potwei ds.), putar-, putar- m. Trinker (= Lat. ptor ds.), -puyia-, -
puyya- to trnken, Trunk (= O.Pruss. pois m. das Trinken), putra- n. drinking vessel
(*p-tlo-m = Lat. pculum goblet); participle pass. ablaut. pta- getrunken (habend), pti f. das Trinken, Trunk, Av. vispo-pitay- alltrnkend; O.Ind. Inf. putum, putav, Gerund.
ptvu- (: Lat. ptus m. Trank); redupl. athematic present 3. pl. pi-p-at, participle p-p-una-,
Aor. -pip-ta-; thematic pbati trinkt (= O.Ir. ibid);
Arm. mpem trinke (formation unclear);
Gk. , Lesb. (of Nominalst. *p-no-, compare above ) trinke, Fut.
(Konj.) , Aor. , Imper. , perf. , Med. trinke, , n.
Trinken, Trank, m., , - and - f. ds., m., n. drinking cup
, n. Gerstentrank, (Fut. ) give to drink;
Alb. p trinke etc.;
Lat. bib, -ere trinke (assimil. from *pib; falisk. pipufo I werde drink; Lat. pt, -ure
trinke strong, ptus betrunken, getrunken (= Lith. puot f. Zechgelage), ptus, -s m.
Trank (= O.Ind. putum Inf.), pti f. Trinken, Trank (: Gk. - f. Ebbe, O.Pruss.
pot drink from *pti-), pculum goblet (*p-tlo-m), ptor m. Trinker (= O.Ind. putar-);
Umbr. puni, poni milk (: O.Ind. punam Getrnk); O.Ir. ibid (*pibeti) trinkt, Verbalnom.
Page 2438
pojo, pojiti trnke; Bal.-Slav. *pta- and *pta- getrunken in Lith. puot f. Trinkgelage
and O.C.S. pitij trinkbar; Bal.-Slav. *pti uud *pti f. das Trinken in O.Pruss. Inf. pot
(*pti-) and Slov. pt f. Getrnk (Infin. *piti); Bal.-Slav. *ptu- m. das Trinken in O.Pruss.
Inf. puton, pouton and poutwei drink, ablaut. passive R.C.S. pit.
References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.
Page(s): 839-840
Page 2439
lo-lo-).
3. With formants -ro-: Gk. small, little, Lat. with rearrangement parvus small,
puella girl;
Goth. fula, O.Ice. foli m., fyl n. (*fulja-), under fylja f., O.E. fola, O.H.G. folo, ful(n) Fullen,
foals; besides *p[u]los in Arm. ul goat, am-ul unfruchtbar (*n-plo-), yi f. pregnant(*i-
plniyu); Gk. foals, also young man, young girl, small foals, Junges, Alb.
pel, ple mare (Fem. to *plos); perhaps med. Arbu-pales, if es weie foals besitzend
stands for.
5. With t-formant: putr- m., Av. . pu-ra- m. (latter from ptlo- = Osc. puklo-) son, kid,
child;
Page 2440
ps(s)us, -a knave, boy, girl, but pusillus very small is Dimin. from pullus (*putslo-lo-s);
Osc. puklo- kid, child (= O.Ind. putr-), plign. puclois dat. pl. pueris, mars. pucles; Lat.
Page 2441
Alb.Gheg prende, Tosc Premte [*prman- dies] Friday was created on the same basis as
Lat. L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk Aphrodites
hemera day of Aphrodite, Gmc. Freitag day of Freya = goddess of love similar to Gk.
Friday from Gk. soft, mild
Gk. gentle, mild from *- with jungerer o-inflection , beweist IE ui;
whereO.S. belongs O.Ir. rar f. volition, wish to erei-, S. 330;
Welsh rhydd free = Goth. freis (acc. frijana), O.H.G. O.S. fr, O.E. fro, fr free, los, free
from, O.Ice. in frjuls from *frhals (die meaning free originally to den Lieben gehrig);
O.Ice. Frigg, O.H.G. Frija wife Wotans, O.E. fro f., O.S. fr n. woman from noble lineage
(die love); Goth. frijn lieben, O.Ice. frju ds., O.E. frogan lieben, befreien, mdn. vren,
Page 2442
friunt friend, lover ; O.Ice. frr beautiful, O.E. frd-hengest stattliches horse; from *frain the meaning geschont derives Goth. freidjan spare, look after, O.H.G. vrten hegen
(frthof eingefriedigter courtyard , Ger. Freithof and popular etymology Friedhof); with i
O.Ice. friill lover, lover , f. frila, frilla, O.H.G. fridel, f. fridila Geliebte(r), next to which
from participle *frija- from: O.S. friuthil, O.H.G. friudil ds.; O.H.G. fridu m. peace,
protection, certainty, Einfriedigung, O.S. frithu m. peace, O.E. friou m. peace,
protection, certainty , O.Ice. frir m. love, peace, Goth. ga-frin spare, look after, O.Ice.
fria Frieden make, vershnen, O.E. friian shield , O.H.G. gifridn beschutzen;
O.C.S. prejo be favorable to, take care of , prija-jo, -ti ds., prijatel friend, lover ;
probably also Ltv. priks pleasure, joy.
maybe Alb. prek touch, make love : Ltv. priks pleasure, joy, Alb.Gheg me prit to host,
protect, expect, wait.
References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231.
Page(s): 844
Page 2443
Material: Lat. pruvus inverted; slant, skew; evil, bad; in addition prutum meadow (as
incurvation of Bodens, compare e.g. Lith. lank Einsenkung, meadow: lekti bend) and
(as Aufbiegung, bulge, hill); M.Ir. ruth, ruith m. f. Erdwall, fortress, M.Welsh bed-rawt,
Welsh bedd-rod m. burial mound, grave, Bret. bez-ret f. Begrabnisplatz, graveyard ,
Gaul. rutin acc. sg. castle(hugel), PN Argento-rute.
References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.
Page(s): 843-844
Page 2444
frag quick, fast, gamy; Nor.frc ds. (*frukja-); O.Ice. frkn, frkinn gamy, O.E. frcne
audacious, wild, O.S. frkni wild, cheeky, foolhardy , O.H.G. Frhn, Fruochan- in PN;
frhni iactura; Pol. pragnac greedy long, want, Cz. prahnouti lust, crave etc.; here
O.Ice. frakkr gamy and the VN Franken.
References: WP. II 88;
See also: belongs to Gk. bin horny, lustful, see under sp(h)er(e)g-.
Page(s): 845
Page 2445
eres (*prep-s-), mostly pl. eresk face, Miene, sight, Vorderseite, eresem zeige mich,
erscheine; also orovain belly etc. (*prop-n-io-)?
Gk. falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne mich from, es
ziemt sich, -, -, -, -, - hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend; seer (the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende); perhaps p
Zwerchfell; different above S. 620.
O.Ir. richt form, shape, Welsh rhith species (*prp-tu-);
O.H.G. furben clean, putzen, fegen (in die Augen fallend machen, ein Ansehen give),
M.H.G. vurbe cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe, and. wel gifurvid casta.
References: WP. II 89.
Page(s): 845
Page 2446
Page 2447
frosan, O.H.G. friosan freeze , O.H.G. frren congeal, freeze make, O.H.G. O.S. frost
(*frus-taz); O.E. forst m. O.Ice. frost n. frost;
B. O.Ind. plsati versengt, burns, plusta- versengt, verbrannt; Alb. prsh burning
coals, blaze, glow; Lat. prna glowing coals (*prusnu), prrre itch.
References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.
Page(s): 846
Page 2448
upa-pru-t
heranschwebend,
heranwallend
(Zusammenschlu
with
den
Abkmmlingen from *pleu- rinnen, see there), plava- m. frog, eig. springer, mandka-
glad, whereof O.H.G. frouwen, frewen sich freuen, frew, frewida pleasure, joy; Russ.
pryt f. schneller run, flow, prutkij hurtig, hasty.
Maybe Rom. (*breuska) broascu toad, frog : Alb. (*breustka) bretkosa toad, frog; gr
frog; also Rom. broascu-estoasu tortoise, water animal : Alb. (*breuska )
*fruska- in O.Ice. froskr, O.E. frosc, forsc, Ger. Frosch; Russ. prugnut einen Sprung, einen
Satz make, prugat hupfen, spring, pryg sprung, Satz.
also Alb. pragu (*preug) (high) threshold, bregu (*breug) shore, hill
References: WP. II 87 f.
Page(s): 845-846
Page 2449
Material: Gk. (, ) durchsge, knirsche with den Zhnen, , sge, das Gesgte, Sgespne; dreiseitige column ;
Alb. prish spoil, rupture, destroy, smash.
References: WP. II 89.
Page(s): 846
Page 2450
Material: Arm. erastank pl. (from *erast = prkto-) kann die Reduct.-stem besides
Gk. rump, After sein.
References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse2 142.
Page(s): 846
Page 2451
Page 2452
prso- (?)
English meaning: onion
Deutsche bersetzung: Lauch
Note: is mediterranes loanword
Page 2453
trew ds., ystrewi, trewi ds., M.Bret. streuyaff, Bret. strefia sneeze (*striw-).
Maybe Alb. (*pstereu-) pshertij, teshtij sneeze.
References: WP. II 101, WH. II 591.
Page(s): 846-847
Page 2454
ptel(e)i
English meaning: a kind of tree
Deutsche bersetzung: Baumname?
Material: Gk. , epidaur. elm, Ruster (latter with probably older
Anlautsvereinfachung; unclear are black poplar Hes. and because of Anlauts
Hes.); Lat. tilia Linde (M.Ir. teile derives from dem Eng.); Ven. FlN
Tiliaventus?
Arm. teli elm is Lw. from ;
perhaps *ptel-eiu die Breitblttrige or at most weit die Aste Breitende.
References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.
Page(s): 847
Page 2455
puk-2
English meaning: to enclose, put together
Deutsche bersetzung: zusammendrngen, eng umschlieen
Note:
Root puk-2 : to enclose, put together derived from Root ku-, kus- (*kukh-) : to kiss
common Celtic - Greek - Illyrian k- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Av. pusu- f. stirnband; Gk. - m. stirnband, Adverb. tight, firm,
dense, sensible, wise, painstaking , in compound - (- sensible, wise), out
of it - newer dense, tight, firm, proficient, make tight, firm, wrap
dense; Alb. puth kusse, lit. umarme.
References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gk. etym. Wb. 290.
Page(s): 849
Page 2456
Root pi-lo- : hair : Root pu-lo- : hair derived from Root pleuk- : flake, feather, hair
common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel phonetic mutation recorded in
centum languages first, mainly Latin.
Material: O.Ind. pula-, pulaka- m. das Struben the Hrchen am body, pulast- m.
schlichtes hair of the head bearing, carrying; Substantiv hair of the head , Patronymikon
Puulastya-; Gk. Plur. hair am Hintern, Locken Hes.; M.Ir. ul beard (*pulu-),
ulach bearded, ulcha f. beard, Ulaid die Leute from Ulster (*Ulut).
References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 191.
Page(s): 850
Page 2457
n), besides with masc. -s-: O.E. fox, O.H.G. fuhs fox etc.; Lith. pausts Tierhaar; Russ.Pol. puch (*peukso-, poukso-) Flaumfedern, Daunen, feines wolliges Haar an animals (out
of it Lith. pukas Flaumfeder), Russ. puistyj fleecy, dense, buschig, punoj tovar
Pelzwerk, Cz.-nsorb. o-pu (*puch), opy tail, Russ. opuka, opuina edge (of
Waldes), hem, Verbrmung.
Note:
Alb. suggests that Root pk-1, peuk- : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of older Lat.
volpes fox, Gk. alpx a fox. Root ulp-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)].
References: WP. II 82 f.
Page(s): 849
Page 2458
puras measure of capacity , Ltv. prs measure of capacity for corn, grain,
Aussteuerkasten, puns, pune, punis hunch, outgrowth am tree, hunch , pauns, pauna
cranium, Stirnknochen, also probably O.Pruss. pounian buttock, Lith. pune, Ltv. pauna
Rnzel, bundle.
pu-g-: Gk. the Hintere; O.Ice. fjk schneesturm, fjka quick, fast through die Luft
drive, whisk , fok snow flurry, M.H.G. fochen blow; Ltv. puga gust of wind, pauga
Polster, head.
p(h)u-k-: Arm. puk breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart, pl. bellows, pem
hauche, pkam blase mich auf; Pers. pk das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows,
afgh. p, pk a puff, a blast, the act of blowing;
Lith. pukne blister, bubble, pukle swelling, blister, pkiu, pkti pant, gasp,
wheeze, pkys, pukis chub (*Dickkopf); Ltv. pukuls tassel (eig. thick tassel ).
Page 2459
pu-p- (probably broken Redupl.): Alb. pup curd, grape, hill, pupz bud, Mohn,
pupul back; Lat. ppus small kid, child, knave, boy, Bubchen, *ppa small girl and
(late)
Pupille
of
Auges
(das
small
Spiegelbild
of
Beschauers
in
Auge
of
Angesprochenen), vulgr-Lat. *puppa (Fr. poupe, Ital. poppa) nipple ; O.Ir. ucht brost
(*puptu-); Ltv. pups Weiberbrust, paupt to swell, ppuoli ppuoli Weidenktzchen
(with voiced-nonaspirated pubulis bubble auf beer, knot in Garn), Lith. pupele, pupela,
pukas Hitzblschen auf the Haut, Ltv. pukis bouquet, Banderstrau, tussock under
likewise; O.C.S. *puchati blow, *opuchnoti to bloat, bulge, swell, puchl cavus
(aufgedunsen), Russ.pycht pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give, puchat aufgeblasen,
hochmutig sein, punyj luscious, aufgeblasen, hochmutig etc., O.C.S. napytiti se sich
aufblasen, Russ. puit ds. (*pyskiti; probably also Cz.-Pol. etc. pysk snout, muzzle with
dicken Lippen); compare above S. 790 puuson-?
pu-t-: O.Ind. pupputa- intumescence of the palate and gums; Gk. rump Hes.
(*put-snos); Lat. praeptium Vorhaut (from a *ptos penis, compare wRuss. potka ds.);
perhaps Ir. uth udder (*putus); Balt *puti blow in Lith. puiu, pusti blow, reflex. to
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2460
Page 2461
Material: O.Ind. pyati wird faul, stinkt = Av. puyeiti wird faul, O.Ind. pya-, -m pus, ptifaul, stinkend; Jauche, pus = Av. ptay- Fauligwerden, Verwesung; pashto pl Trubung
of Auges, WestOsset. ambud faul; O.Ind. ptuu (: O.Ice. fu) buttocks; with -sko-:
M.Pers. psintan faulen, O.Ice. fauskr morsches wood; Arm. hu eitriges blood; Gk.
manche faulen, faule, (*puom), , - n. pus; perhaps also
m., , , beestings ; Lat. ps, pris pus (*puuos), pte, -re
faulen, ptidus faul (from a participle *p-to-s), puter, -tris, -tre faul, morsch with u-, as
M.Ir. othrach dunghill , probably also othar ein sicker (*putro-), othar-lige Krankenbett,
Begrbnisplatz; O.Ice. finn decayed, rott, fi decay , fna faulen, feyja verfaulen
lassen, verrotten lassen, Goth. fls, O.Ice. fll, O.E. O.H.G. fl faul;
O.Ice. fu f. pudenda, M.H.G. vut pudenda, Alem. vudeli Kinderwort Popo,
geminated M.H.G.votze; Lith. puvu, puti faulen, causative pudau, -yti faulen make, Ltv.
put faulen, causative pudt faulen make, Lith. piulas (*pu-lo-s) m. verfaulter tree, Ltv.
prauls verfaultes wood (*plauls), Lith. puliai m. pl. pus, puves(i)ai m. pl. verfaulte
Sachen, Ltv. puvei m. pl. pus, puni m. pl. ds., papuve f. Brachfeld.
with g: O.Ice. fki stank, Mod.Ice. fki also verfaultes seaweed, kelp , as Ltv. punis
faulendes, pustulating, punes pl. Modererde;
with s: Nor. fyr (*fauza-) morsch, Dutch voos schwammig, Swiss gefsen
morschgeworden; about O.Ice. fauskr see above;
References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -ti- 151.
Page 2462
Page 2463
p-3
See also: see under peu- and pu-.
Page(s): 849
Page 2464
Page 2465
Ibhat, lambhat erfat, ergreift, placed wurde; compare M.Ir. recht pltzlicher attack,
fury, das also to Lat. rapi, root *rep- belong could; O.E. rabbian dash from V.Lat. rabiure
ds.; Toch. A rapure ferventness, passion.
References: WP. II 341, WH. II 413.
Page(s): 852
Page 2466
j-lose additional form in O.Ice. rfa the knochige part of Pferdeschwanzes, Nor. rva tail,
in addition in ablaut O.H.G. ruba, M.H.G. rube, rupe, rappe ds., Swiss rb(e) bO.Ir. rben
(also is O.H.G. rba as j(n)-stem must be assumed); die Gmc. forms can nicht from dem
Lat. derive; certainly Lat. Lw. is only Dutch raap, Eng. rope;
Lith. rpe turnip , ropien Rubenfeld; R.C.S. repa turnip ; Alb. rep turnip from
dem Lat. or Slav.; unclear is Welsh erfin Ruben (Plur.), Bret. irvin ds. (*arbno-);
References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell, Pflanzennamen
1, 659.
Page(s): 852
Page 2467
rasit- n. Getn, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder; Goth. razda voice, O.H.G. rarta f.
modulatio, O.Ice. rodd f. voice; with ablaut O.E. reord f. voice, sound, language;
whether here Dan. ralle, Swe. dial. ralla etc. glucksen, babble, chatter (*razln)?
References: WP. II 342.
Page(s): 852
Page 2468
rebh-1
English meaning: to move, hurry
Deutsche bersetzung: sich bewegen, umher eilen
Material: Pers. raftan go, mparth. raf- assail, fight, Osset. rvg quick, fast;
M.Ir. reb game, Tucke (*rebu), rebrad Kinderspiel, rebaigim I spiele;
Gmc. *reb- in heftiger Bewegung sein, M.H.G. reben st. Vb. sich bewegen, ruhren,
Ger. bO.Ir. rebisch alert, awake, smart, Swiss rbeln rant, roister, M.H.G. reben
trumen, baffle sein, M.L.G. reven nonsensical talk, speak, think, Nor. dial. rava hin
and her taumeln etc.
References: WP. II 370, Szemernyi ZDMG. 101, 207 ff.;
See also: extended from er-.
Page(s): 853
Page 2469
rebh-2
English meaning: to roof
Deutsche bersetzung: uberwlben, uberdachen
Material:
Gk. ,
hoher
Bedachung, das reed, wherewith man die Huser deckt, roof, ceiling,
Bedachung; O.H.G. hirnireba cranium (*Hirn-bedachung); O.H.G. rippa, rippi, O.S.
ribbi, O.E. ribb, O.Ice. rif n. Rippe (*rebhio-; die Rippen cover die Brusthhle, as das Dach
das Haus); R.C.S. rebr Rippe; Eng. reef Riff is Dan. Lw.
References: WP. II 371, Trautmann 241.
Page(s): 853
Page 2470
Page 2471
Page 2472
reg-2
English meaning: to see
Deutsche bersetzung: sehen?
Note: only albanesisch and Baltic
Material: Alb. ruaj sehe an, look, see; Lith. regiu, regeti see, rgana witch (compare
bser look), rgimas visible, apparent, manifest, obvious, Ltv. redzt see.
References: WP. II 366, Jokl Stud. 75.
Page(s): 854
Page 2473
reg-1
English meaning: right, just, to make right; king
Deutsche bersetzung: gerade, gerade richten, lenken, recken, strecken, aufrichten (also
unterstutzend, helfend); direction, line (Spur, Geleise) under likewise
Grammatical information: forms IE neither root present nor perfect tense; participle perf.
pass. reg-to- law
Note:
Alb. shqipe eagle seems related to O.Ind. rji-py darting along epithet of the bird syen(eagle, falcon), [Rom. oim falcon], Av. rzi-fya- (cf. Gk.
H., ), Arm. arcui (< *arci-wi) eagle which is evidently a form of the same word; that
it is Macedonian confirms its reality.
Alb., Gk., Av., and O.Ind. prove that from Root er-1, or- : eagle derived extended Root
ar(e)-g- (arg-?), rgi- : glittering, white, fast and its subsequent zero grade Root reg-1 :
right, just, to make right; king.
Material: O.Ind. rjyati, nasalized rjti stretches itself, it hurries (from horses); probably
also irajyti (with unclear i-) arranges, orders, enacts, decrees ; rju-, Av. rzu- just,
right (in addition rzu finger , gen. rzv), compar. superl. O.Ind. rjyas-, rjyas-
straight , rjistha-, Av. razita- the justest, justest ;
O.Ind. rjr- from horses = rju-gumin, rjrusva-, Av. rzruspa- EN eig. whose steeds
haste straight on; with fast horses , next to which compound form *rji- in rji-py- (2. part
unclear) soaring straight ahead (epithet of syn- eagle, falcon ), Av. rzi-fya- m.
eagle, name of a mountain or mountains , by Hes. (i.e. )
, Arm. arciv (*arcivi) eagle (beside it *rju-pya-, ap. *ardufya- in Pers. uluh eagle,
compare Gk. , if transfigured by folk etymology after from *); rji-svan-
Page 2474
ranu- gerecht (compare Gk. -), probably also razura- n., razuru f. wood, forest,
ruzar, ruzan- command, alignment ; rasman- m. n. schlachtreihe (: Gk. , Lat.
regimen);
O.Ind. ruj- (nom. sg. rut ) king (= Lat. rx, O.Ir. r, s. also Goth. reiks), rujan- ds., rujn
queen, Furstin, rust i, rujati is king, herrscht, glares, gleams (denominative), rujya- royal
(= Lat. rgius, compare also O.H.G. rhhi), rujya-, rujya- n. Herrschaft (= M.Ir. rge,
compare also Goth. reiki), rust r Herrscherin, rust ra- n. Herrschaft, Reich, Av. rustarLenker, ladder;
Arm. arcvi see above; doubtful Thrac. PN ;
Gk. ( only in Hom. participle ) to reach, stretch, stretch out; to
reach out, hold out, hand, give; to stretch oneself out, stretch forth ones hand; to reach at
or to a thing, grasp at; metaph. to reach after, grasp at, yearn for a thing; to help oneself to
( = Av. rata- etc.), strecke mich, long, reiche (- is prefix), or
, Ion. ep. Klafter, ds. (probably from * ass.); in compound
-, e.g. ; (= Av. rasman-) das Recken the hands, the Fue
(footstep); Darreichen; about see under beim Gmc.; about see above;
Page 2475
surg, adv. corg, erg, ergu s. WH. s. vv.), regi direction, line; line, region, rgula
Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath etc., rgillus with senkrechten Kettenfden gewebt;
Osc. Regaturei Rectri? (from a verb *regure); Lat. rog, -ure (die Hand ausstrecken =)
ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, fragen; rogus scheiterhaufen (Gk. Sicil. Getreidescheune
is Lat. Lw.) probably eig. aufgerichteter shove (= Gmc. *rakaz); rx, rgis king (= O.Ind.
ruj- etc.), rgna queen (marr. regen[ai] dat.), rgius royal (= O.Ind. rujya-);
Lat. rige, -re to be stiff, be numb, stiffen; to be stiff, be rigid, stand on end, bristle,
stand erect; stand out, to stand stiff, stand upright, rise , rigidus stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid
, rigor stiffness, inflexibility, rigidity, numbness, hardness, firmness, rigor, esp. for
coldness; the coldness (this specific meaning perhaps preferred through frgus); whether
for *regre after rigere?;
O.Ir. reg-, rig- austrecken, e.g. die hand, perf. reraig (*re-rog-e) direxit; *eks-reg- (:
Lat. rig) e.g. in at-reig uplifts sich, irge surrectio; ablaut. O.Ir. rog(a)id strecktaus,
M.Welsh rho gift, rho give; M.Welsh dy-re steht auf, dy-rein sich erheben, rhein stiff,
gereckt (: M.Ir. rigin ds.), O.Welsh ar-cib-renou sepulti, M.Welsh ar-gyu-rein Begraben
(*are-com-reg(i)-no) etc.; M.Ir. rn span (*reg-no-); O.Ir. recht (tu-stem), Welsh rhaith law
, Bret. reiz order, law, right;
Maybe Alb. mbret (mb-ret) king
Gaul. Rectu-genus; O.Ir. r-, gen. rg king (= O.Ind. ruj-, Lat. rx), Welsh rhi prince, lord,
Gaul. Catu-rx, pl. -rges eig. people of C., Rgo-magus eig. Knigsfeld (O.Corn. ruy,
M.Bret. roe, Bret. roue king probably Fr.), O.Ir. rgain queen (*rgen =) Welsh rhiain
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Page 2476
sedom);
Goth. rahts, O.Ice. rttr, O.E. riht, O.S. O.H.G. reht right, straight (= Av. rata- etc.),
Goth. ga-rahtjan, O.H.G. rihten etc. richten; O.Ice. rttr, gen. rttar das right, law, court
(= Celt. *rektu-; wgrm. through das n. of participle O.H.G. etc. reht right ersetzt); Goth.
rahtn darreichen; Kaus. Goth. uf-rakjan in die Hhe recken, ausstrecken, O.H.G.
recchen ausstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define, Ger. recken, O.S. rekkian
tell, define, O.E. reccan (reahte) ausstrecken, leiten, define, reckon, O.Ice. rekja
strecken, outspread, define, announce, declare (partly iterative *rakjan under
Verdrngung from *reg, partly denominative); O.Ice. rakna ausgestreckt become, zur
Besinnung come;
O.E. racu f. riverbed, run, flow, Eng. rake pathway, way, Geleise, O.E. racian run,
leiten, lenken, O.Ice. rekja spor die spoor pursue , M.L.G. reke f. (*raki) row, order,
raken meet, reach; O.E. racu f. narration, account, O.S. raka, O.H.G. rahha
Rechenschaft, thing, O.Ice. rok nom. pl. origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, Ursache,
ground; O.Ice. rakr, Fris. M.L.G. rak straight, right (= Lat. rogus); e-grade: M.H.G. gerech
wohlgeordnet, O.S. rekn richten, sort, order, arrange, M.L.G. reken right, unhindered,
often, O.H.G. rehhann sort, order, arrange, reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen, O.E. ge-
recenian define, Eng. reckon therefore halten; O.E. recen quick, fast, willing, ready;
O.Ice. land-reki king, O.H.G. anet-rehho drake, male duck ; whether with the outlook the
zum Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of Goth. rikan anhufen, M.H.G.
rechen zusammenscharren, anhufen, gather, collect, O.Ice. raka, M.L.G. raken (*rakn)
(together)scratch, O.Ice. reka, O.H.G. rehho rake, rake , O.S. reka f. rake , O.S. raka,
O.E. racu, Swe. raka f. ds., -grade: Nor. dial. raak f. spoor, Streif, furrow, row, Ice. ruk f.
streif (compare O.Ind. ruji-, ruj stripe, row) here belongs, is dubious; through borrowing
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Page 2477
s), O.Ice. rkr mighty; O.H.G. rhhi, O.S. rki, O.E. rce (Celt. *rgi o-) mighty, vornehm,
rich, Ger. reich; Goth. reiki, O.H.G. rhhi Reich (Celt. *rgi on);
-grade, with from uplift, set up, help entwickelter English meaning: O.Ice. rkja, O.E.
reccan (for*rcan after reccan ausstrecken; but preterit rhte), O.S. rkian, O.H.G.
geruohhen care bear, carry, Rucksicht nehmen, O.H.G. ruoh, ruohha Achthaben,
Bemuhung, Sorgfalt, M.L.G. rke m. ds., M.H.G. ruochls, O.E. rcelas (Ger. ruchlos,
Eng. reckless) unbekummert, unworried , O.Ice. rkr sorgsam, die with Gk. help,
stehe
bei,
-,
helper
help
sich
engstens
zusammenschlieen;
nasalized (compare das Lith., also O.Ind. rjti): O.E. ranc straight, stout, proud, bold,
M.L.G. rank slim, thin, weak (*gereckt), O.Ice. rakkr slim, erect, bold; O.S. O.E. rinc,
O.Ice. rekkr man;
Lith. nasalized em. reious, retis sich recken, ablaut. raaus, raytis (16. Jh.
ranszies), ra f. Recken, Ltv. ruztis sich recken; Russ. su-rzina good order;
Toch. A rk-, rak- hinbreiten, cover, rk- ds., A rkl cover.
References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann nom. Postverb. 106,
Trautmann 244.
Page(s): 854-857
Page 2478
regan, regin m., O.Fris. rein, O.E. reg(e)n, rn m., O.H.G. regan, regin, regen, M.H.G.
regen m.; O.Ice. rigna rain, O.H.G. regann ds. etc.; Lith. (with WestIE k?) rkia, rkti fein
rain, rke dust rain .
References: WP. II 365 f., WH. II 435.
Page(s): 857
Page 2479
Page 2480
Page 2481
Root reidh- : to ride, go derived from zero grade of an extended Root er-3 : or- : r- : to
move in -eidh- formant.
Material: M.Ir. rad(a)im travel (*reidh-); Welsh rhwydd-hau beeilen, erleichtern; O.Ice.
ra in schwankender Bewegung sein, ride; O.E. rdan ride; O.Fris. rda, M.L.G. rden,
O.H.G. rtan, M.H.G. rten, Ger. reiten;
Ltv. raidt eilig senden, hetzen, raiditis wriggle ;
Gmc. *ridjan- placed in O.E. ridda, O.H.G. ritto equestrian , extended in O.Fris. ridder,
M.L.G. ridder (out of it O.Ice. riddari), M.H.G. ritter;
Gaul. rda vierrdriger Reisewagen; Ir. d-riad Zweigespann (IE *reidhu); O.Ice. rei
f. Reiten, Reiterschar, cart , and. brande-rda Brandbock; O.E. rud f. Reiten, pull,
journey; Musik; Eng. road way; O.H.G. reita, M.H.G. reite cart, campaign, kriegerischer
attack (Gmc. *raid, IE *roidhu); (compare O.H.G. reisa departure, wagon, war train, trip
in Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move in -eis- formant.
compare moreover Gaul. rdurius Lenker a rda; PN -rdia, PN Epo-rdo-rx;
Welsh ebrwydd quick, fast (*epo-rdi-);
Gmc. *(ga)-raiia- in Goth. ga-rais angeordnet, bestimmt, O.Ice. greir light to
bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright; O.Fris. rde, O.E. gerde, rde fertig, light,
clear, bright, simple, just (Eng. ready); M.L.G. gerde, rde willing, ready, fertig; M.H.G.
gereit, gereite fertig, willing, ready, zur Hand; as Substantiv in O.Ice. reii n. and m.
Ausrustung, Nor. greide n. Pferdegeschirr; O.E. gerde n. Geschirr, armament, armor;
Page 2482
reidhi- in Ir. rid planus, facilis; O.Welsh ruid, Welsh rhwydd light, free; O.Bret. roed in
den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau, Bret. rouez rare, clair-sem; Ltv. raids willing,
ready.
reidho- in Ir. rad Fahren, Reiten; Welsh gorwydd horse; M.Lat.-Gaul. ve-rdus, parave-rdus (from *vo-rdos) Beipferd; compare O.H.G. ga-rt n. equitatus; M.H.G. n-rit m.
Einritt; M.L.G. rit n. Ritt;
to reidh- also das Abstraktsuffix Welsh -rwydd m.: O.Ir. Kollektivsuffix -rad in O.Ir. ech-
Page 2483
Page 2484
Material: Ir. ad-riug allig, con-riug collig, do-riug nud, fo-riug sist; *rigo- placed in
M.Ir. urach manacle (Bret. ere) from *ad-rigo-, cenn-rach halter (= Welsh pen-rhe
stirnband); *reigo- in Welsh modrwy f. ring, rhwym (*reig-smn) m. manacle (pl. O.Welsh
ruimmein), aerwy (*ad-reigo-) halter , O.Ir. barach, Welsh burwy Kuhfessel, cyfrwy
saddle (*kom-reigo-); M.Bret. rum bande, troupeau goes auf *roig-smn back;
Ir. cuimrech n. manacle, Fesseln (Bret. kevre lien) corresponds, da die basic
form*kom-rig-om is, bis auf das suffix dem Lat. corrigia, corrigium schuhriemen, strap;
M.H.G. ric gen. rickes m. band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, knot and ricken
anbinden.
References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;
See also: probably extension from rei-1; meaning development as (see 858) rei-p- wickeln,
bind.
Page(s): 861-862
Page 2485
Material: O.H.G. reichen reach, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken, M.L.G. rcken,
O.E. rc(e)an ausstrecken, reichen, darbieten (Eng. reach), O.Ice. reik f. scheitel in
Haar; Lith. ri-iuos, -tis sich brusten, ri-from, -ytis sich wiederholt recken; as Tortur
through Strecken the Glieder seems also related O.Ir. riag Tortur, ringid foltert, peinigt;
M.Ir. rimm buffoon (*reig-smi-), M.Welsh dir-rwyn (*reig-no-) Tortur, affliction; cyf-
rwyn-ein ds.
References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373.
Page(s): 862
Page 2486
ckes m. waagrechtes Gestell, shaft, pole, Ger. Reck; O.H.G. rigil m., M.L.G. regel m. bar,
bolt, Reeling, nnd. also rchel, older Dutch rijgel now, yet richel bar, bolt; Ice. rgr m.
stiffness (also name of Heimdallr); M.L.G. rch stiff , O.Ice. reigjask den body uplift, set
up, sich anspannen, O.E. rge-rose Muskeln am backbone, spine; O.Ice.riga, -aa
(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen, Swiss rigelen waver; Nor. dial.rigga upset;
Nor. rikke move, rucken, E.Fris. rikke(l)n hin and her bewegen, wobble, sway; Ltv. rku
(rkstu), rikt curdle, coagulate, harden, fest become.
References: WP. II 346 f.;
See also: probably as reik- to reig-; s. also rei-5.
Page(s): 862
Page 2487
rei-1
English meaning: to tear, cut
Deutsche bersetzung: ritzen, reien, schneiden
Material: Lat. rma Ritze (*rei-mu); M.Ir. ro stripe (*ri-uo-); O.E. ruw, rw f. row (*roi-
uu); Lith. riev Felskluft, Fels, hill (compare Lat. rump : rps), raive stripe, Ltv. riwa
Ritze, crease, furrow; in addition probably as border line or Hugelreihe: M.Ir. ren
way, Bergkette (therefrom renaid *bahnt sich einen way > besiegt, ren Niederlage),
Bret. run hill; O.Ice. rein f. border line , O.H.G. rein, Ger. Rain ds. (Celto-Gmc. *roi-no-).
extensions:
reib-: O.E. r pan, riopan reap (Eng. reap), rifter sickle, r p n. harvest, Nor. rpa
ritzen, ripa abreien, abstreifen, M.Eng. ripelen, nEng. ripple Flachs break, rupture,
M.L.G.repen, repelen ds., O.H.G. rifila, riffila sge, jagged mountain ridge; O.S. rpi, O.E.
Page 2488
rifna zerspringen, aufspringen, rifa f. crack, col, gap, M.L.G. rven rub, O.Fris. rva
rend , nd. ribben pluck, Flachs pluck; O.Ice. rfr erwunscht (compare sich um etwas
reien), O.E. rf vast, grand, violent, M.L.G. rve wasteful ; ablaut. O.Ice. reifr blithe,
glad, aufgerumt, reifa frdern, beschenken; E.Fris. riffel furrow, O.E. ge-riflian furrow
; with p through consonant stretch: O.Ice. rp Oberkante eines Bootes, E.Fris. rip(e)
edge, bank, border, shore, M.H.G. rf bank, border, shore;
besides eine Gmc. family with scrap, shred, stripe as basic meaning, so that here
anreihbar, and wickeln, bind as abgeleitete English meaning: O.Ice. rif n. Reff, M.L.G.
rift ds., O.Ice. rift (ript) f. stuck Zeuges, rifr m. (*rii-) pulley, Weberbaum, rifa sew ,
O.E. rift f. dress, Schleier, curtain, O.H.G. bein-refta britches ; O.Ice. reifar pl. f.
Wickel, reifa wickeln, O.E. u-rufian loswickeln (similarly Dutch dial. rijvelen wear out);
with consonant stretch -p(p)-: Goth. skauda-raip schuhriemen, O.Ice. reip, O.E. rup
rope, band, O.H.G. reif strap, Fareif, ring;
with Gmc. -sp- (from -ps-?): O.Ice. rispa tear open and f. rispa ein light Kratzer, O.S.
rispa discord, nd. rispe Flachsraufe, rispen den Flachs through die Raufe pull(Ger.
Rispe samenbuschel but probably with originally hr-), O.H.G. rispeln snatch , bO.Ir.abreispen abzupfen, abbrechen, M.H.G. be-rispeln rebuke, reproach, bestrafen.
reis-: O.Ind. risyati, rsati wird injures, hurts, disables, nimmt damage; damages , ristinjures, hurts, disables, rsayati schdigt, straft, risanyti geht fehl, risanyuunzuverlssig; Av. ra-, iri- injure, verwunden; damage leiden (present rayeiti tr.,
iriyeiti tr., intr., Kaus. raayeiti), participle irita- damages , raa- m., raah- n.
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Page 2489
risten carve , O.Ice. ristill m. Pflugeisen, M.H.G. rist m. n. plowshare, plough handle,
plough stilt ; Ltv. risums, risins crack, slit, O.C.S. reiti loosen.
References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241.
Page(s): 857-859
Page 2490
Page 2491
Material: O.Ind. ruyati barks ; Lith. reju reti losschreien, scold, chide, refl. sich quarrel,
squabble; Ltv. reju, rju, rit bark, bay; ablaut. rju, rt scold, chide, Lith. rojju, rojti
uN.entlich crow, cackle (of rooster, cock)?, Church Slavic rar clangor (Cz. raroh m.
Wurgfalke), Russ. rjat clink, sound; O.Ice. rumr hoarse (*rma-); derived from a
noun *rama is remja roar, bellow; possible here also rmr voice, sound, pronunciation;
compare further O.E. rurian bloken, roar, bellow, O.H.G. rrn ds. etc.;
O.Ice. jarma bleat, wherefore Arm. ornal heule belongs, weis perhaps auf eine vollere
root er-, r- there.
extensions:
rb- rulpsen:
Nor. dial. r
pa den Mund run lassen (*rpjan), rapa rulpsen; O.Ice. repta (*rapatjan)
rulpsen; Dan. rbe ds., Jut. also quaken s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reub- under reu-1.
ruohelen, M.H.G. ruehelen neigh, roar, bellow, rcheln (besides ruheln, rucheln to *reu-k); Lith. rekiu, rekti roar, bellow, Ltv. rkt ds.; O.C.S. reko say; with g: Lat. ragere roar,
bellow.
Page 2492
Page 2493
Material: O.Ind. rai- m. f. possession, richness in ruh, ruyah (originally i-stem); das u from
ruh after dem acc. sg. rum, the likewise analogisches u hat (after gum, above S. 482); raygift, possession, jewel (Av. acc. pl. ra, leg. ray), rayi-vnt-, mostly r-vnt- rich; Av.
instr. sg. raya (leg. ruyu) = O.Ind. ruyu (to ruh), Av. ravant rich; O.Ind. Av. ru- give
(extended O.Ind. rusat gives), O.Ind. ruti - gift, giver; O.Ind. ruta-, Av. rut bestowed;
Lat. rs, re thing, possession (das after dem acc. rm from *reHim?), Umbr. re-per
pro r, dat. abl. ri; in addition Lat. reus Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte (*ri -os);
unclear M.Welsh rei richness .
References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O.
Szemernyi nimmt (brieflich) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowicz (Etudes 36 f.)
eine basic form *reHi- for das noun and *reH- for das verb an (?).
Page(s): 860
Page 2494
rei-5
Deutsche bersetzung: stutzen
See also: see under reid-, reik- and rem-.
Page(s): 860
Page 2495
Page 2496
Page 2497
rek-1
English meaning: to tower; pole
Deutsche bersetzung: emporragen; stange etc.
Note: as reik-, see there.
Material: O.Ice. ru f. (*rah) shaft, pole in a scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen, Schiffsrahe,
M.L.G. ru, M.H.G. rahe f. shaft, pole, Rahe; Nor. dial. raaga (*rgn-) dunne shaft, pole,
nd. rack Gestell, Wandregal, M.H.G. reck(e) lange dunne shaft , pole, esp. zum
berhngen from Kleidern; M.H.G. rach, -hes and rac, -ges, lengthened grade rhe stiff
; M.H.G. regen st. V. sich erheben, stare, emporragen, Causative. regen schw. V., uplift,
set up, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive (*ragjan), Ger. regen; Nor. dial. raga waver;
very doubtful, whether as reduced grade here M.H.G. rogel not fest, fluctuating , sich
rugelen sich ruhren, Ger. dial. rogeln wobble, sway, O.Ice. rugla in UN.nung bringen,
stren; geminated rugga swing, move; rykkia rucken, hurry, O.E. roccian swing (Eng.
rock), O.H.G. rucken, Ger. rucken, O.Ice. rykkr, O.H.G. ruc m. jerk (*rukki-);
Lith. rekles stangengerust zum Trocknen, Ruchern.
References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 176.
Page(s): 863
Page 2498
Page 2499
hurraka (hur-) Heck-band, strap, O.Ice. rakki m. stropp zum Festhalten the Rahe, O.E.
racca m. ds., O.Ice. rekendi n., rekendr f. pl. chain, manacle; O.E. racente, racete f.,
O.H.G. rahhinza f. d.
References: WP. II 362.
Page(s): 863
Page 2500
Root remb-, romb-, romb- : to hack, notch derived from a zero grade of Root ereb-, orob-,
Page 2501
Root rem-, rem- : to rest; to support derived from a zero grade of an extended Root er-
rumayati bringt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergtzt; Av. rumyat er soll rest,
rumiwm ihr mgetstehen bleiben, rumayeiti beruhigt, Osset. urmun, urmyn
restrain, hemmen, beruhigen; O.Ind. ruma- m. lust, pleasure, joy, ruma- erfreuend,
mellifluous, reizend, Av. ruman- n. tranquility, peace, Pers. rum tranquility; cheerful,
cheerful; O.Ind. rnti f. refreshment, Ergtzung, ramsu adv. joyful, gratifying; ratstand geblieben, sich genugen lassend, sich ergtzend, rat- n. Liebeslust, rti- f. rest,
tranquility, lust;
with unclear : Gk. , - peaceful, gentle, leise, peaceful,
compar. (compare den es-stem Goth. rimis);
O.Ir. fo-rim- place, lay, place (originally *stutzen; ri- = r-); perhaps M.Ir. rinde vessel;
O.H.G. rama pad, Gestell, Webe- or Stickrahmen, M.L.G. rame (= M.L.G. M.H.G.
reme), ramen ds.; Goth. rimis n. tranquility ; O.Ice. rond f. edge, hem, shield, O.E. rand
m. schildrand, shield, O.H.G. rant m. edge, Einfassung, shield, Nor. rande and ablaut.
rinde Erdrucken, bench , krimGoth.rintsch mons, spO.N. (*Goth.) randa Leiste; Nor.
rand f. crossbar, crossbeam, Sims, Ger. bO.Ir. ranten shaft, pole (: Lith. ramtis, ramstis
pad, handrail); O.H.G. ramft edge, Einfassung kann *rom-ti- sein, but at most also auf
Page 2502
Page 2503
Page 2504
Page 2505
*rafjan in M.H.G. reffen = refsen, compare with lengthened grade O.E. gerf n. (?) =
geresp accusation, reprimand;
O.Ice. rafr stripe Heilbuttenfleisch, refill stripe, Stuck eines Gewebes (ragged ), Dutch
Page 2506
yti travels in cart ; rathesthu- warrior = Av. raata ds.; Av. raa- cart , raiya
Fahrstrae;
Lat.
rota
wheel,
scheibenrund;
Maybe Alb. rota wheel.
Ir. roth m. wheel; Welsh rhod f. wheel; Gaul. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); Celt. *-reto- run,
flow,
neutr.
Abstraktsuffix
in
Welshbrith-red
perplexity
M.Ir.
brecht-rad
rhawd run, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar, gaeaf-rawd Winterszeit = M.Ir.gem-rad ds., M.Welsh
bed-rawd, Welsh bedd-rod, Bret. bez-ret Grber (Welsh bedd grave), in addition M.Ir.
ru(i)the season, quarter of the year (*rti o-);
O.Ir. rethim laufe with compounds, Kaus. roithim treibe an;
Maybe Alb. rreth hoop, rim (of wheel); circle, rrethim siege;
O.Ir. Verbaln. riuth m. run, flow (*rtu-);
Maybe Alb. rrjeth, rrjedh f. run, flow (*rtu-);
to O.Ir. do-riuth accurr belongs Welsh tyred (*to-rete) come!; O.Ir. fo-riuth, Welsh guo-
Page 2507
rati cart ), Lith. ratelis m. Rdchen (compare O.H.G. radelt and Lat. rotula f.
Rdchen), dvirtis (mostly pl. dviriai) zweirdriger cart ;
maybe Alb.Gheg me rotullue to circulate, Illyr. GN Redon, Rodon
Lith. ritu, rsti roll (*rt-); but Gaul. petor-ritum vierrdriger cart kann Lat. development
from *petor-roto- sein.
References: WP. II 368, WH. II 443 f., Trautmann 238.
Page(s): 866
Page 2508
iteroche f. gullet from ruminants, Mod.Ice. jrtr n. das Wiederkuen (about *-urtr from
*i-ruhtr-); O.Ice. jrtra wiederkuen;
Lith. rjugmi (riugeju), raugiu, rugiu burp, have saures Aufstoen, O.C.S. rygajo se
burp, Lith. rugstu, rugti sour become, ferment, seethe, rgos wheys, rgys
sauertpfischer person, rugtas sour, rugas sourdough, Ltv. atraugas f. pl.
Aufstoen, atraugties aufstoen, raudzt suern, rkts bitter, herb, O.Pruss. ructan
Page 2509
Wrong etymology since Alb. r cloud = Rom. roi swarm, hive, cluster, cloud, a loanword
from:
Proto-Slavic form: roj
See also: rejati; rek; rinoti
Russian: roj swarm [m jo]
Polish: rj swarm [m jo], roju [Gens]
Serbo-Croatian: rj swarm [m jo]
Slovene: rj swarm [m jo] see Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move
References: WP. II 357, Wissmann nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244.
Page(s): 871-872
Page 2510
rhi- m., rh f. gazelle ; O.Ind. lha- reddish, m. n. rtliches metal, copper, iron (formal
= Lat. rfus, O.Ir. rad, Goth. raus, Lith. raudas, O.C.S. rud), rdhra-, ldhra- m.
symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes Pulver bereitet wird, losta- n.
Eisenrost (*reudh-s-to-); rudhir- red, blutig, n. blood (*rudh-i-ro-, contaminated from
*rudh-ro- and*rudh-i-); khotansak. rrusta- red (*reudh-s-to-);
Gk. I rte (= O.Ice. rja), n. Rte (compare Lat. rubor);
red (= Lat. ruber, O.C.S. *rdr etc.); Mehltau, robgo (ambiguous ending),
- Rteln (*-, *rudh-s-);
Lat. rbidus oxblood, indigo (with -do- further formations = O.Ind. lha-);
with dial. f: rfus lichtrot, fuchsrot, Umbr. rofu rubros; with dial. from *ou Lat. rbus,
rbeus, rbius red, rbgo Rost; Mehltau, Getreidebrand, also probably rbus, rbur
Hartholz, heartwood ; ruber, rubra, -um red (Umbr. rufru rubros), Lat. rubor Rte,
rube, -re red sein (: O.H.G. rotn, O.C.S. rdeti), russus fleischrot (*rudh-so-); auf
*rudhro- go die auson. Lw. rutilus reddish, VN Rutuli (with Dissim.) back; compare Lig.
fundus Roudelius, Illyr. Camp Raudii, Apul. PN Rudiae (Szemernyi Arch. Ling. 4, 112 f.);
about Lat. raudus see under;
O.Ir. rad, Welsh etc. rhudd red, O.Ir. rucc(a)e schande (*rud-kiu), nasal. fo-roind
rtet; Gaul. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus, GN Rudiobos (roter Schlger?), Rudianos; Celt.
Page 2511
roi m. Rte, ry n. and ryr m. Rost, roa red sein or become, O.H.G. rotn blush,
M.H.G. rot red, O.H.G. rotamo, rosamo (*rudh-s-men-) Rte (moreover O.Ice. rosmu-fjoll
rtliche Berge), O.E. rudu Rte, rudig reddish; u-ryderian blush; O.E. rst, O.H.G.
O.S. rost Rost (*rdh-s-to);
Lith. raudas, raudnas red, raud rote paint, color; rudas puce (Ltv. ruds reddish),
rudu autumn, rudeti rosten, rdi s f. Rost, rdynas, rdyna, rdyne swamp, marsh
with rtlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop, rausvas (*roudh-s-uo-)
reddish, Ltv. rusa (*rdh-s-u) Rost, Lith. rusvas reddish brown (*rudh-s-uo-), ruslis
Bratrost, ruseti gleam, burn, Ltv. rusla kind of rotbrauner paint, color, Lith. rustas
brunlich, purple, mauve (*rudh-s-to-), Ltv. rusta braune paint, color, rustt red frben;
O.C.S. rud red, ruda Erz, metal , rus (*roudh-s-o-) reddish, blond; *rdr red in
R.C.S. rodr; rdeti se sich rten, rda Rost, Russ. rysyj reddish blond (*rdh-s-o-,
compare Ltv. rsa);
Toch. A rtr-urkyant rotglnzend, rtr, rtre red (*rutre-?).
O.Ind. ravi- m. sun, Arm. arev ds. kann only very doubtful as the Rote gedeutet
become; Lat. raudus, rdus, rdus ein formloses Erzstuck as Munze is perhaps with
O.Ind. lha- rotes metal, copper, iron and O.Ice. raui rotes Eisenerz, O.C.S. ruda Erz,
metal to connect and Gaul. or Illyr. Lw.;
maybe Alb. rrotull wheel, sun? [diminutive -l]
also O.H.G. aruzzi, erizzi, aruz, O.S. arut Erz, Erzstuck, O.Ice. ortog (*arutia-taugo)
Drittel eines re are because of Schwankens the forms as borrowed to betrachten; hence
Page 2512
Page 2513
Page 2514
reu-1, ru-, rEnglish meaning: to roar, murmur, etc.. (expr.), onomatopoeic words
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallwurzel brullen, heisere Laute ausstoen; brummen,
murren
Material: O.Ind. ruu-ti, ruvti, ravati bellow, roar, lrmt, drhnt, rva-, ravtha- m.
bellowing, braying, roar ; Gk. heule, brulle, stoe einen scream from,
adv. with bellowing, braying, roar (prefix IE ); Lat. rmor noise, shout, call, rumor;
ruvus hoarse, ravis f. hoarseness , raucus hoarse, ravi -re sich hoarse talk, speak;
O.E. ron Wehklagen, M.H.G. rienen (*reunn) wail, lament; O.Ice. rymja roar,
bellow, drone, grumble, rymr m. grobe voice;
Church Slavic revo, rjuti and O.C.S. rovo, ruti roar, bellow, Cz. ruje (old), rje f. clamor
of Hirsches, rutting , Pol. ruja f. rutting, heat(zeit) (out of it Lith. ruj, Ltv. ruoja f.);
Slav.*rovo besides *rjuti from *reu, *reuti, thereafter *rjovo > *rjevo;
with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: O.Ir. rn mystery , Welsh rhin
ds.; Goth. rna f. mystery , O.S. rna, M.L.G. rne heimliches Flustern, h.
Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen, O.E. rn ds., M.H.G. rne Flustern, heimliches
Beratschlagen, O.Ice. ryna vertraulich together talk, speak, O.E. rnian flustern, sich
verschwren, O.H.G. rnn flustern, raunen, changing through ablaut O.E. ronian
flustern (as above ron, M.H.G. rienen), Nor. dial. rjona babble.
extensions:
a. reud-: O.Ind. rudti, rditi heult, weint, jammert, Av. raod- weep, cry, O.Ind. rdam. Klageton, Winseln, Weinen (= O.H.G. rz m., compare Lith. raud); Gk. ? (see
above); Lat. rd, -ere, -vi cry; roar, bellow; O.H.G. riozan weep, cry, rz das Weinen,
Winseln, O.E. rotan wail, weep, cry, ablaut. O.Ice. rauta roar, bellow; bO.Ir. rotzen
Page 2515
rauhtjan ergrimmen; (but O.Ice. raukn n. draft animal for rokn = vrokn); Slav. *rui eti
wiehert in O.C.S. ret, rzati, Serb. r, rzati etc. (Lith. rgoti evil nehmen is Lw. from
Russ. rugt vilify, scold = O.C.S. rogati se mock ).
c. reuk-: O.E. ryn roar, bellow (*rhjan), M.L.G. rjan ds., O.H.G. rhin bellowing,
braying, roar , besides ruhen (from *ruhjan), O.H.G. rohn rgre (Wissmann nom. postv.
87 f.); Ltv. rucu, rukt roar, roar, bellow, Lith. rkti roar, bellow; O.C.S. rykajo, rykati
rugire, Russ. rykt roar, bellow; besides O.C.S. rikajo brulle (from *rjkajo), ablaut.
Slov. ruk m. rutting, heat the Hirsche, rukati roar, bellow etc.
d. ein cognate reus- seeks man in:
Ger. rsten (after dem knisternden Ton?), O.H.G. rst Rostpfanne, Scheiterhaufen,
O.H.G. rsc, M.H.G. rosch, rsch knisternd, brittle, resch, O.E. ge-roscian beim fire dry?;
in addition probably Lith. ruzgiu roar, foam, schnurre, grumble.
References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248.
Page(s): 867-868
Page 2516
reu-2, reu- : rEnglish meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: aufreien, graben, aufwuhlen; ausreien; raffen
Grammatical information: participle perf. pass. r-tNote: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu- (see under)
Material: O.Ind. rav-, ru- shatter, shatter (rvat, rudh, ruvisam, rruvat; meaning
probably from her and in Stucke reien), participle rut- shatter, zerschmettert (= Lat. d, -, ob-rutus); rman-, lman hair (compare under n. Ir. raimneach and O.Ice. rogg
langes hair); Gk. - die Erde aufwuhlend;
Lat. ru in the meaning tear open, wuhlen, scratch, -, d-, ob-ru, -rutus (see above),
rta caesa all, was auf a Grundstuck ausgegraben and gefllt is, rtrum spade, hack,
mattock, hoe, Kelle, rutellum small shovel, rutubulum shovel, Scharre;
M.Ir. ram spade, Grabscheit, ramar effossio; Ir. raimneach langes hair;
O.Ice. ryja den Schafen die Wolle ausreien (Nor. r f. Winterwolle), O.S. rwi f.
rauhes fell, fur;
O.Ice. rogg f., roggr m. langes hair, long wool (*rawwa-), Swe. rugg zottiges hair
(*ruwwa-); out of it Eng. rug;
Goth. riurs vergnglich (riurjan spoil), O.Ice. ryrr small, arm;
presumably O.S. O.H.G. riomo strap, leathery band, strap, belt, girdle (*abgerissener
Hautstreifen), O.E. roma, rama ds., also dunne Haut (compare S. 873 *reugh-m(e)n-
skimmings); M.L.G. M.Du. rn, rne, schwb. raun Wallach, Gaul, because of oFris. han-
rne Hahnrei (actually verschnittener rooster, cock) originally equus castratus, mnl.
runen, ruynen cut, clip, kastrieren; (Ger. runken); borrowed Ltv. rnt kastrieren, also
finn. ruuna Wallach, ruunata kastrieren;
Page 2517
rawys ditch, trench, channel Lw. from Pol. rw ditch, trench, channel); Ltv. rauklis
Raufeisen; O.C.S. ryjo, ryti dig, rvo reie from, jte from, ryl, rylo Grabscheit,
spade, hack, mattock, hoe, rov ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole, runo Flie;
s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2, wherefore perhaps also Lith. urvas m., also urva f.
cave.
extensions:
a. reub-: reissen in Lat. rubus Brombeerstaude, blackberry (*shrub, bush, whereof
man sich reit), rbidus (panis i. e. parum coctus) raw, rauhrissig; perhaps also rubta
toad ; M.Ir. robb animal?; Gmc. *raup-, *rupp- (with intensification) in Goth. raupjan
pluck, O.E. repan ausplundern, O.H.G. roufen, M.H.G. roufen, reufen, raufen pluck;
M.Eng. ryppen, Eng. rip rend , M.H.G. rupfen, ropfen pluck, O.Ice. ruppa, rupla
losreien, rupl n. booty, robbery .
b. reud- zerreissen; rud-l- raw, wild.
Lat. rdus, -eris n. zerbrckeltes Gestein, detritus, rubble ; also rudis unbearbeitet,
raw, rullus coarse, burisch (*rud-lo-); M.Ir. rad Ruine, Welsh pl. rhuddion offal, bran
(*roud-); O.N. reyta (*rautjan) abreien, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck, also M.Du. rten,
Du. ruiten rend, plundern, rob, M.L.G. ruter, Du. ruiter (Ger. Reuter) Plunderer, robber
(influence of M.Lat. ru(p)tarius); ein zugehriges word for junk places M.H.G. riuze, alt-
riuze wer mitGerumpel handelt or es ausbessert ahead; auf das through Wssern and
Faulenlassen of Flachses vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaser weisen O.Ice. rotinn faul,
decayed (but -rotinn still wer die hair nicht verloren), rot n. decay; Ohnmacht, O.S.
rotn from Rost verzehrt become, O.E. rotian faulen, wither, wilt; M.L.G. rten Flachs
rsten, O.H.G. rzzen faulen, M.H.G. rzzen and rzen faulen lassen, Ger. bO.Ir.
Page 2518
rssen Flachs faulen lassen (reshaped to rstennach rsten auf dem Rost braten),
M.H.G. rz murbe;
here O.Ind. Rudr- GN (*rud-lo-), puli ludda- cruel, savage after W. Wust Rudr-.
c. reudh- reuten, roden.
Av. raoiya- arable to make;
O.Ice. rja reuten, rumen, M.H.G. rieten st. V. ausrotten, destroy; O.Ice. rjr n.
offene place in Walde, O.H.G. reod gerodetes Land, Ger. dial. Ried ds., O.H.G. riuti ds.,
riuten (*riutjan) reuten, ablaut. O.Ice. ru n. gerodete place in wood, forest, M.L.G. rot
das Roden, O.Ice. ryja roden; aufrumen, ausrotten, O.E. u-ryddan (Eng. rid) mug,
rob, plundern; M.H.G. roten, Ger. rotten; M.L.G. roden, out of it Ger. roden, O.Fris. t-rotha
ausrotten.
d. reuk- (partly probably also reug-, reugh-?) pluck.
O.Ind. lucati rauft, rupft, enthulst, lucana- n. das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen, rksa- see
under;
Gk. , Att. - grabe, scharre, , das ditch, trench, channel,
n. ditch, trench, channel, in the Erde vergraben; common O.Ind. -gh- > ks- :
Gk. -gh- > -ss-, -tt- phonetic mutation
Lat. runc, -ure jten, ausjten, runc, -nis Reuthacke, Jthacke; Gk. plane
(the Vokalvorschlag getilgt perhaps after reie weg to *uer-s-, -u-??), from which
Lat. runcina ds. (-n- through Fernassimilation, unterstutzt through runcure); Ir. rucht swine
(Wuhler *ruktu-); M.Welsh rhwgn Reiben, Kerben (*runk-no-? s. Loth RC. 42, 138 f.);
with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness
(as S. 868 O.Ice. rogg): O.Ind. rksa- rough, common O.Ind. -gh- > ks- : Gk. -gh- > -ss-, -
Page 2519
Roppen, Rofen), rpex, -icis ruppiger uncouth, clumsy person, Rupel (compare Lith. rupus
rough, coarse);
O.Ice. rifa, O.E. rofan break, rupture, tear (O.H.G. u-riub atrox, dirus, actually
ungebrochen); O.Ice. rauf f. col, gap, hole, O.E. raf n. robbery, booty, dress,
armament, armor (*roupu = Slav. *rupa hole), O.H.G. roub m. ds., to Goth. bi-raubn,
O.H.G. roubn, O.S. rn rob, O.Ice. raufa durchbrechen, rob and reyfa durchbohren,
tear, O.E. b-refan mug, rob; O.Ice. reyfi gerupfte wool, rauhes fell, fur, M.Du. roof
abgezogenes fell, fur; geminated E.Fris. rubben scratch, scrape, rub, pluck, nd. rubbelig,
rubberig uneven, rough, Ger. ruppig struppig, Eng. rubble, rubbish rubble, offal; O.Ice.
rfinn bristly, struppig, rauhhaarig; Ger. ruffeln scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen;
Lith. rpe ti sich kummern, rpus besorgt (to Russ. rup care, ruefulness), rauputi
and (IE ablaut ou : u) rupti dig, hollow out, rupas rough, bumpy , rupus rough,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2520
riostar plough handle, plough stilt , O.E. rost ein Teil of Pfluges, Ger. dial. riester rag
zum Schuhflicken; Dan. ros schnitzel, offal, Nor. dial. ros, rys Fischschuppe, rus dunne
bowl, rosa ritzen, die Haut aufscheuern, sich lsen, Ice. rosm n. offal, rusl n. offal,
O.S. ruslos m. pl. speckseite, O.E. rysel m. bacon, fat, under likewise; Dutch rul lax and
dry, e.g. of sand, rough (*ruzl-); O.Ice. ryskja rend, pluck, Nor. rusk offal, dust, powder
(also M.L.G. rsch intestines, entrails , bO.Ir. gerusch? still insecure M.H.G. roesche,
Ger. dial. rsch hard and light frail, breakable under likewise); with Gmc. Wurzelvariation
O.Ice. raska in UN.nung bringen; with -p- probably O.H.G. gi-rspit gl. to inhorruit (aper),
and (as in Halse scratch, scrape) Ger. ruspern, M.H.G. riuspern, riuspeln, rspern,
compare Lat. rspor, -uri suchen, actually aufreiend, durchwuhlend, whereupon
forschend, as Ital. ruspare scratch (from the hen), ruspo rough, neugemunzt, rospo
toad show;
Lith. rausiu, rausti scratch, wuhlen, rsys, rusas pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffeln,
pelen-rusis, -rsa Aschenbrdel, rusinti schuren, Ltv. raust schuren, wuhlen, raustt
pull, rend , rsa aufgehufter rubble ; about O.C.S. ruiti umsturzen, *ruch
movement, see above S. 332.
References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247,
Wissmann nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176 f.
Page(s): 868-871
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2521
Page 2522
Page 2523
reu-4
Deutsche bersetzung: nachforschen
See also: see above S. 337 (ereu-).
Page(s): 871
Page 2524
rmure besides rminure wiederkauen; kymr. rhumen paunch, udder; compare above S.
872.
References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales-th- 14 f.
Page(s): 873
Page 2525
Page 2526
Page 2527
Page 2528
resc(e), risc(e), M.L.G. risch bulrush; Nor. rusk m. ryskje n. schmiele, O.E. rysc, rysce f.
bulrush; M.L.G. rusch reed, bulrush, M.H.G. rusch(e) f. bulrush; Lith. rezgu, rksti
flax, wattle, braid, knit, bind, lace, tie , Ltv. regt flax, wattle, braid, regis wickerwork
; aBulg. rozga rod, twig, branch, through secondary Beeinflussung of Prfixes raz-:
R.C.S. razga.
References: WP. II 374, WH. II 431, Trautmann 245.
Page(s): 874
Page 2529
rd-1
English meaning: to excite; joyful
Deutsche bersetzung: aufmuntern, froh
Note: only Gmc. and balto-slavisch
Material: O.E. rt freudig, blithe, glad, good, u-rtan aufmuntern; O.Ice. rtask heiter
become, ml-rtinn redeliebend; Lith. rds gern, willing; O.C.S. rad libens, Ser.-Cr.
Page 2530
rhathell Raspel, rhath Ebene, surface, plain, area, Bret. raza raser; Brit.rath- and Lat.
rud are under *ruzd (from *radzd(h), d(h)-present) compatible;
O.H.G. ruzi sharp from taste, wild, M.H.G. ruze rze ds. prove die -grade *rd-; in
addition Gmc. *ratt Ratte (=nibbler): O.S. ratta, O.E. rtt m., M.H.G. ratze, ratz etc.; in
Ger. Dialekten comes Ratz in the meaning marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm vor;
O.H.G. rato, radda, ratta.
References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.
Page(s): 854
Page 2531
Page 2532
Page 2533
Page 2534
rk-2
English meaning: to arrange, prepare
Deutsche bersetzung: O.N.nen
Material: O.Ind. racayati verfertigt, bildet, racana- n. Ordnen, Betreiben; Goth. rahnjan
reckon; ragin n. Rat, decision, O.Ice. regin, pl. rogn die ratschlagenden Mchte, gods,
O.S. ragino giscapu Beschlusse the gttlichen Mchte, O.H.G. regin- in Eigennamen;
O.C.S. rok m. bestimmte time, purpose , reko, reti say, raknoti, raiti wollen etc.;
Toch. A rake, reki, pl. rekauna word;
with : Goth. ga-rhsns f. determination, Ratschlu; O.C.S. re f. accusatio;
quite doubtful Zusammengehrigkeit with O.Ice. run n. robbery (*rahna-), rna rob
(*rahnjan), O.H.G. bi-rahanen erbeuten; primary meaning wre Raub-Anschlag?
References: WP. II 362, Trautmann 243.
Page(s): 863
Page 2535
Page 2536
Page 2537
r-3
Deutsche bersetzung: rudern
See also: see above S. 338 (er-).
Page(s): 853
Page 2538
r-4
Deutsche bersetzung: ruhen
See also: see above S. 338 f. (er-)
Page(s): 853
Page 2539
r-5
English meaning: dark
Deutsche bersetzung: dunkel
Material: O.Ind. ruma- swart, black; n. darkness, night; rum f. night; M.H.G. rum, rm
m. smut, smut; Mod.Ice. ruma-legr dirty, filthy; O.H.G. rumac, M.H.G. rumec, rumig dirty,
filthy, ruig, O.E. rmig ruig, ne. room scurf on the head, dandruff;
O.Ind. rutr night better to Lat. late etc., above S. 651 nachzutragen.
With -uo-formants: Lat. ruvus gray, gray-yellow .
Page(s): 853
Page 2540
r-6
English meaning: to cry
Deutsche bersetzung: schreien
See also: s. rei-3.
Page(s): 853
Page 2541
rp-1 (rep-?)
English meaning: to crawl, sneak
Deutsche bersetzung: kriechen, schleichen
Material: Lat. rp, -ere grovel, truckle, creep, slink; O.H.G. rebo, reba, repa, M.H.G. rebe
schlingschling; ablaut. M.L.G. wn-ruve Weinrebe;
Lith. repliti grovel, truckle, creep , ablaut. roplti ds., Ltv. rpt, rpt ds., O.Pruss.
Page 2542
repje .
References: WP. II 370.
Page(s): 866
Page 2543
Page 2544
rd ds. and Church Slavic ratite, ratovite Lanzenschaft; perhaps in addition Lat. rtae
from dem bank, border, shore of Flusses hervorragende Bume, rture den river from
solchen clean and rutis Flo.
References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.
Page(s): 866
Page 2545
Page 2546
Page 2547
Material: O.Ir. rucht (*ruktu-) tunica; M.Welsh rhuch(en) mantle (*roukku); Goth. *rukka
(Ital. rocca), O.H.G. rocko distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) ; O.Ice.
Page 2548
rks
English meaning: tether
Deutsche bersetzung: Kte, Fessel (bei Huftieren)?
Material: O.Ind. rkslu, rcchru f. manacle perhaps to Lith. rea Ktengelenk of Pferdes;
different about O.Ind. rkslu above S. 673. common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 322.
Page(s): 875
Page 2549
rko-s
English meaning: bear
Deutsche bersetzung: Br
Note: (or rk- s-o-s besides rk- to-s?)
Material: O.Ind. rksa- m. bear (in addition a new fem. rks Brin) = jAv. ara-,
common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : jAv. -gh- > -x-, -- phonetic mutation
Osset. ars, Arm. arj (influenced from arjn dark brown), Alb. ari, Gk. , newer ,
in addition (?) the VN ,
Note:
Alb. harusha she-bear : aquitO.N. PN Harsus : O.Ind. rksa- m. bear proves the cognate
for she-bear was older than cognate for bear since ending -a is feminine; alb has saved the
matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess.
Alb. arithi (diminutive)standing like a bear (*ar(h)i) ari bear (The stem final -- has been
dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in order to avoid semantic confusion with the
hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -th.) : Arm. arj bear, Welsh arth bear [common
Alb. - Welsh - k > -th phonetic mutation].
M.Ir. art, Welsh arth bear, Gaul. Deae Artioni Brengttin, Lat. ursus bear, perhaps
Hitt. artagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitO.N. PN Harsus, Basque hartz bear are Celt.
Lw.; Pers. xirs bear soll auf Iran. *rsa- = IE rko- weisen, whereupon also Osset. ars go
back could.
References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., IE Decl. 239 f., interprets the bear
as destroyer, damager , to O.Ind. rksas- n. destruction , Av. ra- beschdigen (see
864); compare also Frisk Gk. et. Wb. 141 f.
Page(s): 875
Page 2550
Page 2551
Page 2552
sakaraklum sacellum, saka(ra)hiter sanciutur, Umbr. sakra sacras, Adverb sakre; pl.
sacaracirix *sacratrix, sacerdos; further Osc. sakrvist sacra est; previous compound is
Lat. sacerds, -dtis priest(also f.) from *sucro-dh-t-s to root dh-;
moreover Sancus, - and -s, name an Umbr.-sabin. divinity; of u-stem derived
istSanquulis zum Sancus gehrig; Umbr. Sansi sancium, dat. Sansie; from *sanko- is
sanci, -re through religise Weihe unverletzlich machen, heiligen; ein law besttigen
derived, further sanctus geheiligt, Umbr. sahta, sahata sanctam, Osc. saahtum
sanctum, pl. sato sanctum; Lat. sagmen the heiligende, auf the Burg gepfluckte
Grasbuschel;
Hitt. aklai- custom, Ritus.
References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.
Page(s): 878
Page 2553
sal-2
English meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow
Deutsche bersetzung: schmutziggrau
Note: also (after the paint, color) zur Bezeichnung of Salzes (see sal-1), the Grauweide and
of Speichels
Note:
Root sal-2 : dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow, derived from Root sal- : salt; salty water.
Material: A. Aind. lengthened grade sura-, sula- gray = O.E. sl dirty, filthy, dark, N.Ger.
saul ds.; air sal and sa(i)le f. smut, salach dirty, filthy = O.Bret. haloc, Welsh halog ds.;
Welsh sal rmlich, sick is Fr. Lw.;
B. sal-uo- in O.Ice. splr dirty, filthy sol n. a kind of Alge; O.H.G. salo cloudy, dirty grey
, O.E. salu ds., Dutch zaluw dunkelgelb; M.H.G. sal, gen. salwes smut; Welsh salw
rmlich, low (das s- from sal, see above), O.Corn. halou stercora; R.C.S. slavo-oije
Blauugigkeit, Russ. solovj isabellenfarben.
C. Lat. salva f. saliva, out of it O.Ir. saile, Welsh haliw ds.
D. Lat. salix a willow-tree, willow, sallow = M.Ir. sail, gen. sa(i)lech, Welsh etc. helyg-en
ds.; O.Brit. PN Salico-dnon, Gaul. PN Salicilla; O.H.G. sal(a)ha, M.H.G. salhe, Ger.
Salweide; O.E. sealh m., O.Ice. selja a willow-tree, willow, sallow (*salhjn).
Maybe Alb. (*salicus) shelgu willow not from lat salix.
References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above.
Page(s): 879
Page 2554
Root sal- : salt; salty water derived from Root s-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese
Material: O.Ind. sal-il- n. sea, Meeresflut (*das Salzige), sal-il- salzig; Arm. a salt (istem), at (i-stem) salzlager, salt, ai salzig (out of it is the river name grzisiert);
Gk. , gen. m. salt, f. salzflut, sea, dat. pl. ; pl. also Witz, as Lat.
*sal-mo- leads probably Welsh heli sea; Celt. FlN Sala saale, compare Saalach, Nfl. the
Salzach; Ltv. suls (*sulis); O.Pruss. sal is Pol. Lw.; Lith. sulti sweet become, sour become,
sali suigkeit; Ltv. sulms, Lith. em. slymas m. salzlake (= Welsh heli); O.C.S. sol f.
Page 2555
sealt, M.H.G. salzec, Ger. salzig; with zero grade O.S. sultia, O.H.G. sulza (*sultja)
salwasser, Sulzwurst, Ger. Sulze; Nor. sylt f. uberschwemmter Meeresstrand (but
M.H.G. sol, sul, Ger. Sole salzhaltiges Wasser are Slav. Lwe.); O.E. sealtan, O.H.G.
salzan salzen (otherwise weak V. O.E. sieltan, O.Ice. salta); Lat. sall, -ere salzen,
participle salsus (*sald-to-) perhaps with prs.-d-suffix; also Bal.-Slav. *saldu- suss
(*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend) could after a verb shaped sein: Lith. saldus, Ltv. salds,
Slav. *soldk in O.C.S. sladk, Pol. sodki; without -d-: Lith. salu, slti suss become,
E.Lith. isalas, Ltv. esals m. malt ; the u-stem sal-u- ergibt sich besides from Bal.-Slav.
Page 2556
sapa f. juice, sap, sapor taste, Leckerei, nesapius, nesapus ignorans; Osc. sipus
sciens (*spus), volsk. sepu sciente are neologisms after capio: cpi; Osc. innovation
seems Lat. sibus sly, cunning; M.H.G. be-seben st. V. wahrnehmen, O.Ice. sefi sense,
mind, O.S. seo, O.E. sefa dss.; to Lat. sapa juice, sap stellt sich Gmc. *safan- juice,
sap (the Baume): O.Ice. safi Baumsaft, Nor. sevja ds., sabba in Schlamm wade, M.L.G.
Page 2557
Page 2558
The real root was *sa-, su- dry which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -
dor, -ter in PIE. It seems that the Root saus-, sus- : (dry) derived from Root suuel-, suuol-,
suul-, suel-, sl- : (sun).
Material: O.Ind. susyati dries, wilts , thereafter sosa- m. (assimil. from *sosa-) the drying
up, also adj. made dry ; Av. haos- dry up, become dry , ahao-mna- not drying ;
O.Ind. suska- (from *suska-), Av. huka- dry;
Gk. (Hom.), (Att.) arid, dry, scrubby, dirty, filthy,
harsh, austere ; Denomin. , make dry, desiccate , trockne, desiccate
; doubtful Gk. m. aridity, Trockenheit, smut, whether from *sau-k-smo- from a
root variant *sau-k- besides *sau-s-, to O.Ind. sksma- fine, thin, narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin ? common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- phonetic mutation
Alb. thanj (*sausni) dry ;
Note:
This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-,
su- dry which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. Latin
preserved the rudeiment of the -dor suffix, otherwise Lat. cognate evolved according to
Page 2559
suskis leprosy, scabies (: O.Ind. suska-); Ltv. sust become dry ; O.C.S. such dry,
suiti make dry , schnoti become dry .
References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f., Frisk 188 f., 192 f.
Page(s): 880-881
Page 2560
Material: Gk. , Dor. gehe voran, lead, guide, nachHom. glaube, meine,
, Anfuhrer;
Lat. sugi, -re acute sentire, spuren, ahnen, sugus wahrsagend, prophetisch,
zauberisch, suga Wahrsagerin (but sagana Zauberin from Gk. *); sugux, -ucis
sharp, witternd;sharp witted, shrewd;
O.Ir. saigim go a thing after, search, seek (zur 3. pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606 ff.),
Welsh haeddu verdienen, cy-r-haedd reach and likewise; here probably die Ir.
Denominativa auf -aigim (Welsh -haaf); O.Ir. sur m. Krnkung, iniuria (*sag-ro-), verbal
noun surugud (*sagro-sagitus): M.Welsh sayrhaed f., Welsh sarhad insult (Ir. Lw.);
Goth. skjan (= Lat. sugi) suchen, disputieren, O.Ice. skja suchen, assail , O.E.
scan ds., O.H.G. suohhen suchen, Goth. skns Untersuchung, Streitfrage, O.E. scn f.
Untersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit; ablaut. Goth. sakan, sk sich quarrel, quarrel,
squabble, gasakan threaten, punish, curse, uberfuhren, O.H.G. (etc.) sahhan rebuke,
reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten, O.Ice.sok Rechtssache, lament, thing,
Ursache, O.E. sacu f. Rechtshandel, Verfolgung, fight, O.H.G. sahha fight,
Gerichtshandel, thing etc.;
O.Ice. saka wail, harm, sutt, stt f., (*sahti-) comparison, peace, (> O.E. seht ds.),
suttr (*sahta-R) vershnt; Goth. in-sahts f. Aussage, O.E. in-siht f. ds. (*in-sak-ti);
Hitt. ak(k)-, ek(k)- aware, skillful .
Page 2561
References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41,
222 ff.
Page(s): 876-877
Page 2562
saiws m. sea (*si-ui-), O.Ice. sr, sir, O.E. s, O.S. O.H.G. so sea); Lat. saevus
furious, terrible, stern (aLat. also big, large); Ltv. sievs, svs sharp, biting, harsh, also
Jauche, Gerberlohe and beim Hanfstoen gepretes Ol , Lith. suvai m. pl. juice, sap
beim Pressen; Lith. aius rough, sharp (*saius).
Maybe Alb. (*kr) ther hurt, slice, cut, injure common Alb. k- > th- mutation; preservation
of the old laryngyeal.
References: WP. II 445, WH. II 462 f., Trautmann 261.
Page(s): 877
Page 2563
Page 2564
Page 2565
sno-s
English meaning: healthy
Deutsche bersetzung: gesund, heil?
Material: Lat. sunus fit, healthy, heil, sun, -ure heal, cure; Umbr. sanes abl. sound,
whole, healthy, well, is doubtfully positioned to the root *su- give satisfaction, gratify,
satiates, satiate .
Maybe Alb. (*sunare) shronj cure [rhotacism n/r], shndethealth : Lat. sanitas
soundness of body, health.
References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25,
218 f.
Page(s): 880
Page 2566
Page 2567
Root suuel-, suuol-, suul-, suel-, sl- , (*seghuel-): sun derived from a compound of Root
se- : reflexive pronoun + Root ghel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ghel- : ghl-,
ghl- : ghl- (*ghwel-): to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun
Note: next to which suen-, sun-, thus of old l/n-stem; suel- smolder, burn is probably
identical with it
Material:
Note:
Oldest cognate Illyr.-Alb. (*ghel-) diell sun [Alb.-Illyr. gh- > d- shift];
Phonetic evidence: see Root gel-1 : to stick; pain, death: Gk. Wespen, Hes.;
f. spitze, Nadel, Hom.; aber n. Gescho wohl eher zu
, s. uber den sekundren Zusammenschlu mit letzterer Sippe unter 2. gelherabtrufeln; werfen; uber , , ark. Dor. spitze, Bratspie, Munze s.
Schwyzer Gk. I 295;
Gk. Kret. (*seghuel-) Hes. (i.e. F), Gk. Hom. (*heuueli-os) , Att. (zero
grade) , Dor. (*heueli-os) , [common Gk. -kw- > -p-, -gw- > -b- phonetic
mutation] : O.Ind. ved. (*suuel) suvar, Gujarati surdj sun : (*seghuel-) Goth. sugil, O.E.
sygel, sigel from Proto-Gmc. *sugila-, O.S. swigli bright, radiating from *swegila-, O.E.
sweg(e)l n. sky, heaven, sun, swegle bright, radiating.
Page 2568
surah = jAv. (*suuelio) hr, O.Ind. srya- (*slii o-) m. (compare Gk. ), sra- m. sun;
therefrom O.Ind. srta- light, bright, O.Ind. svrnara- m. bright space, ether , Av.
*huunh, next to hr = Ved. sras), Sogd. (MO.N.) xwr sun, Middle Persian xwr sun,
New Persian xwr sun, O.S.S. xr / xor sun
Maybe Afghan lmar, Waziri lmer, myer sun from O.Ind. svrnara- m. bright space, ether
; Armenian arew, aregak, arev, Singhalese ira sun.
Maybe Luvian: (<hu-wa-ya-al-li ) <huwayalla/i- Epithet of the Sun-god
Maybe zero grade Alb. diell (*eghuel-, ghuel-)the sun common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic
mutatIon.
Gk. Hom. , Att. , Dor. , , Cret. Hes. (i.e. F) sun,
further formations of n. *suuel to m. -io-stem (compare O.Ind. srya-); Lat. sl, -is m. sun
(from neutr. *suuel about *suuol, *suol); Welsh haul, O.Corn. heuul, M.Corn. heul, houl,
Bret. heol sun (*suuel-);
in addition O.Ir. sil f. eye from *sli-, ablaut equally with O.Ind. srah, and Alb. hull, ull
star (*slo- or *sli-);
Note:
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)], hence Alb. geg
suni , Tosc syri (*sulni) eye : Old Irish (*suuel-) sil eye
Also Estonian silm eye : Finnish silm eye
Page 2569
ulini stars.
Yet the shift of initial (*sue- > de-) is a common Alb. phonetic mutatIon. See Root suergh-:
to take care of; to be Illyr. Hence Alb. dergjem (*suerghi) be bedridden, be sick.
Therefore Alb. diell sun probably derived from a root *suel.
Goth. sauil n. (*swila-), O.Ice. sl f. (*swulu) sun, O.Ice. and-slis, aschw. and-sylis
the sun zugewendet; doubtful the rune names Goth. sugil, O.E. sygel, sigel from ProtoGmc. *sugila-, ablaut. with O.S. swigli bright, radiating from *swegila-, O.E. sweg(e)l n.
sky, heaven, sun, swegle bright, radiating from *swagila-;
Balt *suueli u f. in Lith. Ltv. sule sun ;
Slav. *sulnika- n. in O.C.S. slnce sun (das -ni- from *ogni fire);
2. In -en-stem:
Av. x ng the sun (IE *suen-s), gen. from hvar; Goth. sunn (dat. sunnin, neutr. after
sauil), O.E. sunna, O.H.G. sunno, sunna sun, wherefore as sonnseitig = sudlich O.Ice.
sur south, adv. southward , O.E. serra, O.S. sthar-liudi (southern people), O.H.G.
sundar south, adv. southward , M.H.G. sund south etc. (Ger. Sud from dem Nd.).
Gujarati surdj sun
Perhaps Toch. A swunce, swunco, Toch. B swuncai- ray [of light], (sun) beam reflect
Proto-Toch. *swuncai- which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in nuce Pisani,
1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *suna- *sunny > south and *sunn sun (cf.
P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE *suhanto- (a derivative of
*sehawel-/suhan- sun) and, with "particularizing" -n-, *suhantn-/ suhanten-/suhantn-. The
attested paradigm of Germanic *sunn reflects a conflation of the o-grade and the zerograde stems (*suhantn- > *sunn- > *sunn-). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian forms represent
a generalization of *suhanten-, further derived by the addition of -ai-.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2570
The root *suhanten- is an attribute noun created in the same way as adj. and ordinal
numbers:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight : Alb.
teta eight; Lycian utta nine : Alb. nanda nine. Therefore Alb. shtata seven derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata seven later O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E.
seofoa, Lith. septitas; also O.Ind. saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70; in Alb. -ta, -t are attribute
endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta eight is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuugintu 80].
That means Slav. *sulnika- n. in O.C.S. slnce sun (das -ni- from *ogni fire) is
phonetically equal to Toch. A swunce, swunco, Toch. B swuncai- ray [of light], (sun)
beam, hence Slav. forms were created according to attribute nouns ans are late creations.
Maybe Gk. , -; various dialectic forms: (Dor.), (Cypr.),
(Thess.). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to Cret. Hes. (i.e.
F) sun . It seems that the sun god derived from Cret. Hes. (i.e.
F) sun . The common phonetic mutation in Gk. > has taken place. Both
(Dor.), (Cypr.), (Thess.) and Cret. Hes. (i.e. F)
sun derived from the same root *suhuel sun where the common Gk. phonetic mutation
Khaskura gham (also Indic borrowing surj) sun , Gypsy Gk kham sun : Gk. F
reflect Gk. -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutatIon.
Maybe Etruscan avil year a borrowing from Gk. F.
Page 2571
Page 2572
Page 2573
Page 2574
niyaudayam I setzte;
Arm. nstim sit, put mich (perhaps io-Praes. *ni-zdi); hecanim sit auf, reite (c from d +
aor. -s);
Gk. sit, put mich (Aor. Hom., Pind.); Kaus. , sell , lit.
place (Specht KZ. 62, 51);
Lat. sede, -re, sdi sit (present due to of originally auerprs. stem sed-; perf. from
*se-zd-ai), Umbr. sersitu sedt, zeref sedens, andersesust intersiderit, Lat. sd, -ure
beruhigen (perhaps = M.L.G. suten beruhigen, Wissmann nom. postv. 112, 1); O.Ir.
sa(i)did (*se(i)did), sitzt, Fut. seiss (*sed-s-ti), adsuidi schiebt auf, verzgert, hlt auf
(Kaus. *sodeiet; otherwise through Denom. suidigud place verdrngt); Welsh seddu sit;
Maybe Alb.Gheg me shit to sell in a place
O.Ice. sit, Inf. sitia, O.S. sittiu, O.H.G. sizzu sit (= , -; Goth. sitan is probably
reshuffling from *sitjan; Praet. sat, stum), Kaus. Goth. satjan, O.Ice. setia, O.H.G. sezzen
place (*sodei);
Maybe Alb. shtit walk slowly over a place
Page 2575
sedeti (: Lat. sedre); Lith. sedu, sesti, Ltv. sst (*ssti) sich place, O.C.S. sesti ds.
(present sedo, see under), Kaus. saditi (*sdei ) place, pflanzen, Lith. sodinu sodnti
place, pflanzen;
Maybe Alb. sodit observe, watch from a place
O.Pruss. with (*o) saddinna places; O.C.S. sedo put mich (Inf. sesti) based on auf
secondary nasalization of *sedo (= Lith. sedu); also O.Pruss. syndens, sinda(n)ts sitzend
shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalprs. 192 f., where O.Ind. usand seat to ust sitzt
(above S. 342 f.) placed wird;
3. nominal formation:
*sed-to- in O.Ind. satt- gesessen, Av. pasu-hasta- m. hurdle (*settlement) for small
cattle, Lat. ob-sessus etc., O.Ice. O.E. sess m. seat, compare also Lith. participle sestas
and Lith. sstas m. seat, O.Pruss. sosto f. bench ; *sed-ti in O.Ind. satti- das Sitzen, n-
satti- das Sitzen, seat, Av. ni-asti- Begattung, Lat. sessi sitzung, from *sessis; O.Ind.
sttar- m. the sitzer, Lat. ad-, ob-, pos-sessor;
maybe Alb. (*sess), shesh plain, flatness, square.
O.Ind. sdas- n. seat, place, abode, residence, Gk. n. seat; Av. O.Pers. hadiWohnsitz, palace (IE -s or -is); lengthened grade O.Ice. str (*sutiz) n. seat,
Sommersitz, Alm; O.Ir. sd peace, originally n. es-stem, identical with sd n. es-stem
dwelling gttlicher creature (compare Eng. settlement);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2576
hathy ds.; gor-sedd throne, hill; eistedd sitzen, O.Bret. estid sedile (*eks-d-sedo-),
Gaul. essedum, -a zweirdriger Kriegswagen (with *en-, compare Gk. -, -
Hinterhalt, O.Ir. in-dessid insdit; skyth. VN );
Gk. seat O.Ice. setr n. seat, Sitzen:
lok. Hes. = Lat. sella (*sed-lu) stuhl seat, Gaul. sedlon seat, Goth. sitls,
O.E. setl n.; O.H.G. sezzal m. seat, seat (*sed-lo-); nsorb. sedlo seat; but O.C.S. sedlo
saddle is *sedlo, compare O.C.S. o-sedlati satteln, Arm. et place (in addition
auchtei place);
O.S. sethal m. sitzen, seat, dat. sedle (to) Sonnenuntergang, O.H.G. sethal, sedal n.
m. seat, Wohnsitz, site (IE *stlo- from *sedtlo); therefrom O.H.G. sidilo agricola, M.H.G.
sidilen siedeln; Gmc. *saul- in: O.Ice. soull, O.E. sadol, O.H.G. satul, satal saddle is
East IE Lw. (?); compare above Slav. *sedlo from *sedu-lo- n.; besides (in ar. geneuertes
= renamed, has changed???) *sed-tlom in Av. hastra- n. congregation, meeting = O.Ind.
Page 2577
seda insidiae;
with : Welsh hawdd light = Corn. hueth peaceful (Loth RC 36, 162);
Welsh sawdd depth, Absinken;
O.Ice. O.E. st smut (Angesetztes);
Lith. suodiai pl., Ltv. sudreji smut, Bulg. sda f., Cz. sze (*sdi o-) unclear O.Ir.
side f., Welsh huddygl, Bret. huzel smut; O.C.S. sad Pflanzung (*sdu-);
4. More or less verdunkelte compositions:
O.Ind. ndyas- nher, ndist ha- nchst = Av. nazdy adv. (spacial) nher an-,
nazdita- the nchste, Av. ana- adj. nahe (*-zd-na-, participle perf. pass., compare full
grade O.Ind. usanna- nahe).
ni-zd-os, -m nest (prefix ni- low, base, or ein- as place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen):
O.Ind. nda- m. n. Ruheplatz, lair , Arm. nist Lage, seat, Residenz, Lat. ndus nest, M.Ir.
net nest, Welsh nyth nest, dwelling, Corn. neid, Bret. nez, neiz ds., O.H.G. O.E. nest n.
nest;
Maybe zero grade of Alb.Gheg (*neid) me ndejt to sit : Corn. neid nest.
with popular etymology Umgestaltungen Lith. lzdas, Ltv. ligzda, O.C.S. gnezdo nest;
identical prefix in O.Ind. nisdati places sich, Av. nihiaiti, . niyaudayam, Arm. nstim,
see above;
Page 2578
o-zdos (ansitzender) twig, branch, bough, see there (ozdo-s); also Gk. fellow,
servant from *o-zdos *Beisitzer; or rather to B. *sed-?
Page 2579
seg-1
English meaning: to sow
Deutsche bersetzung: sen
Note: only Lat. and Celt.
Material: Lat. seges, -etis f. saat, Seia goddess of Sens (*segiu); O.Welsh segeticion
prolis, M.Welsh se, he seed, sperm , he-u, Welsh hau sen, hauaf I sow .
References: WP. II 480, WH. II 509 f.; compare s(i)-2 sen.
Page(s): 887
Page 2580
sajayati
anheften,
participle
sakt-
anhaftend,
angeheftet,
sakti-
f.
das
Page 2581
hazah- n. act of violence, robbery , common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : Av. -gh- > -z- phonetic
mutation
O.Ind. saksa-, saksna- subduer, victor, shu-ri- vast, grand, victorious (: Gk. ,
strong, secure, of arguments, etc., strong, compare also Gmc. *sigus-), Av. hazsich bemchtigen, acquire (present *zgh-, e.g. 1. pl. Opt. zamu = Gk. , redupl.
*se-zgh-o-, assimilated Av. zaza-, e.g. 3. pl. zaznt, particle perf. Akt. za-z-va nom. sg., zaz-u-u loc. pl.; lengthened grade besides perf. akt. O.Ind. susuha also Med. susuh,
participle suhvas-, present suhati, Imp. suksva be victorious ;
Gk. (, , , and ) hold, possess, have; Hom. ,
Lesb. Zuruckhalter, Verhalten, Befinden, habitual, customary,
leidend, , changing through ablaut haltbar, certainly, befestigt (: O.Ind.
sahuri-, das originally o-stem war), plough handle, plough stilt (= Welsh haeddel f.
ds. < *seghedhlu), (*--) without Einhalt etwas tuend; of -es-stem -
Hes., Wohlbefinden, the row after (gen. eines adj. *), ds.;
Page 2582
briga, Segontion, M.Ir. seg m. strength , Welsh hy bold; Welsh haeddel, M.Bret. haezl,
Bret. hal f.,
plough handle, plough stilt (= plough-handle, see above; a from e, also (?) in :)
Welsh haer entt, pressant , Haer womans name , haeru insure, affirm ; Welsh
M.Bret. hael cordial, gnreux ; Welsh hoel clavus (*soghlu);
Illyr. PN Segesta in Pannonia, Liguria, Sicily;
Goth. sigis n. victory, O.H.G. sigi m. ds., germO.N. PN Sigi-merus, Segi-mundus etc.
(IE neutr.-is- or -es-stem), O.H.G. sigirn win, triumph; O.H.G. sigu m., O.E. sigor
victory, O.H.G. PN Sigur-mur (IE neutr. -us-stem).
References: WP. II 481 f.
Page(s): 888-889
Page 2583
verseigen after dem Ptc. M.H.G. versigen), O.H.G. gisig palus, stagnum, Nor.-Swe. sil
(*shila-) seite (sila seihen, wherewith Nor. sila unaufhrlich rain under likewise probably
identical is), E.Fris. sl schleuse, M.L.G. sl schleuse, Ablaufkanal, slen drnieren; O.E.
seohtre f. (*sihtrn-), M.L.G. sichter, sechter drainage ditch ; O.Ice. sa seihe (schw.
Verb sa seihen), O.E. seohhe f., O.H.G. sha seihe (*s h-un-);
M.L.G. sge triefend, blear eyed, bleareyed , M.L.G. M.H.G. seiger slowly or tenacious
trpfelnd, faint, languid, schal, O.Ice. seigr tough;
in Gmc. also forms with Gmc. k: O.H.G. M.H.G. seich urine (O.H.G. seihhen, M.H.G.
seichen, nd. sken urinate, pass water), O.E. sicerian einsickern, nd. skern, Ger.
Page 2584
sickern, Nor. sikla, Swe. sikkla geifern; trickle = nd. sikkelen, Nor. dial. sikla small stream,
brook, ska seihen, O.Ice. sk n. stehendes water, O.E. sc watercourse etc.;
nasallos Serb. osjeka Ebbe (*sku); Church Slavic so, scati urinate, pass water,
Iter. Slov. skati hervorspritzen;
besides eine root seik- dry, die probably about abrinnen, versiegen = austrocken
mitseik- diffuse to unite is: Av. haayeiti with us trocknet from (trans.), haah- n.
Trockenheit, aridity , hiku- dry;
because of seip- lies probably *sei- drip, trickle, rinnen the basic.
References: WP. II 466 f., WH. II 531, Trautmann 260.
Page(s): 893-894
Page 2585
seip-, seibEnglish meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
Deutsche bersetzung: ausgieen, seihen, rinnen, trpfeln
Material: O.H.G. sib, Dutch zeef, M.L.G. seve n., O.E. sife n. sieb, in addition O.E. siftan,
M.L.G. siften, sichten, Ger. (from dem Nd.) sichten, and O.Ice. sef n. juncus (because of
porsen Stengels); M.L.G. O.Fris. sver m. mucus, slobber, O.H.G. seivar, M.H.G. seifer
m. ds. (M.H.G. seifel m. saliva perhaps with Gmc. p, see below); md. sfe marshy
Bodenstelle; Serb. spiti trickle, fein rain;
in Gmc. also forms with Gmc. p (die den Schlu auf IE b rechtfertigen): O.E. spian,
M.L.G. spen drip, trickle, M.H.G. sfen (st. V.) ds., Swe. dial. sipa slow flow, seep, drip,
M.L.G. sp Bchlein, here also the Gmc. name the Seife: Gmc. *saip(i): finn. saip(p)io,
O.H.G. sei(p)fa seife; also resin, M.L.G. spe seife, O.E. supe f. (out of it N.. supa)
seife, Lat. supo (Gmc. Lw.); maybe beside Gmc. *saip(i)n- also *spon- tallow, suet
(also to Haarfrbemitteln verwendet), das with Lat. sbum tallow, suet (probably genuine
Lat.) was obtainable from IE *s[i]bo- dripping fat (Lat. b would be then the origin of a root
form in IE b); Toch. A sip-, sep- anoint, sepal ointment .
Maybe Alb. (*spon-) sapun soap, but older cognate zero grade Alb. (*seifen) finj
soapsuds, lye [the common drop of initial se- sounds in Alb. as in Alb. (*svsura-) vjehrr
father-in-law]
References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;
See also: s. S. 889 under sei-.
Page(s): 894
Page 2586
Page 2587
sek-1
English meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)
Deutsche bersetzung: abrinnen, versiegen, sich senken (vom Wasser)
Material: O.Ind. -sak-ra-, redupl. a-sa-sc-t not versiegend, vsaktu eine nicht milk
gebende (versiegte) cow; Gk. Hom. stockte, versiegte; (*o, *se-sk-eto,
redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized Lith. senku, skti fall (of Wasserstand), nuskti
abflieen, dry become, seklus seicht, sekle, sekis seichte place, sandbank, Ltv. sekls
seicht, sku (*sinku, afterwards:) sikt versiegen, in addition with Balt un from on das Kaus.
Lith. sunk-iu, sukti absickern lassen, Ltv. sucu, sukt durchseihe, Iter. sukt, E.Lith.
sunk juice, sap; O.C.S. i-seknoti versiegen (of water), pre-seknoti abate .
Redupl. si-sk-us dry (= versiegt) in Av. hiku- dry (also hikva-), fem. hikv, M.Ir.
sesc, Welsh hysb dry, unfruchtbar, Bret. hesp dry (*siskuo-), O.Ir. sescenn swamp,
marsh, moor, fen (unfruchtbar; compare O.Ice. saurr moor, fen: O.E. sar dry),
besides Bret. hesk dry, unfruchtbar, hesken ds., from a Kuh without calf and milk, heska
tarir, Bret. hesquein (besides hespein) ds., Corn. beuch heskyz a dry cow, Bret. havesk
adj., from a Kuh, die in dem years not calf gehabt hat = M.Ir. samaisc young cow,
zweijhrige Frse (*samo-sisku die Sommertrockne), die auf dem fem. *sisku, gen.
*siskuius based on and vor dem i den case obl. u eingebut have; unclear is Gk.
arid, verschrumpft, schmchtig.
References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper IE Nasalprs. 185 f.
Page(s): 894-895
Page 2588
sek-1
English meaning: to follow
Deutsche bersetzung: folgen
Grammatical information: mostly medial
Note: as Terminus the Jgersprache originally eins with sek-2, s. Wissmann in: Das Institut
sukam (m. instr.) in Gemeinschaft with, nebst; Av. hakat adv. to same time (solidified
nom. sg. n. of participle, *seknt); O.Ind. sci adv. zugleich (: Ltv. sec?); O.Ind. scu (m.
loc.) together with, by, angesichts from, Av. hau, ap. hau fort from, from - from (instr.
eines *seko-s folgend); zero grade O.Ind. uskra- (*u-sk-ra-) combined , as Av. uskiti f.,
association (full grade haiti- Begleitung);
because of ar. kh dubious: O.Ind. skhu (skhi-) fellow, comrade, friend, Av. haxay(hai-) ds., ap. Haxumani- ;
Gk. folge, Aor. (redupl., compare O.Ind. sscati) and ,
, -; due to eines *soki o-s (= Lat. socius, O.Ice. seggr): help,
stehe bei (*sm-soki ei ), Gehilfe; participle * as base from - Hes.;
maybe Alb. (*sok) shoku m. shoqe f. friend
ablaut. fellow , lasse folgen, , Ion. gleiter (*soqu
das Folgen, Gefolgschaft);
Lat. sequor, - nachfolgen, begleiten, pursue , participle sectus (after soltus, voltus,
for older *sectos = Gk. *, Lith. at-sktas aufgespurt, aufgefunden); n-sequor
Page 2589
secus);
O.H.G. beinsegga pedisequa, O.S. segg, O.E. sec, O.Ice. seggr Gefolgsmann,
journeyman, man (*soki os);
Lith. seku, skti, Ltv. seku, sekt folgen; spuren, wittern, Lith. at-sektas (see above),
sekme f. Erfolg, Ltv. (veraltet) secen, sec (m. acc.) vorbei, lngshin, (perhaps from
*sekena, *seki = O.Ind. sci).
References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.
Page(s): 896-897
Page 2590
sek-2
English meaning: to see, show; to speak
Deutsche bersetzung: bemerken, sehen; zeigen, originally wittern, spuren and (junger)
sagen
Note: identical with sek-1.
Material: Gk. , (-- verbalism the metr. lengthening) sage an, erzhle (Imp.
, Impf. , Fut. - (*sk--), Aor. -, Imp. -, -, 2. pl.
from *-), unsglich; unsagbar gro, unendlich, -
Hes. (: Lat. insecti), wonderful, divine (originally from the
divinity geoffenbart), from *--; , seer, Weissager probably
Verkurzung from ; weissage; greet (- from n in);
welcome, erwunscht, erfreut (*n--);
Lat. nseque sag an (= Gk. ), also nsece, verschleppt from forms as:
insectins narrationes, insexit dixerit; inquam, inquis, -it sage I, sagst du, sagt(e) er
(inquam Konjunktivform *en-skum mcht I say; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-ske-t
as -);
Umbr. prusikurent pronuntiaverint, sukatu declurut, pronuntiut; k instead of p after
forms with Entlabialisierung of *k vor s, t;
O.Welsh hepp, M.Welsh heby(r), Welsh eb(e), ebr sagte, M.Welsh hebu speak, go-
urosc ds. (*ad-pro-sko-); M.Ir. rosc dithyrambische Dichtung (*pro-sko-); O.Ir. in-coissig
(*ind-com-sech- from *sek-) bezeichnet, tusc announcement (*to-ad-sko-), cosc
apparition (*en-kom-sko-); M.Welsh atteb, Welsh ateb Antwort (*ati-sek-), O.Ir. aithesc
Page 2591
scoth f. word;
O.H.G. sagen say (*sok-), besides Gmc. *sagi < *sawi in O.S. seggian, mnl.
segghen, O.E. secgan (Eng. say), O.Ice. segja ds., abstract noun O.Ice. O.H.G. saga
Aussage, narration (Ger. Sage), O.E. sagu f. ds.;
Lith. seku, skti narrare (= (), inseque), sekimas das Erzhlen, sekme f.
narration, Sage, sakau, sakuti say, psaka Mrchen etc.;
O.C.S. soiti indicate , sok Anzeiger, Anklger, Pol. osoka accusation, slander
etc.;
older meaning sek- see and show (see previously above Ir. in-coissig, tusc, auchcon-
secha, cosc as Lat. animadvertere also reprove ) in: O.Ir. rosc m. eye, look (*pro-sko-);
Goth. saian see, O.Ice. sju from sa, O.E. son, O.S. O.H.G. sehan, Ger. sehen;
Goth. siuns face, Sehkraft, O.Ice. syn, sjn f. vision, sight, apparition, O.E. sen, O.S.
siun sight, vision, eye from *se(g)wn; adj. Goth. anasiuns, O.E. gesene, O.Ice. synn
visible, obvious, clear, synast shine, appear, seem (= appear ); O.H.G. (gi)siht the
looking, face, sight, O.E. gesiht ds.;
besides from lengthened grade *s(g)wni-: O.H.G. selt-suni, M.H.G. selt-sne seldom
Page 2592
*s(n)kas-.
References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Toch. 69.
Page(s): 897-898
Page 2593
harzaiti, hrzaiti entlt, sendet from, schickt from, participle harta-, harzuna- n. das
Lassen, Verlassen; Durchlassen, Filtrieren;
O.Ir. selg f. Jagd (of Loslassen the Hunde, O.Ind. srjti sunah), sleg f. spear, javelin
(*slgu); O.Welsh in-helcha venando, helgha-ti jage!, M.Welsh hely, Welsh hel, hela
hunt, chase, heliwr Jger, O.Corn. helhwr ds., M.Corn. helhys, hellys gejagt, Corn.
Page 2594
Material: Arm. heg slow, idle (compare to meaning zgern : ziehen, ducere tempus); Gk.
ziehe, f., m. pull; das Geschleppte etc. = Lat. sulcus furrow, sulc, -
ure pflugen, zero grade O.E. sulh furrow, plough, Alb. helq, heq pull, pull down
(*solkei);
O.H.G. selah, O.E. seolh, O.N. selr seal, Robbe as sich muhsam towing ?
Toch. slk- herausziehen, vorfuhren.
References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.
Page(s): 901
Page 2595
sel-1
English meaning: dwelling
Deutsche bersetzung: Wohnraum
Material: O.H.G. sal m. dwelling, hall , langob. sala courtyard, house, edifice, building,
O.S. seli m. dwelling, hall, temple, O.E. sl n., salor n., hall, palace, sele m. house,
dwelling, hall, O.Ice. salr m. hall, room, house, pl. dwelling, courtyard , sel (*salja-)
chalet; Goth. saljan einkehren, bleiben, saliws pl. stop, hospice , O.H.G. salida, O.S.
selitha, O.E. seld dwelling; O.Bulg. selo farm, village, selitva dwelling (similar formation
to Goth. saliws); Lith. sal f. village.
References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.
Page(s): 898
Page 2596
Page 2597
sel-3
English meaning: to take, grab
Deutsche bersetzung: nehmen, ergreifen
Material: Gk. to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power , n.,
booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Hom. booty, robbery, capture ; doubtful Lat.
Luguselva womans name (*property of Lugus), wherefore O.Ir. ad-selb- render , to-adselb- allocate, present , to-selb keep, retain possession of ; perhaps also due to a basis
*sli-: Ir. sl - in fuil(l)em interest (*fo-sl -mo-), adroilliu earn (ad-ro-sl -), -tuillim ds. (tosl -); Welsh dyrllyddu, Bret. deleza earn (*to-ro-sl-i-);
as causative make obtain here Goth. saljan offer, sacrifice, O.Ice. selia, O.S.
gisellian, O.H.G. sellen, O.E. sellan hand over, sell ; the nouns O.Ice. sal n. payment ,
sala f., O.E. salu sale, O.H.G. sala bergabe eines Gutes , sal m. blessing which is to
be handed over according to the testament must be post-verbal; here O.C.S. sl
summoner , slati send.
Maybe Alb. sjel, sjell bring.
References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.
Page(s): 899
Page 2598
sel-4
English meaning: to spring
Deutsche bersetzung: springen
Material: O.Ind. ucchalati schnellt empor (mind. from *ud-salati);
Gk. spring, hupfe (*seli), ep. Aor. , Verbaln. sprung, das
Springen;
Lat. sali, -re, -u (-i), -tum spring, hupfen, saltus sprung, salax horny, lustful, salture
tanzen, salebra holprige place of Weges (shaped after latebra); wherefore insulture;
M.Ir. saltraid zertritt, verbal noun Welsh sathru Zertreten, M.Bret. saotra
Beschmutzen, Vannes sautrein Zertreten, Beschmutzen;
Lith. tsala Wasserlache, slti flow, O.Pruss. salus Regenbach; about Lith. sal, Ltv.
Page 2599
sel-5
English meaning: to sneak, creep
Deutsche bersetzung: schleichen, kriechen
Material: O.Ind. tsrati slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht with prefix [a]d-, tsru m.
schleichendes animal, Av. srvant-, sravant- schleichend, anschleichend (particle from ar.
*tsr-au-, u-extension respectively u-present); so perhaps also Arm. solim, Aor. solecay
serpo, repo, delabor, trahor, solun humi serpens, repens (*t-sol- with alteration from tsto s-?); Gk. (acc.) schleppfuig (actually schleichfuig, compare:)
epithet of the couch-grass, die sich schleichweise ausdehnende (metr.
Dehnungen for -);
Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani
Alb. shlig snake, Natter; O.Ir. selige, M.Ir. seilche (*selekio-) turtle, tortoise, snail; O.Ir.
*selid slinks, crawls, verbal noun sleith (*sleth from *sltu) das Beschleichen a schlafenden
Frau, intled f. Fallstrick (*ind-sleth); Ir. seilide snail (O.Ir. *selit from *sel-nt); Lith. selu,
Page 2600
Page 2601
vant- abundant in water) = Av. Harax ait, O.Pers. Hara(h)uvat Arachosien ; O.Ind.
sarasy- adj. pond, pool-, sea-; Gk. n. marshy lowland, marsh-meadow,
depression, backwater , of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the marsh
.
References: WP. II 507.
Page(s): 901
Page 2602
selp- (*ghelp-)
English meaning: fat n.
Deutsche bersetzung: Fett (Butter, Schmalz)
Material: O.Ind. sarps- n. melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat, srpr- greasy, smooth,
sleek, oiled, blank; Gk. (n.) , Hes. and (with after : ?)
. Hes., , , - f. oil-bottle ; Alb. (*ghelp-) gjalp butter
; [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
O.H.G. salba, O.S. sala, O.E. sealf ointment , Goth. O.H.G. salbn, O.S. saln, O.E.
sealfian anoint;
Toch. A slyp, salype fat, butter, Ol.
References: WP. II 508.
Page(s): 901
Page 2603
sem-1
English meaning: to pour
Deutsche bersetzung: schpfen, gieen
Material: Gk. sammle, f. bucket; pail (out of it Lat. ama Feuereimer, from
which M.H.G. ame, ome, Ger. Ohm Flussigkeitsma), f. Nachttopf, n.
Opferschale, f. fascicle, sheaf (), but , - heap, Schiffsraum,
Kielwasser after Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 50, 39 to Hitt. an- giessen;
Illyr. FlN Semnus (Lucanien);
Lat. sentna Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche, sentn schpfe das Wasser from, habe meine
Not;
O.Ir. sem- diffuse in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- zeugen, produce , verbal noun
smelt scoop .
References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88
f.
Page(s): 901-902
Page 2604
sem-2
English meaning: one
Deutsche bersetzung: eins and in eins zusammen, einheitlich, samt, with
Material: 1. With vor dominant Zahlwortbedeutung eins:
Arm. mi eins (*sm-iios); Gk. , , (*sems, *sem, *sm-i), gen. (for * or
after *, ) ein; Einhufer (*-), Cret. , tarent. once,
compounds Dor. (Att. ) the eine, the other from zweien (= Welsh hanner,
Corn. Bret. hanter half);
Lat. sem-per in a fort, always (*sem = Gk. , compare under Gmc. sin-); simtu
zugleich, AbLat. from *simtus < *sem-eitus das Zusammengehen, compare O.Ir. emith
tanquam, quasi, Welsh hefyd also from *semiti-, to O.Ind. sm-iti-; mlle 1000 from *sm
ghesl eine Tausendheit (irrig S. 446), compare das in *sm-gheslom zerlegte O.Ind.
sahsra-m, Av. hazara- eintausend; O.Ir. cumme similarly from *kom-smiio- ganz the
eine, the same ; Gmc. *sin (i.e. IE *sem in adv. solidification) *in einem = together or
perpetual or absolutely, very in O.S. O.H.G. sin-hun, O.E. sin-hwan conjuges,
Ehegatten, Goth. sin-teins daily, O.S. sin-nahti, O.E. sin-niht ewige night, M.H.G. sin-
gruene, O.E. sin-grne, O.Ice. s-grnn immergrun, O.E. sin-here big Heer, O.H.G. sinfluot big, giant flood, O.Ice. s-valr, O.E. sine-wealt, and. sinu-wel ganz round etc.;
Toch. A sas m. (komponiert sa-), se (older ses in ses-ka allein) from *sem-s; A sm f.
from *sem; compound form A soma- (*semo-), somo- (*somo-); Van Windekens Lexique
121.
sm- as 1. composition part: O.Ind. sakrt, Av. ha-krt once (about O.Ind. sa-hsram
see above), Gk. - once, - simple, just, Lat. sim-plus, -plex simple, just, Gk.
Page 2605
Alb. (*ghim- ko) gjith all, together : Toch. A sas m., se [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation; also Alb. -s > -th phonetic mutations].
With l-suffixes: Gk. gleich, eben, smooth (*in a kind of verlaufend) ablaut. Lat.
similis similarly (*semelis from ein and the same kind of), simul, older semol, semul
zugleich apokopiert from *semeli, next to which after bis, *tris (ter) widened *semlis once
in semel, Umbr. sumel zugleich (with the same as ? or latter previously after
from * umgefrbt?); with reduplication-stem O.Ir. samail Bild, Gleichnis
(prokLith. amal as), Welsh etc. hafal similarly, gleich, O.Ir. samlith simul, cosmail
consimilis; Goth. siml (*once =) einst, O.E. sim(b)le, simles, simblon always, O.H.G.
simble(s), simblum ds., auf a n. *semlo-m eine time being based on.
2. semo- someone = irgendeiner (unbetont):
O.Ind. sam- irgendein, Av. ap. hama- jeder beliebige, omnis;
Arm. amn, amn-ain alle, omnis;
Page 2606
sums irgend ein, ein gewisser, pl. einige, manche, O.Ice. sumr a certain, a kind of, as
one might say, nonnullus, O.S. O.E. O.H.G. sum ds.
3. *in eins = together, with;
sm-: O.Ind. sa-h, sadha common, together = Av. haa, . hadu together, O.Ind.
satru together, ganz and gar = Av. haru together, zugleich, vereint with, O.Ind. sdam,
sdu allzeit, stets always = Av. haa always, O.Ind. s-dhr adv. together (: root *dherhold, stop, as also:) Gk. -, Att. - in association, gesamt, - consors
tori, - couterinus, - Weggefhrte (from - through Aspiratendiss). O.Ind. smt together with, Av. mat ds.; always, immerdar; Gk. , Dor. in einem,
zugleich, together.
som-: O.Ind. sm- together, zugleich with, Av. ap. ha(m)- with (in connection with
verbs and in Zs. with nouns; Arm. ham- with probably from dem Iran.);
Lith. sam-, sa- (e.g. sam-duti employ, engage, sn-dora Eintracht, sa-ine Gewissen,
conscientia), O.Pruss. san-, sen- (san-insle belt, girdle), sen (*sem) preposition with (IE
*sem); O.C.S. so- with (so-sed Nachbar, compare O.Ind. sam-sd- congregation,
meeting), so-log consors tori, compare - etc.;
with O.C.S. so- changing through ablaut is *sn-, s (*som) e.g. in sn-iti convenire, s-
Page 2607
semja (= O.Ind. samayati) zusammenstellen, unite, einig become um, sort, order, arrange,
zustandebringen; in addition probably Gmc. *samia- in O.H.G. semfti (adv. samfto)
bequem, gemchlich, friendly, Ger. sanft, O.S. sufto adv. light, M.L.G. sachte adj. adv.
gentle, mild, O.E. sfte (adv. sfte) peaceful, mild, compare in addition esp. O.Ind.
Page 2608
sum tranquility (from *trauliches Beisammensein), suim peaceful, mild, O.Ice. sma
(*smn) passen, geziemen, smi m. honour, Auszeichnung, smr proper, fitting, O.S.
smi ds., O.E. sm f. Einigkeit, congregation, meeting, ge-sm einmutig, friendly, M.H.G.
suome pleasant, mellifluous; abgel. O.Ice. sma sich finden in, Rucksicht nehmen auf,
honour, O.E. sman vershnen; Eng. seem befit, shine, appear, seem is N.. Lw.;
O.C.S. sam ipse, alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same ;
with n-formants: O.Ind. suman-, sumana- see above; with o-grade probably O.Ind.
samane, Ger. zusammen; therefrom derived O.Ice. samna, O.H.G. samann, M.H.G.
samenen gather, collect, dissim. samelen, Ger. sammeln; with reduplication-stem Ir.
samain the festival of 1. Nov. (actually Zusammenkunft), bech-samain swarm of bees;
eine lengthened grade *sm perhaps in Gaul. - dieses and in n. of O.Ir. article
(s)an, preceding from *sin, dieses from *sm about *sn; die ubrigen forms are through
transference the Endflexion auf eine adv.-form *sinde (from *sm-dhe; es lt sich after
O.Ind. sa-dha IE *dhe, odernach Ir. suide from IE *so-de (jo-inflection) = Gk. - also IE
Page 2609
*de ansetzen) originated; Demonstr. Ir. sin, Welsh hynn go auf den stem *sindo- back and
stellen die enclitice form dar.
References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda,
Reflections on the Numerals.
Page(s): 902-905
Page 2610
sem-3
English meaning: summer
Deutsche bersetzung: sommer
Grammatical information: (gen. sem-s)
Note:
Root sem-3 : summer has certainly derived from Root ghei-2 : ghi- , ghei-men-, *gheimn-:
winter; snow [common satem IE ghe- > se- phonetic mutation]. It seems that the HittiteIllyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery seems
crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans.
Material: O.Ind. smu f. Halbjahr, season, year (= Arm. am), ui-s-mah this year
(probably from a loc. *ui-samui reshaped, see above S. 286); Av. ham- summer; Arm. am
year (= O.Ind. smu), amarn summer (*semerom); O.Ir. sam (*semo-) and samrad
(*semo-rto-, above S. 866), Welsh Corn. haf, Bret. hav summer; Welsh hafod
sommerhaus, Bret. havreg Brachfeld, M.Ir. samad m. Ampfer; Gaul. samon[ios]
sommermonat, samolus sorrel, Oxalis acetosella , samara Ulmensamen; remain far off
the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); O.H.G. sumar, O.E.
sumor m., O.Ice. sumar n. summer; as one-year-old animal O.Ice. simull ( one-yearold) ox, simi, simir ds., Nor. simla Renntierkuh (IE sem-), Swe. somel Renntierkalb.
References: WP. II 492 f.
Page(s): 905
Page 2611
sendhro-, -
English meaning: clot, melted metal, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: geronnene, sich verdichtende Flussigkeit
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.Ice. sindr n. Metallschlacke and Hammerschlag (in addition sindra Funken
spruhen), O.E. sinder ds., O.H.G. sinter ds., Ger. Sinter, Kalksinter (in addition sintern
durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden ); vermutlichverwandt is Nor. dial. sinkla sich with
an Ice crust beziehen as *sind-kla; Serb.-Church Slavic sedry krvnyje, R.C.S. sjadry
krovnyja coagulated Blutmassen, Ser.-Cr. sedra Kalksinter, Cz. sdra Gips (from
*sndhru).
References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.
Page(s): 906
Page 2612
singen; Goth. saggws song, Musik, Vorlesung, O.Ice. songr (kirchlicher) song, O.E.
sang, song, O.H.G. O.S.sang, Sang chant, song .
References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wust (briefl.)
belongs prukr. samghai to kens-, above S. 566.
Page(s): 906-907
Page 2613
Page 2614
sondern (diese meaning from besides, without), O.E. sundor for sich, particularly,
specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably , O.N.
sundr divided , Goth. sundr for sich, abseits, particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably , adj. M.H.G. sunder,
Page 2615
Page 2616
Material: O.E. sengan, M.L.G. M.H.G. sengen singe (*sangjan brennen make); nd.
sangeren in the Haut prickeln (eig. burn), older Dutch sengel spark, M.H.G. senge
Trockenheit, aridity , sinc (-g-) das Sengen, sungen, sunken anbrennen, sungeln,
sunkeln knistern, Nor. dial. sengra, sengla brenzlich smell, Swe. dial. sjngla singe, Ice.
sung(u)r, n. sangt versengt, angebrannt;
O.C.S. pre-soiti, isoiti dry, soilo oven, Russ. izsjaklyj dry.
References: WP. II 495.
Page(s): 907
Page 2617
sen(o)- (*heno)
English meaning: old, *old moon
Deutsche bersetzung: alt
Material: O.Ind. sna-, Av. hana- old, O.Ind. sanak- ehemalig, old (: Lat. senex, frnk.
Sinigus, Gaul.Seneca), sanah vor alters, snu, sanut, santu from alters her, from jeher,
stets, sanutana- eternal, immortal, perennial ; Arm. hanapaz always , hin old; Gk.
old, of previous years, - biennial , the day before the new moon
and the first one of the beginning month ;
again Gk. old in contrast to anew, only in standing phrases of fruit and employees
of the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates
at the same time the new circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually
(sc. ; Att. since Solon).
Maybe Alb. hana (*old) moon : Gk. old moon : n. brilliance, , Eol.
moon (*), shine ; hence - the full-moon see Root
mte) grandmother; Gaul. Seno-gnutus under likewise, Seneca; Goth. sineigs an old
man , sinista oldest, afrnk. sini-skalkus the oldest Hausdiener, O.Ice. sina grass of
the previous year; Lith. senas old, senis graybeard , seniai in the distant past, many
years ago, yore, a long time ago, seneju become old (= Lat. sene).
References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.
Page 2618
Page 2619
guo-hintiliat inceduus, O.Corn. cam-hinsic Gl. iniustus (cam- crooked), eun-hinsic Gl.
justus (eun- gerecht); therefrom O.Ir. stig wife, woman (Weggenossin, -Fem. eines
adj. *stach); Welsh carrynt (to carr cart ) way, journey, epynt (to eb-, *ekuo-) Pferdeway, dyffrynt valley (to dwfr water); from *sentio-: M.Welsh hennydd fellow , Bret.
s way, direction, O.H.G. sind gait, way, journey, Fahrt; Goth. ga-sina travelling
companion , O.Ice. sinni ds., O.E. ges, O.S. gis, O.H.G. gisind fellow , wherefore n.
O.E. ges Begleitung, O.S. gesthi, M.L.G. (ge)sinde Gesinde, O.H.G. gisindi
Reisegefolge, kriegerisches cortege , Ger. Gesinde, O.Ice. sinni n. cortege ; O.H.G.
sinnan (see above) also go, reisen, wander, come; Kaus. Goth.sandjan, O.Ice. senda,
Page 2620
*sena- (see above) in O.Ice. sinna reisen, sich worum kummern, heed, O.S. sn go,
pull, drag, wander , O.E. sian ds., O.H.G. sindn ds.;
Lith. siuniu (*suntiu ass. to *siuntiu), siusti, Ltv. sutu, sutt senden, send (Balt un
reduplication-stem on besides the full grade from Goth. sandjan).
References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.
Page(s): 908
Page 2621
Page 2622
septm (*sekh-)
English meaning: seven
Deutsche bersetzung: sieben
Note:
Root septm (*sekh-) : seven derived from a mutated Root sueks, seks, kseks, ksueks,
*siun stehenden sibuni; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m-tos dissimilatory erfolgt; whether septun
the Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftun or Latinisierung eines echten *sifun is, steht dahin),
Lith. septyn, O.C.S. sedm (after dem ordinals), Alb. shtat (*s[e]ptm-ti-; abstract number
formation as O.Ind. saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70, O.Ice. siaund number from 7); Toch. A spt,
suk(t); Hitt. ipta.
Note:
Gk. belonging to the week : Alb. jav week common Alb. -b- > -v- phonetic
mutatIon.
Alb. shtata seven from (*s[e]ptm-ti-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern
similar to Alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight : Alb. teta eight; Lycian utta nine :
Alb. nanda nine. Therefore Alb. shtata seven derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata seven
later O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E. seofoa, Lith. septitas; also O.Ind.
saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70; in Alb. -ta, -t are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian
and Indic cognates. The attribute suffix -ta is used in the Alb. genitive and adjectives.
ordinals: sept(e)mos in O.Ind. saptam-, Pers. haftum, Gk. , dial. (die
Erweichung derives from a form , compare O.C.S. sedm), Lat. septimus, Gaul.
Page 2623
sep(t)mas, O.C.S. sedm; *septm-to-s in O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E.
seofoa (also akzentuell = sapttah; besides O.H.G. sibunto, O.S. sivondo, O.N. siunde,
siaunde), Lith. septitO.S.
It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system:
Semitic
East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sabah, Saudi saba, Yemeni sabah, Syrian saba,
Lebanese saba, Cypriot sba, Iraqi saba, Egyptian saba, E Libyan saba, N African
(Darja) seba, Moroccan seba, Sudanese sa|ba, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari sbaa, Maltese
sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-, Ugaritic+ s-b--t, Moabite+ sh-b--t, Classical Hebrew+
sheba, Modern Hebrew sheva, Classical Aramaic+ shi:Bea:h, Modern Aramaic shuba:,
Classical Syriac+ shaba:, Syriac shawa, Van shv, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-b-, South
Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:, Socotra yhobe?, N Ethiopic : Geez+ sebatu, Tigre
sabu, Beni Amir saba, Tigrinya shobatte, S Ethiopic : Amharic sbat, Argobba saint,
Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ sbatt, Soddo sbatt, Goggot sbtt, Muher sbt,
Masqan sbt, CW Gurage sbat, Ennemor sB?at.
Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven,
English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sn, Frisian (Saterland) sogen,
Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon sven, Emsland ze:bm,
Mennonite Plautdietsch swen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme,
Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shbne, Rheinfrnkisch siwe,
Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German sieb, Yiddish zibn, Middle
High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau,
Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sj,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2624
Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+
*zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete,
Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old
French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jrriais sept, Poitevin st, Old Picard+ siet, Picard
siet, Occitan (Provenal) st, Lengadocian st, Gascon st, Auvergnat s, Limosin se,
Franco-Provenal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set,
Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese st, Milanese stt,
Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian stte, Neapolitan
stt, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,pte,
Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh
saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common
seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht,
Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ hept, Greek eft, Cypriot
eft, Tsakonian eft, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late, Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian
shtat, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtt, Armenian: +Classical Armenian evthn,
Armenian yoth, Baltic West : O.Pruss.+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septyn, Latvian septini,
Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem, Belarussian sem, sem, Ukrainian s-m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian stm, Polabian+ sidm, Czech sedm, Slovak
sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower Sorbian sedym, South:
Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sdem, Macedonian sedum, Serbo-Croat sdam,
Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian
Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta, Khwarezmian+ bhd, Sogdian+ Bt
Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto ow, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo,
Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli
(Tashkorghani) uvd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western NorthWest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi haf,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2625
Spanish estr, Welsh trin ta: shto:r, Kalderash yeft, Syrian h.o:t, Armenian haft, Iranian
efd:, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian hate,
Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina st, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t, Bashkarik sat,
Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot, Dameli sat,
Gawar-bati set, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot, Western: Marathi
sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/ Urdu sa:t, Parya sat,
Punjabi set, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari (Lamani) saat, Malvi
sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t, Khandeshi sa:t, East
Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi (Kosali) sa:t,
Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang ha:d.
Dravidian
NorthWest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t,
Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e:du, Konda e:ru, Pengo sat, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South :
Tulu e:l, Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:lu, Kurumba -.lu, Toda w,
Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu
Nahali
Nahali sato
Basque
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2626
Page 2627
Page 2628
Page 2629
ser-1
English meaning: to flow
Deutsche bersetzung: strmen, sich rasch and heftig bewegen
Material: O.Ind. ssarti, srati flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt; fut. sarisyti,
Desiderativ sisrsati from a heavy basis *ser-, compare Hom. budge me quick,
fast, strong, sturme an, hurry from *sr-i; ein root nouns *sr, in addition O.Ind. *s r,
*sirh, is die base of u-stem O.Ind. siru and sru Rinnsal, stream; O.Ind. sart f. stream,
brook, river, sarana- running , sa-sr-- strmend, s-sr-i- running, hurrying; saryu-,
saray- m. name eines Flusses, . Haraiva-, Av. (acc.)Harym, Pers. Har river and
region from Herut;
O.Ind. srma- m. das Flieen, Gk. Anlauf, attack, Drang after etwas, whereof
treibe an, rege an, intr. sturme hence, worauf los; in addition salbei as
die Anreizende, s. Strmberg, Gk. Pflanzennamen 93; ergreife instead of *
(*seri) through influence of ds.;
O.Ind. sar- fluid, saru river, stream, brook, Gk. , Lat. serum the wsserige Teil
the geronnenen milk, Molke; perhaps Alb. gjiz (*ser-diu) gelabte milk, cheese;
Thrac. PN Germi-sera Warmwasser, FlN ; Fr. la Sermane (*Sermanna),
oberItal. Sermenza (*Sermentia), Ven. PN Sirmi (*Sermi), pannon. PN Sirmium, Pol.
(Ven.) PN Srem (*Sermo-); Illyr. FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); Gaul. (Ven.-Illyr.) FlN Sara
(*Seru), Saruvus die Saar; Sar- bildet viele FlN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and
Frankreich, also Appellativa (Mantua saril stream, brook etc.); Welsh FlN Sr (*Soru);
sor- also in den FlN O.Pruss. Sar-ape, Lith.-Pol. Szar-upa, Ltv. Sarija;
M.Ir. sirid (*serti) durchwandert, sucht heim, plundert, verlangt, verbal noun siriud;
Welsh herw (*ser-uo-) Landstreicherei, M.Ir. serb theft ;
Page 2630
Page 2631
ser-2
English meaning: to guard, watch over, support
Deutsche bersetzung: sorgend Obacht geben, schutzen, bewahren
Material: Av. haraiti hat acht, schutzt; haurvaiti ds., haurva- beschutzend, hutend in
pasu-haurv spu die Schafe beschutzender Hund, Schferhund (as Lat. serv from an uextension); hartar- Huter, Wchter, harra- nourishment, care, cultivation, Wartung;
chrana dish, food, nourishment, food etc. (see Berneker 397 f.); compare Machek Slavia
16, 191 f.;
as guttural extension here Lith. srg-mi, -u, -iu behute, bewache, srgas Wchter,
Page 2632
srts red in face; with formants-bho- Lat. sorbum die rote berry of Sperber-,
Vogelbeerbaumes, sorbus this tree; Swe.sarf Rotauge; Russ. sorobalina rosehip, dog
rose, blackberry , Lith. serbent, serbetas black currant (ass. from *sarbent?); with
formants -g(h)o- Russ. sorga Rotauge, Pltze;
with -k- Ltv. sarks reddish;
with -m- Lith. sarmties sich schmen;
with -p- Lith. serpes pl. ein gelbes Frberkraut, Serratula tinctoria, sirpstu, sirpau, sirpti
reif become (only from Beeren and Steinfruchten, also eig. yellow or reddish become).
References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht IE Decl. 267.
Page(s): 910-911
Page 2633
ser-4
English meaning: to put together, bind together
Deutsche bersetzung: aneinander reihen, knupfen
Material: O.Ind. sarat-, sarit- filament (uncovered), perhaps satu lichen, Mhne, bristle;
Gk. (*seri) reihe aneinander (Hom. only participle perf. , 3. sg. Plusqpf.
), knupfe an, reihe an (: Lat. in-ser fuge ein), das Hineinfugen,
Hineinstecken (: Lat. inserti; ti-stem also in praesertim in erster Reihe, vorzugsweise),
n. Ohrgehnge, m. necklace , f. fishing line, m. row, chain
, presumably also in Gefangenschaft;
Lat. ser, -ere, -tum fugen, reihen, tie, bind, knot , seris Reihenfolge, chain, row,
serlia seile, sors lot, fate (probably of Aufreihen the Lose); sera as bar, bolt vorgelegter
crossbar, crossbeam (?); Osc. aserum asserere; O.Ir. sernaid reiht an, ordnet an,
subjunctive seraid, verbal noun sreth (*srtu) Ausbreiten, row etc. kann also *ster- and
*sper- contain; Goth. sarwa n. pl. armament, armor, weapons (probably gekNOTE ter,
geknupfter Harnisch, compare Lat. sertae loricae), O.Ice. srvi n. kostbares, collar,
neckband, O.H.G. O.S. saro armament, armor, O.E. searu armament, armor; also
Kunstfertigkeit, artifice, as sierwan insidiari, planen;
O.Lith. seris filament, Pechdraht; Hitt. arra- break, rupture, divide (?).
Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife,
woman seeks man in O.Ice. sera st. V. Unzucht drive, push, sorenn and stroenn
muliebria passus (O.E. seoran is N.. Lw.), O.H.G. sertan geschlechtlichen Umgang
have, Welsh serth obscenus, serthedd obscena locutio; if Ir. serc love, Bret. serch
Kebsweib anzureihen is, is ein WestIE ser- geschlechtlich verkehren anzuerkennen;
about unsicheres IE *sor- wife, woman s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.
Page 2634
Page 2635
tlom).
Maybe Alb. harr to weed similar to Lat. sarrio (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi to hoe, weed.
[common Alb. s > h shift]; Alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal.
With p-extension:
Gk. sickle and ein bird of prey, raffe, raube, plundere, f.
Plunderung, f. rake , , - ruberisch, greedy ;
Lat. sarpi and sarp, -ere, -si, -tum beschneiteln, abschneiteln, sarmen (*sarp-men),
sarmentum abgeschneiteltes Reis, deadwood; O.H.G. sarf, M.H.G. sarph sharp, rough,
from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel, savage, wild; O.C.S. srp,
Russ. serp sickle, Ltv. sirpis sickle.
References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153 ff.
Page(s): 911-912
Page 2636
From a zero grade of Root ang(h)i- : snake, worm derived Illyr. *nsala eel [later Alb.
(*encheleae > *ensala) ngjal eel], then from the intermediary Illyr. root *nsala eel
derived Root sal- : salt; salty water and Root sal-2 : dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow.
Also from Illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa salty water [sala salt + *apa water]
derived an intermediary root *salpa- sea snake then Root serp- : to crawl, snake.
Material: O.Ind. srpati slinks, crawls, goes (= , Lat. serp), sarp- m. snake; Gk.
slink, go, slink, crawl, creep, crawling animal, ablaut. Lesb.
animal (*srp-), , - lichen an the skin, thyme (latinisiert
serpullum); Alb. gjarpn snake (*serpeno-), shtrpnj all Kriechende; Lat. serp crawl,
creep, slink, serpns snake.
Page 2637
Page 2638
etos, as ); Alb. shi rain (*s-); Toch. swese rain, s-, swus- rain; to
perhaps (, Gramm.) m. empty gossip (as though letting drip
monotonously );
Note:
The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-.
Illyr. Savus (*Souos) displays satem characteristics : Alb. shiu rain.
2. O.Ind. sunti squeezes, presses = Av. hunaoiti ds.; O.Ind. svana-m, sav- m.
Kelterung des Soma , sut- pressed , sma- = Av. hauma- m. soma; O.H.G. sou, O.E.
saw juice, sap, Ice. sggr humid, wet (*sawwia-); O.Ir. suth juice, sap, milk (*su-tu-s);
here probably also die FlN Gaul. Save, Savara, -ia and (Illyr.) Savus (*Souos).
Note:
O.Ind. svana-m, sav- m. Kelterung des Soma : Illyr. Savus prove the satem nature of
Illyr.-Alb. Proto-Illyr. was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum languages.
3. seu-d- in O.E. be-stian smudge, Westfl. sot filth ; O.Ice. sut care, sorrow , syta
grieve .
4. Guttural extension: seuk-, sk- and seug-, sg-:
Lat. sg, -ere suck; Lat. scus juice, sap, Welsh sugno, M.Bret. sunaff, Bret. suna
ds., sun juice, sap, Welsh sugnedydd pump (*seuk-n-; Welsh g from dem Lat. Lw. sug
juice, sap), O.Welsh dissuncgnetic exhaust, suffer through, endure (morphologically
difficult group); O.E. scan, Dutch zuiken suck; O.E. socian (*sukn) steep, absorb, suck
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2639
soges and souc, -ges juice, sap, O.E. sogea m. gulp; Ltv. sukt suck; O.Pruss. suge f.
rain.
Maybe Alb. shushunj leech, bloodsucker : Lat. sanguisuga [sangui blood + suga
sucker].
5. l-formant: Gk. ordure, slime, mud, filter, clean; O.Ind. sra- m.
intoxicating potion; suru alcohol, Av. huru Kumys (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from Iranian) =
Lith. Ltv. sul abflieender Baumsaft (with Ltv. slat siepen ), O.Pruss. sulo
coagulated milk; O.E. sol n. slime, mud, puddle, slop, O.H.G. M.L.G. sol ds., O.E. sylian
smudge, O.S. sulwian, O.H.G. sullen ds., Ger. suhlen, suhlen sich im Kot wlzen ; Goth.
siufzen sigh; O.Ice. O.E. sufl n. Zukost , O.S. suval, O.H.G. suvil(i), -a sorbiuncula ;
M.L.G. svel, Dutch zuivel der Buttergehalt der Milch ;
Maybe turk. (*s-) su water, aqua, juice
shroj;
O.C.S. ss-o, -ati, Iter. sysati suck probably from *sup-s-.
Alb. sis, thith teat, thith (*sis-) suck [common Alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation]
References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2640
Page 2641
hazar-hunu eine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt; O.Ir. suth (*sutu-s) birth, fruit; Welsh
hog-en girl (*suku), in addition hog-yn Bursche; due to the Prsentien *snumi (compare
Av. hunumi) and *sui (compare O.Ind. syat): IE *snu-s and *suiu-s originally *das
parturition, birth, then Leibesfrucht, son;
O.Ind. snu- m.; Av. hunu-; Goth. sunus, O.Ice. sunr, O.H.G. O.E. sunu; Lith. snus;
O.C.S. syn son;
Gk. (gen. Hom. ) and (secondary) son (in addition Hom.
grandchild, grandson from *sui[u]-n-s), as Proto-IE formation erwiesen through tochar.
soy (A se) son and das after dustr daughter reshaped Arm. ustr son; also O.E.
reshuffling after
Tochter sein.
In Ital.-Celt. Gebiete fehlen diese words for son.
Maybe Alb. (*tsun) un son.
References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.
Page(s): 913-914
Page 2642
en-) wir suchen to verschaffen. apavanvainti (*su-en-u-) sie lenken ab, mainyu-ta- of
Geist getrieben, hvita- the hchste, beste; oldest;
O.Ir. s(a)id dreht, kehrt (*su-eie-ti), ess-ro-so- milingen (*hinwegdrehen);
sua(i)nem m. rope, cord (*seu-n-ia-m); Lith. siauras (*seu-ro-) narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin, eng;
Hitt. uuui- bump, poke, urge, press, push.
seu-k-: Osset. xurx wheys, Ksewasser (ar. *sukra-: Lith. sukrus *was sich leicht
dreht); Lith. sunkalai pl. wheys, p-sukos ds.; Lith. suku, sukti turn, wenden, sukrus
movable, nimble, agile, apsukalas Turangel, Ltv. sukt escape; to get away , sukata
Drehkrankheit, Slav. *sko, *skati (preterit-stem *suku-) in Russ. sku, skat zwirnen,
zusammendrehen, aufwickeln, ablaut. Church Slavic sukati turn (reshaped from
*soukeie-, compare Russ. sui t zwirnen);
References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Lidn KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hitt. 134.
See also: s. also seuio- link and suei- bend.
Page 2643
Page 2644
seethe) ds., O.H.G. siodan, M.H.G. Ger. sieden, O.Ice. sey brausendes water, seyir
Kochfeuer; Goth. saus sacrificial animal , O.Ice. saur sheep, also anderes small
cattle; O.S. saun sprudelquelle; Gmc. *sua- in so n. Fleischsuppe, broth;
Lith. siauiu siausti ( corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff of corn, grain segregate; play;
dash, rage , siuntu, siusti toll become; besides also die meaning hit in em. siutis
shove , Ltv. aust geieln; compare also Lith. saubti rage, clamor, dash, aubti
umhertoben, O.Lith. siaubti prank pull ; Ltv. aulis m. gate;
maybe Alb. (*i-) shij thresh, winnow.
Russ. uu, uti t spaen, joke, ut (gen. uta) m. merrymaker, buffoon , Slov. utec
fool.
References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.
Page(s): 914-915
Page 2645
Page 2646
Page 2647
Material: se- and s(e)ue- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri;
gen. seue, dat. sebhei, enkLith. gen.-dat. s(u)oi; adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)uo-; se-: se-
Page 2648
sue-so loc. sg. su; Lat. sd, s preposition without, prefix beiseite basic meaning for
sich, without (abl. *s(u)ed), Konjunktion but, however; in addition Gk. privat, eigen,
argiv. *Fh from IE *sued-ios;
Goth. sws eigen, n. property, O.H.G. O.S. swus, O.E. sws, O.Ice. svuss lieb, traut
(as *sudh-so- or -to- zur root *suedh-, see under; M.Du. swuselinc father-in-law, son-inlaw, brother-in-law; to O.H.G. gi-swo (see under) the VN Suons by Tacitus, O.Ice. Svar
m. pl. schweden, sv-dui from selbst gestorben (not gettet), lengthened grade sv-vss
eigensinnig, Goth. swi-kuns apparent, manifest, obvious;
Lith. saves, seves sui (gen.) etc., PO.S.S. svas; zero grade O.Pruss. swais = O.C.S.
Page 2649
soba person, sob Eigenart, character, O.C.S. sobstvo Eigenart, entity, and with suO.C.S. svoboda Freiheit (originally state, status the Sippenangehrigen); zero grade
seems O.Pruss. subs selbst; quite doubtful with e Slav. *sebr in Russ. p-serb
stiefsohn and (?) dem names the Serben and Sorben; with still klrungsbedurftiger
nasalization *sebr in aSerb. sebr free Baner, Russ. sjabr Nachbar, friend; compare
Vasmer 2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.
4. sudh-: O.Ind. svadhu Eigenart, consuetude, custom, Heimsttte, (Av. x autaabout sich selbst bestimmend, immortal is neuere composition); Gk. n.
consuetude, custom (thematic Hes., lakonisch), participle Hom.
habitual, customary , perf. , Lesb. bin habitual, customary (*sesudha),
gewhne, lengthened grade n. custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen, pl.
domicile (: Gmc. *swsa-, if from *sudh-s-o-, see above), traut, bulk,
mass, Vlkerschaft as family?;
Lat. sodulis (*suedhulis) Kamerad, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse; sole bin habitual,
customary , with l for *dh; susc werde accustomed (*sudh-sk);
but Goth. sidus custom, O.H.G. situ, O.E. sidu, seodu, O.Ice. sir, acc. pl. siu m.
custom (previously Ger. fem.) not here, da sie i in the root syllable have (Wissmann,
Munchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).
Page 2650
sveinn
Bursche,
herdsman,
shepherd,
O.S.
swn
schweinehirt
7. Auf a connection from *se- with dem Pron. *(o)lo- beruhendes *se-lo- seems (?) die
base from Gmc. *selba- selbst (-bho- as above in *s(u)ebho-), Goth. silba, O.N. sjlfr, O.E.
self, O.H.G. selb, Ger. selb, -er, -st in addition Ven. sselboi sselboi sibi ipsi (= O.H.G. selb
selbo); compare also Gmc. *selda- seldom, Goth. silda-leiks wundersam (from rare,
seltsamer Gestalt), O.H.G. selt-suni seltsam, adv. seltan seldom etc. (seldom from for
sich, alleinstehend, einzig); da Lat. slus allein, einzig, bare a similar IE connection *s-
Page 2651
sw as (relative), swa-sw as; Goth. swa, O.N. svu, O.E. swu, sw so, O.S. O.H.G.
nnd. s; in addition Goth. swa-leiks, O.Ice. slkr, O.E. swelc, swilc etc., O.H.G. solh, sulh
etc. solch;
Umbr. so-pir siquis, Osc. svaepis, volsk. sepis siquis, surur, suror, suront, sururont
item (*su-su); aLat. s-c so (could have evolved from *su ), Lat. s if (originally so,
Page 2652
saikau, -uti; saikas, sekas measure of capacity ; seksnis Klafter (as Ma);
References: WP. II 465 f., Trautmann 252.
Page(s): 893
Page 2653
s(i)-1
English meaning: to sift
Deutsche bersetzung: sieben
Material: Gk. , siebe, m. seihtuch, Sieb; changing through ablaut
(probably -) Hes., , - schutzgttin the Muhlen
under likewise; (about Lat. simila feinstes Weizenmehl s. but WH. II 538); M.Ir. sthlad
das Sieben (das th from sthal bucket, pail ); Welshhidl, M.Bret. sizl, Bret. sil sieb from
*s-tlo- = O.Ice. suld n. sieb = Goth. *sl, assumed through karel. siekla, finn. seula
sieb; Lith. setas sieb = O.C.S. sito ds. (*si-to-), Lith. sijju, -ti sieben; Slav. *sejo, *seti
(*sejati) in O.C.S. pro-seati Serb. sijati sieben, (present-stem *si a-, preteritstem *siiu-); Alb. shosh siebe(*siu-s);
*si- sieben is probably as through ein Geflecht fall lassen eine Sonderanwendung
from *si- entsenden, throw, sen, fall lassen.
References: WP. II 459, Trautmann 254.
Page(s): 889
Page 2654
s(i)-2 : si- : s- : s- : s- and sei- : siEnglish meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semen t
Deutsche bersetzung: entsenden, werfen, fallen lassen, sen; besides nachlassen,
loslassen, sumen (late, langsam, langdauernd); Abspannung, Ruhe; herabsinkend;
andrerseits die Hand whereupon ausstrecken, Anspannung, Kraft
Material: A. entsenden, throw, sen:
b. sen: O.Ind. s ra- n. saatpflug, s tu furrow (*die Beste); Lat. ser (*si-s-), -ere,
sv, sutus sen, bepflanzen, bring forth, zeugen, suti das Sen, sutor ser; Goth.
saian (sas), O.H.G. suen, O.S. suian, O.E. suwan, O.Ice. su sen from Proto-Gmc.
*sjan = Lith.seju (seti) ds., O.C.S. sejo (sejati) ds.; Lat. smen seed, sperm (Smns
saatgtter), O.H.G. O.S. sumo ds. (m. geworden), Lith. pl. semen-s, -ys Flachssaat,
O.Pruss. semen samen, O.C.S.seme samen; O.H.G. etc. sut das Sen, Saat, Goth.
mana-ss (Menschensaat) Menschheit, world; zero grade Welsh Bret. had seed,
sperm , Corn. has seed, sperm , further probably O.Ir. sa(i)the (*sti o-) swarm, Wurf
from jungen animals, brood, Welsh haid f. swarm, troop, multitude, crowd, Bret. hed m.
swarm, swarm of bees (also * seed, sperm = Generation, progeny , as Goth. manass);
maybe Alb. hedh throw [common Alb. s- > h- shift]
-tlo-formation: Lith. sekl saat: with reduplication-grade *si-: Lat. saeculum gender,
sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert; Welsh hoedl Lebensdauer, O.Bret. hoetl, M.Bret. hoazl
ds., Gaul. Deae Stloceniae;
Page 2655
seilin acc. ds., pl. seilins sense, noseilis ghost; Serb. sila, Cz. sla power (*silu); O.Ir.
snim recke, strecke from; Lith. ne-sei-nyti not reach; M.Ir. sethar strong (*si-tro), Welsh
hydr, O.Bret. hitr, hedr, Bret. hezr bold.
C. kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, slacken, loslassen; sumen; late, slow, sich lang
hinziehend; Abspannung, tranquility; herabsinkend;
O.Ind. va-syati, Aor. a-sut hrt auf, schliet; makes halt, verweilt, va-sita- wer sich
niedergelassen hat, wohnhaft, avasuna- n. place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode,
residence; end, death; suya- n. Einkehr, evening, suti- f. decision, end (Lex.) = Av. hutipiece, break, section (*das Absetzen am Schlu eines Abschnittes); Av. hura- n.
certain stretch of time, Frist(*Absatz, ein way- and Zeitma);
Gk. presumably peaceful (ending as -, from a *s-tu- tranquility ;
similar t- derivatives see under);
Lat. sin, -ere, s-vi lassen, geschehen lassen, dsinere ablassen, cease, dsivure
ablassen, pn (*po-sin, compare participle positus); place, stellen (*low, base-place,
ab-place), situs stand gelassen; beigesetzt; sile, -re rest, cease (e.g. of Winde),
schweigen = Goth. anasilan (of Winde:) cease, verstummen due to eines l-participle *si-
Page 2656
sa = Welsh hwy (from *s-is), superl. O.Ir. sam, Welsh hwyaf; M.Ir. sith- lang, andauernd
(Intensivpartikel), compounds sithithir also long, Welsh hyd Lange, Fortdauer, while;
usque ad, O.Welsh hit, Corn. hes, Bret. hed, het m. length (*si-tu-, -ti-); viell. Welsh hoed
(*si-to-) m. sehnsucht;
Goth. seius late, ana-seis further, still (compar.-adv. *s-iz, as:) O.Ice. sr adv.
less, sz nachdem (< ses), O.E. s um seitdem, O.S. sth, O.H.G. sd ds., Ger. seit;
O.Ice. s adv. late, superl. szt; with the meaning schlaff herabfallend : sr
herabhngend, long, O.Fris. sde low, O.E. sd long, wide, breit, O.H.G. sto adv. laxe;
eine Substantivierung therefrom is O.Ice. sa f. seite (of Krpers), O.E. sde, O.S. sda,
O.H.G. sta seite (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under grown); Goth. sainjan
sumen, hesitate, O.Ice. seinn slow, late, O.E. sn, M.H.G. seine slow, idle, O.E. u-
sunian slack, weak become; changing through ablaut M.H.G. senen (*si-nn), Ger. sich
sehnen and Swe. dial. sna cease milk to give (n bare present formant, as in Lat. sin);
Nor. seimen saumselig, slow, O.H.G. lancseimi slow; changing through ablaut O.E.
Page 2657
sin f. sinew (Proto-Gmc. *sinwu, das after dem alteration from nu to nn from sinureshaped is), M.Ir. s n chain, collar, neckband; Ltv. pa-sainis cord, aif-sainis bundle,
Lith. sena limit, boundary, wall, Ltv. siena wall;
With l-formant: O.Ice. seil f., O.E. sul m. f., O.H.G. seil n. rope, band, rope, manacle,
Goth. in-sailjan anseilen, ablauteud O.H.G. silo m. rope, band, strap, O.Ice. sili, seli m.
seile; Lith. tsaile f. Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse, tseilis das vom
Page 2658
Page 2659
sk-2
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden
Grammatical information: unthemat. Wurzelprsens
Material: Alb. shat Karst (*sekti-);
Lat. sec, -ure cut, clip, abschneiden, segmen, segmentum break, section, secespita
Opfermesser (ending unexplained), secvum libum est, quod secespita secutur (: O.C.S.
seivo axe); secris axe (: O.C.S. sekyra axe), scula sickle (kampanisch); with
ablaut Lat. a:saxum Felsstuck (compare to meaning rupes: rump, Ger. Schere lippe:
scheren, zur form O.H.G. sahs knife, O.C.S. socha; Lat. a seems reduplication-grade
besides in O.H.G. sahs), perhaps sacna, scna die hoe the Pontifices (*sakes-nu);
Sense; O.Ice. segi, sigi m. losgerissenes Fleischstuck, Fleischfaser; O.Ice. sigr m., sig
Page 2660
segl, O.H.G. segal sail, O.S. segal, segela curtain (*Tuchstuck; see above to Ir. sol);
O.Ice. sigg n. hard skin (see above to Ir. seiche); O.Ice. sax n. knife, sword, pl. sox
scissors, O.E. seax n. knife, kurzes sword, O.H.G. sahs knife (also in mezzi-ra(h)s,
O.E. mete-seax knife); O.Ice. sgr losgerissenes Stuck, stripe; O.H.G. suoha harrow,
furrow (Dimin. suohili, suoli n.);
Lith. i-skti eingraben, iskti sculpere; O.C.S. seko, seti cut, clip, seivo axe (:
Lat. secvum), sekyra axe (next to which *sekyra in Serb. sjekira after seko transfigured);
unclear, whether here Lat. sca Dolch, sclis Lanzenspitze; Lith. sykis Hieb, Mal, Clr.
sy in. the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende Teil of Stammes, O.E. sugol
(*sikolo-), m. stick, club, mace, joint = M.H.G. seigel Leitersprosse, grade, M.H.G. dial.
saich reed.
References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255;
See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed-, ski-, sken-, sku-6.
Page(s): 895-896
Page 2661
sk-3
English meaning: quiet, lazy
Deutsche bersetzung: nachlassen, trge, ruhig
Material: Gk. Hom. still, leise, sacht, weak, slow, langsamster, Att.
am wenigsten, gar nicht, Hom. , Att. schwcher, geringer; reduced grade
Hom. closemouthed = Adverb. , later as object, Dor. (instr.) peaceful,
stillschweigend, -, - gentle flowing , perhaps ,
sacht;
Lat. sgnis (*sknis) slow, sleepy, idle.
extension from 2. *s(i)- slacken .
References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Wrter 166 f., Frisk 52.
Page(s): 896
Page 2662
smi- (*ghemi-)
English meaning: half
Deutsche bersetzung: halb as 1. composition part
Material: O.Ind. sumi - half (-sumi- adj. not half, vollstndig); Gk. - half ( half
from originally m. *half, compare Cret. -, epid. ; half); Lat.
smi- (smus late Adjektivierung); smis indekl. half probably after bis; O.H.G. sumi-, O.S.
sum-; compare Lat. smi-vivus, Gk. -, O.H.G. sumi-queck, O.S. sum-quick halbtot.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ghem-us) glyms, gjyms, Tosc gjysm half [common Alb. gh- > gl- >
gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation] : Rom. jumutate half : Gk. half preservation
of the old laryngeal.
References: WP. II 493, WH. II 512 f.
Page(s): 905-906
Page 2663
sudhu- straight, proficient, -sudh- (2. composition part) = jAv. -hud- lenkend, hudryu- f.
desire nachErreichung of Zieles (from *hudra- m., IE *sdh-ro- Erreichung of Zieles);
zero grade O.Ind. sidhr- erfolgreich, sdhyati kommt zum Ziel, participle siddh-, perf.
sisdha- etc.; Av. usna erfolgreich (*u-zdh-na-); ablaut neologism is sadh- in O.Ind. sadhnti and sdhis- place, purpose ;
Gk. (*sdhus) straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet), adv. geradeaus, , - attack,
Unternehmung, dringe vor, make straight; immediately, right away,
(from *) straight.
References: WP. II 450, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 350.
Page(s): 892
Page 2664
Material: O.Ind. syula- brother of the wife, woman; Serb.-Church Slavic ur, Serb. ura,
aRuss. Russ. urin (pl. urja, compare bratja).
Page 2665
Material: O.Ind. s vyati nht (= Goth. siujan), syta- genht (= Lith. siutas, Russ. ityj ds.,
O.Ice. sjr), syman- n. band, strap, rein, suture (compare O.Pruss. schumeno, and with
u Gk. ), svana-m das Nhen, the suture, stra-m filament ; Gk. m. dunne
skin, sinew; Lat. su, -ere, su, stum sew, zusammennhen, stor schuster, sbula
pricker, awl (*s-dhlu); Goth. siujan, O.Ice. syja, O.E. si(o)wian, seowian, O.H.G. siuwan
(preterit siwita) sew ; O.H.G. siut m. suture, O.Ice. sjr m., O.E. seod Beutel (iu from
IE i); M.H.G. ste suture, O.Ice. s f. Plankenverband, board; O.H.G. siula, Ger.
Sule pricker, awl (*si-dhlu, compare O.C.S. silo and Lat. subula);
O.H.G. soum, O.E. sam, O.Ice. saumr m. hem, suture (compare O.Ind. syman-); Lith.
siuvu, siuti sew , Ltv. uvu (uju, unu), ut ds.; Lith. siutas genht, Ltv. suts ds.;
O.Pruss. schumeno schusterdraht (: O.Ind. syuman-); O.C.S. ijo (*sii), iti (= Lith. siuti)
sew , Russ. ityj genht, O.C.S. sven genht (*siuueno-), silo = Cz. sidlo n.
pricker, awl; further by Trautmann 261 f.; Hitt. um(m)anza(n) filament , also (?) uel, uil
ds.
References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f.
Page(s): 915-916
Page 2666
Maybe Alb.Gheg shkamb, Tosc shkmb seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar related to Lat.
scamnum (*skabhnom).
Lat. scamnum (*skabhnom) bench, footstool , Dimin. scabillum, scabellum niedriges
Bnkchen, footstool ;
die ar. within nasalization, as well as the e-vocalism from Av. frasimbana- (compared
with O.Ind. skmbhana-m) reshuffling through ar. from skabh- after *stembh- (see steb-
jamb, upright section of a door frame or window frame; stanchion, roof support ) in O.Ind.
stabhnuti plinth, base, base of a pedestal t, stambha- posts, pillars, columns etc.
References: WP. II 539, WH. II 487 f.
Page(s): 916
Page 2667
Root (s)kamb- and (s)kemb- : to curve, bend derived from Root kam-p- : to bend.
Material: Gk. crooked, bowlegged; O.Ir. camb crooked, Welsh Corn. cam, Bret.
kamm ds., Gaul. in Cambio-dnum Kempten, Bret. camhet an rot Radfelge (*cambitu);
zero
grades
*kmb-
turn
wenden,
swap,
vary,
exchange,
tauschen
and
scimpfan joke drive, push, play, deride , Ger. schimpfen, Schimpf; Ger. (nd.) humpen,
humpeln (or to keub-? above S. 590 f.);
*(s)kamb- reminds an kam-, kamp- bend (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kembis still unclear; also das zur nasallosen root for bend (?) or haken (compare Lith. kimbu,
kbti hangen bleiben): kabu, -eti hangen, kabnti hngen, kablys m. hook, kabe f.
Heftel, hook (but also e-forms as kebeklis hook); O.C.S. skoba f. fibula, Russ. skob
agrafe, hook, clasp , wherefore O.Ice. hp n. small bay, O.E. hp ring; against it O.Ice.
Page 2668
hespa Eisenkrampen = O.E. hpse, hsp, M.H.G. haspe, hespe, Ger. Haspe, Hspe,
Du. hespe Huftgelenk, M.Du. also hack, mattock, hoe to kap-, above S. 527 f.
maybe Alb. kamba, kmb leg, bent leg. According to the laryngeal theory Alb. has the
oldest cognate before the shift from centum to satem languages.
References: WP. I 346, 350 f., II 539 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 112, 116.
Page(s): 918
Page 2669
Page 2670
Page 2671
Page 2672
Page 2673
(s)kel-1
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden
Note: not reliable from kel- hit and kel- prick (above S. 545 f.) to separate.
Material: O.Ind. kalu small part (: Serb. pro-kola Teil eines gespaltenen Ganzen, das at
first to O.C.S. koljo prick and split, above S. 546);
Arm. elkem split, zerschlage; probably also keli rudder, helm (meaning as in O.E.
helma, see under); auf anl. sk- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem palatal) wiese
celum split;
Gk. scharre, hacke, grabe, hack, mattock, hoe, Karst; wooden
fork alsStutze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze (under influence of ritze, schlitze auf,
incision ); peg, plug, Ruderdolle (compare Thrac. , O.H.G.
scalm, O.E. helma, O.Sor. om, Lith. klmas); flay, tear, rend, plage (*skoli), - Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather, spitzpfahl (compare Lith. kulas
picket, pole; with o: O.C.S. kol peg, plug above S. 546); perhaps is also
hemme, hindre from a * peg, plug derived (anpflcken), the ending - after
dem begriffl. contrast ?; footstool , verstummeln,
beschneiden Hes., kastriere; auf eine meaning from the skin sich
abspaltende scale, husk goes back Ausstziger (compare M.Eng. scalle crust,
scab, eschar , nEng. scall (N.. Lw.), Swe. skl skin rash am Munde);
Thrac. sword, knife (*skolmu);
Alb. hal scale, husk, fishbone, splinter, beard the Ahren (*skoliu = Goth. skalja); hol
thin, fine, tender; f. Zartheit (*skl-); hel Pfrieme, pricker, awl, hele Bratspie, spit,
Page 2674
schelle f. bowl, Fischschuppe; O.H.G. scula husk, Schale, M.H.G. schale also
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2675
skulle skull, cranium, older Swe. skolla dunne Platte, O.H.G. scollo m., scolla f. scholle;
with lengthened grade *skl- (compare Alb. hol): O.Ice. skula f. drinking bowl,
Wagschale, O.H.G. O.S. scula bowl;
O.S. skola, O.E. scolu dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd;
without anlaut. s-: Goth. hallus m. Fels (*kol-nu-), O.Ice. hallr m. stone, Fels, hella f.
ds., finn. Lw. kallio ds., (*hallj[n]). O.Ice. hellir Berghhle, Swiss Hell steinplatte etc.; see
above S. 544;
O.Ice. hold n. Fleisch, O.E. hold n. corpse, O.E. holdian aufschneiden, hyldan die
skin abziehen, O.Ice. hylda aufschneiden (based on auf a participle *kl-t-m);
O.H.G.
Grabwerkzeug);
with formants -mo- and den meaning schneidewerkzeug; geschnittenes wood;
ausgehhlter dugout canoe, barge: O.Ice. skolm f. tine a fork, pod , pl. scissors, nd.
E.Fris Dutch schalm thin board, O.Ice. skalma-tr cloven tree, O.H.G. scalm navis; also
probably O.H.G. scalmo Pest, Seuche, corpse; M.H.G. schalm(e) ds.; in addition skelmo
Todeswurdiger (*skalmian-), M.H.G. M.L.G. schelm(e) villain ; compare Alb. helm
mourning, grief, poison ; without anlaut. s-: O.E. helma, Eng. helm handle, grasp of
Steuerruders, tax, M.H.G. halm(e), helm Axtstiel, O.H.G. helmo, halmo Ruderpinne,
Dutch helmstock ds., M.L.G. holm crossbar, crossbeam, Jochtrger, O.Ice. hjolm f. tax,
hjalm-volr Ruderpinne;
Page 2676
*skol-dhu (abgeschnittene) shaft, pole is probably die base from O.H.G. scalta
stostange, Bootshaken, scaltan with a shaft, pole schieben, Ger. schalten also
einschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoen) and ubertr. walten, dial. also split, O.S.
skaldan ein Fahrzeug vorwrts schieben, M.H.G. schalte, O.Ice. skalda Fhre, M.H.G.
schalter, schelter bar, bolt, Ger. Schalter schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken;
with formants -go-: M.L.G. schalk sparrenstutze E.Fris. schalk Holzkltzchen as
Unterlage, bO.Ir. schalken zerspalten; Swe. skulk abgesgter stump;
Lith. skeliu, sklti split (the Akzent after sklti?), skilu, sklti sich split; fire hit
(intonation of the heavy basis, as klnes); skal chip of wood, Lichtspan, Iterat. skldeti
platzen, break, crack; Ltv. kel t split, klet ds., kle abgeschnittenes Stuck, etc.;
about Lith. klmas see above S. 546;
O.C.S. skala Fels, stone (die meaning bowl through borrowing from O.H.G. scula
ds.), Sloven. skla assula tenuis; Lichtspan, Russ. skalina abgelste birch bark ; skolka
Muschelschale (see above Lat. siliqua), Russ. el col, gap, Sloven. alja splinter,
Pol. skalic sie sichspalten, break, crack;
Hitt. ikallui- zerreissen, aufschlitzen.
root extension skel(e)-p-:
perhaps in O.Ind. klpat wird geordnet, wird zuteil, kalpyati ordnet an, klpt fertig,
gerustet = Av. hu-krpta- schngeformt, das though also to khrp- shape (above S.
620) belong could;
Gk. Maulwurf (as Grber); m. spitzpfahl;
Lat. scalp, -ere scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool schneiden, chisel, cut
(scalprum, scalper scharfes tool zum Schneiden, Meieln), sculp, -ere (originally in
compounds from scalp) ds.;
Page 2677
skalp (N.. Lw.) cranium, skull, O.Ice. skelpa f. Grimasse, skolpr chisel ; O.C.S. sklabiti
se den Mund aufmachen, lcheln, Cz. kleb Zhnefletschen;
i-extension: sklei-, sklei-d-, sklei-k-, sklei-p-:
O.Ice. slta tear, destroy, verbringen (slitna intr. rumpi), O.E. sltan tear, O.S. sltan
schleien, split, O.H.G. slzan split, rend, aufbrauchen, Ger.verschleien, schleien,
O.Ice. slit slit, crack, Abnutzung, O.E. geslit das Bersten, O.H.G. sliz, Ger. Schlitz,
M.H.G. sleize, Ger. Schleie Leuchtspan; O.Ice. slrar f. pl., slrn. pl. sword- or
Messerscheide as *s(k)lei-tro-, -tru- from the unerweit. root form sklei-;
Lith. skleidiu, skleisti, Ltv. sklist outspread, umblttern, Lith. sklaidau, -uti hin and
her blttern, refl. sich scatter, i-sklaiduti scatter, vertreiben, sklisti auseinanderflieen;
Lith. sklaidus zerstreut, Ltv. sklaidis ein Herumtreiber, Taugenichts; without anlaut. s-:
kladt sich herumtreiben, klstu, kldu, klst err, Lith. klustu, kludau, klusti sich verirren
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Page 2678
Page 2679
(s)kel-2
English meaning: to be guilty, to owe
Deutsche bersetzung: schuldig sein, schulden, sollen
Note: only Gmc. and balto-Slav.
Material: Goth. skulan, O.Ice. skulu, O.E. sculan, O.H.G. scolan schuldig sein, mussen,
sollen, newer also solan, Ger. sollen; O.E. scyld f. blame, O.H.G. O.Ice. skuld ds.; Goth.
skula m. schuldner;
O.Lith. skelu and Lith. skeliu, -eti schuldig sein, skylu, (*skilu), sklti in Schulden
geraten, skol blame; O.Pruss. skellunts culpable, ablaut. skallsnan f. acc. obligation
, poskult (paskollt) ermahnen;
without s-: Lith. kalte blame, kaltas culpable.
References: WP. II 596, Trautmann 264 f.;
See also: compare (s)kel-4?
Page(s): 927
Page 2680
(s)kel-3
English meaning: to dry out
Deutsche bersetzung: austrocknen, drren
Material: Gk. trockne from, desiccate (trans., Fut. , Aor. ; intr. Aor.
, perf. ), ausgetrocknet, m. skelett, n. Mumie, dry,
hard, rough, unbeugsam, ausgetrocknet, abgemagert, small and
agile, - 1. ohneWiderstandskraft (without ); 2. unablssig, of rage,
fury, of Weinen (eig. unversieglich); - very dry, brittle, hartnckig, f. Hartnckigkeit;
Maybe Alb. (skol-) holl lean, thin common Alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutatIon.
Swe. skll lean, thin, fade, suerlich, nd. schal dry, arid, M.L.G. M.H.G. schal schal
from taste; trub, unclear, schaln trub become, M.Eng. schalowe schal, faint, languid,
seicht, Eng. shallow (also probably O.E. sceald seicht, not deep, nd. scholl seichtes
water);
without anlaut. s-: O.Ice. hall-ri Mijahr, O.E. hall-heort erschrocken; M.H.G. hel (-ll-)
weak, hellec tired , Ger. hellig faint, languid, erschpft from thirst , M.H.G. hellegen
exhaust, behelligen, nd. hal dry, lean ; lengthened grade (?) nd. hul, Dutch haal dry,
M.Du. hael ausgetrocknet, arid, schal; Dan. dial. hlm still, Dan. helme cease
(*languish, originally vor Hitze or thirst);
Ltv. klss lean , klstu, klst vertrocknen, wilt, kltt dry.
References: WP. II 597.
Page(s): 927
Page 2681
Page 2682
klunas, Ltv. kluns m. Dreschtenne; in addition further above S. 509 *klu- hinlegen;
with Bal.-Slav. -ul- = Lat. -al- (ind. -ol[-]) with k-suffix: Lith. kule, kulis hip, haunch
(with k-insertion: kulki s, kulkni s ankle, Sprunggelenk), O.Pruss. culczi hip, haunch;
with -k-suffix: Lith. kulnas m., kulns f. hack, mattock, hoe, calcaneus (*kulk-n-), ProtoSlav.. *kulku f. hip, haunch in LateChurch Slavic klka poples, bg. klka hip, haunch,
thigh (is-kl verrenke); Ser.-Cr. kuk ds. etc.;
Lat. calx calcaneus (calc, -ure tread, stomp, calcitrure violent ausschlagen, calcar
sporn, calceus shoe , tarent. ds. from Osc. *calc-tio-); after Trautmann 145 IE
root nouns *kolk- besides kolk-.
References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. I 144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145.
Page(s): 928
Page 2683
Maybe Alb. (*skendh-) hedh plunge, throw [common Alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation].
Page 2684
(s)ken-(d-)
English meaning: to rift; to flay
Deutsche bersetzung: abspalten; abgespaltene Haut, Schuppe, Rinde
Note: probably extension from sek- cut, clip; only Celt. under germO.N.
Material: A.
Bret. skant
Kollekt.
anscantocion pl.
schin a kind of russisches Ledergeld), M.H.G. schint f. Obstschale, Ger. Schind-mhre, aas, Dutch dial. schinde skin, fell, fur; bast, bark, abgel. verb O.S. biscindian abrinden,
schlen, O.H.G. scinten, M.H.G. M.L.G.schinden enthuten, ausplundern, maltreat (Ger.
schinden st. V.); O.Ice. skun f. Borke, Mod.Ice. also Hutchen, M.L.G. schin schuppen
in Haar (out of it Ger. Schinn, Schinne), M.Du. schene dunne skin, bast;
B. besides IE (s)kend- in:
O.Ir. ceinn scale, husk, bowl, Welsh cenn (*kend-n-), O.Corn. cenn-en Hutchen,
skin, ysgenn schinnen, M.Bret. quenn skin, Bret. kenn m. schinnen, -ken skin in bu-
gen Rindshaut etc.; Bret. (Vannes) skignan frog (*skenniano-); O.Ice. hinna f. dunne
skin, Membrane (*skend-n-);
compare with a-vocalism: M.Ir. scaindrim zerspalte, scandrad, scaindred dispersion,
scainder Gefecht.
References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.
Page(s): 929-930
Page 2685
khajana-m. Bachstelze;
Gk. (only present and Imp.) hinke (*skngi); M.Ir. scingim spring is probably
reshuffling from O.Ir. scend- spring (see under ghengh- schreiten);
O.Ice. skakkr hinkend, slant, skew, Swe. dial. skinka hinken; without anl. s-: O.H.G.
scinkel schenkel, scincho m., scinca f. Beinrhre, Schenkel, Ger. Schinken, on the other
hand O.Fris. skunka, Ger. dial. schunke (*skng-) ds.; without s- M.H.G. hanke schenkel,
hip, haunch, tirol. Henkel schenkel; also LateM.H.G. schank m. Gestell, Schrank for
Trinkgerte and O.S. skenkjan einschenken (from das vessel schief halten), O.H.G.
scenkan ds., M.H.G. schenken ds., also give Ger. schenken; in addition postverbal
M.H.G.schanc vessel from dem from = Geschenkt wird and gift;
eine Gmc. root skh- in O.Ice. skur slant, skew, M.H.G. schhe squinting etc.
References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner 425 ff.
Page(s): 930
Page 2686
(s)kep-1
English meaning: to cover
Deutsche bersetzung: decken, verdecken
Note: only Gk. and balto-Slav.
Page 2687
wrinkle up )
Material: Gk. n. dry deadwood, chaff (*krbh-), f. trockenes wood, hay,
lasse shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, desiccate ,
dry, hoarse, . (under likewise) Hes.;
eingeschrumpft, arid, dry, f. Kohl, dry, roasted, roast,
roast (assim. from *);
Lat. perhaps corbis basket (*geflochten); M.Ir. corb cart , probably originally
Wagenkorb;
O.Ice. skorpinn eingeschrumpft, skorpna shrink (about skarpr eingeschrumpft, lean
etc., O.E. scearp, O.H.G. scarpf sharp s. also S. 943 under sker- cut, clip); nasal.
M.H.G. schrimpf scratch , M.H.G. schrimpfen rumpfen, zusammenschrumpfen = O.Ice.
skreppa shrink up, ausgleiten, Dan. skrumpe = Ger. schrumpfen, Nor. skramp mageres
creature, skrumpa magere cow, Eng. shrimp toddler (besides with Gmc. -mm-: O.E.
Page 2688
skrebeti rustle (vontrockenem straw), old skreblys Filz, Ltv. skreblis einfltiger person,
hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2689
Page 2690
Page 2691
*sero (*seri), *srati cacure (e.g. Serb. serem, srati), Russ. sr crap, muck, droppings,
etc.
Hitt. akkar n., gen. akna ordure, Exkremente, aknu-uant impure, unclean.
References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk IndoGmc. 25 f.
Page(s): 947-948
Page 2692
(s)ker-1
English meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin
Deutsche bersetzung: as basis von Worten for einschrumpfen, runzeln; rauhe Haut,
Schorf, Kruste; vertrocknet, mager, verkummert
Note: probably to sker-3.
Material: A. Unerweitert in Nor. Swe. skare hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem Schnee? Russ.
schreckel fairy demon, ghost, Faun; Nor. skrna (*skrahnan) verschrumpfen, skren
dry, M.L.G. schru (*skrha-) arid, lean , Ger. schruh (Nord-Franken) ds., schrhelin
(Oberpfalz) zauberisches creature, Wichtlein, O.Ice. skrling(j)ar (*skrhila-) pl.
Eskimos, Nor. skrlen pitiful , Ice. skrlna shrink E.Fris. verschrulen ds.; O.Ice. skru
f. (skrah) stuck durren Leders etc.;
C. with Dental-extension: Nor. dial. skranta lean become (etc.); M.H.G. schraz, with
Gmc. d: O.H.G. scrato larvae, lares mali, pilosus, Ger. wood, forest-schratt, with Gmc. tt:
O.Ice. skratti monstrum, magician , Swe. skratte fairy demon, ghost, ghost, O.H.G.
scraz, screz, M.H.G. schraz, schrez fairy demon, ghost, Ger. bO.Ir. schrtz in Wachstum
zuruckgebliebener Mensch; Nor. skrinn (*skrena-) arid, lean, unfruchtbar; skreda
weakling, M.L.G. schrude thin, lean, kummerlich; Lith.skrentu, skresti sich with a
trockenen Kruste beziehen;
Page 2693
Page 2694
Material: O.Ind. kirti (karisyati, kryat, krna-) streut from, vergiet, wirft, schleudert; vi-
kira, vi-skira scharrer, ein bird from dem Huhnergeschlecht; Osset. klin schutte from;
Gk. (*skri) spring, hupfe, dances, n., sprung,
Hes., m. ein Meerfisch, actually springer; f. springwurm Hes.;
ablaut. spring; with anl. - (bloer suggestion?) spring, zapple,
wherefore , - small Eingeweidewurm, Larve a Wassermucke;
O.H.G. scern bratty sein, M.H.G. scher(e)n hurry, Ger. sich scheren sich packen,
M.L.G. scheren mock, scoff and run, hurry, and. scern n. illusio, subsannatio, O.H.G.
scern m. joke, Mutwille (scirno histrio), O.Ice. skuri m. young seagull, skirja f. young
cow, M.L.G. scherke kind of small seagull (of unsteten Flug);
skr- perhaps in M.H.G. schrjen, schrn spray, whisk , schru f. hail, hoarfrost,
snow, schrut m. Wasserstubchen, drip and O.Ice. skr-ma-sk flee, Swe. skrmma
frighten tr. (aufspringen make);
O.E. secge-scre cicada locusta, compare Lith. skerys, skerelis locust, grasshopper
(: Gk. , ); bait. FlN *Skriju > wRuss. Sara; . Skarra (*Skaru); O.C.S.
skor quick, fast; very doubtful O.C.S. ater, Russ. jerica Eidechse (anl. a- die IE
preposition *??);
Page 2695
screcko locust, grasshopper , Kaus. screcken aufspringen make, bange make, Ger.
schrecken etc.; Wissmann nom. postverb. 190.
d-extension (s)kre-d- and (s)ker-d-:
Ai krdati springt, hupft is nichtIE; Gk. f. schwinge, Wipfel, swing,
brandish, schwanke, ds.; lustiger Tanz in the Komdie, ()
dizziness, giddiness; swindle , sich ghnend recken, agitated sein
(probably also club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb,
Kopfputz); Alb. hardh-l, -j, -its Eidechse (*skord-); Lat. card Turangel;
Wendepunkt (Drehpunkt; from the un extension root also O.E. heorr(a), O.Ice. hjarri
Turangel and with IE t: O.H.G. scerdo fishing rod);
M.Ir. ceird das Schreiten, O.Ir. fo-cerdaim throw, cast, Welsh cerddaf wandle (with
other Vokalstellung O.Bret. credam vado), next to which without d das causative cuirithir
(*kor-eie-trai) wirft, legt, places ; with Welsh go-gerdd f. Burleske compare Ger. Scherz;
O.Ice. hrata fall, waver, hurry, O.E. hratian ds. (besides also hraian, hradian with IE t;
O.H.G. hardilla Bachstelze = *Wipperin); M.H.G. razzen rage, clamor (and - probably
secondary - rattle, clash, as M.L.G. ratelen clatter, O.E. hratele Klapperschote); M.H.G.
scherzen frhlich spring, sich delight , M.H.G. schrz pleasure, game, Ger. scherzen,
Scherz, M.H.G.scharz, schurz m. sprung; O.Ice. skart n. kostbare clothing, Nor. skertast
spaen, skarta leichtfertiges Frauenzimmer; perhaps O.H.G. hros O.E. hors etc. steed,
see above S. 583 f.;
Lith.-em. pakrsti, preterit pakrdo from dem sleep auffahren;
eine b-extension in: O.Ice. hrapa hinabsturzen, intr. hurry, M.L.G. rapp rash, hasty,
violent, sik reppen hurry; M.Ir. crip, crib (with bb) quick, fast;
Page 2696
Page 2697
(s)ker-3
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, biegen
Note: (see also 1. (s)ker- shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up and 2. (s)ker-
spring)
Material: A. Av. skarna- round , skurayat -raa- EN., actually the den chariot kreisen
lt;
Alb. perhaps krrus, kurrus beuge, bend;
Gk. crooked (old u- coloring, compare Russ. kortoki, as well as Church Slavic
Page 2698
circus Zirkellinie, circle in the Astronomie; esp. die (round) racecourse , preposition circum
ringsumheretc, circu (after supru, extru); the Umbr. Monatsname kurclasiu as circuluri?;
(s)krek- in nd. schrge, schrge, M.H.G. schrge slantwise , M.L.G. M.H.G. schrage
kreuzweisestehende Holzfue; Clr. krku m. nape , korkoi pl. Achseln, Cz. krk
neck etc. (compare above O.Ind. krka-); Church Slavic s-kriti pull together, Russ.
kru, -it ds., Gesichter cut, clip, kra, kor cramp, okora gebogener Teil of
Schlittens, Cz. dial. krkoka knag am wood, krkva wrinkle, crease etc.; also wRuss.
hrukka, M.H.G. runke wrinkle; m. anlaut sk- O.Ice. skrukka runzeliges woman, Nor.
skrukk wrinkle, Swe. skrynka furrow , O.E. scrincan shrink up, verschrumpfen,
verwelken, M.L.G. schrinken shrink up ; Gael. sgreang wrinkle is perhaps O.E. Lw.;
as verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten: M.L.G. M.H.G. schrank(e) Gitter, fence,
Verschlu,
Ger.
Schrank,
Schranke,
M.L.G.
M.H.G.
schrenken
verschrnken,
Page 2699
hringr, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. hring ring, O.Ice. hringja small round vessel and spange =
O.H.G. rinka, O.E. hringe spange, O.H.G. O.S. hringon ringeln, einen circle build ; in
addition probably as Rundstab, Goth. hrugga staff, O.E. hrung f. Leitersprosse,
Speiche, Eng. rung Leitersprosse, M.L.G. M.H.G. runge Wagenrunge; O.C.S. krog
circle , Church Slavic krugl, okrugl round etc.;
) Dental extension kert- turn, see above S. 584 f.
) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h)-, (s)kremb- turn see under esp. Schlagwort.
B. i-basis (s)krei-:
Lat. scrinium rollenfrmige Kapsel, shrine (*round container);
Lith. skrieju (for *skreju), skrieti in Kreise bewegen, in Bogen fly, Ltv. skrenu (skreju),
skret run, fly, O.Lith. skrelis Fittich, O.C.S. krilo (*kr-dlo-) n. Flugel; Lith. kreivas
winded, slant, skew, E.Lith. kraivas slant, skew, apu-kraivis writhed, crooked, humped ,
ablaut.krvis schief gewachsener Mensch; O.Pruss. griwa-kaulin acc. Rippe (krummer
bone; dissim. from kriwa-kaulin), Russ. (etc.) kriv crooked, O.C.S. razkriviti crook; Ltv.
krails bent, curved, writhed, crooked, humped ; Ltv. kreilis Linkhand, keiris (dissim. from
*kreiris) ds., Lith. kairys ds. (dissim. from *krairys); O.C.S. krinica vessel, crock, pitcher,
(s)krei-t-: Lat. crs, -ure with den Schenkeln wackeln (beim Beischlaf; from the wife,
woman), *creits or *crts; M.Ir. crith Zittern, fever, Welsh cryd cradle, fever, with s-:
ysgryd, Bret. skrija vor fear tremble; O.Ice. hr f. attack, storm; Zwischenzeit, period (of
time) , O.E. hr f. storm, O.H.G. (h)rdn tremble, ablaut. (h)rit(t)o fever, O.E. hri
fever, O.Ice. hreir n. nest (*wickerwork); from dem concept the bogenfrmigen
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Page 2700
(s)kreid-:
Lith. skrindu, skrsti fly, kreisen, skridineti kreisen (from birds), skrudauti in Kreise
gehn, skriediu, skriesti fly, skraidau, -uti hin and her in Bogen fly, skraidus quick, fast;
Ltv. skraidelt umherlaufen, skredint antreiben.
) With Labialen: (s)kreip-:
O.Ice. hreife m. Handwurzel, hreifa swing; Lith. kreipiu, kreipti turn, wenden, kraipau,
-uti, Iter. krypstu, krypti sich drehen; O.C.S. skrenja , scurrilitas (*skroipniu);
Slav. *kre(p)s (*kroip-so-) in O.C.S. vz-kreo, -iti auferstehen lassen (from den Toten),
Church Slavic kres m. , temporum mutatio, Serb. krijes Johannisfeuer; ablaut.
O.C.S.vs-krsnoti auferstehen.
(s)kreib-: O.Ice. hrip n. wooden vessel, M.Eng. rip creel, O.H.G. href pannier
(originally Geflochtenes); Ltv. kribas pl. netting in sled .
Page 2701
k-extension (s)kreu-k-: O.Ind. krucati (Dhutup.) krummt sich; Lat. crux Marterholz
(originally round picket, pole); Ir. crach f. heap, barn, haystack, hill, Gaul. *krouka
acme, apex , worfrom *krkka, krk(k)a ds. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), Welsh crug m.
cippus, tumulus, Corn. O.Bret. cruc hill, Bret. crug, O.Brit.-Lat. Penno-crucium PN.;
O.Ice. hryggr backbone, spine, O.E. hrycg, O.S. hruggi, O.H.G. (h)rukki back; O.Ice.
hrga f. heap, hraukr heap, O.E. hrac Kornhaufe, Dutch rook ds., changing through
ablaut O.E. cornhrycce f. Korndieme, Eng. rick ds.; Lith.kriukle Meerschnecke,
Page 2702
Page 2703
); with Gk.
leather sack compare Ir. curach Hautboot, Welsh corwg, cwrwg ds. from
*korukos; compare further O.Ice. horr Leinenkleid, O.H.G. harra sack, bag; with a
meaning schneidender derision, ridicule here hhnend, hhne,
lstere (*- ein Lstermaul habend? in 1. part ein root noun [s]ker-, or ein -[e]sstem *ker-s-); , reprimand Hes., - ,
Hes., schmhe;
Alb. hirr f. Molke (*sker-nu; das h after harr); Lidn KZ. 61, 9 f.;
Page 2704
ysgarth rubbish, Spulicht, carthen purgatoria under likewise; M.Ir. scairt net um die
Gedrme, Zwerchfell; Ir. cert small; nicht certainly covered is M.Ir. coire sword (see
under Goth. harus); Ir. curach, Welsh corwg, cwrwg Hautboot to Gk. ? see
above;
O.Ice. skera cut, clip, prick, abmachen, O.H.G. sceran shave, shear, abschneiden,
O.E. scieran ds., O.S. sker-sahs schermesser; O.H.G. scero Maulwurf, Ger. Schermaus,
Nor. vatn-skjer under likewise spitzmaus (compare under O.E. scierfe-ms spitzmaus);
Kaus.-Iter. O.H.G. scerian, O.S. skerjan, O.E. scierian allot, decide, define, ordain,
determine; O.Ice. skor f. hair; edge; end, O.E. scearu f. das Haarschneiden; allotment ,
O.H.G. scara Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude, crowd etc., M.L.G. schare f. ds. (out of it
O.Ice.skor f., skari m. troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass); with not clear meaningdevelopment O.H.G. haram-skara, O.S. harm-skara, O.E. hearm-scearu punishment,
plague;
O.H.G. scar, scaro m., scara f. plowshare , O.E. scear m. n. ds., Nor. skere (*skarjan-)
ds.; O.Ice. sker n. (*skarja-) cliff (out of it M.L.G. schere f. Felszacke, cliff, Ger. Schre);
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biskirmian beschirmen;
s-los perhaps O.Ice. horund n. Fleisch; M.H.G. hre, hrwer herb (incisive of taste;
Proto-Gmc. *har-wa in finn. karvas herb); Goth. harus, O.Ice. hjorr, O.E. heoru, O.S. heru
m. sword (see above M.Ir. coire);
lengthened grade O.H.G. scur, scura, pl. scuri scissors, O.S. skura f. ds., O.E. scar
Pflugscher, pl. scerero, O.Ice. skri n. pl. scissors, hr-skrr in Leichen hackend
(eagle); M.H.G. schuor f. schur, O.Ice. skra fight, struggle;
Lith. skiriu, skrti, Ltv. kir t separate, divide, Lith. karn f. Lindenbast, Ltv. izkart
anruhren; Lith. kera, kero, krti sich loslsen; skar scrap, shred, rag; O.Pruss.
krmens body (see under); Lith. kirvis, Ltv. cirvis axe; presumably of concept the
abgespaltenen Hautschuppe from: Lith. karai pl. steinpocken (Slav. Lw.?), prakarus
maserig, of wood;
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ker-);
Russ. dial. erv sickle (= Lith. kirvis, O.Ind. krvi-, see above); Bal.-Slav. *kermen- and
kerua- n. belly, body in O.Pruss. krmens m. body; Slav. *ervo n. in O.C.S. revo lower
abdomen, belly, Russ. erevo ds. etc. (originally ausgeschnittene Tiereingeweide);
doubtful O.C.S. revj sandal, Russ. old erevji pl. schuhe etc. (*skin, leather?);
Church Slavic krn mutilated, okrniti amputieren, Russ. dial. krnyj from kleinem
growth, short, kornt stutzen, (etc. = O.Ind. -krna-); presumably (as abgeschnittene
shaft, pole) O.C.S. krma rudder, helm, Hinterende of Schiffes, r. korm schiffshinterteil
etc.; perhaps R.C.S.ren Handgriff, Russ. eren Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp eines
Messers; Pfropfen.
B. Dental extensions:
) (s)ker-d-:
Illyr. Scordus (mons), (): Lith. skardus steil see under (Jokl, Eberts
Reallex. 6, 37); O.Ir. scerdid kratzt ab;
Maybe Alb. (*skord-) kodr hill
after den divided Wurzelknollen: Gk. () n. garlic , Alb. hurdh, hudhr ds.
(*skord-);
O.H.G. scherze, scherzel abgeschnittenes Stuck; O.H.G. scurz short (M.H.G.
schurzen kurzen, schurz gekurztes garment, Ger. Schurz, Schurze), O.E. scort short,
Page 2707
scortian kurzer become, fehlen, lack (scyrte f. schurz, Hemd; Eng. short short, shirt
Hemd), O.Ice. skorta fehlen, lack, skort n., skortr m. lack;
with other Vokalstellung (influence of Gmc. *skraut-, *skrut-?) M.L.G. schratelen carve,
slit;
maybe Alb. (*scyrte) shkurt short
Note:
Illyr. TN Scordisci meant: men with shirts, kilts (like women) hence Alb. (*skodra) kodra
hill actually meant: (*short) low mountain, low hill [common drop of initial s- in Alb. sk > k]
Lith. skerdiu, skersti (Schweine) schlachten, Ltv. kru, kerst split, aufschneiden,
Lith. skrdiu, skrdeti Risse bekommen, ablaut. skarduti schroten; skardus steil,
skardis m. steiles bank, border, shore (see above Illyr. Scordus), skurdus painful, nuskurdes zerlumpt, E.Lith. skurstu, skursti lack leiden; Ltv. skurdi t split up, cut up, divide,
Lith. suskirdusios kjos aufgesprungene Fue, O.Pruss. scurdis Bicke, Muhleisen,
O.C.S. o-skrd m. tool zum Behauen the Steine, Russ. oskrd big hatchet, skorod
harrow, Cz. oskrd Muhleisen, Spitzhammer;nasal. Lith. skrndas alter Pelz, skradis
Viehmagen, Ltv. skrandas pl. rag, clout, O.Pruss. scrundos pl. scissors.
About sker-dh- see below esp. Schlagwort.
) (s)ker-t-, (s)kre-t-:
O.Ind. krntti newer kartati cuts, slices = Av. krntaiti (besides krnaoiti = O.Ind.
krnti, above S. 938) cuts, slices; schindet; participle perf. pass. krtt- (Av. -krsta-);
O.Ind. kartanam das Schneiden, krt- m. or f. knife, Av. karti- knife, Pers. kurd ds.;
O.Ind. karta- m. separation, Unterscheidung, kart- m. pit, pothole, hole (kut a depth,
ground out of it mind. development), perhaps Av. -kaa- bay; es can partizipiale toformations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; O.Ind. krtti- f. fell, fur, ni-krttiNiedermetzlung; O.Ind. krtvah ...Male, -krt e.g.sa-krt, Av. ha-krt once, originally with
Page 2708
stordo) schwarte i.e. menschliche Kopfhaut (Balt *skartu); Lith. kertukas spitzmaus (:
Clr. ertec groe dormouse , compare of einfachen *sker- O.H.G. scero Maulwurf etc.);
Lith. kartas mal, vens kart vens einmal eins, Ltv. vinkurs simple, just (see above to
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kartas ds.; besides Proto-Slav.. *karta- n. trough, trough in Church Slavic koryto alveus,
Russ. koruto trough, trough etc.; with through das nasal present bedingter other
Vokalstellung Lith. krintu, kritau, krsti abfallen, from Blttern, Fruchten (compare O.Ind.
re slo, Cz. trslo Gerberlohe; perhaps Russ. old erea, mBulg. (ablaut.) o-rta, orta tent (if from Fellen or bark, *k(e)rst-i-u, compare O.Ind. krt-ti-); perhaps Russ.
(etc.) eret reed (from den schneidenden Blttern); Church Slavic krat-k (= O.Ind.
katu-, Lith. kartus), Russ. kortkij short (etc.); O.C.S. s-krato, -kratiti verkurzen; sich
short fassen, endigen; O.C.S. krat in tri kraty dreimal etc., Pol. trzy-kroc ds. (etc., see
above to Lith. kartas mal);
Hitt. kartui- abschneiden, beseitigen.
About perhaps cognate words for quer see under *skert-s- quer.
C. guttural extension:
*krok-no- in Welsh croen skin, pl. crwyn, O.Corn. croin ds.; croinoc rubeta > Corn.
cronek crapaud besides *krok-inu in Gaul.-Lat. crocina mastruca, O.C.S. kruzno, Russ.
korzno ds.; out of it borrowed O.H.G. krusina, kursinna (wherefore Ger. Kurschner), O.Fris.
kersna, LateO.E. crus(e)ne Pelzrock, M.Lat. crusina; *krokkeno- in M.Ir. crocann, Ir.
croiceann skin, Bret. krochen, M.Corn. crghen ds.
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skrabint benagen, skribint ds. (neologism from *skrebinat); Lith. tskrabai m. pl. offal;
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Page 2712
scherf halber Pfennig, kleinste Scheidemunze, Ger. Scherflein; O.E. scearfian (*skarn)
scrape, tear = M.L.G. scharven (besides scherven from *skarjan) in small Stucke carve,
slit, O.H.G. scarbn ds., M.L.G. scharf shard, O.Ice. skarfr schrges Endstuck, Nor.
skarv cliff;
maybe Alb. shkrep cliff, rock, shkrif soften?
with other Vokalfolge: O.H.G. screvn incidere, M.L.G. schreve m. line (*Ritzung),
line, Swe. skreva Felskluft, O.Ice. skref n. footstep (*cleft, gap); O.E. scrf cave,
M.H.G.schraf, schrave zerkluftete Felsklippe, M.L.G. schravel spiky, schroff; M.H.G.
scrove, schroffe m. spitzer (*schneidender) stone, cliff, back formation Ger. adj. schroff;
as rissige, rough skin here die Postverbalia O.Ice. skurfa f. scurf, scab, Swe. skorf,
O.E. skurf, scorf m. scurf, scab, crust, eschar (to scorfan, see above), O.H.G. scorf ds.
(besides Nor. skorpa crust, M.H.G. besides schorf also schorpf from geminiertem
kirpta scharte; with zero grade i: Lith. skirpstas Ruster, O.Pruss. skerptus ds. (after den
gesgten Blttern), Lith. skirpstus Rotbuche;
Page 2713
ukrom adv. singulatim(*abgetrennt), O.C.S. krome adv. auen, outside ; ablaut. Russ.
dial. krem f. break, section of Waldes;
presumably O.C.S. kremy, kremen Feuerstein; Ltv. krems ds., ablaut. krams.
F. (s)ker-s-:
Hom. with ungeschorenen Haaren; Att. das Abscheren the hair;
, - f. razor, geschoren, barber etc., by den Haaren
fassend, Hes., schere, geschoren etc.;
Att. inschr. lignum sectum; Blutopfer, a sacrificial animal
;
M.Ir. Welsh etc. corr verkummert, dwarfish (*korso-);
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Page 2714
kri-n), Bret. gourner sieb, Welsh gwa-gr, gogr ds.; Gaul.-rom. crinare split, oberItal.
crena cleft, fissure, etc.; about Ir. crch limit, boundary, Gebiet, Welsh crip, crib, Corn.
Bret. krib comb, see above S. 619;
O.E. hrdder, hrddel sieb, O.H.G. rtera, Ger. Reiter coarse Sieb (*kri- or *kr-dhrom);
Goth. hrains (*kroini-), O.Ice. hreinn, O.S. hrn(i), O.H.G. hreini pure, Ger. rein, dial. fineground, sieved ;
Bal.-Slav. *krei slit, separate, scheide in Ltv. krijt flay, krija f. bark, outer covering
of a tree , Lith. krjas m. siebreifen, pl. krjos bast, bark, skrjos siebreifen;
Maybe Alb. krasit cut, Alb. kreh (*kre-sko) comb, dress the hair, [common Alb. -sk- > -hphonetic mutation], kryje head (with hair).
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rijven rake, rake , O.E. gehrfnian abreien; lett skrpat scratch, scrape, scribble;
einschreiben, skrpsts krummes Schnitzmesser, skrpa eingeritzter stripe.
III. u-basis (s)keru-, (s)kreu-, compare perhaps Lith. kirvis axe, Russ. erv sickle etc.;
O.E.scrawa m. spitzmaus, scierfe-ms ds.:
Page 2716
Schrter), scrt cut (M.H.G. schrolle clod of earth from *skru-l-??), O.E. scradian
schlen, abschneiden, *scrad(e) f. stuck Zeug, skrd n. dress = O.Ice. skr n.
kostbares Zeug, dress; (without s-: O.Ice. hrja leeren, vertreiben, verheeren, hrjr
Vernichter); O.H.G. scrutn, scrodn, scrutiln erforschen, durchforschen, scrod
scrutatio, and Goth. and-hruskan nachforschen (*krt-sk); here probably with NO.S.
and auslaut voiced-nonaspirated O.Pruss. scrundos f. pl. scissors.
(s)keru-p-, (s)kreu-p-:
Lat. scrpus scharfer, spitzer stone , scrpulus spitziges small stone (scrpulus
nachscrptus) and (as scrpulum) kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maes; ngstliche
Genauigkeit (as auf spitzen Steinen going), Skrupel, scrpeus steinig;
perhaps as kratzend = Swe. skroflig uneven, rough, hoarse etc.;
Pol. skorupa etc. shard.
References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff.,
Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.;
See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.
Page(s): 938-947
Page 2717
(s)ker-5
Deutsche bersetzung: Schallwort
See also: see above S. 567 ff. (ker-).
Page(s): 947
Page 2718
Page 2719
Page 2720
Page 2721
skeud-1
English meaning: to protest, grumble
Deutsche bersetzung: unwillig, murrisch sein, in Balt also von krperlichem Schmerze
Material: Gk. , rage against, grolle, (diss. from *-)
grumpy, surly, sullen, unwilling, sad, ds., bin unwilling ;
Lith. pra-skundu, -skudau, -skusti to ache, to exhaust begin , skund accusation ,
praskund pain, nuoskunda pity, skundiu, skusti sich bemoan ; Ltv. skund-u, -t
migunstig, envious sein, be angry with; Lith. skaudus painful, sullen, violent, skausta
(skaudeti) es schmerzt, Ltv. skuu, skust envious sein, injure, hurt, skaudt ds.; Lith.
skaudulys ulcer.
References: WP. II 554;
See also: compare also keud- above S. 595 f.
Page(s): 955
Page 2722
(s)keud-2
English meaning: to throw, shoot
Deutsche
bersetzung:
werfen,
schieen,
hetzen;
intr.
dahinschieen,
eilen,
hervorschlieen
Material: O.Ind. cdati, cdayati treibt an, throngs, Pers. ust agile, ttig, fitting, O.Ind.
*skoudei?);
This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root s(i)-2 : si- : s- : s-: s- and sei-: si-:
(to throw, send, let fall, sow): derived Alb. (*seth), hedh throw.
O.Ice. skjta, O.E. scotan toss, fling, bump, poke, schieen, O.H.G. sciozan
schieen, throw, schnellend bewegen; O.H.G. scoz Gescho, sprout, scuz schu, Wurf,
quickness , O.Ice.skjtr, O.E. scot quick, fast, Goth. skaut lap, hem, O.Ice. skaut n.
Zipfel, point, edge, lap, protrusion, O.H.G. scz Zipfel, Kleiderscho, Rockscho, M.L.G.
schott (-tt-) (vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, Verschlu, whereof schutten abdmmen, hinder,
shield , M.H.G. Ger. schutzen;
without anlaut. s-: M.H.G. hossen, hotzen quick, fast run, Ger. dial. hutzen antreiben,
hetzen (as O.Ind. cdati), also bump, poke;
Lith. skudrus, skaudrus agile; Ltv. skaudrs ds., skudra Ameise; O.C.S. is-kydati
herauswerfen, Russ. kidt throw, kdkij rash, hasty, willing, ready, greedy .
References: WP. II 554 f.;
See also: s. also under skeu-5 and skeub-.
Page(s): 955-956
Page 2723
Page 2724
(s)keu-1
English meaning: to perform, commit
Deutsche bersetzung: herrichten, ausfuhren
Material: Gk. n. (mostly pl.) appliance, armament, armor, armament, armor,
clothing, Tracht, bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an;
O.Ice. heyja, O.E. hegan commit ;
O.C.S. pre-kutiti adorn, embellish, adorn, Russ. kutit carouse, sich with Klatsch
befassen, rage, clamor, Church Slavic kutiti machinari, Cz. kutiti, kutati drive, push,
schkern, also (refl.) wuhlen, dig, schuren; die Slav. words based on auf a *kou-tu
perhaps front .
References: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear).
Page(s): 950-951
Page 2725
s-extension), fraglicher xavar dark (*khouo-, forms Arm. -ar), xu-p cover, xul, xlik
cottage, xlay (*khlati-) female Kopfverhullung, Schleier; dress;
Gk. pl. brows , skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen (compare O.Ind.
skugin(a), M.H.G. schiune, Ger. Scheune (Obdach), Nor. dial. skyggne m. cottage, hiding
place, nook, bolt-hole; O.Ice. skaun f. (or skaunn m.) shield; Nor. skme dark, O.Ice.
Page 2726
(s)keu-t-:
Gk. n. skin, leather, , bis auf die skin, n. Hulle, skin and
vessel, Urne, cavity, small Kasten, Buchse, ;
Hes.; (*- or *-), () cavity, bulge, Bienenzelle, Eichelnapf,
unus (*F); about Lat. cuturnium vas, quo in sacrificiis vinum fundebatur s. WH. I
320;
Lat. cutis skin; cunnus pudendum muliebre (*kut-nos);
Welsh cwd Hodensack; M.Welsh eskit, esgit, Welsh esgid, Corn. eskit, esgis shoe
(*ped-skti-);
O.Ice. h, O.E. hyd, O.H.G. ht (*hdi-) Haut (Swiss hut husk, Fruchtschale);
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Page 2727
(s)keudh-:
O.Ind. kuhara- n. cave, kuhaka- m. schelm, Gaukler, cheater , kuhayate betrugt,
kuh- f. Neumond (the versteckte moon); pamir dial. sk hohe Mutze from Schaffell;
Gk. verberge, n., verborgene depth, verborgener
place, cavity, Saulache;
M.Ir. codal skin;
O.E. hydan conceal; here or to *skeut- Goth. skauda-(raip) acc. sg. shoe (riemen),
O.Ice. skau f. vagina, pl. Vorhaut; Elender, Scheusal, skja f. Beutel, sack, bag,
M.L.G. schde n. vagina (beim horse), f. pod, pea, M.H.G. schte pod,
Samengehuse;
unclear is Lat. cd, -nis helmet from fell, fur (Lw.?); in the meaning nahe steht Av.
Page 2728
dho- = Gk. ); Swe. hydda cottage, dial. hodda, hudda schuppen, Gefngnisraum,
aschw. hydda conceal.
References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132,
145.
Page(s): 951-953
Page 2729
(s)keu-4
Deutsche bersetzung: worauf achten
See also: see above S. 587 f. ((s)keu-4).
Page(s): 954
Page 2730
Schuppen), O.H.G. scopf m. building without front wall, barn, Ger. bO.Ir. Swiss schopf m.
ds., O.E. scypen f. stall, Eng. shippen, O.E. scoppa m. shed, stall (Eng. shop junk
shop, knick-knack shop );
Serb. upa shock of hair , Russ. up, ub, Cz. up, ub tuft, crest, tuft of feathers;
shock of hair ;
perhaps Slav. *kyta (*kp-tu) in Russ. kta Stengel und Bltter lang stieliger Pflanzen ,
ktka catkin in trees etc., and Russ. kist (*kp-sti-) tassel, paintbrush, bunch of grapes,
hand , Bulg. kska (from kystka) bunch, bundle, cluster, bouquet, bunch of flowers ,
Ser.-Cr. koica kind of paintbrush, old also kist, Pol. kisc tassel, broom, bush, bundle .
Page 2731
Page 2732
Material: Gmc. partly -tt-, partly -dd-: Swe. dial. hott, hodd m. small, eingeschrumpfter
person, Dutch hotten curdle, coagulate, harden , N.Ger. hotten shrivel, shrink due to
excess dryness, wrinkle up , Dutch hot, M.L.G. hotte coagulated milk, Ger. dial. hutzeln,
Page 2733
skina, skjena biesen, O.S. skena durchgehen (of Pferde), ablaut. Nor. skeina schief zur
Seite fliegen.
References: WP. II 546, Wissmann nom. postverb. 151.
Page(s): 922
Page 2734
formation
Material: I. O.Ind. chyati clips , participle chuta-, chit- cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off ,
Kaus. chuyayati (with sk-, like:)
Maybe Alb. (*chuyayati) aj, ajta (aor.), ava (aor.) cut, separate.
Av. fra-sunm destruction , su-, sya- to fight ;
Gk. (*skhi , Impf. w, Inf. -), (neologism, Schwyzer Gk. 1,
716) scratches, slits and drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open , the
scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go , n., m. incision ,
fleam, latch, bolt , the rope (serving for the separation of the
spectators) before the racetrack ;
Maybe Alb. (*sci) shquanj distinguish, (*scie) shqyenj tear, split.
Lat. sci, scre to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do ( part, make a
distinction ), dscsc, -ere to break away, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize, renounce
, scsc, -ere to investigate, inquire; poLith. to vote, ordain, resolve and try to find out ,
plbsctum a decree of the people , sctus knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious; pretty,
fine; adv. scite, skillfully (like M.H.G. geschde, Ger. gescheit to *ski-t-) in the meaning
eliminate (compare O.Ice. skta under S. 921) M.Ir. sced vomits (*skei-ie-ti, IE *skei-),
verbal n. sceith f. (from *sceth, IE *ski-tu, therefrom:) Welsh chwydu, Bret. choueda,
M.Corn. hwea vomit ; from Ir. scethach to the travelling rupture places O.Ice. skjaak
Page 2735
sche m. f. fencing post, pale , O.E. sca m. shinbone , next to which (compare O.H.G.
ba : bini bee )
Gmc. *ski-n(n) in O.E. scinu f., scine-bun n. shinbone, O.H.G. scina shinbone, also
needle, Nor. skina small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread ; O.Fris. skidel bones of the
arm (-dla forms); West Flem. schier block of wood (*sk-ro-); from *distinguish, discern
from: O.H.G. skr sharp, sharp witted, shrewd (*skiro-); M.H.G. schier quick, fast, adv.
O.H.G. skro, skioro quick, fast, M.H.G. schier(e) ds., fast;
Ltv. kieva fissure in wood and Lith. skivytas scrap, shred have probably v from dv,
so that to d-extension Lith. skediu, Ltv. kieu;
Maybe Alb.Gheg shku-, shkueva aor., Tosc shqyenj, shqeva aor. tear, rind
O.C.S. cevnica (eig. shepherds pipe), Russ. cevj handle, grasp, Handhabe
and shinbone, cevka coil, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses, etc.; besides with
palatal: Lith. eiva, aiva, Ltv. saiva weavers reel (Bal.-Slav. *ki-uu, *(s)ki-uu,
*(s)kiuu).
II. Dental extensions ski-d-, -t- (d, t partly present formant, partly the nominal forms-to-):
A. forms on -d-; in Ar. and Arm. with sk-, in Balt with sk-:
O.Ind. chintti, themat. chindati clips, cuts, splits, Kaus. chdayati; chda- m. cut,
break, section, chitti- the fissures (: Lat. scissi), chidr- breaks, splits, n. cleft, fissure,
hole, chidira- m. (lex.) axe, sword (: Av. sidara-, Gk. , O.H.G. sctar, Ltv. kidrs
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sidra-) n. hole, aperture, crack, a-sista- not split , bal sindag split, break, rupture;
Arm. ctim ritze mich, zerkratze mir with den Ngeln die Haut ;
Gk. split, slit, separate, (= Av. -sista-, Lat. scissus) divided, apart,
separated; divisible, splinter, shingle, f. piece of wood , , Koine
wooden splinter, to spear to; makedon. authority;
administrator, governor, esp. treasurer, chief financial official in Egypt, Astrol., controller, of
the Seven Planets;
Lat. scind, -ere, scicid, scissum to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate ; scissi the
fissures;
M.Bret. squeigaff, Bret. skeja cut, clip (-- from -dj-, *skidi); Welsh ysgwydd (*skeid-),
Corn. scuid, Bret. scoaz scapula;
O.Ir. scath scapula, wing ( instead of after scath shield);
without anlaut. s- perhaps Welsh cwys f. furrow (*kid-tu-);
O.H.G. sczan, O.E. sctan, O.Ice. skta excrete feces, defecate (*eliminate ), M.H.G.
schze f., O.Ice. sktr m. diarrhea; O.H.G. scetar thin, incomplete, fragmentary, M.H.G.
schiter(e) ds., Ger. (obd., schles.) schitter (*skidro- = O.Ind. chidr- etc.);
maybe Alb. (*skta) skit diarrhea
without anlaut. s- perhaps O.Ice. ht f. a furry sack ;
Lith. skediu, skesti separate, divide, Iter. skidyti (: Goth. skaidan, O.Ind. chedayati),
skied and skiedr, skiedar chip, splinter, skemenys pl. der Raum, durch welche das
Weberschifflein geworfen wird , ap-skdes zerfranst , paskusti scatter ; without anlaut.
Page 2737
kdinut thin, make fluid, kidrs thin fluid; O.Pruss. skstan acc. clean, skstai chaste;
O.C.S. ist clean, istiti clean, esto, estiti clean, Church Slavic editi seihen ;
Russ. i ryj veritable, genuine; compare also above S. 917;
B. forms in -t-:
O.Ir. scath m. shield, Welsh ysgwyd, O.Bret. scoit, Bret. skoed ds. = O.C.S. tit
shield, (originally board), next to which with gradation O.Pruss. staytan (lies scaytan)
shield and Lat. sctum ds.;
Alb. (*sctum) shqyt shield
O.Ice. sk n. piece of wood, snowshoe (ski), O.E. scd piece of wood; O.H.G. sct
bit of wood, piece of wood (*skto-), M.H.G. schten split, schden separate, divide,
geschde brainy, sly, cunning, O.Ice. sk n. vagina; changing through ablaut M.H.G.
scheite chip of wood and zero grade O.H.G. scidn divide, scidunga separation,
M.H.G. schit, -of m. separation, differentiation ;
Goth. skaidan divide, O.E. scadan divide, scatter, shed (so also mnl. scheiden shed
blood ); O.H.G. sceidan (participle ki-sceitan) divide; O.Ice. skei n. part of space or
time, career , O.S. skth m. difference, M.H.G. scheit f. separation, watershed;
O.E.scada, mnl. schde, O.S. sklo vertices, vertex , M.L.G. schdel m., schdele f.
ds., O.H.G. sceitilo ds.;
O.Ice. skei f. weavers comb , pl. sword scabbard ( eig. die beiden Holzscheiben
in this = wooden discs ), O.E. sk, sca, O.H.G. sceida sword scabbard, also
separation, limit, boundary, O.S. skia ds., O.E. sceael weavers comb ;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2738
scheel cover), M.L.G. schedel, schidele box, case, bag from *skila-, IE *ski-tlo-, actually
( truncated) brainpan, skullcap ; in to-participle of skit- or ski-d- (compare Lat. scissus)
based on O.H.G. scesso cliff, rock;
III. Labial extensions:
ski-p-: Gk. m. the basic beams on which the bricks rest; wall-plate of a
building ; staff, stick, a staff or stick to lean upon, a walking-stick, crutch (eig. *
cleaved, divided = split off branch );
Maybe Alb. shqeponj walk with a limp; to lean upon a walking-stick : shqiponja,
shkabonja, gabonja eagle, military standart on a stick; bird with sharp talons , shqip clear,
fluent, sharp (language, Albanian language) also
enunciate, say, utter, mouth (clearly), shqiptar Albanian (who speaks clearly); tshkep
unstitch (see Root du(u) : two) : qep stitch.
Gk. kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked
in for the night (*), , insert ; Lat. scpi m. staff; s. also S.
543 under keipo- picket, pole and S. 930 f. skp-; Gk. Hes. (the itch, scurvy,
scab, mange = of skin flaking off);
O.H.G. scivaro wood splinter or spall, Ger. Schiefer, M.L.G. schever, M.Eng. scifra,
nEng.shiver splinter, shred, M.H.G. schebe f. Abfall beim Flachsbrechen , Ger. Schbe,
Eng. shive slice, cut, further (as cut-off piece of a trunk ), O.Ice. skfa, O.S. ska,
O.H.G. scba disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread, , Ger. Scheibe, wherefore
O.Ice. skfa split, divide into sheaves , M.L.G. schven, M.H.G. schben roll, Kegel
scheiben (Kegel schieben through distortion), O.Fris. skvia divide.
skei-b-: Goth. O.Ice. O.E. skip n. ship, boat (* ausgeschnittener, gehhlter dugout
canoe ), O.H.G. scif, scef ship, Weberschiff also vessel , sciphi n. drinking vessel,
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Page 2739
The root Root ski- : (to cut, separate) is detrimental for Alb. language because Alb. people
chose it to design clear speech: Alb. (*skei-b- ), shqip clear speech, separated words,
(*skipta) shqipto speak clearly, (*skipta) shqiptar people who speak clearly. Alb. people
employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their language.
Hence people who didnt speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of Alb. so important
became the clear Indo European language to Alb. that they finally switched from the name
Arban (Alban) to (*skipta) shqiptar people who speak clearly. Other Alb. Derivatives:
(*Schbe) shkab eagle (with sharp talons), Alb.Gheg (*scipioni) Shqipni land of eagles.
Obviously Alb. association of (*skipta) shqiptar people who speak clearly and (*skipion)
shqiponj eagle was distorted by Illyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army. Illyrians who
didnt speak Lat. translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as: scipio -onis, m. a
staff, wand = Alb. (*scipioni) shqiponj the eagle (itself), also Alb. (*scipioni) Shqipni land
of eagles. When Gergj Kastrioti king of Epirus presented his heraldic emblem of the eagle
(the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed the name of his people.
Illyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their Hittite heritage.
References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f.
Page(s): 919-922
Page 2740
schepfen, from which Ger. schpfen; to preterit M.H.G. schuof, participle geschaffen =
created would create a new present schaffen = make, create, as Swe. skapa, Dan.
scabe; deverbative -verbs are O.Ice. aschw. skapa make, furnish, found, install , O.H.G.
scaffn build, effectuate (Wissmann nom. postverb. 73); O.E. ge-sceap n. shape,
creature, O.S. gi-scapu pl. n. fate, destiny; O.Ice. skap n. shape, mood etc.; -skapr e.g.
in vin-skapr friendship; O.H.G. scaf m. shape, structure , -scaf and -scaft f., Ger. -
schaft; WestGmc. *skap n. (engraved) vessel in: O.S. skap n. Schaff, ship, O.H.G. skaf
vessel, Schaff , whereof scepfen draw up, draw out, draw; remove, take out, take away;
drain dry, empty out (after scepfen bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin
to early with strong inflection); diminutive O.S. skepil, O.H.G. skeffil bushel ; ablaut.
M.L.G. schpe scoop , M.H.G. schuofe f. Schpfgef .
B. forms auf -bh: (including Lat. and Bal.-Slav. forms with zweideutigem -b-).
Lat. scab, -ere, scub scrape, scratch, rub, scubis f. scab, mange, itch; roughness;
itching desire; mange , scaber rough, scabby ; with o: scobis f. filings, chips, shavings,
sawdust , scobna file, rasp ; M.Ir. (s)cp (with bb) hand (expressive gemination); Goth.
skaban scrape, shave, shear, O.Ice. skafa scrape, scratch, scrape, O.E. scafan ds.
(O.Ice. O.E. preterit skf, as Lat. scub); and. scaban scrape, scratch, cut (hair), clip,
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skabus sharp, incisive, skabu, -eti cut, clip, hew, hit , skbti hollow out, nuskbti pick ,
skbas, Ltv. skubs sour (*sharp, incisive); O.C.S. skobl rasper, Russ. skbel plane
; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here O.C.S. chab evil, bad, chabiti spoil.
C. forms auf -p:
Pers. kufa, kuva burrows, digs, splits , kuf cleft, fissure, ikuftan split;
Alb. kep hew stones, cut out (IE *kop or *kap), wherefore kmes, kms, kams f.
hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife (*kapnetiu), sqep angle, bill, beak, neb;
Maybe Alb. (*kapontiu) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba eagle : sqep beak of the eagle ,
shqipta, shqip clear, sharp (language) , shqiptonj speak clearly, divide words , shqep
(*split), rip, tear; unpick : qep sew
Gk. , - hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes, m. lookoutplace:
hence peak, headland, promontory; cliff, rock (Ven. *skopelo-); hit, haue;
belstige, ermude, m. blow, knock, ermude, (ermudender)
babbler , , - f. schlachtmesser, m. chisel, hatchet,
Mrserstel, , - beschnitten, n. incision, break, section; with avocalism: grabe, hacke, hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit, ()
ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole; durchEntgleisung after : also
forms with : , das ditch, trench, channel, grave, , f.,
n. Wanne, trough, trough, schiffsbauch;
Page 2742
cappulure zerhauen, concipilure in kleine Stucke zerhauen; Lat. a places eine u-root
skup- ahead; also Lat. scapulae scapula, shoulder, Umbr. scapla scapulam (from the
Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);
Gaul.-rom. capanna cottage (: Serb. kpa barn, haystack), probably Ven.-Illyr.
element in Gallischen;
Gmc. *hbj besides *habb with expressive gemination, also *habj: O.H.G. hubba,
huppa, heppa, M.Lat. hapia, M.H.G. happe, heppe scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser;
balto-Slav. skpa- m. etwas Abgespaltenes in:
Ltv. keps spear, javelin, spit, pike, kepele f. abgeschnittenes Stuck Holz; ablaut.
Lith. skpsne f. stuck Stoff; O.C.S. tap (*skpos), Sloven. ap stick, Russ. ap
Anhieb (eines Baumes), Russ. epa chip of wood, epat, epi t split, O.C.S.
skopc Verschnittener (Ger. Lw. Schps), skopiti verschneiden; Lith. skplis Hohlaxt,
skptas krummes Schnitzmesser, skopiu, skpti with dem knife aushhlen, skoptuvas
Hohlmesser;
maybe Alb. (*skop) shkop stick
Lith. kapti, Ltv. kapt hacken, hew, hit, Lith. kapne, Ltv. kapuns Hackmesser, Lith.
kaplys hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt, Ltv. kaplis hack, mattock, hoe, Lith. kpas, Ltv. kaps
grave(hugel), O.Pruss. enkopts bury;
O.C.S. kopajo, kopati dig, vkopati bury, Serb. kpa barn, haystack, heap, Bulg.
Page 2743
op twig, branch of grapevine, Rebe, bg. ep bough, Ser.-Cr. epur stalk, stem of a
plant under likewise; perhaps belongs die family *kup- stuck Land and *kap-ut head
(above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for stick, staff:
Gk. staff, Dor. ds. = Ion. * in zeptertragend,
Hes., staff, Szepter, Hom. ds. = Dor.
Hes.; stutze, swing, brandish with power , intr. and med. sich stutzen; sich with
Kraft auf etwas throw, sudden niederfahrender whirlwind, Wetterstrahl,
misfortune; Lat. scupus schaft, Stiel, Stengel, stem, scpa f. dunner twig, branch, Reis,
pl. Reisigbesen, scpi, -nis m. the Stiel, an dem die Beeren the grape hngen; stem of
Spargels, scpus ds.;
O.H.G. skaft schaft, spear, javelin, O.S. skaft spear, javelin, Dutch schacht Federkiel,
Lanzenschaft, O.E. sceaft m., O.Ice. skapt n. schaft, shaft, pole, spear, javelin.
References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.
Page(s): 930-933
Page 2744
skaian, O.H.G. scadn, scadn harm; Goth. skais n. damage, O.Ice. skai damage,
loss, death, O.E. scaa, O.H.G. scado damage, noun agentis O.E. sceaa damager,
devil, O.S. scatho, O.H.G. scado damager, fiend; with gradation as in Prteritum O.Ice.
Page 2745
Page 2746
kaut, Iterat. kaudet sneeze (viel strong abweichend Slav. kchnoti, kychati and chati,
compare O.Ind. chikku Niesen);
through hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s- (*kneus-, *sneus-) in Pers.
ina, ana Niesen; O.Ice. hnjsa, M.Eng. nsen, O.H.G. niosan (participle ginoran);
O.Ice. hnri m., O.E. hnora Niesen, O.S. hnioxwrt Niewurz; besides M.Eng. snsen,
Eng. sneeze; compare nd. snsen, Dan. snuse schnoben, wittern under likewise; similarly
also Lith. niaukti schnupfen.
References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.
Page(s): 953
Page 2747
sku-5
See also: besides skeu- (see under) throw, schieen, hetzen; s. die extensions skeub-,
Page 2748
sku-6(t-)
English meaning: to cut, separate, scratch
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden, trennen, kratzen, scharren, stochern, stbern
Note: extension from sek- cut, clip
Material: O.Ind. skuu-ti, skunuti, skunti strt, stbert, stochert, with u- zerkleinert through
Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals), ava-skav- m. ein worm, ni-
kiaurai preposition hindurch, Ltv. caurs was ein hole hat, hollow is, caur preposition
through, hindurch; Lith. kiurstu lcherig become, pra-kiures durchlchert;
O.S. skr (from *skyrr) fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated , Swe. Nor. skyr
ds.; Goth. skaur shovel (in wini-skaur winnowing shovel), O.H.G. scora, M.H.G.
schor shovel, hoe, schorn zusammenscharren, kehren, fortstoen, schurn einen Ansto
give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen, schuren; O.Ice. skora cut, clip, count, O.E.
scorian chop, cut, reject (eig. wegstoen); mitrj > rg: O.H.G. skurgan, M.H.G. schurgen
schieben, drive, push, bump, poke; compare M.H.G. md. schiuren, schren scour, rub,
clean, clean, fegen = Dan. skure, Swe. skura ds.;
with formants -lo-: M.H.G. schiel (*skulo-) splinter, abgesprungenes or ragged Stuck;
Ltv. skurint lausen, ruffle; tousle , refl. sich kratzen, krauen;
with t-extension: M.Ir. scothaid clips, cuts (*skutti), scoth f. cutting edge, cusp, peak,
also hair lock ; M.H.G. hudele rag; Lith. skutu, skusti scrape, schlen, skutas scrap,
Page 2749
skuotitis sich schuppen, kaute sharp edge; Lith. skiutis stuck Zeug, skiautere
Hahnenkamm; perhaps Lat. scutilus thin and Gk. club, mace, joint, stick,
ds., staff, cudgel, club, Walze (*abgespaltenes Aststuck or likewise);
here Hes., . Hes.;
about E.Lith. skvetas rag compare Specht IE Decl. 56; thereafter probably skvernas ds.
from *skernas;
References: WP. II 552 f.
Page(s): 954
Page 2750
caid-sli-);
Alb. qiell sky, heaven from Ital. cielo sky < Lat. caelum (1) -i n. the burin or engraving
tool, caelum (2) -i n. the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home of the gods;
fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc...
k(h)ai- in mnl. heie Rammblock, M.H.G. Ger. heie beetle, hammer, wooden hammer,
Ramme, mnl. heien hit, bump, poke, rammen, Ger. Swiss heien stomp, Hanf break,
rupture;
khai-t- in Arm. xait prick, prick, sting, xaitem prick , xitam bin ngstlich, xit
grieving heit, heftiger pain; against it xirt stutzig, ngstlich, argwhnisch from *khid-ro-;
References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about O.Ind. khidti reit, presses
(), secondary khdu f. Druck, load s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-28.
Page(s): 917
Page 2751
Page 2752
Material: O.Ind. skhlat stolpert, sways, geht fehl, skhalita- taumelnd fehlgegangen;
whereof etwas fehlt, to wenig; Arm. sxalem, sxalim strauchle, irre, sundige, verfehle;
werde verfehlt, vermit, frail; tue eine Fehlgeburt, sxal fault, error, mistake, lack;
fehlerhaft, lacking, to wenig, sxalak taumelnd (in intoxication).
References: WP. II 599;
See also: whether expressive formation to (s)kel-4?
Page(s): 929
Page 2753
Page 2754
Page 2755
maybe Alb. skaj edge, remote border, end related to eng. sky
ME.
OE sceo, OS scio and (more remotely) OE scuwa, OHG scuwo, ON skuggi shade, shadow,
Goth. skuggwa mirror.]
maybe Alb. hie shadow, hi ash, gray [common Alb. sk- > h- shift].
Page 2756
Page 2757
farskundian anreizen, aufhetzen, O.H.G. scunten antreiben, stir, tease, irritate; O.C.S.
skytati se vagari.
Maybe Alb. shkund shake from Alb. probably derived Lat. scindo scindere scidi scissum
to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate.
Page 2758
From Gk. shadow + Gk. tail derived Gk. , Lat. sciurus -i, pl. sciuridae
m.squirrel, Alb. from a reshuffled Lat. cognate derived Alb. (*sciuridae) cetr, ketr
squirrel from Alb. derived Bulg. katerica squirrel. Typical of Alb. is the drop of initial s-: sc-
sinoti; if also in Lat. scintilla spark eine formation from a similar originator from is present,
is doubtful (derivative eines *ski-nto- gleaming?); O.Ice. skn n., O.S. skn, O.H.G. scn m.
shine, radiance ; O.E. O.S. scima, M.H.G. scheme shadow, Ger. Schemen
schattenhafte shape, O.Ice. skimi m. radiance , Ger. schimmern, Schimmel etc.; Goth.
skeima shiner, torch, O.H.G. O.S. scmo, O.E. scma m. light, radiance ; M.H.G. scheim
Page 2759
schr lauter, Ger. schier; O.Ice. skrr clean, clear, bright (*skairi-r), O.Fris. skria
clean;
Ltv. seja (*keiu) shadow, Spiegelbild, face;
O.C.S. sijati, sinoti gleam, hell become, sen shadow (besides sten for *scen); Cz.
iry lauter, Russ. i ryj veritable, genuine (Goth. Lw.?), Church Slavic *ir open open
, adv. iry etc.;
Toch. skiyo shadow (= Gk. ).
References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.
Page(s): 917-918
Page 2760
chads- n. cover, roof; Av. sudayant- ein garment (skyth. trouser?), afghO.N. psll to
put on, wear (*pati-upa-sad-); O.H.G. huz m., M.H.G. hze n. Rock, clothing, O.E.
Page 2761
sulra- m. frog;
M.H.G. schel springend, auffahrend, aufgebracht, schellec springend, angry, irate,
wild, O.H.G. scelo schellhengst (Bespringer), Ger. schlen spring, jump , M.H.G.
schelch Bockhirsch; O.Ice. skelkr fear as *erschreckt auffahrend; for Goth. etc. skalks
servant assumes man eine basic meaning springer, Laufbursche and dissimilation from
*skal-[s]kas-;
Lith. uolys Galopp, Ltv. sulis footstep .
Maybe Alb. (kel-) *shkel (*spring?), step, gemination (*[s]kal-[s]kal-as) karkalec
grasshopper : O.Ind. salabha- m. locust, grasshopper
Heuschrecke
References: WP. II 600.
Page(s): 929
Page 2762
Page 2763
Material: Lith. auju, auti schieen (with a Feuerwaffe), uvis schu; audyti mehrfach
schieen, herumschieen, herumfliegen;
Ltv. aut (*skjauti) schieen, rasch zufahren, audrs hasty, stormy, hot tempered;
O.C.S. sujo, sovati bump, poke, schieben; O.C.S. sulica, Cz. sudlice spear, lance.
References: WP. II 553, Trautmann 300;
See also: s. also under skeu-5.
Page(s): 954-955
Page 2764
vder ds.; Ger. dial.slack schneequatsch; nd. slack big, giant and heavy drip, slackern
verschutten, pollute , besleckern beklecken; ablaut. O.E. sloh morass, M.L.G. slch
ds.;
Lith. lakas drip, Fleck, Kleck (in the meaning schlacke dt. Lw.), lakstau, -uti
mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle , laku, -eti drip, trickle, lekiu, le kti spray, Ltv. slaka
Anfeuchtung, slact namachen, sprinkle, fein rain.
References: WP. II 602 f., 705;
See also: compare also sresk- drip?
Page(s): 957
Page 2765
(s)kalo-s
English meaning: a large fish
Deutsche bersetzung: eine grere Fischart
Note: or vielmehr kalo-s ?
Material: Lat. squalus ein grerer Meerfisch; das s- could but previously secondary from
hwal ds., besides O.H.G. hwelira (Gmc. *hvali-s-n-), Ger. Waller, Weller and M.H.G.
Wels (Gmc. *hvali-s), wherefore also O.Pruss. kalis Wels; the mythische fish Av. kora- is
die Iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola fish, later kal, to tscherem. kol, lapp. guole,
finn. kala etc.; die ganze family also probably finno-uGk. origin.
References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Eng. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier and
Ugrofinnen 241 f.
Page(s): 958
Page 2766
Page 2767
Page 2768
Material: M.Ir. slacc sword, Ir. slacaire schlger (with expressive -kk-); M.Ir. slachta
beaten, Ir. slacht m. good apparition, from gutem blow, knock, Gael. slachdaim hit with
dem hammer, slachdan club, mace, joint;
Goth. slahan, O.Ice. slu, O.E. slan, O.S. O.H.G. slahan (sluoc, sluogen, geslagen) hit;
O.H.G.slagon, O.Fris. slagia ds.; O.Ice. slu f. shaft, pole, bar, bolt, O.E. slahe, sla
Weberkamm, M.H.G. sla, slage schlagwerkzeug, M.L.G. slawe Hufbeschlag, M.H.G.
slouwe spoor, Fhrte (*slagw); lengthened grade O.Ice. slgr hinterlistig (*board up;
strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash ); Goth. slauhts f. schlachtung (*slk-ti-);
O.Ice. sluttr f. Mahd, slutr f. schlachtfleisch, O.H.G. slahta Ttung, Schlachtung; with a
meaning as Ger. jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock kind of: O.H.G. gislaht edel
geartet, gislahti n. stem, quality , Ger. Geschlecht.
References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.
Page(s): 959
Page 2769
Page 2770
(s)leb-, (s)lob-, (s)lep-, (s)lopSee also: see above S. 655 ff., wherefore perhaps M.Ir. lelap, lenap (p = b), lenab (b = w)
small kid, child.
Page(s): 959
Page 2771
(s)leibSee also: schlupfrig, glide, slide see above S. 663; in addition perhaps (after Morris-Jones
WGk. 125) Welsh llithr m. das Gleiten (slib-tro-).
Page(s): 960
Page 2772
Material: O.Ind. srdhati gleitet ab, geht fehl, errs ; Gk. , Aor. gleite,
schlupfrig, m. Gltte, Schlupfrigkeit (*lidh-to-s) based on auf -dh- or
-t- present; anlaut as in from the related root (s)leib-, above S. 663;
M.Ir. slet Floss, Ir. slaod gleitende mass, with unclear dd;
O.E. sldan, M.H.G. slten glide, slide, rutschen, O.E. slide m. Ausgleiten, fall, O.H.G.
slito, O.Ice. slei sled (compare Ltv. slidas schlittschuhe), O.E. slidor schlupfrig,
smooth , slidrian ausgleiten, nd. slidderen, Ger. schlittern;
Lith. slustu, sludau, slusti glide, slide, Ltv. slist, slst ds., sldt rutschen, glide, slide,
Lith. slidus smooth, schlupfrig, Ltv. slids ds., slidas pl. schlittschuhe, slaids abschussig,
smooth , sliede spoor, Geleise (of cart); O.Pruss. slidenikis Leithund;
O.C.S. sled spoor, Russ. sled ds., sley, sledt spure, folge etc.
in addition probably n-present sli-n-dh in Lith. lendu, lindau, lsti, Ltv. lenu, ldu, lst
grovel, truckle, creep, hineinschlupfen, and through Ablautentgleisung Gmc. *slind-, sland-,
slund- in Goth. fra-slindan verschlingen (actually glide, slide lassen), O.H.G. slintan ds.,
M.H.G. slint, slunt gullet, Dutch slinderen glide, slide, grovel, truckle, creep , M.H.G.
sluntre uN.entlich sein, nd. sluntern ds., Ger. schlunzen careless, neglectful go;
Page 2773
Page 2774
Page 2775
slyngva (slong) throw, toss, fling, zwirnen (v present formant), Kaus. slngva throw, toss,
fling, O.H.G. slango snake, O.Ice. slngva schleuder, O.H.G. slinga loop, noose, snare
, slengira schleuder;
Lith. slenku, slikti slink (from the snake), slnka, slank Faulenzer, slakius m.
Bergrutsch; Ltv. slkt sich senken, in Wasser untergehen, sl f. Sledge skid
(*slenk-);in addition (because of Ganges) Bal.-Slav. *slunku f. schnepfe, in Lith. slank,
Ltv. sluoka (sekundrer-stem O.Pruss. slanke, Lith. slake), Proto-Slav.. *sloka in Russ.
sluka schnepfe.
2. auf -g: O.E. slincan st. V. grovel, truckle, creep , O.S. slinka grovel, truckle, creep,
sich schmiegen, M.L.G. Dutch slinken zusammenschrumpfen; M.H.G. slanc slim, lean
(eig. pliable), M.L.G. slank pliable, Nor. dial. slakk schmchtig, slim .
References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.
Page(s): 961-962
Page 2776
Page 2777
Page 2778
schlchen sch. V. schlingen, schlucken, LateO.H.G. slch m. gullet, M.H.G. slch gullet,
abyss; with : O.Ice. slok n. trough, Wasserrinne, M.L.G. sloke gullet, gulp, with kk:
M.H.G. slucke aperture , slucken schlingen, schlucken, schluchzen, M.L.G. slucken,
Dutch slokken schlingen; with au Nor.slykja rinnenartige Vertiefung;
Lith. pa-laukis dewlap of Rindes; Clr. ukaty, wRuss. kac schlucken.
References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749.
Page(s): 964
Page 2779
slug- (IE *sleuk-) in Swe. dial. slu(v) (*slhw) die husk um den empfindlichsten Teil in
Horn or Hufe, Nor.slo the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe, M.L.G. sl Fruchthulse,
Fruchtbalg, bowl, nnd. also slwe, N.dt. dial. Schlaube, M.Eng. slughe, slouh (Eng. slough)
abgestreifte Schlangenhaut; nd. sl, Ger. schlau, suddt. dial. schlauch ds. (*slha-, eig.
schleichend);
Lith. liues pl. schlittschuhe, liauti grovel, truckle, creep (l- from sl-), Ltv. luat
slither; Russ. lua snowshoe; Schlittenbalken, Clr. uva skier, Russ. dial. lyzgt auf
dem Eise gleiten, slither, lyznut, lyzgonut davonrennen, Bulg. lzgav smooth ,
Page 2780
Material: O.E. lyft weak = M.Du. luft, lucht link, oFris. luf slack, tired , O.Ice. lfa
dichtes (probably *dense and long niederhngendes), M.L.G. lobbe hngende lip,
Manschette, Dutch lobbig schlotterig, slack, Ice. lubba f. groer codfish; nd. sluf, Dutch
slof faint, languid, slack, sluffen go sluggishly, Eng. sloven nachlssiger, unreinlicher
person; Dutch slobbe slime, mud, Eng. slobber, slubber geifern, befoul , nd. slubberen
slurp , Mod.Ice. slupra slurp (imagining of Herabhngenlassens beim food, eating, of
hngenden Schleimes and Schlammigen);
Lith. lpa f. lip (: M.N.Ger. lobbe) and slubnas slack, faint, languid.
References: WP. II 710.
Page(s): 964-965
Page 2781
Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: Goth. slawan schweigen (*slawn *faint, languid sein
from an adj. *slawa-?);
with m-suffix: Nor. slum slack, thin (from Grashalmen), sluma schlaff and go
sluggishly, Dan. older slum slumber , O.E. slma m. slumber , late M.H.G. (md.)
slumen, slummern, schlummern = drowse; Nor. slyma quick, fast to langem, weichen
Stroh wachsen;
with n-suffix: Alem. schlne drowse , M.H.G. sln Faulenzer;
with r-suffix: Nor. slre trger person, slren faint, languid, sleepy , slora, slura lose
hangen, drag, M.H.G. slr m. Umherschlendern; Faulpelz, M.L.G. sluren shiver, swerve,
trge sein; Dutch (abl.) sleuren ds., sloor liederliche person; M.H.G. slier (*sleura-) m. n.
slime, mud, loam, clay (Ger. dial. Schlier ds., Schliere schleimige mass, tirol. schlieren
glide, slide, schlupfen), Eng. slear, sleer schmieren, slur slime, mud, Verb. schmieren,
glide, slide.
(s)leug-:
Nd. slk slack, Dutch sluik lean, hager, smooth , Eng. slouch den Kopf hngen, idle
and careless, neglectful go; O.Ice. slokinn erloschen, slokna erlschen, die; slkkva
lschen, slay; Nor. sloka faul sein, nd. slokeren slack sein, shiver, with kk: slukkern ds.
(Ger. Schlucker), slukk sad, slokk slack, weak, Nor. slauk schlaffer person, slauka sich
schleppen, O.E. slac slack; without s-: O.Ice. loka schlaff herabhangen lassen, Nor.
lukr, lugr lose, schlotternd; besides with expressive voiced-nonaspirated gemination Nor.
Page 2782
lyddare f. untaugliche person, O.Ice. lodda f. wife, woman; here with the meaning lose
hngendes Tuch, scrap, shred perhaps O.H.G. lthara, ldara diaper, cradle , O.S.
lthara Kinderwindel; with u O.H.G. lodera ds., O.S. lodara scrap, shred and O.H.G.
ludo, lodo coarse Wollenzeug, berwurf out of it , Ger. Loden, O.S. lotho, O.E. loa m.
mantle, O.Ice. loi Lodenmantel (in the meaning from loenn, above S. 685, influenced);
Serb. lutam, lutati amble, ablaut. Russ. lytt sich herumtreiben, umherschlenzen;
presumably also h. lutovu frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated; eitel, Ltv.
schlottern, Dutchslodderen ds., slodder liederliche person; M.H.G. sldern swerve, toss,
fling, slder schleuder, slderer wer ubereilt and liederlich arbeitet, sl(de)r-affe
Muiggnger (Schlaraffe), bO.Ir. schlaudern also lose hin and her drive;
Ice. slydda snow and rain durcheinander, sludda clump saliva or nasal mucus , Eng.
dial. slud slime, mud, suddt. schludern to snow and rain zugleich, M.H.G. slate slime,
Page 2783
Schloe, Nor. slutr rain and Schnee durcheinander, O.Ice. slota herabhngen, Swe. dial.
faul sein, with lengthened zero grade O.Ice. slta herabhngen, hangen, lssig sein,
Ger. dial. schlossen slack become, tauen (schlotzen with smut to tun have, careless,
neglectful sein with -tt-).
References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.
Page(s): 962-963
Page 2784
Material: O.Ind. langa- lame; Gk. lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans. make
weichen (*slg), (*-) unaufhrlich, Hes., slack,
schmchtig, thin, Hom. , Ion. , Att. , - hare (*(s)lg-usos with
schlaffen ears), , - usually pl. the groin, Dunnen (formal = O.Ice. laki
Faltmagen), dunner wide cake (formal = O.S. lakan etc. kerchief, cloth),
dewlap (compare Swe. slka schlaff herabhngen), nasalized presumably
here hesitate , Zaudern, Hes. (*faint, languid sein,
schlaff and unschlussig sein); with the meaning lustful : horny, lustful,
lustful sein, Geilheit, sensuality, voluptuousness, Hes. (besides
with e-voc. = Archil., EM.;
Lat. laxus slack, wide, capacious , nasal. langue, -re faint, languid, slack,
abgespannt sein;
O.Ir. lacc (with expressive gg) slack, weak; M.Welsh llacc, Welsh llac slack derives
because of seines cc instead of ch from Eng. slack;
M.L.G. lak slack, lose, Dutch lak, Ger. dial. lack ds., M.Du. lak also lustful , O.Ice. lakr
and (full grade) lukr evil, bad, small; with gradation Swe. dial. lka schlaff
herabhngen, O.Ice. lkr Dummkopf, Faulpelz; Gmc. *lakana- baumelnder rag, Zipfel in
O.S. lakan kerchief, cloth, O.H.G. lahhan ds. (Ger. Laken from dem Nd., formal compare
Page 2785
Weichen), O.E. slc slack, idle, slow, O.H.G. slah- slack, idle, O.E. sleccan (*slekjan)
schwchen;
with gradation : O.Ice. slkr ein schlaffer Bursche, Nor. slken slack, Swe. slka
schlaff herabhngen lassen, dial. trge sein, slk and (with ) slk leichtsinniges
woman, O.S. slkifri, -frilla Kebsweib;
nasalized probably Swe. slinka nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, hinken, O.H.G. slinc, Dutch
slink link, M.H.G. link, Ger. link; O.H.G. lenka die Linke, Swe. linka and lanka somewhat
hinken, lunka slowly go, Dan. slunken slack, schlotterig (*schlaff dahergehen); perhaps
Swe. dial. slank, suddt. schlank scrap, shred, thin;
Ltv. legns slack, soft;
doubtful Russ. pere-slega fault, error in Gewebe (*Auslassen of Fadens??), Sloven.
Page 2786
beschwerlich,
slognti
plague,
sluogai
Hlzer
zum
Beschweren
eingeweichten Flachses; with uo: Lith. sluogas, Ltv. sluogs clot, chunk, stone, load,
sluodzt beschweren, niederpressen, thrash, sluogt, sluogut ds.; with : Lith. sleg-iu, -ti
distress, press, Ltv. slgt shut (*zudrucken), Lith. slegtis, slegte Presse, Kelter, Ltv. at-
Page 2787
Page 2788
slougo-, -- f.
English meaning: help, service
Deutsche bersetzung: das Helfen, Dienen
Note: only Celtic and balto-slavisch
slugi (leg. -slgi) Kampfesscharen; Lith. emait. slaugau, slauguti support, help, slaug
das Dienen, p-slauga help, Hilfeleistung; O.C.S. sluga m. servant; in addition O.C.S.
Page 2789
Page 2790
Material: M.H.G. smach taste, smell, odor, M.L.G. smak(e) das Schmecken, taste, smell,
odor, smaken, O.Fris. smakia, M.Eng. smakin taste ;
with -kk- O.H.G. smac (-ckes) taste, smecken trans. and intrans. taste , O.E. smcc m.
taste, smell, odor, Ice. smekkr ds.; with -g- (IE variant *smegh-): O.H.G. gismagmo taste,
Page 2791
Page 2792
Page 2793
ma- throw, with AbLat., *mittere ex = mug, rob (miat), with u- (an sich) come
lassen (uminuiti), with paiti- *zuruckschicken = den Laufpa give, absagen, with hammug, rob (hmiyut ); with ham + aib zulassen, den Zutritt gestatten;
Lat. mitt, -ere, msi, missum go lassen, run lassen; send, senden, with expressive
intensification from *smt (*smeit), compare cosmittere Paul. Fest.
References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.
Page(s): 968
Page 2794
Material: O.Ind. smasru- n. beard, whisker, moustache (assim. from *smasru-); Arm.
smakr f. chin, Ltv. smakrs chin, palate; Hitt. zama(n)kur beard (*smokur or *smokru-).
References: WP. II 689, WH. II 15, Trautmann 270.
Page(s): 968
Page 2795
smel-1
English meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder
Deutsche bersetzung: langsam and rauchend verbrennen, schwelen
Material: M.Ir. smul, sml, smal f. fire, blaze, glow, ash; mnl. smlen, Dutch smeulen
gleam, smolder , nd. smelen, smlen ds., -grade Flem. smoel muggy; M.Eng. smolder
smoke, nEng. smoulder; also (compare rauchen : riechen), M.Eng. smel, smul (-ll-) smell,
odor, Eng. smell;
O.Sor. smalic singe, nsorb. smali singe, schwrzen, Clr. prysmauty anbrennen.
With k-extension: Lith. smilkstu, smilkti einen schwachen Dunst or Rauch from sich
give, smilkuti ruchern, smelkiu, smelkti ersticken;
besides in Gmc. with r- O.E. smorian ersticken (tr.), M.L.G. smoren dmpfen, ersticken
(tr.and intr.), schmoren, Flem. smoren smoke, misty sein, M.L.G. smurten ersticken,
M.Eng. smorther, Eng. smother vapor.
References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.
Page(s): 969
Page 2796
smel-2
English meaning: gray
Deutsche bersetzung: grau, staubfarben?
Material: Gk. ash tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz ( with a guten
Eschenspeer bewaffnet), , eschen (*[]F-, -), perhaps from the
grauen Farbe of Holzesund to O.Lith. smelus aschgrau, falb, Lith. pasmelti cloudy, dark
become.
References: WP. II 692;
See also: compare mel-6 above S. 720 f.
Page(s): 969
Page 2797
smorde alder buckthorn, alder dogwood ; O.C.S. smrdeti, Russ. smerdt stink, Russ.
smrod fetidness , smordina black currant , Pol. smrd, Cz. smrad fetidness ; in
addition probably Lat. merda ordure, ordure of Leibes.
maybe Alb. *merda, mut shit.
References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer 2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215.
Page(s): 970
Page 2798
smior n., O.E. smeoru, O.H.G. smero (gen. smerwes) schmer, fat, whereof O.Ice. smyria,
smyrva bestreichen, anoint, O.E. smierwan anoint, O.H.G. smirwen anoint, schmieren,
Ger. Schmer, schmieren, Schmirgel; with other stem formation Goth. smarr n. fat,
smarns ordure, crap, muck, droppings (meaning as Ger. schmierig, Dutch smerig kotig,
dirty, filthy).
References: WP. II 690 f., WH. II 58 f.
Page(s): 970-971
Page 2799
Page 2800
r earn, erwerbe (i.e. erhalte allotment , erwerbe mir meinen allotment ), merenda
Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal (*wherewith person and animal to consider is).
References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF. 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes Et. Celt. 2, 133
f., Duval Et. Celt. 6, 219 ff.
Page(s): 969-970
Page 2801
smuglyj, Clr. smuhyj schwarzbraun (smoke-color ); die Bal.-Slav. words at most with gh,
whereupon also Arm. moyg brown, dark as *smougho- in comparison kme; unclear das
relationship to R.C.S. smagl dark, brown, Russ. smga flame; smut, Cz. smahnouti
dehydrate, desiccate, schmachten.
References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.
Page(s): 971
Page 2802
Page 2803
sme, sm
English meaning: really, particle of emphasis
Deutsche bersetzung: under likewise, etwa wahrlich, indeed
Material: Ai smu emphasizing particle, Gk. in Schwuren Beteuerungspartikel, Thess.
but, ; * (= O.Ind. smu) extended to , Ion.-Att. indeed, yet, Ion. (infolge
Funktionsschwchung) gekurzt to , emphasizing particle; Lat. nam for, originally
Versicherungspartikel, maybe from *mun transfigured; Hitt. -ma but, s. Schwyzer Gk. 2,
569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.
References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gk. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.
Page(s): 966
Page 2804
Page 2805
Page 2806
smi- (in addition 2. mai-, above 697), smei- extended (or d-present) in:
smeid-: Arm. mic smut (*smidio-); Goth. bi-smeitan besmear, bestreichen, ga-smeitan
schmieren, stroke, O.H.G. smzan stroke, schmieren, hit, Ger. schmeien, O.H.G.
bismzan besmear, O.E. besmtan ds.; Nor. dial. smita, abl. smta thin aufschmieren;
O.E. smittian blemish, anstecken, M.H.G. schmitzen anstreichen, geieln, hit, Ger.
lippus, ); Lat. mca ein Krumchen, bichen, mcidus winzig; O.H.G. smuhi small,
little, low, O.Ice. smur (*smuha-) small, O.E. smalc fine, painstaking , O.H.G. smuhen
small make, verringern, Ger. schmhen, Schmach, O.H.G. gismuhten dwindle , Ger.
schmachten,
ver-schmachten;
O.Fris.
forsmuia
verschmhen,
M.L.G.
smuginge
schmhung.
In similar turn in das Kleine, Zierliche:
Page 2807
sm[i]g- : sm g-; Pol. smagy slim, schmchtig; smigy ds., smiga dunne rod (a
borrowing from dt. schmiegen is certainly nicht to think); Lith. smaigas shaft, pole; Ltv.
smikr n. feines Schnitzwerk (besides without s- and with other Gutturalstufe migr n. allzu
feine Arbeit, migren schmchtig);
eine deutlichere meaning schmieren, stroke in Nor. smika stroke, smooth, smeikja
caress, schmeicheln, Ger. schmeicheln, O.E. smucian ds., M.H.G. smicke the vorderste
Teil a Peitsche; Schmi, wound, M.H.G. smicke, sminke makeup .
A u-variant (s)mu- : (s)mu- : (s)mu- seems vorzuliegen in O.Ice. mu (*mawn) wear
out, scrape , Nor. mugg m. n. (*muwwa-) sgemehl; O.Ice. ma-sk (*mwn) verdaut
become; Ger. bO.Ir. schmaudeln schmeicheln.
References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.
Page(s): 966-967
Page 2808
Page 2809
Material: Ir. snad- carve, cut, clip, snass m. cut, Hieb, Welsh naddu to chip, to cut,
O.Welsh nedim, Welsh neddyf Krummaxt, M.Bret. ezeff Queraxt, Bret. eze, neze ds.;
O.H.G. snatta, M.H.G. snatte strieme, Wundmal, Alem. schnattwa, schnttwe incision
(*snadw), Swiss schntzen carve, nd. snut limit, boundary, Ger. Schnate Wundmal,
limit, boundary; without s: O.Ice. naddr m. sting, prick, Pfeil.
References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.
Page(s): 972-973
Page 2810
Netze; Welsh naid f. sprung (*snatiu), Bret. n(e)ijal fly, Corn. nyge fly, swim, M.Welsh
dienad (*d-ro-natu) Tosen of Meeres, and Arm. nay damp, fluid;
3. auf sn-et-, *sn-ot- based on probably Gk. sudwind (Regenwind), ,
damp, f. Nsse; Thrac. FlN , S. 759?
4. Beside snu- lies snuu- and sneu-:
O.Ind. snuuti, participle snuta- triefen, eine Flussigkeit of Krpers, particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably Muttermilch,
entlassen (present IE *snuu-ti or lengthened gradees *snu-ti); Gk. , Imperf. , Eol.
flow (*F); F (Dodona) as strmend gedacht , whereof , Ion.
, -, also , Ion. , - stream, brook-, Quellnymphe, ,
(*F--, substantivized probably in Hes., das as Meerestiefe to
Page 2811
snud-, snut-, snug-, snuk- lautmalend (as also snab-, snap-, snad-, snat-, snak-, ebda. 187
f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- pant, sniff, snort, pusten, also to obigem
*sneu-;
with IE t: M.H.G. snudel, snuder, snde catarrh, O.H.G. snden pant, sniff, snort,
schnarchen, O.Ice.snyja snuffle, sniff, wittern (of dog), snura, snora ds.;
whether here Thrac. Nymphe?
References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f.
Page(s): 971-972
Page 2812
Page 2813
Root sneigh- : to snow; snow derived from a zero grade (*suu-etos, *sueri) : O.Ind.
sunti squeezed, pressed = Av. hunaoiti of Root seu-1, se- : s- : juice; liquid, rain.
Material: Prkrit. sineha- (= O.Ind. snha-) snow; Av. snaa- to snow, paM.Ir. ugni
nij snow, (*snaiga-); Gk. acc. snow, Hom. much snowed on, snowcapt , () it is snowing , snowflake ( snowstorm, snowfall ),
Lat. nix, nivis snow, nivit it is snowing (probably ); nasal-prs. ninguit (ninxit) ds.;
Ir. snigid it drips, is raining , snige n. drip, flux , snecht(a)e snow (to t-forms compare
); Welsh nyf snow, nyfio to snow;
O.H.G. O.E. snwan to snow (st. V., participle gi-snigan, compare still Ger. bO.Ir.
participle geschniwen; otherwise Ger. schw. V.), O.Ice. snur it is snowing (participle
snifinn snowy ); Goth. snaiws snow = O.E. snuw, O.H.G. sno (gen. snwes);
Lith. sniegas, Ltv. snegs (vowel from the undertaken verb) snow, snaigala snowflake
, sniega it is snowing , Inf. sngti, O.Pruss. snaygis snow, O.C.S. sneg snow.
Sumerian eg4: frost; cold shudder, chills, eg8/9: snow; ice (cf., sigga).
References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer 2, 680, R. L. Turner
BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare O.Ind. snhyati become damp, sticky , snha- m. stickiness,
oil, fat .
Page(s): 974
Page 2814
snthan, O.H.G. sndan cut, clip; O.Ice. snei abgeschnittenes Stuck, M.H.G. sneite
through den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau under likewise; O.H.G. snit the cut, M.H.G.
snde cutting edge, intensive. *snittn in M.H.G. snitzen carve; O.Ice. sneis small
(abgeschnittener) twig, branch, O.E. sns, snus spit, pike, Speiler, M.H.G. sneise row,
cord, whereupon etwas gereiht wird (*snoid-tu);
Clr. snt clot, chunk, Cz. snet bough (*snoito-s); compare perhaps M.Ir. snid small,
short, whether from O.Ir. *snith?
References: WP. II 695 f.
Page(s): 974
Page 2815
snarpjan anfassen?; O.Ice. snarpr sharp, hart, uneven, snerpa sharpen , Dutch
snerpen bite (from Wunden), ache, Westfl. snirpsch sharp (of wind); O.H.G. snerfan
together pull, drag; without s-: Mod.Ice. norpa freeze .
References: WP. II 701;
See also: whether to obigem sner-b- (sner-2)?
Page(s): 977
Page 2816
snurrre, snurrinc merrymaker, fool, Ger. schnarren, schnurren, Schnurre, Eng. snarl
growl , M.Eng. snorin, nEng. snore schnarchen, M.Eng. sneren, nEng. sneer verchtlich
lachen; M.Eng. nurnen hersagen, Swe. dial. norna, nyrna zuflustern, O.Ice. norn
schicksalsgttin, M.H.G. narren, nerren growl , O.H.G. narro fool;
Lith. niurniu, niurneti drone, grumble, growl ; Ltv. nura ein weinerlicher person, nurt
drone, grumble, spinnen as eine cat .
Auf -d: M.Eng. snurtin schnarchen, M.H.G. snarz schnarre, Wachtelknig; Ltv. nurdt
murmur, drone, grumble, growl .
Auf -g: Nor. Swe. snerka prusten, schnarchen, Swe. snurka rcheln, M.L.G. snorken,
snarken schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort, M.H.G. snarchen ds., Ger. schnarchen; Nor. nurka
creak, growl , Dutch nurken drone, grumble, nrgeln; Lith. snarglys nasal mucus , Ltv.
snurgalas ds. (*rattling, clashing, rchelnd); snirgut schluchzen; fauchen as die Gnse;
Ltv. nirgutis hhnisch lachen, nurgt die Zhne show; also probably Lith. narglyti
somewhat slowly tun (meaning similarly as in Swiss norggen ohne Erfolg arbeiten).
Auf -k: O.Ice. snorgla (*snarguln) rcheln, Ger. nrgeln, nergeln undeutlich sprechen,
with verdrielichem nselnden Tone tadeln; Lith. niurksau, -ti dismal or brutend
dasitzen, Ltv. nurkt, nurkstt, nurkt drone, grumble, murmur, growl , nerka ein
weinerlicher person, narkt weinerlich sein, creak, nirkstt gnash, ein Gerusch make,
as if etwas bricht, snirkt gnash .
Page 2817
Page 2818
(s)ner-2
English meaning: to turn, wind, etc..
Deutsche
bersetzung:
drehen,
winden
(also
von
Fden
and
Flechtwerk),
Material: O.Ind. nrtyati tanzt, nrt- f. Tanz, game, nrtu- tanzend, narma- n., narm- m.
joke , narstu f. ds., etc.; mIran. nur- catch(Persson Beitr. 816a 1);
Gk. Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. Kasten, hutch,
vessel; through Weitergreifen dieses dissim. Wandels also * (from the k-extension,
see under), still receive in Hes., to basket;
O.S. naru, O.E. nearu, Eng. narrow eng (*nar-wa- actually zusammengeschnurt),
O.Ice. inNorva-sund Gibraltar (besides Niorva-sund and Ger. Nehrung schmale
Landzunge from *ner-wa-), O.H.G. narwa f., narwo m. scar (i.e. zusammengezogene
Wundrnder), also ansa, fibulatura, Ger. Narbe dial. also agrafe, hook, clasp, Krampen
an Turen as Nor. norve agrafe, hook, clasp, cramp (and Ltv. nrs, nure agrafe, hook,
clasp );
Ger. bO.Ir. der-narren starr become, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in
particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably vor frost (*shrink up, -krampfen), narr
miratene verschrumpfte fruit, narr (Swiss) krampfartige Spannung, narrennagel
unfrmig ausgewachsener Nagel; zero grade (with s-) Ger. schnurren, ein-schnurren, -
schnorren
zusammenschrumpfen,
Ice.
snura
knot
an
Faden,
bildlich
of
Nasenrumpfen;
Page 2819
sner-b- with Gmc. p: Nor. dial. snerpa st. V. shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,
wrinkle up, shrink up , O.H.G. (bi-, fir-) snerfan den Mund zusammenziehen, die Miene
verfinstern, bO.Ir. schnurfen sich einziehen, shrink = Nor. snurpa flteln, lose
zusammennhen, Nor. snerp skin auf the milk.
sner-g-: O.E. sneorcan st. V. shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up , Nor.
snerka, snyrkja ds., snerk(e) m. dunne skin auf the milk, O.Ice. snerkja (*snarkian) pull
together, furrow .
Page 2820
Page 2821
Page 2822
sneud(h)-1
English meaning: drowsy, to drowse
Deutsche bersetzung: schlfrig, schlummern
Note: perhaps to sneudh-2.
Page 2823
sneudh-2
English meaning: mist
Deutsche bersetzung: Nebel; neblig, duster
Material: Av. snaoa- clouds, sudbalui nd leichtes clouds, fog, Regenwolke; Gk.
. , Hes.; Lat. nbs cloud, in addition
obnb, -ere verhullen (durchs perf. obnb also formal from nb, nups marry sharp
geschieden), under between probably as denominatives verb: (sich) bewlken = (sich)
cover, at first of sky, heaven, then generally; Welsh nudd fog (to GN Nudd see above S.
768);
possibly originally as dampness = *sneudh- the extension from sneu- besides snuuand snu- (see there) flow; as benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy perhaps to
sneud(h)-1.
References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f.
Page(s): 978
Page 2824
Page 2825
Material: Arm. nurb eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, thin under likewise (*snbh-ri-, =
O.Ice. *snfr);
O.Ice. snfr (gen. -rs) eng; quick, fast, aschw. snver narrow, tight, slim, slender,
thin, eng, O.Ice. snfugr rash, hasty, agile, with gradation O.Ice. snfr quick, fast, agile,
reduced grade snofurligr rash, hasty; s-lose Nebenformen aschw. nver and nver,
O.Ice. nfr (neutr. nfrt) rash, hasty, agile (in addition also M.H.G., Ger. Alem. nuofer
alert, awake, smart, fresh, sober, Ger. bO.Ir. nuober).
References: WP. II 698.
Page(s): 973-974
Page 2826
Page 2827
snu- : sn- and sneuEnglish meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa drehen, especially Fden zusammendrehen, knupfen;
andrerseits sich drehen, schnelle Bewegung
Material: O.Ind. snuvan- (n.) and snuvan- band, strap, sinew; reshuffling eines r/n- neuter:
a-snuvira- ohne Sehnen (snuta- from the sinew), Av. snuvar sinew (snuuya- from an
Tiersehne gefertigt); Arm. neard sinew, filament, Fiber (*snur t); Gk. sinew,
sinew, bowstring ; Lat. nervus sinew, tendon; muscle, Nerv;
Alb. nus Bindfaden, cord (*snu-tio-);
O.Ice. sna (snera, sninn) winden, zwirnen, wenden (*snwan), snr, gen. -ar m.
loop, noose, snare and quickness , O.E. snd m. haste, hurry, O.Ice. snigr sich
herumdrehend (of Muhlstein), quick, fast, Goth. sniwan, O.E. snowan hurry, O.Ice.
snggr quick, fast (*snawwu-), Nor. snaa hurry(*snawn); *sneu-mio- hurrying in Goth.
sniumjan hurry, sniumund hasty, O.H.G. sniumi adj. rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning,
O.E. snome adv. rash, hasty, alsbald (besides steht ein unerklrtes O.Ice.snemma,
osnyvati, Russ. snovt anzetteln and quick, fast hin and her go.
Toch. saura sehnen, Nerven.
cognitional with (s)n- and presumably out of it um originally formant -u- extended.
References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.
Page(s): 977
Page 2828
roots snep-, snu-, sneu-, (s)ner-, also ntr-Natter; s. also 1. ned- S. 758 f.
Material: O.Ind. (unbel.) snuyati umwindet, dressed , snuyu, snuyu- f., n. band, strap,
sinew (in addition probably nvi -, nv- umgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz);
Gk. spinnt (*; nebat, good gesponnen prove Anl. sn-), Fut.
; spinne, Gespinst, filament (= Lat. nmen), the spinning (:
O.H.G. nut suture), distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) ;
, Gramm. probably from *-, *;
Lat. ne, nre (*sn-i) spinnen, nmen Gespinst, Gewebe, ntus ds.;
M.Ir. snid dreht; binds, afflicts, muht sich ab; Welsh nyddu nre, Corn. nethe, M.Bret.
nezaff ds. (*sn(i)i); M.Ir. snm m. the spinning, Drehen; distress ; gradation sn- in O.Ir.
snuth(e) filament , Bret. neud ds.; (but Welsh ysnoden lace, band, Corn. snod vitta
from Eng. snood Haarband); O.Ir. snuthat needle, Welsh nodwydd acus, acicula,
O.Corn. notuid, M.Bret. nadoez needle;
O.H.G. nuu nhe (= Lat. ne, Gk. , O.Ind. snuyati, yet without s-), nut suture; Goth.
nla, O.Ice. nul, O.H.G. nudala, O.E. ndl f. needle (O.Ice. snlda Handspindel,
probably reconverted from *sn[i]la); *sn- in agutn. sn, Mod.Swe. snod(d) cord, O.E.
Page 2829
Page 2830
snusos
English meaning: daughter-in-law
Deutsche bersetzung: schwiegertochter
Grammatical information: f. o-stem
Material: O.Ind. snusu ds. (after den Fem. auf u- reshaped); Arm. nu, gen. nuoy ds., Gk.
ds.; Lat. nurus, -s ds. (after socrus reshaped); O.H.G. snur, snora, O.E. snoru, O.Ice.
snor, snr, Ger. Schnur daughter-in-law (after den u-stem), krimGoth. schnos (Hs.
schuos); s.-Church Slavic sncha ds.; perhaps also Alb. nuse bride (*snusi).
Note:
Amazingly Gk. , Arm. nu, nurus, Alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of Alb. sn- >
References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 682 f.; after Specht IE
Decl. 90 f. to O.Ind. santi erwirbt, gewinnt, above S. 906; s. though above sneubh-.
Page(s): 978
Page 2831
Page 2832
gjal strong, fat, alert, awake, smart, ngjal belebe, heal, mste (*soluo-); zero grade: Lat.
salvus heil, fit, healthy, gerettet, salv (see above), Umbr. sal(u)uom salvum, Osc. salavs
salvus, pl. Salauatur PN salvator from *salvo- (*saluuo- or *salouo- = Gk. ), Lat.
sullus omnes; but Welsh Bret. holl, oll, Corn. oll whole, all, belong to O.Ir. oll (above S.
24); Toch. A salu vollstndig, sol-me whole.
References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;
See also: perhaps in ablaut to sl-, above sel-6 S. 900.
Page(s): 979-980
Page 2833
Page 2834
so(s), s
English meaning: dem. stem; he, she
Deutsche bersetzung: ", "
Grammatical information: originally only nom. sg. m. f., die other case of stem to-; fem. also
s
Material: O.Ind. s and sah (*sos), f. su, Av. ha and h, f. hu (also in O.Ind. -s, Av. a-a
this; with particle -u O.Ind. a-suu, Av. huu, ap. hauv m. f. this, diese, compare Gk.
[]);
Gk. , (Dor. :) article (Att. etc. also pl. , compared with lterem Dor. , );
substantivisch ( , ) from *sos (or sios), wherefore sich n. , acc. , etc.
gesellte; further das with den -forms as Relativum gebrauchte by Herodot; *so-u-, su-u
in [], []; - this;
Alb. *so, *su in k-u this, kj diese (*ke-o) and a- that, that yonder, that one;
emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter), a-j
illa; aLat. sa-psa ipsa, sum, sam, ss, sus eum, eam, eos, eas; *so- in Osc. exo- hic
(e.g. abl. f. exac) from *e-ke-so- (to Vorderglied s. ko- this);
Gaul. so-sin, so-sio acc. sg. n., O.Ir. (s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s
prefixedes Pron. the 3. sg. f. and 3. pl. (impu circum eos imb + su from *sns) etc.; O.Ir.
demonstrative -so (*sos) this, -e, -es; Bret. ho-n unser, ho-z euer;
Goth. sa, s, O.Ice. su, s; O.E. s m.;
Toch. A m. s-m, f. su-m, n. t-m; Toch. m. se (*so), f. su, n. te;
to anaphorischen so belongs also gthAv. hi, jAv. h, , ap. aiy, Gk. ihm;
Page 2835
Page 2836
s[u]r : sr
English meaning: calf (of leg)
Deutsche bersetzung: Wade??
Material: Gk. ( 89) Beine ohne Waden?; Ion. Teil eines Opfertieres,
calf?;
Lat. sra calf, if with -r- from -r, or -- in ablaut to -u-?
References: WP. II 510, WH. II 634, Frisk 205.
Page(s): 980
Page 2837
Page 2838
Material: O.Ice. spakr smart, peaceful, gentle, speki f. Verstand, Weisheit, spekt
(*spaki) f. Weisheit, spekja weismachen, besnftigen;
O.C.S. pao, paziti achten auf, with se sich huten.
References: WP. II 660;
See also: compare spek- peer and O.E. specan etc. under (s)p(h)er(e)g-.
Page(s): 981
Page 2839
spectus), spt spher (= Av. spas, Lat. au-, haru-spex), spsa- ds. (: Gk. ), Av.
spasyeiti spht (= Lat. speci, Gk. ), spas spher, spatar- ds. (= Lat. -spector,
umb. spetur-e), spasan- hinsphend auf (= O.H.G. speho spher); Arm. spasem I
erwarte is Iran. Lw.;
Gk. look, see (- reconverted from *spek-); spher; purpose ,
observe, aim, untersuchen, , : Warte, Betrachtung; Alb.
spu- auf root stress and is post-verbal origin verdchtig, s. Wissmann nom. postv. 1, 41);
spu wahrsagen (*spahn, s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spur wahrsagend, prophetisch
(*spaha-s); O.S. O.H.G. spuhi smart, skilful.
References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;
See also: compare speg- hinsehen.
Page(s): 984
Page 2840
-les n. narration, discourse, Mrchen, O.H.G. M.H.G. b-spel belehrende narration, fable,
Gleichnis, Ger. Beispiel;
therefrom Goth. spilln promulgate, tell, O.Ice. spialla talk, erwhnen, O.E. spellian
talk, tell (Eng. spell), O.H.G. got-spelln evangelizare, M.H.G. spellen tell, talk, babble,
chatter ;
with it are as s-lose forms compatible Gk. threat; prahlerische Versprechung
( drohe; gelobe, verheie; ruhme mich, boast, brag), whether from *,
wherein - am ehesten die preposition *n in; (also Gmc. -ll- probably from -ln-) Ltv. pelt
vilify, scold, blaspheme, slander, palas (Plur.) reprimand, Schmhung, iz-palut
proficient ausschmhen, as well as Toch. pl-, pul- praise .
References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.
Page(s): 985
Page 2841
Page 2842
(s)pen-1(d-)
English meaning: to pull; to spin
Deutsche bersetzung: ziehen, spannen and spinnen, indem die to webenden Fden
zuerst ausgespannt wurden
Note: (s)pen- : sp(i)- ziehen = pen- feed: pu- Vieh weiden, feed = bhu- : bhen- speak;
petasati with den Fuen ausschlagen), Russ. pjat, Serb. pta, Lith. pntis m. ds.; back
the axe, the scythe, O.Pruss. pentis calcaneus ;
perhaps Alb. pend, pnd pair Ochsen; Joch (piece of wood as field measure) from a
Page 2843
pende, -re hangen, herabhangen, pend, -ere wgen, schtzen, pay (to Wgen
aufhngen), Umbr. ampentu impendit; whether also O.E. finta m. tail, Folge?
References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f.
Page(s): 988
Page 2844
Page 2845
Material: O.Ind. sprhyati begehrt, empfindet envy , Av. u-sprzatu war bestrebt;
Gk. storm along, hurry ( hasty, hasty, rash, hasty),
boisterous, aufgebracht sein, drnge, drive, quick, fast, hasty,
adv. violent, ardent ; here Welsh ffraeth (see 996);
O.Ice. springa spring, hervorbrechen, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. springan ds.; Kaus. O.H.G.
sprengen spring make (ein horse), (zer)sprengen and strew, distribute, spray, sprenkeln,
O.Ice. sprengja sprinkle , O.E. sprengan outspread, break, crack; burst, sen; M.H.G.
sprinc (-g-) sprung, wellspring, O.E. spring Wasserquell, Eng. spring ds., Sprungfeder,
Knospenspringen, spring ; old Ablautform *sprgh- in O.Ice. sprga spring, run.
References: WP. II 675, Trautmann 278 f.
Page(s): 998
Page 2846
(s)per-1
English meaning: rafter; pole, spear
Deutsche bersetzung: sparren; Stange, Speer; verbal with Sparren verspreizen,
stutzen, stemmen, sich sperren
Note: originally denominativ
Material: Lat. sparus, sparum kurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and durftige
Kriegswaffe (*spero-); in addition a kind of fish sparus, Gk. ; Alb. shparr, shperdh
oak (as timber; rr from rn); Gmc. *speru- in O.Ice. spjor spear, javelin, O.E. spere n.,
O.Fris. spiri, spere, sper, O.S. O.H.G. sper, M.H.G. sper m. n., Ger. Speer m., O.H.G.
spereboum aesculus; O.Ice. spari, sparri m. speiler, Sparren, balk, beam, sperra f.
(*sparrin) roof beam, O.H.G. sparro balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole, Ger. Sparren;
therefrom O.Ice. sperra with Sparren versehen; die Beine spreizen, aussperren,
verhindern; O.Ice. sperra, O.E. be-, ge- sparrian verrammeln, O.H.G. M.H.G. sperren
through einenSperrbalken verschlieen, sperren; ausspreizen;
other formations O.H.G. spirdren nt (j-Verb as muntren, s. Schatz, Germanica for
Siewers 367);
without anl. s-: Lat. paries wall (originally die Seitenstutzen eines Zeltes under
likewise); Slav. *pro, *perti prop, support, with pod- fulcire, with za- claudere, e.g.
O.C.S. podpro, preti prop, support, zapreti shut, Russ. u-pert stemmen, an or
against etwas prop, support; refl. sich whereof lean, sich wogegen sperren, struben,
zapert versperren, verschlieen, Pol. przec spreizen, sperren, O.C.S. podpor, -pora
fulcrum, baculum, Russ. upr pad, Strebepfeiler etc.
References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341.
Page(s): 990-991
Page 2847
Page 2848
sper-2(g-)
English meaning: a kind of bird (sparrow?)
Deutsche bersetzung: in Vogelnamen, besonders sperling
Material: Goth. sparwa, O.E. spearwa, O.H.G. sparo sparrow (*Proto-Gmc. *sparwan-);
M.H.G. sperlinc Ger.Sperling, diminutive; O.Ice. sporr ds. from *sparwa-z, compare also
Ger. Sperber, O.H.G. sparwuri (Endglied after O.H.G. aro eagle transfigured?);
Gk. Hes. (*Fn-tiom); das formantische u also
(??) in Gk. , Ion. ep. (Hom. acc. pl. ), gen. star (originally *F-,
gen. *F?), newer , , m. ds., stargrau; in addition probably
O.S. spru, Dutch spreeuw, N.Fris.sprian, M.L.G. sprn, nd. (Ger.) sprehe star;
Corn. frau, Bret. fro crow (*sprawu); da Lat. parra ein bird, dessen Geschrei
Ungluckbedeutete, Umbr. parfam, parfa parram (*parsa) ein s-loser kinsman, relative sei,
is quite dubious;
Toch. A spurun ein bird;
forms auf g: Gk. PN sparrow, () Hes.; O.H.G.
Page 2849
sper-3
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, winden
Material: Gk. f. convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. of net, rope, hawser),
coil, wickle, convolution, diaper ; m. ein shrub, bush, from
dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht, , gedrehtes or geflochtenes
rope, band; (Ion. ) geflochtener basket (from dem acc. derives
through etrusk. mediation Lat. sporta geflochtener basket);
O.Lith. spartas band, strap; probably here Arm. parem, parim umschliee, umarme.
g-extension
spereg-,
nasal.
spreng-
winden,
umwickeln,
dadurch
eng
zusammenschnuren:
Gk. wickle ein, diaper ;
Lith. springstu, sprigti strangle, throttle, choke (Intr., beim Schlucken), sprengeti ds.,
Page 2850
spanan locken, stir, tease, irritate (*anziehen), O.S. spanan locken, veranlassen,
antreiben, O.E. spanan ds., O.H.G. spennen (*spanjan) allure, entice, anreizen = O.Ice.
spenja allure, entice, uberreden, Nor. spana (*spann) spannen, strecken, span m.
spannung, O.H.G. spanst Antrieb, Reiz, Lockung; gi-spanst Verlockung, deception ,
M.H.G. (ge)-spenst Verlockung, devilish delusion, Gespenst, Ger. abspenstig machen,
widerspenstig; M.H.G. spun discord, fight, contentio (*sp-n-), widerspun ds., widerspne
widerspenstig; O.H.G. spannan (*spnu) spannen, anspannen; intr. sich dehnen,
gespannt inerwartungsvoller Spannung sein, M.H.G. spannen ds.; O.E. spannan spannen,
festbinden, anfugen, M.H.G. span, -nnes spannung, Zerwurfnis, discord, O.H.G. spanna,
O.E. spann f., O.Ice. sponn f. span, Kaus. O.Ice. spenna umspannen, umschlieen, urge,
press, push, M.H.G. spennen spannen, dehnen; eine Gmc. Gutturalableitung in addition
in Ger. Spange; O.H.G. spanga, O.E. spang ds., O.Ice. spong dunnePlatte, Eisscholle;
Page 2851
spiki m. Meise; Swe. dial. spikjin thin, schmchtig, lean , Swe. dial. spink schmchtiger
person, Nor. spiken arid, lean, geruchert (O.Ice. spiki-lax gedrrter salmon), Ice.
speikja dehydrate, desiccate, Swe. spink splinter, M.L.G. spik dry (Ger. Spick-aal etc.).
References: WP. II 655 f.;
See also: in addition sp(h)i-3, (s)pen-1(d-) and (s)p(h)eu-d-.
Page(s): 982
Page 2852
Material: Arm. pelk langes Stuck wood or Stoff; O.Ice. spjalkir pl. speiler, O.E. spelc,
spilc chip, splinter, Holzschiene, E.Fris. spalke splinter, spalken break, crack, split,
O.Ice. spelkja, O.E. spilcan schienen; compare Welsh fflochen wooden splinter
(*splokitnu);
Gk. , Hes.; Lith. paspilges thin in straw (of corn, grain), in
Wachstum zuruckgeblieben, become better to a eigenen family the meaning verkummern,
kummerlich zusammengeschlossen.
References: WP. II 680.
Page(s): 987
Page 2853
Material: O.Ind. plhan-, Av. sprzan- m., Arm. paican, Gk. (*, compare
nom. pl. intestines, entrails ), Lat. lin, O.Ir. selg f., M.Bret. felch, O.C.S.
slezena.
Page 2854
(s)p(h)el-1
English meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board
Deutsche bersetzung: spalten, abspalten, absplittern, abreien
Material: O.Ind. sphatati (Dhutup.) reit, springt auf, sphatita- gesprungen, zerfetzt,
sphatiku- Bergkristall (sich blttrig abspaltend), *sphut ayati splits, covered das participle
sphut ita-; sphutti splits sich, springt auf, platzt, reit (sek. spht ati); besides diesen tPrsentien (: O.H.G. spaltan) das to-participle sphuta- aufgebluht, open (: Goth. spilda);
O.Ind. patati splits sich, cracks, put ayati splits, breaks, rips (: patu- sharp, Gk.
salzig? s.under *pltu-s);
phlati cracks, springt divided , phlakam (*cloven wood) board, lath, leaf, shield,
Holzbank, phula- m. plowshare (zugespitztes Aststuck?);
Maybe Alb. pluar (*p-luar) plowshare derived from O.Ind. phula- m. plowshare see
Root leu-2 (*leugh-): to cut off, separate, free
O.Pers. Glosse - Hes. schildtragend, Pers. ispar, sipar shield
(O.Ind. pharam, spharam shield, uncovered, probably from dem Iran. and in anlaut after
phlakam directed);
Gk. , Hes., stechdorn, m. ds. (*whereof
man sich reit, scarifies ), , , , Maulwurf (die Erde
aufreiend), , Hes., Hes.,
schureisen;
Hes. (: Lat. spolium), Att. abgezogenes fell, fur and berwurf from Leder ,
brostplate, mantle, Eol. , Att. scissors; to also
Fublock for Gefangene; Wurfscheibe and throw (originally with Prugeln), toss,
fling, bump, poke and (at first beim Ringen) ein leg stellen, in fight, struggle behindern,
Page 2855
Page 2856
pleti (Russ. polt) jten, plevel weed; *o-peln in Cz. oplen, oplin Gipfstock,
Rungenstock, Sloven. oplen Wagengipfenholz etc.;
with dem v from plevo (*pelu) is zusammenzuhalten: Ltv. spalva feather, Gefieder,
hair, spilva husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras, splvens Bettkissen etc.;
Toch. A spultk-, spalk- sich anstrengen;
References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck
Zink under Zinn, 157 ff.
See also: with (s)p(h)el- split hngen possibly together: pel- skin, fell, fur, spelg- split,
splei- split, pli- naked, bald, bleak, plk- plik- rend , pleu (s-, -k-) ausrupfen, plasabspalten.
Page(s): 985-987
Page 2857
(s)p(h)el-2
English meaning: to shine, shimmer
Deutsche bersetzung: glnzen, schimmern
Material: O.Ind. sphuliga- m. spark (Erweiter. eines *sphuli = Arm. pail, IE *spheli-), vi-
sphulga- ds., vi-spuligaka- Funken spruhend; Arm. pail, gen. pailic radiance,
Schimmer, pailem gleams, schimmere; papaim, popoim gleams.
spulgans, spilgans shimmering, gleaming; nasal. Gmc. *flinka- flimmernd, also from
rascher Bewegung in nd. (Ger.) flink rash, hasty, quick, fast, flinkern gleam, shimmer,
M.H.G. kupfervlinke Kupfererz, changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) Ger.
flunkern flicker; einem etwas vormachen, and perhaps Ltv. plaga, pluga, plega
blister.
splndiu, splendeti gleam, shine; perhaps also O.Ir. lss (*lanssu- from *plnd-tu-) light;
M.Ir. lainnech gleaming (*plndi uko).
References: WP. II 679 f., WH. II 576 f.
Page(s): 987
Page 2858
Page 2859
(s)peg- gelten, das erschlossen wird from Ger. Spuk from M.L.G. spk spuk, ghost
(Gmc.*spk-); if in addition also the group from M.L.G. spakeren spruhen (etc.)?.
References: WP. II 663 f.
Page(s): 989-990
Page 2860
Material: O.Ind. sprdhat, sprdhati (perf. pasprdh, Inf. sprdhas) wetteifern, fight,
sprdh- f. Wetteifer, fight, struggle (: Goth. spaurds), Av. sprd- f. eagerness ; Gk. in
spartO.N. names ; Goth. spaurds f. racecourse , O.E. spyrd m. racecourse,
Wettlauf, O.H.G. spurt racecourse .
In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange:
Gk. aufspringen, wriggle, violent bewegt sein; O.Ice. spraka wriggle ,
Nor. spradla ds. (*sprala), Westfl. spraddeln ds., O.H.G. sprataln ds., O.H.G. sprata
linea, regula, norma, M.H.G. spretzen spray; O.Ice. sporr m. tail; uerstes end from
etwas, M.H.G. sporte tail, O.Ice. *sperill, pl. *sper[]lar assumed from Nor. dial. speril,
sprenzen schw. V. sprinkle, spray, sprenkeln = bunt schmucken, putzen and sich
spreizen, einherstolzieren; M.H.G. sprinz das Aufspringen the Blumen, Farbenschmelz,
Ger. bO.Ir. sprinz aufgeschossener junger person, O.H.G. spranz crack, M.H.G. spranz
das Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen, M.Eng. sprenten spring, run, N.Eng.
Page 2861
Page 2862
sp(h)er-1, sp(h)erEnglish meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: zucken, with dem Fue wegstoen, zappeln, schnellen
Grammatical information: spri, spr-nu-mi ds.;
Note: compare per-1spruhen, spray, further: sper- sparrow, sper- sparren,
sp(h)er-
Page 2863
spur, spur f. n. spoor, O.H.G. spuri-halz lame, hinkend, from horses (see above to
), O.H.G. (etc.) spurjan, spurren the spoor nachgehen, erforschen, skillful ; O.E.
sparts mighty, sperclan Zehballen; but Lith. spurzdeti sich with den Flugeln jiggle or
flutter, suspursti from birds in eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten, then generally in
heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become are probably onomatopoeic words (compare
Ger. brr!).
References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2864
Page 2865
Material: A. Arm. parat zerstreut (*pher-), paratem zerstreue, entferne, take away
(compare Gk. , -); perhaps also sprem zerstreue, spir zerstreut, verstreut,
vast, spacious (wre *sphro-);
Gk. streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, spruhe (, , ),
n. seed, sperm , , m. das Sen, die Saat, , - verstreut, adv.
, dunngest, sparse ;
M.Ir. sreb stream (*spre-bhu); srub stream, Sturzbach, Schaar (*spr-bhu-);
O.H.G. sprut das Spritzen, Spruhen, M.L.G. spr-wedel sprengwedel; with dem by
Gmc. roots auf langen vowel auftretenden w Proto-Gmc. *sprwn in Nor. spraa, . Dan.
spraaes brittle, brittle become, Dan. dial. spraae sich ffnen, from Knospen; break,
crack, Swe. dial. spr, sprs sprout, sich ffnen, break, crack, Nor. spra from *sprada
(and spr from *sprwjan) spray, sprinkle ; derived O.Ice. sprna spray, trans. and intr.;
*sprwjan in M.H.G. sprjen, sprwen, mnl. spraeien whisk ; *sprwjan in Ger. spruhen,
nl. sproeien ds.; Nor. spra strebepfeiler, pad (*sprwn; to meaning see below); dpresent nl. sproeten spray, sproetelen bubble out, M.L.G. sprte (Spritzer =) Fleck,
Sommersprosse.
B. i-basis sprei-d-, -t-:
O.H.G. sprzan, spreiz in Stucke splittern, spray, O.Ice. sprita apart sperren (after
fisherman, The Lehnwrter of Awn. 40 from M.H.G. sprten borrowed); Nor. sprita spray;
Page 2866
Page 2867
Sprenkel
beim
Vogelfang,
luxemb.
spriegel
sperrholz
zum
Auseinanderspannen;
Ltv. spruga, spruga clamp, sprugis toggle;
Lith. sprgsti entspringen, escape; to get away , Ltv. sprauga Lucke; probably also (as
zerprengen, zerstieben make), Ltv. sprugt coarse mahlen, schroten; with k: Ltv. sprukt
escape; to get away, entgleiten; spruksts ein Leichtfuiger, Springer, spraukt
durchzwngen, escape, flee.
Maybe Alb. (*spreu-k-) shprthenj bloom, blow [common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation].
Page 2868
sp(h)er-3
English meaning: cattle excrements
Deutsche bersetzung: in Worten for die Mistkugelchen von Ziegen and Schafen
, also
Page 2869
Page 2870
English meaning: to press, hurry etymology suggest that Alb. puna work derived from
zero grade of Hitt. appina- become rich see Root op-1 English meaning: to work,
perform.
whether d-extension a root spu- : speu- : sp-, possibly to O.Ind. sphu-vayati mstet,
verstrkt, O.E. spwan thrive (different above under 2. spi-); compare also Gk.
vollgestopft
with
food,
eating,
Hes.,
Page 2871
Page 2872
spioz), O.E. spitu ds.; Nor. spita f. peg, plug; spit m. cusp, peak, dunner Wasserstrahl;
Swe. speta peg, plug; O.H.G. spizzi pointed ; o-grade M.L.G. speis(s)e long spit, pike
(*spoid-tu); perhaps here Lat.cuspis, -idis f. cusp, peak, spit, pike, whether from *curi-spis
Lanzenspitze (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);
3. Lat. spca, spcus, -um Ahre, spculum Lanzenspitze, V.Lat. spcurium speicher;
Dutch spie peg, plug, bolt (*spn); Arm. pkin Pfeil (*phkno-);
O.H.G. speihha, O.S. spca f., O.E. spuca m. speiche, ray; md. spcher, Ger.
Speichernagel, M.L.G. nnd. spker eiserner nail, Eng. spike, O.E. spcing ds., O.Ice. spkr
m. nail, spk f. wooden splinter, Nor. spk speiche, O.E. spc spitzes Landstuck, bO.Ir.
spickel wedge;
Lith. speigliai stacheln;
4. Gk. f., , - f. Riff; M.H.G. spl m. cusp, peak of Speeres, Ger. dial.
Speil chip, splinter, splinter, wedge, M.L.G. nnd. sple Bratspie; O.E. spilu f. peg, cusp,
peak, O.Ice. spila f. thin, schmales Stuck wood, etc.; (das langvokalische Gmc. *spl
could also *spl sein, in gramm. variation with M.H.G. spidel, spedel, Ger. dial. speidel
splinter); Cz. sple stecknadel, Ltv. sple Holznagel;
5. Lat. spna backbone, spine, thorn (in addition Umbr. spinia, spina columnam?),
spna crnulis Haarnadel, spnus briar; O.S. O.H.G. spinela, spenula Haarnadel, buckle
Page 2873
ae f. a broad two-edged sword, Alb. shpatulla shoulder blade from Lat. spathula dim. of
spatha -ae.
Toch. A spin- Hacken, peg, plug;
6. O.E. spr Halm, sprout, Eng. spire sprout; Turmspitze, M.L.G. spr germ, sprout-,
Grasspitze, Ahre, Turmspitze, very small person, O.Ice. spra stiel, young scion, shoot,
Rohrstab under likewise;
7. Lith. spitulys star auf the Tierstirn, spitele, spitule die needle, the thorn in the buckle
, spitn ds.; perhaps is in Lat. secespita Opfermesser ein cognate *spita contain;
References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer 2, 708.
Page(s): 981-982
Page 2874
sp(h)(i)-3, sp- and sph- : sphEnglish meaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: gedeihen, sich ausdehnen = dick werden, vorwrtskommen, Erfolg
haben, gelingen
Material: O.Ind. sphuyat wird fat, obese, nimmt to, participle sphta- swollen,
wohlhabend, dense, full, sphuta- big, large, strong, sphti - f. the prospering; flourishing ,
sphuti - f. Mstung, prospering; flourishing , Kaus. sphuvayati mstet, verstrkt, sphuravast, spacious, wide, big, large, sphir- fat, obese (IE *sph-r- = O.C.S. spor, O.H.G.
spar); with formants -ko- (as Ltv. spks): pva-sphuka- from Fett strotzend;
O.Ind. vi-spitm is strittiger meaning;
from the aspIr. form sph-: - , ;
Hes.; without s- Arm. partam rich;
Lat. spatium Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration; sps, -, pl. sprs f. expectation,
hope, spr, -ure hoffe; originally from Hoffnung geschwellt; prosperus gunstig, lucky
(*pro-sp-ro-);
maybe Alb. (*spatium) shpat precipice, mountain, forest, (*sprs) shpresonj I hope.
M.Welsh ffysgiaw, Corn. fesky Eilen (*spid-sk-);
Goth. spdiza later, spdumists Lateester, O.H.G. sputi, adv. sputo late (eig. *sich
hinziehend);
O.E. spwan thrive, glucken, O.H.G. spuon succeed, Gmc. *spi- in O.H.G. spuot,
O.S. spd, O.E. spd prospering; flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry, Ger. sich
Page 2875
o verb suffix).
O.C.S. spejo, speti Erfolg have; speh m. a busying ones self about or application to
a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study
, speiti hurry;
maybe Alb. shpesh often, frequent, shpejt fast
O.C.S. spor (= O.Ind. sphir- etc.) rich, in neueren Slav. Sprachen also (and probably
das ursprunglichere) lange lasting, lang ausreichend, so Russ. spryj, Serb. spor lang
lasting , hence on the other hand also lange ausreichend, economical , Cz. spory
ergiebig, ausgiebig and economical, sparse , sporiti spare (dt. influence?), O.H.G. spar
economical, concise, O.E. spr, O.Ice. sparr economical, penurious (: spor);
Hitt. ipui it sich satt, 3. pl. ipii anzi.
Von spi- (: spei-) from:
with the meaning fat, thick and g-formants: O.Ind. sphij- (nom. sg. sphik, Du. sphijuu;
sphicuu through Entgleisung after d. nom. sg.?), sphig Arschbacke, hip, haunch; O.Ice.
spik n., O.E. spic n., O.H.G. spec, -ckes bacon;
With Dentalformantien: Gk. vast, spacious, wide, eben, ,
(Hes.) ds., from weitem, -[], - sumpfflche, (* with preposition ) capacious , , - shield, (*dem body entlang
gebreitete surface, plain, area?), ;
Lat. spissus (*spid-to-) dense, thick, slow, zgernd;
with dh: span (the hand), Hes.;
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2876
Page 2877
sp(h)-, sp(h)-(dh-)
English meaning: long flat piece of wood
Deutsche bersetzung: in Worten for langes, flaches Holzstuck
Material: Gk. , - m. wedge; maybe from *-, IE *sphnes-;
Gmc. *sp-nu-s in: O.H.G. M.L.G. spun chip of wood, O.E. spn ds. (Eng. spoon
spoon), O.Fris. span, spon flat pectoral, chest decoration , O.Ice. spunn, spnn chip,
splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte; borrowed finn. paana shingle, chip, splinter;
maybe Alb. (*spon) shponj pierce, prick
with dh-formants: Gk. breites flaches Holz the Weber; Ruderblatt, scapula,
langes breites sword; compare Hitt. ipatar spit, pike, A. Kammenhuber Festschr.
Sommer, 105;
Gmc. *spaan: O.S. spado, O.E. spada m., -e, -u f. spade; Ger. Spaten;
maybe Alb. shpata sword, s()pata axe
with g-formants: Nor. spk chip, splinter, Mod.Ice. Nor. sprkja; changing through
ablaut spake shaft, pole, O.E. spc n. twig, branch, O.H.G. spahha, -o dry brushwood
, Ger. dial. Spach, Spachen chip, splinter, wooden log, Spache speicher and (as arid,
as ein Stecken) M.L.G. spak, M.H.G. spach arid, etc.;
with t-forms probably Gmc. *spa-, spa- in M.H.G. sput blttrig brechendes Gestein,
Page 2878
Material: O.Ind. sthvati spit, speit from (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound with
ni(h)-, dahers- from s-; st-v dissimil. from sp-v, so that = Goth. speiwan), sthyt- gespuckt,
gespien; Av. spuma- saliva, mucus; Gk. spucke, , saliva,
(dissimil. from *) spucke, spritze (:- from *pi-; compare with Inlautbehandlung
the group Theokr. despu; Hes. with - from -); Lat. spu, -
ere, sptum spit, spucken, despu spucke from, verschmhe; Goth. speiwan, O.Ice.
spyja, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. spwan spit, O.Ice. spyta spit, (in addition O.Ice. schw. spotta,
Dan. spotte, O.Fris. spottia, M.L.G. spotten, O.H.G. spottn mock ), E.Fris. spujen
spucken, spruhen, M.Du. Du. spuwen spucken, spit; Lith. spiuju, spiuti spit, O.C.S.
Page 2879
Page 2880
sprika ausspannen.
References: WP. II 683 f.
Page(s): 1001
Page 2881
pinzon, as probably also in Swe. pink sparrow, Eng. dial. pink, pinch finch.
References: WP. II 682.
Page(s): 999
Page 2882
peico picum (ei for ), Ital. VN Pcentes; with anlaut. s: O.H.G. speh, speht, O.Ice. sptr,
Nor. spett(a), Swe. spett, Dan. sptte specht; O.Pruss. picle Krammetsvogel.
References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.
Page(s): 999
Page 2883
Page 2884
splitteren zersplittern;
nasalized Nor. splint wooden nail, wedge, Eng. splint, splent cloven Stuck Holz,
splinter, chip, splinter, Eng. nd. nl. splinter splinter, chip, splinter; without s-: Nor. flinter
shred, nl. flenter scrap, shred; O.Ice. fletta (*flintn) in fletta-grjt Feuerstein, Swe. flinta
ds.; Nor.flint spall, O.E. flint Feuerstein, Fels, M.L.G. vlint-stn (besides O.H.G. flins,
M.H.G. M.L.G. vlins pebble, harter stone , probably as *flint-sa-, descendant eines -esstem); M.L.G. nd. vlse (out of it Ger. Fliese) steinplttchen, O.Ice. fls splinter (*pld-to-);
besides with Gmc. d: Nor. flindra dunne Scheibe or splinter, Eng. flinders stcke,
Stumpfe and Nor. splindra groer flat wooden splinter, Dan. splind, splinder splinter,
splinde splittern;
O.Ir. sliss schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter, slissiu schnitzel, lath (*splid-ti-, -ti);
aberslind Ziegel, flat stone to Bret. sklent schiefer and probably rearrangement from Lat.
Page 2885
Page 2886
(s)poimno-, -
English meaning: foam
Deutsche bersetzung: schaum, Gischt
Material: O.Ind. phna- m. scum, froth, foam, Feim; Osset. fink, fink ds.; Lat. spma f.
scum, froth, foam, Gischt, pmex m. Bimsstein (from seiner schaumartig porsen
Beschaffenheit);
O.H.G. feim, O.E. fum Feim, scum, froth, foam; Lith. spine schaumstreifen auf
bewegter sea, O.Pruss. spoayno scum, froth, foam (*spinu), O.C.S. pena (Russ. pna,
Ser.-Cr. pjena) scum, froth, foam.
References: WP. II 681, WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334.
Page(s): 1001
Page 2887
Page 2888
Page 2889
sriobiu, sriaubiu, perhaps due toeines *srubiu), ablaut. surbiu, surbti suck, slurp , Ltv.
surbju, surbt slurp (-ur-reduced grade to srobh- or sorbh-?; compare also Pol. sarbac),
Ltv. strebju, strbt slurp, auslffeln, streba somewhat to Schlurfendes; ein Betrunkener;
Proto-Slav.. *serbjo, *srbati slurp , with variant Ausgleichungen in Sloven. srebati, Cz.
strebati etc.; perhaps also M.H.G. surpfeln, surfeln slurp , Ice. sarpr craw the Vgel,
O.Ice. as Spitzname (*gullet), with Gmc. p from gemin. pp; also Dutch slorpen, slurpen,
Ger. schlurfen with l after schlucken.
References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 612; W. Schulze
setzte *s(u)erbh-, *srubh- O.N.
Page(s): 1001
Page 2890
nt); O.H.G. stredan, strad, M.H.G. streden roar, strudeln, cook, stredunga, stridunga
Aufwallung, M.H.G. stradem whirlpool, late M.H.G. and Ger. Strudel.
References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Wrter 220.
Page(s): 1001-1002
Page 2891
Page 2892
Page 2893
Page 2894
Page 2895
strov), giri-sravu Bergstrom (= Gk. , Lith. srav), srut- flowing, geflossen (= Gk.
= fem. Lith. srut; zero grade Ltv. strauts), srut- f. way, das Flieen (= Gk. ,
perhaps Arm.aru), sravt- f. river (= Gk. -F-), O.Ind. srtah n., O.Pers. rautah- n.,
Pers. rd river; causative sruvyati makes flow, sruva- m. effluence ;
Av. (ravan-), gen. pl. raonam the Flusse, urvant- (sru-vant-) flowing ; from einemd(h)present from (: Gk. -?): Av. raoaiti flows , raoah- n. river, urd f. Flulauf, bed
(O.Ind. visruh- f. stream or likewise?);
Arm. aroganem, oroganem benetze (*srou-), compare O.Lith. srvinu make bluten),
probably also aru canal (*srutis or *sruios);
Gk. flow (Fut. , . Epidaur. , Kalymna []- Konj. from
*sruuu-; compare Lith. pasruvo flo from -ut; usually *sreu- in , Lith. sraveti; to this
beiden heavy Basen O.Ind. Inf. srvitav); (Cypr. F), Att. m. current, flood,
- rings umflossen (also - for uberliefertes ), (korkyr. dat.
pl. hF) das Strmen, stream (= Lith. srav), flowing, strmend,
rings umflossen (= O.Ind. pari-sruta-), f. das Strmen, , - rinnend,
, Hom. adv. in Uberflu ; n. strmen, river; surge ; -
gentle flowing , - deep flowing , - rich flowing , (*-F,
compare O.Ind. sravat-), as Ion. , Att. n. Flulauf, riverbed from themat.
*sreue- derive
Page 2896
srav das Flieen, Menstruieren, srove, Ltv. struve, strume stream, strauts
Regenbach, Stromschnelle, Lith. srut Jauche; O.C.S. struja current, ostrov island
(das Umflossene), Pol. strumien stream, brook;
IE sreu- is extension from ser- flow.
References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.
Page(s): 1003
Page 2897
srno-, -
English meaning: body part (hip?)
Deutsche bersetzung: Krperteilbenennung, etwa Oberschenkel, Lenden
Material: Av. runa- m. the outer Teil of Oberschenkels, thigh, mp. Pers. run schenkel;
Lith. strenos die loins, das Kreuz.
References: WP. II 705.
Page(s): 1002
Page 2898
Page 2899
Material: O.Ind. sruma- lame, sruma- m. Lahmheit; O.C.S. (etc.) chrom lame.
References: WP. II 706; Machek Slavia 16, 191, IF. 53, 94; Vasmer 3, 272 f.
Page(s): 1004
Page 2900
Page 2901
Page 2902
Material: O.Ind. styuyat gerinnt, wird hart, participle styuna-; (Gramm.) prastmagedrngt, gehuft, stma- idle (eig. gestockt), vistmn- Bez. of pudenda, styu f. trges,
stehendes water, stimita- schwerfllig, idle, unbeweglich, damp; Av. stu(y)- heap, mass;
Gk. , stehendes fat, tallow, suet (*stui r ); Hom. - nahe
aneinandergedrngt (compare O.Ind. styu-na-); f., n. small stone ; drip
(compare Lat. stria, stlla);
Lat. stria frozen drip, icicle, Dimin. stlla drip (*str[e]lu);
Mod.Ice. strur stiffness in the eyes, Nor. stra, O.Ice. stira, Dan. Swe. stirra gaze,
stare, E.Fris. str stiff, starr, Ger. stier, stieren; Lith. styrstu, styrti erstarren, sturau, -oti
stiff and lummelhaft dastehen;
O.Ice. stm n. restlessness, din, fuss, noise, Nor. stm Fischschwarm, M.H.G. stm,
Page 2903
Page 2904
Material: O.Ind. stkati widersteht, Av. staxta- tight, firm, strong, staxra- strong, tight,
firm; esp. of Winterfrost: stern; Umbr. stakaz stattus;
O.H.G. stahal n. m. O.Ice. stul n. (derived O.H.G. stehli, O.E. stiele n.) stahl (from dem
Gmc. derives O.Pruss. staclan stahl), Gmc. *stahla- probably = Av. staxra-, IE *stklo-;
O.Ice. stagl n. wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient, Nor. stagle picket, pole, staga stiff go,
O.Ice. stag n., O.E. stg n. rope, hawser (*das steif gespannte);
with other meaning change (stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become) O.Ice. stakka f.
stummel, stakkar, stokuttr short, Dan. stak-aandet kurzatmig; Lith. stok lack,
Page 2905
Material: A. O.Ind. tisthati, Av. hitaiti, ap. 3. sg. Impf. a-itata stehn (: Lat. sist, Ir. -
sissiur; athematic still Gk. , during late O.H.G. sestn disponere from dem romO.N.
Ital. assesture bring in order borrowed is), Aor. O.Ind. -sthu-m (= Gk. ), perf.
dawr es kummert mich nicht, Corn. ny-m-deur (*tu-ro-) I will not; O.Ir. ness- (*ni-stu-)
niedertreten in com-ness- ds., verurteilen, d-ness despise , to-ness- betreten, ar-
Maybe Alb. stan winter station for animals from med.L stantia f. L stant- pres. ppl stem of
stare to stand.
Page 2906
stano (Inf. stati) werde mich stellen, tread; O.Pruss. postunimai wir become, postut
become, stunintei stehend; Toch. stm- stand; compare also die nouns with nformant.
C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:
O.Ind. ni-sthu- hervorstehend, -ragend, pari-sthu- (*herumstehend =) hemmend, f.
hindrance , prthivi-sthu- (and -sth-) auf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend, rath-sthuauf dem cart stehend, kmpfend = Av. raa-tu- warrior; Gk. , - right, law
(originally Gttername die fest and unverbruchlich Stehende, *-), Gk.
wer seinen ursprunglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug verndert hat; O.Ir.
Page 2907
Page 2908
st n. standort, herd from Stuten with one or mehreren Hengsten, O.E. std n. herd of
horses , M.L.G. stt (-d-) f. Einzunung for Pferde, herd from Zuchtpferden, O.H.G. stuot
f. herd from Zuchtpferden, also mare, Ger. Stute; O.Ice. (e.g. hug-) str standing firm,
tight, firm (rather IE t because of Goth. ungastoai ohne festen Stand; t or dh with
analog. ablaut : O.H.G. stuti tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet, M.L.G. stde tight, firm,
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Page 2909
tar);
7. Lat. obstuculum hindrance n.; Welsh cystadl equivalent, distadl wertlos (*st-tlo); O.Ice. stoull m. Melkplatz, Senne = O.E. staol base, position, place, O.S. stathal
position , M.L.G. stadel barn, O.H.G. stadal stand, Kornscheuer, Ger. (suddt.) Stadel,
older Dan. stedel ground, Hofsttte; Lith. stkles pl. loom; Lith. stkle picket, pole, Ltv.
staklis ds. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork , O.Pruss. stakle pad (with kl from tl).
8. with formants -dhlo-: Lat. stabulum standort, abode, residence; lair of wild animal,
stall (prstibulum Ding zum ffentlich Ausstehen, Dirne, naustibulum schiffstandort,
vessel in Schiffsform), stabilis standing firm, steadfast, Umbr. staflarem stabulurem,
Osc. staflatas-set statutae sunt, plign. pri-stafalacirix *praestibulutrix, antistita;
vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: -dh- in Gk. , mostly pl. stand, Standort,
Gewicht, stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm; -d- in stehend,
unbeweglich, stiff, zugewogen, stehend, - fern abstehend.
9. with l-formant:
Welsh cystal just as well (*kom-sta-lo-); Goth. stls throne, O.H.G. stuol, O.E. stl,
O.N.stll stuhl, Lith. pastlai Gestell for Bienenkrbe, zero grade O.C.S. stol throne,
seat, in den neuern Slav. Spr. stuhl or table, desk.
10. with m-formant:
Page 2910
stammes stem etc. seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- with a stana-, s. *stebPfosten); Toch. A stum, stum tree; but O.H.G. ungistuomi boisterous to stemhemmen, see there.
11. with n-formant (compare die Prsensbildungen with n):
O.Ind. sthuna- n., Av. ap. stuna- n. standort, place, Pers. situn, Gk. -[], Dor.
(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky , ds., Lith. stnas stand, O.C.S.
stan stand, lair , Alb. shtuar stehend, shtoraz erect (*stu-no-dio-, compare to dsuffix Gk. etc.), shtz, shtez Vieh (*stan-z).
Maybe Alb. stan animal stall, (*status), shtat standing body, shtyj push (pushing
animal), shtie kill (an animal). Alb. suggests that Root stu- : st- : (to stand) derived from
Root sed- : (to sit).
12. with r-formants: O.Ind. sthir- tight, firm, unbeweglich; Lith. stras thick,
umfangreich (actually stmmig), O.C.S. star old (*stmmig in contrast zur zarteren
Jugend), O.N. strr big, large, O.S. stri big, large, illustrious, O.E. str vast, grand;
13. with dem i from *stu-i other formations: O.Ind. jala-sthuya- m. water container,
water carrier , sthuyin- stille stehend, verweilend, stetig under likewise, sthman- m.
Festigkeit, tranquility, duration (*sthayiman-).
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Page 2911
stw, O.Fris. st f. place, O.Ice. eld-st Feuersttte; Goth. stjan richten (perhaps
*stwjan : O.C.S. staviti), staua f. court (*stw), staua m. judge, O.E. stwian restrain
, Eng. stow stauen, O.H.G. M.H.G. stouwen (*stawjan) (au) wail; (scheltend) gebieten;
Refl. sich stauen, Ger. stauen; with : O.H.G. statago Gerichtstag, stan anklagen,
scold, chide, hemmen, M.L.G. stwen (= stouwen, stwen) stauen, etc.;
with gradation stu-: Gk. *F- column in Att. , (*F), Eol.
sulenhalle, Dimin., zur Schule the Stoa gehrig,
Hes.;
zero grade: O.Ind. sthnu column (mind. n from n), Av. stna, stunu column ; Gk.
steife, richte empor, Med. bin steil aufgerichtet, n. erectio penis,
, ; m. column, stylus, das untere end the Lanze; O.Ice.
stmi a giant ; M.H.G. stnende widersetzlich, Ger. staunen as starr blicken; keine
evidence for diese ablaut grade are whereas die u-stem O.Ind. su-sthu adv. good,
beautiful, anu-sthu, anu-sthuyu immediately, right away;
with t-forms in addition: O.Ice. sto (pl. stoir, str, ster) f. pad, Pfosten,
Unterstutzung, O.E. stuu, studu f. pad, Pfosten, M.H.G. stud f. ds., O.Ice. stuill m.ds.,
M.H.G. studel Pfosten, Turpfosten;
O.Ice. styja prop, support, O.H.G. studen belay, statuere, O.Ice. stoa support,
help; with intens. consonant stretch: M.L.G. stutten (under-)prop, support, O.H.G.
(under)stutzen, Ger. (under)stutzen; also O.H.G. stda staude; Ltv. stute, stuta Reis, rod;
Page 2912
vistha-, Av. stuvita- the Strkste, Derbste, Grbste, O.Ind. sthviman- n. Breite, Av.
stavah- n. thickness, fatness, Starke; Arm. stvar thick (*stuuar-);
aschw. str big, large (besides str, see above), styras brag, M.L.G. str big, large,
strong, heavy; strrisch, coarse, unfreundlich (compare O.Ind. ni-sthura- rough, hard,
coarse, ni-sthrin- coarse, raw), O.Ice. stra Dusterheit, Vb. grieving sein (nschw.
stra starr hinsehen in the meaning after the family of Ger. stieren umgendert), zero
grade O.H.G. stiuri strong, stately, stout, proud;
with other English meaning:
Unterstutzung, tax, Ger. Steuer f. and (from dem Nd.) n., O.E. stor f. rudder, helm ,
O.Ice. styri n. rudder, helm , M.L.G. stur(e) n. rudder, helm , f. n. Regierung; help,
Ghegenwehr, f. Unterstutzung, Goth. us-stiurei Zugellosigkeit, M.L.G. unstre ds., Goth.
stiurjan feststellen, affirm , Ger. zur Steuer der Wahrheit, O.Ice. styra ein ship steuern;
regieren, O.E. steran ds., O.H.G.stiurren prop, support, steuern, lenken; probably
originally picket, pole, rudder, helm (secondary: with it prop, support, lenken), with O.Ice.
staurr, Gk. (see above) under *stu-ro- : *stu-ro- compatible, das from *st(h)uunot quite apart, separated become could;
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Page 2913
jrr) bull.
References: WP. II 603 ff., WH. I 343 f., 705 f., Trautmann 280 ff., Vasmer 3, 2 ff.
Page(s): 1004-1010
Page 2914
steb(h)- and stb(h)- : stbh-, nasalized stemb(h)-; step(also stp-?), nasalized stemp-; nominal stbho-s,
stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s
English meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: Bedeutungsumfang: Pfosten, Pfeiler, stem, Baumstumpf (also
Busch, Buschel); verbal: prop, support, versteifen, feststellen, anhalten, (also hemmen),
(auf)stampfen, treten (Tritt, grade, footprint); beschimpfen (steif and herausfordernd
dastehen; brag, boast), staunen (from erstarrt dastehen)
Note: relationship to *stu- stand is possible.
stpan
einweihen,
O.H.G.
(Hildebrandslied)
stoptun
tosamane
liessen
zusammenstapfen; M.L.G. stappe, O.H.G. stapf, stapfo (stuffo) stapfe, footprint (Gmc.
*stapp-); O.Ice. stopull m. Pfosten, Pfeiler, tower, O.Fris. stapul Richtblock; Krone eines
Zahnes, O.E. stapol m. stem, Pfosten, column , M.L.G.stapel m. column, Unterlage,
aufgeschichteter heap, Stapelplatz (out of it Ger. Stapel), O.H.G. stapfal, staffal
foundation, footstep, grade, Ger. Staffel Leitersprosse, Treppenabsatz; O.S. stpo m.
Tritt, footprint , O.E. stpel ds., O.H.G. stuoffa, stuofa, Ger. grade, M.H.G. stuefe tight,
firm, strong; O.E. stpe, stepe, pl. stapas footstep, grade, O.Fris. stepe ds., O.Ice. stapi
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stpe Beisteuer; Wergeld, O.H.G. stuopfa ds. (O.C.S. stap steigbugel from dem Gmc.);
nasalized and. stamp, O.H.G. stampf m. tool zum Stoen, (O.C.S. stopa mortar from
dem Gmc.), therefrom O.Ice. stappa bump, poke, stomp, crunch , O.E. stempan in mortar
zerstoen (Eng. stamp also prgen), M.H.G. stempfen and O.H.G. stampfn, M.H.G.
stampfen stomp, hit, prgen and further M.L.G. stempel, O.H.G. stempfil stmpfel,
pestle; M.L.G. stump m. stump; adj. dull, stupid, O.H.G. stumpf m. stump, Stummel,
stump ; adj. stumpf, mutilated, abbreviated ;
problematisch M.Ir. sibal a walking, marching (*stebulo-).
root form with -bh-:
O.Ind. stabhnuti, stabhnti, stambhat, -ti prop, support, hemmen, Med. stiff become,
erstarren, stabhit- gestutzt, stabdha- stiff, starr; hochmutig, Kaus. stambhayati, -te
befestigt, makes stiff, lhmt, halt an, oppressed, stambha- m. Pfosten, column;
Hemmung,
Lhmung;
Aufgeblasenheit,
(compare
Pers.
sitamba
gewaltttig,
stabhyamuna- sich nicht from the Stelle ruhrend, unbeweglich, ap. stambava leiste
Widerstand! lehne dich auf! (indoIran. *stambhau-);
Gk. unerschutterlich (actually wer nicht gepret become kann), n.
pl. ausgeprete Oliven or Trauben, grape, grapevine; Zpfchen in Munde,
senkblei;
M.Ir. sab f. schaft, Pfeiler, stick (*stb[h]u); semmor Klee (*stemb[h]ro-);
O.Ice. stefja (*stajan) hinder, stefna stauen (*stiff make, zum Stehen bringen),
O.H.G. stabn starr, stiff sein, E.Fris. staf stiff, lame; Goth. *stafs (nom. pl. stabeis)
Buchstaben (Unterricht through Runenstbchen), O.Ice. stafr staff, pad,
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Stab; Swe. Dan. staver fence post (compare O.C.S. stobor, Lith. stbaras); O.Fris. stef
staff;
O.Ice. stef n. (*stabja-), stefna f. (*staanjn-) bestimmte, feste time etc., O.E. stefn,
stemm m. time, Mal, Periode; O.Ice. stafn n. steven, Hausgiebel, O.S. stamn m. steven,
O.E.
stefn, stemn m. stem, root, Steven, O.H.G. stam (-mm-) tree truck,
Geschlechtsstamm, Ger. stem (Verquikkung eines *sta-na- with a *stam-na-: O.Ir. tamun
tree truck);
nasalized O.H.G. stumbal abgeschnittenes Stuck, Stummel, stumbiln verstummeln,
O.Fris. stemblinge Verstummelung.
Lith. stembti stengel ansetzen, stembras, stembrys stengel (= M.Ir. semmor), stimbras
schwanzstumpf, -stummel, em. stmbris stengel, Lith. stambus coarse, coarsely
granulated , stmbas Kohlstrunk, Ltv. stuobrs Halm, reed; Lith. stebule f. hub of a
wheel, Ltv. stebe Mast, Russ.stebt, Clr. stebnuty peitschen; steppen, sew ; stabuti,
stabduti zum Stehen bringen, stbas Pfosten, Schlagflu, O.Lith. stabas Gtzenbild
(divine revered peg, plug), Ltv. stabs Pfeiler, column , O.Pruss. stabis m. stone , stabni
f. (steinerner) oven, Lith. stbaras trockener bough, O.C.S. stobor column ; with the
meaning staunen: Lith. stebetis;
root form auf -p-:
O.Ind. in Kaus. sthupayumi stelle, grunde;
O.C.S. stopa footprint , stepen grade, O.Lith. staputis stand bleiben, Lith. stepas
schlagflu, stapnti penem erigere;
O.C.S. stopiti, stopati tread.
References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalprs. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16,
19, 35.
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Page 2918
stegis stichling, Ltv. staga(i)s a prickly fish, stage Alant (also stagi ein herb, das as
Kohl gegessen wird?);
nasalized: Gk. , - (geformt after - sharp cusp, peak),
Hes.; , - (also ) m. Ahre ( = n);
O.Ice. stinga, stakk, O.E. stingan stecken; Goth. usstagg , stich from!; O.H.G.
stanga, O.Ice. stong stick, picket, pole, shaft, pole, O.E. steng (*stangi-) ds., nl. steng
(*stangi[n]-) ds., O.H.G. stengil stengel; ablaut. O.H.G. stungen prick;
Church Slavic osteg, Serb.-Church Slavic oste dress, mantle; Russ. stegt,
stegnut steppen, sew, peitschen, stka suture (e in geschlossener syllable from and
auf stegt figurative); Cz. steh, Pol. scieg, scig prick, sting;
here as sich versteifen, with the intonation of a heavy basis: Lith. stng-iu, -ti sich
anstrengen, Refl. sich widersetzen, stangus widerspenstig?
References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285.
Page(s): 1014-1015
Page 2919
(s)teg-1
English meaning: to cover
Deutsche bersetzung: decken
Material: O.Ind. sthagati (umbelegt), sthagayati verhullt, verbirgt; Gk. cover,
schutze etc., , n. (= O.Ir. tech), , f. roof, house,
deckend, schirmend; bedeckt, versteckt, bedeckend, schutzend; bedeckt,
verschlossen; compact, tight, firm, dense (see because of this meaning also *tegu- thick),
bedeckend, schutzend;
Lat. teg, -ere cover, cover, tctum roof (= ), tegulum cover, roof, Hulle,
teges, -etis cover, Matte, tgula a roof tile , toga the white woolen upper garment worn
by Roman citizens ; Umbr. tehterim a covering, plaster used for covering;
maybe Alb. (*tgula) tjegulla tile, brick, (*tgula) tulla tile, brick, tehu (*tegu) blade,
sharp edge [common Alb., italic -g- > -h- phonetic mutation]
O.Ir. tech (neutraler -es-stem = Gk. ), O.Welsh tig, Welsh ty, O.Corn. ti house,
O.Bret. bou-tig Kuhstall (with unclear Brit. i); pl. O.Welsh te, Welsh tai, also in O.Ir. teg-
lach Hausgenossenschaft, Welsh teulu, O.Corn. teilu family (*tego-slougo-), O.Ir. tuigiur I cover = O.H.G. decchiu; tuige stramen (*togiu), imthuge Bedeckung,
Bekleidung, Welsh am-do amiculum, involucrum, O.Ir. tach dress, Welsh Corn. to
roof, Welsh to tegere;
O.Ice. ekja cover, O.E. eccan cover, O.H.G. decchen cover (iterative *togei =
O.Ir. tuigiur, under Verdrngung from IE *teg); O.Ice. ak, O.E. c, O.H.G. dah n. roof;
O.Ice. ekja roof, O.H.G. decchi cover, roof; O.E. ecen, O.S. thecina ds., in addition
O.Ice. staka, stakka f. fell, fur; (without s Nor. dial. taka schweinshaut);
Page 2920
stegtojas Dachdecker, ablaut. stgas = O.Pruss. stogis roof; perhaps R.C.S. stog m.
barn, haystack, heap.
References: WP. II 621 f., WH. II 654 f., Trautmann 288.
Page(s): 1013-1014
Page 2921
(s)teg-2
English meaning: pole, stick, beam
Deutsche bersetzung: stange, Pfahl, Stock, Knuttel, Balken
Note: s. also under steig- prick
Material: Arm. takn, gen. takan cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint, takaak,
stakern ds.;
O.Ice. stakkr barn, haystack, M.L.G. stak schrger dam from Pfhlen and deadwood (:
O.C.S. stog barn, haystack);
Lith. stgaras, stegerys durrer langer Stengel, Ltv. stga f., stgs m. long shaft, pole,
long stick, spit, pike; stega f. penis;
O.C.S. steer cardo, Russ. stoar shaft, pole, Sloven. steja, stoje schoberstock,
Serb. stor tree auf the Dreschtenne, O.Sor. scor Mast; O.C.S. stog haystack;
steg banner, ensign, flag; about O.C.S. stgno see under (s)teig-.
References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.
Page(s): 1014
Page 2922
Page 2923
steigiuos, steigtis sich beeilen, sich bemuhen; Ltv. stidzu(s), stigt(is) sich beeilen,
Page 2924
staigt wandeln, stiga Pfad; O.C.S. stigno I come, stdza, stza Fusteig, road,
stgna road.
References: WP. II 614 f., Trautmann 285 f.
Page(s): 1017-1018
Page 2925
Material: O.Ind. tjat is sharp, schrft, tjayati schrft, stachelt, tikt- sharp, bitter,
tigm- spiky, sharp, tjas- n. sharpness, cutting edge, radiance , tjana-m das
Schrfen, Anzunden; cusp, peak, arrowhead, Rohrstab, Pfeilschaft, wherefore as collective
tigernae master, mister, Gaul. Tigernum castrum, Welsh teyrn ruler (often influenced
from *tegos
house); Bret.
Page 2926
stician prick; Intr. steckenbleiben, fest bleiben, M.L.G. sticken prick, prickle, kindle,
inflame, ersticken, O.H.G. sticken prick, prickle , ir-sticken ersticken, O.H.G. steckn
festsitzen, Ger. stecken (*stikkn as though angenagelt sein); O.Ice. steikja fry (eig. an
den spit, pike stecken; in addition steikr Braten, stikna roasted become); with
Ablautentgleisung: O.S. stkan festheften, festhaften, O.H.G. sthhan, Ger. stechen,
Kaus. *stakjan in O.H.G. stecken ( through Stiche) befestigen, einstecken, Ger. stecken
tr., Goth. staks Wundmal, O.H.G. stahhula sting, prick, O.Ice. stkr stinkend, sharp;
diese structure in die e-Reihe war preferred through die Gmc. Ableger from *steg- shaft,
pole (e.g. O.Ice. stjaki m. Pfosten), with denen sich die group Goth. stiks, Ger. stechen to
a neuen Einheit zusammenschlo; so based on formal auf * stig-, but with the meaning from
*steg-: O.Ice. stika, O.H.G. stehho stecken (latter but zugleich also = O.Ice.stjaki), O.Ice.
stik n. picket, pole; with kk: O.Ice. stikka stecken, shaft, pole, O.E. sticca m. stecken,
spoon, O.S. stekko stecken, picket, pole, O.H.G. stecko stecken;
to *stig- stellen sich still: O.Ice. stikill cusp, peak, O.E. sticel(s) m. sting, prick, M.L.G.
stekel, O.H.G. stihhil sting, prick, Ger. Stichel; Goth. stikls, O.H.G. stehhal goblet as
zum Einstecken in die Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel; O.S. stekal rough,
steinig, M.L.G. stekel devexus, O.E. sticol steil, high, O.H.G. stehhal, M.H.G. stechel,
Page 2927
Page 2928
Page 2929
Page 2930
mo-: Lat. sti-mu-lus sting, prick; in addition Lat. stva (and *stva the rom. Sprachen)
plough handle, plough stilt as *stei-uu? compare O.Ind. tvra- violent, sharp, das from
*sharp, pricking could have evolved;
about O.H.G. O.S. stil etc. s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f.
References: WP. II 612, WH. II 592.
Page(s): 1015
Page 2931
(s)tel-1
English meaning: to let flow; to urinate
Deutsche bersetzung: flieen lassen, harnen
Material: Gk. , Att. - rinnen lassen; triefen, drip (probably analogical for ), drip, das Trpfeln, drip, late ; n.
puddle, slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar (Arm. tem, tim slime, mud, ordure out
of it borrowed?);
Eng. stale urine, to stale urinate, pass water, M.L.G. stal urine the Pferde, M.L.G.
Ger. stallen urinate, pass water (from horses, Swiss also from people); unclear M.Bret.
Page 2932
lumina dunne Platte, whether from *(s)tlu-menu die ausgebreitete, also Latium, if from
*(s)tl-t-iom Flachland;
Proto-Slav.. steljo stlati outspread in O.C.S. po-steljo, po-stlati , stelja f.
; in addition Ltv. sluju, slut laden, packen.
References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;
See also: probably to stel-3.
Page(s): 1018-1019
Page 2933
stel-3
English meaning: to put, place
Deutsche bersetzung: stellen, aufstellen; stehend, unbeweglich, steif; Stnder, Pfosten,
stem, Stiel
Material: O.Ind. sthla-m, sthal elevation, Anhhe, Festland, sthlu Erdaufschuttung,
sthlati (Dhutup.) steht; perhaps sthula-m, sthul vessel, pot, pan; unclear sthunustanding firm, Subst. stump, stick (*stharnu-, IE *st(h)el-nu-?);
Arm. stecanem schaffe, sten, pl. steunk stem, Stengel, twig, branch;
Gk. stelle auf (in order); bestelle, lasse come; send; ruste to, kleide, stelle fertig,
m. Zurustung, pull, Heereszug and hervorstehender balk, beam, peg, plug, helm
pole and likewise, f. armament, armor, clothing, Ausrustung, Heereszug;
bestelle, make fertig, ruste, f. stiel the axe, later n., homer. -, -
ds., Att. m. ds., n. stem, stalk, stem of a plant; fool ; Lesb.-Thess.
, Dor. , Att. column (*stl-nu, compare O.H.G. stollo); perhaps
(); peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze;
Alb. shtjelj (*stel-n) wickle ein?;
Lat. stolidus doltish, stupid, ungebildet, stultus crazy, stol, -nis Wurzelscho (eig.
stecken, Stiel);
Lat. locus, altLat. stlocus place (*stlo-ko-); lic auf the Stelle (*en-stlokd);
O.Ice. stjolr rump, Nor. stjl stengel, Stiel, O.E. stela m. Pflanzenstiel, ablaut. M.Eng.
stall Pflanzenstengel, Leitersprosse, Stiel, M.L.G. stale, stal Pfosten; foot; O.Ice. stul n.
barn, haystack, Stapel, O.E. stl place (*stlu); vandal. PN Stilico = Ger. Stilka;
O.Ice. stallr (*stolnos) Gestell, altar, crib, manger, stall, O.E. steall position, Stand,
stall, O.H.G. M.H.G. stal (-ll-) domicile, place, stall; therefrom O.H.G. stellen auf-,
Page 2934
steld-:
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Page 2935
stalk, Eng. stalk stengel, Stiel, O.E. stealc high, steil, M.L.G. stolkeren stolzieren, nld.
stelkeren, stolkeren curdle, coagulate, harden , further as stiff, go; Nor. stalka, stulka
stapfen, slink, as O.E. stealcian, Eng. stalk ds., O.Ice. stelkr strandkiebitz; compare M.Ir.
Page 2936
Material: O.H.G. gistemn, gistemn, M.H.G. stemen Einhalt tun, O.H.G. ungistuomi
boisterous (*sich nicht beherrschend), M.H.G. gestueme gentle, still; Goth. stamms
stammelnd, O.Ice. stamr ds. behindert, stolen; looted , O.E. stam, O.H.G. stamm
stammelnd, O.Ice. stama, O.H.G. stamn stammeln, O.E. stamor stammelnd, O.H.G.
Page 2937
(s)ten-1
English meaning: to groan, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: von lauten Geruschen: donnern, rauschen, drhnen, sthnen
Material: O.Ind. stnati (= Gk. , O.E. stenan, Lith. stenu), stniti, stanyati donnert,
drhnt, bellow, roar, braust, stanayitnu- m. thunder, tanayitnu- drhnend, donnernd,
stanyati); O.Ice. stynja ds. = M.L.G. stnen (Ger. sthnen); O.Ice. stynr m. Gesthne,
O.E. gestun n. din, fuss, noise, whirlwind; O.Ice. stanka groan, moan, O.E. stenecian
pant, gasp; O.H.G. donar thunder, O.E. unor ds., O.Ice. rr Donnergott, O.E. unian
thunder, roar, bellow, sigh;
Lith. stenu, -eti groan, groan, moan, O.C.S. stenjo, stenati ds.; Russ. stn the
groaning ; O.Pruss. *stint, stnons participle perf. Akt. gelitten.
References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; Vasmer 3, 10, 19.
Page(s): 1021
Page 2938
sten-2
English meaning: narrow
Deutsche bersetzung: eng, einengen?
Material: Alt. , Ion. eng (*-F-), Hom. narrowness, narrow
Raum; crush, crowdedness (so also Att. ), eng, - (- : -F-); () Hes.; perhaps to *sten-to- in O.Ice. stinnr
stiff, tight, firm, hard, strong, O.E. st, O.Fris. stth ds., das Holthausen further to Ltv. stinte
icicle places.
References: WP. II 627; Holthausen AEng. Etym. Wb. 323.
Page(s): 1021-1022
Page 2939
*sterg- whereupon sorgend achten, guard, watch: O.C.S. strego, streti servare, beware,
guard, stra = Russ. stro Wchter etc.
References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.
Page(s): 1032
Page 2940
minxish,
wanton
sein,
cry
rauh
(in
formant. Bez. to Lat. strnuus??), Lat. strnuus voll rustiger Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker;
Alb. shterr (*ster-n-) lay, place dry, macheversiegen; about strnu good omen, sign s.
WH. II 601; Lat. constern, -ure, also exstern besturzen, from the Fassung bringen,
sternux shy, strrisch; Welsh trin toil, fight, struggle (*strnu?); Gmc. *stara- starr, esp.
of eye in mnl. star m. starrheit of Auges, O.H.G. stara-blint, O.E. str(e)blind starblind,
O.Ice. stara, O.E. starian, O.H.G. starn stare, stare; with-rr- (from -rn-) O.Ice. storr f.
Carex (eig. die Steife), starr (acc. starran) stiff, starr, hard, Ger. starr, M.H.G. sterre,
Ger. bO.Ir. sterr starr, stiff , whereof M.H.G. starren, sterren starr sein or become, Ger.
Page 2941
stara and sterra (*starrian) sichstruben, sich anstrengen; *sturra- (*sturna-) sich steif
aufrichtend, stemmend in Goth. and-staurran uncourageous sein, O.H.G. strren steif
herausstehen, hervorragen, O.H.G. storro stump, clot, chunk, Ger. strrig, strrisch; O.E.
stierne ernst, hard, stern, O.H.G. stornn stutzen, frighten (*stiff, starr vor Schrecken),
sturni stupor, Swe. sturna stutzen;
strada hard work, toil, stradati leiden; in addition O.C.S. strast affliction (*strad-t),
Ltv.strustt bedrohen; with formants -mo- presumably O.C.S. strmo steil, abschussig,
ablaut. Pol.stromy ds. (Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 25).
1.
guttural extensions:
(if
in addition Gk. vulture, eig. stiff = big, large?), compare tirol. storke(l)n with
langen Beinen einherschreiten, thuring. storchen as ein stork go, Westfl. storkeln
straucheln, stumble;
adj. *starku- in O.E. stearc stiff, stern, strong, O.H.G. starc, starah strong, big, large,
O.Ice. sterkr, O.S. starker strong, zero grade O.Ice. styrkr (*sturki-) m. strength ; strak (-
ck-) stiff, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; strrig, M.H.G. strac (-ck-) straff, gestreckt,
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versteifen;
Lith. stregti erstarren, to ice become; doubtful, if in addition O.Bulg. strach fright as
*strgso-, compare Vasmer 3, 23; perhaps based on auf (s)terg-: Lat. tergus, -oris hard
Ruckenhaut the animal, fell, fur, back (probably from dem am back am strksten
gestrubten hair), tergum ds., esp. back, tergnum Peitsche from leather; here perhaps
as nasalized form strenk-, streng-, see there.
(s)ter-k-:
Clr. storaty, stority ragen, stare , torati, tority ds., Cz. streti, treti ds.
2.
Dental extensions:
(s)tert-,
more properly *ster-to- in Welsh serth steil, obszn, O.Ice. stirr stiff (see above) and
upp stertr hochmutig, O.Ice. sterta spannen, M.H.G. sterzen (also st. Verb.) steif
emporragen, sich rasch bewegen, trans. (also starzen) starr aufwrtsrichten, M.Eng.
sterten auffahren, frighten, Eng. start; O.Ice. stirtla uplift, set up, O.E. steartlian
stumble, Eng. startle vor Schreck auffahren; WestGmc. *sturtjan, ahd sturzen, M.H.G.
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sturzen, M.L.G. storten fall, diffuse, besturzt make, O.Fris. stirta umstoen; M.H.G.
storzen strotzen; without anlaut. s: Nor. tart (and start) steibein, turt sonchus alpinus (tfrom O.N. -), compare Gk. eine Doldenpflanze; Welsh tarddu to break out,
spring, issue;
(s)ter-d-:
Welsh tardd m. eruption, issue, flow, Corn. tardh Anbruch (of Tages), Bret. tarz rupture,
clat, tarz-ann-deiz daybreak (*trd-); with similar meaning as Ger. Sterz, Nor. (s)tart,
here: Lith. tursti with ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen, turseti den Hintern
hinausstrecken (turs- from *tort-s-) and O.Ir. tarr belly (*tortso-); identical seems Ir. torrach
pregnant, Welsh torrog ds., Corn. tor, O.Bret. tar, Bret. tor, teur, Welsh tor(r) belly, lower
abdomen.
(s)terdh-:
Gk. Hes., cusp, peak; possibly here Welsh tardd see above; eine
nasal. root *strend- in Gmc., e.g. M.H.G. strunz stump, Lanzensplitter, coarse Bengel,
Eng. dial. to strunt stiff, gespreizt umhergehen etc.
3.
Labial extensions:
(s)terp-:
Lat. stirps stem eines Baumes (ubertr. progeny, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor);
Lith. stirpti somewhat emporkommen, heranwachsen (eig. *sich straffen), sterptis auf
seinem Rechte bestehen (sich versteifen), sturplis rump of Pferdes;
Alb. shterp unfruchtbar (compare also 6. ster- unfruchtbar); Ir. serrach Fullen (from
den langen Beinen);
Page 2944
s-: torpe, -re starr, insensible, betubt sein (= O.Bulg. u-trpeti or = Russ. toropt);
Lith. tirpti erstarren, insensible become, Ltv. trpt ds.;
Serb.-Church Slavic utrpeti erstarren, Russ. trpnut ds., also vor fear, R.C.S. terpkij
, r. trpkij herb, sour; Russ. toropt, otoropt besturzt become (Trautmann
Bal.-Slav. Wb. 325), Clr. torpa unbeweglicher person, Slov. trp Dummkopf; auf the
Bedeut. starr, stiff = persistent sein based on probably O.C.S. trpeti leiden, Russ.
terpt ds.; Proto-Slav.. *torpiti (Kaus.) in Cz. trpiti, O.Pol. tropic torment, smite, Russ.
toropt antreiben; as starr, dull, vomStandpunkte of Geschmacks: O.C.S. *trk
acerbus, asper, Russ. trpkij herb, sour, as Pers.turu sour (if from *trfa-) and Ger.
starve perish, esp. vor hunger); O.H.G. sterbo, O.E. steorfa Pest; Ger.-tirol. storfn
stalk, stem of a plant, stump , Westfl. storpeln straucheln can auf a root form auf b
based on.
strep-:
Lith. par-strapnti heimtorkeln, strypti trample, stripinys, stripis Leitersprosse;
LateM.H.G. straf (-ff-) straff, strenge, wFlem. struf (*strpo-) strong, stern, E.Fris.
strabben sich widerspenstig gebrden, M.H.G. strabbeln wriggle ; Swiss strapfen straff
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sterbh-, strebh-:
Gk. , Hes. (compare also o, under under
u-strebe Aor. wurde reif, Church Slavic strbl fit, healthy, tight, firm, Russ. strbnut
erstarren, absterben, etc. (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 11 f.);
whether Gk. groups from twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ,
turn, ablaut. verdreht, squinting, turn, twist, rotate
herum, turn etc. from a meaning straff zusammenziehen (see under Ger.
stremb-, stremp-:
M.L.G. strampe(le)n with den Fuen heftig auftreten, Ger. (eigent. nd.) strampeln,
M.L.G. strumpe(le)n straucheln, anstoen under likewise; M.H.G. strumpf, M.L.G. strump
strumpf, Stummel (Ger. gestutzte britches, Strumpf), Nor. dial. strump small
Holzschussel under likewise (*ausgehhlter tree truck, also stropp ein Ma); Nor. dial.
stremba anspannen; brost or stomach aufblhen, Ice. strembinn straff, hard, stout,
proud,
Nor.
dial.
stramb
scharfer smell, odor; with -mm-: M.L.G. stram (-mm-) straff, strong, thickset, strong (Ger.
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stramm from dem Nd.), Ger. bO.Ir. bestremmen, bestrempen pull together, make narrow,
limit, restrict;
O.Pruss. strambo stoppel, Ltv. strebs and struobs (*strambas) Halm, reed, strumbulis
cudgel, club;
Lith. strampas cudgel, club, strampaliti wankend (*stiff) go; Ltv. strampul(i)s stalk,
stem of a plant, small bit of wood; hartgefrorener ordure.
B. stri-, steri-:
O.E. strmendi resisting, striving GlO.S.S.; Eng. dial. to strime = to stride; Lith. strainus
strebsam, widerspenstig, pasistrainyti strive, sich feststemmen.
1. With guttural extension: s. streig- stiff .
2. With Dental extensions:
with IE -dh-: O.E. strdan st. V. schreiten, Eng. to stride, M.L.G. strden die Beine
spreizen, weit ausschreiten (about Lat. strittabellae Buhldirnen s. WH. II 605 f.); O.H.G.
strtan st V. quarrel, sich bemuhen, schw. V. O.Ice. stra quarrel, torment, smite, O.E.
strdian quarrel; O.Ice. str fight, plague, care, austereness, severeness , O.S. strd toil,
fight, struggle, O.H.G. strt fight, einstrti hartnckig; O.Ice. strr stiff, hard, stern,
strong; with IE -d-: O.Ice. strita strive, sich anstrengen, streita ds.; without anlaut. s-: O.S.
3. With bh-Erweit.: Gk. starr, hard, tight, firm, unfruchtbar, subst. Kielbalken (as
), hard, tight, firm (compare above , ); M.L.G. nnd. strif,
stref stiff, tight, firm, streven stiff sein, sich strecken, M.H.G. streben sich uplift, set up,
sich strecken, ragen, Ger. streben, Strebe-balken, -pfeiler; ablaut. md. strben st. V., nld.
Page 2947
strigr Gericht from geronnener milk, strga rough, struppig make, O.Ice. strgr
repulsion, pride, hauteur, M.Eng. nEng. to struggle sich abmuhen, fight;
Ltv. strkuls icicle, also O.Lith. strungas, Lith. strugas, striugas, strukas short,
truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off.
2. With Dental extensions:
Lith. strusts f. Baststreifen in Siebe; without anlaut. s-: Proto-Slav.. *trst in O.C.S.
trst reed; Gk. n. bulrush (*trusom); Lith. truiai m. pl. reed, trui s, triui s f.
reed, Ltv. trusis bulrush, reed, O.C.S. trsa, trsina stiff hair, bristle; Ltv.trums
swelling, blister, ulcer, (if for *trud-mo-, compare:) Lat. strma f. geschwollene glands,
craw (*streud-stroud-, strd-mu); after Vasmer 3, 145 in addition Lith. trauti crumb,
spall, crumble , Ltv. trausls frail, breakable, trust faulen, modern;
O.Ice. strtr cusp, peak, Dan. strude, strutte stiff stand, widerstreben, Swe. strutta
stolpernd go, O.E. strtian stiff stand, nd. strutt stiff , Ger. strotz ds., M.H.G. Ger.
strotzen, M.H.G. striuzen struben, spreizen, strz Widerstand, fight, Ger. Strau ds. =
M.Eng. strt das Schwellen, fight; M.H.G. strzach shrubbery, bush, gestriuze
Buschwerk, Ger. (Blumen-)Strau; here also O.S. strota tuba, guttur, M.L.G. strote,
strotte f., M.H.G. strozze throat, windpipe , O.Fris. strot-bolla ds.; without anl. s-: O.E.
rotu, rote, Eng. throat, throttle throat, windpipe , O.E. rot-bolla windpipe , (Eng.
thropple), O.H.G. drozza throat, windpipe , Ger. Drossel with the derivative erdrosseln,
M.H.G. druzzel throat and snout, O.Ice. rtr snout;
O.Ice. rtinn swollen, rtna to swell, also vor pride, hauteur, roti intumescence ,
O.E. rtian vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury schwellen;
Page 2948
Gestrupp, nl. strobbe stump, shrub, bush, strobbelen straucheln, Swe. strubbla ds.; with
Gmc. -p- (IE -b-): Nor. strypa clamp , Ger. Swiss stru(m)pfen, M.L.G. strumpen pull
together, struppe stump;
O.Ice. str(j)pi throat, gullet , Nor. strop narrow aperture ;
Lith.
strubas,
Ltv.
stru(m)ps
short
abgestutzt,
strubikis,
strupikis,
strupastis
stumpfschwanz, Ltv. strupulis kurzer thick person; Stuck wood, clot, chunk, O.Lith.
Page 2949
ster-3
English meaning: to rob, steal
Deutsche bersetzung: rauben, stehlen
Material: Gk. (Att. only present) rob, bin stolen; looted, miss;
M.Ir. serb theft (*ster-uu); with l instead of r through hybridization with hehlen: Goth.
Page 2950
ster-4
English meaning: line, stripe, ray
Deutsche bersetzung: streifen, Strich, Strhne, Strahl; about etwas hinwegstreifen, streichen
Note: also ster- : str-, strei-, streu-; with g, b, dh (or t) extended; identical with ster-
outspread
Material: O.H.G. strul(a) Pfeil, lightning , Ger. Strahl, O.S. strula f. Pfeil, M.L.G. strule
Pfeil, ray, sting, prick, O.E. strl f. Pfeil, Lanze, Nor. straal small Fischschwarm,
E.Fris.strul stripe, O.S. strul m., M.H.G. strl (*strlia-) comb (from den teeth =
Strahlen), whereof O.H.G. strulen, Ger. strhlen comb; Nor. strl, strla stripe, vein, ray,
Swe.stril small Wasserstrahl, strila trickle , O.C.S. strela Pfeil;
M.H.G. strum Lichtstreifen, ray, stream, Ger. dial. strum stripe; to strei-: O.H.G. strmo,
Ger. dial. streimen, M.L.G. strme stripe, Strieme, ray; to *streu- perhaps: M.H.G. mnl.
strieme, M.L.G. strme stripe, ray (if from O.H.G. *striomo), Ger. Striemen;
O.H.G. strno, M.H.G. strn(e) strhne, braid, plait ; to *streu-: Lith. struniti to build,
O.C.S.struna strang, Saite; from the basis *ster-: Clr. postornok, Pol. postronek, Cz.
Page 2951
streich prank, blow, knock (*straika-), O.E. strucian stroke, Eng. stroke blow, knock;
O.Pruss. strigli thistle; O.C.S. strigo, striti shave, shear; R.C.S. streg
(*stroigo- = M.H.G. Streich); with Swe. streke (*strikan-) stromstrich compare Proto-Slav..
streib-: O.Ir. srab stripe (*streibu); M.L.G. strpe stripe, M.H.G. strfe, Ger. Streifen,
Nor. strpa ds., Swe. stripa herabhngender topknot ; M.L.G. mnl. strpen (ab)stripe,
M.H.G. streifen (*straipjan) stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay, nd. strpen
abstreifen under likewise
streug-: Gk. werde entkrftet, schmachte hin (O.Ir. trg woeful, wretched,
miserable ? see below ter-, treugh- rub); O.Ice. strjka stroke, whisk, smooth; sich rasch
bewegen, strykja, strykva ds., stryk line, strykr strong wind, O.H.G. struchon ruere,
impingere, M.H.G.struchen straucheln, nl. strooken caress, ubereinstimmen with,
E.Fris. strk streif, stripe, M.L.G. straken stripe, caress (a from o), O.E. stroccian stroke,
Nor. strokk plane ; Ltv. strgains gestreift, Lith. striugas knife (Pol. Lw.); O.C.S. struo,
strgati scrape, shave, shear, strug tool zum Schaben, Russ. strug plane etc.
Alb. strug Slavic loanword
streub-: O.H.G. stroufen, M.H.G. strufen (*straupjan) abstreifen, mug, rob, plundern,
umherstreifen = M.L.G. strpen ds., O.E. be-strepan ds., M.H.G. striefen (*streupan)
stripe; M.H.G. strupfen stripe, pick off, remove.
streudh- or streut-: O.E. strdian and strdan plundern, strydan mug, rob, M.L.G.
stroden, O.H.G. strutten ds.
References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.
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Page 2953
Material: A. O.Ind. strnuti, strnti (eig. zur basis streu-), later also starati streut (hin),
bestreut; wirft hin, wirft low, base, participle strt-, strna-, Inf. strtav and staritavui,
stirna forehead, red.-st. O.Ind. strna-, Welsh sarn, and o-grade O.C.S. strana);
Alb. shtrinj breite from (strni); shtie lay, place there, throw, cast, make eine
Fehlgeburt (*ster); shtrofk cover, cave, nest;
Lat. stern, -ere hinstreuen, hinbreiten; niederstrecken, participle strutus (*stertos),
afterwards perf. struv; prosternere (: Slav. prostra, O.Ind. pra-star-); strumen streu (:
; O.Ind. strman-); in addition with g-Erweit. strugs das Niedersturzen, Hinsinken,
Verwustung (*Hingestrecktsein), strugulus zum About - or Unterbreiten helpful;
Page 2954
srath (tu-stem) beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund (not Lw.; Lat. Lw. are but
Welsh ystrad valley, Bret. strad le fond, lendroit le plus bas); Welsh sarn stratum,
pavimentum (*sterno-, Proto-Celt. *starno- : O.Ind. strna-);
O.H.G. stirna stirne (*sterniu), O.E. steornede audacious;
Lith. struja with Stroh ausgelegter stall;
O.C.S. pro-stro -streti (Russ. stert) outspread , prostran (*storno-) breit, strana
seite, region, Russ. storon ds.; O.C.S. aRuss. etc. stroj order, strojiti parure;
perhaps here die partly s-losen, auf a stem *(s)tr-eno-, *(s)trent-, (s)tron-t- beruhenden
forms:
Pruss.-Lith. trenis region, place (compare O.C.S. strana, Proto-Slav. *stor-nu); O.Lith.
trenta place, region, line; O.Ir. trt (gen. troit) herd (*trento-); O.Ice. strind f. seite, edge;
land; strond edge, beach, seaside, O.E. strand, LateM.H.G. strant (-d-), Ger. Strand,
O.Ice. fer-strendr viereckig.
B. extensions:
stre-k-: O.E. stregdan st. V. strew, distribute, spray, allot (Prsensbildung as bregdan);
lengthened grade O.C.S. strekati prick, ablaut. stroka , , Slav. *strkati in
Cz. strkati bump, poke, Serb. strcati spray.
streu-: Lat. stru, -ere (struxi, structum with analog. Gutt. after verbs with v from g)
ubereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen, strus, strux heap, bulk, mass, Umbr.
strucla *struiculam;
O.Bret. strouis stravi, Bret. streuein strew, distribute;
Goth. straujan strew, distribute, Nor. strya, O.Ice. stru strew, distribute, outspread ,
O.E. str(o)wian, strgan, O.H.G. streuwen, strouwen strew, distribute; O.Ice. stru n.
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Page 2955
strava scheiterhaufen zur Siegesfeier; O.E. stron n. richness, profit, gain, usury,
O.H.G. gi-striuni n. profit, gain, O.E. strenan acquire, produce ; O.H.G. gi-striunan
lucrari, M.H.G. striunen schnuppernd umherstreifen, Ger. bO.Ir. streunen after Vorteilen
umhersuchen, nd. strune Gassendirne, eig. die Umherstreifende;
whether here Serb. strovo herabgeschuttelte Fruchte, kroat. strovaliti strew, distribute
and O.C.S. ostruiti, ostrujati destroy (*apart streuen)??
References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.
Page(s): 1029-1031
Page 2956
ster-6
English meaning: sterile
Deutsche bersetzung: unfruchtbar
Note: old Sonderanwendung from ster- stiff
Page 2957
Page 2958
(s)ter-8
English meaning: dirty water, mud, smear
Deutsche bersetzung: in Worten for unreine Flussigkeit, Mist; besudeln; verwesen
Material: Av. star- sich blemish, sundigen;
Arm. tarax, -ic, -oc pus, humeur (*tero-; besides o-grade perhaps:) Arm. tor that flows
down, that drops; Nor. stor n. Faulen, Verwesen; R.C.S. strv, Russ. strva carrion ;
without anlaut. s-: Lith. termnti schmieren, Bulg. tor manure.
teriu, terti smudge, apterti smudge, tirti dickflussig become; E.Lith. tresiu, tresti
dungen (as Lat. stercorure);
Lith. tra manure, trti faulen, verwesen, trakanos pus in den Augen, wherefore
Mod.Ice. rur faul, rancid , Nor. traa ds., O.E. rh rancor.
(s)terg-, (s)treg-:
Gk. Hes.; Weinessig; ablaut. , - young, still truber
Wein, Weinhefe under likewise; expressive O.Ice. rekkr, M.H.G. drec, -ckes filth ;
probably also O.E. reax caries; perhaps Lat. troia sow (*trogiu die Dreckige), das but
also to M.Ir. trogaid gebiert belong could; whether O.Ir. torc, Welsh twrch, O.Corn. torch,
Bret. tourch boar from*trogos after [p]orc- swine reshaped sei, is doubtful, yet could es
as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong.
References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, Vasmer 3, 12.
Page(s): 1031-1032
Page 2959
Page 2960
(s)teu-1
English meaning: to push, hit
Deutsche bersetzung: stoen, schlagen under likewise
Note: with conservative extensions
tuengh- beset);
Ltv. tukstt knock, tauct in mortar stampfen, R.C.S. istknoti effodere, O.C.S. tkati
to weave, prick, etc.;
maye Alb. (*stuk) thuk mortar common Alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation
O.Ice. styggr angry, irate, unfreundlich, nl. stug, older stugge stiff, unfreundlich,
abstoend can originally abstossend and stiff sein and in letzteren case with Lith.
se ;
Page 2961
Frauengewand (eig.
Armelstumpf), Kopftuch, Ger. Stauche, M.L.G. stke stump, further Armel ; with u: O.E.
Page 2962
Page 2963
stouf goblet; O.E. stoppa Kubel, bucket, pail ; from abgestutzt = stolen; looted
expounded sich O.Ice. stjp- stief- (stjpr stiefsohn), O.E. stop-, O.H.G. stiof-, stiuf-,
Ger. Stief-, O.E. ube-stepan mug, rob, u-steped verwaist, O.H.G. ar-, bi-stiufan the
parents or the Kinder berauben;
Ltv. staupe Pferdefutapfen; stupe, stups Besenstumpf; (abgebrochene) rod.
References: WP. II 615 ff., WH. II 608 ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer 3, 109, 160.
Page(s): 1032-1034
Page 2964
Page 2965
steu-2
English meaning: to praise
Deutsche bersetzung: laut preisen
Note: only indo-Iran. under Gk.
Material: O.Ind. stuuti, stvat etc. lobt, preist, participle stut- gepriesen, stut- f. Lob,
Preis, sttar- Lobsanger etc., Av. staoiti lobt, preist, besingt; betet, participle stta-,
stiti-, staotar- etc., extended O.Ind. stbhati preist, jauchzt; Gk. (*ruhmt sich)
verspricht boasting .
References: WP. II 620.
Page(s): 1035
Page 2966
stuka- m. tuft of wool, Flocke, stka- m. drip, with the meaning-development clots,
roundish thing, probably Ltv. stukis Wickelkind and O.Ind. stuka- m. kid, child,
Tierjunges; O.Ind. st-p-a-, stup- m. Haarschopf, Gk. *, oakum (out of
it Lat. stpa, stuppa ds); Gk. pull together, make dense, hard, schmecke herb,
zusammenziehendes Withtel, dasZusammenziehen, Beizen,
zusammenziehend, , , herb, zusammenziehend, tight,
firm, compact ; perhaps Gk. , in pl. durchdringender frost, Eisesklte,
n. (* shudder, shiver) repugnance, hate, hasse, verabscheue, dread, yet
compare above S. 1033;
Church Slavic stud stud coldness, stynoti erkalten and stydeti sich schmen
(*erstarren); Russ. istygnut, stugnut congeal, freeze .
References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.
Page(s): 1035
Page 2967
stef (?); M.L.G. stvele pad, M.H.G. stvel ds., O.Ice. stfla dmmen (out of it Eng. stifle
ersticken); with Gmc. p: nd. stpel, stper stutzholz, Fris. stpe picket, pole, Eng. stipe
stengel; M.L.G. stip, stippe Punkt, Tupf, stippen punktieren, prick , M.H.G. steppen
reihenweise sew, prick , Ger. steppen; M.L.G. stift small nail, peg, O.H.G. steft cusp,
Page 2968
stipt stiff become, ablaut. Lith. stiepti, Ltv. stiept recken; O.Pruss. postippin whole.
References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7;
See also: to stui- S. 1010.
Page(s): 1015-1016
Page 2969
str-2
English meaning: star
Deutsche bersetzung: stern
Material: O.Ind. instr. pl. strbhih, nom. pl. turah m. sterne, taru f. star, Av. acc. sg. sturm,
gen. stur, pl. nom. staras-a, stur, acc. stru, gen. strm, dat. strby star; Arm. ast,
gen. aste star, stars; Gk. , - star, collective junger stern,
stars (out of it Lat. astrum), wherefore probably with (-)-: (),
lightning, Wetterleuchten, flimmernd, () flash, sparkle, glitter,
, Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus); without anl. s- (as O.Ind. turah, taru)
gen. pl., with metr. lengthening , Gestirne; Lat. stlla stern (*str[o]lu, diminutive); Bret. sterenn, Corn. sterenn (pl. steyr), Welshseren stern (pl. ser), M.Ir.
ser stern (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade Gaul. GN Dirona, Sirona; Goth.
starn, O.H.G. sterno, O.N. stjarna stern and O.H.G. O.S. sterro, O.E. steorra stern
(*sters- to s-stem *steros?), O.Fris. stra stern (or stre f.).
Maybe Alb. (*Hstr-[o]lu, diminutive > abbreviated hyll star.
O.Ind. instr. pl. str bhih , nom. pl. turah m. stars, tar u f. star, Av. acc. sg. st u rm, gene.
stur , pl. nom. staras- a, stur , acc. str u, gene. str m, dat. strby star; poor. ast
, gen.aste star, stars ; Gk. , - star, collective more recently
star, stars (from it Lat. astrum), for what probably with (-) : () ,
flash, summer lightning , shimmering, () flashes, sparkle ,
, Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus) ; without on the occasion of s-(how
O.Ind. turah , tar u) gene. pl., with metr. Stretch , stars; Lat. stlla
star (*str-[o] l u, diminutive); Bret. sterenn, Corn. sterenn (pl. steyr), Welshseren star (pl.
Page 2970
References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff., Frisk Gk. Et. Wb. 170
f.
Page(s): 1027-1028
Page 2971
stilp-, stilb- ?
English meaning: to shine; to show
Deutsche bersetzung: glnzen; schauen?
Note: dem Bau IE roots widersprechend
sell eye, sellaim sehe an, Welsh syllu, Corn. sylly, Bret. sellout anschauen.
References: WP. II 646.
Page(s): 1035
Page 2972
sefnig throat, O.Corn. stefenic palate, M.Bret. staffn, Bret. stao ds.
References: WP. II 648.
Page(s): 1035
Page 2973
strentka Goldammer?
O.H.G. star(a), Ger. Star, O.Ice. stari, O.E. str, Dimin. strling ds.
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer 3, 26.
Page(s): 1036
Page 2974
streig-1
English meaning: to stop, be immovable
Deutsche bersetzung: stehenbleiben, steckenbleiben, innehalten
Material: Lat. strig, -ure stehenbleiben, innehalten (particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably from Zugtieren), wherefore
probably also obstrigill, -ure hemmend entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein; Nor.
strika (*strikn =strigure) einhalten, stoppen, striken obstructive, strka st. V. den run,
flow hemmen, stoppen; Lith. straiguti hineinstoen, stringu, strgti steckenbleiben, Ltv.
strigt and strigt sink in (eig. steckenbleiben), straignis morass; Slav. *streg-ti in Pol.
zastrzac, ustrzac.
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f., Trautmann 290.
Page(s): 1036
Page 2975
streig-2
English meaning: stiff
Deutsche bersetzung: steif, straff and zusammendrehen, Strick
Note: probably extension from ster- stare
Material: Lat. string, -ere, strictus in the meaning straff anziehen, pull together, lace, tie ;
Nor. dial. strkja die Augen aufsperren, to swell, strk, strek ein aufgeschossener knave,
boy; *strikki- rope in O.Fris. strik, M.L.G. strik (-ck-), O.H.G. M.H.G. stric (-ck-) rope;
therefrom M.L.G. stricken lace, tie, bind, knit , O.H.G. strickan heften, festschnuren, knit
, O.E. strician knit, ausbessern.
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f.
Page(s): 1036
Page 2976
Page 2977
strenge stern, M.L.G. strenge, O.H.G. strengi sharp, strong, valiant, stern, and O.E.
strengan befestigen, M.H.G. strengen strecken, urge, press, push, Ger. anstrengen;
Nor. strungen stiff or beklemmt in stomach; O.Ice. strangi m. tree truck;
from the root form auf IE voiced-nonaspirated: O.S. strunker aufgerichtet, straight, Nor.
Dan. strunk ds., stout, proud, Nor. strunken = strungen (see above), M.H.G. strunk stalk,
stem of a plant , M.L.G. strunk stengel, M.H.G. strunken, strunkeln straucheln, (could
also nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- sein);
Page 2978
Page 2979
Page 2980
Material: O.Ir. sruith old, ehrwurdig (*stru-ti-s), O.Welsh strutiu gl. antiquam; Lith. strjus
graybeard ; O.C.S. stryj patruus, strynja amita.
References: WP. II 651, Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 29.
Page(s): 1037
Page 2981
Page 2982
Page 2983
suuvis (*suuduis) sweet; O.S. swti, O.H.G. suozi, O.E. swte, O.Ice. str sweet; Gaul.
PN Suadurx, -genus, Ir. Sadb f. PN; about Goth. sutis peaceful, gentle, s. Mayrhofer KZ
71, 74 f. under 73, 116 f.
compar. superl. O.Ind. svdyas-, Gk. ; O.Ind. svudist ha- = Gk. ;
2. suudos- n. Suigkeit, satisfaction : ved. pr-svudas- mellifluous, pleasant,
mellifluent , n. vinegar (Gk. n. benefit, advantage, absents).
3. suudonom, -u: O.Ind. svudanam, Gk. f. lust.
4. verbs and other nominal formation:
O.Ind. ved. svudat is erfreut, enjoys = Gk. (bot. F) freue mich;
Av. x ust through Kochen gar (schmackhaft) gemacht, cooked, boiled = O.Ind. svuttagewurzt; O.Ind. svuda- m. taste, Wohlgeschmack, Bal. vud salt (Withtelbegriff Wurze);
causative respectively intensive svudayati (= Lat. suude, see below) and svadyati
schmackhaft, annehmbar make; taste, genieen, zero grade sdayati gehrig einrichten,
good make, fertigmachen = slay, destroy (with the same ablaut grade perf. susdim;
Page 2984
References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f., Frisk 104, 166, 184 f.
Page(s): 1039-1040
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2985
Page 2986
sueid-1
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche bersetzung: glnzen, schimmern
Material: Av. x ana- gluhend, lohend (*x adna-); Lat. sdus, -eris stars, consderure
betrachten, dsderure long, want;
Lith. svidus blank, gleaming, svusti to gleam begin, svidu, -eti gleam, Ltv. sv st
anbrechen, of days, svidt anoint (eig. gleam make);
ein similar *sueit-, but in the meaning singe, burn in O.Ice. sva, O.H.G. swdan burn;
in addition probably as Aoristprs. O.H.G. swedan schwelend verbrennen and with
Ablautentgleisung O.E. swaul smoke, M.H.G. swadem Rauchschwaden, haze, mist
under likewise
References: WP. II 520 f., WH. II 534, Trautmann 296.
Page(s): 1042
Page 2987
sueid-2
English meaning: to sweat; sweat n.
Deutsche bersetzung: schwitzen
Material: O.Ind. svdyati, svdat schwitzt, svda- m. = Av. xvada- schwei (= Gmc.
*swaita-);
Arm. kirt-n, gen. -an schwei (rt from dr, compare Gk. , Ltv. svidri); Gk. ()
(Ion.) n. schwei, Hom. etc. ()/, Att. sweat, , -, Att. probably
after , - Moder from dem originally -os-stem from Hom. dat. , acc. (grown from IE *suidro-), sweat (*-);
Alb. dirs, djers sweat , djers to sweat (with s from ti in present *su-drxti);
Note:
Alb. usually developed zero grade by dropping the initial su- > zero as in O.Ind. svsura-,
Av. x asura- father-in-law > Alb. vjehrr father-in-law , hence Alb. djers sweat
(*sderis) reflects the same phonetic mutation attested in Gk. () (Ion.) n. sweat ,
Hom. etc. ()/, Att. sweat, , -, Att. sweat . That means that Gk.
and Illyr. cognates were created simultaneously hence both languages derived from the
same Proto-Illyr.-Gk. mother tongue. Since Gk. displays the same phonetic mutations as
Alb. and Illyr. that means that both Illyr. and Gk. come from the same ancestor.
Yet in Alb. -s didnt derive from ti in present *su-drxti as previously thought because Alb.
djers sweat is a truncated form of earlier Alb. (*sderis). Often modern Alb. solidified
Illyr. and Gk. -os, -es, endings or dropped them altogether.
Rom. sudoare sweat
Lat. sdor, -ris schwei (*suoids), sd, -ure schwitzen;
kymr. chwys, Corn. whys, Bret. chouez schwei (*suidso-);
Page 2988
Page 2989
Material: IE Alters is *sueizd: O.Ind. ksvdati, ksvdati saust, braust, summt common
O.Ind. -gh- > -ksu- phonetic mutation
(if ks- onomatopoeic words Schallverstrkung eines from *svaizdati assimilierten
*svaizdati); O.Ir. st- (ein Instrument) blow, M.Ir. airfitiud through Musik ergtzen, O.Ir.
ind fet sibilus, Ir. fead a whistle (*swizdu), M.Ir. fetn shepherds pipe, Welsh chwythu
blow, (ein Instrument) blow, chwyth das blast, chwythell Pfeife (chwib ds., hybridization
from chwyth with pib Pfeife from Lat. ppa), Corn. whythe, whethe, Bret. choueza blow;
O.C.S. svistati, zvizdati sibilure (kann from *svizdati assimil. sein);
Gk. fizz , Aor. (, das Zischen) is similar onomatopoeic word
formation as Ltv. skt ds.;
also Lat. sbil, -ure hiss, whistle, sbilus zischend; das Zischen, sekundr sfil, sfilus,
compare zero grade Goth. swigln die flute blasen, whistle, O.H.G. swgln ds., swgala
flute (*suighlu-);
maybe through metathesis in Alb. (*swgala) fishkllej whistle.
similarly, but without geschichtlichen connection with obigen words also Pers. siflden
whistle, chirp, twitter, O.C.S. sipota hoarseness , sipnoti become hoarse , Cz. spati
hiss, hoarse become.
References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer 2, 594 f.
Page(s): 1040-1041
Page 2990
Page 2991
father-in-law,
under
between
the
father
of
Ehemanns,
schwiegermutter;
Alb. vjehrr father-in-law, vjherr schwiegermutter; [common Alb. shift sv- > v-, or drop
of the initial s-]
Lat. socer, -eri father-in-law, socrus, -s schwiegermutter; Welsh chwegr, Corn. hweger
schwiegermutter, neologism Welsh chwegrwn, Corn. hwigeren father-in-law; O.H.G.
swehur, O.E. swor schwher, O.H.G. swigar, O.E. sweger (*swe-r) schwiegermutter;
Goth. swahr = O.N. svra schwiegermutter (*swehrn-), neologism Goth. swahra
father-in-law (*swehran-), as also Ger. Schwiegervater after Schwieger(mutter) for
Schwher;
Lith. euras father-in-law; O.C.S. svekry schwiegermutter (-kr- through dissimilation
against den anlaut not to -sr- geworden), whereupon m. svekr father-in-law;
lengthened grade: O.Ind. svusura- zum father-in-law gehrig, O.H.G. swugur
(*sukurs) brother-in-law (*son of Schwiegervaters), also father-in-law, son-in-law.
References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer 2, 588.
Page 2992
Page 2993
Material: Welsh chweg sweet, pleasant, Corn. whek, Bret. chouek; Welsh chwaeth
(*suekto-) taste; O.H.G. swehhan smell, stink, spring up, bubble; with gemination O.H.G.
swekhe, sueckia pl. odores, O.S. swec smell, odor, Duft, O.E. swecc, swcc taste,
smell, odor, Duft, sweccan smell.
References: WP. II 521.
Page(s): 1043
Page 2994
gjasht six;
[common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation], hence Alb. gjasht six from
an ordinal number (*gheks-ta) : O.Ind. st six, sasth- sixth was initially an ordinal
number.
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight : Alb.
teta eight; Lycian utta nine : Alb. nanda nine. Therefore Alb. shtata seven derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata seven later O.Ind. saptthah, Av. haptaa-, O.S. sivotho, O.E.
seofoa, Lith. septitas; also O.Ind. saptat-, Av. haptuiti- 70; in Alb. -ta, -t are attribute
endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta eight is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) eight. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuugintu 80].
Alb.Tosk nanta, Gheg nanda nine derived from Lycian utta nine.
Slav., Gmc., Balt languages follow illyr-Alb. attribute -ta ending.
Lat. sex; O.Ir. s 6, seser 6 man, mr-feser magnus seviratus, 7 man, Welsh etc.
chwech 6; Goth. saihs, O.Ice. sex, O.H.G. sehs; Lith. inflectional ei ; O.C.S. est (=
O.Ind. sast-); Toch. A sk, skas; compare Lat. sdecim: O.Ind. sdasa 16 (Av.
Page 2995
Sestus;
Lat.
sextus,
sestus
(Sestius,
Osc.
Umbr.
sestentasiaru
sextantariurum; IE probably *s(u)ektos, in Lat. and Gmc. with Eindringen of s from the
Grundzahl); Gaul. suexos, O.Ir. sessed, Welsh chweched; Goth. sahsta, O.H.G. sehsto,
sehto, O.Ice. stte; Lith. etas, O.Pruss. m. zero grade uschts, compare O.Lith. uios
Wochenbett (O.Pruss. Lw.), genuine Lith. eios ds.: O.C.S. est; Toch. A skst,
skaste.
It seems from PIE root lemma for number six was spread to Semitic system:
East: Akkadian+ shishshu, Central: Arabic sittah, Saudi sitta, Yemeni sitteh, Syrian sette,
Lebanese setti, Cypriot stte, Iraqi sitta, Egyptian sitta, E Libyan sitta, N African (Darja)
sitta, Moroccan setta, Sudanese si|tta, Nigerian sitte, Zanzibari sitte, Maltese sitta,
Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t-t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shsh, Modern Hebrew
shesh, Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h, Modern: Aramaic sh:tta:, Classical Syriac+ eshta:,
Syriac ishta, Van ishta, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th, South Arabian (Harsusi) hatteh,
(Sheri) shet, Socotra yhaT, N Ethiopic : Geez+ siddistu, Tigre ses, Beni Amir siss, Tigrinya
shuddushte, S Ethiopic : Amharic siddist, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage
seddest, Gafat+ seddest, Soddo seddest, Goggot seddest, Muher seddest, Masqan
seddest, CW Gurage sedest, Ennemor sedest.
Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: Old English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English
six, Scots sax, Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) sks, Dutch zes, W/S
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2996
Flemish zsse, Brabants zes, Low Saxon s, Emsland zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass,
Afrikaans ses, German sechs, Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex,
Poitevin sis, Old Picard+ sies, Picard sis, Occitan (Provenal) siis, Lengadocian siis,
Gascon shis, Auvergnat siei, Limosin siei, Franco-Provenal (Vaudois) s, Rumantsch
Grischun sis, Sursilvan sis, Vallader ses, Friulian ss, Ladin ses, Dalmatian+ si, Italian sei,
Piedmontese ss, Milanese ss, Genovese sei, Venetian si, Parmesan se:s, Corsican sei,
Umbrian si, Neapolitan si, Sicilian sie, Romanian s,ase, Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite
s,asi, Istriot s,se, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex, Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-
Celtic): Welsh chwech, Cardiganshire sich, Breton chwech, Vannetais huh, Unified
Cornish+ whegh, Common hwegh, Modern whee, Devonian+ hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): Old
Irish+ se, Irish s, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-),
Classical Greek+ hx, Greek ksi, Cypriot ksi, Tsakonian kse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+
sk, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjasht, Gheg (Qosaj)
ghasht, Tosk
(Mandritsa) gsht, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vech, Armenian vec, Baltic West :
O.Pruss.+ *usjai, East : Lithuanian shesh, Latvian seshi, Latgalian seshi, Slavic East :
Russian shesth, shest; Belarussian shesthh, shesc; Ukrainian sh--sth, shist; West :
Polish szesc, Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech shest, Slovak shest, West shest,
East shesc, Upper Sorbian shsc, Lower Sorbian ssc, South: Old Church Slavonic+
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 2997
Page 2998
Dravidian
NorthWest : Brahui shash, Northeast : Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye, Central : Kolami saa /
a:r, Naiki
Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda
Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:, South: Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru,
Kodagu a:ru, Kurumba -a.ru, Toda o:r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:ru, Irula aru,
Nahali
Nahali cha:h,
Basque
Basque sei
Etruscan
Etruscan+ sa
References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS 1944,
54 f.
Page(s): 1044
Page 2999
s(u)eko-s
English meaning: sap, pitch, *blood
Deutsche bersetzung: pflanzlicher Saft; Harz
Material: Gk. Pflanzensaft, Baumharz, saftig, whereof the PN
(inschr. h);
Ltv. svakas f. pl., umgelautet svekis, pl. sveki resin, Gummi, Lith. sakai pl., O.Pruss.
sackis ds. juice, sap the Pflanzen and Fruchte; with transference aufs tierische Russ.
osoka Bluteiter, Clr. posoka blood eines animals and Alb. gjak blood.
Note:
Alb. (*sak) gjaku blood [common Alb. s- > gj- shift]. Clearly Alb. cognate derived from Lat.
sanguis -inis m. (and sanguen, n.) blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family, progeny;
life-blood, strength, vigor.
Also Gk. (*saina) blood, O.H.G. seim honey , Sansk. soma blood of animals, sap
of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink
From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *sgu
English meaning: healthy; blood
Turkic protoform: *sag
Mongolian protoform: *saji(n)
Tungus protoform: *sgVKorean protoform: *s-nbJapanese protoform: *suku-jaka
References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer 2, 688.
Page(s): 1044
Page 3000
Page 3001
suel-1(k-)
English meaning: to swallow, eat, drink
Deutsche bersetzung: schlingen, essen, trinken? Nur Iran. and Gmc.?
Material: Av. x ar- enjoy, consume ; Eng. swill devour, drink greedily (also swill, flush
, as O.E. swillan, swillian), M.L.G. swellen live excessively ,
Ice. sollr carousal ; Nor. soll milk with lump bread , O.Ice. hrsollr blood (*wet and
lumpy ); O.Ice. sollr swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen refuse, used for pigfood, pigswill (which has also the meaning in Eng. swill );
maybe Alb. (*swill) sill food, breakfast, (*swell) gjell food, dish [common Alb. s- > gjshift] similar to alb (*sak) gjak blood.
from an extension suelk-: O.H.G. swelhan and swelgan swallow, drink , O.E. swelgan,
O.Ice. svelga, Ger. schwelgen; O.Ice. svelgr whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton , M.L.G.
M.H.G. swalch throat , Ger. Schwalch Opening of the furnace , nd. swalgen suffocate
; Swe. svalg, svulg throat , O.Ice. sylgr gulp .
Maybe Alb. (*svel) vel overeat, eat too much [the common Alb. shift SV > V], vjell vomit
(from eating too much.
References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;
See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. uelk-.
Page(s): 1045
Page 3002
suel-2
English meaning: to smoulder, burn
Deutsche bersetzung: schwelen, brennen
Material: O.Ind. svrati radiates, shines ; svarg- m. sky ;
Gk. , , f. solar warmth, sunlight , , lak. Hes.,
flambeau, torch , assim. Hes., originally a light goddess; zero grade f.
solar warmth , warms up , hot, (Nikand.) warm;
uncertain affiliation from n. Shine , , Eol. moon (*),
shine ;
maybe Alb. (*) *xelagein, shklqen shines
maybe Alb. (*) hana moon similar to Alb. (*sli-) hul, ul star, planet, *sun [the
shift s > h];
Alb. and Gk. prove that from Root suuel-, suuol-, suul-, suel-, sl- : (sun) derived Root
swilizn; O.Ice. svalr cold (actually singeing), M.L.G. swalm dense smoke , O.E. swol
n. (*swula-), sw(e)olo(a) m. the burning, heat ;
maybe Alb. (*sveri) veri north cold wind, (*sveri) veri north, cold
lengthened grade *swl- in O.Ice. svla burn incense , f. thick smoke , O.E. swlan
incinerate, burn (trans.), and *swl- in nd. swl sultry (umlaut, Ger. schwul), Dutch
Page 3003
svelme f. steam, glow , svals m. steam , svelains sharp, cold (compare meaning
from O.N. svalr).
Maybe Alb. (*svala) val boil, steam, phr. merr nj val to steam [the common Alb. shift
SV > V].
References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.;
See also: see above S. 881 f. suuel-.
Page(s): 1045
Page 3004
soilgib;
zero grade Gk. (Hes.) foot sole .
Alb. sholl sole (probably a Lat. loanword).
References: WP. II 552, WH. II 554 f.
Page(s): 1046
Page 3005
suel-4
English meaning: arbor, joist, beam, timber, bar, rod
See also: see above S. 898 f. under sel-2.
Page(s): 1046
Page 3006
sue-lo-, sueliio(n)English meaning: a kind of relation (brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters)
Deutsche bersetzung: Schwger, die SchWestern to Frauen haben
Material:
Old laryngeal Gk. He- > a-, e- phonetic mutation; satem He- > s- phonetic mutation
Gk. (- cop., compare O.H.G. ge- in ge-swo brother-in-law : swo), ,
(for to be expected *) ds. (Hes., Poll.);
O.Ice. svilar pl. ds., sg. svili brother-in-law ;
to reflexive possessive pronoun *se, seue-.
maybe initially Alb. (*svelioi) vllai brother [the common Alb. shift sv > v] or rather from
Alb. geg (*) vllau, tosk, vllai brother from Gk. . Since initial vowels in Gk.
yielded to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of Alb. vesh m. ear (*us-, s-)
against Gk. Dor. (*us) ear ; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form
Alb.Gheg (*) vllazn, Tosc vllezr pl. brothers where -r, -n plural endings as
N/R behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in Alb. has been recorded at the end of the word
in Alb. (*radius) reze ray, rays.
maybe Alb. (*sue-lo-) vlla brother . The shift sue- > ve- has also been attested in Alb.
Alb. vjehrr father-in-law , vjherr mother-in-law from Root suekr- : (mother-in law or
father-in-law).
Note:
An impact of Illyr. on Balt languages has been felt through Estonian veli brother, Finnish
veli brother. Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family through
Illyrians.
References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.
Page 3007
Page 3008
suelplo-s
English meaning: sulphur
Deutsche bersetzung: schwefel
Material: Goth. swibls, O.E. swefl, O.H.G. swebal sulphur = Lat. sulpur ds. (*suelplo-s);
Gmc. dissim. to *swe[l]fla-, *swe[l]la-.
Page 3009
swamen swim, Ice. Nor. svamla, sumla pltschern, Goth. swumsl n. pond, pool; O.Ice.
sund n. das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund (i.e. *still uberschwimmbar), syndr
schwimmfhig, O.E. sund n. schwimmfhigkeit, poet. sea, water, M.L.G. sunt (-d-)
Meerenge (Ger. Sund); different about Ger. Sund Kluge-Gotze16 780.
References: WP. II 524.
Page(s): 1046
Page 3010
swindan disappear, O.E. swindan abate, dwindle , Kaus. M.H.G. swenden dwindle
make, ausreuten, Ger. verschwenden dial. through Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen,
O.H.G. swintiln, Ger. schwindeln; ablaut. Ger. Schwund; O.C.S. uvedati wither, wilt,
ablaut. Church Slavic oditi ruchen;
compare O.Ir. a-sennad adv. denique, postremo (*suendh-no-?);
whether Gmc. swindan to swnan dwindle (see su-) belongs and previously through
Entgleisung in die e-row converted is?
References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.
Page(s): 1047
Page 3011
pairix vaxta- rings umschlossen; O.Ir. seng slim (*pliable), Celt. PN Singi-dnum;
(Illyricum today Belgrade?)
M.H.G. M.L.G. swanc pliable, slim, fine, schmchtig, O.E. swancor pliable,
schmchtig; Nor. svekk, svokk f. (*swank-i, -) cavity the Fusohle, Dan. Swe. swank
valley, cavity; O.E. swincan work, sich qulen (eig. sich winden by the Arbeit), Kaus.
Page 3012
Page 3013
Page 3014
Material: Goth. swins strong, fit, healthy, O.Ice. svinnr rash, hasty, strong, smart, O.E.
sw, O.S. swi strong, violent, valiant, M.H.G. swint, swinde strong, violent, geschwind
fast, rapid, hurried, fierce, grim; O.H.G.gisunt (-d-) fit, healthy, O.S. gisund, O.E. gesund,
O.Fris. sund fresh, unbeschdigt, fit, healthy.
References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably IE; after Persson Beitr. 1892 and
587 to Lith. siuniu sende (different above S. 909); compare also Lith. s(i)umdyti
aufhetzen.
Page(s): 1048
Page 3015
axra- someone, of Rder sausen; Lat. son, -ure, -ui, -itum aLat. sonere (*sun)
sound, clink, sound, clink, sough, rustle, sonus (*suonos clangor ; O.Ir. son sound Lat.
Lw.); probably O.Ir. senn-, preterit sephainn sonure, play (ein Instrument), das nn probably
after to-senn- pursue , das (from *suem-d-ne- originated) zur root suem- belongs; O.Ir.
senim (i.e. seinm) das Spielen, tintinnabulation; O.E. swinsian sing, Musik make, swinn
Musik, song; also O.H.G. O.E. swan swan, O.Ice. svanr manly swan;
whether sen- besides suen- in Ltv. sant, sent buzz, Ir. sanas Flustern, Welsh hanes
history eig. *rumor?
References: WP. II 524 f., WH. II 559 f.
Page(s): 1046-1047
Page 3016
Root suep-1, sup- : to sleep, *cease, die derived from Root suep-2, sup-, sueb- : to throw,
*sway, swing (put to sleep).
Material: O.Ind. svpiti, svpati asleep, dozed off , pass. supyat, participle supt- dozed
off, Kaus. svupayati schlfert ein (= O.Ice. sfa), svapayati ds. (= O.Ice. svefja etc.); Av.
swefan st. V. sleep, cease; Kaus. O.Ice. svefja einschlfern, stillen, besnftigen, O.E.
swefian ds., O.E. swebban einschlfern, slay, O.S. answebbian, O.H.G. antswebben,
M.H.G. entsweben ds., M.H.G. also sleepy become, einschlafen (*suopi); O.Ice. sfa
slay(*supi); O.Ice. sufa einschlfern (*supei), syfja uPers. sleepy make, E.Fris.
suffen sleepy become (Dutch suf schwindlig, stupid); O.Ice. sofna schw. V.
einschlafen; M.H.G. swep, -bes sleep, O.E. sweofot n. ds.; O.C.S. spati, Iter. sypati
sleep, usnoti einschlafen;
O.Ind. svpna- sleep, dream, Av. x afna- m. ds.; Arm. kun, gen. knoy sleep
(*suopnos); Gk. sleep (= O.C.S. sn and:) Alb. gjum;
Note:
Alb. gjum sleep, pr-gjumsh sleepy and Lat. somnus sleep derived from a common
root suopnos but the phonetic shift Lat. p > mp > m is a typical Alb. not Lat. mutatIon.
compare Alb.Gheg mesa (*neptiu), Tosc mbesa niece. Clearly Lat. shared the same root
with Illyr.
Page 3017
spnas, sapnys dream, Ltv. sapnis dream; O.C.S. sn sleep, dream; compare O.Ind.
asvapna- schlaflos, Av. ax afna- ds., Lat. insomnis, Gk. ds. and dieio-derivative
O.Ind. svpnyam dream , Lat. somnium dream, em. sapnis sleep, dream, O.C.S.
snije dream ; Gk. (replicated Lat. insomnium) ds., Welsh anhunedd insomnia;
Toch. A spn, spne sleep, dream; Hitt. sup- (Medium), suppariia- sleep.
References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694.
Page(s): 1048-1049
Page 3018
Page 3019
Page 3020
Page 3021
Page 3022
suer-2
English meaning: to hiss
Deutsche bersetzung: surren under dgl
Material: O.Ind. svrati sounds, erschallt, lt erschallen; also surm duct, tube, pipe
(flute?); svar- svra- m. clangor, sound, tone;
, - m. spitzmaus (*surak-), Cret. swarm of bees Hes.; Lat. susurrus das
Zischen, Flustern, susurr, -ure hiss, flustern, buzz (rr consonant increase in
onomatopoeic words), absurdus adverse clinking, ungereimt (*suorodo-s); surdus deaf
as dull or undeutlich hrend and redend?); probably srex, -icis (previously late sorex)
spitzmaus from *sur-ak- (: Gk. ds.); Welsh chwyrnu drone, grumble (to *chwyrn
from *suernio-?);
O.Ice. svarra roar, Nor. sverra whirl; kreisen, Ger. schwirren; Nor. surla leise sing,
Swe. sorla trickle, mumble, murmur, M.L.G. Ger. surren, M.H.G. surm Gesumse;
vielleichtIce. svarmr dizziness , O.E. swearm swarm, bulk, mass, O.H.G. swarm
swarm ;
Lith. surm flute, O.C.S. svirati whistle (lengthening from *svr-),
References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593.
See also: s. also suer- speak.
Page(s): 1049-1050
Page 3023
suer-3
English meaning: stake
Deutsche bersetzung: Pfahl
Material: O.Ind. svru- m. picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, langes bit of wood; Gk. n.
pad; homer. acc. m. Bettpfosten; O.H.G. swirn bepfhlen, M.H.G. swir
Uferpfahl, Ger. Swiss Schwiren picket, pole, O.E. swier, swior m. f. Pfosten, column ;
with k-forms O.Ice. svri m. neck, prow, bow of a ship (*swerhjan-), O.E. swera, swora
neck (*swirhjan-); Lat. zero grade surus twig, branch, picket, pole, Dimin. surculus,
Page 3024
suer-4
English meaning: to cut, pierce
Deutsche bersetzung: schneiden, stechen, schwren, eitern
Material: Av. x ara- m. wound, Verwundung;
O.Ir. serb, Welsh chwerw bitter (*suer-uo-), originally probably burning, pricking ;
Welsh chwarren f. gland (*suorsinu);
O.H.G. sweran st. V. ache, schwren, to swell, swero leiblicher pain, esp. ulcer, Ger.
Schwre, Geschwur, O.H.G. swer(a)do leiblicher pain, O.E. sweornian curdle, coagulate,
harden ; O.H.G. swert schwert, O.E. sweord, O.Ice. sver from *swer-a- stechende
weapon;
Proto-Slav.. *suara- krnklich in Russ. chvryj, O.Cz. chvoru, ablaut. churavu ds. and
Church Slavic chyra fragileness ; perhaps here Serb.-Church Slavic svrdl borer,
Proto-Slav.. *svrdlo.
References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasmer 2, 589, 3, 237,
243, Loth RC. 41, 233.
Page(s): 1050
Page 3025
suer-5
Deutsche bersetzung: wgen
See also: see under uer-1.
Page(s): 1050
Page 3026
suesor- (*suestor)
English meaning: sister
Deutsche bersetzung: schWester
Note:
Root suesor- (*suestor): sister derived from Root se- : reflexive pronoun, *own +
common Illyr. -tar, -tor suffix; it was modelled after Root pt(r) gen. ptr-s, -s : father,
Root muter- : mother, Root bhruter- : brother
Material: O.Ind. svsar-, Av. x ahar- sister ;
Arm. koir ds. (*suesr); nom. pl. kor-k (*suesores), gen. sg. ker (*suesros); Gk. [voc.]
, Hes., , Hes.; Lat. soror a sister (in addition
sobrnus a cousin by the mothers side, mothers sisters child , from *suesr-nos = O.C.S.
sestrin the sister gehrig, compare also E.Lith. seserenas sisters son ); O.Ir. siur
sister (*suesr), dat. acc. seir, gen. sethar (analogy after muthir, gen. muthar), Welsh
chwaer, O.Corn. huir, M.Corn. hoer, hor, Bret. choar; Goth. swistar (gen. swistrs, dat.
swistr); O.Ice. syster, pl. systr (Run. sWestar from -r), O.H.G. sWester (*-r!), O.E.
sweostor, suster;
vor dem t- insertion neugeschaffen are O.S. O.S. swiri son the MutterschWester, O.E.
Page 3027
Page 3028
Page 3029
Material: Gk. aufwrts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spttisch (in addition ekel,
all tadelnd?); perhaps also pit, pothole (*incurvation?);
Welsh chwid lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff, chwidl sich in Kreise drehend, schwindlig,
chwidr quick, fast, fleeting, ubereilt; chwim m. (*su-smo-) movement, Antrieb, adj.
quick, fast, chwyf m. movement (*sui-mo-, compare under Gmc. sw m-), chwyfio
movere, Bret. fival, gwival sich bewegen, ruhren;
Welsh chwyn movement, chwil (*su-lo-) sich quick, fast drehend; chwyl and chwel
(*sui-lo-, -lu compare Nor. svil) turn, run, flow, Corn. wheyl work, O.Ir. sel turn,
gyration, stretch of time, M.Ir. of-sel turn after right, tuath-bil turn after links;
M.L.G. swuien, sweimen sich schwingen; as participle O.Ice. sva n. das Gleiten,
(*su-to-), svaa glide, slide, O.E. swaian (ein)wickeln, Eng. swath(e), M.L.G. M.H.G.
Page 3030
sueib-: Av. xvawayat -atra- die Peitsche schwingend, xviwra- agile; Goth. midjasweipains sintflut (eig. Fegung the Withte); O.Ice. sveipa throw, umhullen, O.E. swupan
swing, fegen, drive, push, O.S. swp fegte fort, O.H.G. sweifan swing, schweifen,
quarrel, sweif Umschwung, tail = O.Ice. sveipr band, strap, Schlingung, gekruseltes
hair, O.Ice. svipa Peitsche.
sueid-: in Lith. svesti, Ltv. svist throw, frequentative Lith. svidyti, Ltv. svaidt
wiederholt toss, fling; whether Ltv. svaidt anoint, schmieren (under under suid-) here?
sueig-: Gmc. also nachgeben, slacken (from su- dwindle derive ) (cunning) etwas
drehen, ausweichen, deception under likewise: O.H.G. swhhn, O.E. swcian schweifen,
wander, cheat, deceive, O.Ice. svkva sykva (u-present), svkja cheat, deceive, verraten,
O.E. swcan abandon, cheat, deceive, poet. fortgehen, wander , O.S. swan ds.
languish; O.H.G. swhhan languish, slacken, abandon , M.H.G. swch m. Zeitlauf, u-
swch heimlicher Fortgang, sweichen languish; O.Ice. svik n. betrayal, deceit, O.E.
swic n. ds., O.H.G. biswih m. ds.;
Lith. svaigti dizziness, giddiness; swindle bekommen, svaigineti giddy umherwanken,
Russ. svigt herumtreiben;
Toch. A wuweku gelogen, waike lie, falsity.
sueik-: O.Ice. sveigr pliable, m. biegsamer Stengel, Swe. dial. svga, svg
sichbiegen, Kaus. O.Ice. sveigja bend, pass. svigna be bent, bow, nachgeben, svigi m.
biegsamer Stengel; O.H.G. sweiga cattle shed (*netting).
sueip-: O.Ice. svfa swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben, O.E. swfan turn, fegen,
wenden (Eng. swift quick, fast), schwenken, O.Ice. sueifla swing, M.H.G. swibeln,
Page 3031
Page 3032
Material: O.Ice. sva slacken ; svna, O.H.G. swnan abate, dwindle ; M.H.G. swnen
also senseless, unconscious become, verstummen.
su-k-: O.H.G. swgn, O.S. swign, O.E. swgian, sugian, suwian schweigen.
su-g-: f. das Schweigen, schweige (compare Hes., i.e. F).
su-p-: Goth. sweiban cease, slacken , O.Ice. svfask from etwas zuruckweichen, sich
enthalten, O.H.G. giswiftn conticescere, M.L.G. swichten weichen, slacken, zum
Schweigen bringen, Dutch zwichten weichen, Ger. (from dem Nd.) beschwichtigen (also
Messap. ?);
in addition *suii-p- in Gk. schweige and *sui-p- with Gk. Schwunde from i
after Doppelkonsonanz in , (Pind.) and in
Hes.
References: WP. II 534;
See also: compare above (s)uendh-.
Page(s): 1052
Page 3033
suomb(h)o-s
English meaning: porous, spongy
Deutsche bersetzung: schwammig, pors
Material: Gk. schwammig, pors = Gmc. *swamba- in O.H.G. swamp, -bes m.
sponge ; besides Gmc. *swampu- (IE *suombu-) and *swamma- in O.Ice. suoppr sponge;
ball (after the shape), M.L.G. swamp, -pes sponge, fungus and Goth. swamm acc.
(Wasch-) sponge , O.E. swamm m. fungus , M.L.G. svam, -mmes sponge; fungus ;
from schwammigem Boden: Eng. swamp swamp, marsh; Westfl. swampen auf- and
niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden, changing through ablaut M.H.G. sumpf swamp,
marsh = O.Ice. soppr ball , Nor. also fungus .
References: WP. II 534 f.
Page(s): 1052
Page 3034
suordo-s
English meaning: black, dark
Deutsche bersetzung: schwarz, schmutzfarben
Material: Lat. *sordus as base from sorde, -re dirty, filthy, unfltig sein, sordidus dirty,
filthy, sords, -is f. smut, Unflat; Goth. swarts, O.Ice. swart, O.E. sweart, O.H.G. swarz
black, zero grade O.Ice. sorta f. black paint, color, sorti m. darkness, dichter fog, sortna
black become;
sollte Lat. suusum ruiger Fleck auf a Kleide as *suarssom related sein, kme as basic
form *suardo- in question, so that sordeo from surd-;
whether O.S. swerkan (participle gesworkan) finster become, sich verfinstern, bewlkt
become, O.E. sweorcan finster, sad become, O.H.G. giswerc, gisworc Verfinsterung
through clouds and Ir. sorb Makel, smut, related are (IE *suer-g-, *suor-b(h)o- besides
*suordo-), is doubtful.
References: WP. II 535, WH. II 562 f.
Page(s): 1052
Page 3035
Root s-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese, derived from extension ks-eu- of Root kes- : to
scratch, itch
Material: O.Ice. srr sour, sharp, m. sourdough, M.L.G. M.H.G. sr n. Bitterkeit; O.Ice.
syra f. sour milk, O.E. syring ds., O.H.G. sr sure; O.H.G. O.E. sr sour, O.Ice. sreygr, O.H.G. sr-ougi, O.E. sr-ege blear eyed, bleareyed ; compare Toch. srma
Augenkrankheit;
Lith. sras salzig, Ltv. surs salzig, bitter, Lith. sris m. cheese, O.Pruss. suris ds.;
O.C.S. syr humid, wet, Russ. syrj humid, wet, raw, sour; substantivized O.C.S.
Page 3036
s-s, suu-os
English meaning: pig, swine
Deutsche bersetzung: Hausschwein, Sau
Material: Av. h (gen. sg. for *huv) swine; Gk. , , acc. m. boar, f. sow
(therefrom f. Hyne) besides , ds.; in addition
Hes.; (), m. pigpen (*-F, to , IE bheu-, above S. 146 ff.); Sternbild
the group from Schweinen; compare Gk. lak. ;
Alb. thi swine; Lat. ss, suis swine, Umbr. sif sues, sim suem, surum, sorsom,
k- Derivatives:
O.Ind. skara- m. boar, swine (umgedeutet as s-macher); M.Pers. xk, Osset. ui
ds.; Lat.sucula young sow; with expressive Gemination: Celt. *sukko- swine, (Schweine)Schnauze, plowshare in O.Ir. socc sail Meerschwein (ein fish), M.Ir. soc m. plowshare,
snout (of Schweines), O.Ir. FlN Socc; Welsh hwch m. f., later only f. swine, Corn. hoch,
Bret. houch, hoch m. swine; from dem Gallo-Lat. derive Welsh swch, Corn. soch, Bret.
Page 3037
Page 3038
Material: O.H.G. ssn sausen, M.L.G. ssen, Swe. susa, Dan. suse ds.;
O.C.S. sysati sausen, whistle (onomatopoeic words Schallkorrektur for lautgesetzliches
*sych-); aRuss. susol Zieselmaus, Hausratte, Bulg. ssel ds.; sskam fizz ; compare
Ltv. susuris spitzmaus, susers dormouse .
Maybe Alb. shushurim ( onomatopoeic )rustle, shushur- to rustle, shushat stun, make
numb (unable to speak)?
References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.
Page(s): 1039
Page 3039
ss- (*ghus)
English meaning: parent
Deutsche bersetzung: Erzeuger
Note: only O.Ind. and Albanian
Note: Root ss- : parent derived from Root auo-s (*gheuo-s): grandfather: Hitt. u-u-a-a
(ua) grandfather? Lyc. *uga motherly grandfather [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Material: O.Ind. sh progenitor; Alb. gjysh grandfather (*s-s-io-), originally progenitor;
Page 3040
toeaff, Bret. toui ds.), is perhaps eine IE root *teg- must be assumed, wherefore still Phryg.
eti-te-tik-menos verflucht belongs; das Gk. Lat. a wre then reduplication-grade, as Lat. a
in frang (above S. 165), etc.
References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath.
Page(s): 1054-1055
Page 3041
gos-teg f. schweigen.
References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.
Page(s): 1055
Page 3042
tap-1
English meaning: to dip
Deutsche bersetzung: eintauchen; Nsse?
Material: Arm. tatavem tauche ein, tn (*tapni-) dampness, Nsse, rain;
O.C.S. topiti immergere, *to(p)noti immergi, in addition among others nsorb. ton
Tumpel, Cz. tune Vertiefung in Flusse, Russ. tnja geschutzte bay.
References: WP. I 705, Vasmer 3, 119, 120 f.
Page(s): 1056
Page 3043
tap-2
English meaning: to press down, press together
Deutsche bersetzung: niederdrucken, zusammendrucken
Material: Gk. low, demutig (*gedruckt); O.Ice. efja stomp, f n. crush, fi
m. Filz (out of it Lith. tuba, Ltv. tba, O.Pruss. tubo Filz.)
References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.
Page(s): 1056
Page 3044
tetis, tet, tetutis father, O.Pruss. thetis grandfather (O.Pruss. tuws father, thewis
Vaterbruder, Lith. tevas, Ltv. tves father), Lith. tet aunt, emait. tits father; Russ.
tta etc. father, R.C.S. teta etc. aunt, O.C.S. tetka ds.; Ger. Tate, E.Fris. tatte father;
Nor. taate Lutschbeutel, Ice. tta ds., Nor. Swe. tutte Frauenbrust, teat;
besides Gmc. forms with i and u: O.E. titt nipple, Kuhzitze, M.H.G. zitze teat;
Maybe Alb. sis teat, brost
Swe. titta aunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman; M.H.G. zutzel sauglappen, Swe. tytta
old wife, woman, Muhme, O.H.G. tutta, tuta nipple under likewise; similarly Gk. ,
- small, noch ganz young , ein bichen, inschr. also , ;
small, little; eine also out of the IE Sprachen verbreitete Lallwortgruppe.
References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer 3, 81.
Page(s): 1056
Page 3045
Page 3046
Page 3047
Page 3048
Page 3049
t-, t-; ti-, ti-, t -; [tu-], tu-, tEnglish meaning: to melt, dissipate, decay
Deutsche bersetzung: schmelzen, sich auflsen (flieen), hinschwinden (Moder,
verwesendes)
Material: A. Osset. thayun tauen, melt (*tui ) = O.C.S. tajo, tajet melt, *tal
geschmolzen, fluid, Russ. tlyj;
Arm. tanam benetze (Aor. taci); werde humid, wet (Aor. tacay);
Welsh tawdd liqufacti, toddi, Bret. teuzi melt (-d- or -dh-forms);
with b(h)-extension (compare under --) Lat. tubs das allmhliche Vergehen
through Schmelzen, decay, disease, malady etc., tubum Jauche, mucus, Seuche, tube,
tlja Verwesung, Russ. tlja Motte (compare under Lat. tinea), Blattlaus;
with m-suffix: O.C.S. timeno slime, mud;
with n-suffix: O.E. nan humid, wet become, un (*li-no-) humid, wet, bewassert,
whereof nan moisten , unian, nian humid, wet sein or become;
Page 3050
jesto dough, because of sl. tiskati press from toisk-to-; O.Ir. tis-renn, tuis massam
(farinaceam), Welsh toes, Bret. taz m. dough (*ti-s-to-); O.H.G. theismo, deismo, O.E.
u-cwnO.N.
Page 3051
Page 3052
Page 3053
Page 3054
Page 3055
Page 3056
Page 3057
tek-1
English meaning: to produce; to bear
Deutsche bersetzung: zeugen, gebren
Material: O.Ind. tkman- n. (Gramm.) offspring, descendant, kid, child; takar f. ein Teil
the weibl. Genitalien;
Gk. (*--), , , -, to give birth to children, zeugen,
n. kid, child; Tierjunges; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot, n. kid, child (: Gmc. *egnaz),
das Gebren, progeny, interest, leihe auf Zinsen, father, mother, pl.
parents, Ion. -, - the Niederkunft nahe;
O.Ice. egn free Untertan, free man, O.E. egn Edelmann, warrior, Held, servant,
O.S. O.H.G. thegan ds., Ger. Degen.
References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1, 466.
Page(s): 1057
Page 3058
tek-2
English meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get
Deutsche bersetzung: etwa reichen; die Hand ausstrecken, teils um to empfangen
(empfangen, erlangen), teils um to bitten (betteln, bitten)
Material: The meaning bid, beg, ask only Gmc.: O.S. thiggian flehen, O.H.G. dicken,
diggen st. V. worum bid, beg, ask, Dan. tigge, Swe. tigga beg, O.S. iggja ds.;
O.Ice. iggja receive, annehmen, gr (*gia-) pleasant, O.S. iggia and older
Dan. tigge also bekommen, O.E. icgan st. V. bekommen, annehmen, consume, O.S.
thiggian ds.;
O.Ir. techtaim I have, Bret. tizaff empfange (due to eines *tektu das Empfangene,
property), Welsh teg beautiful, pretty (compare to meaning O.Ice. gr), O.Ir. tig =
Welsh annheg ugly (*n-teki-); o-grade probably O.Ir. toich naturgem (different under
top-);
Lith. tenku, tkti sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, sufficient have; zuteil become,
zufallen; Clr. taknuty anruhren.
References: WP. I 715, Kuiper IE Nasalprs. 186 f.
Page(s): 1057-1058
Page 3059
tek-3
English meaning: to weave, plait
Deutsche bersetzung: weben, flechten
Material: Osset. taxun to weave, an-dax filament (x from k); Arm. tekem turn, twist,
rotate, flechte, wickle, tiur (*tk-ro-) twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ; O.H.G.
tuht wick, cord, Ger. Docht = O.Ice. uttr cord in a Seil, Swiss dgel, dohe, bO.Ir.
duhen, elsss. dche wick (Proto-Gmc. *h-, g-); also O.Ice. gja press eig.
zusammendrehen? about O.C.S. tkati to weave see above S. 1032.
References: WP. I 716, WH. II 678 f.
Page(s): 1058
Page 3060
tata- and tuta-; also tata- n. cup, bowl; O.Ind. tksan- m. carpenter (= Av. taanmolder, creator, god, Gk. ), fem. taksn (: Gk. ), tstar- carpenter
(compare Lat. textor Weber);
Av. taaiti zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt, taa- m. axe, Pers. ta ds., mp. tuan
do carpentry, do woodwork , . us-taanu staircase (*construction);
maybe Alb. tas deep bowl
Gk. carpenter, fem. , , - mark, token, sign, Handwerk,
Kunst, artifice (* from lterem *[]); common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : Anatolian
Tocharian Greek -gh- > -kt-: -tk- phonetic mutation see Root ghem-, ghom-, gen.ablative gh()m-s : earth
Lat. tex, -ere, -ui -tum flax, wattle, braid, to weave, gelegentlich to build, textor, -ris
Weber; tla Gewebe (*tekslu = Slav. tesla, O.H.G. dehsala), subtlis (*-texlis) fine, thin,
tender; feinfuhlig, sharp witted, shrewd, subtmen Einschlag, Eintrag in Gewebe;
Gewebe; testa f. Platte, shard, bowl, therefrom testd turtle, tortoise (compare above
Av. tata-), perhaps also tlum Fernwaffe, Wurfgescho (as kundig zugeschnitzt,
gearbeitet);
Maybe Alb. (*texere) tjerr flax, wattle, braid
O.Ir. tul axe (*tkslo-);
Page 3061
tst hew; O.C.S. teo, tesati hew, R.C.S. tesla axe, Cz. tes Zimmerholz, Russ. ts
gesgte Bretter;
Hitt. tak-, takke- zusammenfugen, unternehmen.
References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f.,
Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm. 1;
Specht IE Decl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.
Page(s): 1058-1059
Page 3062
tuxtan run, hantaina- zusammenflieend (= Lith. tekinas running ), Av. vi-taxti- f. das
Zerflieen, Schmelzen (= Inf. Slav. *tekti); here perhaps as dahinschieend: Iran. (skyth.)
*taa- (Pers. tax) Pfeil, bow, from which Gk. ds., Lat. taxus yew (Benveniste
Ml. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.);
Av. taka- m., Pers. tak run, flow (= Lith. tkas, Slav. tok); Av. taar- n. run, flow,
pathway, taan- hurrying; tai-up- running water (enthaltend), Iran. *tara- quick, fast;
Alb. ndjek pursue;
O.Ir. techid flieht (perf. -grade tuich), ateoch bitte (*ad-tek take meine Zuflucht);
Brit. PN Vo-tepo-rx; M.Welsh go-dep Zuflucht, tebet escape; Bret. techet flee,
M.Welsh 3. sg. Konj. ny ry-decho wer nicht flieht (Brit. ch from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm); Ir.
erna sklavin, O.S. thiorna, O.H.G. diorna virgin, Ger. Dirne; n-extension in O.E. owen
bondmaid , O.Ice. jnn servant, whereof *ewann serve in O.Ice. na, jna,
O.H.G. dionn, dionn serve ; Goth. anaiwan subjugate, zum Sklaven machen, O.E.
Page 3063
owian, O.Ice. ju ds.; lengthened gradees collective Goth. wisa n. pl. servant,
Knechte (*tkueso-);
Lith. teku, -eti run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife, woman),
Ltv. teku, tect run; O.Pruss. tackelis, Lith. tekelas, Ltv. tecils m. grindstone, whetstone;
Lith. tekme wellspring, river, itoka estuary ; Ltv. teksnis m. Bedienter; O.C.S. teko, teti
, Serb. tm, tci flow, etc.; Lith. tkas Pfad, Ltv. taks ds., Lith. itakas estuary
; O.C.S. tok , potok ; Toch. cake river; Hitt. u-tku-zi springt.
References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer 3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f.
Page(s): 1059-1060
Page 3064
Page 3065
Material: Welsh talch piece, fragment, Mahlkorn, O.Corn. talch furfures (*telko-); ProtoSlav.. *tlko, *telkti in O.C.S. tlko, tleti (IE *telk), to Lith. tlkstu, tlkti tame,
domesticated sein, ap-tlkes mogus durchtriebener person; ablaut. Slav. tolk m.
stampfe and Slav. tolkno n. in Russ. tolokn gestoenes Hafermehl; balto-Slav. *talku f.
common work in Lith. talk, Ltv.tlka zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Russ.
Page 3066
Page 3067
Page 3068
teljo thwart ;
O.Pruss. talus the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle bones
of animals); Lith. p-talas bed, tles f. pl. Bodenbretter in barge;Ltv. tilandi m. pl. ds.,
tilint, telint flat ausbreiten, tilt, tilut ds., ausgebreitet lie; aRuss. tlo bottom; potolk
(*tolu-ko-) ceiling;
with formants -to-: Lith. tltas, Ltv. tilts bridge = O.Ind. tata- m. (mind. for *trta-) bank,
border, shore (actually gangbarer floor )?
Page 3069
Page 3070
tel-3
English meaning: to be still
Deutsche bersetzung: still sein
Material: O.Ir. tu(i)lid, con-tu(i)li sleeps (Iter. *tolei), cotlud sleep (*kom-toli-tu-s);
Lith. tyliu, tyleti schweigen (balto-Slav. *tilti with secondary lengthening of i to ) and
(ap-, nu-, pri-) tilu, tlti silent become, causative tldau, tldyti schweigen make, tylus
schweigsam (IE *tel-); O.C.S. tlejo, tleti vermodern, vergehen, Serb. z-tljm, z-tljati
einschlummern wollen; in addition das causative Slav. *toliti in O.C.S. u-toliti beruhigen,
Church Slavic toliti placare.
References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 114 f.;
See also: perhaps s-lose variant to stel- (O.H.G. stilli still) above S. 1019.
Page(s): 1061-1062
Page 3071
tel-4
See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)tel-1.
Page(s): 1062
Page 3072
Page 3073
tmahvant- verblendet; tamr- verdunkelnd, tumra- oxblood, indigo, kupferrot, timirdark, finster;tmula- m. Xanthochymos pictorius (tree with very dunkler bark); from
tamula-pattram T.-leaf derive Gk. , Lat. mulobat(h)rum; Av. tara- nom. pl.
darkness, Pers. tur finster = *tam-sra-;
Gk. (Eol.) VN (*tems-);
Illyr. mountain-N by Dodona;
Lat. tenebrae darkness (diss. from *temafru = O.Ind. tmisruh pl.), temere blindlings,
aufs Geratewohl (loc. *temesi in Dunkeln [tappend]), temer, -ure blemish, entehren
(eig. unvorsichtig heiligen Dingen nahen); M.Ir. teim, temen dark, gray, O.Ir. temel
darkness , M.Bret. teffal finster; O.H.G. demar n. dawn, twilight; O.S. thimm dark
(*imza-); M.Du. deemster, O.H.G. dinstar (and probably also O.H.G. finstar) finster
(*temsro- = O.Ind. tamsra-); nd. dsig, Dutch dijzig nebelig, dark (*emsiga-); lengthened
grade probably O.Ice. um obscuritas aeris, Nor. taam unklare Luft, dunne blanket of
clouds ;
Lith. tmsta, tmti finster become; tams darkness , tamsus dark, ablaut. Ltv. tima,
timsa and tumsa darkness, Lith. timsras schweifuchsig, oxblood, indigo ; Ltv. tumst
(Inf.tumt) es dunkelt; O.C.S. tma darkness , O.C.S. tmn dark; Russ. tmrivo
darkness ; whether Slav. ten shadow as *tem-ni-s anzureihen?
Page 3074
Page 3075
tnm teti hacken, O.Cz. tnu, tieti hew, hit, aRuss. tnu (tmet is Druckfehler), tjoti hit,
whereupon also *ton instead of *tom (= ) in nsorb. ton Aushau etc.; Church Slavic
teme scheitel;
d-extension (originally d-present): Gk. benage, nasche, dh-present Att.
ds., Nscher; Lat. (iterative) tonde, -re, totond, tnsum abscheren,
abschneiden (in addition tnsa rudder , tnsilla Uferpfahl); M.Ir. tond, tonn, Welsh ton f.
skin; M.Ir. teinnid, tennaid splits, breaks, teinm n. split, tear and schott.-Gael. tum =
Welsh tam, Corn. tam, Bret. tamm morsel, mouthful, piece (*tndsmn-).
References: WP. I 719 f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 92, 111, 133.
Page(s): 1062-1063
Page 3076
Page 3077
tem-2
English meaning: enthralled, confused
Deutsche bersetzung: hufig lengthened grade geistig benommen, betubt
Material: O.Ind. tumyati wird betubt, wird senseless, unconscious, ermattet, participle
perf. pass. tumta-, Kaus. tumyati erstickt (trans.), stolen; looted the Luft (kSlav. tomiti),
taw death; Ger. damisch, dmlich betubt, benommenen Geistes, Westfal. dummeln
ersticken; R.C.S. tomiti torment, smite; distress; exhaust.
References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1, 495,
503;
See also: probably to consecutive (tem()-).
Page(s): 1063
Page 3078
Material: Pers. tub-a, Inf. tuftan and tub--an turn, wenden, spinnen, intr. sich drehen,
afflicted become (from one to *tap = IE *tmp- analogical refined aus. *tupayati), wherefore
probably as Iran.Lw. Gk. , cover, rug;
Arm. tamb (*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche Fleisch an Tierbeinen; Gk.
PN (: Lat. tempus schlfe);
here Lat. tempus, -oris n. schlfe (from the thin gespannten skin, compare O.Ice. etc.
tmpa sinew, temptuva bowstring = O.C.S. tetiva sinew, Lith. itampas Anspannung,
Anstrengung (ablaut. itumpas beginning zum Sprunge), tamprus tenacious, elastisch;
Ltv. teptis hartnckig sein;
O.C.S. top obtusus, crassus? perhaps from gedunsen; Russ. tepst straff anziehen;
Toch. A tampe power, AB cmp- to be able, vermgen.
Page 3079
Page 3080
Page 3081
tengos, tengos
English meaning: ground in water
Deutsche bersetzung: Grund in Wasser
Material: Gk. n. ford; Ltv. tgas (*tingas) Tiefe between zwei Untiefen.
References: WP. I 724.
Page(s): 1067
Page 3082
Material: Av. ang- (anjasunt, anjayent, participle axta-) ziehen, Bogen spannen;
but anvar, abl. anvanut bow (as Schuwaffe) after Mayrhofer through contamination
with *danvan- (= O.Ind. dhnvan-, above S. 234) originated; Osset. tinjin distend ; Arm.
xl, O.Ice. sl shaft (Proto-Gmc. *ensl eig. Zugstange); Toch. A tnk-, tankhinder.
References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, Vasmer 3, 166.
Page(s): 1067
Page 3083
teng-1
English meaning: to soak, wet
Deutsche bersetzung: benetzen, anfeuchten
Material: Gk. benetze, befeuchte; Lat. ting (older tingu, das after ungu : unxi for
older *teng eingetreten is), -ere, -nxi, -nctum benetzen, anfeuchten; frben; O.H.G.
Page 3084
teng-2
See also: s. S. 1088 (tong-).
Page(s): 1067
Page 3085
tenk-1
English meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Deutsche bersetzung: ziehen, dehnen, spannen; Zeitspanne
Note: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only Germanic
Material: Goth. eihs (*tnkos), pl. eihsa n. time; with gramm. variation O.Ice. ing n.
Gerichtsversammlung, property, object , O.E. ing ds., O.S. thing, O.H.G. ding, Ger. Ding,
langob. thinx rechtliche Zusammenkunft, congregation, meeting, aGmc. GN Mars Thinxus
(Gmc.*Tius ingsaz the god the congregation, meeting); O.E. ingan einen pact,
covenant make, Ger. dingen.
References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:
Page(s): 1067
Page 3086
tenk-2
English meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick
Deutsche bersetzung: (sich) zusammenziehen (also especially von the Milch; gerinnen),
fest, dicht werden (out of it also gedeihen)
Material: O.Ind. tac- tankti zieht together, with u- makes curdle, coagulate, harden ,
-yti zusammenfugen, bring in order , tkras right, das to Lith. tiekti, teikti belongs), Ger.
bO.Ir. deihen austrocknen and dadurch dichter become, compare with gradation *an-
Page 3087
, O.H.G. duha, Ger. Ton (*ann), O.Ice. u loam, O.S. thuhi irden;
O.Ice. engill, O.E. engel prince, lord, master, mister (*ngilaz);
O.Ice. ang, M.L.G. dank seaweed, Tang, O.E. ung Aconitum napellus, nd.
Page 3088
ustuna- ds. (*tnn-, compare O.Ind. tani-man- n. Dunne, also Lith. tnti, Lat. ten-re); Pers.
tanan turn, spinnen; as d-present (as Lat. tend) O.Ind. tandat lt after, ermattet
(tandru Mattigkeit, Abspannung);
participle O.Ind. tata- m. gestreckt (= Gk. , Lat. tentus); tati- m. row, cord,
sacrifice, immolation (= Gk. spannung, lengthening , Lat. in-, con-tenti), next to
which zero grade tnti- cord, Saite, row, tantu- filament, cord, Saite, Aufzug of
Gewebes; tan- Ausbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny , instr. tanu continu,
Page 3089
(in-)tenti; tene, -re, tenui (aLat. tetin = O.Ind. tatan), tentum hold, stop etc. (originally
Durativ, trans. and intrans. somewhat gespannt halten, hence tenre also dauern = vast,
spacious sein), at-tinre, pertinre, continuus; tenre aliquid originally with acc. of Zieles
auf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein (ten-re belongs to O.H.G. donn vast, spacious,
ausgestreckt sein undLith. tnstu, tnti to swell); tenus, -oris n. cord with loop, noose,
snare (= Gk. ), tenor, -ris m. ununterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection;
(jur.) sense, mind, Inhalt eines Gesetzes, tenus preposition m. abl. gen. acc. sich
erstreckend bis, bis an, protinus sich after vorn erstreckend, vorwrts (compare O.Ind.
ntanuh, -tnuh jetzig, Lat. di-tinus, Lith. dabartnis jetzig), tenux tenacious, tenacious;
Umbr. tenitu teneto;
O.Ir. tan time (*tenu), lit. Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung (in tain when, if) (: Ltv.
tina), O.Ir. tt saite (*tntu) = Welsh tant ds. (compare O.Ind. tantu-, Ice. ind) = Bret. ardant Pflcke am cart zur Befestigung of Seiles; O.Ir. tit goes (*ten-ti, alterWurzelaorist,
originally streckte);
Goth. uf-anjan sich distend, sich ausstrecken, O.Ice. enja ausspannen,
ausstrecken, O.E. enian, ennan strecken, spannen, O.H.G. den(n)en dehnen; O.Ice.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 3090
inull rope, hawser, dasein net einfat and in addition dient, es to spannen, O.Ice. ind,
Nor. tinder f. Zwerchfell (O.Ir. tt, O.Ind. tntu-); dh-present O.E. indan to swell, angry,
irate sein; in addition O.Ice. und f. river; O.E. unian sich heben, sich dehnen, to swell,
gleich O.H.G. M.H.G. donn sich distend, to swell, strotzen; don ausgespannt, M.H.G.
done, don spannung, O.H.G. dona, O.S. thona twig, branch, Ranke, Ger. Dohne, O.E.
lf-one Albranke, Solanum dulcamara; O.Ice. on f. Holzstbchen, with dem Felle zum
Trocknen ausgespannt become, Swe. tana sinew, older Dan. tan Zwerchfell;
Lith. tnstu, tnti to swell, tnas swelling, lump, growth (*sich distend , also of
Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefrdert through das reimende tvnti to
swell); Lith. ti-klas net, O.Pruss. sasin-tinclo Hasengarn, Ltv. tinu, tt flax, wattle, braid,
winden, wickeln, tina ein Setznetz (: O.Ir. tan), tineklis somewhat Gewundenes,
Gewickeltes; Lith. tandus idle;
O.C.S. teneto, tonoto rope.
References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3, 93, Mayrhofer 1, 475,
Bergin Eriu 12, 227 ff.
Page(s): 1065-1066
Page 3091
ten-2
See also: see above S. 1021 under (s)ten-1.
Page(s): 1067
Page 3092
Material: O.Ind. tamsayati zieht hin and her, schuttelt, tamsati (uncovered), Aor. -tasat
pull, with Gewalt in Bewegung place, tsara-m Weberschiffchen, vtasti- m.; Av. vitastispan;
Lat. tls, -ium craw am Halse, Dimin. tnsillae die Mandeln in Halse, prtlum
towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang, whereof prtlure in die Lnge
ziehen (during prtlure drive away, fortjagen as tls prpellere to understand,
comprehend is); tnsa Prozessions- or Gtterwagen, das subst. Fem. of participle tnsus;
Goth. atinsan heranziehen, anld. thinsan ziehen, rend , O.H.G. dinsan ziehen,
drag, hess. dinse, dans ziehen, participle Ger. gedunsen (eig. aufgezogen), O.H.G.
utesas Leichentuch, Intr. tistu, tisti sich dehnen, sich recken, tasau -uti (: O.Ind.
tamsayati) pull, recken, O.Pruss. tinstwei stir, tease, irritate, 2. pl. Imp. tenseiti,
participle entensts gefat, teansis shaft.
References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491,
532.
Page(s): 1068-1069
Page 3093
tenu-s, tenu-s
English meaning: thin
Deutsche bersetzung: dunn, eig. lang gedehnt
Grammatical information: fem. tenu
Note: to ten-1 dehnen
Material: O.Ind. tanu-, fem. tanv thin, tender, schmchtig, unbedeutend (tnuka- ds. =
Slav. tnk); substantivized O.Ind. tan- f., tanus- n., Av. tan- f., tanus- n., Pers. tan
body, body;
Gk. - long, fem. long balk, beam; (F) langgestreckt, long; perhaps
eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, Sommer Zur Gesch. d. Gk. Nominalkomp. 127;
Lat. tenuis thin, fine, tender (from dem fem. *tenu = O.Ind. tanv ); Gk. F kann
from *F assimilated sein;
O.Ir. tan(a)e (with secondary -e), Corn. tanow, Bret. tanao, tano thin (Proto-Celt.
*tanauo-; Welsh teneu verdankt sein e dem influence of Lat. tenuis);
O.H.G. dunni, O.S. thunni, O.Ice. unnr thin (nn from nu); here also *enn, *unn f.
stirne, Schlfe in O.H.G. tinna, M.H.G. tinne, tunne ds.; in den compounds. O.H.G. tinna-
bacho schlfe and O.H.G. dun-wangi, -wengi n., O.E. un-wang(e) f., O.Ice. un-vangi m.,
Swe.tinning schlfe;
Lith. tevas, Ltv. tivs slim ;
O.C.S. tnk thin (assimil. *tnk, Russ. tnkij).
References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang. and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319.
Page(s): 1069
Page 3094
tupayati erwrmt, erhitzt; Av. tupaiti is warm, Kaus. tupayeiti erwrmt, erhitzt, Inchoh.
tafsaiti (*tepsketi) wird hot, participle tapta- erwrmt, hot, tafnu- m. Fieberhitze, fever,
tafnah- n. heat, blaze, glow; fever; Pers. tuftan burn, warm, gleam, shine;
Alb.Tosk ftoh, Gheg ftof make cold, lsche from, verletze with words (*vtp-sk
entwrme);
Lat. tepe -re lukewarm sein, tepidus warm, tepor Wrme; presumably Osc.
tefurum a kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation (*teps-ro-); Umbr. abl. sg. with Postpos. tefruto, acc. pl. Umbr. tefra carnes cremandas;
O.Ir. t hot, pl. tit (*tepent- = O.Ind. participle tapant-); ten and tene, gen. -ed fire
(*tepnet-), Welsh Corn. Bret. tan ds., Corn. Bret. tana kindle, inflame; O.Ir. tess, Welsh
Corn. tes, Bret. tez heat (*teps-tu-, to es-stem Lat. tepor, O.Ind. tapas-); M.Ir. timme heat,
fear(*teps-miu); Welsh twym heat, O.Corn. toim hot, M.Bret. toem, Bret. tomm hot
(*tepesmo-);
Nor. teva vor heat keuchen, O.E. efian pant, gasp, O.Ice. efr m. smell, odor, taste,
efa smell trans., efja smell intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen Dampfes from Speisen);
O.C.S. *tepl (in teplost ), Cz. teply, Russ. tplyj and (with after topiti)
O.C.S. topl warm; Kaus. Serb. tpiti melt, Russ. topt heizen; zerlassen; pr. PN
Page 3095
Page 3096
Material: O.Ind. trntti, Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), perf. tatrda durchbohren, split,
tardman- n. hole, aperture , tard- m. ein insect, trdil- lcherig, durchbohrt, trad- the
(through Bohren) erffnet; Lith. trndu, -eti from Motten, Wurmern zerfressen become,
trande under trands Made, Holzwurm; ablaut. Ltv. trudi Moder, trudt verwittern,
faulen; Lith. trde diarrhea; O.C.S. trod tinder and kind of disease, malady,
(compare above S. 1073 Lith. trediu have diarrhea: Welsh trwyddo bore),
Cz. trud Zitterich am face.
References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper IE Nasalprs. 96 f., 183 f.,
Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.
Page(s): 1076
Page 3097
Material: O.Ind. tarku- m. spindle, nistarky- was sich aufdrehen lt; figurative tarkyati
assumes, sinnt after;
Gk. m. f. spindle (figurative: Pfeil, sprit) = n in, as (stbchen zum
Aufdrehen), unverhohlen, geradeheraus (unumwunden); Alb. tjerr spinne
(*trkn);
Lat. torque, -ere, torsi, tortum turn, winden, verdrehen, agonize (qu is k + formant u,
compare O.Ind. tarku- spindle), torqus, torquis necklace as jewellery, tormentum
Winde,
manacle,
Marterwerkzeug,
Wurfmaschine
(*torqu[e]mentom),
tormina
dwerawr slantwise, quer, Ger. zwerch, quer and M.H.G. twerge Quere, zwerg quer,
Page 3098
Page 3099
ter-1
English meaning: to tremble, dabble
Deutsche bersetzung: zappeln, zittern
Material: O.Ind. taral- zitternd, zuckend, unstet; Alb. tartais zapple (from redupl. *tar-
tar-).
References: WP. I 727 f., Mayrhofer 1, 481;
See also: extensions: trem-, tres- (Kombinationsform *trems-), trep-.
Page(s): 1070
Page 3100
Material: Gk. tender, sabin. terenum molle, Lat. (after tenuis reconverted) tener, -
tarnas servant, O.Ind. tarna-, tarnaka- m. Tierjunges, calf; Arm. torn, gen. torin
grandchild, grandson;
Alb. trim valiant, gamy; m. young man, pl. trima bewaffnete Gefolgsmnner (trmo-), if
young Bursche, jugendkrftig die meaning-development war;
Note:
This seems wrong etymology since Alb. maybe Alb. trim brave, not scared is related to
Alb. Alb.Tosk trmp, Gheg trem I scare; Lat. trem, -ere tremble from Root trem-, trems: to thump; to tremble (see below).
Arm. tarm young, fresh, green, perhaps O.Ice. yrma spare, look after as derivative
eines *ormaz weak, tender; is Lat. termes, -itis abgeschnittener twig, branch die
lengthened grade in addition? men-forms in Gk. tender, light kochbar,
Page 3101
Page 3102
aufgerieben, compare Lat. mollis : mol), and ter-6 in Worten for malmendes insect
Material: A. O.Ind. tur- wund or sick , utura- ds.;
Gk. reibe (auf), bedrnge, qule, betrube, , newer grind, pulverize,
durchbohre (Fut. ; durchbohrt, durchlchert, hole), ds.
(compare Lith. trinu); round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ,
borer, drill, wimble, bore a hole, drechsle; durchbohrte (participle
present -, perf. ), chisel (compare also piercing
loud under *toro-s loud), Grabstichel, chisel, das Verfertigen erhabener
Arbeit in Stein or metal , carve; Zirkel, Dreheisen; Kreisbewegung
( . Hes., compare lak. ); hole; about Gk.
inconsiderate (?) s. Frisk 176;
Alb. tjer spinne (*ter);
Lat. ter, -ere, trv, trtum rub, grind , the prefixed present forms from the basis tri-, tr-,
likewise dtrmentum (synonymous termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) failure, damage,
Page 3103
tratiti lose, zugrunde richten, to Lith. trtinti stir, tease, irritate, banter, em. truotas
whetstone, Ltv. truts ds. (Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 133);
Goth. riskan, O.Ice. riskja, ryskva, O.E. erscan, O.H.G. drescan dreschen, to Lith.
sutrekinti causative entzweischlagen, also M.Ir. tresc offal, residuum (whether not
O.Ice. Lw.);
compare Lith. treke ti crack, crackle , Church Slavic tresk fragor, fulmen, ablaut.
Page 3104
trinu (*tren), trnti rub, Ltv. trinu, trt rub, schleifen; with figurative meaning also O.Pruss.
trinie threatens , trintawinni f. Rcher and Lith. treneti modern;
B. root form teru- : treu-:
O.Ind. truna-, Gk. etc., see below *ter-2 tender; Gk. (*-F-?)
perhaps unverwustlich; reibe auf, erschpfe, Hes.;
, Hes., , hole, das Zunglein an the Waage (originally
from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); I bewltige, damage,
verwunde (Fut. ), (*F) durchbohre, verwunde, verletze, , Dor.
Ion. wound (because of Att. ds. with from u);
Welsh taraw (*toraw) hit, trewis er schlug, M.Welsh tereu hits, knocks, M.Bret.
tarauat rub, O.Bret. toreusit attrivit (*toru-: Gk. ), compare Bret. Vannes torein
hit (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.);
Lith. truniu, -eti faulen, eig. *aufgerieben, morsch become, Lith. triukinu, trukinu
crunch , perhaps (as *noise as beim Daruberreiben), truku, -eti crackle, knistern, beim
Brechen from wood under likewise (compare Gk. rub);
O.C.S. trovo, truti, ablaut. causative traviti consume (IE *treu: *truei ); O.C.S. trava
f. garden (ablaut. treva from *truu), Russ. trav grass (in addition the Ger. FlN Trave);
ablaut. Proto-Slav.. *tri rub in Church Slavic tryjo, tryti (compare Gk. reibe auf:
- das Leben erschpfend); here also Church Slavic trizna Totenfeier (from
*tryzna);
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Page 3105
drohen, druen; with the meaning- development rub - squeeze, press: O.E. geren
zusammengepret, verdichtet, ryn press;
Toch. A tsru wenig (*teruo-).
C. As extension the i-basis kann gelten: *trid- in Welsh trwyddo bore, Lith. trediu
have starken diarrhea; compare under S. 1076.
D. extensions from ter- and treu-:
1. terb-: s. S. 1071 under.
2. terg-: Lat. terg, -ere, tergo, -re abwischen, clean, mantlum, mantle Handtuch
(*man-terg-sli-, to manus S. 740), changing through ablaut Umbr. acc. sg. mantrahklu,
mandraclo mantle (*-trug-kla); Goth. ai rko n. hole, zero grade M.L.G. dork Kielraum,
O.E. urruc cumba, caupolus;
turc, gen. trcoy mala, maxilla (nom. instead of *truc from *trg- through Entgleisung
after dem gen. trcoy?) and aracem weide (*trg-); Toch. AB trusk- chew.
3. tergh-: O.C.S. trezati, trzati rend , with Velar trgati, trgnoti ds.
4. terp-, trep- (only Bal.-Slav.): Ltv. turps worm (the Zerbohrende), Lith. trpas
Zwischenraum, Lucke, cleft, gap, tarp, terp between ; Lith. trapus brittle, light
brechend, Ltv. trapj, trapans murbe, trapains morsch, brittle, verwitternd, trapt, trept
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Page 3106
r, pl. rr f. trough, O.E. rh, gen. ryh f. m. n. ds., gully, coffin, O.H.G. drh drch
(actually *Verbrecherblock) Fufessel, Tierfalle, Ger. Drauche Falle, Wolfs- or
Fuchseisen, O.S. thrh manacle; with gramm. variation Ice. rga, Nor. dial. trga, tryge,
trjug kind of snowshoe; O.Ice. rga threaten (see to meaning above M.H.G. drohen);
intensive O.S. rykkja, O.E. ryccan press, urge, press, push, press, O.H.G. drucken,
Ger. drucken;
Lith. truk-stu, -au, -ti rend, break, rupture, platzen, trukis crack, break, col, gap, Ltv.
truk-stu, -u, -t entzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, fehlen, trukums break; lack; trauks
Geschirr, vessel, Lith. traukai Gefe (*ausgebohrtes, gehhltes Stammstuck), Lith.
trukti ziehen, O.Pruss. pertraki verschlo (eig. umzog), Ltv. traukt hit; Lith. trukti
dauern, whren, trukioti twitch .
7. treup-: Gk. drill, wimble, bore a hole, durchbohre, borer,
hole; O.Pruss. trupis clot, chunk; Lith. trupu, -eti crumb, spall, crumble , trupus
crumbly , traupus brittle , Ltv. sa-trupt morsch become; R.C.S. trup (*troupos)
Baumklotz; corpse, O.C.S. trupije , Ser.-Cr. trup trunk etc., O.C.S. trupl
hollow.
Maybe Alb. trup body, trunk
References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330,
Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97, 124, 130 f., 143 f., Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.
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Page 3107
Page 3108
turayati places about, fuhrt hinuber, tar- ubersetzend, uberwindend (= Av. -tarauberschreitend, uberwindend); tarni- durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, hilfreich, trasn. das Vorwrtsdringen, energy , instr. trasu adv. hasty, rash, hasty, tar- adj. strong;
tarant-m. sea; trtha- n. ford, Trnke (*trtho-) besides *trtha- in prukr. tha- bank,
border, shore, dardisch trt ford; compare pumir turt ford (*trto-);
u-basis besides in tarut also in trvati uberwltigt, besiegt, Inf. turvn, adj. turvniuberwltigend, victorious ; Av. tar- hinubergelangen about (present-stem titar-, taraya-,
from the u-basis taurvaya-, Intens. tituraya-, participle v-trta-), taurvan- uberwindend,
mp. tarvntan uberwinden, afflict ; . viyaturayuma wir uberschritten, Osset. tri n drive,
push, hunt, chase, Bal. tarag, thara umwenden, umkehren;
Verbaladjektiv O.Ind. -tur (-tr) in ap-tur die Wasser uberquerend, uji-tur in fight,
struggle uberwindend, ratha-tur cart uberholend, radhra-tur den Ermattenden rettend,
etc.;compare Gk. - above S. 762;
Alb. sh-tir, sh-tij put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an?
with the meaning from O.Ind. tar- (see above) probably Illyr. Taros, Tara river names;
Gk. end, cusp, peak;
Hitt. tarzi besiegt, uberwindet;
O.Ind. tru- (*hinuberfuhren = retten), shield, beware, guard (tru-sva, truyat, s-Aor.
trudhvam, Av. ruzdm schirmet!, perf. O.Ind. tatr), Av. ru- ds. (present-stem ruya-),
Page 3109
truns beim prepositional ter-); trumes seiten-, Querweg from *truns-with (to Lat. me);
With m-formant: O.Ind. sutrman- good ubersetzend, trman (uncovered) cusp, peak
of Opferpfostens; Ven. termo terminus (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.);
Gk. , - n. purpose, Endpunkt, m. limit, boundary, am end
situated, lastly;
Lat. termen, term, terminus Grenzzeichen, Grenzstein (originally Grenzpfahl), Umbr.
tunge-rum das Zungenband, M.L.G. drum, drom Trumm, Endstuck, Endstuck eines
Gewebes, edge, M.H.G. drum n. Endstuck, end, piece, splinter, Ger. Trumm, Trummer,
M.H.G. drumze, drunze, trunze gebrochenes Speerstuck, splinter;
M.L.G. treme Querstange, Sprosse; O.Ice. romr m. edge, border; compare - with
sm-suffix - at most O.Ir. druimm, gen. drommo back, perhaps borrowed from Welsh drum
besides trum ridge, back? (*treusmn); Dimin. O.H.G. dremil balk, beam, bar, bolt; M.L.G.
trume, M.H.G. drum, -e, trume m. balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter (formal nahe steht
hole);
Hitt. tarma- peg, plug, nail.
References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503,
506, 507, 520, 569;
See also: s. also under tor-, toro-s S. 1088 f.
Page(s): 1074-1075
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 3110
Page 3111
ter-5
English meaning: over, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: in prpositionalen Worten for hindurch, about - weg
Note: to ter-4 hinuber gelangen
Material: O.Ind. tirh adv. weg, abseits, preposition m. acc. through - toward, about weg (later also m. abl. abseits from) = Av. tar, tar adv. seitwrts, unvermerkt,
preposition m. acc. through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg, out; apart from,
besides; O.Ir. tar m. acc. about - out (*tares, IE *teres, compare tairse, tairsiu trans eam,
trans eos, eas, ea), next to which tairm-, tarmi- ds., trem-, tremi- through (Welsh trim-
uceint 30, decade about 20 out), transfigured nachrem- : re vor, voran; O.Ind. tiras-cu
adv. quer through = Av. tarasa m. acc. through - toward, about - toward, about hinweg; O.Ind. tiryac-, tircna- in die Quere gerichtet, waagrecht (den ending -yac-, -cfrom pratyac-, pratc- bezogen) place previous *teri ahead; besides *trei in O.Welsh trui,
M.Welsh trwy, drwy, Bret. Corn. dre (altBret. tre), O.Ir. (with Proklisenkurzung) tri, tre
through; Verstrkungspartikel M.Welsh trwy- : try-;
Lat. truns, Umbr. traf, trahaf m. acc. beyond, about - hinweg, probably participle of
Verbums *trure (*trunt-s);
Welsh tra- e.g. in trannoeth about night, am consecutive Tage (geminiertes n!), etc.,
proclitic from *truns, betont M.Welsh traw, draw, Bret. treu beyond; with secondary -s:
Welsh traws etc. feindselig, preposition tros about;
with the same Verstrkung as O.Ind. tiras-cu, Av. tarasa: Goth. ai rh, O.H.G. durh, O.E.
urh m. acc. durch= through (*ter-k()e, *tr-k()e); out of it evolved O.H.G. derh
durchbohrt, O.E. yrel (*urhil) durchbohrt; n. hole, O.H.G. dur(i)hhil durchbohrt,
durchlchert.
Page 3112
Page 3113
ter-6
English meaning: a kind of harmful insect
Deutsche bersetzung: in Worten for malmendes or bohrendes Insekt
Note: to *ter- rub, durchbohren; compare widened terd-
Material: Gk. f. Bohrwurm; Lat. tarmes (termes), -itis Holzwurm (probably from
an o-stem *termos or *termo-s); Welsh cynrhonyn termes, lendix, pl. cynrhawn, Corn.
Page 3114
ter-7, ter-, terbh-, terd- terg- terpSee also: see above S. 1022 ff., 1031 f. under ster-.
Page(s): 1076
Page 3115
aurfta) bedurfen, O.Ice. urfa (arf, urfum), O.H.G. durfan (darf, durfum) ds., Goth.
arbs bedurftig, ntig, O.Ice. arfr nutzlich, arfi ntig, Goth. arba lack, Durftigkeit,
O.Ice. orf f. Bedarf, benefit, O.E. earf Bedurfnis, benefit, O.H.G. darba Entbehrung,
lack, Goth. aurfts f. Bedurfnis (= O.Ind. trpti-), O.Ice. urft, O.H.G. durft ds.?; die
meaning- development could gewesen sein whereof Befriedigung finden - bedurfen
(compare above S. 173 Lat. fruor (ge)brauche);
Lith. tarp prospering; flourishing, growth , tarpstu, tarpti thrive, zunehmen, Ltv. turpa
was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, growth , trpint verbessern, O.Pruss.
Page 3116
trsta-), aLat. torrus, extended torridus ausgetrocknet, arid, torris blaze, burning piece of
wood, torrns burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current, Subst.
Wildbach (in summer austrocknend?);
here also Lat. terra f. earth (: extorris verbannt = tellus : meditullium), Osc. teer[um],
terum territrium, teras terrae from Ital. *terso-, *tersu, IE *trs-, to O.Ir. tr n. es-stem
Gebiet, Corn. Bret. O.Welsh tir tellus, O.Ir. *tr, tirim dry; also basic form *tros-, *tres-;
Lat. terres-tris, terrnus after terra; O.Ir. tart thirst (*trsto-);
Goth. gaairsan st. V. wilt (= Gk. ); gaaursnan ds. = O.Ice. orna ds.;
O.H.G. dorrn ds.; O.H.G. derren dry make, dehydrate, desiccate, O.Ice. erra dry (=
Page 3117
aursus (s instead of znach airsan = O.Ind. trsu-), O.Ice. urr, O.E. yrre, O.H.G. durri
arid; O.H.G. darra, Swe. tarre Gestell zum Trocknen, Darre; probably also O.Ice. orskr,
M.L.G. dorsch codfish (*the to Trocknende).
References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.
Page(s): 1078-1079
Page 3118
Page 3119
taoxman- n. seed, sperm, germ, sprout, pl. kinship, O.Pers. taumu f. family, seed,
sperm, germ, sprout; khotansak. ttman- n. seed, sperm , Pers. tum, afghO.N. tma
seed, sperm ; M.H.G. diehter grandchild, grandson.
References: WP. I 713, Vasmer 3, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;
See also: perhaps to teu-k- to swell, above S. 1081 (tu-).
Page(s): 1085
Page 3120
teu-1, teud-, teug-, teuk-, teupSee also: see above S. 1032 ff. under (s)teu-.
Page(s): 1079
Page 3121
teu-2
English meaning: to listen to, observe
Deutsche bersetzung: in freudlichem Sinne die Aufmerksamkeit zuwenden, aufmerken
Material: Lat. tueor, -r, tuitus and ttutus sum betrachten, observe, shield , intu(e)or
consider, originally in-, ob-, con-tuor con-tu; ttus certainly; O.Ir. cumtth
protection(*kom-ud-touitus), M.Welsh tu cover, tued Hulle, dress, Bret. dial. tuec
(O.Bret. *tuoc) Kissenbezug; O.Ir. tas-cert nrdlich, Bret. tus links (*teu-sto-); Celt.
*teu-to- in M.Welshtut magician , M.Ir. tathaid ds., O.Ir. taith nrdlich, M.Ir. tath
links, nrdlich, mad, wicked, evil (from *gunstig, good as Antiphrasis zur Bezeichnung
the ungluckbringenden Linken); in addition Goth. iu das Gute, O.Ice. yr mild,
friendly, ya friendship, O.E. geede good, tugendhaft, geedan sich (friendly)
anschlieen; probably also O.E. aw custom, custom, O.S. thau, O.H.G.gethau
Disziplin as *observantia; perhaps also Gk. Hes. (denominative eines
* with similar meaning as Goth. iujan segnen from iu).
References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f., Loth RC 43, 160 ff.
Page(s): 1079-1080
Page 3122
opta f. thwart (auf the gehockt wird), O.H.G. dofta f., M.L.G. ducht f., O.E. oft ds.
(wherefore O.Ice. opti m. Withruderer, O.E. geofta comrade, O.H.G. gidufto
Withruderer, comrade) and Goth. iubj clandestine , iubs thief, O.Ice. jfr, O.E.
Page 3123
ost manure, O.H.G. dost ds. (*Ausleerung); O.C.S. tt , Russ. tcij empty,
bare, lacking; lean, hager etc. (= O.Ind. tucchy-).
References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.
Page(s): 1085
Page 3124
Page 3125
Page 3126
tu-, tu-, teu-, tu-, tEnglish meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess
Deutsche bersetzung: schwellen
Note: extended with bh, g, k, l, m, n, r, s, t
Material: O.Ind. tavti is strong, hat Macht, perf. ttuva; in addition tavs- strong, stalwart
, as Subst. acc. tavsam, instr. tavsu power, strength ; tvyas- tvyas- stronger,
tvasvant- strong, tvismant- strong, mighty, tavis- strong, tvis f. force, power;
ablaut. tuvi- inKompositis very, mighty, tuvistama- the strkste: tya- strong, fast, rapid,
hurried;
Av. tav- vermgen, tavah- n. power, force, tv f. physical strength ; ap. atuvayam
I am able , tunuvant- mighty, tauvyah- stronger (: O.Ind. tvyas-), tauman- n. fortune,
force, power;
Arm. tiv number; doubtful tup (*t-pho-) thicket, shrubbery, bush;
Gk. the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; , Hes. (*tu-u-s),
, Hes.; (Cypr. FF), compar. ,
contracted Ion. Att. , heil, unversehrt; certainly (from *tu-uo-s); compare M.
Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in addition Hom. (F), Hom. Att.
(*), Fut. retten, receive, Retter etc.; (voll an body = fit, healthy);
n. body (*tu-mn Gedrungenes), fest make, verdichten; -
(*-) fit, healthy an Geist, vernunftig; with the same Wurzelstufe still , S.
1083;
Lat. *tove, -re vollstopfen as base from tmentum Polsterung (*touementom) and
Page 3127
taukis lard ; compare S. 1085 teuk- germ, sprout and den Gk. PN T.
4. l-formations, partly as wurzelhaftes *tu-el- appearing:
Page 3128
Dollfu angeschwollener foot, clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot , tirol. doll thick, M.L.G.
Westfl. dulle swelling, blister; perhaps the Gmc. Inselname ;
O.Pruss. tlan adv. much, a lot of, Lith. tulas mancher;
Church Slavic tyl nape ; also O.C.S. *tlst, Russ. tlstyj etc. thick (imitation of
Endinges from Slav. gost dense, thick).
A extension with Balt (IE g or gh) is Lith. pa-tules swollen, Ltv. tulzums swelling,
lump, growth, tulzne blister, bubble; Lith. tuli s gall;
redupl. perhaps Lat. tutulus hohe kegelfrmige Haartracht, Toupet; the pilleus lanutus
the Flamines and Pontifices and Ltv. tuntult (also tunturt) sich in viele Kleidungsstucke
einhullen.
tuthle (*tu-tuel-) swelling, lump, growth (die u-forms through eine similar results of Anlauts
*tu- as O.Ir. cruth from *kr tu-); Welsh twlch round mass, hill, nipple .
5. m- Derivatives:
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tumulas m. piece;
Toch. tumane, tmune, A tmum 10.000.
6. n-formations, z. . as wurzelhaftes *tu-en- appearing:
FruhGer. tunne surge , nd. duning, dunung waves, billows gegen die Windrichtung;
but O.Ir. tonn, Bret. etc. ton wave from *tus-nu (see 1084) or *to-snu (see 971 f.); nd.
Page 3130
t:Lith. tuntas heap, bulk, mass = tumtas, wherefore perhaps Gk. ordure, slime,
mud (as Ruckstand of an inundation)?
Auf a *tu-n : *tuen-s, *tun- based on Gk. penis (formation as - :
), schwnzeln, schmeicheln, , Hes. (-- hypocoristic
Doppelung); in addition , du idiot, du fool; also probably
picket, pole, balk, beam, board.
7. r-formations:
O.Ind. tur- in the meaning strong, rich (wherefore tuvi- as Kompositionsform as e .g.
-- : -); O.Ice. ora venture, risk, oran courage, skillfulness , ori
bulk, mass, lump ;
Gk. :- he-goat; billy goat, Satyr;
Av. tiri- n. caseous gewordene milk, Molke; Gk. heap (*tu-r-s), in addition
ablaut. *t-ro- in Gk. cheese, - butter; affiliation also from O.Bulg.
tvarog lac coagulatum as a lengthened grade form is good possible; compare tvor
opus, creation under tuer-2;
Gk. , eine Heroine, probably eig. die Strotzende, Schwellende; also Illyr. PN Turo,
Turus; Ven. PN Turus, Gaul. VN Turones Tours, PN Turcum Zurich; M.Ir. PN Torna
(*turonios);
Lat. *tro-s, -m swollen; clump wird assumed through ob-, re-tr verstopfe; turge, -
re swollen sein, strotzen perhaps derivative from a *tr-igos swelling driving , intrans.
Ghegenstuck zur Klasse causativeer verbs auf -(i)gure; late Lat. turi, turgi (-gi- probably
not originally, but verbalism fur i, or support in turgre) young twig, branch, Trieb, scion,
shoot;
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stjrr, O.H.G. stior unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words influenced is
(see above IE *steu-ro- S. 1010);
doubtful O.E. or inflammation, ignition (*tu-ro- *swelling, lump, growth?).
8. s-formations, zusammenhngend with dem es-stem O.Ind. tavs-, Av. tavah- etc.:
Das Gmc. and Bal.-Slav. word for tausend: Goth. sundi f., O.H.G. thsunt, dsunt f.
under n., lex Salica thschunde; O.S. thsundig, thsind, O.E. send f. n., O.Ice. sund
f., shund, shundra (Gmc. *s-hundi vielhundert, IE *ts-kmt);
Lith. tukstantis m., Ltv. tukstuots, O.Pruss. tsimtons (acc. pl.); besides Lith. *tkstas in
tuos schichte? (*tus-to-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - Lw. from V.Lat. tstus Whatmough JC stem 1, 7 ff.), Welsh tusw m. bundle (*teus-t-uo-), Bret. tossen, Vannes
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tosten hill (*tus-tu), Bret. tuchen ds. (*toust-ien); whether O.Ir. taimm hill from *teusmn? different above 1.; O.H.G. dosto, tosto tussock, tassel and Origanum vulgare (Ger.
Dost, Dosten), Ger. dostig ausgebreitet, aufgedunsen; E.Fris. dst tassel , Nor. tst
tuft, Haarzotte, tassel , tsta tuft, knot, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone, Ice. sta
heap, mass;
possibly here O.Ind. tsa- m. hem eines Gewandes, whether originally Quasten;
Ltv. tska swelling, lump, growth, tskis Wassersucht; tukis wisp, small bundle
(could auch sk- derivatives besides Ltv. tukt to swell sein); Ger. Dosche bush, umbel,
Krauthaupt, bouquet, tassel ;
ein *tuos-ti- or *tus-ti- perhaps in Goth. ga-wastjan make strong, tight, firm, certain ,
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Material: O.Ind. tittibha- m. Parra jacana; Ltv. titilbis, titilbte Wasserlufer, Lith. tilvkas,
Page 3135
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tesius
Note: (nom. sg. m. f. so, su, see there)
Material: O.Ind. td (tt) das, Av. tat, acc. sg. O.Ind. tm m., tum f., Av. tm m., tum f., tat
n., etc.; Arm. -d (e.g. ter-d the master, mister da, du the master, mister, ay-d the da), da
this, doin the same, etc.;
Gk. , acc. sg. , (Dor. ), etc.; - nun = Alb. ta-n;
Alb. k-ta dieses (*tod; out of it in proclitic:) t (AbLat. *td) where;
maybe Alb. a-t, at that, Alb.Gheg tan all, so much
Lat. istum, -tam, -tud etc., Umbr. estu istum; Lat. tam so (old also temporal tandem
from *tum-dem; auf *tum based on also (?) tantus, Osc. e-tanto tanta, Umbr. e-tantu
tanta), tum, tun-c then, alsdann = Av. tm then; topper (*tod-per) cito, fortasse,
celeriter, tamen; different about tam Szemernyi Gl. 35, 92 ff.;
O.Ir. t ja (*tod); infig. Pron. 3. sg. m. -dn (*tom), n. -d (*tod), pl. da (*tns, f. *tus);
Goth. ata n., acc. m. ana, loc. ei etc., O.H.G. der, diu, daz, O.Ice. at etc.;
Lith. ts, t, tai: etc. der(selbe); O.Pruss. gen. sg. f. s-tessias;
O.C.S. t, ta, to that;
Toch. A tm dieses.
An congruities or Ahnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben:
1. Gk. Hom. AbLat. then, in this Falle; darum, Lith. tu with dem, sofort, perhaps
O.H.G. thuo, duo, O.S. th da (whether not from f. *tu); Gk. ther. megar. - here,
Page 3137
7. Gk. , Dor. zur time, then, O.C.S. tamo dorthin, Ltv. tum in nuo tum
hence.
8. O.Ind. e-tuvant tantus, Av. a-tavant ds. from IE *tuunt, tuuont-; Gk. Hom.
(newer ), F; through influence of m. F() wurde das to erwartende *F() to
*F(), from which F; here also after Szemerenyi Lat. tantus (see above); compare
Schwyzer Gk. 1, 609 Anm. 5.
9. Der ending from - inzwischen (in addition compare - solange as)
perhaps to Toch. A ku-pre, kwri if, tu-pr(k) now, yet.
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to-2
Deutsche bersetzung: prefix
See also: see above S. 71 and 129 (Messap. tabara)
Page(s): 1088
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Page 3141
tong-1 (*teng-)
English meaning: to think, feel
Deutsche bersetzung: denken, fuhlen
Material: Lat. tonge, -re nsse, scre, prn. tongiti nti; Osc. AbLat. tanginud
sententia (Messap. Lw.?); Alb. tng resentment;
Goth. agkjan, uhta think, uberlegen, O.Ice. ekkja gewahr become, understand,
comprehend, kennen (ekkr pleasant), O.H.G. denchen think, O.E. encan ds.; Goth.
ugkjan, hta seem, shine, appear, seem, O.Ice. ykkja ds., gefallen, O.H.G. dunchen
shine, appear, seem, O.E. yncan ds.; Goth. *agks gratitude , O.Ice. okk f.
gratitude, contentedness , O.H.G. dank Denken, thought, notion, gratitude , O.E. anc
thought, notion, emotion, contentedness, gratitude ; M.H.G. danknme, aDan. taknem
dankbar;
maybe Alb. (*dunchen), dukem, duket seem, appear: O.H.G. dunchen shine, appear,
seem, also Alb. dukja appearance.
Maybe Alb.Gheg doke custom, ritual, tradition (observed), duk- to appear, seem (see
above).
Alb. shows that from Root dek-1 : to take derived the nasalized Root tong-1 (*teng-) : to
think, feel.
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tong-2
See also: see above S. 1055.
Page(s): 1088
Page 3144
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tor-, toro-s
English meaning: loud, distinct
Deutsche bersetzung: laut, vernehmlich
Note: old Abzweigung in the meaning piercing, shrilly, screaming from *tors piercing ,
ettrui, Inf. attrutwei antworten (formal as O.Ind. tru-ti rettet: tirti); Slav. tortoriti in Cz.
tratoriti, Russ. torotrit babble, chatter , zero grade redupl. O.C.S. trtor sonus;
Arm. trtrak good speaker, if from *turturak, IE *tortoro-;
Hitt. tar- say, name.
References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer 3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1, 497;
See also: compare tet(e)r- S. 1079.
Page(s): 1088-1089
Page 3146
bersetzung:
ziehen,
am
Boden
schleppen,
sich
bewegen,
laufen;
Nachkommenschaft
Note: entspricht nicht the normal IE root form; whether through contamination from dherugh-
trogan earth, trogaid bringt zur Welt (compare aSerb. trag descendant );
with IE u or : O.Ir. trugud Ebbe, truig beach, seaside, trugid ebbt, Welsh treio
refluere ut mare; with IE o: Welsh godro milk, O.Bret. guotroit demulgitis, M.Bret.
gorzo, Bret. goero milk; Welsh Corn. tro (*trogho-) turn; variation, time, Welsh troi
vertere, volvere; with u or : Serb. trg Futapfe, triti suchen, spuren, aSerb. trag
descendant ;
probably Goth. ragjan run (*troghei), O.E. rgan ds. (*trgh-), rug time, eig.
Zeitverlauf, and O.H.G. drigil servant, if eig. runner, probably also O.Ice. rll Knecht,
servant (> Eng. thrall) from Gmc. *ruhilaz;
besides trugh-, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg- (see 1090), dhregh- (above
S. 273), dherugh- (above S. 257), dhreg- (compare also Anklnge under der- flay: root
form dergh-, dreg- and under dher- hold, stop: root form dheregh-, dheregh-) and trek(see 1092).
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Material: O.Ir. trn (*tregs-no-) valiant, strong (from which probably Welsh tren
impetuous, strenuous, Subst. force, rapidity borrowed is), compar. superl. O.Ir. tressa,
tressam, Welsh trech, trechaf; O.Ir. tress (*tregso-) fight, struggle; O.Ice. rekr m., rek n.
strength, Tapferkeit, rekinn persistent , reka urge, press, push, press, O.E. rece
m. Unterdruckung, force, might, Ermudung, rc n. Drngen, power, force, might, racu
f. Druck, rush, force, might, O.S. md-thraka f. distress ; reduced grade*ruhtu- in
O.Ice. rttr m. power, endurance , O.E. roht m. Anstrengung; druckend, Russ. trgat
touch, Ltv. treksne shove .
References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.
Page(s): 1090
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treigSee also: see above S. 1036 under (s)treig-, wherefore still Toch. A trisk- sound, clink, din,
drone.
Page(s): 1092
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Material: Lat. trstis finster gelaunt, sad; widerlich or sharp from Geschmack; O.H.G. drsti,
O.S. thrsti, O.E. rste audacious.
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trs (acc. also trs), tria (tr- in tr-ginta 30), Osc. trs trs, Umbr. trif, tref, acc. trs, triia
tria; O.Ir. tri, f. toir, acc. tora (*tisorus, *tri-sor-ns); Welsh tri m., tair f., M.Welsh Bret. teir
(*tedres < *tisres, das e after the Vierzahl), compare Gaul. tidres (?); Goth. reis, acc.
rins, n. rija, O.Ice. rr, O.H.G. dr etc.; O.Pruss. tris (gen. treon), Lith. trys, Ltv. trs (n. tri
in Lith. try-lika dreizehn, compare Lat. tr-ginta 30); O.C.S. trije m. and tri f. n.; Hitt. tridrei; Toch. A tre m., tri- f., trai m., tarya f.
Kompositionsform tri- in O.Ind. tripad-, Gk. , Lat. trips, O.E. rifte, Lith. trikjis
dreifuig; Av. ri-kamrda- dreikpfig, Arm. ere-am drei years old; Illyr. PN -,
PN -; Celt. PN Tri-toutos, Gaul. tri-garanus with drei Kranichen; O.Ir. trar drei
man (*tri-uirom); R.C.S. tr-gub dreifach (= Lith. tri-gubas ds); perhaps Lat. tribus
dividing off, partitioning off of Volkes, administrative district , Umbr. trifu, trif acc. sg. from
*tri-bhu- (to *bheu- above S. 146); Lat. trga f. Dreigespann (shaped after bgae pl.
Zweigespann from *bi-iugae, see above S. 230 and 508); unclear O.Ir. tre-thenc Dreiheit
besides M.Ir. d-cheng Zweiheit, compare O.Ice. ridjungr Drittel;
dreizehn: O.Ind. tryodasa- = Lat. trdecim (*trs-decim); compare Gk. --;
Page 3152
trchot (*tr-komtos), M.Ir. trcha, Bret. tregont (das e from trede dritter), Gaul. abl. pl.
tricontis, Toch. A taryuk, tryuka (*triiuknt-s).
2. ordinals: altererbt O.Ind. tr-t ya- = O.Pruss. trts; otherwise is tri- for tr- eingetreten:
O.Ind. PN Trit-, Av. rita-; Av. ritya-, O.Pers. ritiya- or -tya; Arm. erir, errord; Gk. ;
homer. extended as ; Lesb. from *; Alb. tret; Illyr. PN
Tritus; Lat. tertius, Umbr. tertiu tertio, terti tertium (from *tritio-); Gaul. PN Tritios, Welsh
try-dydd, Bret. trede; Goth. ridja, O.H.G. dritto etc.; Lith. treias, Ltv. treai s (tre- instead of
tri- after *treies? also:) O.C.S. tretij; Balt trit- in Lith. tritainis Drittel;
O.Ir. tress (newer triss) the Dritte (*tristo-), tre(i)sse triduum, compare Lat. testis
Zeuge (also testicle); AbLat. Osc. trstaamentud is probably from Lat. testamentum
borrowed;
Toch. trit; Hitt. tarriianalli- the dritte, [te-ri]-ia-an-na dritter.
3. tris dreimal: O.Ind. trh, Av. ris, Gk. , Lat. ter, older terr (from *tris), O.Ir. fo-thr
dreimal; extended Av. rivat dreimal, O.Ice. risvar, O.H.G. driror, O.E. riwa, reowa
ds.; ein uo-suffix also in Av. risva- n. Drittel and Gk. Feigenblatt from *F; in
addition *tris-no- in Gk. Dreizack; Lat. terni (*tri-no-) je drei (besides trni by pl.
tantum from *tris-no- parallel with bni, see under duu), O.Ice. rennr dreifach, renner
drei (by Kollektiven);
Maybe Alb. tresh, trish in three
auf *trianon goes back O.Ir. tran, O.Welsh trean, Welsh traean Drittel, compare also
Gaul. acc. pl. trianis Drittel?
4. collective treio-, troio-: O.Ind. tray- dreifach, trayam n. Dreiheit, Lith. trej, f trejos
drei (by Pluralsubstantiven), Ltv. treji, f. trejas ds., O.C.S. troji m. pl.; auf *treiodio- based
on O.Ir. trode dreifach.
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Material: O.C.S. trk run, flow, trkaljati wlzen, Serb. trati run, traknac spoor,
Bulg. tra laufe, trkalo wheel, circle ;
M.Ir. tricc, Ir. tric (expressives kk) rash, hasty;
eine variant auf palatal trek- perhaps in Av. udar-rasa- auf dem Bauch sich
bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen).
References: WP. I 755, WH. II 699.
Page(s): 1092
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trem- and tres-); O.S. thrimman st. V. to bloat, bulge, swell or bekummert become;
O.Ice. ramma trample, heavy go, M.L.G. drammen rant, roister, violent urge, press,
push, dram din, fuss, noise, crowdedness, Getummel (: Ltv. tremt); -mm- intensive
gemination?
Lith. trmti erzittern, trmti niederstoen; verbannen, austreiben, sutramnti
leiseanstoen, Ltv. tremt wegjagen, tram schreckhaft (from horses), tramgs shy,
bashful, tramdt frighten, hunt, chase; Clr. tremu, tremttty tremble, quiver; O.C.S. treso,
tresti shake, upset, se tremble, tros (Slav. *trems-, *troms-, see above);
Toch. A trm- in rage, fury geraten, tremi rage, fury.
References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.
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trenk-1
English meaning: to push; to oppress
Deutsche bersetzung: stoen (also drhnend), zusammendrngen, bedrngen
Note: s. also trenk- wash, bathe
Material: Av. raxtanam gen. pl. zusammengedrngt (in the meaning to Gmc. stimmend);
Lat. truncus tree truck, trunk, adj. mutilated, the Aste or Glieder stolen; looted , trunc,
-ure verstummeln; Gaul. trincos a kind of Gladiatoren (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.); perhaps
(es drngt mich) O.Ir. di-fo-thracc- wish, verbal noun dthracht; probably (as
abgedrngt become) O.Ir. M.Ir. tricim verlasse, weiche, Welsh trengi vergehen, die,
raih, rai hans; faihu-raihna (dat. sg.) richness ; also O.S. thrgian, M.L.G. Dutch
dreigen threaten? Ein WestGmc.*rh- = Goth. reih- certainly in M.H.G. drhe
stecknadel, Handgert of Flechtens and Webens; with gramm. variation O.Ice. ryngja, -
va, rong press, urge, press, push, press (for *ringa probably after dem adj. rongr
eng from *rangu-), O.S. thringan, O.E. ringan st. V., O.H.G. dringan ds. (M.H.G.dringen
also flax, wattle, braid, to weave, see above drhe and compare above *terk- turn); Kaus.
O.Ice. rngja urge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die clamp bringen, M.H.G. drengen
urge, press, push; O.Ice. rongr eng (= Lith.trankus), M.H.G. drange, gedrange adv.
eng; O.Ice. rong, gen. -var f. crush, narrowness, O.E.drang m. crush, gedrngte troop,
Page 3158
trankau);
O.Ice. rta, rtta quarrel, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten (*ranatjan); O.E.
traksmas crush, resonance , trankus bumpy (eig. stoend = O.Ice. rongr); trenku,
trikti wash (see also *trenk- wash), trnkiu, -eti din, drone; Ltv. trecu, trekt zerstoen,
zerquetschen; wegjagen; trecint upset, truoksnis din, fuss, noise, Gepolter; O.Pruss.
pertrinktan verstockt; Russ. trutut press, bump, poke, Serb. truti schmeien;
Anlautdublette in Slov. drokati bump, poke, stomp, squeeze, O.C.S. udroiti
niederdrucken, torment, smite?.
References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.
Page(s): 1093
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trenk-2
English meaning: to wash, bathe
Deutsche bersetzung: waschen, baden
Material: Ir. fothrucud bathe, Bret. gozronquet ds. (*tronk-), Welsh trochi mergere,
balneare (-ch- probably from -nk-s-); about Lith. trenku, trikti wash see above.
References: WP. I 759;
See also: probably identical with trenk-1;compare above S. 819 about Lith. perti.
Page(s): 1094
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trep-1
English meaning: to trample, tread
Deutsche bersetzung: trippeln, trampeln, treten
Material: O.Ind. trpr-, trpla- hasty, unstet? (probably from trippelnd); afghO.N. drabl
jiggle, shake, herabdrucken; Gk. keltere (trete die Trauben from), ,
Hom. Fusteig (- copulativum, eig. ausgetretener way),
Hes., Gottheiten of Weinbaues; Alb. *trip = Gk. - in sh-tip, sh-typ
zertrete, zerstoe, zerquetsche, pr-t(r)yp chew , sh-trip, zdryp steige herab;
Lat. trepidus ngstlich umherlaufend, trepid, -ure walk on tiptoe; trip, from
Geschftigkeit or fear;
O.E. rafian press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach; Eng. dial. thrave,
threave drift, trailing, herd, O.S. thran trot, M.H.G. draben ds. (= Russ. tropt), Swe.
trav festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen, travla (snow) feststampfen (besides probably
through hybridization with Gmc. *trep-, *tremp-, see under der- run, M.L.G. drampen
trample, E.Fris. Dutch drempel, nd. drumpel threshold, M.L.G. dorpel threshold);
Lith. trepseti (3. Pers. trpsi, old trpsti) with den Fuen trampeln, trep-(l)enti ds.,
trypseti ds., ablaut. trypiu, trypti trample (for *trip-); trapineti with den Fuen bump, poke,
O.Pruss. trapt tread, ertreppa sie ubertreten;
O.C.S. trepet das Zittern, Beben, trepetati tremble, trepati palpare, Bulg. trpam
stamp, trample, trapple, trpot m. Getrampel, Russ. tropt stomp, trample, with den
Fuen treten, trop f. Pfad; Fhrte.
References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f.
See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 wriggle .
Page(s): 1094
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trep-2
English meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)
Deutsche bersetzung: wenden, also sich vor Scham abwenden
Material: O.Ind. trpat schmt sich, wird verlegen, trapu f. the genitals, Verlegenheit;
Gk. , Dor. Ion. wende, reversal , turn , keel,
Grundbalken of Schiffes (eig. Wender), wende, verndere, Med. turn, twist,
rotate mich um, kehre um, - wende mich jemandem to, schme mich vor
jemandem,
movable,
nimble;
in
spite
of
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triu); Kaus. Av. ruhayete versetzt in fright; perhaps Arm. erer Erschutterung, Beben,
Zittern (*tres-ri-);
Lat. terreo, -re in Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare (das e instead of kausativen o
derives from:) terror fright; Umbr. tursitu terrt, fugut;
Gk. (Aor. Hom. ) tremble, flee, Hes.,
unerschrocken, (*), timorous, fleeting ;
M.Ir. tarrach timorous (*trs-uko-); O.E. rs fringe (compare O.Ind. trasana-m eine
bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration);
Lith. trisu tremble (*trs-[s]k); Ltv. trsas f. pl. Zittern, trist tremble, quiver, perhaps
Lith. tresiu, tresti lufig sein.
References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;
See also: to 1. ter-1 wriggle .
Page(s): 1095
Page 3165
Root tr-eu-d- : to press, push, * displeasure derived from Root dregh- : unwilling,
displeased [common Illyr.-Balt -gh- > -d-, Illyr. Alb. -g > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Alb. treth castrate, clip (*smash, crush testicles) = Lat. trd, -ere bump, poke,
fortstoen, urge, press, push (trdis eisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum Fortstoen);
Maybe nasalized Alb. ndrydh twist, also prefixed shtrydh squeeze.
M.Welsh cythru torment, smite, godru wild, gorthru Bedruckung (*-treudo-); M.Ir.
trotaid streitet (*truzd- from *trud-d-), Welsh trythill, drythill lustful (out of it M.Ir. treitell
Liebling); O.Ir. tromm, Welsh trwm heavy (*trudsmo- druckend); Goth. usriutan
beschwerlich fall, O.Ice. rjta lack, O.E. (u-)rotan uPers. exhaust, uberdrussig
become, O.H.G. (ar-, bi-)driozan beset, belstigen, Ger. verdrieen; O.Ice. rjtr
widerspenstiger person, O.H.G. urdrioz displeasure ; O.Ice. raut f. Kraftprobe,
crowdedness, O.E. rat m. crush, Gewaltttigkeit, threat , M.H.G. drz displeasure,
load, complaint (= Slav. trud); O.E. rat(n)ian urge, press, push, torment, smite, scold,
chide, threaten;
O.E. retan exhaust (tr.), urge, press, push, O.Ice. reyta power aufwenden,
withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.); O.Ice. rysta, O.H.G. rstit, O.E. geryscan distress ,
Page 3166
Page 3167
dorf village, O.Ice. orp Gehft, Goth. aurp field, farmland; O.Ice. rep n.
Oberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, Absatz, repi m. erhhte Unterlage (besides also
rafni m. staff, balk, beam, ref n. ds. from a root variant auf IE p, as presumably Gk.
- Att. inschr. - Eol. Hes. picket, pole, Schiffsbord);
ablaut. Lith. trob (acc. trba) house, edifice, building, Ltv. truba edifice, building,
O.Pruss. in PN. Troben;
eine vollere root form terb- in Gk. , assim. pl. house, dwelling (*terb-
no-), from which borrowed O.C.S. trem tower, etc.; about Gk. dwelling s.
Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f.
References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.
Page(s): 1090
Page 3168
Page 3169
Material: Av. perf. 3. sg. Med. turuy (i.e. turuw) hat aufgezogen, unterhalten, presentstem rao- (raota) zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or bringen,
truehen ds.; O.Ice. rr f. power , O.E. ry ds.; O.Ice. roskr (*trusko-) (reif,
vollwuchsig) strong, roski m. strength , roskask strong become.
References: WP. I 754.
Page(s): 1095
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The origin of Gk. son of Poseidon or Nereus derived from Root trei- : three or the
trident of the sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea.
Page 3171
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Material: Lat. turdus, - m. thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein fish (*trzdos, with dial. u?); M.Ir.
truit, druit f., Ir. truid, druid star (*trozdi-); from dem Ir. borrowed M.Welsh trydw, drydw
(after drud toll transfigured to drudw), Bret. dred, tred (older pl.), O.Corn. troet m., nCorn.
tros, pl. tryjy, treyju, Singulativ f. M.Corn. troan; besides O.Bret. tra[s]cl, Bret. drask(l) m.,
Vannes also taraskl, f. Welsh tresglen thrush; O.Ice. rostr (*rastu-z, compare to u-stem
Welsh trydw) thrush, Nor. trost, trast; unclear M.H.G. drostel, O.E. drostle (Gmc.
tresde f., Lith. strzdas, Ltv. strzds m.; Slav. *drozd in Russ. drozd (gen. drozd) etc.
References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht IE Decl. 49.
Page(s): 1096
Page 3173
Page 3174
Page 3175
trwsg(l) raw; Goth. rts-fill n. leprosy , O.E. rstfell (for *rts-) leprosy ; compare
Gk. reibe auf, Lith. truneti modern (see ter(eu)- rub, basic meaning then perhaps
kratzig) and Lat. trd etc. (see *treud-).
References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.
Page(s): 1096-1097
Page 3176
tu, tutu
English meaning: chirping of birds
Deutsche bersetzung: Vogelruf; also von andern dumpfen Schalleindrucken
Material: O.Ind. thuthukrt- m. ein certain bird, Ringeltaube; Gk. Hes.,
Hes.; Lat. tutubure cry (from the owl), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f. vn adferri
noctuam, quae t, t usque dicat tibi?; Lith. ttuoti toot, tutlys, tututis hoopoe; in Gmc.
neugeschaffen (or with faltering consonant shift in onomatopoeic word) M.L.G. (Ger.) tten
toot, O.Ice. tauta, tutla murmur; as old type (*t with d-present) O.E. tan einen
Tonausstoen, O.Ice. jta howl, einen starken Ton give, O.E. otan howl,
widerhallen, rant, roister, O.H.G. diozan loud sound, clink, O.Ice. ytr strong sound,
tone, Geheul, M.H.G. duz, diez, dz clangor, noise, Goth. uthaurn Tuthorn, Trompete,
O.Ice. yss din, fuss, noise, O.E. yssa m. Toser.
References: WP. I 745, WH. II 724, Mayrhofer 1, 542.
Page(s): 1097
Page 3177
tuak-2
English meaning: to bathe
Deutsche bersetzung: baden
Material: O.Pruss. twaxtan Badequast (*tuakstom);
Goth. wahan, wh, O.Ice. vu, O.E. wan bathe, O.H.G. dwahan, dwg, twuog
wash, O.Ice. vuttr (*wahtu-) das Waschen etc.; O.Ice. val n. seife, Goth. wahl n.
spa, bath, O.H.G. dwahal ds., O.E. weal m. n. Waschen; O.S. twahila f. Handtuch,
O.H.G. dwahila m. ds., frnk. *thwahlja ds., out of it Fr. touaille, from which Eng. towel.
References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.
Page(s): 1098
Page 3178
tuakos
English meaning: skin
Deutsche bersetzung: Haut
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. tvacas- skin (in compound as hiranya-tvacas- goldfellig and in tvacasyain the skin situated), besides tvk- f. skin, fell, fur; Gk. shield (from Huten,
leather), - schildtrger; Hitt. tuekkas body, person, selbst.
References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.
Page(s): 1099
Page 3179
Page 3180
Bedeutungsverhltnis is.
Material: O.Ind. tvis- excited, aroused sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam (present tvsati
Gramm., tvisur sie waren excited, aroused, besturzt, 3. sg. tvisata, titvis), tves-
boisterous; funkelnd, gleaming, tvis-, tvisi- f. excitement, Ungestum; radiance ; urind.
(Withanni) PN Turatta maybe from *Tvis(a)-ratha- = O.Ind. tves-ratha- dessen cart
boisterous vordringt;
Av. wy-ant- participle fear erweckend, upu-wayeiti be afraid, ngstigt sich, wyu
schrecknis, danger, wayah- n. ds. (therefrom wayaha- n. gefhrlicher state, status,
danger, wayahant- terrible, dangerous); was n. fear, a trembling, quaking,
shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ; wisra- luminous (wre O.Ind.*tvicchra-);
Gk. shake, swing, brandish, erschuttere (*tueis; -; ), zero
grades participle (: O.Ind. a-tvis-ata), , Erschutterung, Erdbeben; from
a *tueis-ros funkelnd derives gluhend, burning (hochsommerlich); Hundsstern
(Sirius), Stern generally , , Suidas (to consonant-stem
probably after geworden); if glimmering ( gltte, make blank)
here anzureihen is (: tuis- + []), is es perhaps as tuisi- (Kompositionsform besides
Page 3181
Page 3182
sk), to O.S. thwingan, O.H.G. dwingan press, zwingen, unterdrucken, O.Ice. vinga, aa constrain, oblige, belstigen, plague, O.E. winglian aufbinden; but O.H.G. dhen
press, niederdrucken (Ger. deuhen, dauhen), O.E. yn, on (preterit yde) press,
belstigen, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick from *hjan (*unian), whereupon also
M.Du. dwen, douwen press, press, and probably also anfrk. bethwen deprimere and
O.E. ywan press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen go back, belong to (s)teuk-, above S.
1032.
References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 126.
Page(s): 1099-1100
Page 3183
Page 3184
warxtar- creator, god, molder: O.Ind. GN Tvstu (-ar-) from *Tvrstar; in addition
probably Gk. , - Fleisch, pl. Fleischstucke (Eol. ), tear, sich
auf die Lippen beien, verhhnen, - fleischfressend, Subst. sarg = coffin (>
Lat. sarcophagus > O.H.G. sarch, Ger. Sarg); if as Querschnitt here also die family of
O.H.G. dwerah quer (etc., see below terk- turn)?
Ein from turk- entstandenes *truk- seeks man in Lat. trux, trcis rough, prickly,
durchbohrend (of look), abstoend, fierce, grim, defiant, truculentus finster in den Mienen,
griesgrmig, trucdure niedermetzeln (from *truci-caidos to Lat. caed above S. 917), to
O.Ir. tr (*truk-s) totgeweiht, gen. troch (*truks).
References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1, 539.
Page(s): 1102
Page 3185
Material: A. O.Ind. tvrat, turti hurries , tryat ds., trna-, trni- hasty, tur- in the
meaning rash, hasty (not to tur- strong, das to tu- to swell), turna- hurrying,
turanyti hurries (: from ---), Av. wua- (ar. *tvrta-) hasty; turagahorse (rusher, racer);
Gk. - ( prefix) treibe an, Med. hurry , (*F- = IE tur- ),
hurtig, agile (compare without prefix Hes.); Ruhrkelle,
ruhre um (*);
Lat. trua f. scoop, also zum Umruhren beim Kochen, trulla, truella scoop, paten ,
trulleum Becken, Waschbecken, probably also amptru, -ure bei den saliarischen
Religionsfeiern tanzen and hupfen;
O.H.G. dweran st. V. quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander ruhren, mix (Ger. bO.Ir.
zweren), O.E. weran bestir , ge-wer curd, Swe. tvra stir; O.Ice. vara Quirl, O.E.
wre, wre f. tudicula; O.Ice. yrill, O.E. wirel, O.H.G. dwiril Quirl, Ruhrstab; M.L.G.
dwarl, dwerl whirl, curl ; Ice. yrla whirl, Ger. dorlen sich drehen; O.Ice. ori m. bulk,
mass, greatness, bulk, extent, allotment , of onomatopoeic words Schalleindruck a
durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also O.Ice. yrja run, sausen, urs, ors
fiend, demon, giant , O.E. yrs giant, demon, O.H.G. thuris, dur(i)s, turs ds.;
B. with b-Erweiter.: Gk. , Att. din, fuss, noise, perplexity, adv. , Att.
durcheinander; Lat. turba f. die lrmende UN.nung a Menge, perplexity,
Getummel, turb, -ure bewilder, durcheinanderbringen, turb, -inis m. whirlwind, whirl,
Page 3186
drummel dizziness, giddiness; swindle , and M.H.G. *durm, turm whirl, dizziness,
giddiness; swindle , M.H.G. Ger. dial. durmel, durmel (t-) dizziness, giddiness; swindle,
dizziness, whirl, durmig (durmig, durmisch) betubt taumelnd, schwindlig; tobend,
boisterous, angry, irate;
Maybe Alb. turm crowd, (similar -m suffix to Alb. zjarm fire hence not a Lat. loanword),
Page 3187
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tui-1
English meaning: to cut down, hack, hit
Deutsche bersetzung: scharf hauen, schlagen?
Material: O.E. wtan st. V. cut, clip, abschneiden (wre d-present; in addition) gewit
chip, splinter, O.Ice. veitr Querhieb, incision , veita hew, hit, bump, poke; Lith.
tvuskinu, -inti vast, grand anklopfen, tvju, tvti Scherzwort for proficient thrash; infolge
of onomatopoeic words Schallcharakters the Lith. words dubious Vergleich.
References: WP. I 747 f.
Page(s): 1099
Page 3191
Page 3192
Page 3193
aul beim Sprechen stocken, Mod.Ice. aul-rei anhaltender ermattender Ritt under
likewise, aul-stinn cunctabundus, Nor. tla heavy work, tyla hesitate, Ltv. tl uoties
ds.; with other forms perhaps Ltv. taunuotis hesitate, zaudern, nicht fertig become, slowly
sein.
References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen AltWestn. Wb. 313.
Page(s): 1098
Page 3194
t
English meaning: thou
Deutsche bersetzung: du
Grammatical information: gen. t(e)ue, dat. toi, tebh(e)i, acc. te; stem t-, teuo-, teue-, tuo-,
tue- and teMaterial: 1. O.Ind. tu, t yet (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle geworden),
Av. t ds., enkl. du; ar. *tuu-m (after O.Ind. ahm) in O.Ind. tuvm, tvm, gthAv. tvm,
jAv. tm, ap. tuvam du; Arm.du du;
Gk. Dor. , Hom. Ion. Att. (- from den KO.S. obl., where - from F-), Hom. ,
lak. , bot. (after -, -); Alb. ti (*t); Lat. t; O.Ir. t (*tu or *t), tu-ssu, -sso
(*tu) du, Welsh ti etc. (*t); Goth. u, O.Ice. and suffig. u, o, O.S. th, O.H.G. d,
du; Lith. tu (*t or *tu?), O.Pruss. tou (*t) du; O.C.S. ty; Toch. A tu, t(u)we, Hitt. zik,
zikka du(*tega from *te + *eg), tuk, tukka dir, you, enkLith. -du- (*tu) and -ta (*te or *toi)
dir, you;
2. IE *teue- dein, Celt. *toue in O.Ir. to, M.Welsh teu das Deinige, preceding Celt. *tou
> O.Ir. do dein, Welsh dy, Corn. the, Bret. da ds.; Hitt. -ti- dein.
3. Possessivum teuo-s, tuo-s: O.Ind. tv-h, gthAv. wa-, Av. tava-, Hom. Ion. Att.
(*F), Hom. Lesb. Dor. , bot. (*F); Alb. y-t, acc. tn-t (Verschmelzung of
article with dem PO.S.S.); Lat. tuus (from *tovos), Umbr. tover tui, Osc. tuvai tuae; Lith.
Page 3195
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Page 3197
vinstr f. psalterium , Nor. dial. vinstr f. Labmagen (*uenistr); compare also Liden KZ 61,
19 ff.
maybe Alb. * v(n)sca, vsca, veshka bladder.
4. Gmc. *wana- in M.L.G. ingewut, ingewant, ingewende ds., Dutch ingewand; das -gefrom ingewut is from Eingeweide, Dutch geweide (see 1122) herubergenommen.
References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert
Nominalsuffix -ti- 196 f.
Page(s): 1104-1105
Page 3198
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u-1
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche bersetzung: in Schallworten
Material: A. As imitation of Eulenrufes:
UrGmc. *uwwn in Swiss huw(e), hu(e) owl ; Deminut. *uwwiln in O.H.G. wila,
M.H.G. iuwel, iule, Ger. owl, O.E. yl-twist Vogelfalle (with Lockeule), besides *uwwaln in
O.H.G. MN Ul-, M.L.G. nd. O.E. le, nnl. uil, Eng. owl, O.Ice. ugla; compare Ger. Uhu (md.)
and (with p-Erweit.) Gmc. *f- in O.Ice. fr, O.E. f, abO.Ir. vo, bO.Ir.-Austrian auf;
in addition Ltv. upis Uhu, upt cry (from Eulen and Tauben), Lith. upas Echo, aRuss.
vypl, Church Slavic vyp seagull, Russ. vyp m., vyp f. bittern (somewhat different
Ltv. buot coo, from Tauben, bele turtledove); compare O.Ind. uh- schreiend and
Lat. ulula Kauz under ul-.
B. k-extension uk-, euk-: O.Ir. uch wehe! and sigh, M.Ir. also och, ach ds.;
vielleichtGoth. auhjn rant, roister, auhjdus din, fuss, noise, Getummel (u, au?), Ltv.
auka whirlwind, O.Pruss. aukis Greif, Lith. apuokas Nachteule, Ltv. kuot jubilate ,
Serb. ukati, uati hu call, shout, cry, uka clamor.
References: WP. I 187, WH. I 119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge-Gtze16
182, 881 f., Muhlenbach-Endzelin 4, 409.
Page(s): 1103
Page 3200
u-2
See also: s. au-4 S. 73 f.
Page(s): 1103
Page 3201
ulula f. Kauz,
maybe Alb. (*ululure) ulras, ulrij howl.
Lith. ulula bangos es heulen die waves, billows, ulloti, ulti hallo call, shout, cry, ulbuoti,
Page 3202
uper, uperi
English meaning: over, above
Note: Centum languages prove that Root upr, upri : over, above derived from an older
Root *hukwr, *hukwri : over, above, later the old laryngeal was lost. What becomes
clear is the common Gk.- celt. -kw- > -p- phonetic mutatIon. Therefore Root upr, upri :
over, above derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root developed
from the concept of climbing a horse: Root ekuo-s : horse. The sky above was seemly
called according to the horse goddess : Gaul. Epona The Celtic horse goddess whose
authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey.
Deutsche bersetzung: about, oberhalb, preposition and (auer in Ar.) preverb; also
about - hinaus
Note: related with upo s. d.
Material: 1. O.Ind. upri, Av. upairi, . upariy about, about - toward, about - out (acc.);
about - toward (Instr); about (gen.); Arm. probably i ver hinauf, above (probably *uper;
besides from Kasusformen from *upero-:) i veroy if, oberhalb, i veray above, darauf
(these as preposition beim gen. about, auf);
Gk. , preverb about, about - out and preposition about - toward, oberhalb, about out (acc.); about also in sense from Lat. d; zum protection, zum Besten (m. real gen.;
arkad. with dat.-loc.); Lat. Umbr. super (to s- see below upo) preverb about, druber and
preposition about, about - toward, about - out (acc.); about (abl. = loc.); O.Ir. for-, for
preverb about, auf and preposition about, about - toward, about - out (Akk); about auf
(dat. = instr. or loc.), Welsh gor-, gwar-, Corn. gor-, Bret. gour-, Gaul. uer-tragus a kind of
schnellfuiger Hunde, PN Ver-cingeto-rx (das inselCelt.-o- nachIr. fo-, Brit. gwo-);
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esp. but in related *upr(i) (see d.), as well as in the group etc. ausgeprgt is; IE
upo is preverb (e.g. O.Ind. upa-i-, Gk. -, Lat. sub-e) and preposition by variant case.
Material: 1. O.Ind. upa preverb and preposition toward - to (acc.); an, by, to (loc.); in Laufe
from, gem, with in sense the Begleitung (instr.), Av. upa, . upu preverb and
preposition toward - to, in, auf (acc.); by, in (loc.);
Gk. preverb and preposition under an etwas heran, under etwas (acc.); under an,
under (dative , eig. loc. and partly perhaps instr.); under; of Urheber beim Passiv (gen. of
Bereiches); from under weg, under - hervor (abl.);
Lat. sub (s- from *[e]ks-, compare Gk. ; -b from -p as in ab = Gk. ), preverb
and preposition under an etwas heran, under etwas (acc.; also temporal, e.g. sub
noctem); under an, under(abl., eig. loc.), as Osc. (partly perhaps instr., as
Umbr. su maronato sub *maronatu), besides subs- (as abs) in sustine under likewise and
in susque dque fer aequ anim fer (Gell.), compare also under die group from ,
Umbr. sub-, su-, Osc. ; O.Ir. fo preverb and preposition under (acc., dat. = loc. or
partly perhaps instr.), O.Welsh guo-, gu-, gua-, Welsh go-, gwa-, Corn. go-, gu-, Bret. goupreverb and in compound Gaul. vo- (Voretus under likewise), ve- (Gk.-Celt.-Lat. parave-
Page 3205
Vasso-rx etc., M.Lat. vassus, vassallus, smtlich zur root stu- S. 1005, 1008, as also O.Ir.
foth replacement, equivalent (fo + tu) but M.Ir. fothae foundation, origin, source,
beginning; an ancestor from fo + suide (see 885);
Goth. uf (ub-uh) prefix auf, under, preposition under (acc., dat. = loc. and partly
perhaps instr.), O.H.G. oba, M.H.G. obe, ob if, about (*up), but O.Ice. of about, an, in,
O.E. ufe- (*upo), O.H.G. f (fan) auf (to O.H.G. compare under O.C.S. vysok);
besides with -pp- O.S. uppa, up, O.E. uppe, up, O.Ice. upp auf, aufwrts and (with one
only in O.Ir. s, uas, Welsh uch wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) Goth. iwpa droben,
iup after, above; Hitt. up-zi geht auf (from the sun).
maybe Alb. hyp, hipi climb, mount (a horse)
2. supplementary: O.Ind. upam- the oberste, hchste, nchste, Av. upma- ds., O.E.
ti- sleeping - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), Lat. supnus auf dem
back lying, backwards gebeugt, mig ansteigend, aLat. suppus (short form to supnus?)
ds., supp, -ure supnure, auf den back lay, place, rucklings hinstrecken, Umbr. sopam
suppam.
uplo-s in Goth. ubils, O.E. yfel, O.H.G. ubil evil, M.Ir. fel evil, bad.
upes- in Goth. ubizwa f. Vorhalle, O.Ice. ups f., upsi m. Vorhalle a Kirche, O.E. efes,
yfes Dachtraufe, O.H.G. obosa, obasa, obisa Vorhalle;
ups- (compare above Lat. subs-, susque) in Gk. adv. high (seems ubrigens as ein loc. pl. to sein, as O.Ir. s, uas from *oup-su), whereof , higher,
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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wetti, weti Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, pledge , M.H.G. also Einsatz bei a Wette,
Schadenersatz, Ger. Wette; O.Ice. veja aufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung a
Burgschaft Berufung einlegen, O.E. weddian pact, covenant make, promise, verheiraten
(weres weddian sich einem Manne verloben, Eng. wed marry), M.H.G. wetten pledge
give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten, Ger. wetten;
Lith. vdas pledge, Burge, vaduoti (Ltv. vadut) somewhat Verpfndetes einlsen, u-
Page 3208
uai
English meaning: woe!
Deutsche bersetzung: Interjektion wehe!
Material: Av. vayi, avi, uvya wehe! (voya- Wehruf): Arm. vay Wehe, misfortune (vinstead of g- from IE u- through nebenherlaufende neologism); similarly Gk. (as Lat.
wajamrjan blaspheme , waiddja beltter, O.Ice. veill lax, weak (*wai-haila-), vla,
vula, vla, veila lament; O.E. wlan afflict (*sick make, from a *wu-hul = O.Ice. veill);
O.H.G. wwo, wwa Wehe, pain, affliction, O.S. w, gen. wwes, O.E. wuwa, wa, O.Ice.
v, v ds., finn. (Lw) vaiva plague, woefulness ; O.H.G. weinn weep, cry, O.E. wunian,
O.Ice. veina lament, whereof probably as bejammernswert Goth. wainags woeful,
wretched, miserable, unlucky , O.H.G. wnag woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ,
M.H.G. also weak, small, little, Ger. wenig;
Ltv. vai wehe, ach, vaijut trans. wehe tun, waidt lament, weep, vaidi pl.
lamentation, misery, need (see above); Serb. vj wehe! is neologism.
Alb. vaj lament, vajtoj to lament
Page 3209
Page 3210
Cynwal, O.Ir. Conall ds.; Welsh gwaladr ruler (*valatros), with metathesis O.Welsh gualart
in PN Cat-gualart, O.Bret. Cat-uualart;
eine dental extension is in Gmc. (Proto-Gmc. t) and Balt-Sl. (d or dh) frequent, often:
Goth. waldan, O.Ice. valda (*uulm), O.S. present also valla (*valan), preterit also valt
(*vevald), O.H.G. waltan etc. walten, rule, reign, effectuate ; O.Ice. vald n. power, force,
might, Herrschaft, alts. giwald f. power, Herrschaft, O.Fris. wald, O.E. geweald ds.,
O.H.G. giwalt ds.; O.Ice. einvaldi Alleinherrscher, alts. alowaldo, O.H.G. al(e)walto etc.;
Lith. veldeti regieren, besitzen, paveldeti erben: O.Pruss. weldsnan acc. Erbe,
inheritance, weldnai m. pl. Erben; Iterat. Lith. valduti regieren, Ltv. vldt rule, reign,
Lith. valdnas (Ltv. valduons, vldiniks) ruler, O.Pruss. wuldnikans acc. pl. Knige; Lith.
valsius Amtsbezirk, Ltv. vlsts Reich, Staat, Gemeinde; ablaut. Lith. pavildes
beherrscht;
Page 3211
vladu vlasti rule, reign etc.; O.C.S. vlast f. Herrschaft, Sloven. vlst Grundeigentum,
possession etc.;
Toch. walo, A wl, Obliq. lunt, lunte king (*ul-nt), Toch. A wlts, jltse tausend.
References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222.
Page(s): 1111-1112
Page 3212
Page 3213
uap-1
English meaning: to chatter
Deutsche bersetzung: schwatzen, plappern
Material: O.E. wflian, Ice. vafla, Nor. dial. vavla, vabla, Bavar. wabeln; Lith. vapu-, -eti
babble, chatter.
References: WP. I 217, Johannesson 104, WH. II 733.
See also: compare das following: uap-2, pPage(s): 1112
Page 3214
Page 3215
Page 3216
Page 3217
Page 3218
swgan sound, clink, sausen, roar, bellow, swg, swg m. din, fuss, noise, sound, O.S.
swgan sough, rustle, Du. zwoegen groan, moan; zero grade probably O.Ice. svagla
pltschern, arn-sgr das Rauschen of Adlerflugs;
Lith. svageti sound, clink, Ltv. svadzt rattle, clash;
for Ice. sukka rant, roister, besides svakke, is though comparison with Nor. dial. sykia
bark, bay and Lith. saugti eigenartig sing, O.Lith. sugti howl, whimper , Ltv. sudzt
wail , skstitis sigh (besides k-forms as Lith. saukiu through influence of kaukti howl,
aukti cry) under IE *s(e)ug- possible; Goth. swgnjan frohlocken could due to from
Gmc. swg-, swag- as onomatopoeic word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk- in
O.Ice. sukka is intensivierend.
References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.
Page(s): 1110
Page 3219
ug-1
English meaning: cover; sheath
Deutsche bersetzung: Hohldeckel, Scheide; schutzend uberdecken, uberstulpen
Material: Lat. vugna f. vagina, esp. of Schwertes; Balt *uui stulpe in Lith. viu, vti
etwasHohles about etwas cover, stulpen, Ltv. vuu, vust cover auflegen, stulpen;
on the other hand could Lat. vugna (compare Ger. Scheide to scheiden) also to a root
uug- split, break, rupture belong, die Frisk (see 13) in Gk. rupture, with Redupl.
and Ablaut (< *F-F-) protection gegen den wind, whether lit. das Sichbrechen of
Windes, s m. break, steiler slope and in tochar. wuk- sich split, Kaus. split,
distinguish, discern, wukm n. Besonderheit, Vorzug find wIllyr.
References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343.
Page(s): 1110
Page 3220
ug-2
English meaning: to cry
Deutsche bersetzung: schreien
Note: perhaps from an onomatopoeic word uu-
Material: O.Ind. vagnu- m. sound, tone, shout, call, ved. vagvan- lrmend, vagvanu- m.
Getse; Lat. vugi, -re cry, wimmere, vugor, -ris m. Widerhall (das u lengthened
grade, from a i-stem *uugi-s derive ); Lith. vgrauti whimper, cry.
References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;
See also: in addition belongs das following: uugh-, suughPage(s): 1110
Page 3221
Page 3222
uk
English meaning: cow
Deutsche bersetzung: Kuh?
Material: O.Ind. vasu cow (die weder trchtig is, still ein calf nourishes), vusitu rindernde
cow; brunstiges Tierweibchen uberhaupt; Lat. vacca cow; Lat. -cc- wre as consonant
stretch in Tiernamenverstndlich.
References: WP. I 214, WH. II 722.
Page(s): 1111
Page 3223
Page 3224
u-2
English meaning: apart
Deutsche bersetzung: auseinander, especially auseinander biegen, drehen
Material: Diese root, welche possibly eine Reihe from extensions hat (see below), lies after
aller Wahrscheinlichkeit vor in Lat. vurus apart gebogen, auswrts gebogen; dachsbeinig;
entgegengesetzt, vuricus Fue apart spreizend, vuric, -ure Fue apart spreizen, vura
gabelfrmige shaft, pole, fork, transom ; whether here varius mannigfaltig, wechselnd,
different, varicolored, vari, -ure mannigfach make, varicolored sein?; whether perhaps in
O.Ind. ru- m. schenkel, Lende?
References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.
See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning bent, curved
sein, vorzuliegen in den roots uut-, ug-, uek-, uk-, ueng(h)-, uenk-.
Page(s): 1108-1109
Page 3225
usto-s
See also: see above S. 346; in addition after Lloyd Jones (Et. Celt. 7, 234) M.Welsh gwaws
terrible.
Page(s): 1113
Page 3226
verruckt
sein;
O.H.G.
*wuot
(gen.
wuoti),
M.H.G.
wuot
intense
Gemutsstimmung, fury; in addition O.Ice. Oinn, O.S. O.E. Wden, O.H.G. Wuotan; auf
Gmc. *wa- point at O.Ice. r m. Poesie, O.E. w song, sound, voice, Dichtung;
Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets O.Ind. api-vat- as originally
anblasen, inspirieren (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as
extension from *au- blow (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefat become could.
References: WP. I 216, WH. II 737 f.
Page(s): 1113
Page 3227
ut-2
English meaning: to bend, curve
Deutsche bersetzung: krummen, biegen
Material: Lat. vatux, -ucis krumme or schiefe Fue habend, vatius einwrtsgebogen,
crooked, vatia someone with crooked Beinen, vascus (*vat-scos) quer, slant, skew;
Gmc. *wawan- curvature, bend, then with engerer meaning calf, knee-bend : O.Ice.
vovi m. Muskeln, esp. thick Muskeln an Armen and Beinen, afl-vovi biceps, Nor.
vodve thick Muskeln an Arm and leg etc., O.H.G. wado m. sura, suffrago, M.H.G. wade
calf, alts. uuathan suras, M.N.Ger. wade calf, M.Du.wade f. knee-bend, popliteus ;
Connection with Lat. vurus apart gebogen, auswrtsgehend, dachsbeinig etc. (root *uu-)
is probably.
Maybe Alb. var hang
References: WP. I 216, WH. II 736 f.
Page(s): 1113
Page 3228
Material: 1. O.Ind. ud-, ut- empor, out preverb; Av. us-, uz- (*uds-) ds., ap. us- ds. (ud- in
tar, O.H.G. zar besides, partly as preposition beim dative and acc.; O.H.G. zero,
zaro, O.E. ter-ra the outer); intrinsic auf *uds vor voiced Verschlulauten based on
Gmc. *uz- from, from - heraus, from - vor, vor - weg in Goth. us (uz-; vorr: ur-) prefix and
preposition from, from (dat. = abl.), also O.Ice. r preposition, as prefix r-, or-, r-, O.E.
or-, O.S. ur-, or- prefix, O.H.G. ur, ar, ir preposition from, from (vor z zuruckweichend),
ur-, ir-, ar-, er- prefix, Ger. ur-, er- (e.g. Urlaub, erlauben); M.L.G. (t)bten (from)tauschen,
erbeuten from *bi-tian, compare O.Ice. yta darreichen;
Page 3229
Page 3230
uebh-1
English meaning: to weave, plait
Deutsche bersetzung: weben, flechten, knupfen
Material: O.Ind. ubhnuti, umbhti, unbdhi schnurt together, with pa- and pr- binds,
rnu-vbhi- m. spider (eig. Wollweber); newer -vubhi- after vu- to weave (IE *u-, above
S. 75); Av. ubdana- from Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht (from a *ubda- Gewebtes, IE
vefja (*uobhei) wickeln, hullen = O.E. webbian to weave; O.Ice. veptr, O.E. weft, wift,
wefta Einschlagfaden, M.H.G. wift fine filament, Gewebe;Honigwabe; O.Ice. vaf diaper
, vafi entanglement, UN.nung; O.H.G. waba, wabo Honigwabe, O.Ice.vefr (*waja-)
Gewebe, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug = O.E. webb, O.S. webbi, O.H.G. weppi ds.; O.H.G.
Page 3231
uebh-2
English meaning: to wander, roam, swarm
Deutsche bersetzung: sich hin and her bewegen, wabern, wimmeln
Material: M.H.G. weben move, swing, weberen sich tummeln, webelen waver, Ger.
E.Pruss. wibbeln; M.H.G. waben, waberen, wabelen in unsteter Bewegung sein, wappen
hin and her schwanken, Ger. (nd.) wabbelig wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem, O.E.
wafian (esp. with handum) sich bewegen, M.Eng. waveren, Eng. waver wobble, waver,
O.Ice. vafla wobble, sway, vafra sich unstet hin and back bewegen, wabern (vafrlog
Waberlohe), vefjast ds.;
O.Ice. vufa schweben, dangle, O.E. wfre unstet, flackernd;
Lith. vebd-u, -eti wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen;
in addition O.H.G. wibil m. beetle, chafer, Kornwurm; O.S. wivil, M.L.G. wevel ds., O.E.
wifel Kornwurm, O.Ice.*vifill in toryfill Mistkfer, O.E. wibba Rokfer; Lith. vbalas
beetle, chafer, vabuolas ds., em. vabole Mistkfer, Ltv. vabuolis beetle, chafer
(besides E.Lith. dial. vbuolas beetle, chafer, em.vambole, Ltv. vambale, vambuole
Mistkfer).
References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;
See also: moreover: uedPage(s): 1114-1115
Page 3232
uedh-1
English meaning: to push, hit
Deutsche bersetzung: stoen, schlagen
Material: O.Ind. vadhati, vadht hit, bump, poke, destroy, Kaus. vadhayati, vadh- m.
ttend, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Gescho); blow, knock, Vernichtung = Av. vada- m.
wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes, O.Ind. vdhar- n. Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Gescho)
= Av. vadar- n. weapon (to Schlagen), vdhram Lederriemen, O.Ind. vadhasn- m. ds.,
Av. vuduya- zuruckstoen (lengthened grade as Gk. );
Gk. . Hes., Hom. stoend, zerwuhlend, hair of the
head, Mhne; poke, push (: Av. vuduya-), shove , Erschutterung
(*en-uodh-tis); also in , , (-, - metr. lengthening);
O.Ind. vdhri- verschnitten (with zerstoenen testicles) = Gk. , Hes.;
secondary , ;
Lith. vedeg a kind of axe, Ltv. vedga Eisaxt, crowbar , O.Pruss. wedigo Zimmerbeil,
O.Ir. fodb Waffenbeute (*uodh-uo-); is also Av. vaaan- EN eines glaubensfeindlichen
Fursten as axe, Schlger to deuten?
ein sk-present seems Ir. fuisc- press, M.Welsh gwascu, Bret. gwaska press (certainly
ablaut :o).
References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.
Page(s): 1115
Page 3233
to-d-fed- guide, lead, Welsh arweddu guide, lead, bring, Verbalnom. M.Welsh arwein
(*are-ued-no-), cyweddu guide, lead, wohin bringen , Verbalnom. cywain (*kom-ued-no-),
Welsh dy-weddo marry, Corn. d-om-ethy ds., M.Bret. d-im-iziff, Bret. dimizi marry, get
married ;
Lith. vedu, vsti lead, guide; marry (of husband), Ltv. vedu ds., Prter.-stem *ued- in
O.Pruss. wedd, Lith. vede, Ltv. dial. vede and O.C.S. vede-ae; Lith. vedys suitor ,
Page 3234
vodo, voditi guide, lead, aRuss. voditi enu eine Frau heimfuhren.
In addition probably ued-mno-, the word for the purchase price the bride:
Gk. (for *F with SpIr. asper after *Fh pleasant), Hom. pl. brideprice or wedding-gifts ; but also dowry of the parents, , Hom. to promise
for wedding-presents, to betroth , Hom. a betrother; (the daughter equipping)
father of the bride , - without bride-price; also of the husband, bringing no gifts
([F] and [F] with and as suggestion vowels);
O.E. weotuma, wituma, wetma m. Kaufpreis the bride, O.Fris. wetma, witma ds., burg.
wittemo, O.H.G. widomo, widemo dowry, M.H.G. wideme, widem, Ger. Wittum (in addition
O.H.G. widimen, M.H.G. widemen, widmen ausstatten, Ger. widmen); Gk. Slav. -nomaybe from -mno- and with dem Gmc. -men-stem comparable; dubious O.C.S. veno
dowry, Zahlung for die bride, whether from *uedno-, compare also *uesno-;
doubtful Alb. vigj gift to the wedding, to the birth of children, by the construction of a
house (ued(h)-l-?). common Alb. -dz- > -gl-, -gj- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.
Page(s): 1115-1116
Page 3235
uedh-3
English meaning: to bind, attach
Deutsche bersetzung: knupfen, binden
Material: O.Ind. vi-vadh- m. schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz, Proviant;
vadhra- m. n. Lederriemen;
Gk. . . Hes.;
O.Ir. fedan f. Gespann, Geschirr, fedil Joch (coibdil companionship, coibdelach
Blutsverwandter), air-com-fed- beschdigen, M.Welsh ar-gy-wedu, O.Bret. ar-co-gued
ds.; Welsh gwedd Joch; arWest f. saite, band, strap;
Goth. gawidan connect (gawiss connection), O.H.G. wetan bind, ins Joch spannen,
connect ; zero grade perhaps Swe. dial. ydd Oxs rope, rein from *udhetu.
Hitt. ueda-, uete- to build (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).
References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hitt. 118;
See also: in addition uendh-1 S. 1148.
Page(s): 1116-1117
Page 3236
Page 3237
Page 3238
Page 3239
Material: O.Ind. vhati leads, travels, zieht, fuhrt heim, heiratet, also flows and lt
flow, Aor. a-vuks-am (participle dha-, in addition neologism hati schiebt, throngs,
Leumann IF. 57, 221); common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -x-, -z- phonetic
mutation
Av. vazaiti leads, zieht, flies (participle vata-, wherein t instead of -zd- after Partizipien
from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); O.Ind. vuhayati er lt fuhren, vahanafuhrend, fahrend, n. das Fuhren, Fahren, ship (zero grade vuhana- fuhrend, bearing,
carrying, n. draft animal, cart, ship), Av. utr-vazana- Feuerwedel (compare die Gmc.
Celt. no-formations); O.Ind. vahtra- n. Fahrzeug, ship (: Lat. vehiculum), O.Ind. vahafahrend, fuhrend (= Slav. voz cart ), vha- m. shoulder of Jochtieres, vaht- f. river,
Fahrzeug, vahy- zum Fahren suitable , n. vehicle, Tragsessel, Ruhebett, Av. vazya- n.
load, Tracht (= O.S. wigg n. horse), O.Ind. vdhar- fahrend, fuhrend, m. Zugpferd,
Zugochs; Heimfuhrer eines Mdchens; Lasttrger, Av. vatar- draft animal (= Lat.
vector), next to which with d: vadra- the vorwrts bringt, suy-udri- EN eig. dessen
female Zugtiere dappled, dotted, spotted are (*udr f. to *udar-); O.Ind. vuha- fuhrend,
bearing, carrying, m. draft animal, vehicle, Av. vuza- fahrend, fliegend, m. Ziehen, pull,
draft animal (: Goth. wgs), O.Ind. vuhist ha-, Av. vuzita- the at best vorwrtsbringt;
O.Ind. vahas- fahrend (: n.), vuhas- n. vehicle, das die Gtter herbeifuhrende Lob,
Av. vazah- fahrend, fuhrend;
Page 3240
O.Ind. participle dha- lead : Alb. udh way, journey also O.Ind. vdhar- fahrend,
fuhrend common O.Ind. Illyr. Alb. shift -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation
Lat. veh, -ere, vxi (: O.Ind. vuksat, O.C.S. ves Aorist), vectum drive, guide, lead,
bear, carry, bring (in addition probably also con-, d-, sub-vexsus), Umbr. arveitu, arsueitu,
arueitu to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc.., a person or thing to a place; and
pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a carriage, ship, etc.. ,
kuveitu he/she shall carry together, collect, store , Lat. vehis f. cart, Fuhre, Fuder,
vehemns eig. *einherfahrend, hence violent, stormy, hot tempered, stormy, vectis
Hebel, Hebebaum, crowbar , originally abstract noun *das Heben, Fortbewegen,
vectgulis to den tributes an den Staat gehrig (places ein *vectis in the meaning das
Herbeibringen, Ablieferung ahead), vectgal tribute, tax an den Staat, Geflle, tax, vlx
quick, fast (*uegh-slo-), vles Leichtbewaffneter; veia plaustrum;
O.Ir. fn kind of cart (*uegh-no-; compare O.Ind. vahana- and O.H.G. wagan) = Welsh
gwain ds., O.Brit. covinnus sichelwagen, Welsh amwain herumfuhren, arwain guide,
lead, cywain drive; O.Ir. fecht journey, time, mal, M.Welsh gweith, Welsh gwaith work,
Page 3241
wegan sich bewegen, wiegen (Ger. bewegen, erwgen, wgen, wiegen), O.S. wegan
wgen, consider, O.E.wegan bring, guide, lead, wgen, Goth. gawagjan move, shake
(= , Slav. voziti; lengthened grade O.Ind. vuhayati) = O.H.G. weggen move; iterative
O.Ice. vaga hin - and herbewegen, O.E. wagian sich bewegen, O.H.G. wagon sich
bewegen, vibrieren (wherefore as post-verbal O.H.G.waga movement Wissmann, nom.
postv. 1, 14); Goth. wigs, O.Ice. vegr, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. weg way;O.Ice. vigg, O.S. wigg,
O.E. wicg n. horse (= O.Ind. vahya-); O.Ice. vtt, vtt f. Gewicht (= Lat.vectis), O.E. wiht
n. ds., M.H.G. gewihte n. ds.;
O.Ice. vog f. Hebel, pl. vagar sled , vogur (and vugir) f. pl. barrow, bier; O.H.G. O.S.
waga cradle , O.Ice. vagga ds., O.H.G. wiga cradle ; O.H.G. wagan, O.E. wgn, O.Ice.
vagn cart (ablaut. with Ir. fn); O.Ice. vagl m. Hahnenbalken, Nor. Huhnerstange
(*Tragstange, compare formal -, -);
Maybe Alb. vig hand-barrow
Goth. wgs Wogenschlag, pl. Wogen, O.Ice. vugr sea, Meeresbucht, O.H.G. wug
surge , O.S. wug hochflutendes water, O.E. wg surge ; O.Ice. vug Hebel, Wage,
Gewicht, O.H.G. wuga Wage, Gewicht, Wagnis (M.L.G. M.H.G. wugen in die Wage lay,
place, aufs Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, risk), O.S. wuga lanx, O.E. wg, wge
Wage, ein bestimmtes Gewicht;
Lith. veu, vti drive, vei mas cart , vee Wagengeleise, prave Wagengeleise;
O.Bulg. vezo, vesti vehere, veslo rudder (*uegh-slo-), voz cart , voo, voziti drive,
guide, lead; also aRuss. vea Wohnwagen, tower.
References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 3242
Page 3243
wcnian born become; O.Ice. vakinn awake; Kaus. Goth. uswakjan awaken (bis auf
die abbreviation = O.Ind. vujayati) = O.Ice.vekja, O.H.G. etc. wecchan waken, arouse,
revive; Zustandsverbum Gmc. *wakn in: Goth. wakan, O.Ice. vaka (schw. Verb) watch,
O.E. wacian, O.S. wakn, O.H.G. wahhn, wahhn watch; O.H.G. wachal awake, O.E.
wacol (*wakala-), O.Ice. vokull (*wakula- : Lat. vigil); Goth. wkains f. das Wachen;
O.Ice.vakr, O.E. wacor, O.H.G. wachar, wakar active, fresh, wacker (formal = O.Ind.
vjra-, Av. vazra-); O.Ice. vaskr alert, awake, smart, agile (*vak-ska-); perhaps also
O.H.G. wahs sharp.
Toch. AB wsir lightning ;
References: WP. I 246 f., WH. II 741.
See also: compare aueg-, aug- above S. 84 f., from dem ueg- barely to separate is.
Page(s): 1117-1118
Page 3244
Page 3245
vsc, -ere humid, wet become, sich betrinken, vns humid, wet, damp (place ein
*vos from *go-s ahead); me, -re humid, wet sein, mor dampness , mect
befeuchte (based on auf *gsmos); M.Ir. fal Urin (*uog-lo-);
O.Ice. vokr (acc. vokuan) humid, wet, vokvi m., vokva f. Nsse, wherefore O.Ice.
vkva, vekkja (blood) shed, flieen lassen, vok f. (*vakv) offene (nasse) place in Eise,
M.L.G. wake f. hole in Eise, Dutch wak humid, wet, damp, Eng. (from dem Nord.) wake
Kielwasser;
s-Erweit.: O.Ind. uksti befeuchtet, besprengt, Av. uxyeiti spruht (of water and fire);
common O.Ind. -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -x- phonetic mutation
in addition (with the same Verhltn. as O.Ind. vran- virile, Lat. verrs: O.Ind. vars-m
rain, s. uer- feuchten) IE uksen- bull, Tiermnnchen in: O.Ind. uksu m., Av. uxanbull (in addition? fem. *uksr die Besprengte > Lat. uxor wife); Welsh ych ox (= IE
*uks, urBrit. *uch > -, with umlaut ych), pl. M.Welsh ychen, Welsh ychain, Bret. ouhen,
ochen, Corn. ohan Ochsen, M.Ir. oss deer; PN Os-car hirschliebend, Dimin. Oissn
Ossian; Goth. auhsus (gen. pl. auhsne), O.Ice. oxi, O.E. oxa, O.H.G. O.S. ohso ox;
Toch. okso rother, cattle, bull.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*oxa) ka ox, (*oxie) qe pl. oxen.
References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1, 98.
Page(s): 1118
Page 3246
Page 3247
Page 3248
Material: O.Ind. vdhyati durchbohrt (lengthened grade partly vdh-, partly vyadh-, latter
probably previously through imitation from vyath- : vith- waver); viddh- durchbohrt,
durchschossen, nirviddha auseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated, vindht
wird empty, bare, lacking, hat Mangel an etwas, vidhu- vereinsamt, vidhur- apart,
separated, remote, distant from, lack, be short of; veht unfruchtbar i.e. die leere,
Sommer Munchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11, 20;
Lat. dvid, -ere separate, divide, Umbr. uef acc. pl. partes, vetu dividito (*vf-tu);
Lith. vidus m. Inneres, vidurys m. Withte, Ltv. vidus m. Withte, Inneres, region;
maybe nasalized Alb. vend region, place
ablaut. Lith.viedulis inside withered tree;
maybe Alb. (*viedulis) vejush widow [common Alb. -d- > -j- phonetic mutation].
in addition (compare die obigen u-stem) O.Ind. vidhvu widow, Av. viavu ds., Gk.
[F] Junggeselle, Lat. vidua widow; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau, viduus
stolen; looted, empty, bare, lacking from etwas, O.Ir. fedb widow, Corn. guedeu ds.,
Welsh gweddw widower, Goth. widuw widow (furthermore widuwarna m. Waise),
O.E. widuwe, wuduwe, O.H.G. wituwa widow, O.Pruss. widdewu, O.C.S. vdova ds.; IE
*uidheuo- adj. apart, separated, in Fem. substantivized widow;
s-present etc. O.H.G. wsan vermeiden, urweis perf. subterfg, M.H.G. only participle
entwisen abandon from, empty, bare, lacking from; O.Fris. wsa, O.H.G. weiso, Ger.
Waise (Gmc. waisan- < *uoidh-son-).
Page 3249
Page 3250
ueid-1
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, biegen
Note: extension from *uei- ds.
Material: O.Ind. vda- m. tussock of starken Grases, besenfrmig gebunden, zum Fegen
etc.; Hom. bend mich, krumme mich (from a *F-- gebogen); Lat. vdulus
geflochtener basket; Ltv. vdinut flax, wattle, braid.
References: WP. I 236, WH. II 785.
Page(s): 1124
Page 3251
u(e)id-2
English meaning: to see; to know
Deutsche bersetzung: erblicken, sehen
Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u(e)id(i)-, nasalized ui-n-d-,
perf. uoid-- have seen, white, whence die meaning know, have knowledge of also auf
other forms ubertragen wurde; from the meaning behold derives find
Material: A. O.Ind. vetti, vidmsi vidnti know, have knowledge of (present reshuffling of
perf. vda vidm), vdate (also), vidti (also) know, have knowledge of , perf. vda
vidm, Opt. vidyut, participle vidvun; Av. vaa vdar, Opt. vdyut , vdvu know, have
knowledge of (die meaning see in aiwi. vsm have wahrgenommen, paiti. vsm
wurde gewahr, fravizdm nehmt wahr); to-participle O.Ind. vitta- recognized, bekannt,
Av. vista- bekannt as and O.Ind. vidit- (probably zur basis *uidi-); Inf. O.Ind. vidmne (=
Gk. ) know, have knowledge of , gthAv. vdvani; Kaus. O.Ind. vedayati lt know,
have knowledge of, kundigt an, bietet an, Av. uzvaayeiti lt know, have knowledge of
;
In the meaning find: O.Ind. vindti (vtti, vitt), vidat, vivda, vvidat, vitt-, Kaus.
vdayati, Av. v aiti, v nasti, vvaa, vivdaiti (Konj.), Kaus. vaayeiti lt erlangen,
makes teilhaftig, participle vista- (vor)gefunden, vorhanden; die separation from den
forms the meaning see, know, have knowledge of is not quite sharp durchzufuhren,
compare O.Ind. vindti white, sBal. gindag see;
Arm. egit er fand (= O.Ind. vidat, Gk. F), gtanem find; from dem perf. *uoida
reshaped gitem I know (i from oi; in addition gt, gitak, gitun wissend, wise); results of
nasal present (= O.Ind. vindati, Ir. finn-, see below) perhaps in Arm. gint profit, gain, if from
*uind-;
Page 3252
vidit, Lith. pavudime, Lat. vdi-s-t, O.Ind. Aor. avdt, vdi-tr-, vdi-tum, vidi-t-; Umbr.
uirseto visa or visum, auirseto unsichtbar: Lat. vidre = tacitus : tacre), perf. vd (=
O.C.S. vede), participle vsus (as vsus, -us das Sehen, sight with for i after vd and
vso);
Lat. vs, -ere besuchen (i.e. to sehen wish), Umbr. revestu revisito (*ueid-s-);
similarly Goth. gaweisn, O.S. O.H.G. wsn besuchen;
O.Ir. ad-fadat sie erzhlen (etc.); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbat er shows,
do-adbadar wird gezeigt, as-ind-et expounded; nasal present (see above O.Ind. vindti)
nad-finnatar sie wissen nicht, rofinnadar pflegt to wissen (*ui-n-d-n-), as-fnimm,
doaisbna points, shows, evinces, shows (from *uid-n-) M.Welsh 1. sg. gwnn, Corn. gon,
M.Bret. goun I know (die weiteren Brit. Prsensformen, e.g. 2. sg. M.Welsh gwydost,
gwdost, 1. pl. Welsh gwyddom, are against it of perf. derive ); perf. O.Ir. rofetar I know,
rofitir er white = Welsh gwyr (*uid-rai); O.Ir. rofess scitum est (*uid-to-m, compare also
fiss, Welsh gwys das Wissen from *uid-tu-s), fess scita (pl. neutr.), M.Welsh gwyss,
M.Bret. gous wurde gewut; O.Ir. tosech, Welsh tywysog guide, leader (*to-uissukos,
Ogam gen. TOVISACI), O.Ir. tus Anfang, Welsh tywys guide, lead (*to-uissus, IE *-uid-
tus); here probably also O.Ir. fid- send, e.g. 3. pl. fidit (= O.Ind. vdayati, O.Ice. veita
ds); O.Ir. fado master, mister (*ueidont-s);
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 3253
arawzan discedere; Goth. fairweitjan gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf -: -, as certainly die -verbs Goth. witan, -aida auf etwas sehen, observe, O.Ice. only
participle vitar beobachtet, bestimmt, O.E. (be)witian betrachten, decide, define, ordain,
determine; preterit present Goth. wait, witum know, wir know, have knowledge of (Inf.
witan, participle witands neologism), O.Ice. veit vitum (vita, vissa) know, have knowledge
of , also bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein after, look after, go after, O.E. wut,
witon (witan, wisse wiste), O.H.G. weiz, wizzums (wizzan, wissa, wessa) know, have
knowledge of substantiviertes participle Goth. weitws Zeuge (: ,
Zeuge);to-participle Goth. unwiss ungewi, O.H.G. giwis(s), O.S. O.E. wiss certainly
(O.Ice. vissa Gewiheit); Kaus. O.Ice. veita grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in eine
Richtung leiten, O.H.G. weizen show, beweisen; to F seems as Injunktiv O.E. wuton
(with folgendem Inf.) from *witon lat uns (older lat uns zusehen, tendamus) to belong;
Lith. vizdmi (for *veidmi after dem Imper. O.Lith. veizdi = *ueid-dhi, compare O.Ind.
viddh), veizdeti see, hinblicken, pavudiu, -vudime -vydeti invidere (see o); of old
perf.from O.Pruss. waisei, waisse du weit (= O.C.S. vesi) waidimai wir know, have
knowledge of , Inf. waist; O.C.S.vido, vidii, videti see, previous perf. Med. vede (= Lat.
vd white), present reshaped vem, vedeti know, have knowledge of ; povedeti know,
have knowledge of lassen (probably reshuffling eines Kaus. *uoidi, sl. *vediti, after
Page 3254
goez, Bret. achouez ffenlich (angesichts); Welsh ad-wydd cruel, savage, gwaradwydd insult; other formations in Goth. unweis ignorant, ungebildet, fullaweis
vollkommen weise, O.Ice. vss, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. ws wise (*ueid-s-o-), O.H.G. ws(a)
(*Aussehen =) kind of, Weise, O.E. ws(e) Weise, state, status, direction, O.Ice. oruvs
different, perhaps also outer apparition, shape, sight (if *F);
Gk. , - wissend, expert, skillful , O.Ice. vitr sensible, wise;
Gk. (Hom.) beautiful from Gestalt, Hes., due to eines
*- wherefore with Suffixablaut shape, unsichtbar; Lith. vaidalas
apparition, pavdalas shape (*-elo-); Gk. , - , , O.Ind. vidura-
Page 3255
Page 3256
ueik-1
English meaning: to choose, filter
Deutsche bersetzung: aussondern
Material: O.Ind. vinkti, vivkti, vevekti sondert, siebt, sichtet, particle vikt-; Kaus.
s Weihung; Goth. weihs holy, O.S. wh- ds., O.H.G. wh, whi ds., compare M.H.G. (ze)
when nahten, from which Ger. Weihnachten; O.Ice. v- n. Heiligtum, temple, O.S. wh m.
temple, O.E. woh, wg m. Gtterbild; derived Vb. Goth. weihan, altIce. vgja, O.S.
whian, O.Fris. wa, wga, O.H.G. when weihen; with intensive gemination Gmc. *wik-kan magician : O.E. wicca m. ds., wicce Zauberin (Eng. witch); md. wicken conjure, perform
magic, wicker magician, Wahrsager; without gemination: O.E. wigol zum Wahrsagen
gehrig, wiglian wahrsagen, M.L.G. wickelen; eine variant *ueig- (?) in Umbr. eveietu
electum (*ek-ueigtum?).
References: WP. II 232, WH. II 782;
See also: relationship to ueik-, ueigh- bend etc. is not ausgeschlossen.
Page(s): 1128
Page 3257
ueik-2
English meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc..)
Deutsche bersetzung: energische, especially feindselige Kraftuerung
Material: Lat. vinc, -ere, vci, victum die Oberhand gewinnen, win, triumph; defeat,
conquer, pervicux hartnckig, steadfast, Osc. vincter convincitur;
O.Ir. fichid fights, d-fich- punish, curse, fch m. discord, rage, fury, feuchuir stern
(*ukaris), feuchrae austereness, severeness (unclear is das ch in O.Welsh guich[i]r
wild), fecht (*uiktu) campaign = O.Welsh guith, Welsh gwyth rage, fury, O.Bret. uueithin PN; Gaul. VN auf -vices (O.Brit. Ordo-vices Hammerkmpfer), PN Victo-valos etc.; with
full grade Vcti-rx, Vco-rx = O.Ir. PN Fachrai, gen. Fachrach (Ogam VECREC);
Goth. weihan fight, wigana dat. sg. fight, struggle, war, fight; O.E. O.H.G. wgan
(O.H.G. only in particlewgant, whant, gawigan decrepitus, irwigan, confectus,
abgekmpft) fight, quarrel, M.H.G. anwgen assail ; M.H.G. when schwchen, Ger.
dial. sich weihen = sich weigern, anweihen anfechten; aorist- present O.Ice. vega, v
fight, slay, O.H.G. ubarwehan uberwinden (with falschem consonant), M.H.G.
widerwehen with blanken Waffen kmpfen; O.Ice. vla (*vhalian) sort, order, arrange,
sich with etwas abgeben; O.Ice. vg, O.S. wg, M.L.G. afr. wch, O.H.G. wc, wg etc. fight,
struggle, O.Ice. adj. vgr kampftuchtig, Goth. zero grade waihj f. war, fight, fight,
struggle; o-grade in Gmc. *waig- f. power , therefrom derived O.S. wgian, O.E.
wgan, O.H.G. weigen etc. belstigen, torment, smite, Nor. veiga swing; ein ro-adj. is
O.H.G. weigar sich widersetzend, stout, proud, M.Du. weiger, wger widerwillig,
therefrom O.H.G. weigarn etc. sich weigern;
Lith. veikiu, veikti somewhat make, work, apveikiu bezwinge, prveikiu bewltige,
vikus fast, rapid, hurried, veiklus ttig, geschftig, viekas power, life, vykis m.
Page 3258
vkt thrive;
O.C.S. vek m. power, Lebensalter, Cz. Russ. vek ds.;
perhaps
here
also
Lat.
vix
barely,
with
genauer
need,
as
alle
Kraft
zusammennehmend.
References: WP. I 232 f., WH. II 791 f., Trautmann 339, Vasmer 1, 179.
Page(s): 1128-1129
Page 3259
ueik-3
English meaning: to come together, become equal
Deutsche bersetzung: zutreffen, gleichkommen?
Material: Gk. (Cypr. F) f. Bild, Hom. Impf. es schien good, herakl.
siehielten for good, regelten, Hom. es schickt sich, pat (FF; 3. Du. ,
etc.), Att. (*FFF) suitable, fitting, fitting, Hom. (*FF),
(*F) vergleiche, (F), (F) similarly, angemessen, Ion.
unpassend, Att. (*F) schmhlich, maltreatment , (-F)
bilde after, vergleiche, vermute;
Lith. i-vykti eintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become, pavikslas example, paveikslus
musterhaft, Ltv. vkst vorbereiten; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *ueik-2
genannten words, as Lith. vikus fast, rapid, hurried, veikti do, make, is though not with
confidence vorzunehmen.
References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.
Page(s): 1129
Page 3260
rascher)
Bewegung
as
well
as
vom
hastigen
Sich-zuruck-Biegen,
Material: 1. O.Ind. v ci- f. deception, seduction (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably *Krummheit);
with voiced-nonaspirated O.Ind. vjate, vijte, participle vikta-, vigna- vor etwas
zuruckfahren, davoneilen, pra-vij- Einsturz threaten, abhi-vij- umkippen, vga- m.
Zittern, intense Bewegung, rush, Av. vag- (vaj-) (ein Gescho) swing, vaa- m.
Anprall, blow, knock, prank, nivixta- herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert, Pers.
vxtan toss, fling, Osset. vun upset, move, bal gjag swing, toss, fling; Intens.
O.Ind. vvi jyate fhrt los;
O.Ind. vi-vykti umfat, vycas- n. further Raum, Av. vyuxa-, vyuxman- congregation,
meeting (?);
Gk. , Aor. (F) Alkman zuruckweichen, nachstehen, unterliegen, (bot.)
(i.e.F) Hes.;
Lat. vicia f. vetch: nasalized vinci, -re umwinden, bind, Umbr. previslatu
praevinculut;
Goth. waihsta angle, point, edge, M.H.G. weigen waver; O.E. wicga beetle, chafer;
M.L.G. nnd. wchele Weidenbaum from *wgele, diminutive to O.S. *wga, Westfl. w
Weidenbaum, ablaut. O.Fris. O.E. wug, O.S. wg wall, (*uoiko- geflochtene wall); also
M.H.G. gewge, Ger. Geweih, dial.Gewicht(eln) ds. (originally probably *Gezweig);
Page 3261
veykr with -w- after vkva) soft, weak, nNor. also pliable (compare O.Ice. veikja bend),
O.E. wuc (out of it O.Ice. vukr) soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable , O.S. wc weak,
O.H.G. weich soft, weak, timorous; O.E. wice f. Ruster, M.Eng. wiker Weidengerte;
M.L.G. wk m., wke f. Entweichen, escape, M.H.G. wch m. groin, flank , formal = O.Ice.
vk small bay, O.E. wc f., M.L.G. wk ds.; Nor. dial. vik n. small point, edge or bend;
O.H.G. whhn spring, tanzen, hupfen, Ger. hess. wicken rash, hasty and violent hin and
her bewegen, Swe. vicka sich unstet bewegen, wippen;
Lith. vigrus, vglas rash, hasty, adroit, Ltv. vegis light, Slov. veg bent , vegati
waver, veen gebogen.
2. Lat. vicis (gen.), vicem, vice, pl. vics, vicibus variation, Abwechslung; perhaps O.Ir.
fiach mutuum, Geschuldetes, blame; O.Ice. giafa-vxl Austausch from Gaben, u vxl
kreuzweis (vxla swap, vary, exchange); O.S. wehsul trade, Geld, O.H.G. whsal,
wehsil variation, Austausch, trade (O.S. wehsln, M.H.G. Ger. wechseln); with sicherem
IE g Goth. wik die an jemanden kommende Reihenfolge, O.Ice. vika Woche (originally
*variation), also seemeile (*variation the oarsman; also M.L.G. weke ss seemeile),
O.E. wicu, wucu Woche, O.S. wika in crce-wika Kreuzwoche, O.H.G. whha, wohha
Woche;
unclear is because of Gutturals O.Ind. vist- (*uik-) work, Dienstleistung, tri-vist (instr.),
after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) abwechselnd, after G. Liebert (Nominalsuffix -ti- S. 138 f.)
though dreifache Dienstleistung.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
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Page 3263
Root ueik-, uik-, uoiko- (*duei- ksayati): house, settling derived from Root kei- : to settle
: Root k(i)-, k(i)- : to acquire, possess.
Material: O.Ind. vs- f. Wohnsitz, house, PL vsah people, citizen, Av. vs- (e.g. acc.
vsm, ap. viam) house, village, Clan, O.Ind. vis-pti- householder, Gemeindehaupt,
vis-ptn housewife, ablaut. O.Ind. vsman- n., jAv. vasma- m. house, dwelling, O.Ind.
vsa- m. Nachbar (as Lat. vcnus); verbal (see below) O.Ind. visati tritt ein, geht ein,
nivisati kehrt ein, Av. vsaiti geht ein, tritt ein to etwas;
Maybe from Skt. vs- (RV+) settlement, community, tribe derived Alb. (*vs) fis settlement,
community, tribe, vis territory, spot, place
Note:
uocu-com, acc. vuku if aedes; Lat. vlla Landhaus, estate (*uoik-slu, with Lat. suffix-slu,
or *ueik-s-lu to es-stem from Goth. weihs);
Goth. weihs n., gen. weihsis village, spot;
O.Pruss. waispattin acc. housewife, Lith. viepat(i)s master, mister, viepati noble
wife, woman, verbal Lith. viinti host , viee ti to Gaste sein, Ltv. vesis guest; O.C.S.
vs village.
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Page 3265
Root uei-1, uei- : u- : to turn, bend, wind, *branch out derived from Root du(u) : two
through an Illyr.-Balt intermediary root since the shift d- > zero is a unique Illyr.-Balt
phonetic mutatIon.
Material: A. O.Ind. vyati webt, flicht (paradigmatic certainly with perf. vuh, participle ta-,
Inf. tum zusammengefat, die zur root *au-, presumably the base from uei-, belong); vuyam. Weber, the weaving , vuyaka- Weber, Nher; vyyati winded, wickelt, hullt (: Lat.
vie), participle vta- winded, gewickelt, vyuna- n. das Winden, Umhullen; vayu twig,
branch, bough, compare lengthened grade O.C.S.veja twig, branch, bough); about
Alb. deg Zweig, Ast, Gebusch (*duoi-ghu) : vik, vigu geflochtene Tragbahre,
Pflugdeichsel, common Illyr.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutatIon. Root uei-1, uei- : u- : to
turn, bend, wind, *branch out derived from Root du(u) : two.
Lat. vie, vire bind, flechte (vi-: O.Ind. vyu-na-), vtilis geflochten;
O.Ir. fe-n- (*ui-n-) in ar-fen- abschlieen, im-fen- umhegen, Verbaln. imbe n., M.Ir.
tech fithe a wicker house; Welsh gwal-en twig, branch; M.Ir. f rod (*uiu);
Page 3266
vmen)?
E. With n-formant:
Page 3267
Page 3268
-icis Keuschlamm, (ein tree), vitus f. Radfelge (Gk. Lw.??), vitta Binde (from *vtu, dem
Fem. of participle *utos, through consonant increase);
O.Ir. fith f. fibra (*veiti-), Welsh gwden from *gwyden (*ueitinu) vinculum, ligamen,
virga contorta; M.Ir. fithlenn Epheu (?); but Welsh gwythen, Corn. gwyth, O.Bret.
wio-, wie-winde convolvulus, M.L.G. wede-winde ds., ivy, Geiblatt, O.E. wiu-winde
Geiblatt, O.Ice. vi-vindill ds.; also (compare Goth. inwinds inverted , inwindia
Ungerechtigkeit to windan) O.S. inwid malice, Tucke, O.E. inwidd bsartig,
heimtuckisch, O.Ice. vigjarn bsartig;
Lith. Inf. vuti, vyts (acc. vyti) Weidengerte, ablaut. il-vtis Grauweide; Ltv. vte
Ranke, vtuls willow , O.Pruss. witwan Weide, apewitwo Uferweide (: -); ablaut.
O.C.S. vetv twig, branch;
O.C.S. Inf. viti; vit (= Lith. vyts) res torta in modum funis, pavit Ranke, s-vitk
(book)rolle, Russ. vtvina twig, branch, rod, Gerte, Sloven. vitika ring.
References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 193 f.
195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gk. 101, Frisk 462.
Page(s): 1120-1122
Page 3269
uei-2, uei- : u
English meaning: to wither
Deutsche bersetzung: welken
Note: extended u-t- and uei-s-
Material: Lat. visc, -ere verwelken, verschrumpfen, vitus wilted; faded, flaccid,
withered, verschrumpft;
Maybe Alb. (visc) vyshket wither
O.Ir. feugud gl. marcor is from fo wilted; faded, flaccid, withered (*ui-uo-) = Welsh
wesann wither, wilt (also Ger. verwesen belongs as O.E. forweoren verWest shows,
originally here); M.H.G. wesel weak, faint, languid, Eng. dial. weasel, weazen thin, lean ,
O.Ice. vesall woeful, wretched, miserable , vesligr ds., Nor. visa weak person, Swe.
vesa exhaust;
Lith. vusti wither, wilt (preterit vutau), vutinu, pa-vaitinu make welken, Ltv. viett, vtt
ds.
References: WP. I 227 f., WH. II 787 f.;
See also: relationship to ueis- deliquesce is probable.
Page(s): 1123
Page 3270
uei-3, uei- : uEnglish meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong
Deutsche bersetzung: 1. auf etwas losgehen, einerseits gehen, gerade Richtung
nehmen; Weg, Reihe, andererseits worauf losgehen, es erstreben, erjagen, ersehnen,
wollen. 2. strong sein
Material: O.Ind. vti, 3. pl. vynti, also vyati verfolgt, strebt, leads (the weapons), treibt,
lenkt, also enjoys, participle vta- verfolgt, beliebt, adj. geradlinig, vtu row, vthi -, vth
f. row, way, pravayana- zum Antreiben helpful, m. stachelstock, pravtarWagenlenker, vti- horse (*Verfolger?); pada-v f. spoor, way, Pfad, padavuyaWegweiser, Anfuhrer (lengthened grade); with the meaning erstreben - gern have under
likewise; vta- beliebt, gern genossen, vti - Genieen, enjoyment, meal, deva-v- den
Gttern angenehm, dev-vti- enjoyment, feast for die gods;
Av. vi Inf. to gladden, to gefallen; vuy- (vayeiti, vvuiti jagt weg, 3. pl. vyeinti) pursue,
hunt, chase, vyuna- the Verfolgte, viwa- adj. to hunt, chase, jagend to pursue , vtarVerfolger, vutay- Verfolgung;
with the meaning fly O.Ind. ved. vvyat flies and Av. u-vayeinti sie fliegen heran;
O.Ind. vnati ersehnt, vna- sehnsuchtig, verlangend;
Gk. bewege mich vorwrts, hurry, strebe, begehre, (reshuffling eines *F-;
Asper after dem Medium from ), cupidus, (F-), [F] walked los,
gait, way, pathway, (*F), Hom. Verfolgung (F-), acc. ds., (
metr. lengthening) schlachtgetummel, , - Wiederzuruckdrngen in
Kampfe, korinth. F verfolgt (compare - : ); (F), Dor. F
() hurtig, quick, fast ( metr. lengthening), besides *F-, assumed through ep. Ion.
Page 3271
anderweit, M.H.G.dr-weide zum drittenmal, O.Ice. veia, O.E. wan hunt, chase,
umherstreifen, O.H.G. weidn hunt, chase; food suchen: IE *uoi-tu das Drauflosgehen,
Jagen; O.S. w in PN W-rc, Gr-w(: Lat. vs);
Lith. veju, vuti hunt, chase, pursue , vutas (= O.Ind. vta-) verfolgt, vaj-ju, -ti
mehrfach nachjagen, pavijys strecke Wegs, Ltv. vajut pursue , t-vejai Ruckflle from
Krankheiten, t-veja mal (*gait , compare M.H.G. anderweide zum zweitenmal); grade Lith. pavjus danger, pavojus dangerous; O.C.S. voj warrior, vojna war, fight,
ablaut. O.C.S. povinoti unterwerfen, vzvitije profit, gain (*Erjagtes); with the meaning
Verfolgung eines Ubeltters probably O.C.S. vina blame, punishment , ablaut. Ltv. vaina
blame, Lith. vainti vilify, scold, scold, chide, O.Pruss.etwint entschuldigen;
Page 3272
Page 3273
vpra- excited, aroused, begeistert, vip- if rod, Gerte, viputha- m. a kind of Pfeil
(compare tela vibrure); Av. vip- throw, entsenden (Samen);
Welsh gwisgi restless, reif (from Nussen) from *uip-sk-mo-?;
Goth. biwaibjan umwinden, O.H.G. ziweibjan scatter; O.Ice. veifa in schwingender,
zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickeln, O.E. wfan bekleiden;
O.H.G. weibn waver, schweben, unstet sein; O.Ice. vfa umhullen, Mod.Ice. vfla
bewilder, vfl Klptel; O.E. wifel, wifer Pfeil, Wurfpfeil (: O.Ind. viputha-); in addition
wufian vor astonishment erstarren, wfer-hs Theater; perhaps O.H.G. wb, O.S. O.E.
wf, O.Ice. vf n. woman, wife as die verhullte Braut; compare against it TavernierVereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.;
O.Pruss. wipis bough, Ltv. viepe cover, Hulle the Weiher, vieplis Verkleidung, mask,
viept verhullen, wpnuot lcheln (das Gesicht verdrehen), under likewise; Lith. atvpti
herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen, vaiputis das Maul verziehen, gawk, vypsau, -ti
with offenem Munde dastehen, gawk; (with Balt e from [i]:) Lith. veptis den Mund
verziehen, veplys Gaffer, Ltv. vplis Maulaffe, lubber etc.; with secondary ablaut a (: e)
in addition Lith. vamplys, vample jemand, the with offenem Munde dasteht, dummer
person, vampsau, -ti with offenem Munde dastehen.
2. ueib-, ui-m-b-:
Gk. Hes., . , I Hes. (also
probably Hes.);
Page 3274
-cis (in Glossen also vipex, vimex) strieme, weal, callus from Schlgen; compare under
Ltv. vbele;
perhaps M.Ir. femm tail, Stengel, kelp , femman kelp , Welsh gwymon, Bret. gwemon,
goumon ds. (*uimb-, compare O.E. wimpel), ORahilly Eriu 13, 162 ff., different Thurneysen
KZ 48, 67;
Goth. weipan (st. V.) bekrnzen, wipja Kranz; O.Ice. veipr head fascia, Kopftuch,
veipa female Kopftracht, Nor. dial. veipa wickeln, eine Peitsche schwingen, O.H.G. weif
Binde, head fascia, M.H.G. weifen swing, haspeln, wfen (st. V.) swing, winden, M.L.G.
wp tussock, wisp, O.E. wpian abwischen, Nor. vpa steifer straw or stiff hair, Spelze,
M.L.G. wpen toss, fling, sprinkle; O.H.G. wipf schwung, M.H.G. also wif = Du. wip ds.,
O.H.G. wipfil, wiffil Baumwipfel, Ger. (eig. nd.) M.L.G. M.Eng. wippen, M.H.G. wipfen,
wepfen hupfen, Nor. vippa wisp, whisk , nasalized O.E. wimpel Wimpel, Schleier,
O.H.G. wimpal stirntuch, Schleier;
Ltv. viebt, viebties sich drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen, Lith. vybur-iu, -ti and
Page 3275
ueis-1
English meaning: to sprout, grow
Deutsche bersetzung: sprieen, wachsen
Material: Lat. vire, -re green sein, be green, viridis green;
O.Ice. vsir germ, sprout, scion, shoot, Nor. vse ds., Rispe, Stiel and leaves, bloom,
blossom, Fruchtansatz (changing through ablaut vise germ, sprout and probably also veis
saftiger Stengel); O.E. wse scion, shoot, Stengel; O.H.G. wsa, M.L.G. wese, Ger.
Page 3276
ueis-2
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen also especially for biegsame, flechtbare Ruten, out of it
gebundene Besen under likewise
Note: extension from uei- turn
Material: A. O.Ind. vsa- m. Tracht, Anzug (compare vst ayati umwindet, umkleidet);
vst at be winded, vst ayati umwindet, participle vst ita- umhullt, dressed , vst a- m.
loop, noose, snare, Binde, vistu ds.; Arm. gi, gen. gioy juniper (after den biegsamen, to
Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen:*uso- or *ueiso-, *uoiso-); about Gk. see above S.
1121;
Mod.Swe. vese m. (O.Ice. *veisi or *visi) tussock, zusammengedrehter knot; in addition
Dutch wier = O.Fris. wr- Alge, Tang (O.E. wr Myrte, wr-treo Myrtenbaum, Tertium
comparationis, presumably immergrun), O.E. wur Alge, Tang, wuro ds. as
Wasserschlingpflanze;
O.C.S. vichr whirlwind (*uisura-), Lith. vesulas ds., Russ. vichat upset, move; Lith.
vustas schnurbrust, vustyti einwickeln, Ltv. vstt ds., vsts bundle etc.
Cz. vch, vech (*uoiso-) wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen, vecha ds., Russ. vecha
twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl, vichr topknot , Slov. vehet
tussock (hay);
B. With k-extension:
O.Ind. ves-k- m. loop for strangling ; ablaut. O.Ice. visk f. bundle from straw or reed,
Swe. viska small besom ,
O.H.G. wisc wisp, Strohwisch (therefrom M.H.G. Ger. wischen), O.E. wiscian, newer
weoskian (*wiskn) eine hurdle from Ruten flax, wattle, braid; Lat. viscus, -eris
Page 3277
visketi quiver; by oFris. wisk rasche Bewegung, Husch, M.H.G. wischen sich leicht and
quick, fast dahinbewegen, Ger. entwischen kann secondary development from fleeting
about etwas wegwischen vorliegen;
besides Gmc. p-Varianten on the one hand in N.Ger. wispeln sich hin- and
herbewegen, Swe.visp, visper unzuverlssiger person, on the other hand in Nor. visp m.
tassel, tussock , Swe.visp Quirl from Ruten.
C. With g-extension:
Lat. virga dunner twig, branch, Reis, rod (from *uiz-gu), in addition virg girl, virgin;
Lith.vizgu, vizgeti tremble, vizgti waver.
References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243.
Page(s): 1133-1134
Page 3278
ueis-3
English meaning: to flow; poison
Deutsche bersetzung: zerflieen, flieen (often in FlN); also vom tierischen Samen;
besonders von the Feuchtigkeit and dem Geruch faulender Pflanzen, unreinen Sften, Gift
Material: O.Ind. vsati zerfliet, vis- n. poison , adj. giftig, vis- (nom. vit) and visthu
Exkremente, ordure, also tierischer Samen, visr- muffig smelling ; Av. vi-, via-
poison , vaah- Moder, Verwesung; Arm. g carrion ;
Gk. poison = Lat. vrus tough Fluigkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness =
M.Ir. f poison ; Lat. vna f. vein from *ueisnu; Welsh gwyar blood (*ueisaro-); in
addition die Celt. FlN Welsh Gwy (*Ueisu), Eng. Wear (O.Brit. *Uisuriu), Gaul. Visera > Fr.
Vesre, Visuvia > Fr. la Vezouse etc.; aGmc. FlN Wisura Weser, Lat. Visurgis ds.:
compare die Russ. FlN Vechra (to So), ablaut.Vchera (zur Kama); here the FlN Weichsel
(from O.Pruss. *Vkslu, older *Vsklu, from vorBalt*Vstlu from *ueis-tlu), Lat. Vistula (from
Gmc. *Wstl in O.E. Wstlawudu, but O.E. Wsle from Slav. Visla);
O.Ice. veisa f. swamp, marsh, O.E. O.Fris. wuse, Eng. ooze slime, mud; perhaps
O.H.G. weisunt, weisont, weisant arteriae (the flowing); wherefore O.E. wusend, Eng.
weasan windpipe, gullet, further O.H.G. wisunt, -ant, M.H.G. wisent, O.Ice. visundr (*uisonto-) Bisonochse (from dem Gmc. derives Lat. bisn, -ontis and Gk. ); in addition
O.Pruss. wis-sambrs Auerochse, O.C.S. zobr ds.; after dem smell, odor benannt, as also
Mod.Ice. visla, O.H.G. wisula, O.E. weosule, wesle, Eng. weasel weasel and the Iltis
polecat (above S. 304), the Gmc. *wis(j) polecat assumes; compare V.Lat. vissi
breaking wind, fart, fetidness ; Marstrander compares (Eriu 5, 207) still Ir. fal Frettchen
(*uiselo-);
Page 3279
vinja Kirsche (out of it Ltv. viksna, O.Pruss. wisnaytos Kirschen) - Kirschgummi and
Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet;
after Specht (IE Decl. 206) in addition further Lith. viksv Riedgras from *vis-k-vu
besides vizg grass, O.Pruss. wissene Porsch.
References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208.
Page(s): 1134
Page 3280
Material: Goth. wahts f. thing, O.Ice. vttr, v(t)r, vitr f. living being, ubermenschliches
creature, thing, O.E. wiht f. thing, entity, demon, O.S. wikt, M.L.G. wicht entity, creature,
O.H.G. wiht living being, demon, thing, Ger. Wicht; Goth. ni-waht nichts, O.E. n-wiht
(Eng. naught, not) O.H.G. niwiht and neowiht not, nichts;
O.C.S. vet f. thing, thing; compare wRuss. re thing: Russ. r discourse, word.
References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;
See also: perhaps to uek- speak.
Page(s): 1136
Page 3281
crooked,
-- phonetic mutation
Arm. gangur crispus, flexus (*unkuro-);
Lat. convexus arched, writhed, crooked, humped , subvexus schrg aufwrts fuhrend;
M.Ir. feccaid buckt sich, with the preposition for: wendet sich gegen, beginnt to (with
expressive -kk-); Gaul. FlN *Vocalus (Matres Vocallinehae), germanisiert Vacalus,
Page 3282
usnt-, f. usat willing, Av. an-usant-, -usait widerwillig, ohne es to wollen, Av. vasah(nom. vasu) wollend = after seinem Willen, vas, vas after wish, beliebig (acc. sg. of n.
*vasah-), vas-xara- after Gefallen schaltend etc., O.Ind. vasi-tva- n. Willensfreiheit;
ap. vanu, Av. vasnu (instr. sg.) after dem Willen (Arm. vasn because of Lw.);
Gk. (previous participle) (Cret. F), freiwillig (the Asper after sich,
as though from sich selbst heraus), , wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz, f. Dor.
, compare Cret. Hes., F in Hes., i.e.
F, in , Hom. because of (*F; is die preposition ), Hom. -
after Belieben wirkend, - after Belieben treffend (metr. lengthening for *), out of it extended -, -; bot. Fh- (with versch.
assimilation out of it thes. F, Att. ); , Dor. after dem Willen,
because of, (unclear), not wollend, widerstrebend (after );
Hitt. uek- wish, arrogate.
References: WP. I 244 f., Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.
Page(s): 1135
Page 3283
uek- (*uek-)
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche bersetzung: sprechen
Material: O.Ind. vkti, vvakti sagt, talks, speaks, Aor. vcam (= , see below),
participle ukt-, Kaus. vucayati, Av. vak- speak, xta-, O.Ind. vacas- n. = Av. vaah (= Gk.
) discourse, word, O.Ind.vacan- redend, sagend, vuc-, nom. sg. vuk = Av. vux (=
Lat. vx) voice, discourse, word, O.Ind. vucula- gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous,
blithering , vukyam Ausspruch, discourse ; vaktram mouth;
Arm. goem cry, rufe, rufe to mir, lade ein, name (?);
Gk. , el. Cypr. F n. word, Aor. sprach, Lesb. F etc. (= O.Ind.
vcam, IE *e-ue-uk-om with Diss. from -FF- to -F-), acc. voice (also probably
as den weithin schallenden), f. voice, shout, call, Larm;
Lat. vox, vcis voice, voc, -ure call, shout, cry, Umbr. sub-ocau, -ocanu, -oco call,
anbeten;
O.Ir. foccul word (= O.Ind. vaktram mouth) < *uok-tlo-m = Welsh gwaethl fight;
faimm din, fuss, noise (*uok-smn); common Illyr.-celt. -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Gaul. Vepo-litanos breitgesichtig , Welsh gweb face;
O.H.G. giwahanen, -inen erwhnen, gedenken (*gawahnjan, Denom. *uok-no-,
compare O.Ind. vacan-; in addition tread in paradigm connection old -grade Pf.:) giwuog,
M.H.G. wuegen gedenken make, in Erinnerung bringen, O.Ice. vuttr Zeugnis (*wahtaz,
compare O.H.G. giwaht m. Erwhnung, Ruhm), vutta bezeugen; O.Ice. mun f. voice,
Mod.Ice. mur sound, O.E. wm(a) din, fuss, noise (*whm-);
O.Pruss. wacktwei locken, enwackmai wir rufen an;
Hitt. uek-, uk- adjure , Toch. A wak f., wek voice.
Page 3284
Page 3285
Page 3286
uelk-1
English meaning: to drag
Deutsche bersetzung: ziehen
Material: Av. vark- ziehen, drag only with Prverbien: aipivarainti ziehen ein
Kleidungsstuck daruber an; Lith. velku (vilkti), O.C.S. vleko pull, drag = Gk. [F] (by
Hom. for einzusetzen), Att. out of it reconverted ; (hybridization from
with ) furrow, with Vokalvorschlag *-Fl- in furrow, *-Fl- in lakon.
plough.
References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f., Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to suelk-, as
Page 3287
walcheit macies, welk wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, durre, M.Eng.welkin wither, wilt;
with other Vokalstellung O.E. wlc, wlacu lukewarm , M.L.G. wlak ds. (with anl. sM.H.G. swelk wilted; faded, flaccid, withered , swelken, O.H.G. swelchen wither, wilt);
presumably O.H.G. wolchan n., wolcha f., O.S.wolkan n. Wolke;
Lith. vlgau, -yti, vlgyti anfeuchten, vlknas humid, wet, ablaut. O.Pruss. welgen n.
catarrh, Ltv. valgums dampness , velgans and valgs humid, wet, also Lith. valgis dish,
food, vlgau, -yti eat (of concept the flussigen, breiigen nourishment, food from, compare
Russ. volga flussige nourishment, food);
Slav. *vlgk humid, wet in R.C.S. vlgk, in addition Pol. wilgnac humid, wet
become, Russ. volgnut ds., ablaut. *ulgu in O.C.S. vlaga f. dampness , Russ. volga
Flussigkeit, Zukost, in addition volit anfeuchten, with butter cook; here the Russ. FlN
Wlga (= Cz. FlN Vlha, Pol. FlN Wilga) from Slav. *Vlga.
References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.
Page 3288
Page 3289
uel-1
English meaning: to see
Deutsche bersetzung: sehen
Material: Lat. voltus, vultus, -s m. Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, Aussehen, shape (*vl-tu-)
stellt sich to Ir. fil es gives, older Imper. *uele (compare Fr. voici!), Welsh gweled see,
Bret. guelet la vue, O.Ir. fili (gen. filed, vorIr. Ogam VELITAS) seer, Dichter (*uelts); the
name the Gmc. Seherin Veleda; in Gmc. seems eine probably from *uel- abgeleitete root
*uleid- (*ul-ei-d-): Goth. anda-wleizn n. (?) front , O.Ice. lta, O.E. wltan see, see, show;
zero grade Goth. wlits front, shape, O.Ice. litr (acc. pl. litu) Aussehen, paint, color, O.S.
wliti radiance, Aussehen, shape, O.Fris. wlite front, Aussehen, O.E. wlite ds., also
radiance , wlitu f. form, kind of; o-grade das causative Goth. wlaiton, O.Ice. leita (*wlaitn)
sich umsehen after, suchen (wherefore as post-verbal leit f. das Suchen, Wissmann
nom. Postverb. 1, 11), O.E. wlatian ds.;
also Gmc. *wulu- m. glory, magnificence (*prestige): Goth. wulus glory,
magnificence, O.Ice. Ullr (*wuluz) Gttername, O.E. wuldor gloria, compare Goth.
Page 3290
vrnnuti, vrnti, vrnut whlen, vorziehen, lieben, vrt- gewhlt, erwunscht, vra- m.
wish, Ghegenstanddes Wunsches, vara- vorzuglich, -st, better, best, varyams- better,
Genauni);
Page 3291
viliuos hoffe; O.C.S. veljo, veleti wollen, order, ablaut. volja f. volition, therefrom voljo,
voliti wollen, wish, in weiteren ablaut do-vljo, do-vleti genugen(*uol-);
about Goth. wala, O.H.G. wela, wola etc. probably compare Feist3 543.
B. d-extension (d-present): Gk. , Hom. sehne mich, demand after
etwas, n. wish, desire;
Ir. fled, Welsh gwledd Gastmahl, festival (*uldu); Gaul. PN Vlido-rx.
. p-extension: Hom. lasse hoffen, , hoffe, perf. poet. ;
, - f. hope, hoffe, Hom. hope, zero grade *, Sup. to
, dissim. erwunscht, reizend, erwunscht (r/n-stem); Lat.
Page 3292
uel-3
English meaning: to press, push
Deutsche bersetzung: drngen, pressen, zusammendrngen, einschlieen
Material: Hom. (*F-); Inf.-Aor. and with suggestion , Aor. pass. ,
, ep. Ion. (*F-), Att. (*F with Vorschlags-), Dor. el. F,
redupl. (*F-F) drnge, push, press, presse; lakon. ,
Hes., messen. , Ion. troop, multitude, crowd (F-), next to which
probably with i =
Page 3293
g-extension is probably Lat. volgus, vulgus das people (= big, giant bulk, mass of
people, compare above Russ. valom, valmja) = O.Ind. vrga- m. dividing off,
partitioning off, group, M.Bret. gwalch berflu, Bret. a-walch sufficient (compare
), gwalcha sttigen, Welsh gwala bulk, mass, sufficient ; Toch. walke long.
References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f., Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181;
See also: original resemblance with *uel-7 turn is denkbar, da press, to press together
originally zusammenwinden sein kann.
Page(s): 1138
Page 3294
possible
Material: A. O.Ind. rnu f. (compare O.Ind. rnu-vbhi- spider , above S. 1114) wool, Av.
varnu ds., Gk. , Dor. n. wool, Lat. luna ds., lung Flaum of Bartes,
Milchhaare, Goth. wulla, O.H.G. wolla etc. Wolle = wool, Lith. vlna Wollfaser, pl. wool,
Ltv. vilna wool, O.Pruss. wilna Rock, R.C.S. vlna, Serb. vuna wool; schwchere
Ablautform *ulnu in Welsh gwlan, Corn. gluan, Bret. gloan (Brit. Lw. is M.Ir. olann) wool;
other vowel gradation in Lat. vellus, -eris Vlies (villus das zottige, wollige Haar the
animal) = O.E. wil-mod colus (i.e. Wollstange, as wul-mod), probably also Arm. gemn
wool, Vlies; relationship to Lat. vellere (uel-8) from *uel-s- lies nahe; *ul- in Gk. n.
hem, Gespint, Gmc. *wlha- (under B) and IE *ul-ro- (uel-7) S. 1143.
B. guttural extensions:
O.Ind. valk- m. bast, splint, valkala- Bastgewand, vrkala- n. Bastgewand; ein
bestimmtes intestines, entrails ; Ice. l f., Dan. lu Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern,
O.E. O.S. wlh fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke (Gmc. *wlha-); O.Ice. lagr tuft of Wolle or
(*wlagaa-); O.C.S. vlakno, Russ.volokn fibre, filament ; with IE k: O.Ind. vlsam. sprout, twig, branch (these point at auf biegsame rod) and Av. varsa-, Pers. gurs =
O.C.S. vlas, Russ. volos hair; to a from beiden root form belongs Gk. f. krauses
hair (*ulksnu), m. wool;
compare under *uel- turn die likewise auf *uolk- indicating O.E. wielgan roll, O.H.G.
wal(a)gn.
Page 3295
guiltiat, guiliat, guoliat, M.Bret. guilchat schur, Tonsur and Welsh gwellaif, O.Corn. guillihim
scissors, perhaps also Welsh gwellt, Corn. gwels grass, O.Bret. gueltiocion fenosa (or
to M.Ir. geltboth pubulum, gelid grast S. 365, with gw after gwallt?);
O.H.G. O.S. wald wood, forest, O.E. weald ds., O.Ice. vollr meadow; after E. Lewy
(KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) wurde Wald as *(s)ualtus to Lat. saltus
Engpa, Bergwald, belong, das then from saltus sprung to separate wre (above S.
899), during Ernout-Meillet 2889 both unite (compare Pas de Calais etc.); other stellen Wald
to Goth. wileis wild, O.Ice. villr wild, verruckt, O.E. wilde, O.S. O.H.G. wildi wild,
unbebaut (*ueltiio-), Ger. Wild (*ueltos), wherefore further Welsh gwyllt wild, phrenetical,
quick, fast (*uelt-), Corn. guyls wild, unbebaut, O.Bret. gueld-enes insula indomita (M.Ir.
Page 3296
Page 3297
uel-6
English meaning: warm
Deutsche bersetzung: lau, warm?
Material: Arm. gol heat, golanam sich wrmen; Lith. vlditi lukewarm make.
References: WP. I 302;
See also: perhaps to S. 1142 under (uel-7).
Page(s): 1140
Page 3298
Material: A. O.Ind. vlati, -te wendet sich, dreht sich (?), Kaus. vulayati makes sich
wenden, roll, valanam das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, surge, Wogen, val- m.
Bedeckung, cave (or to *uer-?), vala-, valaka- m. perhaps (round) balk, beam, shaft,
pole, lengthened grade cakra-vula- n. hoarfrost, ring, circle, bulk, mass, ula-vula- n.
Vertiefung um die root eines Baumes (compare Mayrhofer 1, 79 f.), probably also vura- m.
(* turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag = Pers. bur mal;
from ul- mi-: O.Ind. rmi - m. f. surge, wave, Av. varmi ds.
from the u-basis: O.Ind. vrnti, rnoti umhullt, bedeckt, umschliet, umringt, hemmt,
wehrt, Av. vrnavaiti bedeckt hullend (contain partly IE *uer-5), das Av. word also
wendet (sich) as O.Ind. vlati; compare S. 1160;
O.Ind. varutra- (= Gk. ) n. berwurf, i.e. was man umlegt (uncovered, ulva-,
volmen, ?), glem rolle, throw, cast low, base (*gilem from *ul- or *gulem from
*ul-), gil (*ul-) round Wurfstein (compare Gk. , Russ. valun round pebble),
Page 3299
Page 3300
Page 3301
walwian tr. intr. wlzen, roll; O.Ice. valr round , O.E. walu f. strieme after a blow, knock
(*uolo-, -u, compare Lat. vola), M.L.G. walen turn, wlzen, roll, O.H.G. wulsta f. bulge;
bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb ; Goth. walus staff, O.Ice. volr round staff, O.Fris.
biwullen participle befleckt, wherefore O.H.G. wella Welle = wave, compare with
Page 3302
wlen ds., O.H.G.wuolen wuhlen, aufwuhlen (compare zum ablaut O.C.S. valiti wlzen,
and to meaning aufwuhlen also Ger. Wal, Wehle, Wuhle of Wasser ausgewaschene
Vertiefung);
Lith. veliu, vlti (heavy basis) walken, vltis Garn, fishing net (= Russ. vlot
filament, fibre bis auf die intonation), Ltv. velt wlzen, walken, Lith. apvalus, Ltv. apl
round , O.Pruss. walis Zugscheit am cart , Lith. vole wooden beetle, hammer, pavlai
Walzen, Ltv. vule f. Waschbleuel, v-vala the Laufstock beim Garnwinden (: vvaluot
ausgelassen sein); Lith.velei, vel against, noch einmal, Ltv. vl still, further (against
from turn ) and with meaning-development sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate
perhaps Lith. velus, Ltv. vels late, Lith.valand while (out of it Russ. valnda
saumseliger);
Slav. *val m. in Church Slavic val wave, Russ. val wave, surge, Walze (Bal.-Slav.
Page 3303
walzen, wielz sichwlzen, O.H.G. also volvere animo (wgrm. a-present to a perf. with IE
neologism with Unterstutzung of Iterativs:) Goth. waltjan wallow, uswaltjan umwlzen,
O.Ice. velta, O.E. wieltan, O.H.G. welzan trans. wlzen, roll, turn, O.N. valtr, O.E. wealt
rollend, wlzbar, unbestndig; O.E. wlatian uPers. nauseare, wlta, wltta m. disgust,
repulsion, loathing (*wlutia), wltan foedare, M.L.G. wlaten disgust (ul-d- : ul-d-);
also besides O.H.G. wal(a)gn wallow, roll steht M.H.G. die meaning disgust, repulsion,
loathing feel, walgunge seekrankheit, also Nor. dial. valg widerlich, evil (see under);
d-Erweit. also in Ltv. velde, veldre das of rain niedergelegte (as gewlzte) corn, grain ;
compare from the i-basis above Gk. , , .
C. Weiterbildungen:
ulei-s-, uli-s- in: O.Ir. flesc rod (*ulisku), Goth. wlizjan hit, chastise, castigate (if
derivative from a *wliza- rod), Slav. *leska (*vloisku), R.C.S. leskov from dem Holz of
Styraxbaumes gemacht, Serb. lijska Haselstaude etc.; about Russ. ls wood, forest,
Holz (*les), les fishing line, fence, die perhaps hergehren, s. Vasmer 2, 33 f. and
above S. 665.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*uli-s) lis oak tree
ul-ro-, ul-ro-, ul-ro-: Gk. , Dor. pl. rein, Hes. (*-, F-), Lat. lrum strap, lrica a leather cuirass, corselet of thongs; a defence,
Page 3304
uolg- in O.Ind. vlgati (*dreht sich), hupft, springt, with sam- places sich in rollende
Bewegung, with abhi- wallt auf, valgu bridle, rein, rein, Lat. valgus sbelbeinig, O.E.
wealcan, wolc roll (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere animo, O.H.G.
walkan, M.H.G. walken, wielc trample, felt, thrash, M.H.G. also wallow, O.Ice. valk n.
das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf the sea, O.E. gewealc n. das Rollen, wealca m.
surge ;*walkn in O.Ice. valka from place to place drive, push or ziehen, plague, volvere
animo, O.E. wealcian roll (intr.), Eng. walk wander , M.L.G. walken walken, knead;
Ltv. valgs rope, cord;
nasalized O.S. wlank minxish, wanton, bold, O.E. wlanc minxish, wanton, stout, proud,
stately, if from the meaning springend (: O.Ind. vlgati) evolved.
Page 3305
uel-8
English meaning: to tear, wound; to steal
Deutsche bersetzung: reien, an sich reien, rauben; reien = ritzen, verwunden,
Wunde; besides words for tten, Blutbad, Schlachtfeld and die Leichen darauf; Blut
Note: with dem ablaut uol- : ul-, die perhaps as selbstndige group (A.) abzulsen are
Material: A. O.Ir. fuil f. blood, M.Ir. fuili blutige Wunden, Welsh gweli (*uolso-?) wound,
Corn. goly, pl. golyow, M.Bret. goulyow ds.; O.Ice. valr m. die Leichen auf dem
Schlachtfeld, O.E. wl n. ds., Schlachtfeld, Blutbad, O.H.G. wal n. ds. (Walstatt), O.S.
volnus, -eris wound (*ulsnos = O.Ir. flann blood; blutrot); Hes. (i.e. F;
Fick KZ. 44, 438);
Page 3306
Page 3307
Page 3308
Page 3309
Page 3310
uendh-1
English meaning: to turn, wind, plait
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, winden, wenden, flechten
Material: O.Ind. vandhura- m. Wagensitz, originally Wagenkorb (from netting), Arm. gind
ring, gndak ortoy vine-layer, Rebscho;
Gk. rhod. cart Hes., - Korbwagen (*undh-ro-); Umbr. pre-uendu
advertit, aha-uendu avertit;
rich evolved in Gmc.: Goth. O.E. O.S. windan, O.H.G. wintan, O.Ice. vinda winden,
Kaus. Goth. wandjan etc., Ger. wenden, O.Ice. vindr slant, skew, Goth. inwinds inverted
, M.H.G. windeht winded, O.H.G. wanda turbo, O.Ice. vandr genau, difficult, hard
(*inverted, verdreht), vandi m. schwierigkeit, Ungemach, O.E. wandian hesitate, achten,
scheuen, Goth. wandus = O.Ice. vondr Gerte, rod, vandahs Haus from wickerwork ,
Swe. dial. vann schlingfaden an Pflanzen, O.Ice. vondull zusammengedrehtes bundle
from Heu, Ger. wandern, wandeln among others m.
References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;
See also: *uendh- is perhaps nasalized Forme to udh- tie, bind, knot, bind.
Page(s): 1148
Page 3311
uendh-2
English meaning: to disappear
Deutsche bersetzung: schwinden
Note: see above S. 1047 (s)uendh- ds.;
Page 3312
uendh-3
English meaning: hair, beard
Deutsche bersetzung: Haar, Bart
Material: Gk. m. root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag (*ui-uondhos),
villous, shaggy;
M.Ir. find hair of the head , O.Ir. gen. pl. finnae (*uendhu-), newer nom. sg. M.Ir. finna
ds., Ir. fionnun sumpfgras, from which M.Welsh gwynnawn ds.; M.Ir. fs schamhaar, hair
(*uendh-s-o-); O.H.G. wintbruwa eyelash (Haarrand); O.Pruss. wanso f. the first beard,
O.C.S. vos, os barba, mystax (Bal.-Slav. *uondh-s-o-, -u).
Maybe Alb. diminutive (*uendh-ul, *vent-ul) vetul eyebrow.
References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f., Frisk 729 f.
Page(s): 1148
Page 3313
vengi (*wangia), O.H.G. r-wengi ds.; here also M.L.G. wingeren crook oneself, grovel,
truckle, creep .
References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht IE Decl. 216 could though also *uenk- for
unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes IE *uonk- etc. annimmt.
Page(s): 1149
Page 3314
wench;
Lith. vngiu, vngti avoid, vermeiden, actually ausbiegen; ablaut. Iterat. vngstyti
undvangus idle; vngis bow, curvature , ivengti vermeiden, vngiuoti bow, Umwege
make, vingrus sich schlngelnd, sharp witted, shrewd; O.Pruss. wngriskan acc. sg.
artifice, wangan acc. sg. end; Ltv. vingrs fresh, hurtig, skilful.
References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl
Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.;
See also: compare uu-, uek- etc.
Page(s): 1148-1149
Page 3315
Page 3316
tr-, vantr- gainer , Av. vanaiti, vanaoiti siegt, M.Pers. vantan defeat, conquer, hit;
O.Ind. Aor.-present vanti in same meaning; Kaus. vanyati and vunayati (ersteres nicht
covered); as -sk-present O.Ind. vunchati wunscht, compare vunchu f. wish; vanas- n.
lust (compare Lat. Venus), vani- f. desire, wish, wherefore vanyati bettelt, vanyaka-
beggar, vanu- as noun agentis m. (compare Av. -vanu in nom. Pr.); in compositions
erscheirit vnya-; s. further vantu- as nom. sg. m. (Av. vantar victor), vanti- nom. Act.
(uncovered, yet compare Av. -vantay-); O.Ind. vuma- link and vuma- lieb(lich),
lascivious;
Ven. VN Venet from *uenetos geliebt; compare die Venostes in den Alpen, die
Venetulani in Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); Lat.-Gmc. Venethi (Plin.); O.H.G. Winida Wende
point at auf Proto-Gmc. *Vento-, against it Lat.-Gmc. Venedi (Tacitus), O.E. Winedas
Wenden auf *Venet-;
Maybe Alb. (*venedi) vendi country, homeland, vendos place, put, settle, judge, decide
Lat. venus, -eris f. love, Liebesgenu, Liebreiz, Venus name the Liebesgttin, venustus
graceful, reizend, mellifluous, veneror, -uri with religious fear, shyness worship, huldigen,
demutig bid, beg, ask, originally die love bezeugen; here also vnor, -uri pursue ein
Wild, jage;
Page 3317
wunnia, wunna, wunn lust, Wonne, O.S. wunnia, O.E. wynn ds. (M.H.G. wunne
Weideplatz, only in the Formelwunne and weide replacement for das old winne);
IE *uenistro- wird through O.Ice. vinstri link, O.S. winistar, O.Fris. winister etc.
assumed, eine Komparativbildg. as Lat. sinister etc. (compare moreover O.Ind. vumalink);
frequent, often is the junction to befriedigt sein, sich accustom in Gmc.; compare zero
grades Goth. unwunands sich nicht freuend, O.Ice. una (*wunn) zufrieden sein with,
O.Fris. wonia, O.S. wonn, wunn stay, dwell, O.H.G. wonn habitual, customary sein,
sich accustom, bleiben, wohnen; O.S. giwono, giwuno, O.E. gewun, O.H.G. giwon
habitual, customary ; O.Ice. o-grade vanr ds.; derived O.S. giwono (*-wunan-)
consuetude etc., O.Ice. vani m. ds.; O.Ice. venja (*wanjan), O.S. gi-wennian, O.E. wennan
etc. accustom ;
maybe Alb. von late, vonoj delay, stay late
die lengthened grade hat Gmc. die meaning hoffen, erwarten angenommen; Goth.
wns (i-stem) expectation, hope, O.Ice. vun, O.S. wun ds., O.Fris. wn opinion, O.H.G.
wun also Vermutung, Wahn, intention etc.; adj. necess. O.Ice. vnn (*vnja-) to hoffen,
pretty, pleasant, wherefore O.Ice. vnd (*vni) hope, expectation , Goth. wnjan
erwarten, hoffen, O.Ice. vna ds., vnask sich ruhmen, O.S. wunian etc.; zero grade
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 3318
wierwinna m. adversary , O.H.G. widarwinno ds.; Goth. winn, winna affliction, schaft, O.Ice.vinna work, O.H.G. winna fight, M.H.G. winne pain; schlielich Goth.
wunns affliction ;
Church Slavic uniti velle, unjii, uneji better;
Hitt. uen-, uent- futuere; Toch. A wai, wn- pleasure.
References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.
Page(s): 1146-1147
Page 3319
uen-2
Deutsche bersetzung: schlagen
See also: see above under uu-1.
Page(s): 1147
Page 3320
Material: Arm. vandem destroy, smash; Goth. wunds verwundet, O.H.G. Ger. O.S. O.E.
wund, Subst. O.H.G. wunta, O.E. wund, O.Ice. and wound (*un-ts, -tu), O.E. if swelling,
lump, growth (originally probably swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages), Eng. wen,
M.L.G. wene, Dan. dial. vann, vne (Proto-Gmc. *wanja); Welsh ym-wan fight, M.Welsh
gweint I durchbohrte, 3. sg. gwant; gwn punctio, Corn. yth ym-wanas percussit,
gwane perforare.
Maybe Alb. (*wene) vara wound [rhotacism N > R]
References: WP. I 212.
Page(s): 1108
Page 3321
uep-2
English meaning: to throw, throw out
Deutsche bersetzung: werfen, streuen?
Material: O.Ind. vpati wirft, streut (den Samen), vpra- m. n. Aufwurf (from earth),
Erdwall,
vapru Feuersttte, Av. vafra-, M.Pers. vafr, Pers. barf snow (lit.
[*Schnee]wehe?);
O.C.S.vepr, Ltv. vepris boar (as the Befruchter); different about Bal.-Slav. *uepriaboar above S. 323; remains far off Lat. veprs briar (see 1156).
References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183.
Page(s): 1149
Page 3322
gruizyenn, Bret. grisienn; Welsh gwrysg Aste, Zweige (*urd-sko-); O.Ir. M.Ir. frn root
(*urd-no-), newer frm; Welsh greddf Instinkt, nature (*urd-mu-; also perhaps originally -
wurzala, O.E. wyrtwalu (eig. herb-stock) root (here also O.S. wurtia, M.H.G. wurze
Wurze, next to which the changing by ablaut O.S. wirtea, M.H.G. wirze ds.; besides
diesen auf *uerd- beruhenden forms steht *ur()d- in O.Ice. urt herb; O.Ice. rt root;
Toch. witsako root.
References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff.
Page(s): 1167
Page 3323
vardhyati makes grow, vrddh- grown, big, large, old, vrddhi- f. strkung; Av. vardmake grow ; O.Ind. rdhva- high (*uor-dh-uo-); O.Ind. vrudhant- emporsteigend;
Gk. , Dor. - erect, straight, right, true (*uordh-uo-), in addition also
the fruhe morning , , early, matutinal, bin fruh auf, therefore
anlaut. F through lakon. Hes., otherwise (from *-)
spanferkel ( ) gesichert wird; limb, member,
body, face (with the eyes and mouth);
Alb. rit grow, make gro;
perhaps Goth. gawrisqan fruit bringen, O.Ice. roskr proficient, roskvask aufwachsen,
ripen, roskinn grown;
O.C.S. etc. rod partus, generatio, gens, natura, roditi, radati parere, red dish,
food, nourishment, food, nSlov. redti nhren, Ltv. radt erschaffen, to give birth to
children (probably Lw.), raa prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest (*radiu), rasma,
rasme prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit, Lith. rasme ds.; doubtful Lith. resnas strong,
proficient, Ltv. resns thick, dickleibig, dickstmmig (Russ. Lw.?); O.C.S. ran ,
Cz. Pol. rano die time fruhmorgens, die Fruhe (compare Bulg. rada se (die sun) goes
auf, (sol) oritur) from *urdhno-.
References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer 2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117.
Page(s): 1167
Page 3324
Page 3325
uer-g-, uer-gh-, uer-kSee also: see above S. 1154 f. (uer-3: D. uer-g-, etc..)
Page(s): 1169
Page 3326
Page 3327
worhte, O.H.G. (obdt.) wurchen, wor(a)hta wirken, do, make, effectuate , O.H.G. gawurht
f. feat, dead, act, action, Goth. frawaurhts sundig, f. sunde etc., Goth. waurstw n. work
(*waurh-stwa-; similarly Av. vartva-); O.H.G. werc, werah, O.S. werk, O.Ice. werk n. (=
Page 3328
uwurihhi oakum show Anwendung our root auf die Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF.
22, 332 f. (the Werg and wirken to weave the root *uerg- turn, winden allot mchte); an
Ger. Werg reminds Welsh cy-warch Hanf, Flachs = Bret. koarch, O.Bret. coarcholion gl.
canabina; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362 seeks therein ein IE *uer-k- turn, see above S. 1155.
References: WP. I 290 f., Frisk 548 f.
Page(s): 1168-1169
Page 3329
e-grade O.Ir. ferc, M.Ir. ferg f. rage, fury presumably also the by
Ptol. (i.e. vergivios the angry? or still the schwellende, surging ?); M.Welsh y werit sea
(d. h. y werydd) rather from *uerio- to *auer- above S. 80 and 1165; compare Pedersen
Celt. Gk. II, 669 f.
References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1, 116.
Page(s): 1169
Page 3330
uer-10
Deutsche bersetzung: Flu, flieen
See also: see above auer- S. 80 f.; in addition Var- in many FlN (uer-).
Page(s): 1165
Page 3331
werei schlichte Gute, O.Ice. olvrr friendly, gastlich, O.E. eal-werlic benigne, O.H.G.
alauuari, M.H.G. alwre schlicht, oafish, clownish , O.H.G. zur-wuri verdchtig = Goth.
*tuzwrs (tuzwrjan doubt), *unwrs(un-wrjan unwilling sein), O.H.G. miti-wuri gentle.
D. adjective uro-s true: Lat. vrus, O.Ir. fr, Welsh gwir; O.S. O.H.G. wur, Ger. wahr.
E. Verbalableitungen: Gk. (*FF) Feier, festival, Eol. ds. (*F?
rather angeglichen an , Hom. mellifluous); ds.;
O.H.G. wern, giweren, giwern, Ger. gewhren, O.S. waron leisten.
Here probably also Gmc. weruz (= IE *uertu-) in O.Ice. verr (dat. sg. vire besides
frequent vere) repast, meal, Goth. wairdus , O.S. werd, O.H.G. Wirt
householder, Eheherr, Wirt, O.Fris. hus-werda Hauswirt, householder .
Page 3332
Page 3333
uer-12
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche bersetzung: brennen, verbrennen, schwrzen
Material: Arm. varem zunde an, varim burn; perhaps Alb. vorb Kochtopf and (?) Gmc.
*uarma- warm in Goth. warmjan warm, O.Ice. varmr, afr. O.S. O.H.G. warm warm,
changing through ablaut O.H.G. wirma Wrme (*wirmia) and wirmina, M.H.G. wirme and
wirmen; compare (?) O.Ice. orna warm become, warm; O.C.S. var heat, variti cook
(different above S. 81); in addition also balto-Slav. uarna- m. raven in Lith. varnas,
O.Pruss. voc. warnis, acc. pl. warnins, O.C.S. vran, Russ. vron, probably ein
substantiviertes adjective *uarna- black, verbrannt in O.C.S. vran, Russ. voronj black
etc.; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. Bal.-Slav. *uurnu- crow in O.Pruss. warne
(secondary -stem), Lith. vrna, Russ. Church Slavic vrana, Serb. vran, Russ. vorna
(glottal stop through Vriddhi); Hitt. uar- burn, verbrennen, participle uarant- burning
(Intrans.), uar-nu- kindle, inflame, verbrennen.
References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1, 169, 228 f., Szemernyi Kratylos 2,
121 f., the also Gmc. *swarta- black (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.
Page(s): 1166
Page 3334
uer-13
English meaning: squirrel, etc..
Deutsche bersetzung: Eichhorn, also Iltis, Marder under likewise
Note: in den certainly Zugehrigen with Redupl. uer-uer-, ue-uer-, uai-uer-, ui-uer-, uu-uer-
Material: Pers. varvarah Eichhorn; Lat. vverra f. Frettchen (*v-ver-sa); Welsh gwiwer,
Bret. gwiber from dem Lat.; unclear Ir. iora radh, schott.-Gael. feorag;
Bal.-Slav. *uuer- and *uuuer- *uaiuer- f. Eichhrnchen in Lith. vaivers (vaivaras,
vaivarys) Mnnchen of polecat or marten, vaivere, vovere Eichhorn; Ltv. vvere, vuveris
ds.; O.Pruss.weware ds.; aRuss. veverica, nSlov. veverica Eichhorn, Clr. vyvirka, Cz.
Page 3335
Page 3336
vor f. long row (from cart, animals etc.), Lith. virve, Ltv. vrve rope, band, O.C.S. vrv
ds. (= O.Pruss. wirbe ds.), Lith. ap-varas bootlace , varanda netting from Weidenruten,
wrius herd, O.E. wrd ds.; Russ. vorna, vornka Trichter, veret sack, bag, O.C.S.
vretite n. ds. etc.;
B. With the meaning row, swarm etc.:
O.Ind. vrndam troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass; O.Ir. foirenn f. factio, group, troop,
multitude, crowd, O.Welsh guerin factio, Welsh gwerin people, bulk, mass, troop,
multitude, crowd, O.Bret. guerin factiones (*varnu); O.E. weorn, wearn troop, multitude,
crowd, bulk, mass, Truppe; Toch. warnai with; about Russ. verenca, Lith. vor, Ltv.
svrti das Ubergewicht have , uberhngen; svrtis f. Brunnenschwengel, Ltv. sveru, svrt
wgen, wiegen, svars Gewicht, svre f. Brunnenschwengel; Welsh chwar-, Bret.
choar- geschehen;
Gmc. swra- heavy in Goth. swers geehrt, O.H.G. M.H.G. swur (O.H.G. swuri)
heavy, druckend, schmerzend; doubtful Gk. n. schiffsballast (see 1152) and Lat.
srius ernst.
Page 3337
Page 3338
uer-2 (*suer-)
English meaning: highland, high place, top, high
Deutsche bersetzung: erhhte Stelle (in Gelnde or in der Haut)
Note: extended uer-d-, uer-s-
Material: A. Lat. varus Gesichtsausschlag, Knspchen (= Lith. vras, pl. virai, compare
E.Lith. virys, pl. viriai m. Finne in Schweinefleisch), Lat. varulus Gerstenkorn in eye, varix
m. f. Krampfader;
perhaps M.Ir. ferbb f. Hitzblatter, Finne (*uerbhu), from which borrowed O.Bret. guerp
Brandmal, M.Bret. guerbl bubon;
Mod.Ice. var n. Augenschleim, Swe. var n. pus; compare O.H.G. warah, O.E. wearh,
worsm ds.; O.E. wer-ngl m. ulcer, nEng. warnel ds.; Dutch weer weal, callus, Nor. dial.
vere swelling, lump, growth under the skin the Kuhe;
with n-suffix: Swe. dial. verna, O.H.G. werna Krampfader, Ger. dial. Wern Gerstenkorn
in eye (*wern);
with the meaning lip (*swollen elevation): Goth. wairilom dat. pl., O.E. weleras pl.
(rearrangement from *werelas), O.Fris. were, as from the s-extension O.Ice. vorr f. O.Pruss.
warsus lip.
uer-d-: Pers. bal wart (Iran. *vard-); O.H.G. warza, O.E. wearte, O.Ice. varta f.
(*uordu) wart ; ablaut. O.C.S. vred damage, Russ. vered ulcer, Eiterbeule.
uer-s-: Lat. verrca a steep place, height, a wart on the human body, an excrescence
on precious stones (by Cato also locus editus et asper), O.E. wearr weal, callus, wart ,
Flem. warre weal, callus, knag, O.H.G. werra Krampfader, Ger. Werre Gerstenkorn in
eye.
Page 3339
verch headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, acme, apex (O.C.S. vrchu above, of ustem); O.Ir. ferr better (*uerso- upper ) to Positiv fern good (*uer-no-); Welsh etc. gwell
better either from *uel-no- Wahl or after Thurneysen Gk. 236 ferr and gwell from *uer-lowith different development from -rl-; M.Ir. farr f. Pfosten = Welsh gwar f. nape (*ursu);
manche connect Goth. warsiza, O.H.G. wirsiro schlimmer with Ir. ferr, so that (as by Ger.
Page 3340
uer-3 (*suer-)
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, biegen
Note: here perhaps die under uer-1 angefuhrten baltoslavischen words. Sonst only
Page 3341
wyrm, O.Fris. wirm ds. worm , O.S. O.H.G. wurm m. ds.; Bal.-Slav. *uarma- m. worm,
insect in Lith. varmas insect, mosquito , O.Pruss. wormyan voc. red (wurmfarben),
ablaut. urminan ds., Slav. vrmje n. Insekten in aRuss. vermije, ukrain. vermnyi red;
with same meaning O.Fris. worma Purpur, O.H.G. gi-uurmt red gefrbt, O.E. wurma m.
Purpurschnecke, Waid, Purpur, out of it borrowed O.Bret. uurm dark, Welsh gwrm
dark(blue), from which again O.Ir. gorm ds.; Gk. PN F and (Eol. *F
from *urmos) Holzwurm Hes.; compare from the g- or gh-extension in the same meaning
M.Ir. frige f., nom. pl. frigit Fleischwurm (*urg(h)-ntes), Welsh pl. gwraint Wurmer in the
skin (*urg(h)ntoi), galloLat. brigantes (*vrigantes) Wurmer in eyelid; M.Bret. gruech, Bret.
Page 3342
vrba Weidenzweig (with the accentuation of acc. sg.; Russ. dial. verb hat die older Slav.
accentuation), vorba Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett, vorby Garnwinde;
Goth. warpan throw (*turn), O.Ice. verpa throw and ein Gewebe anzetteln, die
chain
shave,
shear,
aldri
orpinn
of
Alter
gebeugt,
verpask
vor
Hitze
zusammenschrumpfen, O.E. weorpan, O.S. werpan, O.H.G. werfan throw; O.Ice. varp n.
das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of Gewebes, O.S. warp, O.H.G. warf, O.E. wearp n. ds.;
die Lat. and Bal.-Slav. words (an sich also ) could also IE *uerbh- fortsetzen; auf
ein solches could bezogen become die auf nasalized *urembh- indicating ,
Hes., krummer Vogelschnabel, probably hybridization from - and
-), gebogenes knife, gebogener hook, gebogen, nd.
Page 3343
Page 3344
Page 3345
wrencan turn, winden, cheat, deceive, wrincle wrinkle, O.H.G. birenkit luxated, M.H.G.
renken drehend ziehen, M.H.G. ranc, pl. renke m. gyration, curvature, schnelle
Bewegung, Ger. verrenken, Rank Rnke, Mod.Swe. vrinka verstauchen, nNor. vrinke
abgeschmackt become; Lith. regtis sich schwerfllig bucken, crook, rangus ductile ,
rangtus hasty, rnga ein crooked Dasitzender under likewise; perhaps O.Ind. abhivlang- m. Fangnetz, abhi-vlag- capture ; under the imagining of Nasenrumpfens kann
angereiht become Lat. ringor (rictus then with analog. i for e) den Mund aufsperren and die
Zhne fletschen, sich rgern, Church Slavic regnoti hiscere, rog derision, ridicule etc.
References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f.
Page(s): 1154
Page 3346
Root uer-3: E. uer-gh- (*suergh-): to turn, press, strangle derived from g- extension of
Root ueis-2 : to turn, bend [rhotacism -s- > -r-].
Material: O.Ice. virgill rope, urga rope, hawser-end, O.S. wurgil rope, M.H.G. erwergen
st. V. erwurgen, O.H.G. wurgen die Kehle zusammenschnuren, erwurgen, O.E. wyrgan
ds.; O.Ice. vargr (*Wurger=) wolf, gechteter Verbrecher, O.E. wearg, O.S. O.H.G.
Page 3347
vresk Heidekraut, Pol. wrzos, Serb. vrijes ds.; Lith. virktis, Ltv. virksne (*virsk) stiff,
intense Kraut from Bohnen, Kartoffeln; Ranken from Erbsen, Hopfen; compare from the iextension *u(e)rei-k- die words for Heidekraut Gk. (F), O.Ir. froech, Welsh grug
(*uroiko-).
Nasalized *urengh-:
Gk. (*urenghu-, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 302) rash, hasty, behende (sich drehend);
O.H.G. (ge)ringi light, O.Fris. ring, M.Du. gheringhe, M.L.G. M.H.G. (ge)ringi light,
quick, fast willing, ready, if M.L.G. Fris. r- instead of to erwartenden wr- through old
dissimil. reduction of w- in the Vorstufe Proto-Gmc. *wrinwja- (from *urenghu-) to define is;
with other meaning development: O.E. O.S. wrengan fest zusammendrehen, winden,
press, O.H.G. ringan sich windend anstrengen, lucturi, Ger. ringen to Dan. vringle
winden, M.L.G. mnl.wrang bitter, M.H.G. rang Umdrehung, O.E. wrang n. (Eng. wrong)
wrong; injustice (< aNor. vrang), O.E.wrang(a) m. schiffsbauch (< aNor. vrong), Alem.
rang convolution ; Goth. wrugg loop, noose, snare ; O.Ice.rangr (O.S. vranger)
crooked, verdreht, unrecht, M.L.G. wrank, wrange sour, bitter, O.Ice.rong f. Krummholz,
O.E. wrang, M.L.G. urange f. ds.
References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ. 72,
193 f.
See also: compare uerg- under S. 1168.
Page(s): 1154-1155
Page 3348
Material: NIr. feirc f. (O.Ir. ferc) hump, hunchback, hunch, Heft; Welsh cywarch Hanf,
rope, band (*kom-uorko-), O.Bret. coarcholion pl. from Hanf, Bret. Vannes koarch Hanf,
Corn. cuer ds.;
urenk- : uronk- in germO.N. *uranh, O.Ice. vru f. angle, point, edge (*uronhu) =
schott.-Gael. frg f. cave, swamp, marsh, hideout (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in
addition late Lat. branca paw (die crooked ), from Gaul. (probably nichtCelt. origin)
*uranku, IE *uronku = Bal.-Slav. *ranku hand in Lith. rank, Ltv. ruoka hand, Arm; O.C.S.
roka hand, Russ. ruk hand, Arm; further to Lith. renku, rikti auflesen, gather, collect,
parank f. Nachlese.
References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg Fr. etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dicc. de la
langua castellana 1, 509, Specht IE Decl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237, Vasmer 2, 545.
Page(s): 1155
Page 3349
verpeli whirlwind, Lith. vrpiu, -eti, virpu, -ti waver, tremble, quiver, virpulys Zittern the
Glieder, and with the development to drehend toss, fling, throw, loslassen, O.Pruss.
Page 3350
varputi stochern; formal comparable Cz. vrpa, vrp wrinkle, Sloven. vrpa, rpa
Hautrunzel, nsorb. ropa, O.Sor. (w)ropa crease .
References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.
Page(s): 1156
Page 3351
vart- sich wenden; other Prsentia O.Ind. vavartti, vartti, causative vartyati places in
drehende Bewegung (= Goth. fra-wardjan, O.C.S. vratiti, Lith. vartuti), vrtman- n.
pathway, vartana- n. das Drehen, by den Withanni-Indern aika-vartana etc. eine Runde
(the racecourse); vartula- round , vartulu spinnwirtel (: M.H.G. wirtel), vrtt- twiddled,
twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round (= Lat. vorsus, virsus, Lith. virstas etc.), vrtti- f.
das Rollen, kind of, nature (= Lat. versi-, O.C.S. vrst), varti Gerolltes; ein present
Wrong etymology, since those cognates derived from Alb. gur stone in the kidneys, ngurta
stony.
Gk. (F- from *urt-) Ruhrlffel, Hes., (Aeolian; -?) Hes.; hard, not drehbar (*-F-);
Lat. vert (neologism to replacement of old Kausativs?), vert, versum kehren, wenden,
turn, Deponens revertor; vortex, vertex whirl, Scheitel, versus, adversus gegen (toparticiple), versus, -s m. line, row, furrow; Umbr. kuvertu, covertu convertit, trahvorfi
Page 3352
frawarten spoil (causative to frawairan zugrunde go, actually eine Wendung zum Ubel
nehmen), Goth. etc. -wars, O.H.G. -wert, Ger. -wrts wohin gewendet; perhaps Goth.
etc. wairs, O.H.G.wert, Subst. Wert, Preis (compare O.Ir. frith-, Lat. vorsus gegen
together with dem relationship from O.Ind. prti gegen: Lat. pretium as Ghegenwert
dienender Preis) O.H.G. wurt fate, destiny (*urti- turn );
Bal.-Slav. *uerti wende, turn, twist, rotate (older *uert) in Lith. veriu, versti, Ltv.
veru, verst wenden, kehren, Intransitiv Lith. virstu (*vrt-st), virsti umfallen, fall, sich in
etwas verwandeln, Iter. vartuti continual wenden, O.Pruss. wirst wird; Slav. *vrtjo,
Page 3353
Page 3354
Page 3355
Page 3356
Page 3357
riga move, Mod.Ice. rig n, rigr m. stiffness in den Gliedern (from *luxated), M.H.G.
rigen, widerrigen wogegen ankmpfen, widerstreben, nd. wrigge(le)n seitwrts or hin- and
her drehen, Eng. wriggle crook oneself , nd. uriggel Eigensinn, Nor. rigga connect,
umwickeln; upset; doubtful go, rigla wobble, sway, doubtful go; M.H.G. ric, rickes band,
strap, manacle, knot; Geschlinge the Eingeweide, narrow way, Swiss rikch Heftel from
Faden, M.H.G. ric neck (probably as *Dreher), with expressive consonant stretch the
Intensivitt M.Eng. nd. Dutchwrikken hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway, M.L.G. vor-
wrikken dislocate, luxate, crick , Nor. (v)rikka, Swe. vrikka dislocate, luxate, crick,
wriggeln; Dutch gewricht joint; M.L.G. wrist, O.E. wrist, wyrst, aschw. vrist, O.Ice. rist
Fugelenk, M.H.G. rist hand-, Fugelenk (*wrihst-); O.H.G. rho m. sura, poples, locus
Page 3358
-au, -ti lame become, reas ankle , Ltv. risu, rist bind, rieu rist ds., ristu, rstu(*urkst, barely nasalized) fuge mich an; O.Pruss. senrists connected , perrist connect .
References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen AEng. etym. Wb.
408.
Page(s): 1158-1159
Page 3359
Page 3360
riill walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden, O.H.G. ridil m. Haarband, Kopfband; O.E.
wr, wr f. band, strap, bundle, M.L.G. wrden zusammendrehen, O.H.G. reid, reidi
curly, frizzy ; with the meaning zornrunzelnd O.Ice. reir angry, irate, O.E. wru
angry, irate, hostile, violent, O.S. wrth, M.L.G. wrt ds.;
Lith. rieiu (*reiti), riesti winden, wickeln, roll, Ltv. rieu, riest abfallen, sich abtrennen,
therefrom Lith. rieteti auskriechen, changing through ablaut ritu, -au, rsti roll, wlzen,
Ltv. ritu, rist ds., iterative Lith. riioti hin- and herrollen;
eine additional form with Gmc. t (phonetically influenced from wrtan rend ?) in older
ndrhein. wrten turn, verdrehen, wringen, Dutch wrijten turn.
References: WP. I 279 f., Trautmann 242.
Page(s): 1159-1160
Page 3361
uer-4 (*suer-)
English meaning: to find, take
Deutsche bersetzung: finden, nehmen
Note: besides uer(i)-, ur-
*urt- in Lith. su-resti, sureau catch, grasp, O.C.S. obresti find, s-resti find,
encounter, meet, Aor. -ret (present -reto), ob-reta Erfindung.
References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f.
Page(s): 1160
Page 3362
uer-5 (*suer-)
English meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save
Deutsche bersetzung: verschlieen, bedecken; schutzen, retten, abwehren
Material: A. With Prfixen: shut and ffnen; door; uortom gate.
O.Ind. api-vrnti verschliet, bedeckt, apa-vrnoti ffnet; also Lat. operi bedecke,
aperi ffne (from *op(i)- and *ap(o)-ueri); Osc. veru portam, Umbr. verof-e in portam,
Osc.vereias gen. sg. Jungmnnerbund (originally Torwache, Vetter Gl. 29, 240);
Lith. uveriu, -vrti shut, atvrti ffnen (from which previously without preverb veriu,
vrti ffnen, and shut; O.C.S. (za)/vro, vreti shut, Iter. ot-voriti ffnen;
Derivatives: *uortom in nom. pl. Lith. vartai, Ltv. vrti gate, door, O.Pruss. warto
Hausture; O.C.S. vrata, Russ. vorta gate, Ture; also to 3. uer- could belong O.C.S.
vereja and za-vor Hebebaum, Russ. verej Torflugel, zavor gesperrter passage ;
perhaps here Lith. varuti drive, push (formal = Gmc. warjan, O.C.S. ot-voriti, compare
also O.Ind. Kaus. vurayati) as das gate ffnen, um das Vieh from the hurdle
hinauszutreiben; in addition Russ. provrnyj fast, rapid, hurried, agile.
B. uer-, ueru-, ur- verschlieen, cover, shield, retten; uer-to- paddock , uer-tro
protection, ur- ti- Einzunung.
O.Ind. vrnti (also vrati and Kaus. varyati) umschliet, wehrt; Av. Akt. -vrnav-,
Med. vrn- cover, hullen; derivatives from a light basis: O.Ind. vrt- participle perf. pass.,
vrtra- n. Abwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e), (Av. vrra- Widerstand, Wehr, shield), sg. GN
Vrtra- (the die Gewsser einschliet?), varatru- strap, vrdhra-, vadhra- m. va(r)-dhr ds.,
vara- m. Einschlieen, also vala- (Av. vara- ds.), lengthened grade vura- (Av. -vura-)
Page 3363
Page 3364
verjar Rmer; Run. waru the umschlieende Steinkreis um ein grave (see above Ir. fert)
= O.Ice. vor f., nNor.vor m. Reihe from Steinen, also hill or bank from Steinen or gravel ,
O.Ice. ver n. dam, Fischwehr, O.E. wer m. ds., M.H.G. wer n. stauwehr, O.H.G. wer
Wehr, protection, O.E. mylen-waru, -wer Muhlenteich, waru protection; lengthened
grade O.H.G. wuor f. dam , Swiss wuhr Wehr; O.Ice.vorn Verteidigung, protection,
O.E. wearn Widerstand, Verweigerung (in M.H.G. warne, werne Vorsicht, Fursorge,
warning is ein to *uer- gewahren gehriges word eingeflossen), O.Ice. varna
sichenthalten, vorenthalten = O.E. wearnian warn, refl. sich enthalten, O.H.G. warnn
sich huten, warn, O.E. wiernan sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject;
O.E. waro n. bank, border, shore, beach, seaside, O.H.G. werid island, Halbinsel
(Ger. Werder), M.H.G. wert Landrucken between Sumpfen, bank, border, shore, M.L.G.
wrto, wart(t)o garden, wood, forest, Ir. fert burial mound; in the meaning also O.C.S.
vora saepimentum.
References: WP. I 280 ff., Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;
See also: in addition uergh-1.
Indo-European Language Association http://dnghu.org/
Page 3365
Page 3366
uer-6 (*suer-)
English meaning: to talk, speak
Deutsche bersetzung: feierlich sagen, sprechen
Note: also uere-, ur-
Material: Av. urvuta- n. determination, command (= ), next to which from the light
basis *uere-: Av. urvata- n. determination = O.Ind. vrat- n. command, statute,
profession, declaration , and O.C.S. rota oath; ablaut. O.Pruss. wertemmai wir
schwren;
Gk. say (*F), Fut. ep. Ion. , Att. , pass. Aor. Ion. (*F),
Att. (*F), perf. -, - diss. from *FF-, compare geneuertes =
renamed, has changed?? arg. FF; verabredet = festgesetzt, , Eol.
F Redner, , el. F f. spruch, pact, covenant, diss. to Cypr. F,
whereof F pact, covenant, law , word, discourse ,
someone, the sich verstellt (*F), Verstellung;
Russ. vru (*vro), vrat lie, maunder, drivel , with k-suffix (*uorku): Russ. vrka empty
gossip, O.C.S. vra (*uorkios) physician, medicine man (*Besprecher), magician,
Hexenmeister;
maybe Alb.Gheg vra, Tosc vras kill, wound, Alb.Gheg verbu, Tosc verboj to blind, make
wander aimlessly; maybe Alb.Gheg verbu, Tosc verboj to blind is related to the revenge
killing and anger of a murder - also Alb. verbohem to become blind from anger.
Hitt. ueriia- call, shout, cry, beauftragen, particle -uar- actually sagte;
perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here Bal.-Slav. urk-, urek- in
Lith. rekiu, rekti, Ltv. rkt cry, rekut sich unterhalten, O.C.S. reko, reti say, ablaut.
Page 3367
Page 3368
uer-7 (*suer-)
English meaning: to tear
Deutsche bersetzung: aufreien, ritzen
Note: base for extensions:
Material: A. uerd-: Av. vardva- soft, lax , O.C.S. vred, Russ. vred wound; ured-:
O.Ind. avradanta sie wurden weich, vrandn- murbe werdend; urd-: O.Pruss. redo
Ackerfurche, older Dan. vraade, vrode wuhlen, aufbohren; urd-: Lat. rd, -ere gnaw,
consume, rstrum (*rd-trom) n. Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb, O.E. wrtan
wuhlen, dig, O.Ice. rta ds., O.H.G. ruozit suscitat, movet, O.E. wrt, M.H.G. ruozel,
ruezel, Ger. Russel (*wrtila-); in addition die zero grade in Swe. dial. rota, ruta wuhlen;
after Frisk (Etyma Armen. 30) in addition still Arm. gercum shave from *uerd-s- (originally
Aoristbildung).
B. uornu: Alb. varr wound, Russ. voron Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennenstei
(therefrom vornka Trichter), Pol. wrona, Cz. vrana aperture ; ure-no-, uro-no- in O.Ind.
vran- m. n. wound, crack besides ur-nu in O.C.S. Russ. etc. rana wound.
Maybe Alb. (*varna) varr grave [common Alb. rn- > rr- shift] not from Lat. urna cinerary
urn.
C. uergh-: O.Ind. vrhti reit from, Aor. varhi, participle vrdh-, mla-vrt die roots
ausreiend (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).
D. uerk-, urek-: Gk. , Eol. (*F) n. rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle;
Hes.; , Hes., ds.;
E. uresk- (from *urek-sk-), ursk- O.Ind. vrscti haut ab, splits, vrscana- abhauend, n.
das Abhauen, pra-vraska- m. cut; ava-vrasca- splinter; R.C.S. vraska etc. wrinkle
(*uorsku).
Page 3369
Page 3370
uer-8 (*suer-)
English meaning: to observe, pay attention
Deutsche bersetzung: gewahren, achtgeben
Material: Gk. only F-, with spiritus asper -: Hom. sie beaufsichtigen,
Hes., uors in (for after ) , supervisor, custodian,
keeper, Wchter (*-), protection, Wchter (from
compounds abstracted), Dor. , Att. Ehrenwchter, Retter (F = Gmc.
Page 3371
daurawards Torwart, O.H.G. wart Wchter, Wrter, Huter, warto, Goth. wardja ds., O.S.
wardn auf the Hut sein, look after, watch over, keep, O.H.G.wartn achten, peer,
wahrnehmen, warten, erwarten, warta Beobachtung etc., Ger. Warte under likewise;
Page 3372
urux, Kompositionsform Av. uru- (from *uru-, as O.Ind. gru- besides guru-, above S. 476);
comparative vryas-, Superlativ vristha-, in addition O.Ind. urc f. die earth, Femin. to
uru-vyc: urc- weitreichend, compare den Av. Bergnamen Vourua-, perhaps = O.Ind.
*urcya-; O.Ind. urvata- m. year, *uruata- weit wandering ; PN Urvs f. from *uru-vus-
intense desire; in addition ulkhala- mortar from *ur-khara- with breitem bottom;
with metathesis Gk. - (as in , uer-4; compare - under uer-5) in
(instead of *F) breit, as well as in Breite (see above Schwyzer Gk. 1, 412
Anm. 1); perhaps Toch. A wrts, aurtse wide, breit
neuter: ueros- in O.Ind. vras- n. Breite, Raum (Gk. instead of *F);
doubtful ueros- brost in O.Ind. uras- (from *vuras), Av. var ds. and O.Ind. vrman- m.
n. Weite, Umfang, vrivas- n. Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit, die eine heavy basis
voraussetzen.
References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439.
Page(s): 1165
Page 3373
uers- (*suer-)
English meaning: to drag on the ground
Deutsche bersetzung: am Boden schleifen
Material: Lat. verr (older vorr), verr, versum schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen;
about Gk. go away, schwinde s. Frisk 566;
O.Ice. vorr stroke; barely here O.S. O.H.G. wrran bewilder, durcheinanderbringen
etc.;
Ltv. vrsms heap of corn, grain ; R.C.S. vrchu, vreti dreschen, ablaut. vrach das
Dreschen (geschah originally through Schleifen), Russ. vroch heap (from corn);
Hitt. uariia-, uar- abwischen, pluck, reap.
References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.
Page(s): 1169-1170
Page 3374
uer-(e)n (*suer-)
English meaning: alder, poplar
Deutsche bersetzung: Erle, Pappel (sumpfbaum?), thereafter stange, Balken
Material: Arm. geran (*uerenu) trabs, tignum;
Alb. verr f. (*uernu) Populus alba;
Bret. gwern f. (*uernu) schiffsmast; alder , O.Corn. guern Mast, guern-en alder ,
Welsh gwernen schiffsmast, alder , pl. koll. gwern Erlen, swamp, marsh, M.Ir. fern f.
1, Mast, Gaul. Fernodubrum (Erlenwasser; from dem Celt. derive piemontes. verna,
prov. verna, verno, Fr. verne, vergne alder ).
References: WP. I 292, -Lubke REW3 p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S.
81.
Page(s): 1169
Page 3375
ues-1 (*sues-)
English meaning: to stay, live, spend the night
Deutsche bersetzung: verweilen, wohnen, ubernachten
Material: O.Ind. vsati (participle secondary usita-) verweilt, dwells, ubernachtet (with u:
sleeps with a Frau, with upa: fastet) = Av. vahaiti dwells, verweilt, O.Ind. Kaus.
ti- Bleiben, dwelling, also zum Heim gehrig; with unexplained a-vocalism (F) n.
town, city ( stdter, stdtisch);
Messap. vastei (dat.);
Lat. Vesta goddess of huslichen Hordes;
M.Ir. f(a)id nchtigt (also with a wife, woman), bleibt, verweilt, wakes in the night
(*uoseti), 3. sg. preterit fu (*ui-us-t), 3. pl. fotar (*ui-uos-ont-r), verbal noun fess, feiss f.
schlafen, coitus, abode, residence, ablaut. foss m. Bleiben, tranquility , i foss to house,
fossad tight, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence; Welsh gwas Heimsttte,
M.Welsh gWest, kyWest Ruheplatz, gWest, cyWestach coitus, gWesti dwelling,
Page 3376
Page 3377
ues-2 (*sues-)
English meaning: to feast
Deutsche bersetzung: schmausen; aufgerumt sein
Material: O.Ind. nu vuvas hat aufgezehrt, vsth vor dem ravenousness, Av. vastra
Fresse, muzzle, vustrm food, vustar- Hirte; about Lat. vscor as Speise genieen,
sich nhren see above S. 73; M.Ir. fess, feiss food, eating (*ues-tu), O.Ir. fach raven
(*uesukos), out of it borrowed Welsh gwyach steifu (ein bird); O.Ir. ban-[f]ess wedding
(Frauen-fest), Bret. banves festival, Welsh gWest festival; Goth. waila wisan to feast,
delight , frawisan consume, wizn indulge oneself, waila-wizns feast , gawizneigs
sich mitfreuend, O.E. wesan to feast (only Beowulf 3115, Hs.weaxan); O.H.G. firwesan,
M.H.G. verwesen consume; O.Ice. vist, O.E. O.H.G. wist f. dish, food; in ablaut probably
O.H.G. wastel (Fr. gteau) cake;
Hitt. uei- pasture, ueiia- weiden, abweiden; leiten, regieren; uetara- herdsman,
shepherd.
References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769
See also: probably to uesu- good.
Page(s): 1171
Page 3378
ues-3 (*sues-)
English meaning: wet
Deutsche bersetzung: feuchten, na
Material: Gk. , Hes., alt-therisch h (meaning unacquainted);
Umbr. vestikatu libato (formation as Lat. lectca);
O.H.G. wasal rain, O.H.G. waso lawn, clod of earth, pit, pothole, Ger. Wasen lawn,
O.S. waso, M.L.G. wase damp Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn; M.L.G. wasem
m. Wasserdampf, haze, mist; O.E. ws n. dampness, juice, sap; Eng. ooze dampness,
slime, mud, as verb durchsickern, spring up, bubble, M.L.G. ws scum, froth, foam,
Absud, juice, sap, older Dan. Nor. s Pflanzensaft;
presumably Av. vahu-tut- f. blood, vahuwa- n. Blutvergieen, blutiger fight,
vohuna- m. blood and O.Ind. vsu, vasu bacon, fat, lard (also vasu inscribed, as vsa-m
flussiges fat);
here with the meaning male animal (compare Lat. verrs etc.: uer-, uer-s- feuchten):
O.Ind. ustra- m. Buffel, Kamel, ustr- Pflugstier, Av. utr m. Kamel (also in Zara-
Page 3379
ues-4 (*sues-)
English meaning: to stick, pierce
Deutsche bersetzung: stechen?
Material: O.Ind. nivusita- ums Leben gebracht, nirvusana-m das Ermorden, Tten,
parivusayati schneidetrings ab, from under likewise; O.Ir. fennaid schindet (*ues-nu-ti);
Alb. usht Ahre; O.H.G. ort cusp, peak, point, edge etc., Ger. Ort place (and
schusterahle), O.E. ord cusp, peak, Anfang, O.Ice. oddr cusp, peak, aGmc. Osd-ulfus =
O.S. O.E. Ord-ulf (different above S. 237); Lith. usns thistle, Hagedorn, Ltv. usna, una
thistle;
about Church Slavic v louse etc., see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.
References: WP. I 308 f.
Page(s): 1172
Page 3380
ues-5 (*sues-)
English meaning: to dress, put on
Deutsche bersetzung: kleiden
Material: O.Ind. vst kleidet sich, zieht an, Av. vaste ds. (compare das unthemat. Gk.
, -), vahaiti ds.; O.Ind. vsana-, Av. vahana- n. garment ; O.Ind. vsman- n.
cover (= ); vastra-, Av. vastra- n. clothing (: Gk. F, M.H.G. Wester?);
Arm. z-genum pull mich an (*ues-nu- = ), z-gest clothing (-tu-stem);
Gk. , Ion. , Aor. () kleiden, Med. sich kleiden, athemat. perf.
(*F-) 3. sg. - (Herod.); n. clothing (-dhes-stem), , - ds.
(*F[-]- with dem from ); weibliches garment (O.Ind. vsana-m); Ion.
Att. , Dor. F, Lesb. F dress (: O.Ind. vs-man-); Hes. , -, ,
- good, schlecht gekleidet, with Vorstufe of Itazismus dress, mantle;
Dor. F ( Hes.), f. wrmeres Wintergewand, Soldatenmantel;
Alb. vesh I kleide an, vishem kleide mich an;
Lat. vestis clothing , vesti, -re kleiden (compare Hes.);
Goth. wasjan, O.H.G. werian, O.Ice. veria kleiden, O.E. werian ds., dress bear, carry;
Goth. wasti f. dress; M.H.G. Wester (see above) Taufkleid (but O.H.G. early wastibarn,
previously by Notker Westerwt); O.Ice. vesl n. dress (*wesala-), ver berzug (*waza-);
Hitt. ua-, ue-, luw. ua()- bekleiden, anziehen; Toch. wastsi, wstsi dress
(neologism); A wsul ds.;
References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f., Frisk 521 f.
Page(s): 1172-1173
Page 3381
ues-no- (*sues-no-)
English meaning: price
Deutsche bersetzung: Kaufpreis
Material: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e- and o-vocalism: O.Ind. vasna- m.
Kaufpreis, n. earnings, vasnayati feilscht; Arm. gin Kaufpreis; Gk. Hom.
Kaufpreis, Lesb. (*uosnu), Ion. Att. Kauf, kaufe, gort. sell ;
Lat. vnus (only in acc. vnum, dat. vno, later vnui) sale (vend, -dere sell is *vnom
+ d, vne verkauft become = *vnom + e); marr. eituam venalinam pecuniam
venaliciam (?) mu ein loanword from dem Lat.sein, da sn marr. not n ergeben wurde;
aRuss. veno dowry; Hitt. uaniya- sell (compare above ua- buy).
References: WP. I 311 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.
See also: ues-8
Page(s): 1173
Page 3382
ues-7 (*sues-)
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche bersetzung: drehen, wickeln?
Material: O.Ind. vda- m. hassock, clump of grass (*uozdos); usnhu f. Genick, usnsam. head fascia (*us-n - gyration ); Swe., Nor. vase Laubbundel, vasa verwickeln,
maunder, drivel , O.Ice. vasask sich verwickeln, M.L.G. M.Eng. wase bundle.
References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.
Page(s): 1173
Page 3383
ues-8 (*sues-)
English meaning: to buy, sell
Deutsche bersetzung: kaufen, verkaufen?
Material: Hitt. ua-, uaiia- buy, acquire, usanii a- sell , ueia- Kaufpreis; perhaps
Lat. vlis (*ues-li-) wohlfeil.
References: WP. I 312, WH. II 753 f., Szemernyi Arch. Lingunder 6, 36
See also: ues-noPage(s): 1173
Page 3384
ues-9 (*sues-)
Deutsche bersetzung: gleam, shine
See also: see above S. 86 f. (aues-).
Page(s): 1173
Page 3385
gier night from *uoikero-, after Petersson Heteroklisie 231 ff. zur root ueik- humid, wet
(?) in O.Ind. vsanta- m. pond, pool (compare die FlN Lith. Vieinta, Viemuo etc.), O.Ice.
Page 3386
ues-r (*sues-)
English meaning: spring
Deutsche bersetzung: Fruhling
Grammatical information: gen. ues-n-es
Note: (Lat.-Gmc. ur after *ir year)
Material: O.Ind. vasan-t- m. (*ues-en-to-) spring , vasantu in spring (from *vasanextended); vasar-hn fruh schlagend, vusara- morgendlich;
Av. vari loc. in spring (*vasri for older *vasar, compare Pers. bahur with
Quantittsumsprung from *vuhar, compare O.Pers. ra-vuhara-);
Arm. garun (*uesr-), gen. garnan spring ;
Gk. , , also , with neuem nom. ; Hes. (*F) spring ,
zum spring gehrig;
Lat. vr, vris n. spring , vernus (*uerinos) auf den spring bezuglich;
maybe Alb. vera summer, [Lat. primavera springtime (f. use as fem. sing. of L prima vera
pl. primum ver first or earliest spring)], Alb. [pran = near + vera = summer] > Alb.
Page 3387
Page 3388
uet- (*suet-)
English meaning: year
Deutsche bersetzung: Jahr
Note:
Gk. year : Lat. annus year (*atnos ) year : O.Ind. huyana- yearly, huyana- m. n.
year prove that Root en-2 : year : Root at-, *atno- : to go; year : Root uet- : year
[prothetic u-, v- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ghei-2, ghi-, ghei-men-,
Material: O.Ind. vats, vatsar- m. year, vats- m. Jhrling, calf, rother, cattle, vatsakm. Klbchen, sa-vutaruu N. Du. f. identical calf habend; sogd. wtnyy (leg. wat(u)an)
old;
Gk. F, n. year, biennial , annual, yearly, Att. , delph.
for the nchste year (haplology from *F-F, s. also Frisk 534,
J. B. Hofmann Gk. etym. WB. 227, above S. 609); Gk. ,
Jhrling from Haustieren (: Lat. vitulus, see under);
Alb. vit, pl. vjet year, parvjet vor zwei Jahren, vjet f. calf, vitsh calf (from *ueteso-,
compare Lat. veternus); Messap. atavetes = of gleichen year;
Comment:
Alb. vit, pl. vjet year : Hitt. witt- year; Alb. vjetr old : Lat. vetus, -eris old.
Lat. vetus, -eris old (gleich ; the Genet. veteris schliet close connection to O.Lith.
vetuas from), vetustus old (probably from *uetosto-s aged, formation as onustus :
onus), vetulus ltlich, Osc. Vezke *Vetusco, Gttername; Lat. veternus Zugvieh;
vitulus calf = Umbr. vitluf vituls (Ital. i instead of e presumably through borrowing from a
Page 3389
Page 3390
u 1 (*su )
English meaning: we
Deutsche bersetzung: wir (Dual)
Grammatical information: uei- (Plural)
Material: nom. 1. Dual O.Ind. vum (= vu-am, IE *-om), Av. vu, Goth. wit, O.Ice. vit, O.E. wit,
O.C.S. ve, Lith. v-du (*ue-du) wir both;
nom. 1. pl. O.Ind. vay-m, Av. vam (IE *-om), Goth. weis, O.H.G. wir, O.Ice. vr, O.E.
Page 3391
u-3, u- (*su-)
Deutsche bersetzung: blasen, wehen
See also: see above S. 82 ff. (aue-); in the same place u-lo-, ue-s-, uet- ds.
Page(s): 1114
Page 3392
vuti weht (above S. 82) darstellt, but from a stem *up- derived is, kann es Ablautform to
Lat. vapor (old vaps) vapor, heat sein (incorrect about vapor above S. 596), wherefore
still vappa, vapi kahmiger Wein.
Alb. vapa summer heat
References: WP. I 379 f., WH. II 732 f.
Page(s): 1149-1150
Page 3393
us-6 (*sus-)
Deutsche bersetzung: ihr
See also: see above S. 514 (iu-).
Page(s): 1173
Page 3394
usu- (*susu-)
English meaning: good
Deutsche bersetzung: gut
Material: O.Ind. vsu- good (in addition vasv night), vsu n. blessing, Besitztum,
property, richness (das Subst. after Akzent and ablaut das primre), Av. vahu-, vohu ds.,
O.Ind. vasyun better, vasistha- best, Av. vahyu, vahit ds.; alt-Illyr. Ves-cleves,
compare O.Ind. vsu-sravas-;
Note:
Illyr. displays satem and centum characteristics similar to Alb. and O.Ind. also Illyr. adds
prothetic v- before bare initial vowels like Alb. hence *u- > v- in Illyr. dialects and modern
Alb.
Gmc. in Eigennamen, e.g. Wisu-rh, -mur, also Wisi-Gothae; Gaul. in Eigennamen as Bello, Sigo-vesus, Vesu-avus, O.Ir. *feb (only in den case oblique covered, e.g. dat. sg. feib)
Vortrefflichkeit from *uesu-u, febas Vortrefflichkeit, *febtu, gen. febtad gl. substantiae;
ablaut. O.Ir. f good, Gute (*uosu-); besides *usu- in Ir. fiu wurdig, Welsh gwiw ds.,
Bret. gwiou cheerful, Gaul. Usu-rx; about usu- in asiO.N. Sprachen s. Bossert Withteil.
Inst. Orientf. 2, 78 ff.;
besides eus- (with metathesis as in Gk. from F) in:
Goth. iusiza better, iusila Erholung, Erleichterung (after Wissmann, D. lt. Postverb. d.
Gmc. 72 ff. post-verbal to *iusilon, as inilo Entschuldigung, Vorwand to *inilon); O.C.S.
Page 3395
Page 3396
Page 3397
Page 3398
uidhu- (*sueighu-)
English meaning: tree
Deutsche bersetzung: Baum
Note:
Root uidhu- (*sueighu-): tree derived from Alb.-Illyr. vith, gen. vidh elm tree of Root uingand ueig- (uig-?) : elm; common Alb. -g- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ir. fid, gen. fedo tree, wood, wood, forest, Welsh gwydd (sg. gwydden),
O.Corn. guiden, br. gwez (sg. gwezenn) ds., also in Welsh syb-wydd pine (Harzbaum) =
Corn. sib-uit; Gaul. VN Uidu-casses; O.Ice. vir, gen. viar m. wood, forest, wood, tree,
O.E. widu, wudu m. ds., O.H.G. witu, wito wood;
perhaps as Grenzbaum, trennender Grenzwald between Ansiedlungen to *ueidhseparate, divide and then formal = O.Ind. vidhu- vereinsamt, Lith. vidus Withte, Inneres;
compare above S. 707 Lith. medias tree;
connection with Ir. fad wild, fadach Jagd, Welsh gwydd wild, O.Corn. guit-fil fera,
Bret. gouez wild wre the meaning after through Lat. silvuticus wild : silva, Lith. mednis
wild, mediokle Jagd : medis tree to prop, support, yet bliebe dabei die lengthened
grade ei compared with dem Grundworte Ir. fid difficult, hard; es is hence fad from fid to
separate and auf eine besides *uei-t- in O.H.G. weida, O.E. wu, O.Ice. veir Jagd, fishing
(:*uei-3) liegende root form *uei-d(h)- to beziehen.
maybe Alb. fidan sapling and then from Alb. passed into Turkish language not vice versa,
also older Alb. vidh elm-tree.
References: WP. I 314, 228 ff.
Page(s): 1177
Page 3399
Page 3400
wiaz Ulmus campestris (Proto-Slav.. *vez); Lith. vnkna, Ltv. vksna ds. (also O.Pruss.
wimino elm, lies wincsno) from *uing-snu (Suff. as in Lith. gluosna willow );
entnasaliert O.E. wc, wce, Eng. witch, nd. wke elm;
likewise uing- as uig- kann vorliegen in Alb. vith, gen. vidh elm and in kurd. viz a kind
of elm; das relationship the nasal. zur unnasal. form is still to klren.
clearly the Alb. form is the oldest one. Also Alb. shows that Root uing- and ueig- (uig-?) :
(elm-tree) derived from Root uidhu- : (tree).
References: WP. I 314, Specht IE Decl. 59 f., Trautmann 360, Vasmer 1, 244, Petersson
Heteroklisie 56 f.
Page(s): 1177
Page 3401
Page 3402
uks- (*suks-)
Deutsche bersetzung: Mistel and andere Leim liefernde Bume
Note: (usk-?)
Page 3403
u-kmt- (*su-kmt-)
English meaning: twenty
Deutsche bersetzung: zwanzig
Note:
Root u-kmt- (*su-kmt-): twenty derived from Root se- : reflexive pronoun + Root
(d)ekm, (d)ekm- t, (d)eku- : ten. Hence Root u-kmt- (*su-kmt-) was previously an
attribute noun, earlier an ordinal number created according to Illyr. pattern with Illyr. Alb. -ta
adjective formant (see above Alb. numbers from1-10).
Note: actually Dual two decades (to IE u- two and dkmt-, above S. 192)
Material: O.Ind. vimsat-, Av. vsaiti, Osset. insi, Arm. ksan, Gk. , Dor. F, Hom.
for (F), Alb. zet, Lat. vginti (see above S. 192), O.Ir. fiche, gen. fichet (*uikmt-
s, -os), O.Welsh uceint (instead of *gwycaint from dem compound *dou-viceint, Welsh
deugaint 40 abstracted), Corn. ugans; Toch. A wiki, ik.
References: WP. I 313, Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 366 f., WH. II 788 f., Frisk 453 f.
Page(s): 1177
Page 3404
u 1 (*su )
English meaning: separate from; both, two
Deutsche bersetzung: auseinander actually entzwei, also zwei
Note: (see u-kmt-)
Material: O.Ind. v- apart, Av. v - apart; abseits, apart, separated from; entgegen; through
and through (also vi-: vi-pat- go away, pass over); O.Ind. visu- after variant Seiten in
vtarm seitwrts, vtara- the weitere, Lateere, ira (i.e. vira) adv. particularly,
specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably, apart,
separated, Goth. wira adv. and preposition m. acc. gegen, wider, compared with, vor,
O.Ice. vir adv. and preposition m. dat. acc. gegen, wider, with, by (also vi after Paaren
as norr : nor), O.E. wi adv. and preposition m. gen. dat. acc. gegen, compared with,
Page 3405
Page 3406
u 2, uoi- (*su )
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche bersetzung: in Schallworten
Material: Gk. , Ion. f. shout, call, scream (F:), , Ausruf the Freude or of
Schmerzes, Hom. (F) epithet the Argiver ( ); epithet of Apollo
(den man with anrief), hence perhaps F, I Ionier as Verehrer of
Apollo; or -Rufer (? Schwyzer Gk. 1, 80); O.E. w (besides weg, wei, wu) weh, oh;
due to eines*u-to- jubelnd here Lith. vyturys Lerche and probably Lat. vtulor jubilate,
cheer, stimme einen Sieges- or Lobgesang an, be cheerful; aRuss. viskati neigh , visnoti
muttire, Russ. dial. viat, Pol. wiskac, wiszczec loud whistle; Russ. vizg Gewinsel,
vizat whimper .
References: WP. I 312, 527, WH. II 807, Holthausen Ae. etym. Wb. 392, Vasmer 1, 199.
Page(s): 1176
Page 3407
uro-s (*suro-)
English meaning: man; warrior
Deutsche bersetzung: Mann, actually the Krftige
Material: With : O.Ind. vra-, Av. vra- man, Held, Umbr. acc. pl. n. u(e)iro mancipia,
volsk. abl. sg. couehriu *coviri, contine, Lith. vuras, Ltv. wrs, O.Pruss. wijrs man;
skyth. (Herod. 4, 110), more properly - = vro-; O.Ind. viraps- from *vra-
psv-a- (: Av. pasu vra) people and Vieh, compare Umbr. ueiro pequo ds.
With i: Lat. vir man, in the lteren language also das einzige word for husband ,
wherefore virug mannhafte virgin, Heldin, virtus Mannhaftigkeit, skillfulness, Tugend,
O.Ir. fer man, Welsh etc. gwr, pl. gwyr (to welchem the sg. gwr analogical dazugebildet is),
Goth. war, O.Ice. verr, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. wer man, Toch. A wir young ; Ger. Werwolf;
probably to Lat. vs power etc., *uei- auf etwas losgehen, s. d.
References: WP. I 314 f., WH. II 796 f., Trautmann 360, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 398,
Untermann, IF. 62, 127.
Page(s): 1177-1178
Page 3408
Page 3409
Root ulk-os : wolf derived from an extention of Root ulek-, ulk- : to shine; fiery [similarity
of sparking beastly eyes in the dark]
Material: O.Ind. vrka- m. wolf, vrkh Wlfin, vrkti- ein Wlfischer, vrkuyu- mad,
wicked, evil, mordlustig; Av.vhrka- wolf (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem.
Ulccagni = O.Ir. PN Olcn, also also O.Ir. olc, gen. uilc mad, wicked, evil, as Subst. m.
Missetter, n. evil, harm, bel (see307, 310); compare also den pon. MN ,
the auf old Labiovelar hinweisen could; Szemernyi (KZ. 71, 199 ff.) receives Illyr.
ulk- from *uulk-, IE *ulk- an; then Celt. ulko- must be looked as Illyr. Lw.; conspicuous is
Lat. PN Vlp(ius) Lupio (CIR 130);
Note:
Alb. (*ulk) ulku wolf [the shift k > ku) [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite
forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]; also Alb. (*ulcagnus) ulkonj she-wolf : O.Brit. PN Ulcagnus
common Alb. -kn- > -nj- phonetic mutation : Swedish varghona, varginna, vargbna,
Page 3410
Lovernii, Welsh llywarn, O.Corn. louuern, Bret. louarn fox, IE *louperno-s hinzufugen is).
References: WP. I 316 f., WH. II 836 f., Trautmann 359, Vasmer 1, 218, 223 f.; various
distorted taboo; den Labiovelar leugnet W. Wissmann in D. Wb. 14, 2, 1242.
Page(s): 1178-1179
Page 3411
Root ulp-, lup- (*suilk-): a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf) derived from Root ulk-os (*suilek-
Material: Av. urupi-s m. (*lupi-s) dog, raopi-s fox, jackal, M.Pers. rpus, Pers. rbuh fox
= O.Ind. lopusa- m. jackal, fox;
Maybe Alb. lop cow, (huge consuming animal; cow eaten by wolves), llup devour, llap
tongue : Lith. lapenti to swallow food.
Arm. alus gen. -esu fox;
Maybe zero grade in Pol. (*lues) lis fox.
Gk. f., short form ;
Lat. volps fox, possibly also lupus wolf;
Lith. lpe (*ulop), Ltv. lapsa (syncopated from lapesa? IE *ulopeku?); compare Lith.
vilpiys wild cat , it would be placed near M.Pers. gurpak Pers. gurba house cat,
domestic cat , from Iran. *urpa-, IE *ulpos; it concerns certainly various taboo adjustments.
References: WP. I 316 f., WH. I 836 f., II 830, Frisk 83, Trautmann 149, Specht IE Decl. 36,
Lidn KZ. 56, 212 ff.
Page(s): 1179
Page 3412
uobhs (*guobhs)
English meaning: wasp
Deutsche bersetzung: Wespe
Material: Av. vawaka- scorpion, but Iran. *vawa- wasp in M.Pers. vaz wasp, Baluchi
chen and wewetz-chen, die auf Gmc. *wabi-s and *wabi-t weisen;
Lith. vapsv wasp, O.Pruss. wobse ds.;
Church Slavic osa, Clr. os (from *vopsu, Bal.-Slav. *uapsu).
References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 770, Trautmann 342, Vasmer 2, 280, Specht IE Decl. 45 f.,
Szemernyi Arch. Lingunder 4, 52.
See also: distinct to uebh- to weave.
Page(s): 1179
Page 3413
Wagensun, O.Ice. vangsni plowshare ; but Lat.vmis, -eris (nom. thereafter also vmer)
plowshare from uogh-smis; unclear is Gk. , f. plowshare (compare
Brugmann II2 1, 288);
O.H.G. weggi, wecki m. wedge (and keilfrmiger Wecken), O.E. wecg, O.Ice. veggr
wedge = Lith.vgis wedge = spigot, hammer, nail, Ltv. vadzis wedge, O.Pruss. wagnis
sech (part of Pfluges).
References: WP. I 315 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 337; after Wackernagel KZ. 61, 206 ff. as
spitzer, bohrender object to O.Pers. ud-avajam I stach from (root uegh-).
Page(s): 1179-1180
Page 3414
uokso- (*suokso-)
English meaning: wax
Deutsche bersetzung: Wachs
Material: O.H.G. O.S. wahs, O.E. weax, O.Ice. vax n. Wachs; Lith. vkas, Ltv. vasks ds.;
R.C.S. (etc.)vosk ds.; to *ueg- to weave, as O.H.G. waba honeycomb to *uebh- to
weave, s. Trnquist, Studia Neophilol. 17, 99 f.
References: WP. I 315, Trautmann 343, Vasmer 1, 231.
Page(s): 1180
Page 3415
uortoko- (*suortoko-)
English meaning: quail
Deutsche bersetzung: Wachtel
Material: O.Ind. vartaka- m., vrtiku f. Wachtel; Gk. , -, by Gramm. also -
and with --, by Hes. , i.e. F Wachtel, dessen ending after , , -,
, - (and , -?) transfigured is; Ion. Delos (Wachtelinsel).
References: WP. I 316.
Page(s): 1180
Page 3416
uro-, - (*suro-)
English meaning: deceit; madness
Deutsche bersetzung: schwindel, Wahnsinn
Material: Gk. senseless, unconscious become, erblassen belongs to a stem
-; independent therefrom alts. wrig entkrftet, tired, faint, languid, O.E. wrig, Eng.
weary tired , O.H.G. wuorag berauscht; die k-derivative lacks in O.Ice. rar f. pl.
Betubtsein, rr (*urio-) geistesgestrt, baffle, furious and O.E. wrian wander,
waver, zerfallen; about Gk. , sleep see above S. 72.
References: WP. I 316;
See also: perhaps to uer-3 above S. 1152 (Frisk, Eranos 43, 229 f.).
Page(s): 1180
Page 3417
Page 3418
Page 3419
paruvr j- Verstoener; Persson Beitr. 501 seeks against it in ihnen ein with *uer-g- turn
(see 1154) nchstverwandtes *ure-g-, basic meaning sich drehend bewegen;
Lat. urge (besides early, but unursprunglich urgue), -re urge, press, push, beset,
press (*urgei or *urgei);
Goth. wrikan pursue , O.Ice. reka drive, push, hunt, chase, pursue, throw, verwerfen,
O.E. wrecan urge, press, push, drive, push, rchen (and vorwrts schreiten, see above),
O.Fris. wreka drive, push, rchen, O.S. wrecan rchen, punish, curse, O.H.G. rehhan
ds., wreh exul, Goth. wraks Verfolger, wrakjan pursue , O.E. wracu revenge,
vengeance, punishment, woefulness , wrc n. Verbannung, woefulness , wrecc(e)an
aufmuntern, antreiben, waken, arouse, revive, wrecca ein Verbannter, Elender, foreigner,
stranger, O.S. wrekkio, O.H.G. (w)reck(e)o landesfluchtiger Held, Ger. (neu from dem
M.H.G. aufgenommen) Recke; O.E. wrc Verbannung, woefulness , Nor. rak
umhertreibender object, debris or kelp (hence M.L.G.Wrak Wrack), with e also Ice. rek
auf dem Wasser treibender object ; lengthened grade Goth.wrkei Verfolgung, O.Fris.
Page 3420
vurgs woeful, wretched, miserable, siech, O.Pruss. wargs evil, bad; O.C.S. vrag
fiend, Pol. wrog bel, evil, harm; the Bse, devil; Verhngnis;
yet are die Bal.-Slav. words also with Gmc. warga- (see S. 1154 under *uer-gh-, *uerturn) compatible.
References: WP. I 319 f., WH. II 839 f., Trautmann 342, Vasmer 1, 228.
Page(s): 1181
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Page 3422
urek- (*suereik-)
Deutsche bersetzung: reden, rufen
References: WP. I 318, II 343, 362, Trautmann 243, Vasmer 2, 508 f.
See also: s. ober under uer-6.
Page(s): 1182
Page 3423
uren- (*sueren-)
English meaning: to sprinkle
Deutsche bersetzung: bespritzen, besprengen?
Material: Gk. (*urni) bespritze, besprenge (with water or dust, powder), , f. drip; with -dh- extension f. drip, Staubkrnchen (*urn-dh-),
besprenge, streue from; secondary -- in , , perf. pass. and
Aor. to ; could indeed also to O.C.S. izroniti (above S. 329) belong;
about O.S. O.H.G. wrennio, O.S. wrnio, O.H.G. reineo, rein(n)o stallion (to O.E.
wrne, O.S. wrnisc horny, lustful, Nor. vrna cry, neigh ) see above S. 81 and under
uer-3 respectively urei-;
after Szemerenyi (KZ. 73, 74) here Hitt. hurnai- sprinkle (*urn-), further perhaps to IE
auer- above S. 80 f.
References: WP. I 277, 320, Specht IE Decl. 156.
Page(s): 1182
Page 3424
giwreian eine pad build become from Trautmann KZ. 42, 331 with Av. urvaabefreundet; friend connected; yet is dafur eine basic meaning auf den man sich prop,
support, abandon kann not to sichern.
References: WP. I 320.
Page(s): 1183
Page 3425
reau, reyti; in addition reis m. incision, Ritze, Ackerstreifen); in addition Lith. riau,
riyti mehrfach ritzen, cut, clip, Ltv. raze f. schneidender pain, distress ;
maybe Alb. rrzoj ruin, destroy
O.C.S. reo, rezati , aRuss. reu, rezati cut, clip, schlachten; in addition Slav.
*rznoti in Pol. rznac cut, clip, carve, schlachten;
Bal.-Slav. *ra- m. cut in Lith. res, atreai m. pl. schnitzel, Russ. rez cut, incisure ;
ablaut. Bal.-Slav. *ra- m. cut, line in Lith. ruoas line, stripe, cut, Ltv. ruza stripe,
meadow, row, lowland, depression, gorge, ravine, gulch;
Proto-Slav.. *raz cut, Hieb in Cz. rz blow, knock, Hieb, Mal, Russ. raz Mal, and
O.C.S. obraz , , Russ. braz Bild; Russ. razt hit etc., O.C.S. u-raziti
durchbohren;
compare Alb. rrah hit, zerstoe (from *rradh), rras drnge together, trete, Aor. rashe.
References: WP. I 319, Vasmer 2, 484, 485, 505, Trautmann 245 f.;
See also: compare above urugh-2.
Page(s): 1181-1182
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urughio- (*surughio-)
English meaning: rye
Deutsche bersetzung: Roggen
Material: Thrak. (*urughiu) Emmerkorn, Roggen;
O.Ice. rugr m. Roggen, O.S. rogher, O.E. ryge m. (*rugi-), besides afr. rogga, O.S.
roggo, O.H.G. rocko (with Geminierung); in addition the Gmc. VN Lat. Rugii, O.Ice. Rygir (in
Roga-land), O.E. pl. Ryge, Rugas, perhaps also Rugen; O.E. rygen from Roggen, M.H.G.
ruggin, ruckin;
Lith. rugys, Ltv. rudzis Roggenkorn, pl. Lith. rugiai, Ltv. rudzi Roggen; Lith. rugien
Roggenacker, rugnis from Roggen;
aRuss. r, Serb. r, Russ. ro f. Roggen; Serb. raan, Cz. reny (from Slav.
*rn) besides R.C.S. ran, Russ. ranoj from Roggen; Bulg. brica a kind of
Sommergetreide derives from dem Thrak.
References: WP. II 374 f., Trautmann 246, Vasmer 2, 529, Jacobsohn Arier 133 ff., where
also about uralische equivalent (probably IE Lw.).
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ueren- (*sueren-)
English meaning: ram, sheep, lamb
Deutsche bersetzung: Widder, Schaf, Lamb
Material: O.Ind. *uran- (from *vuran-), acc. *uranam, nom. uru, from which urana- m. lamb,
aries, ram, uru f. sheep, in addition urabhra- m. aries, ram for *ura-bha- (as vrsabha- to
vrsan-); compare Pers. barra (*varnak) lamb; pehl. varak aries, ram; Iran. vurn-jar-,
vur-na- Lmmerschlger (Humbach DLZ. 78, 299 f.);
Arm. garn, gen. garin lamb;
Gk. Hom. (F), gen. lamb, Cret. F; also in tsakon. vanna, from lakon.
F lamb, in addition -F in Hom. schafreich, out of it late ), with
ablaut. aries, ram, whether not rather from * (*-F) to
virile (above S. 336);
derivative *urnn- in Lat. (as Gmc. Lw.) rno Tierfell as clothing , Pelz;
unclear as derivative Lat. vervx, -cis (-x, -cis) Hammel; unclear is also das
relationship to den auf *eruo(s)- wool ruckfuhrbaren Gk. words n. Wollflie, derived
, Att. wool, Att. , schnwollig, Eol. - aries, ram
(whereupon Wolle is), Ion. , Att. from wool; anlautendes F lsst sich not
nachweisen.
References: WP. I 269 f., WH. II 429, Specht IE Decl. 33 f., Frisk 137 f., 468 f.
Page(s): 1170
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0. PREAMBLE
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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