vrhr ds

izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud

vjfoUn xqIrk
fp=kkadu% dSju gSMkWd

fo"k;&lwph
vjnkflj dqjlsRth -------------------------------------------- 1
uSu flag jkor --------------------------------------------------- 6
txnh'k panz cksl -------------------------------------------- 10
iziQqYy panz js ------------------------------------------------- 14
#fp jke lkguh ---------------------------------------------- 18
Mh-,u- okfM;k ----------------------------------------------- 22
Jhfuokl jkekuqtu ------------------------------------------- 26
lh-oh- jeu ---------------------------------------------------- 30
f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk ------------------------------------------ 35
chjcy lkguh ------------------------------------------------ 39
ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu -------------------------------------------- 44
iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl ---------------------------------- 49
es?kukn lkgk --------------------------------------------------- 53
lR;sUnz ukFk cksl --------------------------------------------- 57
'kakfr Lo:i HkVukxj --------------------------------------- 61
;sykizxnk lqCckjko ------------------------------------------- 65
lyhe vyh ---------------------------------------------------- 69
ds-,l- ".ku ------------------------------------------------ 74
oh-,u- f'kjksMdj -------------------------------------------- 78
Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh ------------------------------------------------ 82
iapkuu ekgs'ojh ---------------------------------------------- 86
bjkorh dosZ ---------------------------------------------------- 90
ch-ih- iky ----------------------------------------------------- 94
Mh-Mh- dkslEch ---------------------------------------------- 98
gkseh HkkHkk -----------------------------------------------------103
lqckz efu;u pan'z ks[kj --------------------------------------- 107
foe lkjkHkkbZ -----------------------------------------------111
deyk lksgksuh ------------------------------------------------ 115
ykSjh csdj -----------------------------------------------------119
vUuk ef.k -----------------------------------------------------123
oh- jkekfyaxkLokeh -----------------------------------------127
th-,u- jkepanzu --------------------------------------------- 131
gjh'k panz ------------------------------------------------------ 135
,-,l isUVy --------------------------------------------------138
,-ih- fe=kk ---------------------------------------------------- 142
,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw ------------------------------------------ 146
ih-ds- lsBh --------------------------------------------------- 150
f'kojkek".ku pan'z ks[kj ---------------------------------- 154
vfuy vxzoky ---------------------------------------------- 158

ifjp;
eSa cgqr g"kZ ds lkFk ikBdksa ls vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud iqLrd
i<+us dh fliQkfj'k djrk gwaA bl lqUnj iqLrd dks vjfoUn xqIrk us fy[kk
gS vkSj dSju gSMkWd us blds eueksgd fp=k cuk, gSA bafM;u uS'kuy
lkbUl vlksfl,'ku (bUlk) viuh LFkkiuk ds 75 o"kZ iwjs gksus ij
IySfVue tqcyh euk jgk gSA bl miy{k esa bUlk iwjs o"kZ Hkj vusdksa iqLrdsa
izdkf'kr djsxkA buesa ls vf/dka'k oSKkfud vuqla/ku dh Hkkjh&Hkjde
iqLrdsa gksaxhA bl ekSds ij ge ,d yksdfiz; iqLrd izdkf'kr djuk pkgrs
Fks & vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa ijA ge cPpksa dks ilan vkus okyh
,d vkd"kZd iqLrd Nkiuk pkgrs FksA tc eSa bl ckjs esa lksp jgk Fkk
rHkh eq>s vjfoUn xqIrk }kjk ,d ysDpj dh v;{krk djus dk ekSdk
feykA iQjojh 2008 dks jk"Vh; foKku fnol ij vjfoUn xqIrk dks foKku
izlkj ds fy, bafnjk xak/h iqjQLdkj feyuk FkkA mudk Hkk"k.k lquus ds
ckn eSa mudh {kerkvksa dks ysdj iwjh rjg vk'okLr gqvk vkSj bl iqLrd
dks fy[kus ds fy, eSaus mUgsa vkeaf=kr fd;kA vjfoUn xqIrk us bl fueU=k.k
dks Lohdkjk vkSj dSju gSMkWd dks iqLrd ds fp=k cukus ds fy, jkth
fd;kA iqLrd ds fy, ,d lykgdkj desVh dk xBu gqvk ftlesa iz[;kr
oSKkfud t;ar ukfyZdj] ek/o xkMfxy vkSj Fkuq i|eukHku 'kkfey FksA
lkjk dke le; ij lEiUu gqvk vkSj mldh otg ls ;g ;g lqUnj vkt
gekjs gkFk esa gSA eSa ys[kd] fp=kdkj vkSj lykgdkj lfefr dk 'kqxqtkj
gwaA eq>s iwjk fo'okl gS fd bl iqLrd ls cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk O;Ldksa dk
Hkh euksjatu vkSj KkuoZu gksxkA

,e fot;u
v;{k
bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl vlksfl,'ku

izLrkouk
bl iqLrd ds fopkj us 28 iQjojh 2008 dks tUe fy;kA ekSdk Fkk jk"Vh; foKku fnol
dk vkSj LFkku Fkk bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl vlksfl,'ku (bUlk) ubZ fnYyhA eq>s ogka bUlk
ds v;{k izks fot;u ds gkFkksa foKku izlkj ds fy, bafnjk xak/h iqjQLdkj feyuk FkkA
ckrphr ds nkSjku izks fot;u us eq>ls bUlk ds 75 o"kZ (IySfVue tqcyh) iwjs gksus ds
miy{k esa ^foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa* ds ckjs esa ,d yksdfiz; iqLrd fy[kus dk vkxzg
fd;kA mUgksausa dgk] ^iqLrd vrhr ds oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa gks vkSj iBuh; gksA iqLrd
esa vPNs fp=k gkas ftlls cPps mls pko ls i<+saA*
izks fot;u us vius vkxzg ij xaHkhjrk ls vey fd;kA dqN fnuksa ckn mUgksaus izks t;ar
ukfyZdj ls laidZ dj mUgsa bl iqLrd desVh dh v;{krk laHkkyus ds fy, jkth fd;kA
izks ukfyZdj us izks ek/o xkMfxy vkSj izks Fkuq in~eukHku dks iqLrd dh lq>ko lfefr
esa vkeaf=kr fd;kA eSa bl desVh ds fo}ku lnL;ksa dks csgn vkHkkjh gwaA ;s yksx u dsoy
nqfu;k ds pksVh ds oSKkfud gSa ijarq os lHkh csgn laosnu'khy balku Hkh gSaA

oSKkfudksa dk p;u
dqN cSBdksa ds ckn 40 oSKkfudksa dh lwph rS;kj gqbZA oSKkfudksa dks fdl vk/kj ij
pquk x;k\ lcls igys ukscsy izWkbTk ls lEekfur oSKkfudksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA fiQj
mu oSKkfudksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) ds
lnL; pqus x, FksA uSu flag jkor dk uke ,d lkglh losZ;j ds
:i esa mHkjkA mUgksauas oks dke fd;k ftls xksjs vaxzst [kqn djus esa
foiQy jgsA mUgksauas fgeky; esa frCcr vkSj Ygklk tSls nqfeZy {ks=kksa
dk losZ{k.k fd;kA bl dke ds fy, mUgsa Lo;a vaxzstksa us foDVksfj;k
esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA bUlk us dqN uke lq>k,A buesa ls iatkc
ds iz[;kr foKku izlkjd jQfp jke lkguh vkSj djksM+ksa yksxksa dh
tku cpkus okys & VsVjklkbZfDyu ds vUos"kd ;sYykiznk lqCckjko

ds uke pqus x,A ns'k ds lcls iz[;kr i{kh fujh{kd vkSj la'kks/d lyhe vyh vkSj
Hkkjrh; Lisl dk;Ze ds laLFkkid foe lkjkHkkbZ ds uke Hkh 'kjhd fd, x,A dqN
de iz[;kr oSKkfudksa dss ukeksa dks Hkh lwph esa tksM+k x;kA bu foy{k.k yksxksa dk ;ksxnku
Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA izks nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslEch & xf.krK ,oa bfrgkldkj] f'kjksMdj
fLVp ds vkfo"dkjd MkDVj f'kjksMdj] t;iqj iQqV ds fMtkbuj MkDVj izeksn d.kZ lsBh]
i;kZjoj.kfon~ vfuy vxzoky vkSj gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, lLrs ?kjksa ds vkdhZVsDV ykWjh
csdj dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 1978 esa eq>s ykWjh csdj ds lkFk dqN le; dke djus
dk ekSdk feyk FkkA blfy, lwph esa mudk uke ns[k dj eq>s vikj izlUurk gqbZA
^blesa efgyk oSKkfud D;ksa ugha gSa\* izks xkMfxy us ,d fnu iwNkA mUgksausa iz[;kr
ekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkzksikWyksftLV) izks bjkorh dosZ dk uke Hkh lq>k;kA lkSHkkX; ls mlh le;
,d vuwBh iqLrd ^yhykorhl MkWVlZ* dk foekspu gqvkA blesa 100 Hkkjrh; efgyk
oSKkfudksa us vius thou dh la?k"kZ xkFkk;ksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa
c;ka fd;k FkkA bl iqLrd dh lgk;rk ls ge nks vU;
iz[;kr efgyk oSKkfudksa & vUuk ef.k vkSj deyk lksgksuh
ds ukeksa dks tksM+ ik,A enZ&iz/ku foKku ds {ks=k esa bu
efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku okLro esa cstksM+ FkkA

efgyk oSKkfudksa dh la[;k de D;ksa\

;g ,d laxhu fo"k; gS & pkyhl 'kh"kZ Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh lwph eas dsoy
rhu gh efgyk,a D;ksa\ chl D;ksa ugha\ dkj.k Li"V gS & iqjQ"k&iz/ku lekt esa vkxs c<+us
ds fy, efgykvksa dks vikj la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA lkS lky igys tc efgykvksa dh f'k{kk
ij lkekftd lq/kjdksa dh utj iM+h rc Hkh tksj mUgsa ,d ifrozrk iRuh vkSj vPNh
x`g.kh cukus ij gh FkkA lkearh vkSj iqjQ"k&iz/ku lekt esa dsoy eqV~Bh Hkj mPp tkfr
@ oxZ dh efgykvksa dks gh mPp f'k{kk dk ekSdk feykA bu efgykvksa dks Hkh foKku ds
{ks=k esa vius iSj tekus esa ,sM+h&pksVh dk la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA
,d mnkgj.k ysaA deyk lksgksuh cEcbZ fo'ofo|ky; dh VkWij FkhaA mlds ckotwn ukscsy
iqjQLdkj fotsrk lj jeu us mUgsa nkf[kyk nsus ls badkj fd;kA ^eSa viuh
laLFkk esa fdlh Hkh yM+dh dks ugha ywaxkA* tc deyk us jeu ds nrj
esa tkdj /juk fn;k rc jeu FkksM+k uje iM+sA mUgksauas vkf[kj esa deyk
dks nkf[kyk rks fn;k ijarq ,d ^fo'ks"k* Nk=k ds :i esaA ckn esa deyk
us ,d foy{k.k 'kks/drkZ ds :i esa viuh lk[k tekbZ vkSj dsfEczt
ls ih,pMh gkfly dhA 'kq: dh efgyk oSKkfudksa dks iqjQ"k&iz/ku
foKku ds {ks=k esa vius iSj tekus esa cgqr esgur&e'kDdr djuh iM+hA
muds la?k"kksZa vkSj dqcZkfu;ksa ls Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, jkLrk iz'kLr gqvkA

vkt fLFkfr igys ls fuf'pr gh csgrj gSA ,d vuqeku

ds vuqlkj orZeku esa nl yk[k ls vf/d Hkkjrh;
efgyk oSKkfud gSaA ;g lpeqp ,d g"kZ dh ckr gSA
iqLrd fy[kus dh ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djus ds ckn eSa
mleas iwjh rjg Mwc x;k vkSj /hjs&/hjs blesa eq>s yqRiQ
Hkh vkus yxkA lkSHkkX; ls Mk dSju gsMkSd us iqLrd ds
fp=k vkSj mls fMtkbu djus dh ftEesnkjh dks LohdkjkA
dSju] ckW;ksfiQftDl esa ih,pMh gaS vkSj oks fiNys 20
lkyksa ls Hkkjr esa gSaA muds ekrk&firk nksuksa fp=kdkj Fks vkSj ;g dyk mUgsa olh;r esa
feyh gSA mUgksausa gks'kaxkckn foKku dk;Ze dh ^cky&oSKkfud* iqLrdksa esa vius ltho
fp=kksa ls ,d ubZ tku iQwadhA dSju dh jtkeanh ds ckn eq>s ,d vPNh vkSj lqanj fdrkc
rS;kj gksus dk Hkjkslk gqvkA bl iqLrd esa esjk ;ksxnku cgqr FkksM+k gSA vxj ;g iqLrd
yksdfiz; gksxh rks bldk iwjk Js; dSju ds lqanj fp=kksa dks tk,xkA
yksxksa ds tgu esa oSKkfudksa dh ,d f?klh&fiVh Nfo gksrh gS & ,sls yksx
tks liQsn dksV igus fnu&jkr iz;ksx'kkyk esa 'kks/dk;Z djrs gSaA ijarq vke
yksxksa dh rjg oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gSaA iqLrd
esa oSKkfudksa dh thoup;kZ vkSj 'kks/dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk dqN jkspd
tkudkfj;ka Hkh tksM+h xbZ gSaA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;k
cpiu dk dksbZ [kkl vuqHko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl izsj.kk
ds ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr & mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd Fkk\ iqLrd esa oSKkfudksa ds
thou ds dqN O;fDrxr i{kksa dks Hkh latks;k x;k gSA dqN dfork,a fy[krs FksA dqN dks
fp=kdkjh dk 'kkSd FkkA dqN dks rst jrkj ls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk pLdk Fkk!
thou ds ekuoh; i{kksa dks tksM+us ls oSKkfudksa ds O;fDrRo dh ,d cgq&vk;keh Nfo
rS;kj gksrh gSA
iqLrd dh lykgdkj lfefr bl ik.Mqfyfi dks vaxzsth vkSj fganh
esa ,d&lkFk izdkf'kr djus dk lq>ko fn;kA lfefr us iqLrd ds
O;kid izpkj&izlkj ds fy, mls baVjusV ij Mkyus dh fliQkfj'k
Hkh dhA eq>s vk'kk gS fd ikBd bl iqLrd dks ilan djsaxs vkSj
bldk reke Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gksxkA eSa viuh iRuh lquhrk
vkSj lkFkh dk;ZdrkZ fonqyk ds lg;ksx dk rgs&fny ls
'kqxqtkj gwaA bu nksuksa us 'kqjQvkr ds esjs lHkh
ys[kksa dks i<+k vkSj mUgsa csgrj cukus ds
vusdksa lq>ko fn,A
vjfoUn xqIrk
02 vDVwcj 2009

vjnkflj dqjlsRth
(1808 - 1877)

cgqr de Hkkjrokfl;ksa us gh vjnkflj dqjlsRth dk uke lquk gksxkA cgqr de yksx bl

ckr ls voxr gksaxs fd cEcbZ dk ;g ejhu baftfu;j 27 ebZ 1841 dks jkW;y lkslk;Vh
dk igyk Hkkjrh; lnL; cukA jkW;y lkslkbVh dh vxyh iQsyksf'ki 75 o"kZ ckn iz[;kr
xf.krK Jhfuokl jkekuqtu dks iznku dh xbZA
vaxzsth 'kkld Hkkjr esa vius O;kikfjd vkSj jktuSfrd izHkqRo dks dk;e j[kuk pkgrs
FksA blds fy, mUgksausa foKku vkSj mHkjrh ubZ rduhdksa
dk lgkjk fy;kA mUgksausa Hkki&pfyr tgktksa }kjk
baXySaM vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ;k=kk ds le; dks de
fd;kA jsy vkSj VsyhxzkiQ dk rkuk&ckuk cqudj
vaxzstksa us dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh idM+ vkSj
etcwr dhA lapkj ds bu ek;eksa ls yxku
vkSj VSDl dh olwyh Hkh T;knk gqbZA eqV~Bh Hkj
vaxsztksa ds fy, brus cM+s fganqLrku dks fu;a=k.k
esa j[kuk ,d vlaHko dk;Z FkkA ;g dke fganLq rkfu;ksa
dh enn ds fcuk dj ikuk ukeqefdu FkkA 'kq#
esa vaxzstksa us dqN fganqLrkfu;ksa dks ukSdfj;ka nh
& ms'; lkiQ Fkk & fganqLrku vkSj
mldh teha dks le>ukA ckn esa vaxzstksa
us DydhZ vkSj eqa'khfxjh dh Vsfuax
nsus ds fy, dqN Ldwy Hkh LFkkfir
fd,A bl ubZ f'k{kk ls dqN
Hkkjrh;ksa esa jk"Vh; eqfDr dh
Hkkouk Hkh tkx`r gqbZA
1

dqjlsRth us vc ,d lky baXySaM eas xqtkjus dh lksphA ogka oks ikuh ds tgktksa esa yxus
okys batuksa dh uohure tkudkjh gkfly djuk pkgrs FksA bl ;k=kk esa dqjlsRth vius
ukSdjkas dks Hkh lkFk ys x, D;ksafd oks dsoy ikjfl;ksa ds gkFk dk idk [kkuk gh [kkrs
FksA /kfeZd ekeyksa esa dqjlsRth dkiQh dV~Vjoknh FksA baXySaM esa mUgsa ,d ukStoku ikjlh
feyk tks ikjlh Vksi ugha igus FkkA dqjlsRth dks ;g ckr vkifRrtud yxhA baXySaM esa
dqjlsRth dks ogka dh laln & gkWml vkWiQ dkWeUl dh cSBd esa Hkh vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA

dqjlsRlh ds ifjokj us ,d yEcs vlsZ ls vaaxzstksa dh tgkt cukus esa enn dh

FkhA muds ,d iqj[ks ykvksth uqljokuth (okfM;k) lwjr ds cUnjxkg esa c<+bZ
FksA ckn eas vaxzst mUgsa u, cUnjxkg dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, cEcbZ yk,A 'kq#
esa vaxzst tgktksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cka> (vksd) ds isM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrs FksA
ijarq rsth ls iQSyrs fczfV'k lkezkT; esa tYn gh ^vksd* ds isM+ksa dk liQk;k gks
x;kA mUgsa ^vksd* dk fodYi ^eykckj Vhd* esa feykA Vhd ;kuh lkxkSu dh
ydM+h etcwr gksrh gS vkSj ikuh esa lM+rh ugha gSA izpqj ek=kk esa lkxkSu vkSj dq'ky
c<+bZ;ksa dh miyC/rk ds dkj.k cEcbZ tgkt cukus ds izeq[k dsUnz ds :i esa
mHkjkA tgkt cukus ds dke esa yxs dqjlsRth ifjokj dks cgqr izfr"Bk feyhA
mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq#vkr esa LVhe&pfyr tgktksa dk mn~xe gqvkA yxHkx
mlh le; dqjlsRth dk Hkh tUe gqvkA dqjlsRth dh #fp tgkt fuekZ.k esa de
ijarq LVhe&pfyr e'khuksa esa T;knk FkhA mUgksaus tYn gh 1&gklZikWoj ds bUtu dk
fuekZ.k dj viuh dq'kyrk dk ifjp; fn;kA ;g Hkkjr esa cuk igyk bUtu FkkA
1833 esa dqjlsRth us baXySaM ls ,d 10&gklZikWoj dk bUtu eaxk;k vkSj mls
^baM~l* uke ds tgkt esa fiQV fd;kA mlh lky mUgsa e>xkao cUnxkg esa ukSdjh

feyhA dqjlsRth us vius ?kj ij yksgk <ykbZ dh ,d NksVh ^iQkmaMh*

LFkkfir dhA ;gka oks tgktksa dh Vafd;ka <kyrs FksA

O;Lr jgus ds ckotwn dqjlsRth yanu ls T;knk izHkkfor ugha gq,A baXySaM dh jkW;y
Vdlky mUgsa cEcbZ dh Vdlky dh rqyuk esa dgha xbZ&xqtjh yxhA mUgsa cEcbZ dh rqyuk
esa yanu dh lM+dsa Hkh T;knk xanh yxhaA
O;olkfld f'k{k.k ds fygkt ls dqjlsRth dk ;g nkSjku cgqr liQy jgkA oks dbZ fczfV'k
ukeh&fxjkeh laLFkkvksa ds lnL; Hkh cus ftuesa & bafLVV~;w'ku vkWiQ flfoy baftfu;lZ]
lkslkbVh vkWiQ vkV~Wl ,UM lkbUl vkSj fczfV'k ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj n ,MokalesaV vkWiQ
lkbUl 'kkfey FkhaA okil ykSVus ij dqjlsRth dh fu;qfDr vaxzstksa dh LVhe dEiuh vkSj
iQkmaMh esa] phiQ baftfu;j vkSj baLiSDVj ds in ij gqbZA mudh ru[okg vc 600 #i,
eghuk Fkh] tks igys dh ru[okg ls Ng
xquk T;knk FkhA
1841 esa tc dqjlsRth baXySaM esa Fks rc
mUgsa iz[;kr jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki
ls uoktk x;kA mudk uke dbZ
izHkko'kkyh yksxksa us izLrkfor fd;kA
buesa ls nks yksx ckn esa bafLV~V;w'ku
vkWiQ flfoy baftfu;lZ ds v;{k
cus] ,d bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dk
ps;jeSu cuk vkSj ,d vU;
jkW;y lkslkbVh dk v;{k
cukA

mudk vxyk dfj'ek Fkk & xSl ls tyus okyh lM+d cRrh dk fuekZ.kA
1834 esa dqjlsRth us e>xkao fLFkr vius caxys vkSj cxhps dks xSl dh
cfRr;ksa ls jks'ku fd;kA
tYn gh mUgsa ^izSfDVdy* Dyklsl ysus ds fy, ,yhiQsaLVu bafLVV~;wV esa
cqyk;k x;kA mUgksaus ogka Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dks ;akf=kdh vkSj jklk;fud
foKku fl[kk;kA rhu lky ckn oks baXySaM fLFkr jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd
lkslkbVh ds vizoklh lnL; pqus x,A
2

jkW;y lkslkbVh dh orZeku esa Nfo] iz[;kr oSKkfudksa ds ,d laxBu ds :i esa gSA ijarq
chloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq# esa jkW;y lkslk;Vh lEHkzakr yksxksa dk egt ,d Dyc FkkA ;g yksx
izfr] xf.kr vkSj baftfu;fjax ds vykok ^izk;ksfxd* foKku dh reke 'kk[kkvksa esa Hkh
#fp j[krs FksA ml le; dh ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj ogka ds lekt us dqjlsRth dks ,d
dq'ky baaftfu;j vkSj foKku ds izlkjd ds :i esa ns[kkA
jkW;y lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk dqjlsRth ds fy, egt ,d O;fDrxr miyfC/ gh jghA bl
f[krkc ls u rks muds ns'koklh izHkkfor gq, vkSj u gh mudh dksbZ is'ksoj mUufr gqbZA
tc 1 vizSy 1841 dks dqjlsRth Hkkjr ykSVs rks dbZ ;wjksih; viQlj muds v/hu FksA
dqjlsRth igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftuds uhps xksjs yksxksa us dke fd;kA muds LVkiQ esa pkj xksjs
iQksjeSu] 100 xksjs ckW;yj&esdj vkSj baftfu;j FksA lkFk esa 200 fgUnqLrkuh dkjhxj Hkh
FksA mudh fu;qfDr ls dbZ xksjs ukjkt Hkh gq,A vaxztksa dh rjiQnkjh djus okys v[kckj
ckWEcs VkbEl us viuh ukjktxh tkfgj djrs gq, fy[kk] ^pkgsa okss fdruk Hkh i<+k&fy[kk
vkSj dkfcy D;ksa u gksa fiQj Hkh ckWEcs LVhe iQSDVh tSlh dEiuh dh deku ,d fgUnqLrkuh
dks lkSaiuk xyr gSA ,d fgUnqLrkuh cgqr ls ;wjksih; yksxksa ij fu;a=k.k djs ;g ckr Bhd
ugha gSA*

le; Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds v/hu Fkh vkSj 1863 esa mldk fo?kVu gqvkA dEiuh cUn gksus
ds ckn dqjlsRth us mlls bLrhiQk fn;k vkSj mlds ckn oks fjpeaM] baXySaM esa tkdj cl
x, tgka 18 uoEcj 1877 dks mudk nsgkUr gqvkA
;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd reke miyfC/;ksa ds ckotwn dqjlsRth xqeuke gh jgsA Hkkjrh;
oSKkfud 'kks/ dk dsUnz cEcbZ ls gV dydRrk pyk x;k FkkA dydRrs ds yksxksa dks
dqjlsRth ds dke ds ckjs esa dqN irk ugha FkkA 'kk;n blh otg ls Hkkjr dk igyk
vk/qfud baftfu;j dHkh Hkh gekjs ns'kokfl;ksa ds fy, ,d jksy&ekWMy ugha cu ik;kA
Hkkjr ljdkj us ns'k ds bl egku iq=k dh Le`fr esa ,d Mkd fVdV vo'; tkjh fd;kA

ijarq dqjlsRth us viuh bl ftEesnkjh dks c[kwch fuHkk;kA 1849 esa dqjlsRth vejhdk
x, vkSj ogka mUgksua as ydM+h dk dke djus okyh dqN e'khusa [kjhnha vkSj mUgsa cEcbZ HkstkA
ml le; vejhdh yksx Hkkjrh;ksa ds ckjs esa D;k lksprs Fks oks bl fooj.k ls Li"V gksrk
gS%
ml le; ds fons'kh esgekuksa esa gesa lcls T;knk vk'p;Z rc gqvk tc gekjk fe=k
,d thfor ikjlh dks vius lkFk pk; ij gekjs ?kj yk;kA mlds flj ij ,d
mQaph Vksih FkhA eq>s cgqr rkTtqc gqvk tc ml vfXu ds mikld us lk/kj.k yksxksa
ds lkFk pk; ihuk Lohdkj fd;kA ij oks dksbZ gkfudkjd 'ksj ugha FkkA oks cgqr
gYds ngkM+kA mlus vkSjksa ds lkFk vkjke ls McyjksVh eD[ku [kk;k vkSj pk; Hkh
ihA mlus cEcbZ esa viuh ftanxh ds ckjs eas gesa dbZ jkspd dgkfu;ka Hkh lqukbA
eq>s lkiQ ;kn gS & oks cgqr /hjs&/hjs vkSj Li"V 'kCnksa esa cksyk tSls fd oks fdlh
NksVs cPps ls ckr dj jgk gksA mlus gekjs iz'uksa dk mRrj cgqr l/h gqbZ vkokt
esa fn;kA mldh vaxzsth ge yksxksa dh vaxzsth ls dgha csgrj FkhA

iQjojh 1851 esa dqjlsRth us ,d LVhej ykap fd;k ftldk uke ^ykvksth iQSfeyh* FkkA
LVhej dk gjsd dy&iqtkZ nslh Fkk vkSj dqjlsRth ds ?kj esa yxs dkj[kkus esa cuk FkkA
cEcbZ 'kgj dk ifjp; flykbZ e'khu] iQksVksxzkiQh vkSj ,yDVks&IysfVax ls djkus okys
dqjlsRth igys O;fDr FksA
1861 esa mUgksaus baM~l yksfVyk dEiuh esa phiQ lqifjaVsaMsUV dk in lEHkkyk vkSj bl
dEiuh dh dksVjh] fla/ fLFkr lHkh iQSfDV;ksa dh ckxMksj lEHkkyhA yksfVyk dEiuh ml
4

uSu flag jkor

(1830 - 1895)

Hkkjr esa viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir djus ds ckn ;g r; Fkk fd vaxzstksa dh fuxkgsa fgeky;
{ks=k dh vikj lEink ij iM+saxhA ij ;g dke vklku u FkkA phu ds lezkV us frCcr
dh lhek,a fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, lhy dj nh Fkha vkSj mYya?ku dh ltk ekSr FkhA losZ{k.k
foHkkx ds dbZ lwjek bl nqxZe {ks=k dk losZ djrs gq,
'kghn gks pqds FksA var esa FkkWel ekaVxs ksejh dks ,d
foy{k.k mik; lw>kA D;ksa u ykekvksa ds os'k esa
Hkkjrh; ^tklwl* ogka Hkstks vkSj bu nqxZe LFkkuksa
ds uD'ks cuokvksA pqus yksxksa ds ukd&uD'k
frCcfr;ksa tSls gks]a os igkM+h rkSj&rjhdksa ls okfdiQ
gksa] i<+s fy[ksa gksa vkSj T;knk ru[okg u eakxsaA
fgeky;h losZ{k.k ds bl dke ds fy, ekaVsxksejh
us uSu flag vkSj mlds ppsjs HkkbZ e.kh flag dks
pqukA
uSu flag dk cpiu vFkkg xjhch esa chrk FkkA mudh
dksbZ iq'rSuh tehu&tk;nkn ugha Fkh vkSj ifjokj cgqr
cM+k FkkA muds fy, ?kj [kpZ pyk ikuk Hkh eqf'dy
FkkA mUgkasusa tokuh esa dtZ ysdj O;kikj 'kq# fd;k
ij mlesa Hkh oks vliQy jgkA dqN le;
mUgkasusa fgeky; ds feyu xkao esa
Ldwy dh ekLVjh Hkh dhA e.kh
6

flag] uSu flag ls cM+k FkkA 1863 esa ekaVsxksejh us nksuksa HkkbZ;ksa dks
losZ{k.k dk dfBu izf'k{k.k fn;kA ;g Vsfuax ckn essa gj losZ;j ;k
^psu&eSu* ds fy, vfuok;Z gks xbZA mUgsa ,d fuf'pr xfr ls
pyuk fl[kk;k x;k ftlls mudk gj dne ,d fuf'pr & 33
bap dh nwjh gh r; djsA dneksa dh la[;k fxuus ds fy, mUgsa 100
eksfr;ksa okyh ekyk nh xbZ Fkh (lkekU; ekykvksa esa 108 eksrh gksrs gSa)A ,d ekyk [kRe
gksus ij oks dqy 10]000 dne pys gksaxsa vkSj mUgkasusa 5&ehy dh nwjh r; gksxh!
/kfeZd lSykuh ds Hks"k esa uSu flag ds cksjh&fcLrj esa dbZ ;a=k fNis FksA pk; ds ex esa
,d fNik rg[kkuk Fkk tks ikjs ls Hkjk Fkk & ftlls {kSfrt (gksjkbtu) <w<a us esa enn feyrh
FkhA mldh NM+h esa ,d rkiekih (FkjekehVj) fNik Fkk ftls oks mcyrs
ikuh esa Mqcksdj ogka dh mQapkbZ ekirk FkkA gj Ldwyh Nk=k tkurk gS fd
ikuh mcyus dk fcUnq mQapkbZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
ij lcls egRoiw.kZ phtsa uSu flag dh izkFkZuk&p esa fNih FkhaA lkekU;r%
izkFkZuk&p esa dkxtksa ij fy[ks ea=k Hkjs gksrs gSa tSls & ^vkse eus i|%
gqe* vkfnA ijarq uSu flag dk fo'ks"k izkFkZuk&p mlds iQhYM&uksV~l &
nwfj;ksa] uD'kksa] mQapkbZ;ksa ds vakdM+ksa ls Hkjk FkkA bu iSny losZ;jksa ds uke
Hkh vthc FksA mnkgj.k ds fy, uSu flag dk uke ^phiQ iafMr* vkSj mlds
ppsjs HkkbZ dk uke ^lsdaM iafMr* FkkA ;g fo'ks"k uke losZ djus okyksa
ij lnk ds fy, fpid x, vkSj ckn esa lHkh losZ;j ^iafMr* ds uke ls
iqdkjs tkus yxsA
1865 esa nksuksa iafMrksa us viuk igyk vfHk;ku 'kq# fd;kA frCcrh ckMZj
ikj djrs oDr mUgsa viuk Hks"k cnyuk iM+kA
usiky igap
q us ij nksuksa HkkbZ vyx
gq,A uSu flag Ygklk tkus ds
fy, frCcr ds ckMZj dh vksj
c<+kA ,d O;kikfj;ksa ds ny esa
fey dj mlus frCcr esa izos'k
fd;kA jkLrs esa O;kikfj;ksa us mls /
ks[kk fn;k vkSj mlds lkjs iSls ywV
fy,A lkSHkkX; ls mlds losZ ds
midj.k cp x, tks ,d fMCcs ds
>wBs isans esa fNis FksA
uSu flag jkor
dh Mk;jh dk
,d i`"B

uSu flag us 1865 dh xfeZ;ka vius iqjkus fdLe ds midj.kksa ds lkFk

Ygklk eas ?kwers gq, fcrk;haA [kkus ds fy, oks xqtjrs yksxksa ls Hkh[k
ekaxrkA tuojh 1866 esa oks Ygklk igqapk vkSj ogka ,d iQdhj tSls
jgus yxkA mlus ,d /eZ'kkyk esa dbZ grs fcrk,A jkr ds le;
oks /eZ'kkyk dh Nr ls rkjksa dk v;;u djrkA ikuh mcyus ds
rkieku ds vk/kj ij mlus leqnz rV ls Ygklk dh mQapkbZ dk
vuqeku 3240 ehVj yxk;kA vkt uohure midj.kksa }kjk ;g
mQapkbZ 3540 ehVj ekih xbZ gS! rkjksa dh dks.kh; mQapkbZ ukidj uSu
flag us Ygklk ds v{kka'k dk vuqeku Hkh yxk;kA

mlds ckn Hkh oks dbZ lkyksa

rd vU; iafMrksa dks losZ vkSj
tklwlh dh dyk fl[kkrk jgkA
vius dke esa uSu flag cgqr
ikjaxr FkkA
nsgjknwu esa uSu flag ds uD'kksa
ds vk/kj ij csgrj uD'ks
cuk, x,A bl dke dks ^xzsV
fVXkuksefS Vdy los*Z dh LFkkiuk
ds ckn vf/d cy feykA bl
foLr`r losZ esa 'kqrk ls v{kka'k vkSj n{kka'k LFkkfir fd,
x, vkSj fiQj /hjs&/hjs fcUnqvksa ds chp f=kdks.k cukdj
Hkkjr ds rVorhZ vkSj vanj ds {ks=kksa dk iwjk uD'kk cuk;k

vizSy esa uSu flag vius lkjs midj.k cVksj dj ,d dkjoka ls lkFk okil Hkkjr ykSVkA
dkjoka frCcr dh ,d izeq[k unh lkaxiks ds lkFk&lkFk if'pe dh vksj c<+ jgk FkkA
,d jkr uSu flag pqids ls dkjoka NksM+dj Hkkx fudykA fiQj mlus mRrj dh vksj c<+k
vkSj 27 vDVwcj 1866 dks oks losZ ds nsgjknwu fLFkr eq[;ky; esa igqapkA
uSu flag us nks vkSj ;k=kk,a dhaA 1867 dh viuh nwljh ;k=kk ds nkSjku mlus if'peh frCcr
dk nkSjk fd;k vkSj ogka fLFkr iz[;kr Bksd&tkyqax lksus dh [knkuksa dks ns[kkA ogka ds
etnwj dsoy lrg dks gh [kksn jgs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd xgjh [kqnkbZ djuk i`Foh
ds f[kykiQ ,d vU;k; gksxk vkSj mlls i`Foh dh moZjrk de gksxhA
1873&75 ds chp uSu flag us d'ehj esa ysg ls Ygklk dh ;k=kk dhA fiNyh ckj oks
lkaxiks unh ds fdukjs x;k Fkk blfy, bl ckj mlus mRrj dk jkLrk pqukA ipkl lky
rd bl {ks=k dh Bksl tkudkjh dk vk/kj uSu flag }kjk cuk, uD'ks gh FksA vafre
vfHk;ku dk uSu flag dh lsgr ij cqjk izHkko iM+kA mldh vka[ksa cgqr detksj gks x;haA

x;kA
uSu flag ds dke dh [;kfr vc nwj&nwj rd iQSy pqdh FkhA 1876 esa uSu flag dh
miyfC/;ksa ds ckjs esa T;ksxzkfiQdy eSxthu esa fy[kk x;kA mlds ckn rks cl iq#Ldkjksa
dk rkark gh yx x;kA lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us uSu flag dks c['kh'k esa ,d
xkao vkSj ,d gtkj #i, dk buke fn;kA 1868 esa jkW;y T;ksxzkfiQd lkslk;Vh us uSu
flag dks ,d lksus dh ?kM+h iq#Ldkj esa nhA 1877 esa blh
laLFkk us uSu flag dks foDVksfj;k isVUl eSMy ls Hkh
lEekfur fd;kA eSMy ij ;g 'kCn vafdr Fks% ^;g oks
balku gS ftlus ,f'k;k ds ckjs esa gekjs Kku dks csgn
le` fd;kA ml le; dksbZ vU; O;fDr ;g dke ugha
dj ldkA* iSfjl fLFkr lkslk;Vh vkWiQ T;ksxziQlZ us Hkh
uSu flag dks ,d ?kM+h HksVa dhA twu 27] 2004 dks Hkkjr
ljdkj us ^xzsV fVXkukseSfVdy losZ* esa uSu flag ds vge jksy ds miy{k esa ,d Mkd
fVdV tkjh fd;kA
uSu flag dks dkiQh cw<h+ mez esa gh reke lEekuksa ls vyafr
fd;k x;kA vkf[kj D;ksa mlus ek=k chl #i, ekgokh ij
nqxZe igkM+h bykdksa esa 16]000 ehy dh dfBu ;k=kk dh\
'kk;n mlus tks dqN Hkh fd;k] Bhd gh fd;kA uSu flag us
tks djds fn[kk;k mls dHkh dksbZ xksjk ugha dj ik;k!

txnh'k panz cksl

(1858 - 1937)

1895 esa eWkjdksuh us okW;jysl ds ek;e ls ,d lans'k Hkstk vkSj mls ,d ehy nwjh
ij fjlhoj }kjk idM+kA ijarq blls nks lky igys izslhMsalh dkWyst ds txnh'k panz cksl
us yxHkx blh oSKkfud iz;ksx dks turk ds chp fn[kk;k FkkA mUgksaus oWk;jysl dh enn
ls ,d ehy nwj fLFkr ?kaVh ctkbZ FkhA cksl us jsfM;ks rjaxksa vkSj ikS/ksa ds oSKkfud {ks=kksa
esa ekSfyd ;ksxnku fn;kA ikS/ksa dh laosnu'khyrk dk mUgsa xgjk Kku FkkA vDlj muds
Nk=k etkd djrs vkSj vius izksiQslj ij ikS/ksa ls ckrphr djus dk vkjksi yxkrs!
cksl dk tUe 30 uoEcj 1858 dks eSeuflag] ckaXYkkns'k esa gqvkA muds firk Hkxoku panz
cksl ,d ljdkjh vf/dkjh FksA mUgsa viuh ekr` Hkk"kk ckaXyk vkSj xjhc yksxksa ls csgn
yxko FkkA mUgksauas csjkstxkjksa dks dke nsus dh dksf'k'k dh ijarq bl iz;kl esa oks [kqn
xgjs dtZ esa Mwc x,A firk ds vkn'kks us txnh'k panz
dks thou Hkj izsfjr fd;kA
cpiu esa txnh'k panz ,d ckaXyk ek;e
ds LFkkuh; Ldwy esa i<+sA ;gka mudk
lEidZ xjhc&vehj lHkh i`"BHkwfe ds
cPpksa ls gqvkA bldk mu ij tknqbZ
izHkko iM+k vkSj oks thou Hkj tkr&ikr]
mQap&uhp vkSj /kfeZd ca/uksa ls eqDr
jgsA xjhc fdlkuksa ds cPpksa ls esytksy
ds dkj.k mUgsas i'kqvksa] ikS/ksa vkSj
if{k;ksa ls vFkkg izse gqvkA 'kk;n
cpiu ds blh vuqHko ds dkj.k gh
mUgksausa ckn esa ikS/ksa dk xgu v;;u
fd;kA

1875 esa mUgksausa dydRrs ds lsaV tsfo;lZ Ldwy esa nkf[kyk fy;kA Ldwy esa oks vius tsc
[kpZ ds lkjs iSls ikS/ksa vkSj ikyrw thoksa ij yqVk nsrsA 1879 esa mUgksausa lsaV tsfo;lZ dkWyst
ls foKku dh fMxzh izkIr dhA ;gka mudh HksaV HkkSfrdh ds izsjd f'k{kd iQknj ykiQkSaV
ls gqbZA txnh'k baXySaM tkdj bafM;u flfoy lfoZl dh ijh{kk nsuk pkgrs FksA ijarq muds
firk dks ;g ckr jkl ugha vkbZA og ugha pkgrs Fks fd mudk csVk vaxzstksa dh ukSdjh
djsA txnh'k MkWDVjh lh[ks bl ckr ij ij firk jkth gks x,A mUgsa yxk fd MkWDVj
cudj txnh'k xjhcksa dh lsok dj ik,xkA
1880 esa txnh'k panz baXySaM x, ijarq ogka ij oks tYn gh chekj iM+ x,A cgqr mipkj
ds ckn Hkh mudh dkyk&vtkj dh chekjh Bhd ugha gqbZA esfMdy i<+kbZ ds nkSjku
phj&iQkM+ ds dejs dh rst xa/ ls mudh chekjh c<+us dk Mj FkkA blfy, txnh'k
panz dks MkWDVjh dh i<+kbZ NksM+uh iM+hA ckn esa mUgksausa dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds kWbLV
ppZ dkWyst esa izkfrd foKku lh[kus ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA ;gka muds f'k{kd fo[;kr
oSKkfud ykWMZ jSys FksA txnh'k panz dh vius f'k{kd ds lkFk xgjh fe=krk gks xbZA
1885 esa Hkkjr ykSVus ds ckn mudh izslhMsalh dkWyst esa izksiQslj ds in ij fu;qfDr gqbZA
ijarq ;gka muds lkFk [kqysvke HksnHkko gqvkA ml le; leku dk;Z ds fy, Hkkjrh;ksa
dks vaxzstksa dh rqyuk esa dsoy nks&frgkbZ gh ru[okg feyrh FkhA txnh'k panz us bl
'kks"k.k dk ,d vuwBs rjhds ls fojks/ fd;kA mUgksausa rhu lky fcuk ru[okg fy, ru&eu
ls dke fd;kA muds firk igys ls gh dtZ esa Mwcs FksA 1887 esa txnh'k panz dk vcyk
cksl ls fookg gqvkA blls mudh vkfFkZd ftEesnkfj;ka vkSj c<+haA ijarq fiQj Hkh cksl ?kksj
dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, fcuk rU[okg ds dke djrs jgsA var esa dkWyst iz'kklu
uje iM+k vkSj mUgsa iwjs dky dh ru[okg nh xbZA bl jkf'k ls oks firk dk dtZ pqdk
ik,A
izslhMsalh dkWyst esa cksl dh lk[k ,d ;ksX; vkSj yksdfiz; f'k{kd ds :i esa mHkjhA
HkkSfrdh ls mUgsa csgn yxko Fkk vkSj mldk tknw oks Nk=kksa ij ljy iz;ksxksa vkSj ekWMyksa
ls cqursA ckn esa muds dbZ Nk=k iz[;kr oSKkfud cusA muesa tkus&ekus HkkSfrd'kkL=kh
lR;sanz ukFk cksl Hkh FksA muds lEeku esa dqN vk.kfod d.k
^ckslkWu* ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSa!
txnh'k panz cksl }kjk izslhMsalh dkWyst esa 'kks/dk;Z djus ds lHkh
iz;klksa ij vaxzstksa us vadq'k yxk;kA var esa rax vkdj cksl us
HkkSfrdh foHkkx ds xqly[kkus esa ,d NksVh&lh iz;ksx'kkyk cukbZA
;gka de&ykxr ds midj.kksa vkSj ;a=kksa ls
mUgksausa tsusjs'ku] izlkj.k] viorZu] foorZu]
cksl us bl Lik;jy iksyjvkbZts'ku vkSj fo|qr&pqacdh; rjaxksa
fLizax fjlhoj dk
ij 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA vkt izpfyr ekbksoso
vkfo"dkj fd;k

10

Mcy fizTe ,fVuq,Vj

11

midj.kksa ds dbZ dy&iqtksaZ & osoxkWbM] ysl

a ,aVus k] iksyjWkbtj] MkbZ&bysfDVd
ysal] fizTe vkSj fMiQjSD'ku xzsfVaXl dh >yd gesa igyh ckj muds iz;ksxksa
esa feyrh gSA buesa ls dbZ midj.kksa ds os [kqn vkfo"dkjd Fks & blesa
twV dk iksyjvkbZtj 'kkfey gS! cksl }kjk xyhuk ls cuk, fjlhoj dks
V~fofLVM twV
1904 esa isaVsUV Hkh feykA
iksfyjkbZtj

1977 ds ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk vkSj VkaftLVj ds vfo"dkjd izks- fczVu

ds vuqlkj cksl oks igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksausa lsehdaMDVj dk mi;ksx dj
loZizFke jsfM;ks rjaxsa idM+haA 1977 ds ,d vU; ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk usfoy ekWV ds
vuqlkj cksl vius vuqla/ku esa nqfu;k ls 60 o"kZ vkxs FksA mUgksausa ;gka rd dgk fd
cksl dks ^,u&VkWbi vkSj ih&VkWbi lsehdaMDVj ds ekStwn gksus dk iwokZuqeku FkkA*
cksl dh #fp ?kVukvksa ds dsoy oSKkfud i{k esa Fkh mls isVsUV dj mlls /u dekus
esa ughaA tcfd muds ledkyhu ekWjdksuh dh utj mlds O;kolkf;d i{k ij FkhA
ekWjdksuh us rRdky u, vkfo"dkj dh lEHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj okW;jySl midj.k
fuekZ.k dj muls [kwc equkiQk dek;kA
cksl ,d 'kSf{kd nkSjs ij ;wjksi x, tgka mudh HksaV ykWMZ dsfYou vkSj fVtsjYM ls
gqbZA ;g yksx ml le; ds vxz.kh oSKkfud FksA 1897 ds vklikl cksl dh #fp esa
,dne cnyko vk;kA tks fjlhoj (dksfgjj) mUgksaus fofdj.k <wa<+us ds fy, cuk;k Fkk
oks dHkh ^rst* vkSj dHkh ^ean* izn'kZu fn[kkrk FkkA blls mudk
dqrwgy txkA blesa mUgsa euq"; tSls gh ^Fkdku* vkSj ^ubZ mQtkZ*
dk lekurk utj vkbZA mUgsa yxk tSls fjlhoj Hkh vk.kfod
Lrj ij dke] Fkdku vkSj iquthZou ds p ls xqtj jgk gksA
blds vk/kj ij cksl us ,d 'kks/i=k fy[kk ^thfor vkSj
vthfor inkFkksZa ij fo|qr dk izHkko*A bl 'kks/i=k ij yksxksa
us rh[kh izfrf;k dhA blds dbZ n'kdksa ds ckn tc
ckW;ksfiQftDl vkSj lkWbcjusfVDl dk mn~xe gqvk rks
cksl dh ckr lgh lkfcr gqbZA

ckn esa cksl ikS/ksa vkSj thoksa ds chp lekurk [kkstus

esa tqV x,A muds 'kks/ us yksxksa dks vk'p;Zpfdr
fd;kA mUgksausa fn[kk;k fd thoksa dh rjg ikS/ksa esa
Hkh Luk;q&ra=k gksrk gSA thoksa dk Luk;q&ra=k fdlh
fo|qr /kjk] "ek vkSj jklk;fud mRrstuk ij
viuh izfrf;k O;Dr djrk gSA D;ksafd fo"k;
,dne u;k Fkk blfy, cksl us Lo;a iz;ksx ds fy,
dbZ u, midj.kksa dk fMtkbu vkSj fuekZ.k Hkh
fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, ikS/ksa dh o`f
nj ukius dk ;a=k & sldksxzkiQ A bl
midj.k ls ikS/ksa ij jklk;fud
[kkn vkSj dhVuk'kdksa ds izHkkoksa
dks rsth ls uki ikuk laHko gks
ik;kA
cksl us foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, cakXyk esa vke yksxksa ds fy, <sjkas ys[k
fy[ksA cksl ds dky esa jk"Vh; eqfDr vkanksyu tksjksa ij FkkA ,d lPps
jk"VHkDr gksus ds ukrs cksl ml le; jk"Vh; vkanksyu ds vxz.kh usrkvksa ds
cgqr lehi vk,A buesa jchUnzukFk Bkdqj] iziQqYy pUnz js] vkSj Lokeh
foosdkuUn dh fczfV'k f'k";k flLVj fuosfnrk 'kkfey FkhaA
1915 esa cksl viuh 'kSf{kd ukSdjh ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A 1917 esa mUgsa ukWbVgqM ds f[krkiQ
ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;k vkSj oks lj txnh'k panz cksl cu x,A mlh o"kZ vius tUefnu
okys fnu cksl us cksl fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g laLFkk var%fo"k;
(baVjfMflIyhusjh) vuqla/ku dks lefiZr FkhA jchUnzukFk us bl laLFkk dk dqyxhr jpkA
1920 esa cksl jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ds fy,
euksuhr fd;k x;kA
23 uoEcj 1937 dks txnh'k panz cksl dk nsgkUr
gqvkA dqN fnu ckn gh mudk vLlhoka tUefnu FkkA oks
Hkkjr esa Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds vuqlj.k ds fy, ,d le`
ijEijk NksM+ x,A

12

13

iziQqYy panz js
(1861 - 1944)

^;dhu ugha gksrk fd lkns fyckl vkSj ljy vkpj.k okyk

;g O;fDr bruk cM+k oSKkfud vkSj izksiQslj gksxkA*
& xak/h

1860&69 ds n'kd esa vius ns'k esa dbZ egkjfFk;ksa us tUe fy;k & jchUnzukFk Bkdqj]
eksrhyky usg:] enu eksgu ekyoh; vkSj Lokeh foosdkuanA bl lwph esa ,d vU; izcq
O;fDr dk uke Hkh 'kkfey gS & iziQqYy panz jsA
iziQqYy panz js dk tUe 2 vxLr 1861 dks ,d xkao esa
gqvkA ;g xkao vc cakXykns'k ds [kqyuk ftys esa fLFkr gSA
'kq# ds pan lky rks iziQqYy us xkao esa gh fcrk,A mlds ckn
muds firk gjh'k panz vius cPpksa dh vPNh f'k{kk dh
[kkfrj dydRrs vk x,A cpiu ls gh lekt lq/
kjdksa dk & fo'ks"kdj cks lekt dk iziQqYy
ij xgjk vlj iM+kA oks izsthMsalh dkWyst esa
i<+s D;ksafd esVksikSysfVu dkWyst (bZ'oj panz
fo|klkxj }kjk LFkkfir) eas oks lqfo/k,a
miyC/ ugha FkhaaA ml tekus esa ,iQ ,
(iQkWbu vkWVl
Z~ ) dh fMxzh ds fy, jklk;u
'kkL=k dk fo"k; vfuok;Z FkkA 1882 esa
vR;ar dfBu ifjJe ds ckn iziQqYy us
fxyfLV LdkWyjf'ki thrk vkSj
foKku dh vkxs dh i<+kbZ ds fy,
,fMuczk x,A ogka ij e'kgwj jklk;u
'kkL=kh ,-lh- czkmu muds fiz;
Vhpj vkSj xkWbM cusA 1887 esa
14

iziQqYy us MkDVVs vkWiQ fiQykliQh dh fMxzh gkfly

dhA mlds ckn mUgksaus ^gksi* iq#Ldkj thrk vkSj
;wfuoflZVh dh dsfedy lkslkbVh ds mik;{k cusA
,fMuczk izokl ds nkSjku mUgsa dsfeLVh ;kuh jklk;u
'kkL=k ls xgjk izse gks x;kA
1888 esa tc oks Hkkjr ykSVs rks mUgsa ;wfuoflZVh dh
ukSdjh <wa<+us esa fnDdr gqbZA ml le; ;wfuoflZVh
esa ukSdfj;ksa vaxzstksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gksrh FkhaA ckn
esa mUgsa izslhMsalh dkWyst esa ukSdjh feyh tgka ij
mUgksausa iwjs 27 o"kZ i<+k;kA js viuh d{kk esa reke oSKkfud iz;ksx fn[kkrsA blls mudh
d{kk,a izsjd vkSj izHkkoh curhaA muds nks foy{k.k Nk=kksa & es?kukn lkgk vkSj lR;sanz ukFk
cksl us ckn esa foKku esa ekSfyd ;ksxnku fn;kA dbZ vU; gksf'k;kj Nk=k & uhy jRu ?kks"k]
ts-lh- ?kks"k vkfn iziQqYypanz js dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj bl izdkj jklk;u 'kkL=k ds
igys Hkkjrh; Ldwy dk tUe gqvkA /hjs&/hjs bldh [;kfr nwj&nwj rd iQSyhA
jsfM;ks&rjaxksa ds vkfo"dkjd txnh'k panz cksl dkWyst esa js ls rhu lky lhfu;j FksA
chloha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa ;g nksuksa fe=k Hkkjrh; foKku ds d.kZ/kj FksA
baXySaM izokl ds nkSjku js foKku vkSj m|ksx ds chp ds lEca/ dks vPNh rjg le> ik,
FksA fczfV'k lkezkT;okfn;kas dh #fp dsoy Hkkjr ds dPps eky esa Fkh] ;gka ij m|ksx
LFkkfir djus esa ughaA ;g dke js us fd;kA mUgksausa nokbZ;ka] jklk;u vkSj dbZ dke dh
oLrq,a cukus ij vuqla/ku fd;k vkSj lu 1901 esa caxky dsfedy ,UM iQkekZL;wfVdy
dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g daiuh vkt Hkh dk;Zjr gSA ;g dke cgqr dfBu FkkA uhacw ls lkbfVd
vEy cukus dk mudk iz;kl vliQy jgkA xa/d vEy dks O;olkf;d Lrj ij cukus
esa Hkh oks vliQy jgsA var esa oks tkuojksa dh gfM~M~ ;ksa ls dkfLVd lksMk cukus esa dke;kc
gq,A bl flyflys esa mUgsa dbZ ckj iqfyl dks liQkbZ nsuh iM+h fd oks euq";ksa dh gfM~M;ka
ugha mi;ksx dj jgs
gSa! ij muds bu
iz;klksa ds vussdksa
ykHk gq,A tSls&tSls
Undaunted spirit,
mudh dEiuh us
true grit and passion
saw the rise of a
rjDdh dh oSls&oSls vU; yksx Hkh
formidable
m|ksx yxkus ds fy, izfs jr gq,A js us
organisation, which
later became Bengal
phuh&feV~Vh (lsjfs ed)] lkcqu vkSj
Chemicals &
fMCck cUn iQyksa ds m|ksx Hkh yxk,A
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
as we know it today.

15

js ds 'kks/ dk {ks=k dkiQh O;kid FkkA 'kq# esa mUgksasuas Hkkstu esa feykoV ds fo"k; ij dke
fd;kA ihfj;kfMd Vscy ds vKkr rRoksa dks <wa<+rs gq, mUgksauas ejD;wjl ukbVsV dks [kkst
fudkykA dbZ lkyksa rd mUgksaus ml ij 'kks/ fd;kA mUgksaus 100 ls Hkh vf/d 'kks/i=k
fy[ksA
js us Ldwyksa vkSj dWkystksa esa ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{k.k dh iqjtksj iSjoh dhA ckaXyk Hkk"kk dh
mUufr ds fy, dk;Z djus ds dkj.k oks 1931&34 rd cax lkfgR; ifj"kn ds v;{k
cus jgsA js dh bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; esa xgjh #fp FkhA oks vk/k ntZu fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa
esa Hkh ikjaxr FksA mUgsa vDlj yxrk fd ^oks xYrh ls dsfeLV cu x,*A
js ,d izcq oSKkfud FksA os izkphu Hkkjrh; oSKkfud miyfC/;ksa dks mtkxj djuk pkgrs
Fks ftlls vke yksxksa dks viuh fojklr vkSj ijEijkvksa ij xoZ eglwl djsaA mUgksausa n
fgLVh vkWiQ fgUnw dsfeLVh ds nks [kaM fy[ksA mUgksausa ykbZiQ ,aM ,Dlihfj;safll vkWiQ ,
csaxkyh dsfeLV ds uke ls viuh vkRedFkk Hkh fy[khA
,d O;fDr vius thoudky esa D;k&D;k gkfly dj ldrk gS js dh ftanxh bl ckr
dh ,d vf}rh; felky FkhA 1916 esa oks izslhMsalh dkWyst ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A vxys 20
lkyksa rd oks lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ ds vkxzg ij dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; ds ,d u,
dkWyst vkWiQ lkbUl esa dsfeLVh i<+krs jgsA muds Nk=kksa us jklk;fud 'kkL=k ds dbZ {ks=kksa
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA
js us ubZ vkSj iqjkuh nksuksa ijEijkvksa dks xys yxk;kA oks ,d
vke Hkkjrh; tSls diM+s igurs FksA mUgsa Hkkjr dh
izkphu ijEijk ij vikj xoZ FkkA mudk jgu&lgu
,dne lknk] fcYdqy xka/hth tSlk FkkA lkjh
ftanxh oks dkWyst ds mQij fLFkr ,d dejs
esa jgsA blh dejs esa muds lkFk dbZ xjhc
Nk=k Hkh jgrs ftudh iQhl oks [kqn Hkjrs FksA
mUgksausa tkfr&Hksn feVkus vkSj fo/okvksa ds
iqu% fookg ds fy, dke fd;kA vdky vkSj
ck<+ tSlh vkinkvksa esa oks enn djus ds fy,
lcls vkxs jgrsA oks vfookfgr jgs vkSj
thou Hkj tudY;k.k ds fy, dke
djrs jgsA muds fiz; Nk=kksa us mudks
^vkpk;Z* dh mikf/nhA

16

1919 esa mUgsa ukWbVgqM ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1934

esa mUgsa yanu dsfedy lkslkbVh dk lnL; euksuhr
fd;k x;kA dbZ ;wfuoflZfV;ksa us Hkh mUgsa lEekfur
fd;kA 1924 esa LFkkfir bafM;u dsfedy lkslkbVh us
mUgsa viuk igyk v;{k pqukA
lj lh- oh- jeu vkSj js us dqN le; rd lkFk&lkFk
,d gh laLFkk esa dke fd;kA jeu ds dke ls js csgn
izHkkfor Fks vkSj jeu ds ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus ls cgqr
igys gh mUgksasusa ;g mn~?kks"k.k dh Fkh] ^vxj bl
laLFkk us dsoy ,d jeu iSnk djus ds vykok vkSj
dqN ugha fd;k gksrk rks Hkh mlus vius laLFkkidksa dh
mEehnsa iwjh dh gksrhaA*
iziQqYy panz js dk nsgkUr 16 twu 1944 dks gqvkA vius thoudky esa js us vius ns'k vkSj
ns'kokfl;ksa dks cgqr izxfr djrs gq, ns[kkA bl nkSjku muds cgqr ls lius lkdkj gq,
vius ijarq ns'k dks vktkn gksrs gq, oks ughaa ns[k ik,A ij muds }kjk rS;kj dh oSKkfudksa
dh ubZ ih<+h us Lok/hu Hkkjr esa jklk;u 'kkL=k ds vuqla/ku dks cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA bu
oSKkfudksa us iziQqYy panz js dks ^iQknj vkWiQ bafM;u dsfeLVh* dk f[krkc fn;kA tqykbZ
1944 esa uspj if=kdk us viuh Jkatfy esa fy[kk] ^Hkkjr esa fiNys ipkl lky esa gqbZ
oSKkfud izxfr dk lcls vf/d Js; lj iziQqYy dks gSA*

17

#fp jke lkguh

(1863 - 1948)

#fp jke lkguh ,d izcq f'k{kkfon Fks mUgksausa iatkc ds nwj&njkt bykdksa esa foKku ds
izlkj dk egRoiw.kZ dke fd;kA mudk tUe 5 vizSy 1863
dks Msjk bLekby [kku uke ds NksVs 'kgj esa gqvk FkkA ;g
'kgj vc ikfdLrku esa gSA dqN le; rd ,d vukSipkfjd
Ldwy esa i<+us ds ckn 5&6 cjl dh mez esa mUgsa
O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k ds fy, ,d nqdku esa Hkst fn;k
x;kA
^eSa ,d iaMs ls xf.kr lh[krk FkkA gjsd igkM+s dks ;kn
djds fcuk #ds lqukus ij esjs firkth iaMs dks pkj vkus
nsrs FksA ;g mQij dh iQhl FkhA vkerkSj ij ckdh Nk=k
iaMs dks gj grs vkVk] xqM+ vkfn nsrs FksA iaMs ls fonk
ysrs le; eq>s 20 xq.kk 35 rd ds igkM+s vkSj fHkUu Hkh
eqag&tqckuh ;kn gks x, FksA
i<+kbZ ds ckn eq>s ,d&nks eghus ,d nqdkunkj ds lkFk
fcrkus iM+s tgka eq>s lh[ks igkM+kas dks okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa ykxw djus dk ekSdk feykA tgka rd eq>s ;kn gS phtksa
ds fglkc&fdrkc tksM+us esa eq>s dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZA
bl Vsfuax dk ms'; eq>s jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa xf.kr ds
egRo dks le>kuk FkkA igkM+sa egt jVus dh pht ugha
FksA mudk thou ls ljksdkj Fkk vkSj dqN xyrh djus ij
/a/s esa uqdlku gks ldrk FkkA lgh vkSj rsth ls fglkc
yxk ikuk O;kikj dh mUufr ds fy, t:jh FkkA*
18

ij tYn gh #fp jke dks ,d xgjk >Vdk yxkA dbZ tgktksa ds flU/q unh esa Mwcus ds
dkj.k muds firk dk O;kikj rckg gks x;kA #fp jke dk nkf[kyk ppZ ds fe'ku Ldwy
esa djk fn;k x;kA Ldwy ds rhu Nk=kksa }kjk blkbZ /eZ viukus ds ckn Ldwy can dj
fn;k x;kA mlds ckn eaMh esa fcdh mit ds nku ls ,d lkeqnkf;d Ldwy 'kq# fd;k
x;kA ianzg lky dh mez esa #fp jke fefMy Ldwy ijh{kk esa loZizFke mRrhZ.k gq, vkSj
mUgksua s >ax fLFkr gkbZ Ldwy esa nkf[kyk fy;kA dqN gh fnuksa ckn firkth dh rfc;r [kjkc
gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa okil ?kj tkuk iM+kA <+kbZ lkS fdyksehVj dh ;g dfBu ;k=kk mUgksausa
cSyxkM+h] uko] aVxkM+h ij r; dhA iSls cpkus ds fy, oks yEch nwj iSny gh pysA 1879
esa muds firk dk nsgkUr gks x;k ftlls ifjokj ij vkfFkZd ladV ds ckny Nk x,A
#fp jke us viuh i<+kbZ tkjh j[khA 1884 esa mUgksausa xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj ls ch, dh
ijh{kk ikl dh vkSj ;wfuoflZVh esa loZizFke LFkku izkIr fd;kA #fp jke okn&fookn
izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds vykok vU; reke xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs FksA
vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls #fp jke us dydRrs ds ekSle foHkkx esa ukSdjh dhA muds izsjd
f'k{kd izksiQslj vkseu us mUgsa ukSdjh ds lkFk&lkFk dydRrs ds izfl izsflMsalh dkWyst
ls ,e , dh fMxzh gkfly djus dh lykg nhA dydRrs esa jgrs gq, #fp jke czks lekt
ds dk;Z dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, tgka ij vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ] iziQqYypanz js vkSj txnh'k panz
cksl tSls oSKkfudksa vkSj lekt lq/kjdksa ls mudk esytksy c<+kA dqN le; ckn #fp
jke dk rcknyk ekSle foHkkx ds eq[;ky; f'keyk esa gqvkA ;gka oks ^nSfud* vkSj
^ekfld* ekSle fjiksVZ cukrs FksA ,d ckj mUgksausa caxky dh [kkM+h esa vkus okys rwiQku
dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh vkSj cgqr ls tgktksa dks u"V gksus ls cpk;kA

19

1887 esa lkguh us xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj esa vflLVsaV izksiQslj ds in ij foKku i<+kuk
'kq# fd;kA ckn esa oks dsesfLVh fMikVZesaV ds foHkkx v;{k cusA oks vius ysDplZ dks
foKku ds ekWMy vkSj iz;ksxksa }kjk thokar vkSj yksdfiz; cukrsA ,d fczfV'k izksiQslj lkguh
dh yksdfiz;rk ls tyrs Fks vkSj mUgksausa #fp jke dks ijs'kku djus dh dksbZ dlj ugha
NksM+hA var esa lkguh us ukSdjh NksM+ nh vkSj dsfedYl cukus dh iQSDVh 'kq# dh tks mUgsa
tYn gh cUn djuh iM+hA 1914 esa lkguh MkW- iQktUl ds lkFk jsfM;ks /feZrk ds mHkjrs
{ks=k esa 'kks/ djus ds fy, teZuh x,A ijarq ogka igqapus ds rqjar ckn gh izFke egk;q
'kq# gks x;k vkSj mUgsa baXySaM Hkkxuk iM+kA
baXySaM esa lkSHkkX; ls lkguh dks fo'o fo[;kr HkkSfrd'kkL=kh ykMZ jnjiQksMZ vkSj uhYl
cksgj ds lkFk dke djus dk ekSdk feykA mUgksausa jnjiQksMZ ds lkFk la;qDr :i ls vYiQk
d.kksa ds LdSVfjax ij nks 'kks/i=k fy[ksA ;q dh otg ls baXySaM esa Hkh ifjfLFkfr [kjkc
gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa tYn gh Hkkjr okil ykSVuk iM+kA
ykSVus ds ckn lkguh us iatkc lkbUl bafLVV~;wV (ih,lvkbZ) ds la;qDr lfpo dk in
laHkkykA bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk izksiQslj vkseu us dh FkhA laLFkk dk ms'; iwjs iatkc esa
foKku dk izpkj&izlkj & yksdfiz; Hkk"k.kksa] iz;ksxksa vkSj ykyVsu ds LykbM~t }kjk djuk
FkkA mu fnuksa iatkc dh lhek fnYyh ls ysdj is'kkoj rd iQSyh FkhA f'keyk esa dke
djrs le; lkguh us ^ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.kh* ij dqN ysDpj fn, FksA ;g ysDpj vke
yksxksa dks cgqr ilan vk,A pkgsa xkao gks ;k 'kgj] etnwj vkSj nqdkunkj lHkh bu ysDpjksa
dks lquus ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa bdV~Bs gksrs vkSj nks&vkus dk fVdV [kjhn dj vkuan
ls foKku dk 'kks ns[krsA bl iQhl ls vkus&tkus dk dqN [kpZ fudy tkrkA lkguh ds
ysDpj vke] jkstejkZ dh phtksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ij gksrs tSls & ^lkcqu fuekZ.k* ^1880 iwoZ
ykgkSj esa ikuh ds lzksr* ^LoPN vkSj xUnh gok*
^euq"; dh lsok esa fo|qr* ^bysDVks&IysfVax* ^dkap
fuekZ.k* ^iatkc vkSj mldh ufn;ka* (bls oks ,d
feV~Vh ds rhu&vk;keh uD'ks }kjk le>krs)A
foKku ds ;g yksdfiz; ysDplZ vDlj NksVs 'kgjksa
vkSj xakoksa esa [kwc HkhM+ bdB~Bk djus ds fy,
R;kSgkjksa ds le; vk;ksftr fd, tkrs FksA ysDplZ dks
vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, mUgsa flusek tSls insZ ij
izkt
s Ds V fd;k tkrk FkkA bu ysDplZ dh otg ls yksxksa
dh foKku esa cgqr #fp c<+hA lkguh ds ysDplZ ds
fy, turk dh Hkkjh ekax jgrh vkSj mUgksausa dqy
feykdj 500 ls vf/d ysDpj fn,!
20

Ldwyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa iz;ksx'kkykvksa dk vHkko lkguh dks

cgqr v[kjrk FkkA ml tekus esa foKku ds lHkh midj.k
fons'kksa ls vk;kr fd, tkrs FksA 1888 esa mUgksausa vius gh
?kj esa foKku midj.k cukus dh ,d odZ'kki LFkkfir dhA
mlds fy, mUgksauas jsYos ds ,d rduhf'k;u vYyk c['k
dks fu;qDr fd;kA ;gka cus foKku ds midj.kksa dks Ldwyksa
esa ;k rks eqr esa ;k fiQj ykxr dher esa ns fn;k tkrk Fkk
ftlls fd Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa esa foKku ds iz;ksx djus dh
izo`fk c<+sA ckn esa bl odZ'kki esa ,d [kjkn&e'khu (ysFk)
yxh vkSj /hjs&/hjs mldh [;kfr mPp&dksfV ds oSKkfud
midj.k fuekZrk ds :i esa iQSyhA 1906 esa dydRrs esa yxh
gky gh esa #fp jke lkguh dh
,d vkS|ksfxd izn'kZuh esa bu foKku ds ekWMYl dks Lo.kZ thouh dks foKku izlkj us Nkik gSA
ind feykA izfr;ksfxrk ds ttksa dh Vhe esa izksiQslj txnh'k
panz cksl Hkh FksA
1983 esa izksiQslj lkguh dks tkus&ekus lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ Jh uketks'kh us ,d dkasal
ds fy, iwuk cqyk;kA lkguh us bl ekSds ij vius }kjk cuk, lHkh oSKkfud midj.kksa
dh izn'kZuh yxkbZA rhu yksxksa dh ,d mPp Lrjh; lfefr dks bl izn'kZuh ij viuh
fliQkfj'ksa is'k djus dks dgk x;kA ;g lkjs midj.k ykgkSj ;k Hkkjr esa cusa gSa bl ckr
ij lnL;ksa dks ;dhu gh ugha gqvkA mUgsa midj.k baXySaM fufeZr yxsA lfefr dks yxk
fd (ih,lvkbZ) us cl mu ij Hkkjrh; okjfu'k iksrdj mUgsa esM&bu&bafM;k tSlk :i
fn;k gS! lfefr dks ;g fo'okl gh ugha gqvk fd brus mke oSKkfud midj.k Hkkjr
esa vk/h dher ij cuk, tk ldrs FksA
1918 esa lkguh xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj esa dsfefLVh ds ofj"B izksiQslj ds in ls fjVk;j
gq,A rHkh mudk lEidZ egkRek xka/h ls gqvk vkSj mlds ckn oks lf; :i ls jk"Vh;
vkanksyu esa tqM+sA oks ykgkSj ls izdkf'kr gksus okys v[kckj VC;wu ds VLVh FksA oks n;ky
flag dkWyst vkSj ykbczsjh ds Hkh laLFkkid FksA
izksiQslj lkguh ds rhu csVs vkSj ikap csfV;ka FkhaA muds iq=k chjcy lkguh izfl thok'e
fo'ks"kK Fks vkSj ,iQvkj,l ls uokts tkus okys igys Hkkjrh; ouLifr'kkL=kh FksA viuh
vkRedFkk ^lsYiQ jsosys'kUl vkWiQ ,u vkWDVksftusfj;u* esa #fp jke lkguh us vius thou
ds la?kZ"kksa dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k gSA muds iksrs izksiQslj v'kksd lkguh] iatko
fo'ofo|ky; ds HkwfoKku foHkkx esa izfl Hkw&oSKkfud FksA mudh iksrh izksiQslj eksfguh
efyd us vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj esa Nk=kksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa dks rdZ'kkL=k ds uqL[ks fl[kk,A
iatkc esa foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, vFkd dke djus okys izksiQslj #fp jke lkguh
dk nsgkUr 87 o"kZ dh mez esa 3 twu 1948 dks cEcbZ esa gqvkA
21

Mh- ,u- okfM;k

(1883 - 1969)

nkjk'kkg ukS'ksjoku okfM;k Hkkjr ds lcls izcq Hkw&'kkL=kh FksA mUgksausa ns'k esa Hkw&foKku
dh uhao j[khA Hkkjrh; Hkw&'kkL=k ij mudk 'kks/ vkSj n`f"Vdks.k vkt Hkh loZekU; gSA
okfM;k dk tUe 23 vDVwcj 1883 dks lwjr esa gqvkA oks vjnkflj dqjlsRth ds ifjokj
ds FksA vjnkflj dqjlsrth lqifz l tgkt fMtkbuj Fks vkSj ,iQvkj,l ls lEekfur fd,
tkus okys igys Hkkjrh; FksA okfM;k ds firk LVs'ku ekLVj Fks vkSj mudh iksfLVax ,d
nwj&njkt fLFkr LVs'ku ij FkhA ogka vPNs Ldwy u gksus ds dkj.k okfM;k viuh nknh
ds lkFk lwjr esa jg dj gh i<+sA 'kq# esa oks ,d xqtjkrh Ldwy esa i<+s vkSj fiQj lj ts
ts bafXy'k Ldwy esaA tc oks X;kjg o"kZ ds Fks rc mudk ifjokj cM+kSnk f'kV gqvkA ;gka
ij mudk foKku vkSj oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh vksj yxko c<+kA blesa muds cM+s HkkbZ dk
vge jksy FkkA
1903 esa okfM;k us ouLifr'kkL=k vkSj tho'kkL=k
esa ch,llh dh fMxzh gkfly dhA 1906 esa
,e,llh ds nkSjku muds fo"k; tho'kkL=k
vkSj Hkw&'kkL=k FksA cM+kSnk dkWyst esa mudh
Hkw&foKku esa #fp iSnk djus dk Js; muds
f'k{kd ,-,e- elkuh dks tkrk gSA elkuh
dks izfr ls xgjk yxko Fkk vkSj oks izkfrd
foKku ds izksiQslj FksA cM+kSnk dh E;wft;e
vkWiQ vkWVZ vkSj lkbUl esa ft;ksfyth ds <sjksa
uewuksa dk Hkh okfM;k us Hkjiwj mi;ksx
fd;kA
22

uaxk icZr

1907 esa okfM;k us tEew fLFkr fizal vkWiQ osYl dkWyst esa 14 o"kZ rd ft;ksfyth ds
izkis Qslj ds in ij dke fd;kA ckn esa bl dkWyt
s dk uke cny dj egkRek xak/h dkWyt
s
gks x;k vkSj oks tEew fo'ofo|ky; ds vk/hu gks x;kA ft;ksfyth ds lkFk&lkFk okfM;k
vaxt
sz h Hkh i<+krs FksA mudh vaxt
sz h ij tksjnkj idM+ FkhA tEew esa jgrs gq, okfM;k us viuh
gjsd NqV~Vh esa fgeky; dh igkfM+;ksa dh lSj dh vkSj ogka ds Hkw&'kkL=k dh tkudkjh
gkfly dhA mUgksausa [kfut] iRFkj] thok'e bdV~Bs fd, vkSj bu uewuksa }kjk ft;ksfyth
dh i<+kbZ dks jkspd cuk;kA
oks vius Nk=kksa dks f'kokfyd ioZrekyk vkSj tEew {ks=k esa vuqla/ku ds fy, ?kqeDdM+h
djus ys tkrsA viuh l/h gqbZ fuxkg ls oks cgqr lh nqyZHk oLrqvksa dks [kkst ik,A ,d
,sls gh ifjHkze.k ds nkSjku mUgksausa ,d rhu ehVj yEck Hkhedk; thok'e & LVsxsMkWu
x.ks'kk <wa< fudkykA ;g [kkst cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA fgeky; ioZrekyk dh jpuk
vkSj Hkw&'kkL=k dks le>us ds fy, okfM;k us vFkd iz;kl fd,A okfM;k igys O;fDr
Fks ftUgksausa mRrj&if'peh fgeky; esa iRFkj fuekZ.k dh ,d vlkekU; Js.kh ij nqfu;k
dk ;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA mUgksausa uaxk icZr ds bnZ&fxnZ fLFkr ioZrekyk esa ,d vuwBs
eksM+ ^uh&csaM* Hkh [kkstkA fgeky; ds la'kks/u ij iwjh rjg lefiZr okfM;k varr% nsgjknwu
23

esa bafLV~V;wV iQkWj fgekfy;u ft;ksfyth LFkkfir djus esa liQy

gq,A 1968 ls ,d o"kZ rd oks mlds laLFkkid funs'kd Hkh
jgsA ckn esa mudh ;kn esa laLFkk dk uke cny dj okfM;k
bafLV~V;wV iQkWj fgekfy;u ft;ksfyth dj fn;k x;kA mUgksausa dbZ
vU; jk"Vh; Lrj dh laLFkkuksa ds LFkkiu esa vge Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZ buesa uS'kuy ft;ksfiQftdy fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV] gSnjkckn vkSj
xksok fLFkr uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ vksf'kuksxzkiQh izeq[k gSaA
1921 esa okfM;k us fizal vkWiQ osYl dkWyst NksM+ dj ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k
(th,lvkbZ) esa lgk;d lqfizaVsaMsUV dk in laHkkykA ml le; mudh mez ek=k 38 lky
dh FkhA oks igys Hkkjrh; Fks tks fcuk fdlh ;wjksih; fMxzh ds th,lvkbZ esa HkrhZ gq,A
th,lvkbZ eas dke djus ls mUgsa mRrj&if'peh fgeky; esa 'kks/dk;Z dk Hkjiwj ekSdk
feyk vkSj mUgksausa ;gka cgqr cqfu;knh dke fd;kA vkj-Mh- osLV us okfM;k ds dke ds
ckjs esa fy[kk% ^okfM;k fgeky; esa tgka Hkh x, mUgksausa ogka 'kSy&foKku dh vulqy>h
leL;kvksa ij egRoiw.kZ izdk'k MkykA*
okfM;k us Hkw&'kkL=k lEca/h yxHkx lkS 'kks/&i=k fy[ksA 1928 esa mUgksausa ,d thok'e
[kksiM+h ,DVhuksMkWu [kkst fudkyhA ;g [kkst d'ehj esa igkM+ksa fuekZ.k ds ;qx dks fuf'pr
djus esa liQy jghA oks rkacs] fufdy] lhls vkSj tLrs tSls [kfutksa ds vikj HkaMkj [kkstus
esa Hkh liQy jgsA
ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k esa dke djrs le; okfM;k us viuh NqfV~V;ka fczfV'k
E;wft;e esa fcrk;haA ;gka mUgksausa d'ehj esa [kksts jh<+ okys izkf.k;ksa ds thok'eksa ij 'kks/
fd;kA blh nkSjku mUgksausa teZuh] vkWfLV;k vkSj psdksLyksokfd;k esa fLFkr reke Hkw&foKku
ls lEcaf/r laLFkkvksa dk nkSjk Hkh fd;kA
e`nk foKku (lkWby lkbal) dh utjankth ij okfM;k dks nq[k gqvk vkSj mUgksausa bldks
Bhd djus ds fy, [kqn Bksl dne mBk,A 1935 esa] ,e-,l- ".ku vkSj ih-,u- eq[kthZ
dh enn ls mUgksausa igyh ckj lkWby eSi vkWiQ bafM;k ladfyr fd;kA bls ft;ksykftdy
losZ vkWiQ bafM;k us izdkf'kr fd;kA bl igy ds ckn yxkrkj bl izdkj ds uD'ks Nirs
jgsA
ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k lss lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn okfM;k us Jhyadk (rc lhyksu)
esa [kfut&oSKkfud dk in laHkkykA mUgksausa Jhyadk }hi ds mRre ft;ksykftdy uD'ks
rS;kj djok,A mUgksausa ikuh lIykbZ] cka/ fuekZ.k vkSj vU; bathfu;fjax izkstsDV~l dh
HkwHkxhZ; tkap&iM+rky Hkh dhA okfM;k us dksyEcks dk igyk ft;ksykftdy uD'kk rS;kj
fd;kA
1947 esa okfM;k us bafM;u C;wjks vkWiQ ekbUl dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj 1949 esa ,Vkfed
fefujYl fMfotu dh uhao j[khA oks ,d ,slh jk"Vh; uhfr ds i{k/j Fks ftlds varZxr
ns'k ds [kfutksa] ikuh] xSl vkSj rsy lEink dk leqfpr nksgu gks ldsA mUgsa iqLrdksa ls
24

izse Fkk vkSj mUgksausa Hkkjrh; Hkw&foKku ij igyh iqLrd fy[khA bl iqLrd dks cgqr
izflh feyh vkSj 1966 rd bldk NBoka laLdj.k fcd pqdk FkkA bl iqLrd ij
fVIi.kh djrs gq, fo[;kr Hkw&oSKkfud ds ,d okfYM;k us fy[kk% ^n ft;ksfyth vkWiQ
bafM;k dks 1919 esa eSdfeyu] yanu us NkikA iqLrd esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; egk}hi &
ikfdLrku] Hkkjr] ckaXykns'k] E;kaekj vkSj Jhyadk ds Hkw&foKku dk fupksM+ gS vkSj blesa
okfM;k ds Kku vkSj xgjs 'kks/ dh lkiQ >yd feyrh gSA bl Dykfld iqLrd us u
dsoy okfM;k dks ;'kLoh cuk;k mUgsa lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa ds fy,
ft;ksfyth dk xq# Hkh cuk;kA* okfM;k dke eaas cgqr esgurd'k vkSj pqLr Fks vkSj mUgksausa
lkjh ftanxh cgqr lknxh esa xqtkjhA
1945 esa tokgj yky usg# dh jk"Vh; ljdkj us okfM;k dks Hkw&foKku ijke'kZnkrk ds
in ij fu;qDr fd;kA okfM;k us gh ns'k dh [kfut uhfr dh uhao j[khA 1963 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj us mUgsa igys uS'kuy izksiQslj vkWiQ ft;ksfyth dk in ij vklhu fd;kA Hkkjr
ljdkj us mUgsa 1958 esa in~e Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA 1957 esa okfM;k iQsyks vkWiQ
n jkW;y lkslkbVh] yanu ds lnL; euksuhr gq,A mUgsa reke jk"Vh; vkSj varjkZ"Vh; indksa
ls lEekfur fd;k x;k vkSj dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa us mUgsa MkWDVjsV dh mikf/;ka nhaA
okfM;k us dbZ mEnk yksdfiz; oSKkfud ys[k Hkh fy[ksA muesa ^LVksjh vWkiQ LVksu* okdbZ
esa csfelky gSA ;g ,d iRFkj dh vkRedFkk gSA bl dgkuh dks i<+rs gq, Hkw&foKku dh
tfVyrk,a lgtrk ls le> esa vk tkrh gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd iRFkj dh Hkh tqcku gksrh
gSA Hkkjrh; Hkw&foKku dh uhao j[kus okys bl
egkjFkh dk nsgkUr 86 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 15 twu
1969 gks gqvkA

okfM;k ds
lEeku esa Nik
Mkd fVdV
fgeky; esa fLFkr
uaxk icZr dk
,d Hkw&oSKkfud
uD'kk

25

Jhfuokl jkekuqtu
(1887 - 1920)

^gekjs ns'k esa HkkLdjkpk;Z ds vkB lkS lky ckn dsoy ,d vU; fo'o&Lrjh;
xf.krK iSnk gqvkA mldk uke Fkk jkekuqtu vkSj oks dkWyst dk izFke o"kZ Hkh ikl
ugha dj ik;kA Hkkjr us mls tUe] Hkq[kejh] {k;jksx vkSj vlkef;d e`R;q nhA fczfV'k
xf.krK gkMhZ dks bl ckr dk iwjk Js; gS fd mUgksausa jkekuqtu dh foy{k.krk dks
igpkuk vkSj mUgsa baXySaM cqykdj mudh izfrHkk dks iQyus&iQwyus fn;kA*
& nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslach

Hkkjrh; xf.krK jkekuqtu us ?kksj xjhch vkSj f'k{kk ds

vHkko esa Hkh xf.kr ds {ks=k esa fo'oLrjh; dke fd;kA
vkt mudk uke nqfu;k ds pksVh ds xf.krKksa esa fxuk tkrk
gSA
jkekuqtu dk tUe 22 fnlEcj 1887 dks enzkl ls 400
fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr bjksM esa gqvkA muds firk ,d lkM+h
dh nqdku esa ukSdjh djrs FksA ?kj esa xjhch dk cksyckyk
FkkA jkstejkZ dh phtksa dh tqxkM+ dj ikuk Hkh cM+k
nq'okj FkkA jkekuqtu dh eka dkseyFkkvEey vius
fopkjksa dh iDdh Fkha vkSj vius csVs ds mRFkku
ds fy, n`<+ izfrK FkhaA muls jkekuqtu us xgjh
/kfeZdrk lh[kh tks lkjh ftanxh muds thou
dk vfHkUu vax jghA jkekuqtu ikl ds
'kgj dqEHkdks.ke esa viuh ufugky esa gh
iys&c<+As
26

mudh xf.krh; iz[kjrk 10 lky dh mez esa gh lkiQ fn[kus yxhA oks xf.kr u dsoy
vklkuh ls [kqn le> ysrs ijarq vius ls maQph d{kkvksa ds Nk=kksa dh 'kadkvksa dk Hkh lek/
ku dj nsrsA gkbZ Ldwy esa mUgksausa th-,l- dkj dh iqLrd , flukSifll vkWiQ ,yhesaVh
fjtYVl bu eSfFkeSfVDl dk v;;u fd;kA iqLrd dh fof'k"Vrk Fkh & fcuk rjhdk
le>k, vafre ifj.kke fy[kukA jkekuqtu us Hkh ;gh ifr viukbZ vkSj ml otg ls ckn
esa bl iqLrd dks dkiQh izflh feyhA mUgksausa enzkl fo'ofo|ky; dh izos'k ijh{kk dh
rS;kjh ds fy, dqN le; ,d dkWyst esa nkf[kyk Hkh fy;kA ijarq xf.kr esa exu jgus
ds dkj.k mUgksausa ckdh fo"k;ksa ij dqN ;ku gh ughsa fn;kA oks ijh{kk esa iQsy gq, vkSj
Lukrd dh fMxzh ikus esa vleFkZ jgsA
vxys dqN o"kZ jkekuqtu ds fy, foifk;ksa ls Hkjs jgsA mUgksausa Nk=kksa dks izkbosV V~;w'ku
nsus dh lksphA ij blesa Hkh oks vliQy jgsA xf.kr i<+krs le; oks mldh mPp Lrjh;
O;k[;k djus yxrsA Nk=k mudh fo}Rrk dk vknj djrs ijarq i<+k;k x;k mUgsa dqN le>
esa ugha vkrkA ,slh ?kVukvksa us jkekuqtu dks lkjh ftanxh ijs'kku fd;kA mudh ekSfydrk
reke xf.krKksa dh le> ds Hkh ckgj FkhA yksx ges'kk bl Hkze esa jgrs & jkekuqtu lp
esa ,d fnXxt xf.krK gSa ;k fiQj dksbZ cgq#fi;k!
izfl uksVcqDl vkWiQ jkekuqtu Hkh blh dky esa jph x;haA jkekuqtu dk vadksa ls ,d
fof'k"V yxko FkkA gj vad mudk vfHkUu fe=k FkkA dBksj izek.k nsus dh mUgsa dHkh
t:jr eglwl ugha gqbZA ;g fof'k"Vrk ik'pkR; xf.krKksa dh FkhA mudh izfrHkk
foy{k.k FkhA oks ,d mQaph ekufld mNky ds ckn fliQZ iz'u
dk vafre gy fy[krs FksA ml gy ds pj.kkas dks
fyfic djus dh mUgksua as dHkh ijokg ugha
dhA xf.krK nks ihf<+;ksa ls muds izfriknuksa
ds gy [kkst jgs jgs gSaA vkt Hkh oks bl
dk;Z esa iwjh rjg liQy ugha gq, gSaA
jkekuqt
q u vc chl lky ds gks x, FksA fj'rsnkjksa
dh fuxkg esa ^oks viuh gh nqfu;k esa [kks, Fks*A
jkekuqtu dh eka us mUgsa viuh ftEesnkfj;ka dk
cks/ djkus ds fy, iqjkuk Hkkjrh; rjhdk viuk;k
& mUgksausa jkekuqtu dh 'kknh dj nh! D;ksafd mu
fnuksa cM+ksa ds vkns'k dks ekuus dk fjokt Fkk
blfy, jkekuqtu us 14 tqykbZ 1909 dks vius ls 11
lky NksVh tkudh vEey ls fookg fd;kA 'kknh ds
ckn jkekuqtu ifjokj pykus ds fy, ukSdjh [kkstus ds
27

fy, etcwj gq,A 1912 esa mUgsa

enzkl iksVZ VLV ds ys[kk&tks[kk
foHkkx esa ,d DydZ dh ukSdjh
feyhA ogka ds ize[q k vdkmUVsUV
ukjk;.k jko ,d xf.krK FksA
iksVZ VLV ds ps;jeSu lj akfll
fLizxa vkSj jko nksuksa us jkekuqtu
dh xf.krh; izfrHkk esa [kwc
fnypLih yhA

vkSj 1914 esa jkekuqtu dsfEczt igqapsA ogka muds vuqla/

ku us tksj idM+k vkSj mUgksausa uEcj F;ksjh] vuar Js.kh
vkfn fo"k;ksa ij 'kks/i=k fy[ksA 1917 esa mUgksausa lqizfl
gkMhZ&jkekuqtu fu;e jpk tks ^iw.kkZd ds foHkfDrdj.k*
ds ckjs esa gSA jkekuqtu ds dke dh fof'k"Vrk gS mlesa
dqN [kkl jgL;e;h fpUgksa vkSj fu;eksa dk lekos'kA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lius esa ukefxjh nsoh muds dke
dks fn'kk vkSj izsj.kk nsrh FkhaA
The famous Landau Ramanujan constant,
K = 0.7642236535892206629906987...
The equation, as shown here, is very, very slow to approach K!

jkekuqtu us vius dk;Z dks

ewY;kadu ds fy, baXySaM ds
xf.krKksa dks HkstkA ij D;ksafd jkekuqtu ds ikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMxzh ugha Fkh blfy,
fdlh us Hkh muds dke dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha fy;kA 1913 esa jkekuqtu us th-,p- gkMhZ
dks ,d jkspd i=k fy[kkA gkMhZ dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds fVuVh dkWyst esa ,d iz[;kr
xf.krK FksA i=k esa jkekuqtu us fcuk
fdlh izek.k ds 120 xf.krh; izes;
gkMhZ dks HksthaA ^eSaus ,slh izes; igys
dHkh ugha ns[kha]* gkMhZ us fy[kk] ^,d
>yd esa eSa le> x;k fd mUgsa dksbZ
vOoy ntsZ dk xf.krK gh fy[k ldrk
FkkA mudk lp gksuk vfuok;Z Fkk D;ksfa d
vxj oks lp ugha gksrha rks mUgsa egt
dYiuk }kjk jp ikuk vlaHko Fkk*A gkMhZ
ij jkekuqtu ds i=k dk xgjk vlj gqvk
vkSj muds gh iz;klksa ls jkekuqtu dsfEczt
igqp
a As
'kq# esa jkekuqtu ds /kfeZd ifjokj us
muds lkr leUnj ikj tkus ij vkifk
trkbZA dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj jkekuqtu
dh eka dks ,d liuk vk;k ftleas
ukefxjh nsoh us mUgsa vius csVs ds jkLrs
esa jksM+k ugha cuus dk vkns'k fn;kA
mlds ckn ifjokj dk fetkt ueZ iM+k
28

1916 esa dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; us jkekuqtu dks cSpyj vkWiQ lkbal dh fMxzh iznku dhA
1919 esa jkekuqtu dks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dk lnL; euksuhr
fd;k x;kA fo'kq 'kkdkgkjh gksus ds dkj.k jkekuqtu viuk Hkkstu [kqn idkrs FksA dke
ds vR;f/d ncko vkSj Bhd Hkkstu u feyus ds dkj.k jkekuqtu dks baXySaM esa {k;jksx
gks x;k vkSj mUgsa vLirky esa nkf[ky gksuk iM+kA gkMhZ tc muls feyus x, rc mUgksausa
dgk] ^eq>s yxrk gS fd esjh VSDlh dk uEcj 1729 Fkk tks eq>s dksbZ [kkl fo'ks"k utj
ugha vkrk gSA* jkekuqtu us tokc fn;k] ^ugha gkMhZ] ;g ,d vR;Ur jkspd uEcj gSA ;g
oks lcls NksVh la[;k gS ftls nks ?ku&la[;kvksa ds tksM+ }kjk nks vyx&vyx izdkj ls
fy[kk tk ldrk gSA* vktdy bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks VSDlh&dSc iz'uksa ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS ftudk gy ;g lehdj.k gS
i3 + j3 = k3 + l3
bu uEcjksa dks vc ^jkekuqtu uEclZ* ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gSA dbZ iz[;kr xf.krKksa us
jkekuqtu dh uksV~cqDl ls muds dk;Z dks
le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
1919 esa jkekuqtu baXySMa ls okfil ykSVs vkSj
mlh o"kZ dqEHkdks.ke esa mudk nsgkUr gks
x;kA muds dke dks cgqr ljkgk x;kA 1962
esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mudh 75oha o"kZxakB ij ,d Mkd fVdV Hkh tkjh fd;kA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds xf.krKksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, baVjus'kuy
lsaVj iQkWj F;ksfjfVdy fiQftDl (vkbZlhVhih) us jkekuqtu ds uke
ij ,d iq#Ldkj LFkkfir fd;k gSA iq#Ldkj baVjus'kuy eSfFkeSfVdy
;wfu;u ds lg;ksx ls fn;k tkrk gSA ;gh laLFkk iq#Ldkj nsus okyh
lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djrh gSA
29

jeu dk NksVk 'kjhj baXySaM ds dM+d ekSle dks cnkZ'r ugha dj ik,xkA Hkkjr esa jg
dj dke djus ds fy, jeu ml MkWDVj ds fy, lkjh ftanxh .kh jgsA

lh- oh- jeu

(1888 - 1970)

vkt oSKkfud iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa va/k/q/

a iwt
a h fuos'k vkSj uohure midj.kkas dk cksyckyk
gSA fiQj Hkh iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa lcls eagxk midj.k vkt Hkh euq"; dk fnekx gS! bl ckr
dh lPpkbZ dk izek.k gesa lj lh- oh- jeu ds thou ls feyrk gSA oks vdsys ,sls oSKkfud
Fks ftUgsa Hkkjr esa dke djus ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ftu
midj.kksa dk mUgksausa vius 'kks/ esa mi;ksx fd;k mudh dher ek=k ikap lkS #i, vkadh
tkrh gSA
bl foy{k.k oSKkfud dk tUe 7 uoEcj 1888 dks rfeyukMq ds 'kgj fr#pkiYyh esa
gqvkA muds firk HkkSfrdh vkSj xf.kr ds O;k[;krk FksA jeu dks cpiu eas fofHkUu fo"k;ksa
dh iqLrdsa i<+us dks feyhaA mUgsa vius firk ls laxhr dk izse Hkh feykA laxhr ds fo"k;
ij ckn esa jeu us dkiQh cqfu;knh 'kks/ fd;kA
jeu dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk fo'kk[kkiV~ue esa gqbZA mu fnuksa vk;q dh ikcanh u gksus ds dkj.k
mUgksausa X;kjg o"kZ dh de mez esa gh gkbZ Ldwy dh ijh{kk ikl dj yh Fkh! 1902 esa
jeu us izl
s hMsl
a h dkWyt
s esa nkf[kyk fy;k vkSj ogka ls 1904 esa ch, ikl fd;kA bl ijh{kk
esa mudk igyk uEcj vk;k vkSj
lkFk esa HkkSfrdh dk Lo.kZ ind
Hkh thrkA 1907 esa ,e , dh
ijh{kk esa oks loZJs"B Nk=k ?kksf"kr
fd, x,A jeu dk Mhy&MkSy NksVk Fkk
ftlus muds fy, reke eqf'dysa [kM+h
dhaA vDlj muds f'k{kd iwNrs] ^D;k rqe
lp esa bl d{kk ds Nk=k gks\* dkWyst dh
i<+kbZ lekIr gksus ds ckn jeu dks mPp f'k{kk ds
fy, fons'k tkus dh lykg nh xbZA ijarq enzkl esa
flfoy ltZu us tc mudh tkap dh rks mUgsa yxk fd
30

jeu us HkkSfrdh esa ,e, djus ds ckn D;k fd;k\ mu fnuksa oSKkfudksa ds fy, cgqr de
ukSdfj;ka FkhaA vU; fodYi [kqys u gksus ds dkj.k jeu us dydRrs esa fok foHkkx esa
'kkldh; ukSdjh dh!
jeu dh 'kknh] mudh iwjh ftanxh dh rjg Mkes ls
Hkjh FkhA vius fj'rsnkjksa ds ?kj ij mudh HksaV 13
o"khZ; yksdlqanjh ls gqbZ vkSj oks rqjar ml ij fiQnk
gks x,A ,d akfrdkjh vankt esa mUgsa [kqn viuk
C;kg jpk;kA jeu dh igyh HksaV ds le; yksdlqanjh
,d vR;Ur mi;qDr dukZVd xhr xk jgha Fkha ftlds
cksy Fks & gs jke] rqEgkjk lkFkh Hkyk dkSu gS\
fok foHkkx esa ukSdjh djrs gq, Hkh jeu dh #fp HkkSfrdh esa yxkrkj cuh jghA mUgksausa
?kj esa gh ,d NksVh iz;ksx'kkyk cukbZ vkSj ogha iz;ksx djrs jgsA ,d fnu dke ls ykSVrs
le; mUgsa ,d lkbZucksMZ fn[kkbZ fn;k ftl ij bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj dfYVos'ku vkWiQ
lkbUl (vkbZ,lh,l) fy[kk FkkA jeu pyrh Vke ls dwn dj ogka igqaps tgka mudk
Lokxr ve`ryky ljdkj us fd;kA ve`ryky laLFkk ds laLFkkid egsanzyky ds csVs FksA
1876 esa LFkkfir laLFkk dk mn~ns'; Hkkjrh; foKku dks izksRlkfgr djuk FkkA vc jeu
'kke dks vius nrj ls ykSVdj ogka dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke djus yxsA tYn gh oks mPp
dksfV ds oSKkfud 'kks/i=k fy[kus yxs ftudh vksj fo'ks"kKksa dk ;ku vkdf"kZr gqvkA
1917 esa dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; ds midqyifr lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ us jeu dks
rkjdukFk ikfyr ps;j Lohdkj djus dk fuea=k.k fn;kA jeu rks iQwys ugha lek,A fok
foHkkx ds cgh[kkrksa ls cjh gksdj vc oks vius fiz; fo"k; ij 'kks/ djus ds fy, eqDr
FksA
1921 esa ,d dkUsal esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, jeu fons'k x,A mudh leqnzh ;k=kk HkkSfrdh
ds fy, cgqr ykHknk;d fl gqbZA oks leqnz ds xgjs uhys ikuh dks fugkjrs jgsA lkxj
dk ikuh uhyk D;ksa gS\ D;k ikuh vkleku ds izfrfcEc ds dkj.k uhyk fn[krk gS\ jeu
dks yxk fd lkxj dk uhykiu ikuh vkSj lw;Z ds izdk'k ds varlca/ ds dkj.k gSA tc
tgkt ds vU; eqlkfiQj rk'k vkSj fcUxks ds [ksy esa eLr Fks rc jeu ogka ,d LisDVkes hVj
ls iz;ksxksa esa exu FksA ckn esa mUgksua as vyx&vyx ek;eksa esa izdk'k ds fc[kjko (izdhZ.k)
ij ,d oSKkfud 'kks/i=k fy[kkA
31

Hkkjr ykSVus ds ckn jeu us bl fo"k; ij xEHkhjrk ls 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA mUgksausa izdk'k
dh fdj.kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu rjyksa ls xqtkjk vkSj muds izHkko dk v;;u fd;kA 1928
esa mUgksausa LFkkfir fd;k fd tc ,d jax dk izdk'k fdlh rjy ls xqtjrk gS rks izdk'k
ds d.k vkSj rjy ds ijek.kq ,d nwljs ds lkFk Vdjkrs gSa vkSj izdk'k dks fc[kjkrs gSaA
rc ckgj fudyus okyh izdk'k&fdj.k dk jax vkus okys fdj.k ls fHkUu gksrk gSA vkus
okyh fdj.k dh vis{kk ckgj fudyus okyh fdj.k mQaps vkSj uhps Lrj dh mQtkZ dh vksj
f'kV gksrh gSA ;gh oks lqizfl ^jeu izHkko* gS ftlds dkj.k jeu dks ckn esa ukscsy
iq#Ldkj feykA mudh [kkst ls fo'oLrj
ij oSKkfud 'kks/ esa rsth vkbZA muds 'kks/
ls vyx&vyx oLrqvksa ds <kapksa ds v;;u
esa cgqr enn feyhA

bl cqfu;knh 'kks/ ds ckn jeu ij lEekuksa dh ckSNkj yx xbZA lj vjusLV jnjiQksMZ us

^jeu biQSDV* dh [kkst dh tkudkjh jkW;y lkslkbVh dks nh ftlds ckn fczfV'k ljdkj
us jeu dks uWkbVgqM ds lEeku ls uoktkA 10 fnlEcj 1930 dks mUgsa nqfu;k ds loksZPp
ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA jeu foKku ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okys
igys ,f'k;u vkSj v'osr O;fDr FksA muls igys jchUnzukFk Bkdqj dks lkfgR; ds fy,
;g lEeku feyk FkkA jeu ds Hkkuts lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj dks yxHkx ipkl o"kZ ckn
1983 esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj feykA
32

lfn;ksa rd fons'kh rkdrksa }kjk 'kklu fd, tkus ds ckn bl varjkZ"Vh; xkSjo lss Hkkjrh;
oSKkfudksa dk vkRe&lEeku cqyan gqvkA ,d Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ftlus lkjk 'kks/ Hkkjr
esa gh jg dj fd;k gks ds
fy, nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k
lEeku feyuk lp esa cgqr
xoZ dh ckr FkhA
tqykbZ 1933 esa jeu] VkVk
bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl (ckn
esa bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ
lkbUl) ds funs'kd fu;qDr
gq,A jeu us vxys 15 o"kZ
bl laLFkk esa xqtkjs vkSj
bl nkSjku mUgksua as

ogka ,d fo'o&Lrj dk fiQftDl

foHkkx LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksua as ;gka
varjkZ"Vh; Lrj ds reke oSKkfudksa
dks Vsfuax vkSj izsj.kk nhA mUgksausa
,Dl&js fMSD'ku vkSj vius
fiz; fo"k; izdk'k ,oa inkFkZ ds
chp varlZEca/ksa ij dke 'kq#
fd;kA

33

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk

(1890 - 1963)
jeu dh foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa xgjh #fp FkhA oks ,d
vkstLoh oDrk Fks vkSj os foKku ds fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vusdksa Hkk"k.k
fn,A foKku ,d jkspd fo"k; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lekftd izxfr esa Hkh
mldk ,d vge jksy FkkA vius Hkk"k.kksa esa os xw<+ fo"k;ksa dks ljy vkSj vR;ar jkspd
cukrs FksA vius yksdfiz; Hkk"k.kksa ds 'kks esa oks n'kZdksa dks nax dj nsrs FksA vius ysDpj
esa oks vDlj dksbZ Bksl oSKkfud iz;ksx djds fn[kkrs FksA mudk ysDpj ^vkleku uhyk
D;ksa gksrk gS\* vkt Hkh yksdfiz; foKku izlkj dh
,d vuwBh felky gSA blesa iQkeZwyksa vkSj mckmQ
rF;ksa dk mi;ksx u dj foKku dks iz'uksa dh ,d
k`a[kyk tSls le>k;k x;k gS vkSj rkfdZd rjhds ls
izfr ds fu;eksa dk mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA
oks bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh (bUlk) ds
laLFkkid FksA
jeu us ok|;a=kksa ds foKku ij Hkh dke fd;kA /
uq"k&Mksj ls ctus okys ok|;a=kksa ds dEiu vkSj mudh HkkSfrdh ij Hkh mUgksua as izdk'k MkykA
rcys vkSj e`nxa e ls fdl izdkj laxhre; ofu fudyrh gS mUgksua as bl ij Hkh 'kks/ fd;kA
1943 esa mUgksausa ,d dEiuh 'kq# dh & VSosUdksj dsfedYl ,aM
eSU;wiQSDpfjax dEiuhA
1948 esa lsokfuo`fk ls igys jeu us cSaxyksj esa jeu fjlpZ
bafLVV~;wV dh LFkkiuk dhA bl laLFkk dh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd
mldh LFkkiuk ds fy, lkjh iwath futh nkrkvksa ls vkbZA mUgksausa
1970 rd viuk oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA ges'kk dh rjg
mUgksausa 2 vDVwcj 1970 dks jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV esa egkRek
xka/h le`fr O;k[;ku fn;kA mlds ckn oks rqjUr chekj iM+ x,
vkSj 21 uoEcj dks mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA
34

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk us Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks foKku dh uhao j[khA mUgksausa vk;u&eaMy
(vk;uksLiQh;j) ij Hkh cgqr 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA
f'kf'kj dk tUe 24 vDVwcj 1889 esa dydRrs esa gqvkA muds
firk t;".k ,d Ldwy f'k{kd Fks vkSj eka 'kjrdqekjh MkWDVj
FkhaA t;".k us 'kknh ifjokj dh jtkeanh ds fcuk dh FkhA
blfy, mUgsa ?kj NksM+uk iM+k vkSj ikfjokfjd lEifk dk dksbZ
fgLlk Hkh u feykA f'kf'kj ds tUe ds le; mudh eka dSEicsy
esfMdy Ldwy dh Nk=kk FkhaA 1989 esa 'kjrdqekjh dks ysMh
MiQfju vLirky esa ukSdjh feyh vkSj t;".k dks Hkkxyiqj
E;wfuLiSYVh eas DydZ dh ukSdjh feyhA f'kf'kj dh izkjfEHkd
i<+kbZ Hkkxyiqj fMfLVDV Ldwy esa gqbZA ckn esa oks Vh-,uts- dkWyt
s esa i<+As ukS cjl dh mez esa mUgksua as ,d xeZ
gok dk xqCckjk ns[kkA bldk mu ij xgjk izHkko
iM+k vkSj mUgsa vkxs foKku i<+us dh izsj.kk feyhA
iQkWbu vkV~lZ (,iQ,) dh ijh{kk ds igys muds
firk dk nsgkUr gks x;kA mlls rckgh vkbZ ijUrq
f'kf'kj dh eka us cgqr fgEer vkSj /S;Z ls
f'kf'kj dk ykyu&ikyu fd;kA
vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds ckotwn
f'kf'kj dh eka us mUgsa dydRrs
ds izslhMsalh dkWyst ls ch,llh
djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA ;gka
[kq'kfdLerh ls mudh HksVa nks egku f'k{kdksa
35

& txnh'k panz cksl vkSj iziQqYy panz js ls gqbAZ f'kf'kj us tc cksl }kjk fufeZr de&dher
ds midj.kksa dks ns[kk rks oks mudh vksj cgqr vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj mUgksaus i<+kus ds
lkFk&lkFk 'kks/ djus dk fu'p; fd;kA 1912 esa ,e,llh dh ijh{kk esa oks loZizFke
vk,A dqN le; ds fy, mUgksausa cksl ds lkFk 'kks/dk;Z fd;k ijUrq ifjokj pykus ds
fy, mUgsa rqjUr ,d ukSdjh dh t:jr FkhA blfy, mUgksausa dqN lkyksa rd Hkkxyiqj ds
Vh-,u-ts- dkWyst vkSj fiQj cadqjk ffLp;u dkWyst esa v;kiu fd;kA 1914 esa mudk
fookg yhykorh nsoh ls gqvkA
ml le; dydRrk fo'ofo|ky;
ds mi&dqyifr lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ
,e ,llh Lrj dh i<+kbZ vkSj
oSKkfud 'kks/ 'kq# djus ds fy,
iz;kljr FksA 1916 esa oks ;wfuoflZVh
lkbUl dkWyt
s dks LFkkfir djus esa
liQy gq, vkSj ogka mUgksausa fe=kk
lesr vusd dq'ky 'kks/drkZvksa
dks HkkSfrdh foHkkx esa dke djus
ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA bu fnXxtksa
dh lwph esa lh-oh- jeu] lR;sanz ukFk cksl vkSj es?kukFk lkgk Hkh 'kkfey FksA fe=kk us jeu
ds ekxZn'kZu esa izdk'k ds ^baVjiQh;jsal* vkSj ^fMSD'ku* ij 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA dsoy rhu
lkyksa esa mUgksausa viuh Fkhfll iwjh dh vkSj 1919 esa dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; ls Mh,llh
dh fMxzh izkIr dhA
mlds rqjUr ckn oks vkxs vuqla/ku djus ds fy, fons'k x,A 'kq# esa mUgksausa pkYlZ iQkjch
ds lkFk isfjl dh lksjckWu ;wfuoflZVh esa dke fd;kA 1923 esa mUgksua as nwljh Mh,llh fMxzh
gkfly dhA mlds ckn mUgksausa eknke D;wjh dh jsfM;e bafLVV~;wV esa dke fd;kA dqN
vof/ ds fy, mUgksausa bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ fiQftDl] uSUlh esa xVu ds Hkh lkFk dke fd;kA
;gka ij fe=kk dh #fp jsfM;ks okYol vkSj muds mi;ksx esa txhA mUgksausa Hkfo"; esa u;s
mHkjrs jsfM;ks fjlpZ ds {ks=k esa dke djus dh BkuhA rc rd ;g fo"k; fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh;
fo'ofo|ky; esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA blfy, mUgksasusa lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ ls ^ok;ySl*
fo"k; dks ,e,llh ds ikB~;e esa 'kkfey djus dk vkxzg fd;k vkSj lkFk esa ml ij
Bksl dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d iz;ksx'kkyk Hkh LFkkfir djus ds fy, dgkA
lj vk'kqrks"k us fe=kk ds izLrko dk Lokxr fd;k vkSj muls Hkkjr okfil ykSVus ij bl
ij foLrkj ls dke djus dk vuqjks/ fd;kA 1923 esa Lons'k ykSVus ds ckn fe=kk us [kSjk
izksiQslj vkWiQ fiQftDl ds in ij dke fd;kA bl izdkj Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks bysDVkfuDl
36

vk;kLs
iQh;j

xzkmaM oso
,aVus k

i`Foh

'kks/ dk lw=kikr gqvkA jsfM;ks lEca/h i<+kbZ] 'kks/dk;Z vkSj iz;ksx'kkykvksas ij rsth ls dke
'kq# gqvkA tYn gh dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; esa ,d fo'o&Lrjh; jsfM;ks fjlpZ Ldwy
fodflr gqvk tks vkt bafLVV~;Vw vkWiQ jsfM;ks fiQftDl ,aM bysDVkfuDl ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA
jsfM;ks dh vlyh dgkuh rks vk;uksLiQh;j dh [kkst ds ckn gh 'kq# gqbZA fe=kk us
vk;uksLiQh;j dk xgu v;;u fd;k tksfd nwj&njkt ds jsfM;ks lEiz"s k.k (dE;wfuds'ku)
ds fy, csgn t:jh gSA ;g okrkoj.k dk oks mQijh {ks=k gS tks NksVh yEckb;ksa okyh jsfM;ks
rjaxksa dks ijkofrZr djrk gS vkSj blh otg ls i`Foh dh eqM+h lrg ij VkafLe'ku gks ikrk
gSA dydRrk fLFkr bafM;u Lisl czkWMdkfLVax lfoZl ds VkafLeVj dk mi;ksx dj fe=kk
us igyh ckj vk;uksLiQh;j esa fLFkr bZ&{ks=k ds lcwr tqVk,A fe=kk ds vuqlkj jkr ds
vkdk'k esa fn[kus okyh nhIrh dk dkj.k ,&{ks=k esa fLFkr vk;u FksA bl izdk'k ds dkj.k
gh jkr dk vkdk'k L;kg dkyk u fn[kdj FkksM+k eVeSyk fn[krk FkkA mUgksausa dydRrs
ds mQij fLFkr vk;uksLiQh;j dh ijrksa dk v;;u dj dbZ 'kks/i=k fy[ksA mUgksausa lk/
s&ljy midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj vk;uksLiQh;j ds vPNs uD'ks cuk,A ml tekus esa
vk;uksLiQh;j dsfeLVh ij vuqla/ku cl izkjaHk gh gqvk FkkA ;gka Hkh fe=kk us vkstksu ds
fuekZ.k vkSj mlds oLr gksus dh izf;k dk foLr`r v;;u fd;kA
fe=kk us vk;uksLiQh;j ij ,d vuwBh iqLrd fy[kh & n vij ,VeksLiQh;jA fons'kh
izdk'kd bl iqLrd dks Nkius ls drjkrs jgs D;ksafd mUgsa yxk fd ;g fdrkc vU;
fons'kh iqLrdksa ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ djsxh vkSj mudh fch de gksxh! ij tc bl iqLrd
dks 1947 esa ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh us Nkik rks mldh 2000 izfr;ka dsoy rhu o"kZ esa fcd
x;haA jsfM;ks dE;wfuds'ku] vk;uksLiQh;j] mPp okrkoj.k dh HkkSfrdh] ft;kseSfXufVTe
vkSj Lisl lkbal ds Nk=k ih<+h&nj&ih<+h bl iqLrd ls ykHkakfor gq, gSAa fe=kk us bl iqLrd
esa ,d ubZ igy dj vk;uksLiQh;j dks i`Foh] lw;Z vkSj okrkoj.k dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk
ekukA
37

1955 esa mudh iqLrd dk :lh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gqvkA tc Liwrfud & 1 dk ykap gqvk
rc lksfo;r oSKkfudksa dks mixzgksa ds thoudky dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, fe=kk dh
iqLrd n vij ,VeksLiQh;j esa gh okrkoj.k ds lcls mi;qDr ekWMy feysA
;wfuoflZVh ls uoEcj 1955 esa lsokfuo`fk ds ckn fe=kk ogka izksiQslj ,ejsVl dh gSfl;r
ls dke djrs jgsA caxky ds eq[; ea=kh Jh fc/ku panz jkW; ds vkxzg ij mUgksausa if'pe
caxky ds f'k{kk cksMZ dks iquxZfBr fd;k vkSj mls ,d dq'ky laxBu dk :i fn;kA f'k{kk
cksMZ dk cksf>y dke lEHkkyrs gq, Hkh mUgksausa viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA fe=kk us ,sls
reke dq'ky oSKkfudksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k ftUgksausa ckn esa iFkizn'kZd dke fd;kA buesa
ls dqN izeq[k uke gSa izksiQslj ,-ih- fe=kk (,iQvkj,l)] ,e-ds- nklxqIrk (jsfM;ks
,LVkWueh) vkSj flxul&, uked jsfM;ks xSyDlh ds [kkstdrkZ vkSj izksiQslj ts-,u- HkkjA
iRuh vkSj cM+s iq=k MkW- v'kksd fe=kk ds vlkef;d fu/u ds dkj.k fe=kk dk O;fDrxr
thou nq[kh jgkA iq=k ds fu/u ls mUgsa xgjk /Ddk yxkA ij mlds rqjUr ckn mUgsa iQsyks
vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;kA mUgsa ljdkj us
uS'kuy izksiQslj Hkh cuk;kA oks viuk T;knkrj le; ?kj ij gh fy[krs&i<+rs gq, xqtkjrsA
gj 'kke oks vius ?kj ds ikl fLFkr Dyc esa euksjatu ds fy, tkrs vkSj dHkh&dHkh ogka
'krjat ds ,d&nks [ksy Hkh [ksyrsA
f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk dks cgqr ls jk"Vh; vkSj varjkZ"Vh; lEeku feysA 1958 esa ,iQvkj,l]
bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh ds v;{k (1959&60) uS'kuy izksiQslj (1962) vkSj
mlh o"kZ mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj us i|Hkw"k.k ls Hkh lEekfur fd;kA dqN fnuksa chekj jgus
ds ckn mudk nsgkUr 13 vxLr 1963 dks gqvkA fe=kk ds lEeku esa panzek ij fLFkr ,d
xM~<s (sVj) dk uke ^fe=kk* j[kk x;k gSA

38

chjcy lkguh
(1891 - 1949)

,d u, thok'e (iQkWfly) dh [kkst thou&fodkle ds bfrgkl dh fn'kk cny

ldrh gSA izkis Qslj chjcy lkguh dks Hkkjr esa thok'e foKku dh uhao j[kus dk Js; tkrk
gSA muds firk izkis Qlj #fp jke lkguh us ,d la?k"kZe; thou fcrk;k FkkA mUgksua as fiQftDl
ds ukeh&fxjkeh oSKkfudksa & jnjiQksMZ] FkkWelu vkSj cksgj ds lkFk dke fd;k vkSj ckn
esa foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, iatkc
lkbal bafLVV~;Vw dh LFkkiuk dhA #fp
jke us lkcqu ds cqycqyksa] fo|qr]
pqEdRo vkSj VsfyxzkiQ dh dk;Z
ifr ij yksdfiz; ysDpj fn,A
xzkeh.k ,oa vke yksx muds bu
tknqbZ ysDpjksa dks lquus Hkkjh la[;k
esa vkrs vkSj lg"kZ ,d&nks vkus
dk fVdV [kjhnrsA #fp jke us
vius tekus dh lkekftd
dqjhfr;ksa dh iqjtksj f[kykiQr dhA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk vkSj
foKku ds ek;e ls gh Hkkjr dh
xjhc turk dk thouLrj lq/kjk
tk ldrk gSA eksrhyky usg#] xksiky
".k xks[kys] ljkstuh uk;Mq vkSj
enu eksgu ekyoh; tSls ize[q k usrkvksa
dk vDlj muds ?kj vkuk&tkuk gksrk
FkkA chjcy lkguh blh Kku lEiUu
okrkoj.k esa cM+s gq,A
39

chjcy lkguh dk tUe 14 uoEcj 1891 dks HksMk+ esa gqvk tks vc ikfdLrku esa gSA cpiu
ls gh mUgsa lkglh dkeksa esa cM+k vkuan vkrk FkkA pkSng lky dh mez esa os ,d fnu vius
NksVs HkkbZ vkSj cgu ds lkFk ^dsadM+s idM+us* ds vfHk;ku ij fudysA #eky vkSj dqN
fVu ds fMCcksa ds lkFk oks xgjh ?kkfV;ksa esa mrjs vkSj mQaph pV~Vkuksa ij p<+s vkSj cgqr
jkr chrus ds ckn gh ?kj okfil ykSVAs ij muds le>nkj firk us mUgsa blds fy, fcYdqy
MkaVk&iQVdkjk ughaA chjcy vDlj vius firk ds lkFk fgeky; dh nwj&njkt fLFkr
igkfM+;ksa ij ?kweus tkrsA bu vfHk;kuksa esa oks vius lkFk ouLifr'kkL=k dh iqLrd gqdlZ
yksjk ys tkuk ugha HkwyrsA ,d ckj tks&ftYyk njkZ ikj djrs gq, mUgksua as dqN ^yky&Luks*
bdV~Bh dhA ckn esa oks ,d cgqr nqyZHk fdLe dh ciQZ esa mxus okyh 'kSoky (,Yth)
fudyhA
chjcy dh izkjfEHkd i<+kbZ ykgkSj ds fe'ku vkSj lsaVy Ldwy esa gqbZA 1911 esa mUgksausa
xojesaV dkWyst] ykgkSj ls Lukrd dh fMxzh gkfly dhA muds firkth mlh dkWyst esa
dsfeLVjh ds izksiQslj FksA mlh lky mUgksausa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh ds beSU;qy dkWyst esa
nkf[kyk fy;kA muds ikl dksbZ fliQkfj'k&i=k ugha Fkk vkSj ;g nkf[kyk iw.kZr% mUgsa viuh
dkcfy;r ij feykA ij dqN le; ckn mUgsa ?kj dh ;kn lrkus yxh vkSj oks Hkkjr ykSVus
ds fy, O;kdqy gks mBsA ijUrq lkSHkkX;o'k muds cM+s HkkbZ ml le; baXySaM esa MkWDVjh
i<+ jgs Fks vkSj mUgksua as chjcy ls dkWyt
s okfil tkdj eu yxkdj i<+us dk vkxzg fd;kA
ml fnu ds ckn ls chjcy us th&tku yxkdj i<+kbZ dh vkSj 1914 esa mUgsa dsfEczt
ls Lukrd dh fMxzh feyhA ml le; #fp jke baXySaM esa gh ykMZ jnjiQksMZ dh iz;ksx'kkyk
esa dk;Zjr FksA NqfV~V;ksa esa chjcy vius firk ds dk;Z dh iQksVksxzkl ysrs! tokgjyky
usg# dsfEczt esa chjcy dh d{kk esa FksA nksuksa dks
thok'eksa ls vFkkg izes FkkA chjcy vkSj tokgjyky
dh fe=krk lkjh ftanxh dk;e jghA
chjcy ds 'kks/dk;Z dh ifjf.kfr ts-lh- fofyl
ds lkFk feydj fy[kh ,d iqLrd ykWlUl
VsDlVcqd vkWiQ ckWVuh ds izdk'ku ds :i esa gqbAZ
thok'e lEca/h 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, chjcy dks
1919 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh us Mh ,l lh dh fMxzh
iznku dhA 1920 esa mudh Fkhfll fiQykSlkfiQdy
VkatSD'ku uked 'kks/ if=kdk esa NihA rc
rd lkguh dk uke ouLifr'kkL=k ds
,d ekSfyd fpard ds :i esa mHkj
pqdk FkkA
40

dsfEczt izokl ds nkSjku chjcy

dh vius f'k{kd izkis Qslj lhoMZ
ds lkFk xgjh nksLrh gks xbZ FkhA
izksiQslj lhoMZ dks tc dqN
Hkkjrh; thok'e ds uewus
v;;u ds fy, Hksts x, rks
mUgksausa mUgsa ;g dg dj ykSVk
fn;k fd mu ij 'kks/ djus ds
fy, Hkkjr esa chjcy lkguh
ekStwn gSaA izksiQslj lhoMZ dh
bl fVIi.kh ds ckn chjcy
xEHkhj vuqla/ku esa tqV x,A

djksM+ksa lky igys ,d ikS/s dh iRFkj ij vafdr NkiA

thok'eksa ds fo'ys"k.k }kjk chjcy lkguh yqIr ikS/s

foyelksfu;k dk iqu%fuekZ.k dj ik,A

1921 esa oks y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky; esa

u;s&u;s [kqys ouLifr'kkL=k foHkkx esa
igys izkis Qslj cusA oks u dsoy ch,llh
ds Nk=kksa dks i<+krs ijarq muds izfS DVdy
dke esa Hkh enn djrs vkSj mUgsa
fu;fer :i ls isM&+ ikS/ksa ds voyksdu
ds fy, ifjHkze.k ij ys tkrsA vius
Je ls oks ouLifr'kkL=k esa vuqla/ku
dk ,d thokUr vkSj mPp dksfV dk
dsUnz LFkkfir dj ik,A oks vius fo"k;
esa n{k FksA oks nksuksa gkFkksa ls cgqr rsth
ls ouLifr;ksa ds fp=k CySdcksMZ ij
cukus esa ekfgj FksA oks cgqr esgurh Fks
vkSj lnSo vius dke esa Mwcs jgrs FksA
oks fnu&jkr vius gkFkksa ls thok'eksa
ds irys lsD'ku dkVrs] f?klrs vkSj
mUgsa iWkfy'k djrs FksA tYn gh oks
iQkflYl vkSj iRFkjksa ds oSKkfud uewus
rS;kj djus esa ekfgj gks x,A

41

oks igys Hkkjrh; ouLifr'kkL=kh Fks ftUgsa 1936 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls
lEekfur fd;k x;kA mUgksausa Hkkjrh; foKku dakxzsl ds dbZ l=kksa dh v;{krk dhA mUgsa
vejhdu ,dsMeh vkWiQ vkV~Zl ,aM lkbUlsl dh lnL;rk Hkh iznku dh xbZA
foKku eas xgjh #fp ds lkFk&lkFk lkguh ds vU; cgqr ls 'kkSd FksA laxhr ls mUgsa vFkkg
yxko Fkk vkSj oks flrkj vkSj okW;yu ctkrs FksA vius [kkyh le; esa oks fp=kdkjh vkSj
feV~Vh ds ekWMy cukrs FksA 'krjat mudk lcls fiz; [ksy FkkA Ldwy vkSj dWkyst ds fnuksa
esa oks gkWdh vkSj Vsful [ksyrs FksA jk"VHkDr gksus ds ukrs mUgksausa fczfV'k fyckl R;kx fn;k
Fkk vkSj oks ges'kk [kn~nj dh 'ksjokuh igurs FksA cpiu ls gh mUgsa laLr esa xgjh #fp
Fkh vkSj ;g #fp thou Hkj cuh jghA
lkguh us Hkkjrh; iSyks&ckWVuh ds yxHkx lHkh i{kksa ij dke fd;kA mUgksausa fcgkj dh
jktegy igkfM+;ksa ls cgqr ls ikS/ksa ds thok'e ,df=kr fd,A ;gka mUgksaus thok'eksa dk
,d u;k lewg [kkstk vkSj mls ^isaVkstk;ysbZ** uke fn;kA mUgksaus gh bafM;u ckWVkfudy
lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk dhsA
lkguh dh dbZ {ks=kksa eas #fp FkhA mUgksaus izkphu Hkkjrh; flDds cukus dh fof/ ij 'kks/
fd;k vkSj blds fy, mUgsa 1945 esa U;wfeLeSfVd lkslkbVh vWkiQ bafM;k us usYlu jkbV
esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA flDdksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djrs gq, mUgsa Hkw&'kkL=k (ft;ksyth) dk
Hkh xgjk Kku gks x;kA muds 'kks/ us ^MsDdu VSi* vkSj fgeky; ds mBku ij Hkh izdk'k
MkykA
1920 esa chjcy lkguh dk
fookg lkfo=kh ds lkFk gqvkA
lkfo=kh muds lkFk ges'kk
?kweha&fiQjha vkSj muds dke esa
yxkrkj lg;ksx djrh jghaA
ckn esa mUgksua sa y[kumQ esa xkserh
unh ds fdukjs viuk ?kj
cuk;kA 1946 esa iSyks&ckWVuh
fo"k; ds 'kks/ ds izksRlkgu
ds fy, mUgksaus ,d VLV dh
LFkkiuk dhA lkguh vkSj mudh
iRuh us bl izdYi ds fy,
iw a t h] txg] iq L rds a vkS j
thok'e nku fn,A
42

iSyks&ckSVfs udy lkslkbVh us y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;

ds ,d NksVs dejs esa gh viuk dke vkjEHk
fd;kA 1948 esa jkT; ljdkj us bl ubZ laLFkk
ds fy, ,d tehu vkoafVr dhA laLFkk dh uhao
3 vizSy 1949 dks Hkkjr ds igys iz/kuea=kh
tokgjyky usg# us j[khA chjcy lkguh us bl
volj ij laLFkk dk igyk Hkk"k.k fn;k tks
nqHkkZX; ls mudk vafre Hkk"k.k Hkh FkkA ,d
lIrkg ckn 9 vizy
S 1949 dh e;jkf=k dks fny
ds nkSjs ls mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA chjcy dh
e`R;q ds ckn lkfo=kh lkguh us vius ifr ds liuksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, vFkd iz;kl
fd,A mUgksausa vR;Ur la?k"kksaZ ds ckn laLFkk dks varjZk"Vh; Lrj rd igqapk;kA lkfo=kh
lkguh ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 1969 esa i|Jh ls lEekfur
fd;kA uoEcj 1969 esa laLFkk dk uke cny dj vxz.kh oSKkfud chjcy lkguh dh
le`fr esa chjcy lkguh bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ iSyks&ckWVuh j[kk x;kA

Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx us chjcy lkguh ds lEeku esa vusdksa Mkd fVdV
tkjh fd,A ,d iztkfr dk uke chjcylkgfu;k fnO;n'kZuh j[kk x;kA
43

ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu
(1892 - 1964)

^;g lp gS fd dbZ ek;uksa esa eSa ,d fo'o ukxfjd gwaA ij eSa FkkWel tSiQjlu ds
bl er ls iwjh rjg lger gwa fd gjsd ukxfjd dk ,d izeq[k drZO; gS fd oks
minzoh cudj vius ns'k dh ljdkj dh ,slh dh rSlh djrk jgsA*
& ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu

tkWu cMZu lSaMjlu (tsch,l) gSYMsu foKku txr ds egku vkSj ekSth 'k[kfl;r FksA
oks Lora=k] izfrHkk'kkyh] etsnkj vkSj fcYdqy vuwBs FksA muds firk
vkWDliQksMZ esa fiQft;kykWth ds izksiQslj Fks vkSj mudk foKku dk
f'k{k.k vius firk ds lgk;d tSls 'kq# gqvkA cpiu esa fxuh&fix
ikyrs gq, mUgsa esaMy ds tsusfVDl ds flakrksa dk Kku gks x;k FkkA
vius cpiu ds ckjs esa gSYMsu us fy[kk% ^esjk cpiu /kfeZd f'k{k.k ls iwjh rjg cjh
FkkA ?kj eas /eZ dh ctk, foKku vkSj n'kZu dk ekgkSy FkkA ?kj
esa foKku ds lkef;d fo"k;ksa ij eqDr cgl gksrhA blhfy, u
rks vkbaLVhu dh ckrsa esjh le> ds ckgj gSa vkSj u gh kWbM
dh ckrksa ls eSa FkjkZrk gwaA viuh tokuh esa eSaus ;q eas Hkkx
fy;k vkSj balkuksa ds oks i{k ns[ks tks vke cqfthoh ugha ns[k
ikrsA ,d tho'kkL=kh dh gSfl;r ls eq>s nqfu;k dks ,d
vuwBh n`f"V ls ns[kus dk ekSdk feyk gS & tks iwjh rjg Hkzked
Hkh ugha gSA*
gSYMsu us vius 'kfDr'kkyh 'kjhj ij reke rjg ds oSKkfud
iz;ksx djds viuh ikfjokfjd ijEijk dks dk;e j[kkA ,d iz;ksx
esa mUgksauas gkbZMksDyksfjd vEy ihdj mlls ekalisf'k;ksa ij
iM+s vlj dk v;;u fd;kA nwljs iz;ksx esa
mUgksauas dM+h oftZ'k djds vius iQsiQM+ksa
esa iSnk gqbZ dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dk
nkc ekikA
44

i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn gSYMsu us ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst] yanu esa tsusfVDl vkSj ck;ksesVjh
ds fo"k; i<+kuk 'kq# fd,A yksdla[;k vuqoka'kdh (ikI;wys'ku tsusfVDl) dks LFkkfir
djus okys rhu fnXxtksa esa ls ,d gSYMsu FksA egRrk esa mudh x.kuk vkj-,- fiQ'kj vkSj
lhosy jkWbV ds ckn vakdh tkrh gSA gSYMsu us Mkou dh izkfrd p;u dh ladYiuk
vkSj esUMsy dh tsusVsDl vo/kj.kkvksa dks xf.krh; vk/kj iznku dj ,d u, tho'kkL=k
dh uhao x<+hA tsusfVDl ds vykok Hkh gSYMsu us tho'kkL=k] jklk;u'kkL=k vkSj xf.kr ds
{ks=k esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd,A mUgksauas bfrgkl vkSj jktuhfr ij Hkh [kwc fy[kkA
1924 esa gSYMsu us ,d dkYifud dgkuh fy[kh ^fMMsyl*A ;g igyh iqLrd
Fkh ftlesa fcuk laHkksx ;k xHkZ /kj.k fd, ij[kuyh esa iztuu dk oSKkfud
o.kZu FkkA ml le; bl dgkuh dks lkbUl fiQD'ku dk ,d ngykus okyk
uewuk ekuk x;kA ^fMMsyl* yksdfiz; vkSj izHkko'kkyh fl gqbZ vkSj mlus
chloha lnh esa yxus okys /Ddksa dh ,d >ydh is'k dhA mlls gh izsfjr gks
,Myl gDlys us 1932 esa viuk miU;kl ^czso U;w OyZM* fy[kkA
ij[kuyh iztuu ls mits lekt dh bl dgkuh esa lq[k&le` dk
vHkko gSA
f=ke iztuu dh lEHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj djus ds ckn gSYMsu
us lqtuu&foKku (;wtsfuDl) dh ?kksj fuank dhA mUgsa yxk fd]
^euq";ksa dh vktknh ds nq'eu vc tsusfVDl F;ksjh dks rksM+&ejksM+
dj mldk mi;ksx vius ladh.kZ jktuSfrd fgrksa ds fy, djsaxsA*
1926 esa gSYMsu us v[kckj Msyh ,Dlizsl dh fjiksVZj 'kkjysV
ctZjl ls 'kknh dhA
ckn esa mls rykd nsdj ,d tho'kkL=kh gsyu Lijos ls fookg fd;kA
gSYMsu dh vke yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyh esa xgjh fnypLih FkhA vkWDliQksMZ esa i<+rs le;
mnkjoknh gksus ds dkj.k oks okeiaFkh /kjk dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj 1942 esa dE;wfuLV
ikVhZ esa nkf[ky gq,A ckn esa oks dE;wfuLV ikVhZ ds v[kckj Msyh odZj ds lEiknu eaMy
ds ps;jeSu cusA mUgksaus 300 ls Hkh vf/d yksdfiz; oSKkfud
ys[k fy[ks ftuesa mudh tueq[kh jktuhfr Hkh lkiQ mtkxj
gksrh gSA

45

gSYMsu lektoknh fdl fy, cus\ muds vuqlkj esgurd'k yksxksa dks Hkh ogh
lqfo/k,a miyC/ feyuha pkfg, tks mUgsa feyh FkhaA ckn esa lksfo;r :l dh
?kVukvksa ls mudk eu f[kUu gqvk vkSj mUgksua as dE;qfuLV ikVhZ NksM+ nhA LVkfyu
ds fiz; oSKkfud yk;lsUdks us tc esUMsy dh vuqoakf'kdh F;ksjh ij dqBkjk?kkr fd;k
rks mUgsa Bhd ugha yxkA fiQj Hkh LVkfyu vkSj yk;lsUdks ds izfr mudh vkLFkk cuh jghA
gSYMsu ds f'k{kk lEca/h fopkj vkt Hkh lkef;d gSaA muds vuqlkj ^gekjh orZeku f'k{kk
iz.kkyh cPpksa ds fy, vU;k;iw.kZ gS D;ksafd oks mUgsa mfpr volj ugha nsrhA u gh fdlh
Nk=k dks foKku euq"; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls i<+k;k tkrk gSA foKku dks fdlh #ds ;k xfr'khy
dkYifud fiaM }kjk i<+kus dh ctk, mls lh/s euq"; ds 'kjhj dk mnkgj.k ysdj i<+kuk
pkfg,A eSaus rhu o"kZ dh vk;q ls blh izdkj i<+uk lh[kkA*
vius fuca/ ^vkWu chbax n jkWbV lWkbt* esa gSYMsu us fy[kk fd tho dk eki gh varr%
mlds 'kjhj ds vakrfjd <kaps dks r; djrk gSA ^dhV&iraxs brus NksVs gksrs gSa blfy,
muesa vWkDlhtu igqapkus okyh jDrf'kjk,a ugha gksrhaA tks FkksM+h vkWDlhtu dh t:jr gksrh
gS oks 'kjhj dh Ropk ckgj ds okrkoj.k ls lks[k ysrh gSA ij tc fdlh tho dk 'kjhj
cM+k gksrk gS rks mls tfVy midj.k dh t:jr gksrh gS ftlls fd vWkDlhtu iEi }kjk
'kjhj dh izR;sd dksf'kdk rd igqap ldsA*
1937 esa mUgksua s ^ekbZ sMa feLVj yhdh* uke dh
iqLrd fy[khA cPpksa ds fy, fy[kh mudh ;g
'kk;n ,dek=k iqLrd gSA feLVj yhdh dk ik=k
cPpksa dks cgqr ilan vk;k vkSj mUgksua s gSYMsu dks
lkjh ftanxh gtkjksa i=k fy[ksA
gSYMsu us foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa vf}rh; dk;Z
fd;kA muds ys[k Li"Vrk dh felky gSA oks
foKku dh xw<+ vo/kj.kkvksa dk vFkZ rksM+s&ejksM+s
fcuk mUgsa ljy rjg ls is'k djrs FksA vius ys[kks]a
fucU/ksa vkSj Hkk"k.kksa ds dkj.k oks yksdfiz;
foKku esa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h gLrh ekus tkrs
FksA mUgksua as [knku etnwjksa dks thok'e (iQWkflYl)
[kkstus ds fy, izf'kf{kr vkSj izsfjr fd;kA vkSj
tc dHkh dksbZ [knku etnwj i`Foh dh xHkZ ls
dksbZ thok'e <w<a dj ykrk rks oks mls 10 fczfV'k
ikmaM ds iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur djrsA
46

1957 esa baXySaM vkSj akl }kjk lqbt vke.k ds fojks/ esa gSYMsu us baXySaM NksM+k vkSj
oks Hkkjr vk,A Hkkjr vkus dk ,d dkj.k ;gka ij tsusfVDl vkSj ck;ksesVh ds {ks=k esa
miyC/ vPNh lqfo/k,a Hkh FkhaA mUgksaus iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl ds fuea=k.k ij dydRrs
esa fLFkr bafM;u LVSfVfLVdy bafLVV~;wV esa dke vkjEHk fd;kA
bafM;u LVSfVfLVdy bafLVV~;wV ds lkFk vius lEca/ ds ckjs eas mUgksaus fy[kk] ^oSls eSa bl
laLFkk dk cgqr vkHkkjh gwaA bldk lcls cM+k midkj gS fd mlus eq>s dqN egRoiw.kZ
[kkst djus dk volj fn;k gSA ;gka eSa vius ls de mez ds dbZ ,sls ukStoku vuqla/
kudrkZvksa dks [kkst ik;k gwa ftudh oSKkfud 'kks/ esa xgjh #fp gSA* 1962 esa gSYMsu
Hkqous'oj x, vkSj ogka mUgksausa tsusfVDl ,aM cWk;ksesVh yScksjsVh LFkkfir dhA
gSYMsu us viuh Vhe ds ;qok lnL;ksa dks
tho'kkL=k ds fHkUu&fHkUu {ks=kksa esa vuqla/ku
djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA 'kks/dk;Z eas
lnk ukius&rksyus] lkaf[;dh vkSj fo'ys{k.k
ij tksj gksrkA blds fy, mUgksaus jkspd
leL;k,a pquhaA felky ds fy, & ,d [ksr
esa dsapqvksa }kjk [kksnh feV~Vh dh ek=kk dk
vuqeku] leku iztkfr ds iQwyksa esa ia[kqfM+;ksa
dh la[;k esa fofo/rk] ,d [ksr esa ,d
iztkfr vFkok fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa ds /ku
yxkus ls mudh mit dh rqyukA
Hkkjr esa tho'kkL=k ds f'k{k.k esa
gSYMsu ds iz;klksa ls xq.kkRed
ifjorZ u vk;kA Hkkjrh;
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds gkykr ls oks
nq[kh FksA muds 'kCnksa es]a ^;gka tho'kkL=k
i<+us okys Nk=kksa dks de mez ls gh xf.kr
vkSj lakf[;dh ds fo"k;ksa dks R;kxuk
iM+rk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i tho'kkL=k
ds Nk=k] vuqla/ku dh mu dq'kyrkvksa
ls oafpr jgrs gSa ftudh ns'k dh f"k
dks l[r t:jr gSA*
^vxj izksiQslj jktuhfr ls vyx jgus dh
ps"Vk Hkh djrs gSa rks Hkh jktuhfr izksiQsljksa dks
47
ugha NksM+sxhA*

iziQqYy panz
egkyuksfcl
(1893 - 1972)

gSYMsu ds vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnkuksa ds fy, mUgsa vusdksa lEeku feysA 1932 esa mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ
n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) pquk x;kA 1953 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh us mUgsa Mkjfou esMy
ls lEekfur fd;kA 1937 esa sap ljdkj us mu ij yhtu vkWiQ vWkulZ c['kk vkSj
,dsMeh uS'kuSy n fyUlh us mUgsa 1961 esa iQsYVhsusyh iq#Ldkj ls uoktkA 1932&36 rd
oks tsusfVdy lkslkbVh ds v;{k jgsA
e`R;q ds dqN fnu iwoZ dSalj ls ihfM+r gSYMsu us viuh chekjh ij ,d etkfd;k dfork
fy[kh
dSalj Hkh D;k vtc pht gS
dk'k esjs ikl gksrs gksej ds cksy
ftlls eSa djrk dSalj dh Lrqfr fny [kksy
bl chekjh ls brus T;knk yksx ejrs gSa
fd VkW; dh yM+kbZ esa ejs yksx de yxrs gSaA

bl dfork dks gSYMsu us vius reke fe=kksa dks Hkstk ftUgksauas bldk [kwc vkuan fy;kA
gSYMsu us ,d csckd ftanxh th vkSj e`R;q esa Hkh mUgksauas fgEer ugha gkjhA
1 fnlEcj 1964 dks gSYMsu dk nsgkUr gqvkA olh;rukes ds vuqlkj muds e`r 'kjhj dks
dkfdukMk fLFkr jaxjk;k esfMdy dWkyst dks nku Lo:i Hkst fn;k x;kA ^eSusa thou Hkj
'kjhj dk [kwc mi;ksx fd;k gS*] gSYMsu us viuh olh;r esa fy[kk] ^vkSj e`R;q ds ckn]
pkgas eSa jgwa ;k u jgwa] bl 'kjhj dk esjs fy, vc dksbZ vU; mi;ksx ugha gS vkSj bls eSa
nwljksa ds fgrksa ds fy, nku djrk gwaA esjs e`r 'kjhj ds j[k&j[kko ds fy, [kpZ esjs }kjk
NksM+s /u esa ls lcls igys [kpZ djsaA*
48

^lkaf[;dh dk ms'; Li"V gksuk pkfg,] mldk ,d i{k oSKkfud fodkl gks rks
nwljk yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyh vkSj jk"Vh; fodkl gksuk pkfg,A*
& iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl

iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl dks vDlj ^izksiQslj* ds uke ls lEcksf/r fd;k tkrk FkkA oks
izf'k{k.k ls HkkSfrd'kkL=kh Fks] fny ls LVSfVVhf'k;u Fks vkSj fopkjksa ls vFkZ'kkL=kh FksA ;g
ckr xkSjryc gS fd mudk lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku mu {ks=kksa esa Fkk ftuesa muds ikl dksbZ
vkSipkfjd fMxzh ugha FkhA 'kk;n cgqr ls yksx muds mnkgj.k ij vey djuk pkgsaA
iz[;kr tho'kkL=kh ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu Bhd gh dgk Fkk%
^;g ckr Bhd gh gS fd fdlh iq#"k ;k efgyk
dk ekSfyd 'kks/ ml fo"k; esa gks ftlesa mlds
ikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMxzh u gksA D;ksafd fMxzh
gkfly djus ds fy, yksx csdkj ds rF;ksa dks rksrs
tSls jVrs gaSA ftl fo"k; esa mPp vad izkIr djus
ds fy, mUgksuas phtsa jVh gksa mlesa dksbZ ekSfyd
dk;Z dj ikuk muds fy, cgqr eqf'dy gksxkA*

egkyuksfcl dk tUe 29 twu 1893 esa dydRrk esa

gqvkA nks HkkbZ vkSj rhu cguksa esa oks lcls cM+s FksA
mudk ifjokj /uh Fkk vkSj czgeks lekt ds mnkj
ewY;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa esa fo'okl j[krk FkkA mudh
izkjfEHkd f'k{kk czgeks Ldwy dydRrk esa gqbAZ 1912
esa mUgkasus dydRrk ;wuhoflZVh ls ch,llh dh fMxzh izkIr dhA oks dydRrs esa
HkkSfrd'kkL=kh lR;sanz ukFk cksl vkSj es?kukFk lkgk ds ledkyhu FksA
49

mudh iRuh fueZykdqekjh us thou Hkj muds lHkh dkeksa esa gkFk caVk;kA fueZykdqekjh
dk ifjokj Hkh cgqr izxfr'khy fopkj/kjk okyk FkkA
egkyuksfcl us rhu izeq[k dk;Z fd, & cM+s iSekus ij losZ dh e'khujh xfBr dh]
lkaf[;dh ds flkarksa }kjk ns'k dh Bksl leL;kvksa dks lqy>k;k vkSj fo'o&Lrjh;
laLFkkvksa dks xfBr fd;kA dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh ls xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrd'kkL=k dk mPp
v;;u djus ds ckn mUgksausa dqN le; rd dSfofUM'k yScksjsVjh esa dke fd;kA 1915
esa oks vYi vodk'k ds fy, Hkkjr vk,A mUgas Hkkjr esa reke pqukSrhiw.kZ leL;k,a utj
vk;ha vkSj 'kk;n blhfy, mUgksaus Hkkjr esa gh jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mUgksauas dydRrs ds
izslhMsalh dkWyst esa HkkSfrdh 'kkL=k i<+kuk 'kq# fd;kA ogka mUgsa lakf[;dh }kjk ijh{kk
ifj.kkeksa ds fo'ys'k.k dk ekSdk feykA bl dk;Z esa mUgsa bruk etk vk;k fd mUgksaus
fiQftDl NksM+ nh vkSj fiQj rF;] vkadM+ksa] xzkl vkSj pkVZl esa gh lkjh ftanxh my>s
jgsA egkyuksfcl ds vkus ls igys ns'k esa lakf[;dh dk fo"k; yxHkx unkjn FkkA bl
fo"k; dks fdlh Hkh fo'ofo|ky; esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA
egkyuksfcl losZ lSEifyax rduhd ds vxz.kh iz.ksrk FksA Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ds rqjUr ckn
mUgsa ljdkj us lakf[;dh lykgdkj dh gSfl;r ls fu;qDr fd;kA 1955 esa mUgksaus Hkkjr
dh nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k ftlesa csjkstxkjh ?kVkus ds fy, rsth
ls vkS|ksfxdj.k dh nyhy nh xbZA mUgksaus bLikr m|ksx vkSj cM+s dkj[kkuksa esa Hkkjh iwath
fuos'k dh vihy dhA mudk n`f"Vdks.k 1940 dh leL;kvksa dks izfrfcfEcr djrk FkkA
ml le; dh Hkkjh csjkstxkjh dks de djus ds fy, 'kk;n cM+h ek=kk esa vkS|ksfxdj.k
t:jh FkkA ijUrq 1970 esa bu vo/kj.kkvksa dh oS/rk
ij iz'ufpUg yxus 'kq# gks x, D;ksfa d Hkkjh vkS|ksfxdj.k
xjhch gVkus esa liQy ugha jgkA blfy, ckn dh
vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa xzkeh.k xjhch nwj djus ds fy,
vU; ;kstuk,a cukbZ x;haA

50

lakf[;dh rkSj&rjhdksa ds xgu v;;u ls vkdf"kZr

gks egkyuksfcl us vius dkWyt
s esa ,d ^LVSfVfLVdy
yScksjVs h * dh LFkkiuk dhA 1932 esa ;gh iz;ksx'kkyk
fodflr gksdj bafM;u LVSfVfLVdy bafLVV~;wV
(vkbZ,lvkbZ) esa ifjofrZr gqbZA mUgksaus 1933 esa
^lak[;* uked Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh dk ,d if=kdk
Hkh 'kq# dhA 1950 esa mUgksaus uS'kuy lSEiy losZ
(,u,l,l) vkSj 1951 esa lsaVy LVSfVfLVdy
vkSjfxukWbxs'ku (lh,lvks) LFkkiuk dhA
vkbZ,lvkbZ us fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds varlZEca/ksa ij
fo'oLrjh; dke fd;k vkSj nqfu;k ds vxz.kh oSKkfudksa ds lkFk feydj dke fd;kA
iz[;kr fczfV'k oSKkfud ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu us egkyuksfcl dk fueU=k.k Lohdkjk vkSj
mUgksaus vkbZ,lvkbZ esa fu;fer 'kks/drkZ tSls dke 'kq# fd;kA gSYMsu ds ekxZn'kZu esa
vkbZ,lvkbZ tYn gh tho vkSj ikS/ tsusfVDl dk Hkkjr esa vxz.kh 'kks/dsanz cukA fo'o
izfl xf.krK vkSj ^lkbZcjusfVDl* ds firkeg ukWcVZ okWbuj us vkbZ,lvkbZ esa izkis Qslj dh
gSfl;r ls Ng eghus fcrk,A
egkyuksfcl us lakf[;dh dk mi;ksx Hkkjr dh lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd ifjfLFkrksa dks
xgjkbZ ls le>us ds fy, fd;kA 1920 esa mUgksausa dydRrs ds Hkkjrh;&blkbZ leqnk; dk
losZ dj vakdM+ksa }kjk fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k/eksaZ dks ekius dk rjhdk [kkstkA
1930 esa dsna hz ; twV desVh us muls losZ }kjk iwjs caxky esa twV ds dqy mRiknu dk vuqeku
yxkus dks dgkA 1950 esa cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;k ;g igyk los{k.k Fkk vkSj mlls gh
uS'kuy lSfEiy losZ (,u,l,l) ds igys pj.k dh uhao iM+hA (,u,l,l) ds losZ{k.kksa
}kjk gh ns'k esa xjhch vkSj yksxksa ds thou Lrj ds ckjs esa izkekf.kd tkudkjh fey ikbZA
mijksDr lwph dh dkSu lh miyfC/;ka mls egRoiw.kZ cukrh gS\a (,u,l,l) dh 'kq#vkr
ls igys bl izdkj ds cM+s iSekus ds losZ{k.k xjhc ns'kksa esa rks D;k nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh
ugha gq, FksA Hkkjr dh vLlh izfr'kr turk xakoksa esa jgrh Fkh vkSj muesa ls dsoy
,d&frgkbZ xako gh lM+dksa ls tqMs+ FksA (,u,l,l) dk dke de&[kpZ ds losZ{k.kksa }kjk
nwj&njkt ds bykdksa dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vakdM+s bdV~Bs djuk
FkkA blds fy, xgjs rduhdh Kku] mQtkZ] izfrcrk vkSj yhMjf'ki ds xq.kksa dh t:jr
FkhA egkyuksfcl bu lHkh xq.kksa ls lEiUu FksA dbZ Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh fo'ks"kKksa us
fo'o&Lrj ij uke dek;k gS vkSj oks lHkh (vkbZ,lvkbZ) ls tqM+s jgsA egkyuksfcl dh
fof'k"Vrk Fkh fd mUgksausa cgqr&lh Bksl leL;kvksa dks mBk;k vkSj oSKkfud ifr }kjk
51

xaHkhjrk ls mudk gy [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;kA egkyuksfcl ds vuqlkj] ^lakf[;dh dk

lkekftd mn~ns'; gksuk pkfg,*A
fo'o dh dbZ vdknfe;ksa us lakf[;dh vkSj ;kstuk ds {ks=k esa mRd"kZ dk;Z djus ds fy,
egkyuksfcl dks lEekfur fd;kA 1945 esa mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l)
dh lnL;rk ds fy, pquk x;kA 1935 esa bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh (bUlk) dh
LFkkiuk esa mudk ;ksxnku FkkA mUgsa dydRrk] fnYyh] LVkWdgksYe vkSj lksfiQ;k ;wfuoflZfV;ksa
us MkWDVsV dh info;ksa ls uoktkA Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls vyafr fd;kA

es?kukn lkgk
(1893 - 1956)

izfl vejhdh LVSfVfLVf'k;u MCyw-,- MsfeUx us egkyuksfcl dh iz'kalk fuEu 'kCnksa esa
dh%
^fdlh Hkh ns'k & pkgsa oks fodflr gks ;k vfodflr ds ikl vius yksxksa ds [kpZ] cpr]
chekjh ls O;FkZ le;] jkstxkjh] csjkstxkjh] f"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ij bruh
foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh ugha gSA*
vkSj bl lc ds fy, ge Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh ds Hkh"efirkeg & egkyuksfcl dk ueu
djrs gSaA egkyuksfcl dk nsgkUr 79 o"kZ dh mez esa 28 twu 1972 dks gqvkA

cgqr xSj&cjkcjh okys lekt esa fupyh tkfr ds yksxksa ds lkFk vDlj ukbUlkiQh gksrh
gS vkSj mUgsa nck;k tkrk gSA blls oks viuh {kerkvksa dks iwjh rjg fodflr djus esa
vleFkZ jgrs gSaA ij ;gh vlekurk dh Hkkouk dbZ gksugkj yksxksa dks nklrk dh csfM+;ksa
dks rksM+us dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA MkW- es?kukn lkgk & ,d ,sls gh iz[;kr Hkkjrh; oSKkfud
Fks ftUgksaus vius la?k"kZ vkSj vFkd yxu }kjk lkekftd ca/uksa dks rksM+kA
es?kukn lkgk dk tUe 6 vDVwcj 1893 dks ls;ksjkryh esa gqvkA ;g LFkku vc ckaXykns'k
esa gSA muds firk txUukFk ljdkj ,d NksVh ijpwu dh nqdku pykrs FksA tc es?kukn
dk tUe gqvk rc ?ku?kksj rwiQku vk;k Fkk vkSj /qavk/kj ckfj'k gqbZ
Fkh] blhfy, uotkr f'k'kq dk uke es?kukn j[kk x;kA
es?kukn ds ekrk&firk xjhc FksA muds HkkbZ Ldwy esa iQsy gq, Fks
blfy, ekrk&firk us es?kukn dks Ldwy Hkstus vkSj iSls O;FkZ djus
dh dksbZ t:jr ugha le>hA ijUrq es?kukn cgqr gksf'k;kj Fks vkSj
mlls Hkh T;knk oks vius tUe vkSj tkfr ds ca/uksa dks rksMu+ k pkgrs
FksA D;ksafd fefMy Ldwy ?kj ls nwj Fkk blfy, Ldwy ds ikl
gh ,d nkuh O;fDr ds lkFk jgus dks etcwj FksA ijUrq
oks nkrk Hkh Nqvk&Nwr vkfn lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls ijs
ugha FkkA es?kukn dks vius crZu Lo;a eka>us iM+rs
Fks D;ksafd ckdh yksx mUgsa Nwus ls Hkh badkj djrs
Fks! ij es?kukn us bu lc ckrksa dks /S;ZiwoZd
lgkA 1905 esa mUgksaus fefMy Ldwy dh
ijh{kk ikl dh vkSj oks iwjs <kdk fMfotu
esa loZizFke vk,A mlds ckn mUgksaus
<kdk 'kgj esa gh dkfyft;sV Ldwy esa
nkf[kyk fy;kA

52

53

^ckaVksa vkSj jkt djks* ds fu;e }kjk gh vaxzst Hkkjr ij jkt djus esa liQy gq, FksA ykMZ
dtZu us caxky dks iwohZ vkSj if'peh nks fgLlksa esa ckaVus ds ihNss iz'kklfud ljyrk mldk
dkj.k crk;kA ijUrq D;ksafd ,d Hkkx esa fgUnqvksa vkSj nwljs esa eqlyekuksa dk ckgqY; Fkk
blfy, bl caVokjs ds ihNs fNih fczfV'k dwVuhfr Li"V tkfgj FkhA jk"Voknh caxkfy;ksa
us bl caVokjs dk fojks/ fd;kA ;qok es?kukFk us fczfV'k fojks/h vkanksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k
vkSj mlds dkj.k mUgsa Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;kA lkSHkkX; ls ,d vU; Ldwy us mUgsa
nkf[kyk ns fn;kA 1911 esa mUgksaus foKku fo"k; esa baVjehfM;sV ikl fd;k vkSj mlds
i'pkr dydRrs ds iz[;kr izslhMsalh dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA
izsflMsalh dkWyst esa es?kukn dh HksaV vU; gksf'k;kj yksxksa ls gqbZA lR;sanz ukFk cksl muds
lgikBh Fks] lqHkk"k panz cksl muds twfu;j vkSj iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl muds lhfu;j
FksA muds foy{k.k f'k{kdksa eas txnh'k panz cksl vkSj iziQqYy panz js Fks ftuds ukjs &
^foKku bartkj dj ldrk gS ysfdu LojkT; ugha** dk es?kukn ij xgjk vlj gqvkA 1913
esa ch,llh vkSj 1915 esa mUgksausa ,e,llh [kRe dh ftlesa oks iwjh dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh
esa nwljs LFkku ij vk,A
lkgk dks dydRrk esa xjhch vkSj lkekftd izrkM+uk lguh iM+hA viuh vkthfodk dekus
ds fy, oks iwjs 'kgj esa lkbfdy ij V~;w'u nsus tkrsA Lukrd gksus ds ckn es?kukn iQkbuSal
lfoZl dh ijh{kk esa cSBuk pkgrs Fks ijUrq jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZ gksus dh otg ls oks mlesa
ugha cSB ldsA 1918 esa jk/kjkuh jkW; ds lkFk mudk fookg gqvkA
mlds ckn lkgk us lR;sanz ukFk cksl ds lkFk dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh ds fiQftDl foHkkx
eas ukSdjh dhA D;ksafd lkgk dk izf'k{k.k xf.kr esa Fkk blfy, mUgsa HkkSfrdh ds iz;ksx
lh[kus esa dqN le; yxkA
ml le; rsth ls mHkjrs lkis{krk ds
flakr vkSj ^DokaVe fedsfuDl* ds fo"k;ksa
us mUgsa vkdf"kZr fd;kA 1917 esa mUgksausa
viuk igyk 'kks/i=k ^fiQykslWkfiQdy
eSxthu** esa fy[kkA 'kh"kZd Fkk & ^vkWu
eSDloSYl LVSfll dulfuZUx n bysDVks
eSXusfVd F;ksjh vkWiQ jsfM;s'ku*A* 1919
esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa Mh,llh
dh fMxzh iznku dhA
izFke egk;q ds i'pkr oSKkfudksa us
rkjksa ds izdk'k dks lw;Z ds xq#Ro ds
dkj.k eqMr+ s ns[kk vkSj bl izdkj vkbaLVhu
54

ds flakr dh iqf"V dhA lkgk

us Hkh bl {ks=k esa xgjh #fp yh
vkSj vius 'kks/ ls bl fo"k; &
rkjksa ds o.kZe ij viuh vfer
Nki NksM+hA 1814 esa kWugkSiQj us
lwjt ds o.kZe esa cgqr lh dkyh
js[kk,a [kksthaaA 1859 esa kWugkSiQj
us ;g fl fd;k fd o.kZe dh
js[kk,a fuf'pr rRo (,yhesVa ) n'kkZrh
gSaA i`Foh ls igys ghfy;e xSl dh
[kkst lw;Z esa gqbZ Fkh! csgrj LisdVkes hVlZ ls pedhyh vkSj L;kg nksuksa o.kZe js[kk,a ns[kus
dks feyhaA ijUrq pedhyh js[kkvksa dh la[;k Kkr rRoksa ls dgha vf/d FkhaA bldk D;k
dkj.k gks ldrk gS bl ij cgqr yksxksa us vVdysa yxk;ha ijUrq var esa bldk gy lkgk
us [kkstkA tc fdlh xSl dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc mlds dqN bysDVkWu fudy tkrs gS
vkSj mlls ?kukRed dsUnz vkSj .kkRed bysDVkWu cp tkrs gSaA bls vWk;ksukbts'ku dh
izf;k dgrs gSaA lkgk us FkeZy vWk;ksukbts'ku dh F;ksjh fodflr dh vkSj mlds vk/
kj ij rkjksa ds o.kZe dks le>k;kA lkgk }kjk bl xw<+ igsyh dks lqy>kuk foKku ds
fodkl esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj ekuk tkrk gSA
,d vuqnku dh otg ls lkgk ;wjksi dk nkSjk dj ik,A teuhZ esa mudh HksaV iz[;kr
oSKkfud vkbaLVhu vkSj IySUd ls gqbZA dqN gh le; ckn mUgksausa lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ ds
vkea=k.k ij dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh esa HkkSfrdh i<+kus ds fy, [kSjk izkis Qslj dk in LohdkjkA
1923 esa lkgk Hkkjr ykSVsA dqN le; i'pkr oks bykgkckn x, tgka fo'ofo|ky; esa
mUgksaus ianzg o"kZ dke fd;kA
1927 es]a fliQZ 34 o"kZ dh vYivk;q esa lkgk
lkgk ,d ljdkjh vkSj laLFkkxr
dks jkW;y lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk ls lEekfur
oSKkfud ls dgha vf/d FksA mUgksua sa
fd;k x;kA oks ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh (U;wfDy;j
vke yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks
fiQftDl) ds fo'ks"kK FksA iWky fMjkd vkSj
lqy>us ds Hkjld iz;kl fd,A
lkgk us feydj pqEcdh; ekWuksiksy dh 'kfDr
turk ds chp foKku dk
ekius ds fy, ,d iQkeZwyk btkn fd;k tks
izpkj&izlkj djus ds Hkh mUgksausa
vkt Hkh 'kks/drkZvksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;k
cgqr Je fd;kA
tkrk gSA

55

1936 esa lkgk ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk ds ,d yEcs nkSjs ij x,A iQehZ] gkbftucxZ vkSj cksgj
ds 'kks/dk;Z us nqfu;k dks ^,WVe cEc* dk rksgiQk fn;kA lkgk dk vk.kfod mQtkZ ds
'kakfriw.kZ mi;ksxksa esa xgjk fo'okl FkkA 1940 esa VkVk }kjk 60]000 #i;ksa ds vuqnku ls
lkgk us ,d lkbDyksVkWu dk fuekZ.k dj Hkkjr esa U;wfDy;j 'kks/ dh uhao j[khA usg#
ds lg;ksx ls mUgksua as bafLVV~;Vw vkWiQ U;wfDy;j fiQftDl dh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa bl laLFkk
dk uke cny dj lkgk bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ U;wfDy;j fiQftDl iM+kA lkgk ckn esa bafM;u
,lksfl,'ku iQkWj dfYVos'ku vkWiQ lkbUl ds funs'kd Hkh cusA mUgksaus bl laLFkk ds fy,
vFkd ifjJe fd;kA
1952 esa lkgk dydRrs ds mRrj&if'peh pquko {ks=k ls yksdlHkk ds lnL; pqus x,A
mudk jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k okeiaFkh fopkjksa dh vksj mUeq[kh FkkA mUgsa va/fo'oklksa ls
?kksj uiQjr FkhA Nqvk&Nwr] tkr&ikr ds nfd;kuwlh fopkjksa ls gVdj mudk euq"; dh
rkfdZd 'kfDr esa fo'okl FkkA lkgk ,d ^jS'kusfyLV* FksA mUgksaus ^lkbal ,aM dYpj*
uked if=kdk LFkkfir dj cgqr lkyksa rd mldk lEiknu Hkh fd;kA
vusd cqfthfo;ksa dh rjg lkgk Hkh ;kstukc vFkZ O;oLFkk ls ns'k dh leL;kvksa dks
lqy>kus esa fo'okl j[krs FksA mUgksaus caxky esa ck<+ ds rkaMo dks cpiu esa [kqn vuqHko
fd;k FkkA blfy, oks ck<+ fu;a=k.k ds fy, ufn;ksa ij cka/ cukus ds i{k/j FksA muds
gh lq>ko ij nkeksnj oSyh dkjiksjs'ku us vusdksa cak/ cukdj ck<+ dk izdksi de fd;kA
Hkkjr esa gj HkkSxksfyd {ks=k eas vyx&vyx izdkj ds dSysUMj FksA mudh =kqfV;ksa dks lq/
kjus ds fy, lkgk dh v;{krk esa dSysUMj la'kks/u desVh dk xBu gqvkA ftu ij xgjs
erHksnksa ds dkj.k blesa vakf'kd liQyrk gh fey ikbZA lkgk Hkk"kkvksa ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr
ds iquZxBu ds Hkh i{k/j FksA
lkgk uS'kuy vdsMeh vkWiQ lkbfUll ds laLFkkid
FksA oks dkmafly vkWiQ lkbafVfiQd ,UM baMfLV;y
fjlpZ dh dbZ desfV;ksa ds v;{k FksA 1944&46 esa
os jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWiQ caxky (orZeku
esa ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh) ds izslhMsaV Hkh FksA
fnYyh nkSjs ds nkSjku 16 iQjojh 1956 dks fny ds
nkSjs ls lkgk dk fu/u gqvkA muds la?k"kks vkSj
miyfC/;ksa us fn[kk;k tkfr vkSj xjhch ds ca/uksa dks
vFkd ifjJe vkSj yxu ls rksM+k tk ldrk gSA

56

lR;sUnz ukFk cksl

(1894 - 1974)

Hkkjr esa oSKkfud cgqr gSa fiQj Hkh mPp dksfV ds oSKkfudksa dh cgqr deh gSA lR;Usnz
ukFk cksl mu fcjys oSKkfudksa eas Fks ftUgksaus fo'oLrjh; dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd,A mUgksaus
vkWbUlVhu ds lkFk feydj dke fd;k vkSj ,d cqfu;knh d.k [kkstk tks vkt Hkh
^ckslkSu* ds uke ls izfl gSA
lR;Usnz ukFk dk tUe 1 tuojh 1894 dks dydRrs esa gqvkA muds firk jsyos ds ys[kk&tks[kk
foHkkx esa dk;Zjr FksA 'kq# esa lR;Usnz ukFk Hkh mlh Ldwy esa i<+s ftlesa cpiu esa dqN le;
ds fy, jchUnzukFk Bkdqj i<+s FksA ckn esa lR;Usnz ukFk fgUnw Ldwy esa x, tgka muds f'k{kd
misUnz c['kh us mUgsa xf.kr dh ijh{kk esa 100 esa 110 vad fn,A dkj.k Fkk fd lR;Usnz ukFk
us fuf'pr le; lhek esa leL;k dks gy djus ds dbZ rjhds lq>k, Fks!
Ldwy dh i<+kbZ [kRe djus ds ckn lR;su us baVj dh ijh{kk
ikl dh mlds i'pkr mUgksaus dydRrs ds e'kgwj
izslhMsalh dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA ;gka mUgsa iziQqYy
panz js vkSj txnh'k panz cksl tSls foy{k.k f'k{kdksa
us i<+k;kA lR;su i<+kbZ esa cgqr gksf'k;kj Fks vkSj
mUgsa ^fiQfl;kyksth* dh ijh{kk esa 100 izfr'kr
vad feysA 1913 esa mUgksua s ch,llh (vkulZ) dh
ijh{kk ikl dh ftlesa oks esfjV fyLV esa loZizFke
vk,A ,e,llh dh ijh{kk esa 92 izfr'kr vad
ikdj mUgksua s iwjh ;wfuoflZVh esa ,d u;k dhfrZeku
LFkkfir fd;kA cksl ds lgikBh es?kukn
lkgk nksuksa voljksa ij nwljs LFkku ij
jgsA
1914 esa gh tc lR;su i<+ jgs Fks rHkh mudk
fookg ,d MkWDVj dh csVh m"kkorh ds lkFk gqbZA
57

1916 esa cksl ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst vkWiQ lkbUl esa ysDpjj cusA HkkSfrdh foHkkx esa muds
lkFk muds iqjkus fe=k vkSj izfr}anh es?kukn lkgk Hkh FksA nksuksa uo;qod xf.kr esa izoh.k
Fks vkSj mUgksaus [kqn f'k{k.k dj fiQftDl esa n{krk gkfly dh FkhA
1918 esa cksl dk igyk 'kks/i=k ^n buyw,l
a vkWiQ n iQkbukbV okY;we vkWiQ ekWyhD;wYl
vkWu n bDostu vkWiQ LVsV* fiQykslkfiQdy eSxthu yanu esa NikA muds vxys nks 'kks/
i=k iw.kZr% xf.kr ls lEcaf/r FksA
lkgk ds lkFk feydj cksl us vkWbUlVhu ds ^F;ksjh vkWiQ tujy jsysfVfoVh* okys 'kks/
i=k dk teZu ls vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA fczfV'k izdk'kd us bldk iqjtksj fojks/ fd;k
ijUrq vkWbUlVhu ls Lo;a bl ckr dh vuqefr bu ;qok Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dks nhA
1921 esa <kdk esa ,d ubZ ;wfuoflZVh dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftlds iz'kkld izfrHkk'kkyh f'k{kdksa
dks fu;qDr djuk pkgrs FksA mUgksaus cksl dks jhMj dk in Lohdkjus ds fy, vkeaf=kr
fd;kA ubZ ;wfuoflZVh esa lqfo/kvksa ds vHkko esa Hkh cksl us viuh mRlqdrk dk;e j[khA
oks eSDl IySUd dh dqN lehdj.kksa ls vler Fks vkSj mUgksaus ml fo"k; ij ,d vf}rh;

'kks/i=k fy[kk & ^IySUdl ykW ,aM ykWbV DokaVe gkbZikSfFkfll* ftlesa mUgksua s ,d ifjiDo
gy lq>k;kA
D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh oSKkfud if=kdk ml 'kks/i=k dks Nkius ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkh blfy,
rhl o"kZ ds cksl us f>>drs gq, mls vYcVZ vkWbUlVhu ds ikl fVIi.kh ds fy, HkstkA
vkWbUlVhu ml 'kks/i=k ls brus izHkkfor gq, fd mUgksauas mls [kqn teZu esa vuqokn dj
izfl teZu oSKkfud tuZy thVf'kzV iQkWj fiQftDl esa Niok;kA D;k dksbZ ;qok
HkkSfrd'kkL=kh blls cM+s lEeku dh vk'kk dj ldrk gS\
58

cksl vkSj vkWbUlVhu dh tksM+h us

feydj cksl&vkWbUlVhu
LVSfVlfVDl dh jpuk dh tks
vkt Hkh DoakVe fedSfuDl esa
mi;ksx gksrh gSA y?kq&vk.kfod
d.k tks cks l &vkW b UlVhu
LVSfVlfVDl dh vkKk ekurs gSa
dks cksl ds uke ij ^ckslkSu*
dgk tkrk gSA
vU; y?kq&vk.kfod d.kksa dh
rqyuk esa vufxur ^ckslkSu* ,d
gh fLFkfr esa ,d le; esa jg
ldrs gSaA lHkh ^ckslkSu* lcls
fuEu mQtkZ dh fLFkfr esa ,df=kr
gksdj cksl&vkWbUlVhu daMUlsV cukrs gSaA
vDVwcj 1924 esa cksl us ;wjksi dk nkSjk fd;kA ogka mUgksaus akl esa ,d o"kZ eknke D;wjh
dh izfl iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke fd;kA mUgksausa ,d lky teZuh esa Hkh fcrk;k tgka
vkWbUlVhu ds vykok mUgksaus vU; izfl oSKkfudksa & fyl ekWbVuj] vkWVks gkWu] okSYoxSax
ikSyh vkSj gkWbflucxZ ls HksaV dhA ml le; cfyZu dks oSKkfud 'kks/ esa nqfu;k dh jkt/
kuh ekuk tkrk FkkA cksl us cfyZu esa tks dqN lh[kk mldk mUgksausa <kdk esa Hkjiwj mi;ksx
fd;kA vPNs dk;Z ds dkj.k muds foHkkx esa vPNs 'kks/ Nk=k vk,A mueas ls ,d Fks
ds-,l- ".kuu & ftUgksaus ^eSXusfVd ,uhlksVksih* ij cqfu;knh dke dj vusdksa 'kks/i=k
fy[ksA
<kdk esa fcrk;k le; 'kk;n cksl ds thou dk lcls lq[kn dky FkkA lkeqnkf;d naxksa
dks mHkjrk ns[k mUgsa csgn nq[k gksrk FkkA blfy, 1947 ds caVokjs ds ckn mUgsa dydRrk
;wfuoflZVh esa tc [kSjk izksiQslj ds in ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k rks mUgksausa mls rqjUr
Lohdkj fy;kA
ipkl ds n'kd ds e; izksiQslj ih-,-,e- fMjkd viuh iRuh ds lkFk dydRrk vk,A
,d fnu oks cksl dh dkj esa cSBs FksA cksl us mUgsa fiNyh lhV ij cSBk;kA vxyh lhV
ij oks Mkboj ds lkFk Lo;a cSBsA txg dh deh Fkh] fiQj Hkh cksl us dqN Nk=kksa dks
vius lkFk cSBus dk vkxzg fd;kA fMjkd dks bruh HkhM+ ls dqN vk'p;Z gqvkA ijUrq
cksl us ihNs eqM+dj mUgsa 'kkar djrs gq, dgk] ^;gka ge cksl LVSfVlfVDl esa fo'okl
djrs gSaA* fMjkd us viuh iRuh dks le>krs gq, dgk] ^cksl LVSfVlfVDl esa phtksa dh
,d LFkku ij HkhM+ gksrh gSA*
59

ml le; 'kks/ laLFkkvksa dh fjlpZ xzkaV cgqr de gksrh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy, cksl vkSj
vU; izksiQsljksa dks ml dky esa dsoy 2500 #i, lkykuk dh vYi fjlpZ xzkaV gh feyrh
FkhA ijUrq blds ckotwn dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh dh [;kfr ,d ekSfyd 'kks/dsanz ds :i
esa iwjs Hkkjr esa iQSyhA ifjJe vkSj yxu us lk/uksa ds vHkko dh iwfrZ dhA
cksl dh iz;ksx'kkyk ,Dl&js fLVyksxzkiQh ds {ks=k esa iz[;kr gqbZA 1945&48 ds dky esa
cksl dks bafM;u fiQftdy lkslkbVh dk v;{k pquk x;kA 1954 esa mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj
us i| foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k vkSj 1958 esa oks jkW;y lkslkbVh ds lnL; pqus x,A
vius egRoiw.kZ vafre oSKkfud ;ksxnku esa cksl us ^;wfuiQkbM iQhYM F;ksjh* ij dke
fd;k] ftlesa mUgksausa fo|qr&pqEcdh; cyksa vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds cyksa dks tksM+us dh
dksf'k'k dhA ijUrq oSKkfud leqnk; bl vo/kj.kk ls vHkh Hkh e'kDdr dj jgk gSA
1956 esa cksl fo'oHkkjrh ds midqyifr cusA ;g laLFkk 'akkfrfudsru ds uke ls T;knk
iz[;kr gS vkSj mldk uke lnk ds fy, jchUnzukFk Bkdqj ds lkFk tqM+k gSA foKku vkSj
vk;kRe] izkphu&iwoZ vkSj vk/qfud&if'pe ds chp lsrq dk dke djus okyh bl laLFkk
us cksl dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA cksl LokHkkfod :i ls nksLrkuk vUnkt ds Fks vkSj mUgsa ogka
yksxksa ls fe=krk cukus esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZA ijUrq iz'kklu ds nkao&isap mUgsa ugha vkrs
Fks vkSj muds }kjk lq>k, dk;Zeksa dks ?kksj fojks/ gqvkA blfy, oks [kq'kh&[kq'kh 1959
esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh okil ykSVsA
cksl dk O;fDrO; tfVy Fkk vkSj mUgsa oxhZr djuk dfBu FkkA ,d foy{k.k xf.krK
dh gSfl;r ls mUgksaus dsoy 25 'kks/i=k fy[ks & tks cgqr de Fks! Kku ds O;kid {ks=k
ij mudh idM+ FkhA mUgksauas jklk;u'kkL=k] [kfut foKku] e`nk foKku] n'kZu'kkL=k]
iqjkrRo'kkL=k] yfyr dyk,a] lkfgR; vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ij dk;Z fd;kA mUgsa ok| laxhr dk
cgqr 'kkSd Fkk vkSj oks bljkt uked ok|;a=k dks cgqr dq'kyrk ls ctkrs FksA vDlj
oks izfl fp=kdkj tSfeuh jkW; ds lkFk fp=kdyk ij ppkZ,a djrsA jchUnzukFk Bkdqj us
viuh iqLrd ^fo'o ifjp;* cksl dks lefiZr dhA cksl us cakXyk Hkk"kk esa foKku
izpkj&izlkj ds fy, cakfX;k fctuku ifjp; laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ^Kku vkSj
fctuku* uked oSKkfud if=kdk dk izdk'ku 'kq# fd;kA muds vuqlkj mPp dksfV dk
oSKkfud lksp dsoy ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh djuk
laHko FkkA mUgsa ukSdj'kkgh vkSj fiQtwy ds
rke>ke ls l[r uiQjr FkhA muls dksbZ Hkh]
dHkh Hkh fcuk iwoZ lwpuk fn, gq, fey
ldrk FkkA oks vius fe=kksa ls ?kaVksa ckrsa djrs
Fks vkSj mls dHkh Hkh le; dh cjcknh ugha
ekurs FksA
60

'kakfr Lo#i
HkVukxj
(1894 - 1955)

^eSa MkWDVj HkVukxj ds ckjs esa ;g fuf'pr :i ls dg ldrk gwa fd vxj oks u
gksrs rks gesa bruh vf/d jk"Vh; iz;ksx'kkyk,a ns[kus dks Hkh ugha feyrhaA* &
tokgjyky usg#

'kakfr Lo#i HkVukxj us HkkHkk] egkyuksfcl vkSj lkjkHkkbZ ds lkFk] Lora=k Hkkjr esa oSKkfud
iz;ksx'kkykvksa ds fuekZ.k dk cqfu;knh dke fd;kA ,d foy{k.k oSKkfud gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk HkVukxj us ,slh reke laLFkkvksa dh LFkkfir fd;k
ftuls Hkkjr esa foKku dk fodkl gqvkA mUgksausa ;g Hkh
fn[kk;k fd foKku lekt ds fy, rHkh lkFkZd gksxk tc
oSKkfud mldk mi;ksx yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy
djus ds fy, bLrseky djsaxsA
HkVukxj dk tUe 21 iQjojh 1984 esa HksMk+ esa gqvk] tks
vc ikfdLrku ds 'kkgiqj ftys esa fLFkr gSA muds firk
us iatkc fo'ofo|ky; ls Lukrd
dh fMxzh gkfly dh FkhA oks
cgqr izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds O;fDr
Fks vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds LFkkuh;
gkbZ&Ldwy ds gsMekLVj cusA
nqHkkZZX;o'k] tc 'kakfr
Lo#i dsoy vkB ekg
ds Fks rHkh muds
firk dk nsgkUr gks
61

x;kA blls ifjokj dks ?kksj vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+kA 'kakfr Lo#i dk
ykyu&ikyu muds ukuk Jh I;kjs yky ds ;gka gqvkA Jh I;kjs yky izfl #M+dh
baftfu;fjax dkWyst ds i<+s Fks vkSj tkus&ekus baftfu;j FksA ukuk ds ?kj esa 'kakfr Lo#i
dh cpiu ls gh foKku esa #fp txhA oks fnu Hkj ;akf=kd f[kykSuksa dks tksM+rs&rksM+rs ;k
fiQj vius ukuk ds vkStkjksa ls [ksyrsA ;gha ij mUgsa mnwZ 'kk;jh vkSj vPNk lkfgR; lquus
vkSj i<+us dks feykA
'kakfr Lo#i dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ,d futh edrc esa gqbZA 1907 rd mudh i<+kbZ ,oh- gkbZ Ldwy] fldanzkckn eas gqbZA fiQj ,d fj'rsnkj dh fliQkfj'k ij oks ykgkSj pys
x, vkSj mUgksaus n;ky flag dkWyst esa viuh f'k{kk tkjh j[khA ;gka mnwZ vkSj foKku nksuksa
fo"k;ksa esa mUgksausa Js"Brk gkfly dhA 17 lky dh mez esa mUgksauas foKku ij viuk igyk
'kks/i=k fy[kk tks bykgkckn ds v[kckj ^yhMj* esa NikA blesa mUgksaus 'khjs dks mPp
nkc ij xeZ dj cSVfj;ksa esa yxus okys dkcZu bysDVksM dk fodYi lq>k;kA
1916 esa 'kakfr Lo#i us iQksjeSu ffLV;u dkWyst] ykgkSj ls ch,llh vkSj ogha ls 1919
esa dsfeLVh esa ,e,llh dh ijh{kk ikl dhA ,slk yxrk gS fd ml le; f'k{kk O;oLFkk
vf/d yphyh FkhA ml oDr dksbZ Hkh Lukrd Nk=k viuk fo"k; cny ldrk Fkk &
fiQftDl NksM+dj dsfeLVh ys ldrk FkkA vktdy
,slh dYiuk Hkh djuk vlaHko gS! mUgsa n;ky flag
dkWyst ls othiQk feyk ftlls oks baXySaM ds jkLrs
vejhdk i<+us ds fy, x,A D;ksafd ml le; igys
egk;q dk tksj Fkk blfy, mUgsa vejhdk tkus ds
fy, tgkt feyus esa fnDdr gqbZA bl dkj.k mUgksauas
baXySaM esa gh jgus dk fuf'p; fd;kA mUgksausa ;wfuoflZVh
dkWyst] yanu esa nkf[kyk fy;k vkSj ogka izfl
jklk;u'kkL=kh izksiQslj ,iQ-th- MkWuku ds lkFk dke
fd;kA 1921 esa mUgsa Mh,llh dh fMxzh feyhA muds
'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk & ^vkWu lkY;wfcfyVh vkWiQ ckboSyVas
,aM VkbZoSysaV lkYVl vkWiQ gk;j iQSVh ,WfLMl bu
vkW;Yl ,aM ns;j biQSDV vkWu n ljiQsl Vsa'ku vkWiQ
vkW;Yl*A
1921 esa HkVukxj Hkkjr okil ykSVs vkSj cukjl fgUnw
;wfuoflZVh (ch,p;w) esa dsfefLVh ds izksiQslj cusA
mUgksaus rhu lky ls de le; esa gh ogka dsfeLVh ds
,d lf; Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus ch,p;w dk
62

dqyxhr Hkh fy[kkA 1924 esa oks ;wfuoflZVh dsfedy yscksjsVh ds

funs'kd cu dj iatkc ;wfuoflZVh] ykgkSj x, vkSj ogka 1940 rd
jgsA bu lksyg lkyksa esa mUgksua s lkS ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA ekSfyd
oSKkfud vuqla/ku dk ;g mudk lcls lf; dky FkkA
jklk;u'kkL=k ds fo"k; esa ;ksxnku ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksausa dbZ
vkS|ksfxd leL;kvksa ds gy Hkh [kkstsA felky ds fy,] ,SVkWd
vkW;y dEiuh us rsy dh [kkst ds nkSjku ik;k fd muds cjes
(fMYl) dhpM+ vkSj uedhu ikuh esa vVd dj iQal tkrs FksA
HkVukxj us bl leL;k dk ,d ljy mik; [kkstkA mUgksausa
FkksM+k nslh xksan feyk;k ftlls feV~Vh dk xk<+kiu de
gqvk vkSj leL;k gy gqbZA bl de&ykxr ds gy ls
dEiuh ds ekfyd brus [kq'k gq, fd 1925 esa mUgksausa
bl dke ds fy, HkVukxj dks Ms<+&yk[k #i,
crkSj jkW;YVh fn,A bl jkf'k ls HkVukxj us iatkc
;wfuoflZVh esa isVksfy;e fjlpZ dk u;k foHkkx
[kksykA vxys nl o"kks esa HkVukxj vkSj muds Nk=kksa us dbZ jkstejkZ dh leL;kvksa ij 'kks/
fd;k & ekse] feV~Vh ds rsy dh ykS dh mQapkbZ c<+kus] yksgs dks tax yxus ls cpkuk vkfnA
blds fy, mUgsa dbZ isVUs V Hkh feysA jkW;YVh dk ipkl izfr'kr Hkkx ;wfuoflZVh essa oSKkfud
'kks/dk;Z ds fy, [kpZ fd;k tkrk FkkA HkVukxj us nks egRoiw.kZ dke fd, & igyk
vxz.kh 'kks/ vkSj nwljk nSuafnu dh leL;kvksa ds gyA ;g nksuksa dke njvly ,d gh
flDds ds nks igyw FksA mUgksausa Kku ds leqfpr mi;ksx ls iwath dekbZA ckSfd dk;Z ds
ewY; dks mUgksaus cgqr igys gh igpku fy;k FkkA
1930 esa ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, lalk/uksa dk leqfpr nksgu djus ds fy, dksbZ Hkh 'kks/
laLFkk,a ugha FkhaA 1939 esa f}rh; egk;q ls igys Hkkjr ljdkj us cksMZ vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd
,aM baMfLV;y fjlpZ dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj HkVukxj dks mldk lykgdkj fu;qDr fd;kA
26 flrEcj 1942 dks dkmafly vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd
,aM baMfLV;y fjlpZ (lh,vkbZvkj) dh LFkkiuk
gqbZA HkVukxj LFkkiuk ls ysdj vxys 15 lkyksa ds
lkFk mlds lkFk varjax :i ls tqM+s jgsA
HkVukxj us lh-,l-vkbZ-vkj- ds fy, ,d Li"V
[kkdk rS;kj fd;kA iqjkus yksx vHkh Hkh bl fdLls
dks nksgjkrs gq, ugha Fkdrs gSaA HkVukxj iz/kuea=kh
usg# ds cgqr djhc FksA oks usg# ls lqcg&lqcg
63

Vgyus ds le; feyrs vkSj muls ,d ubZ iz;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dh vuqefr ysrs vkSj
nrj [kqyus ls igys mlds lkjs dkxtkr rS;kj dj nsrs! ;g mudh nwjnf'kZrk dk |ksrd
gS fd HkVukxj ds nsgkUr ds le; ns'k esa 12 jk"Vh; Lrjh; iz;ksx'kkyk,a dk;Zjr FkhaaA
bues uS'kuy dsfedy yScksjsVh vkSj uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVh tSlh iz;ksx'kkyk,a Hkh
'kkfey FkhaA HkVukxj us dsjy ds rVksa ij eksuktkbV jsr ds leqfpr nksgu ds fy, bafM;u
jSj&vFkZ fyfeVsM dEiuh dh LFkkiuk dhA oks dbZ futh rsy fjiQkfuax dEifu;ka LFkkfir
djokus esa Hkh liQy jgsA HkVukxj dbZ mPp inksa ij vklhu jgsA oks ,WVkfed ,uthZ
deh'ku ds lfpo Fks] dkmafly vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd ,aM baMfLV;y fjlpZ ds funs'kd vkSj
;wfuoflZVh xzkaV~l deh'ku ds ps;jeSu jgsA 1936 esa muds mYys[kuh; dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa
vkMZj vkWiQ n fczfV'k ,Eik;j ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1941 esa mUgsa ukbWVgqM iznku fd;k
x;k vkSj 1943 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;kA dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa
us mUgsa ekud fMfxz;ka Hkh nhaA
cpiu esa gh HkVukxj ij czgeks&lekt dk xgjk izHkko iM+k FkkA oks viuh iRuh yktoarh
dks cgqr pkgrs FksA oks jksekapd izfr ds balku Fks vkSj fjVk;jesaV ds ckn ,d lk/kj.k
fdlku tSls [ksrh djuk pkgrs FksA mudk liuk Fkk fd nksigj esa mudh iRuh muds fy,
[ksr esa [kkuk vkSj ,d eVdh esa NkN ysdj vk,xh!
1 tuojh 1955 dks fny ls nkSjs ls HkVukxj dk nsgkUr gqvkA mudh mez ml le; ek=k
lkB o"kZ dh FkhA viuh vYivk;q esa HkVukxj us cgqr dqN gkfly fd;kA oks foKku ds
mi;ksx ls ns'k dh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk pkgrs FksA ,d nwjn'khZ n`"Vk ds ukrs
oks Hkkjr esa oSKkfud vuqla/ku
laLFkkvksa dh ,d iq[rk k [a` kyk
[kM+k djuk pkgrs FksA muds
}kjk dkma f ly vkW i Q
lkbafVfiQd ,aM baMfLV;y
fjlpZ dk cks;k ikS/k vkt
,d fo'kky o`{k dk :i
/kj.k dj pqdk gSA vkt
bu oSKkfud iz;ksx'kkykvksa
esa ,WjksLisl] cWk;ksVDs ukyksth]
dsfeLVh ls ysdj reke vU;
vxz.kh {ks=kksa esa vuqla/ku py
jgk gSA

64

;sykizxnk
lqCckjko
(1895 - 1948)

^'kk;n vkius MkWDVj ;sykizxnk lqCckjko dk uke igys dHkh ugha lquk gksA D;ksafd
oks tUes blfy, 'kk;n vki dqN vf/d lky th ik,aA* & MksjkWu ds varfje

U;w;kdZ gsjYM fVC;wu us MkWDVj ;sykizxnk lqCckjko dks] ^'krkCnh ds ,d foy{k.k

MkWDVj]* dk f[krkc fn;kA lqCckjko us dbZ tkuysok chekfj;ksa dk bykt [kkstk vkSj vius
'kks/dk;Z ls iwjh nqfu;k esa yk[kksa&djksM+kas yksxksa dh tku cpkbZA
lqCckjko dk tUe 12 tuojh 1895 dks vka/z izns'k ds if'peh xksnkojh ftys ds
Hkhekoje xkao esa gqvkA lkr HkkbZ&cguksa esa oks rhljs uEcj ds FksA muds firk txUukFke
us [kjkc lsgr ds dkj.k lsokfuo`fk ls cgqr igys gh fjVk;ZesaV ys fy;k FkkA bl dkj.k
ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,dne ttZj
FkhA Ldwy esa lqCckjko [kks, jgrs
vkSj mudk fcYdqy eu ugha
yxrkA ,d ckj mUgksauas Ldwy
NksM+dj cukjl tkdj dqN
m|ksx djuss dh BkuhA ijUrq
mudh n`<+ izfrK eka osudEek
us mUgsa jkLrs esa gh idM+k vkSj
mUgsa okil Ldwy HkstkA vius
ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn osudEek
us viuh eaxylw=k cspk ftlls
fd lqCckjko dh i<+kbZ tkjh jg
ldsA

65

izslhMsalh dkWyst] enzkl esa i<+rs le; lqCckjko viuk vf/dka'k le; jke".k fe'ku
ds vkJe esa fcrk,A oks R;kx dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr Fks vkSj lk/q&lU;klh cuuk pkgrs
FksA ijUrq mudh eka dks ;g fcYdqy ilan ugha FkkA var esa lqCckjko us enzkl esfMdy
dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;k ftlls fd MkWDVj cuus ds ckn oks fe'ku ds fdlh vLirky
esa lsok dj ldsaA D;ksafd ifjokj mudh i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa vleFkZ Fkk blfy, mUgksaus
bldk Hkh ,d vuwBk gy [kkst fudkyk & mUgkssauas 'kknh dh vkSj vius llqj ls enn
dh xqgkj dh! lqCckjko dh eka dks 'kknh dk fu.kZ; ,d vU; dkj.k ls vPNk yxkA
mUgsa yxk 'kknh ds ckn /eZ ds izfr lqCckjko dk ikxyiu dqN de gksxk! bl izdkj
10 ebZ 1919 dks lqCckjko dk fookg muls 12 o"kZ NksVh 'ks"kkfxjh ls lEiUu gqvkA
lqCckjko ds dke ds ca/uksa ds dkj.k 'ks"kkfxjh dk oSokfgd thou dkiQh nq[kn jgkA
egkRek xka/h ds Losns'kh vkanksyu ls izsfjr gksdj lqCckjko us fons'kh diM+ksa dk cfg"dkj
fd;k vkSj [kqn ,d [kn~nj dk dksV iguus yxsA blls muds fczfV'k izksiQslj cgqr ukjkt
gq, vkSj bl otg ls lqCckjko dks ,echch,l dh fMxzh ls oafpr jguk iM+kA tc mUgsa
fupyh fMxzh ,y,e,l iznku dh xbZ rks lqCckjko us jks"k esa vkdj if'peh mipkj ifr
NksM+ nh vkSj enzkl vk;qosZn dkWyst esa O;k[;krk cu x,A
vejhdk ls vk, ,d MkWDVj us mUgsa mPp f'k{k.k ds fy, vejhdk tkus dh lykg nhA
,d nkuh laLFkk ds vuqnku vkSj llqj dh vkfFkZd enn ls lqCckjko vejhdk ds fy,
jokuk gq,A oks viuh vYi vk;q dh iRuh ls rhu lky esa Lons'k okil vkus dk oknk
djds x,A ijUrq fdLer dh ,slh ekj jgh fd oks nqckjk dHkh Hkh viuh iRuh dk eqag
rd ugha ns[k ik,A tc 26 vDVwcj 1923 dks lqCckjko ckWLVu igqaps rc mudh tsc esa
ek=k 100 vejhdh MkWyj FksA ,y,e,l dh fupyh MkDVh fMxzh ds dkj.k mudks u
othiQk vkSj u gh dksbZ ukSdjh feyhA 'kq# esa izksiQslj fjpMZ LVkax us mudh iQhl Hkjh
vkSj mudks tsc[kpZ ds fy, iSls fn,A [kkyh le; esa iSls dekus ds fy, lqCckjko vU;
NksVs&eksVs dkeksa ds lkFk&lkFk vLirky ds 'kkSpky; Hkh lkiQ djrsA
var esa mUgksaus gkjoMZ esfMdy Ldwy ls ^VkWfidy esfMflu* esa fMIyksek ikl fd;k vkSj
mlds ckn MkWDVj lk;jl fiQLd dh ckW;ksdsfeLVh dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa ukSdjh ij yxsA
;gka mUgksaus jDr vkSj ew=k esa iQkWLiQkslj dh ek=kk ekius ds fiQLd&lqCckjko rjhds dk
vkfo"dkj fd;kA ;g vR;ar laosnu'khy rjhdk vkt lHkh vLirkyksa esa mi;ksx gksrk gS
vkSj ckW;ksdsfeLVh ds lHkh Nk=kksa dks i<+k;k tkrk gSA vktdy bl l'kDr ifr }kjk
vU; dbZ chekfj;ksa dh tkap Hkh dh tkrh gSA

, Vh ih

iQkLiQsV

, Mh ih
mQtkZ

66

bl rjhds }kjk lqCckjko us ,d vU; LFkkfir ekU;rk & fd XykbZdksftu

gh ekalisf'k;ksa dh fldqM+u dh mQtkZ dk lzksr gS] dks pqukSrh nhA bl nkos
dh dkj.k 1922 esa fgy vkSj es;jgkSiQ dks esfMlu vkSj fiQft;kyksth dk
ukscsy iq#Ldkj feyk FkkA lqCckjko dh [kkst ds vuqlkj ,Mhukslhu VkbZ
iQkWliQsV (,Vhih) gjsd ckW;ksdsfedy izf;k dks mQtkZ dk lzks=k Fkh &
ftlesa ekalisf'k;kas dk fldqM+uk 'kkfey
FkkA blds dkj.k vkjke dj jgh ekalis'kh
esa Fkdh ekalis'kh dh rqyuk esa vf/d
,Vhih gksxhA ;g [kkst vizSy 1927 dks
lkbal uked foKku if=kdk esa NihA bl
'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k lqCckjko dks ih,pMh
dh fMxzh Hkh feyhA blls oSKkfud txr
esa vpkud lqCckjko dk flDdk pedk
vkSj yksx muds dke dks cgqr vknj ls
ns[kus yxsA bl foy{k.k dk;Z ds dkj.k
gh jkWdiQsyj iQkmaM's ku us mUgsa ,d iQsyksf'ki
foVkfeu ch&12
nhA
lqCckjko us mlds ckn jDr{kh.krk (vuhfe;k) ij dke fd;kA bl ,d
cgqr vke jksx gSA mUgksausa lqvj ds ftxj (;r) ls foVkfeu ch&12 dk
fupksM+ fudkyk tks vuhfe;k ds f[kykiQ cgqr izHkko'kkyh fl gqvkA bl
[kkst us lkjh nqfu;k esa nwljs foVkfeuksa dks [kkstus dh gksM+ tSlh yxh vkSj
blls vkus okys lkyksa esa foVkfeuksa ds reke vU; lzks=k [kksts x,A
;wfuoflZVh dh rqyuk esa lqCckjko dks cM+h iQkekZ dEiuh esa 'kks/dk;Z dh
vf/d lqfo/k,a feyus dh lEHkkouk yxhA blfy, mUgksausa 1940 esa fo'o
fo[;kr ysMjyh yscksjsVh esa vuqla/ku 'kq# fd;kA ;gka ij dkiQh la?k"kZ ds
ckn oks iQkWfyd ,WflM dk la'ys"k.k djus eas liQy gq,A fiNys ipkl
lkyksa esa nksuksa iQkWfyd ,WflM vkSj foVkfeu ch&12 vuhfe;k ds bykt esa
cgqr dkjxj lkfcr gq, gSaA
ysMjyh yscksjsVh esa lqCckjko dh Vhe reke chekfj;ka dk bykt [kkstus esa
rRijrk ls tqVh FkhA lqCckjko bl Vhe ds dIrku FksA ,d MkWDVj dh
gSfl;r ls oks oSKkfudksa dks balkuh chekfj;ksa ds mipkj [kkstus ds fy,
izsfjr djrs vkSj ,d oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls oks MkWDVjksa dks fof'k"V jksxh
lw{e&dhVk.kqvksa ds [kkres ds fy, nokbZ [kkstus ds fy, mdlkrsA
lqCckjko ,d lEiw.kZ oSKkfud Fks & oks jklk;u'kkfL=k;ksa ds chp dsfeLV
vkSj MkWDVjksa dh laxr esa foy{k.k MkWDVj FksA
67

vk[kjh nkSj esa oks ,d ,slh nok dh [kkst esa Fks ftlls lHkh izdkj ds cq[kkj dk bykt
gks ldsA 1928 esa ,fyXtSUMj ysfeax us dhVk.kqvksa ekjus okyh isfUlfyu iQiQwan dh [kkst
dh FkhA blh ls ,aVhckW;ksfVd ds Lo.kZ ;qx dk izkjEHk gqvkA lqCckjko us rqjUr bl jkeck.k
vkS"k/h dh laHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj [kqn ,aVhckW;ksfVDl ij vuqla/ku 'kq# fd;kA
blds fy, mUgksausa ,d ouLifr'kkL=kh dks nqfu;k Hkj ls yk, feV~Vh ds uewuksa esa ls iQiQwan
dh lgh fdLesa NkaVus ds dke esa yxk;kA var esa oks iQiQwan ,&377 dks mxkus esa liQy
jgsA bl iQiQwan dh fo'ks"krk Fkh fd oks ^?kkrd dhVk.kqvksa dks dkscjk lkai ds tgj tSls
[kRe djrh ijUrq esgeku tho ds lkFk fcYyh tSlk nksLrkuk O;ogkj djrhA* bl 'kks/
dk;Z dh ifjf.kfr VsVklkbfDyu esa gqbZA ;g
,aVhckW;ksfVd nqfu;k esa lcls vf/d bLrseky
gksus okyh nok gSA
lqCckjko yxkrkj viuk vuqla/ku {ks=k
c<+k jgs Fks vkSj vU; chekfj;ksa dk bykt
[kkst jgs FksA vxys pj.k esa mUgksaus ydok
(iksfy;ks) vkSj dSalj ij 'kks/ fd;kA
muds }kjk fodflr ,d nok Vs;ksjizsfVu
jDr dSalj esa mi;ksxh fl gqbZA
9 vxLr 1948 esa tc lqCckjko dke ij
ugha vk, rks muds lkfFk;ksa dks fpUrk gqbZA
lqCckjko us igys dHkh ,slk ugha fd;k
FkkA ?kj [kksyus ij lqCckjko dks fny ds
nkSjs ls e`r ik;k x;kA rc mudh vk;q ek=k
53 lky dh FkhA 1923 esa Hkkjr NksM+us ds
ckn oks vius oru dHkh okil ugha ykSVsA
lqCckjko us vius oSKkfud 'kks/ dks dHkh
ugha csapkA mUgksausa [qkn vkfo"dkj dh nokbZ;ksa ij dHkh isVsUV ugha fy,A mUgksauas dHkh Hkh
i=kdkjksa dks lk{kkRdkj ugha fn, vkSj lHkh lEekuksa vkSj indksa dks udkjkA lqCckjko dh
tUe 'krkCnh 1995 esa eukbZ xbZA muds foy{k.k dk;Z ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj mUgsa
^Hkkjr&jRu* ind ls lEekfur djs bl ckr dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZA vejhdh ukxfjdrk
ds fy, mi;qDr gksus ds ckotwn oks lkjh ftanxh Hkkjrh; ukxfjd cus jgsA ;g lp gS
fd mUgksausa vf/dka'k ;ksxnku vejhdk esa jg dj gh fd;k ijUrq ;g lc dqN mudh
Hkkjrh; izfrHkkvksa vkSj laosnuvksa ds dkj.k gh lEHko gks ik;kA /u vkSj izflh esa mUgsa
dksbZ #fp ugha FkhA oks viuh lkjh ftanxh tkuysok chekfj;ksa dk bykt [kkstrs jgs vkSj
mlls leLr ekuork dk dY;k.k gqvkA
68

lyhe vyh
(1896 - 1987)

^vkids thou dk lans'k lHkh fn'kkvksa esa iQSysxkA gesa mEehn gS fd c;k vkidk
uke vius ?kksalyksa esa cqusaxh vkSj fLoV i{kh vkids lEeku esa vkdk'k esa vaMkdkj
xksrs yxk,axhA*
& ikWy xSVh laj{k.k iq#Ldkj dk m`r

lyhe vyh chloha lnh esa fufoZokn :i ls Hkkjr ds lcls egku tho'kkL=kh FksA yksx
I;kj ls mUgsa ^cMZeSu* ds uke ls lEcksf/r djrs FksA mUgksausa 80 o"kksZa rd Hkkjrh; egk}hi
ds if{k;ksa dk voyksdu fd;k vkSj mudh tkudkjh dks fdrkcksa esa latks;kA
lyhe vyh dk tUe ,d /uh O;kikjh ifjokj eas gqvk FkkA cpiu esa oks dkiQh detksj
Fks vkSj bl dkj.ko'k mUgsa vDlj Ldwy
ls NqV~Vh ysuh iM+rh FkhA ij ckn esa
fu;fer dljr ls mudh lgu'kfDr
c<+h vkSj oks ckn esa dfBu vkSj nqxZe
;k=kk,a vklkuh ls r; dj ik,A nl
lky dh de mez esa gh muds ekrk&firk
dk nsgkUr gks x;kA mlds ckn muds
ekek ve#n~nhu rS;kcth vkSj ekeh gehnk
us cgqr I;kj ls mudk ykyu&ikyu
fd;kA vius yEcs thoudky
es a lyhe vyh
dHkh ljdkjh
vuqnku ij fuHkZj u g h a
jgsA muds izxfr'khy ifjokj
us mudk thou Hkj lg;ksx
fd;kA mUgksausa cEcbZ ds
69

lsUV tsfo;j dkWyst esa tho'kkL=k i<+k ijUrq mUgsa chp esa gh viuh i<+kbZ NksM+ dj ifjokj
ds VaxLVu ds O;kikj dh ns[k&js[k ds fy, cekZ tkuk iM+kA ijUrq O;kikj dh nqfu;k esa
mUgsa jkl ugha vk;k vkSj oks tYn gh okil tho'kkL=k dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A 1918 esa
,d nwj dh fj'rsnkj rsgehuk ds lkFk mudk fookg gqvkA
twvksykWftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k esa tc mUgsa ukSdjh ugha feyh rc mUgksausa dqN le; ds
fy, fizUl vkWiQ osYl E;wftve esa xWkbM tSls dke fd;kA 1928 esa oks teZuh x, vkSj
ogka twvksykWftdy E;wftve vkWiQ cfyZu ds izksiQslj bjfou LVsleSu lss izf'k{k.k fy;kA
1930 esa vPNh ukSdjh u feyus dh otg ls oks cEcbZ ds fudV ,d rVorhZ xkao fdfge
esa cl x,A ogka mUgksauas epku ls c;k if{k;ksa dk lw{e voyksdu vkSj v;;u fd;kA
c;k if{k;ksa ds iztuu lEca/h tho'kkL=k us mUgas ,d fo'o&Lrjh; i{kh fujh{kd ds :i
esa LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksauas ik;k fd uj c;k gh ?kksalyk cukrk gSA fiQj ,d fnu eknk c;k
vkdj vk/s cus ?kksalys vkSj vius ifr dk Hkkj lEHkkyrh gS! c;k ds gtkjksa f'k'kq fliQZ
NksVs dhM+s [kkrs gSa D;ksafd os l[r vukt dks gte ugha dj ldrsA blfy, O;Ld c;k
i{kh gkfudkjd dhM+s&edkSM+ksa dh vkcknh dks dkcw j[kus esa ,d vge jksy fuHkkrs gSaA
lyhe vyh us vkfFkZd ouLifr'kkL=k ds fo"k; dks gjsd f"k fo'ofo|ky; eas i<+k,
tkus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
dHkh&dHkh lyhe vyh us if{k;ksa dk Hkksstu ds fy, Hkh f'kdkj fd;k ijUrq T;knkrj
ckj mUgksausa mUgsa oSKkfud fujh{k.k ds fy,
gh ekjkA /hjs&/hjs mUgksausa fpfM+;ksa dk
f'kdkj iwjh rjg cUn dj fn;kA vc oks
i{kh fujh{k.k dsoy ckWbukWD;wyj ls gh
djrsA dHkh&dHkh oks i{kh igpkuus ds
fy, vo'; idM+rsA fiQj muds iSj esa

,d fu'kkuh&NYyk (fjax) iQalk dj mUgsa

NksM+ nsrsA iSj esa yxs ^fjax* ls if{k;ksa dh
;k=kkvksa ds ckjs eas Bksl tkudkjh feyrhA
muds v;;uksa ls ykoj&isdj vkSj lucMZl
}kjk felyVks (cka/k) ds ijkx.k vkSj cht
izlkj ds ckjs esa izkekf.kd tkudkjh feyhA
mUgksausa dPN dh [kkM+h esa ysfeaxks if{k;ksa dk
xgu v;;u fd;kA mUgksausa gSnzkckn] VSosUdksj]
dksphu] viQxkfuLrku] dSyk'k ekuljksoj
(phu)] dPN] eSlwj] xksok] flDde] HkwVku
vkSj v#.kkpy izns'k ds if{k;ksa dk izkUrh;
los Z { k.k Hkh fd;kA mUgks a u a s fn[kk;k fd
ty&if{k;ksa dh dbZ iztkfr;ka iyk;u dj
lkbZcsfj;k rd tkrh gSaA vius iwjs vuqla/ku esa
mUgksausa lw{e uksV~l fy, vkSj bl vikj Kku ds HkaMkj dks vusdksa lfp=k iqLrdksa esa
fyfic fd;kA 1941 esa mUgksausa cqd vkWiQ bafM;u cMZ~l fy[khA mlds ckn n cM~Zl vkWiQ
dPN] bafM;u fgy cM~Zl] cM~Zl vkWiQ dsjyk] cM~Zl vkWiQ flDde fy[khaA fiQj mUgksausa
nl [k.Mksa dh lqizfl iQhYM xkWbM Vw n cM~Zl vkWiQ bafM;k ,UM ikfdLrku fy[khA
if{k;ksa ij mudh vafre iqLrd iQhYM xkWbM Vw n cM~Zl vkWiQ bZLVu fgeky;kl 1977
esa NihA 1985 esa lyhe vyh us viuh fnyd'k thouh n iQkWy vkWiQ , LiSjks fy[khA
i{kh thou ds xgjs Kku vkSj i;kZoj.k ds uktqd larqyu dh le> ds dkj.k gh oks
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A lyhe vyh dh fliQkfj'kkas vkSj iz;klksa dh otg
ls gh dsjy eas lkbysUV oSyh vkSj Hkjriqj i{kh vHk;kj.; lqjf{kr jg ik,A foKku vkSj
izkfrd laj{k.k dh vksj mudk leiZ.k vuwBk FkkA 200 o"kZ iqjkuh laLFkk ckWEcs uSpqjy
fgLVh lkslkbVh (ch,u,p,l) ds thfor jgus ds fy, mUgksausa [kqn iafMr usg: dks i=k
fy[kdj vkfFkZd vuqnku dh vihy dhA

tSfod fofo/rk ds fygkt ls Hkkjr dh fxurh fo'o ds ize[q k 12 ns'kksa esa gksrh gSA mlds
okctwn gekjs ikl viuh tSfod lEink dh dh foLr`r izkekf.kd tkudkjh ugha gSA iqjkus
nLrkostksa ds vuqlkj eqxy ckn'kkgksa us Hkkjr dh izkfrd lEink esa xgjh #fp yh FkhA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ckn'kkg tgkaxhj us viuh Mk;jh esa lkjl i{kh ds iztuu O;ogkj dk
lqUnj o.kZu fy[kk gSA mUgksausa ,d dq'ky fp=kdkj ealwj dks if{k;ksa ds jaxhu fp=k cukus
dk dke Hkh lkSia kA eqxydky ds ckn ,d yEcs le; rd tSfod fofo/rk dks ntZ djus
dk dke iw.kZr% misf{kr jgkA Hkkjrh; n'kZu ckgjh okLrfodrk dks ek;k & feF;k ekurh
gSA blfy, mls ntZ djus esa Hkh mldh dksbZ #fp ugha gSA blls /hjs&/hjs tSfod vkSj
izkfrd foKku dk iru gqvkA
70

71

vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa tSfod lEink dh Bksl tkudkjh dks vius vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa ds fy,
ladfyr djuk 'kq# fd;kA lj tkstsiQ gqdj] g;w foLyj vkSj foaVj us fHkUu {ks=kksa esa
Hkkjrh; tSfod lEink dks ntZ dus dk foy{k.k dke fd;kA lyhe vyh fuf'pr :i
ls igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftudk dke lko/kuh ls fd, lw{e voyksduksa ij vk/kfjr FkkA
blhfy, Hkkjrh; foKku ds bfrgkl esa mudk dke ,dne vuwBk gSA
lyhe vyh dh iRuh dk ,d NksVh ltZjh ds ckn 1939 esa nsgkUr gqvkA mlds ckn ipkl
lkyksa rd mudh cgu ds ifjokj us lyhe vyh dh lHkh t:jrksa dh ns[kHkky dhA lyhe
vyh vius iwjs thou dks lefiZr dj bruk vf/d 'kk;n blfy, dj ik, D;ksafd muds
ifjokj us mUgsa Lohdkjk vkSj mUgsa lgkjk fn;kA dksbZ lkekU; ifjokj mUgsa fuf'pr gh
^fljfiQjk* ;k ^ikxy* djkj nsrkA ts ch ,l gSYMsu us lyhe vyh ds mi;ksxh oSKkfud
vuqla/ku dh iqjtksj iz'kalk dhA lyhe vyh bl vf}rh; 'kks/ dks egt ,d nwjchu
dh lgk;rk ls dj ik,A
,d ckj lyhe vyh us vkbZus
ds lkeus ?kksM+s dh iwaN ds ckyksa }kjk
,d xzs&oSxVsy dks idM+kA fpfM+;k
vkbZus esa viuh ijNkabZ ij okj djrh
jgh (,d lkekU; {ks=kh; izfrf;k) vkSj
ckyksa ds tky esa iQal xbZA lyhe vyh us
i{kh ds iSj esa ^fjax* Mky dj mls NksM+
fn;kA lkbZcsfj;k esa iztuu djus okyh
;g fpfM+;k dqN eghus cEcbZ eas fcrkrh
gSA bl ?kVuk ds dbZ lkykas ckn rd ogh fpfM+;k gj vizSy dks lyhe vyh ds ckx
esa fn[krh vkSj fiQj flrEcj esa lkbZcsfj;k ds fy, iyk;u djrhA blesa dksbZ rkTtqc ugha
fd bl vuqHko ds ckn lyhe vyh ges'kk ds fy, if{k;ksa ls tqM+ x,!

72

lyhe vyh us vius thoudky esa Hkkjr esa gh ugha ijUrq iwjh nqfu;k ds i{kh izsfe;ksa ds
chp vikj izflh ik;hA mUgsa cgqr lkjs iq#Ldkj feys & fczfV'k vkWjukFkkSfyth ;wfu;u
dk ;wfu;u esMy (1967)] oYMZ datjos'ku ;wfu;u dk fiQfyi vokMZ (1969)]
i|foHkw"k.k (1976) vkSj oYMZ okbYMykbiQ iQaM dk ikWy xSVh okbYMykbiQ datjos'ku
(1976)A mUgsa rhu MkDVsV dh fMfxz;kas ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;k vkSj 1985 esa jkT; lHkk
dh lnL;rk ds fy, euksuhr fd;k x;kA 1987 esa MkWDVj lyhe vyh dk dSUlj ls
nsgkUr gqvkA 1990 esa dksbEcksVwj esa lyhe vyh lsUVj iQkWj vkWjukFkkSfyth ,UM uSpqjy
fgLVh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

73

ds-,l- ".ku
(1898 - 1961)

dfj;kef.kDde Jhfuokl ".ku (laf{kIr esa ds,l,l) dk tUe 4 fnlEcj 1898 dks
rfeyukMq esa fr#usosYyh ftys ds okVji xako esa gqvk FkkA muds firk ,d cqfthoh Fks
vkSj os rfey vkSj laLr fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr FksA
".ku dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk muds xako ,oa
ikl ds 'kgj JhfofyiqRrwj esa gqbZA
Ldwy esa mudh HksaV ,d izsjd f'k{kd Jh
lqczkefu;k v;j ls gqbZA ".ku ds [kqn
vius 'kCnksa esa] ^eq>s foKku fo"k; ls lcls
igys izes gkbZ Ldwy esa gqvkA esjs f'k{kd dksbZ
is'ksoj oSKkfud ugha Fks ijUrq foKku dks Li"V
vkSj jkspd rjhds ls le>kus esa mUgsa egkjr gkfly
FkhA muds }kjk i<+k, ikBksa dks ge xgjh rjg
le> tkrs FksA lkFk esa foKku ds ckjs vkSj vf/
d tkuus dh Hkw[k Hkh txrh FkhA pkgsa dksbZ Hkh
fo"k; gks HkkSfrdh] Hkwxksy vFkok jklk;u'kkL=k
Jh v;j ds i<+kus dk vankt ,dne
foy{k.k FkkA oks fliQZ fdrkc
ls ugha i<+krs FksA oks ljy
iz;ksx fn[kkrs vkSj Nk=kksa dks
Hkh iz;ksx djus ds
fy, izsfjr djrs
FksA*
74

Ldwy esa ,d ckj ".ku ls vkdZfeMht ds flkar ds mQij ,d fuca/

fy[kus ds fy, dgk x;kA bl x`gdk;Z esa ".ku us ?kuRo ekius dk [kqn
cuk;k ,d midj.k Hkh tksM+ fn;kA ckn esa mUgsa ;g tkudj vpjt gqvk
fd oks midj.k igys gh btkn gks pqdk Fkk vkSj oks fudksyl gkbZMksehVj
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ".ku dk 'kk;n ;g igyk Lora=k 'kks/ FkkA
".ku us 1914&1916 ds chp enqjbZ fLFkr vejhdu dkWyst es i<+kbZ dhA
ckn esa mUgksaus enzkl ffLp;u dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;k tgka 1918 esa] ,d foy{k.k Nk=k
ds :i esa mUgksauas HkkSfrd foKku dk ,cjMhu iq#Ldkj thrkA
vxys nks lkyksa rd ".ku us enzkl ffLp;u dkWyst ds jklk;u 'kkL=k foHkkx esa
MsekWUlVsVj dk dke fd;kA nksigj Hkkstu dh NqV~Vh esa oks HkkSfrdh] jklk;u'kkL=k vkSj
xf.kr ij vukSipkfjd ppkZ,a vk;ksftr djrsA ;g yksdfiz; xksf"B;ka esa vklikl ds
dkWystksa ds Nk=k Hkh Hkkx ysrs FksA
1920 esa dksMkbZduky fLFkr lksyj fiQftDl vkWCtjosVjh esa dke djus ds fy, ".ku
ds uke dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZA ijUrq fdlh dkj.k ls ckr cuh ughaA ,d rjg ls ;g
vPNk gh gqvk vkSj blls HkkSfrd foKku dks fuf'pr gh cgqr vf/d ykHk gqvkA
".ku dk fny oSKkfud 'kks/ esa FkkA 1920 esa mUgksausa ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst vkWiQ lkbal]
dydRrk esa ,e,llh djus ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA jeu ogka Lo;a i<+krs FksA HkkSfrd
'kkL=k dk vPNk Kku gkfly djus ds ckn ".ku us jeu ds lkFk iwjs le; ,d 'kks/
drkZ ds :i esa dke djuk 'kq# fd;kA oks lqcg Ng cts Vgyus tkrs vkSj BaMs ikuh ls
ugkus ds rqjar ckn vius 'kks/dk;Z esa tqV tkrs FksA mUgksausa izdk'k ds ijek.kq&LdSVfjax
,oa rjy inkFkksZa esa ,Dl&jst ij dk;Z fd;kA mUgksaus xSlh; ijek.kqvksa vkSj fLVYl dh
eSxusfVd ,uvkblksVksih ij Hkh vuqla/ku fd;kA mudk dk;Z dsoy oSKkfud 'kks/ rd
lhfer ugha FkkA foKku ds lkFk mUgas lkfgR;] /eZ vkSj n'kZu dh iqLrdsa i<+us dk Hkh
cgqr 'kkSd FkkA
vDVwcj 1928 esa teZuh ds izksiQslj vkuZYM lkSejysM us dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh esa DokaVe
HkkSfrdh ij dqN ysDpj fn,A
".ku us mu ys D plZ dk
v;;u dj mUgsas ,d iqLrd
esa ladfyr fd;kA lkSejysM
bl iqLrd ls cgqr izHkkfor
gq, vkSj mUgksausa mls la;qDr
ukeksa ls Nkius dk izLrko j[kkA
ij tSlh vis{kk Fkh ".ku us
mls udkj fn;kA
".ku] lksejysM vkSj jeu

75

jeu ds lkFk&lkFk ".ku dk dke Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqvkA jeu ds vkxzg ij
".ku us fofHkUu rjy inkFkksZa ij izdk'k ds fodhj.k (LdSVfjax) dk izHkko tkapkA jeu
ds 'kks/ esa Hkh ".ku dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA blh ^jeu izHkko* ij jeu dks 1930
esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA jeu us Lo;a ".ku us ;ksxnku dk foLr`r
mYys[k fd;k gSA gkyakfd ".ku dk ^jeu izHkko* ds [kkst esa cM+k gkFk Fkk fiQj Hkh
ckn esa mUgksauas bl fo"k; ij vkxs 'kks/ ugha fd;kA mUgksausa pqEcdRo] mQ"ek vkSj
^Fkjfe;kSfuDl* dh {ks=k pqukA ^Fkjfe;kSfuDl* bysDVkfuDl dh oks 'kk[kk gS ftlesa inkFkksaZ
dks xeZ djus ij muesa ls fudyus okys bysDVkal dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
fnlEcj 1928 esa ".ku us <kdk ;wfuoflZVh esa jhMj ds in ij dke izkjEHk fd;kA ml
le; izfl HkkSfrd'kkL=kh izksiQslj lR;sanz ukFk cksl ogka ij fiQftDl foHkkx ds izeq[k
FksA ogka dk izsj.kkLin ekgkSy ".ku dks csgn ilan vk;k vkSj mUgksaus ogka iwjs tks'k ds
lkFk dke 'kq# fd;kA mudk dke lLrs] de&ykxr ds oSKkfud iz;ksxksa dk lt`u djuk
FkkA muds dke dks ,d fons'kh fe=k
us etkd esa ^dM+kc ls tqxkM+* djuk
crk;kA mUgksaus fofHkUu fLVYl ds
pqEcdh; xq.k/eksZa dk xgu v;;u
fd;kA bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, enzkl
;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa Mh,llh dh mikf/
iznku dhA
1933 esa ".ku <kdk ls okil
dydRrk ykSVs tks ml le; ns'k esa
foKku dk izeq[k dsanz FkkA ogka mUgksauzs
bafM;u vlksfl,'ku iQkWj n dYVhos'ku
The crystal structure of graphite, composed of carbon
vkWiQ lkbal esa izkis Qslj vkWiQ fiQftDl atoms linked by covalent bonds (indicated by solid lines),
(egsanzyky ljdkj ps;j) dk in and weaker van der Walls bonds (dotted lines).
lEHkkykA izdk'k ds fodhj.k vkSj
pqEcdRo ds eki ij ".ku ds dke bruk egRoiw.kZ le>k x;k fd 1940 eas mUgsa jkW;y
lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki iznku dh xbZA ml le; mudh mez ek=k 42 o"kZ dh FkhA

".ku us /krqvksa vkSj feJ/krqvksa ds izfrjks/ (fjftfLVfoVh) dk ,d iQkewZyk fodflr

fd;kA 1946 esa ".ku dks ^ukbZVgqM* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ns'k dh vktknh ls dqN
le; igys ".ku dks uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVh ds funs'kd dk in lEHkkyus ds fy,
ubZ fnYyh vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA
pkyhl vkSj ipkl ds n'kd esa ".ku us dkiQh le; dkmafly iQkWj lkbfUVfiQd ,aM
baMfLV;y fjlpZ] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ,WVkfed buthZ dfe'ku vkSj vU;
egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk fcrk;kA 1954 esa mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k vkSj 1957 esa 'kakfr
Lo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj ls vyar fd;k x;kA
O;fDrxr thou esa ".ku dks dbZ fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr FksA U;k; vkSj uSfrdrk ds ekuoh;
ewY;ksa esa mudk xgjk fo'okl FkkA mUgsa laLr] rfey lkfgR; vkSj dukZVd laxhr esa
xgjh #fp FkhA iafMr usg: ds vuqlkj gjsd HksVa esa mUgsa ".ku ls dksbZ ubZ dgkuh vo';
lquus dks feyrh! ".ku Vsful [ksyrs vkSj mUgsa fdsV eSp ns[kus dk tcjnLr 'kkSd FkkA
foKku dh xgjh tkudkjh gksus ds dkj.k oks foKku dh fouk'kdkjh 'kfDr ls vPNh rjg
voxr FksA 'kk;n blh dkj.k mUgksausa 'kakfr vkanksyuksa esa lf; Hkkx fy;kA
uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVh ds fuekZ.k ds le; ,d Bsdsnkj us eq[;}kj ds ikl nks
leL;kewyd isM+ksa dks dkVus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ".ku us tc ;g ns[kk rks oks cgqr nq[kh
gq, vkSj mUgksaus vkjfdVsDV ls iwNk] ^rqe ;g isM+ D;ksa dkV jgs gks\* tokc esa vkfdZVsDV
us dgk] ^lj bu isM+ksa ds dkj.k ySaMLdsi dk larqyu fcxM+ jgk FkkA* ".ku us dgk]
^rqe vHkh Hkh larqyu cjdjkj j[k ldrs gksA bu isM+ksa dks dkV dj ugha] cfYd ogka ,d
vkSj isM+ yxkdjA* ;g ?kVuk ".ku dh xgjh laosnukvksa vkSj lkSan;Z n`f"V dk |ksrd
gSA tc ".ku dk nsgkUr twu 13] 1961 dks gqvk rks oks vius ihNs iRuh] nks csVs] pkj
csfV;ka vkSj leLr Hkkjr dks 'kksdkdqy NksM+ x,A

fnlEcj 1941 esa tkiku esa ;q fNM+us ds dkj.k dydRrs esa thou cgqr vLr&O;Lr
gks x;kA f'k{kk vkSj 'kks/ laLFkkvksa ds cUn djus dh ukScr vk xbZA blfy, tc ".ku
dks bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh lssa izksiQsljf'ki dk U;kSrk feyk rks mUgksauas mls lg"kZ Lohdkj
fd;kA bykgkckn esa cgqr le; iz'kklfud dk;ksZa esa [kpZ gksus ls mldk muds izk;ksfxd
'kks/dk;Z ij vlj iM+kA ijUrq HkkSfrdh ds flkafrd i{kksa esa Hkh ikjaxr gksus ds dkj.k
76

77

oh-,u- f'kjksMdj
(1899 - 1971)

MkWDVj oh-,u- f'kjksMdj dk uke iwjs fo'o esa f'kjksMdj fLVp (Vkads) ds vkfo"dkjd
ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA ,d esfMdy ltZu dh gSfl;r ls L=kh lEca/h chekfj;ksa ds mipkj
esa mudk ;ksxnku cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA

ts-ts- vLirky nqfu;k dh ,d vuwBh laLFkk gSA bl fo'kky vLirky esa 4000 ejhtksa ds
iyax gSaA ;gka 1500 Lukrd vkSj 650 iksLV&xSztq,V Nk=k i<+rs gSaA ,f'k;k esa if'peh
fpfdRlk dh ;g lcls iqjkuh laLFkk gS vkSj mldk 175 lky iqjkuk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl
gSA ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur izfl oSKkfud jkWcVZ dkp us mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds var
esa risfnd (Vhch) ij viuk cqfu;knh 'kks/ blh laLFkk esa fd;k FkkA
1940 esa xzkaV esfMdy vLirky ds L=khjksx foHkkx esa f'kjksMdj us izksiQslj ds in ij
dk;Z vkjEHk fd;kA 1941 esa os ukSjkslth okfM;k eSVjuVh vLirky ds lkFk tqM+sA blds
lkFk&lkFk mudh tksjnkj futh izSfDVl Hkh tkjh jgh ftlesa oks lekt ds lHkh rcdksa
ds ejhtksa dk bykt djrs FksA oks dEckyk fgy fLFkr viuh Dyhfud esa jkstkuk 14 ls
16 ?kaVs dke djrs FksA muds gj vkijs'ku ds le; dbZ mRlqd vkSj izsfjr n'kZd gksrs
FksA tYn gh mUgsa varjkZ"Vh; [;kfr izkIr gqbZ vkSj mUgsa ns'k&fons'k esa txg&txg ysDpj
nsus ds fy, cqyk;k tkus yxkA oks mu igys yksxksa esa ls Fks ftUgksaus vius fd, vkijs'kuksa
dh fiQYesa cuk;haA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj f'kjksMdj dks nqfu;k esa lcls vf/d
^V;wcksDVeh* ds vkijs'ku djus dk fjdkMZ gkfly gS!

foV~By ukxs'k f'kjksMdj dk tUe 1899 esa xksok ds f'kjksnk uke ds xkao esa gqvkA mudk
ikfjokfjd uke f'kjksMdj muds xkao ds uke ij gh iM+kA izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gqcyh esa gksus
ds ckn mUgksausa MkWDVjh dh i<+kbZ xzkaV esfMdy dkWyst] cEcbZ esa iwjh dhA 1923 esa mUgsa
,echch,l dh fMxzh izkIr gqbZA mUgksausa L=kh
jksx foKku (xkbuhdksyksth) esa 1927
esa ,eMh dh fMxzh gkfly dhA
mlds ckn mPp f'k{kk ds fy,
oks baXySaM x;sA if'pe ns'kksa esa
fpfdRlk ifr;ksa ds ifjp;
ls mUgsa cgqr ykHk gqvkA ;gka
mUgks a u s uohure ltZ j h dh
iz.kkfy;ka lh[kha vkSj vusdksa izfl
MkWDVjksa ls Hkh feysA 1931 esa
,iQvkjlh,l (baXySaM) dh mikf/
feyus ds ckn oks Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj
cEcbZ ds ts-ts- vLirky esa L=khjksx
foKku ds izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls
dke djus yxsA

1950 ds n'kd esa nwljs frekgh esa xHkZorh L=kh }kjk LoSfPNd xHkZikr dh ckr ,d xw<+
jgL; FkhA mlds fy, reke bykt lq>k, x, ijUrq dksbZ dkjxj lkfcr ugha gqvkA
dHkh&dHkkj gksus okyh bl nnZukd leL;k ds fy, dqN u;k mipkj ,dne t:jh FkkA
izkis Qslj f'kjksMj oks igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksua as bl leL;k dk fo'ys{k.kkRed v;;u fd;kA
mUgksauas fL=k;ks dh tusafnz;ksa dk xHkZ ls igys vkSj mlds ckn v;;u fd;k vkSj muesa
vk;s cnyko dks le>kA ckj&ckj LoSfPNd xHkZikr dh leL;k ds gy ds fy, f'kjksMj
us ,d vkijs'ku lq>k;k ftlus mUgsa nqfu;k ds egku ltZuksa dh dksfV esa [kM+k dj fn;kA

78

lkekU; xHkkZ'k; esa daB cUn gksrk gSA

buDeihVsUV xHkkZ'k; esa daB [kqyk gksrk gSA 7 9

1955 esa MkWDVj f'kjksMj us

^lfoZdy ldZyst* ltZjh dk
mYys[k fd;kA ;g oks vkijs'ku
gS ftldh dky ds yEcs varjky
us iqf"V dh gSA f'kjksMj us bl
vkijs'ku ds fy, dbZ fo'ks"k
iz d kj ds midj.kks a dk
vkfo"dkj Hkh fd;kA le; ds
lkFk&lkFk bl ltZjh eas reke
lq/kj gq, gSa ijUrq mudk lq>k;k
vkijs'ku vkt Hkh ,d ekLVjihl
gSA mUgksausa 1951 esa iSfjl esa
loZizFke bl vkijs'ku dk ,d
varjkZ"Vh; lsfeukj esa ft fd;kA
fiQj 1956 esa usfiYl] bVyh dh
,d dkasUl esa mUgksasus blds
ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk;kA bVyh f'kjksMdj fLVp }kjk iwjs xHkZ dky esa daB dks cUn j[krk gSA
dk lEca/ blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ
gS D;ksafd rHkh ,d izfl gkSyhoqM dh vfHkus=kh dk vkWijs'ku blh rduhd }kjk gqvk
FkkA f'kjksMj rjhdk gj izdkj ds xHkZikr dk jkeck.k bykt ugha Fkk blls oks [kqn vPNh
rjg okfdiQ FksA fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkWijs'ku liQy gksxk vkSj fdu esa ugha bldh Li"V
O;k[;k f'kjksMj us [kqn djh FkhA
bl u;s vkWijs'ku dk fopkj 'kk;n f'kjksMj dks blfy, lw>k D;ksafd oks jkstejkZ dh
?kVukvksa ij iz'u mBkrs FksA f'kjksMj us blds ckjs esa Lo;a fy[kk gS] ^iqjkus fnXxtksa dks
iz.kke djrs gq, eq>s muds vkWijs'ku ds dbZ rjhds ,dne lgh vkSj vkn'kZ ugha tapsA
esjs fnekx esa bu dky lEekfur rjhdksa dks csgrj cukus dk fopkj dkSa/kA*
1951 esa sap lkslkbVh vkWiQ xk;uksdkyksftLV~l ds jtr t;arh lekjksg ds miy{k esa
izksiQslj f'kjksMj us vius vkijs'ku dh ,d fiQYe fn[kkbZA blesa mUgksausa ^dSVxV* dk
mi;ksx fd;k FkkA ijUrq ?kqyu'khy gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa bldk bLrseky R;kxuk iM+kA
mUgksaus viuh gh rduhd eas cnyko dj tka?k ls ^iQSfl;k ykVk* vkSj ^fyfuu* ds Vkadksa
dk mi;ksx dj LoSfPNd vkSj vknru xHkZikrksa dk bykt fd;kA ;g vkijs'ku vkt nqfu;k
Hkj esa f'kjksMj vkijs'ku ds uke ls izfl gSA vkus okyh reke ihf<+;ka f'kjksMj dks bl
uokpkj ds fy, ;kn djsaxhA
80

dqN ltZjh ds vkStkj ftudk vkfo"dkj MkWDVj

f'kjksMdj us fd;kA

f'kjksMdj us esfMdy 'kks/xzaFkksa esa cgqr

ls 'kks/i=k Hkh fy[ksA 1960 esa vius
vuqHkoksa ij vk/kfjr mUgksua sa ^dkafVC;w'kUl
Vw vkClVsVfVDl ,aM xk;uhdkSyksth* ij
,d 'kks/i=k fy[kkA 1963 vkSj 1970 esa
ekbXl vkSj LVjfxl }kjk lEikfnr ^izkXs kjsl
bu xk;uhdkSyksth* ds [kaM 4 vkSj 5 ds
fy, mUgksausa ^budEihVsaV losZDl* ij
,d&,d v;k; fy[kkA tusfUnz;ksa ds
Hkza'k (tsuk;Vy izksyIS l) ij mUgksausa vius
fopkj 1971 esa ekjdl vkSj ekjdl
}kjk lEikfnr [kaM ^,Mokafll bu
vkClVsVfVDl ,aM xk;uhdkSyksth* esa fy[ksA
mUgksaus xHkZ fujks/ ds fy, ljosDl ij
,d gqM yxkus dk lq>ko Hkh fn;kA

7 ekpZ 1971 dks cEcbZ esa izksiQslj f'kjksMdj dk nsgkUr gqvkA mudh eka dk nsgkUr
ljfody dSalj ls gqvk FkkA 'kk;n blh otg ls muds csVs euksgj f'kjksMj us dSalj ij
'kks/ djus dh BkuhA 'kq# esa mUgksauas tkWu gkWifdUl Ldwy vkWiQ ifCyd gsYFk esa ^jkmt
ljdksek* ij 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA 'kks/ ds nkSjku dSalj iQSykus okyk ;g igyk ok;jl ik;k
x;kA mlds ckn euksgj us iq.ks fLFkr jkdsiQsyj iQkmaMs'ku ds okbjl fjlpZ lsaVj esa dk;Z
fd;kA
Nk=kkoLFkk esa euksgj us MkDVjh ds is'ks ls viuk eqag eksM+kA ijUrq oks vius firk ds dke
dk fny ls cgqr vknj djrs FksA 1976 esa euksgj vkSj mudh iRuh us MkWDVj oh-,uf'kjksMdj eseksfj;y fjlpZ iQkmaM's ku dh LFkkiuk dh ftlesa mUgksua s [kqnds vkSj vius firk
ds liuksa dk latks;kA ;g laLFkk xjhc efgykvksa esa dSalj jksx dh tkap&ij[k djrh gS
vkSj muds bykt ds fy, u, vkSj lLrs rjhds [kkstrh gSA
,d vR;Ur O;Lr esfMdy ltZu gksus ds ckotwn izksiQslj f'kjksMdj us cgqr ls 'kks/i=k
fy[ks vkSj MkWDVjh mipkj ds lkekftd i{kksa esa xgjh #fp yhA oks xHkZikr ds fo"k; ij
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr 'kakfryky desVh ds lnL; Fks vkSj iQSfeyh IySfuax ,lksfl,'ku
ds lnL; FksA 1971 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us izksiQslj f'kjksMdj dks i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur
fd;kA

81

izslhMsalh dkWyst ds dsfeLVh foHkkx esa 'kks/dk;Z 'kq# fd;kA jklk;fud la'ys"k.k
(dsfedy flfFkafll) esas muds mR"V dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa enzkl ;wfuoflZVh us lj
fofy;e osMcuZ vkSj dtZu iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;kA

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh
(1900 - 1975)

^/u vkSj lk/u vPNs 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, t:jh gSa ij i;kZIr ugha] mRre 'kks/ ds
fy, balku lcls egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA*
& Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh dk tUe 3 iQjojh 1900 dks dqyhrykbZ

eas gqvk tks fr#pkiYyh ftys esa dkosjh unh ds ikl
fLFkr ,d NksVk 'kgj gSA muds firk Vh- vk;uxj
LFkkuh; Ldwy esa f'k{kd FksA 'ks"kknzh dh izkjfEHkd
f'k{kk] eafnjksa ds 'kgj Jhjaxe vkSj fr#pkiYyh esa
gqbZA muds f'k{kdksa us muesa drZO;ikyu] yksxksa ls
izse vkSj Kku dh fiiklk HkjhA 1917 esa 'ks"kknzh
us enzkl ds izl
s hMsl
a h dkWyt
s esa ch,llh (dsfeLVh)
ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA dkWyst ds nkSjku oks
jke".k fe'ku }kjk lapkfyr
Nk=kkokl esa jgrs FksA vkJe ds
lU;kfl;ksa ls mUgksua s tks vk;kfRed
ewY; lh[ks oks thou Hkj muds
dke vk,A izslhMsalh dkWyst esa mUgsa
ch-ch- Ms vkSj ih- ukjk;.k v;j
tSls izsfjr f'k{kdksa us i<+k;kA bu
f'k{kdksa dks oks thou Hkj ugha HkwyAs
ch,llh dh i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds
ckn 'ks"kknzh us ,d lky jke".k
fe'ku esa dke fd;kA ckn esa mUgksua s

1927 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us baXySaM esa mPp f'k{kk ikus ds fy, 'ks"kknzh dks ,d othiQk fn;kA
baXySaM dh eSaupsLVj ;wfuoflZVh esa 'ks"kknzh us fo[;kr dsfeLV izksiQslj jkWcVZ jkWfculu
(,iQvkj,l) ds ns[kjs[k esa 'kks/ dk;Z fd;kA izksiQslj jkWfculu ckn esa jkW;y lkslkbVh
ds v;{k euksuhr gq, vkSj mUgsa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA 'ks"kknzh us
esfyfj;k ds jksdFkke dh vkS"kf/;ksa vkSj jlk;uksa ds la'ys"k.k ij iFkizn'kZd dk;Z fd;kA
bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, 1929 esa mUgsa ih,pMh dh mikf/ iznku dh xbZAZ
izksiQslj jkWfculu ds lkFk fcrk, le; dks 'ks"kknzh us vius 'kks/dk;Z
dk lcls vkuannk;h dky ekukA
MkWDVsV dh mikf/ ikus ds ckn 'ks"kknzh us dqN eghu vkfLV;k esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk
izksiQslj fV~t izsxy ds lkFk fcrk,A izksiQslj izsxy dsfeLVh esa lw{e fo'ys"k.k ds vius
dke ds fy, fo'o&fo[;kr FksA mlds ckn 'ks"kknzh us ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ,fMuczk ds
dsfeLVh foHkkx es izksiQslj tktZ cktZj (,iQvkj,l) ds lkFk dqN le; fcrk;kA 1930
esa 'ks"kknzh Hkkjr okil ykSVsA
1934 esa mUgksaus vak/z ;wfuoflZVh esa dsfefLVh ds foHkkx v;{k ds in ij dke vkjEHk
fd;kA ;gka mUgksua s cgqr esgur ls ubZ iz;ksx'kkyk,a [kksyha] u;k ikB~;e jpk vkSj dsfeLVh
ds ,d vR;ar thoUr 'kks/ Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dhA bl chp ;wfuoflZVh us mu ij dsfedy
VsDukfyth vkSj vkS"k/h; dsfeLVh ds u, foHkkx LFkkfir djus dk nkf;Ro Hkh lkSia kA blds
ckotwn mUgksausa viuk 'kks/dk;Z yxkrkj tkjh j[kkA bl nkSjku mUgsa vDlj vka/z esfMdy
dkWyst fLFkr ck;ksdsfeLVh foHkkx dh vksj viuh lkbfdy ij ikap fdyksehVj dk liQj
r; djrs gq, ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA dke ds izfr 'ks"kknzh ds leiZ.k ls izsfjr gksdj muds
cgqr ls ;qok Nk=kksa us Hkh 'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k vkSj vuql/
a ku dks vius thou dk ms';
cuk;kA tYn gh vak/z ;wfuoflZVh ns'k esa
jklk;u 'kkL=k ij ekSfyd 'kks/ dk ,d
vxz.kh dsanz cuhA

pedalitin

nwljs egk;q us 'ks"kknzh ds dke esa ck/

k MkyhA ;q ds dkj.k ;wjksi ls vkus
okys dsfedYl vkSj midj.kksa dk feyuk
nq'okj gks x;kA mlh le; iQkSt dh ,d
VqdM+h us okWYVs;j fLFkr dsfeLVh foHkkx

'ks"kknzh }kjk la'ysf{kr isMkysfVuA

82

83

dh bekjr esa Msjk MkykA blds dkj.k igys rks 'ks"kknzh dks xqaVwj vkSj mlds ckn enzkl
tkuk iM+kA ij bl nkSM+&/wi esa Hkh mUgksaus viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA f}rh; egk;q ds
i'pkr okWYVs;j dh iz;ksx'kkyk dk iqu%fuek.kZ gqvk vkSj 'ks"kknzh ogka okil ykSVsA
1949 esa 'ks"kknzh dks fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr lj ekSfjl Xok;j us dsfeLVh foHkkx
dk lEiw.kZ dk;ZHkkj lEHkkyus dk fuea=k.k fn;kA 'ks"kknzh us bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkjk vkSj
cgqr vYidky esa ^izkfrd mRiknks*a ij fo'o Lrjh; dsfeLVh foHkkx LFkkfir fd;kA ns'k
ds dksus&dksus ls vkSj ckn esa nqfu;k Hkj ls Nk=k muds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/dk;Z djus ds
fy, vkus yxsA mudh fo'kky Vhe esa baXySaM] kal vkSj teZuh ds 'kks/Nk=k Hkh 'kkfey
FksA 'ks"kknzh us 160 ls vf/d ih-,p-Mh- Nk=kksa dk ekxZn'kZu fd;k vkSj dqy feykdj
1000 ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA muds Nk=k vkt nqfu;k Hkj esa iQSys gSa vkSj ns'k&fons'k
dh 'kks/ laLFkkvksa esa lEekfur inksa ij vklhu gSaA 'ks"kknzh us ,d iqLrd dsfeLVh vkWiQ
foVkfeUl ,aM gkjeksUl Hkh fy[khA lsokfuo`fRr ds rqjUr ckn mUgsa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds
loZizFke izksiQslj besjsVl ds in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA
ouLifr;ksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa ds jaxksa esa 'ks"kknzh dh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA 'kq# esa mUgksusa as
dikl vkSj xqM+gy (fgfcLdl) ds iQwyksa ds jaxksa ij 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA
mUgksauas dbZ u;s ;kSfxdksa ds <akpksa dh O;k[;k dh vkSj lkFk&lkFk fo'ys"k.k
ds dbZ u;s rjhds btkn fd, tks vkt dsfeLVh esa vke cu x, gSaA mudh
tSo&la'ys"k.k (ck;ksflaFkflt) esa xgjh #fp Fkh vkSj bl {ks=k esa mUgksauas iFkizn'kZd dk;Z
fd;kA fgeky; ij ik, tkus okys tSokd (ykbfdu) ij jklk;fud 'kks/ 'kq# djus okys
'ks"kknzh igys Hkkjrh; FksA
'ks"kknzh ds vikj vuqHko vkSj xEHkhj v;;u dk cgqr ls laxBuksa dkss ykHk feyk & blesa
lh,lvkbZvkj] vkbZlh,evkj] vkbZlh,vkj vkSj Mh,Mh 'kkfey gSaA 'ks"kknzh us f'k{kk]
LokLF;] foKku] f"k vkSj lqj{kk ls lEcaf/r fo'ks"kK lfefr;ksa dh v;{krk dhA oks
laln vkSj ;wusLdks ds oSKkfud lykgdkj Hkh jgsA
mUgsa cgqr ls lEekuksa ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;kA
1961 esa 'ks"kknzh dks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh
ds lEeku ds fy, pquk x;kA dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa
us mUgsa MkDVsV dh fMxzh ls uoktkA oks bafM;u
'ks"kknzh us iQsuksy ds feFkkbys'ku lkbUl dkaxzsl vkSj bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh
ds v;{k Hkh jgsA oks varjkZ"Vh; 'kks/ if=kdksa &
dh rduhd btkn dh tks
vkt cgqr mi;ksx dh tkrh
VsVkgsMu vkSj iQkbVksdsfeLVh ds lEiknu eaMy ds
gSA
lnL; Hkh jgsA 1963 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us 'ks"kknzh dks
i|Hkw"k.k iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;kA
84

'ks"kknzh us [ksljh nky dh fo"kkDrk

dk v;;u fd;kA

ODAP

L-glutamate

izksiQslj 'ks"kknzh ds bl mPp Lrj ij igqapus ds ihNs mudh xgjh drZO; fu"Bk FkhA oSls
vius Nk=kksa dk izes mUgsa lcls fiz; FkkA mUgksua as vius Nk=kksa dh th&tku ls enn dh ftuesa
dbZ ckj vkfFkZd lgk;rk Hkh 'kkfey FkhA vius Nk=kksa ds chp cus jgus ds dkj.k gh mUgksua as
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh v;{krk dks udkjkA Nk=kksa us vius izsjd f'k{kk ds izfr
lEeku O;Dr djus ds fy, 'ks"kknzh ds lkBosa] iSlBosa] lRrjosa vkSj fiNRrjosa tUefnu
ij Lejks.kRlo xzaFk izdkf'kr fd,A Nk=kksa us 'ks"kknzh dh ;knxkj esa ,d VLV Hkh LFkkfir
dhA lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkh 'ks"kknzh vius Nk=kksa ds ekxZn'kZu vkSj lgk;rk ds fy, lnSo
ekStwn jgrsA fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh esa 'ks"kknzh ds yxHkx 25 Nk=k] Ng vyx&vyx bekjrksa
esa fLFkr iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa 'kks/dk;Z djrs FksA oks fu;fer :i ls fnu esa de&ls&de pkj
ckj vius lHkh Nk=kksa ls feyus vo'; tkrs FksA 'ks"kknzh us lkspk fd lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn
dsfeLVh foHkkx ftldh mUgksaus lkyksa lsok dh Fkh muds thou;kiu ds fy, dqN lk/
u miyC/ djk,xkA 1965 esa mUgksaus viuk lEiw.kZ futh iqLrdky; fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds
dsfeLVh foHkkx dks nku dj fn;kA oks 'kakfr ls viuh vk[kjh lkal rd blh foHkkx esa
dke djuk pkgrs FksA nqHkkZX; ls 1972 esa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh us dqN u, dkuwu ykxw fd,
ftldh otg ls oks foHkkx ls dksbZ Hkh ikfjJfed ugha ys ldrs FksA blls mudh vkfFkZd
O;oLFkk ,dne pjejk xbZ + + + muds ikl thou;kiu dk dksbZ lk/u ugha cpk + + + bl
izdkj Hkkjr ds bl egku liwr dk nsgkUr 27 flrEcj 1975 dks gqvkA
85

iapkuu ekgs'ojh
(1904 - 1966)

izksiQlj iapkuu ekgs'ojh ,d iz[;kr oSKkfud Fks ftUgksausa Hkkjr dks fo'o esa ouLifr'kkL=kh;
uD'ks ij ,d izeq[k LFkku fnyk;kA mudk tUe 9 uoEcj 1904 dks t;iqj esa gqvkA
laLr esa iapkuu dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^iapeq[kh* ;kfu ikap yksxksa ftruk cqfekuA vkSj bl
fo'ks"k uke dh efgek tYn gh mtkxj gqbZA iapkuu ds firk ,d DydZ Fks ijUrq mUgksaus
vius csVs dh vPNh i<+kbZ ds fy, dksbZ Hkh dlj ckdh ugha NksM+hA iapkuu us viuh
izkjfEHkd f'k{kk t;iqj esa dhA rsjg o"kZ dh vYivk;q esa mUgksaus gkbZ Ldwy ikl fd;kA
vka[kksa dh detksjh ds dkj.k oks MkWDVjh dh i<+kbZ ugha dj ik,A ijUrq mUgkasaus foKku
dh i<+kbZ dh vkSj mlesa cM+h dke;kch gkfly dhA
1923 esa iapkuu us ch,llh bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh ls lEc bfoax ffLV;u dkWyst ls
dhA ;gka iapkuu dh HksaV ,d foy{k.k vejhdh fe'kujh f'k{kd fouiQhYM LdkV
MqMX;ksu ls gqbZA oks ,d iz[;kr vejhdh ouLifr'kkL=kh Fks vkSj bafM;u ckWVsfudy
lkslkbVh ds laLFkkid v;{k FksA Nk=k mudk cgqr
vknj djrs Fks ijUrq oks vius Vhpj ls Mjrs Hkh Fks
D;ksafd MqMX;ksu vius Nk=kkas ls tedj dke
djokrs FksA ijUrq ekgs'ojh esa MqMX;ksu dks ,d
,slk mke Nk=k feyk ftldh oks eqr ls ryk'k
dj jgs FksA MqMX;ksu ;qok ekgs'ojh dks iQhYM
fVIl ij ouLifr;ksa ds uewus ,df=kr djus ds
fy, lkFk ys tkrs FksA mUgksausa gh ekgs'ojh dks
ouLifr vkfr&foKku (ekWjiQkyksth) ds cqfu;knh
xqj fl[kk,A ,d ckj MqMX;ksu us dgk] ^,d fgUnq
firk vius vius csVs dks vPNh f'k{kk nsus ds i'pkr
gh vius thou dks liQy ekurk gSA esjk [kqn dk
csVk tYn gh py clk ijUrq eSa ,d ,slk Nk=k
NksM+dj tkuk pkgrk gwa tks esjs liuksa dks
lkdkj djsxkA*
86

ekgs'ojh i<+kbZ esa cgqr gksf'k;kj FksA mUgksaus ,e,llh (1927) vkSj
Mh,llh (1931) dh i<+kbZ MqMX;ksu ds ekxZn'kZu esa iwjh dhA mUgksauas
iQwy mRiknu djus okys ,aft;ksLieZl ikS/ksa (iq"iikndks)a ds vkfr&foKku]
lajpuk vkSj iztuu dk v;;u fd;kA i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn
ekgs'ojh vius f'k{kd MqMX;ksu dks xq#nf{k.kk nsus x,A xq# us dgk]
^vius Nk=kksa ds lkFk ogh djks] tks eSua s rqEgkjs lkFk fd;k gSA* ;g lan's k
ekgs'ojh dHkh ugha HkwysA mlds ckn oks tgka Hkh x, & vkxjk] <kdk
;k fiQj fnYyh esa mUgksausa vius xq# dks fn;k opu fuHkk;kA
1931 esa vkxjk dkWyst esa ukSdjh yxus ds ckn mUgksausa rqjUr ikS/ksa ds iztuu ij 'kks/
dk;Z vkjEHk dj fn;kA lk/uksa ds vHkko esa Hkh mUgksauas iSls ,df=kr dj ,d lw{en'khZ
vkSj ,d ekbksVkse [kjhnkA ?kj esa mudh iRuh 'kakfr & tks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;ha Fkha
mPp dksfV ds LykbM~l cukus esa mudh enn djrh FkhaA
gesa ekywe gS fd tc fdlh dhM+s ;k gok ds >ksads ls ikS/s ds fMEc (vksO;wy) esa ijkx
ds d.k vkrs gSa rHkh iztuu 'kq# gksrk gSA ;g iQwy ds chtdks"k esa gksrk gS vkSj mlls
Hkzw.k iSnk gksrk gSA Hkzw.k vius ifjos'k ls Hkkstu izkIr djrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds ,d
ikS/s ds :i esa iuirk gSA Hkz.w k ls ikS/k cuus dh izf;k gjsd iztkfr ds fy, vyx&vyx

ljlksa ifjokj ds Hkwz.k dk fodkle

87

gksrh gSA ekgs'ojh us reke ikS/ksa dh iztkfr;ksa esa bl fodkl dh izf;k dk v;;u
fd;kA mUgksausa bl 'kks/ ds vk/kj ij ikS/ksa dks vyx&vyx lewgksa esa ckaVkA
1936&37 esa ekgs'ojh ;wjksi vkSj baXySaM ds nkSjs ij x, tgka oks dbZ ewY;oku lEidZ
lw=k LFkkfir djus esa liQy jgsA fons'k ls ykSVus ds i'pkr mUgksauas dqN le; fo[;kr
thok'e oSKkfud izksiQslj chjcy lkguh ds lkFk dke fd;kA 1939 esa mUgksaus <kdk
;wfuoflZVh esa ouLifr'kkL=k dk u;k foHkkx izkjEHk fd;kA <kdk esa mudh HksaV lR;sanz ukFk
cksl vkSj es?kukn tSls pksVh ds oSKkfudksa ds lkFk gqbZA ekgs'ojh us <kdk ;wfuoflZVh esa
nl o"kZ dke fd;k vkSj ogka ij ouLifr'kkL=k ,d vPNk Ldwy LFkkfir fd;kA 1947
ds caVokjs ds i'pkr iwohZ ikfdLrku ds vf/dkfj;ksa us muls viuk dke tkjh j[kus dh
fourh dhA ijUrq rHkh ekgs'ojh dks ,d ,slk fueU=k.k feyk ftls os Bqdjk ugha ik,A
1949 esa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr lj ekSfjl Xok;j (tks Hkkjr esa vafre fczfV'k
phiQ tfLVl Hkh Fks) us ekgs'ojh dks u;s ouLifr'kkL=k foHkkx dk v;{k in lEHkkyus
ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;g ekgs'ojh ds thou dk lcls mRiknd dky jgkA 1950
esa mudh 'kksgjr nwj&nwj rd iQSy pqdh FkhA okss vn~Hkqr O;fDrxr xq.kksa ls lEiUu Fks vkSj
mudh ;knnk'r foy{k.k FkhA mudk fetkt lh/k&lknk] Lora=k vkSj vlhfer mQtkZ ls
Hkjk FkkA oks ,d iz[kj fo}ku vkSj izsjd f'k{kd Fks tks vius dke dks gh HkfDr ekurs
FksA muds vkn'kZ vkSj ekun.M cgqr mQaps Fks vkSj oks ?kfV;k ds dke dks dHkh Lohdkj
ugha djrs FksA oks vius dke esa eqLrSn Fks vkSj le; ds ,dne ikcan FksA
ekgs'ojh us vius Nk=kksa dks de&dher ds midj.kksa ls 'kks/ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA
/hjs&/hjs muds iz;klksa dk vlj gqvkA tYn gh muds foHkkx us [kwc izxfr dh
vkSj fons'kksa esa Hkh mldh 'kksgjr iQSyhA /hjs&/hjs fofHkUu
ns'kksa ds oSKkfudksa dh Hkh ouLifr Hkwz.k&foKku esa #fp txh
vkSj oks Hkh bl fo"k; ij 'kks/ djus yxsA ekgs'ojh dks
ouLifr Hkwz.k&foKku dk firk dgk tk ldrk gSA
ekgs'ojh us ij[kuyh eas ,aft;ksLieZl ds iztuu dh rduhd
[kkst fudkyhA mlls igys fdlh us iQwy okys ikS/ksa ds
VsLV&V~;wc esa iztuu dh dYiuk rd ugha dh FkhA blls chtksa
dh lqIr voLFkk de gqbZ vkSj muds iztuu dh xfr us rsth
idM+hA blls iQwyksa okys ikS/ksa dh vusdksa ladj iztkfr;ka rS;kj
djuk lEHko gqvkA ikS/s rS;kj djus okyksa dks ;g rduhd cgqr
ilan vk;h D;ksafd blds dbZ vkfFkZd ykHk Hkh FksA fnYyh
;wfuoflZVh esa vkus ds rqjUr ckn mUgksua s ,u baVkMs D'ku Vw ,fEcz;kWyksth
uke dh ,d iqLrd fy[khA ;g iqLrd ,d vuwBh fr le>h tkrh gS vkSj bldk
vuqokn :lh Hkk"kk lesr dbZ vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa gks pqdk gSA izdk'ku ds ipkl o"kZ ckn
Hkh bl fdrkc dk vusdksa LFkkuksa ij mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS!
88

ekgs'ojh ds dke us ouLifr'kkL=k ds lHkh

i{kksa dks Nqvk blfy, mUgsa Hkkjr dk
vafre lEiw.kZ ouLifr'kkL=kh ekuuk xyr u
gksxkA ekgs'ojh vkSj muds Nk=kksa us iq"iikndksa
(,aft;ksLieZl) ds lkS ls Hkh vf/d ifjokjksa
dk xgu v;;u fd;kA fnYyh dh
ouLifr;ksa ij ,d iqLrd n byLVsfVM yksjk vkWiQ nsgyh muds ekxZn'kZu esa fy[kh xbZA
;g iqLrd fiNys ipkl o"kksZa ls fnYyh ds izfr izsfe;ksa vkSj ouLifr 'kkfL=k;ksa ds fy,
,d vPNh iQhYM&xkbM dk dke dj jgh gSA
1951 esa mUgksausa baVjuS'kuy lkslkbVh vkWiQ
IykaV ekiQkSZyksftLVl dh LFkkiuk dh ekgs'ojh us ikS/ksa dh 'kfDr dk
o.kZu djus ds fy, vusdksa
vkSj lkFk esa mldk 'kks/i=k
yksdfiz; ys[k fy[ksA
iQkbVksekiQkSZyksth 'kq# fd;kA ;qok Nk=kksa felky ds fy, mUgksaus
ds ys[ku dks iz[kj cukus ds fy, mUgksaus fy[kk fd xak/hth dk
n cksVkfudk uked if=kdk 'kq# fd;kA igyk lR;kxzg ,d ikS/s
bldk izdk'ku nsgyh ;wfuoflZVh cksVkfudy ds fy, Fkk ftldk uke Fkk
lkslkbVh djrh FkhA if=kdk esa jkspd bafMxksiQsjk fVadVksjk & ftlds
lRo ls uhyk jax curk Fkk vkSj
tkudkjh gksus ds dkj.k mls rqjUr liQyrk
ftldk mi;ksx diM+k dkj[kkukas esa gksrk FkkA
feyhA ,ulhbZvkjVh ds vkxzg ij mUgksaus
gk;j lsd.Mjh Ldwy ds Nk=kksa ds fy, tho'kkL=k dh ,d ikB~;&iqLrd fy[khA mlesa
Hkkjrh; isM+&ikS/ksa dh cgqr izsjd tkudkjh ladfyr dh xbZ FkhA cgqr ls f'k{kkfon~ bl
iqLrd dks ekgs'ojh dk loksZRre ;ksxnku ekurs gSaA
d{kk esa ekgs'ojh vius xq# MqMX;ksu tSls gh FksA muds Nk=k muls ,d vksj cgqr izse
djrs rks nwljh vksj Mjrs Hkh FksA vius xq# ds lEeku esa Nk=kksa us ikS/ksa dh dbZ ubZ [kksth
iztkfr;ksa dks vius xq: ds uke lefiZr fd;k & tSls iapkufu;k t;iqjSfUll vkSj
vkbZlksbZV~l iapkfuuhA ekgs'ojh us LVSfyu ds fiz; tho'kkL=kh VksfiQe ykbZflUdks ls vdsys
yksgk fy;kA ykbZflUdks dk ekuuk Fkk fd lh[kh x;h ckrsa oa'kkuqe dk fgLlk cu tkrh
gSa & tks ljklj xyr FkkA
iapkuu ekgs'ojh leLr fo'o ds oSKkfud ukxfjd Fks vkSj dbZ ns'kksa dh oSKkfud
vdknfe;ksa us mUgsa viuh lnL;rk iznku dhA 1934 eas oks bafM;u ,dsMeh vkWiQ
lkbfUll] cSaxyksj ds lnL; cusA 1958 esa bafM;u ckWVsfudy lkslkbVh us mUgsa chjcy
lkguh esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA 1968 esa mUgsa bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl dakxzsl ds v;{k
in ds fy, pquk x;kA ;g jksy oks 18 ebZ 1966 dks viuh vkdfLed e`R;q ds dkj.k
fuHkk ugha ik,A 1966 esa mUgsa iz[;kr jkW;y lkslkbVh dk iQsyks pquk x;kA ekgs'ojh ,d
xEHkhj O;fDr Fks vkSj mUgksausa ;g ckr vius ifjokjtuksa rd dks ugha crkbZA ifjokj ds
yksxksa us ;g [kcj vxys fnu v[kckj esa i<+hA
89

bjkorh dosZ
(1905 - 1970)

bjkorh dosZ Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk ekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkzksikykSftLV) FkhaA cpiu ls gh

mudh bl fo"k; esa #fp FkhA mUgksausa bl {ks=k esa vxz.kh dke fd;kA bl fo"k; dks iq.ks
;wfuoflZVh esa lcls i<+kus dk Js; Hkh mUgha dks gSA mUgksaus cgqr yksdxhrksa dks ladfyr
fd;k vkSj fL=k;ksa dh eqfDr ls lEcaf/r dforkvksa dk vuqokn fd;kA viuh iqLrd ;qxakr
esa mUgksausa izkphu xzaFk egkHkkjr dh ,d akfrdkjh O;k[;k dj ikBdksa dh le> dks
cnykA
bjkorh dk tUe 1905 eas gqvkA muds firk x.ks'k
gfj djejdj cekZ esa dke djrs FksA blfy,
mudk uke cekZ dh izfl unh bjkonh ds
mQij iM+kA lkr lky dh mez esa bjkorh dks
iq.ks ds gqtjw ikxk cksfMZUx Ldwy esa i<+us ds
fy, Hkstk x;kA Ldwy esa mudh ,d
lgsyh Fkha & 'kdqaryk ijkatis & tks
iQjX;wlu dkWyt
s ds fizfa Liy jSxa yj ijkatis
dh csVh FkhaA 'kdqaryk dh eka dks bjkorh
igyh utj esa Hkk x;ha vkSj mUgksauas bjkorh
dks viuh nwljh csVh tSls ikykA
vius u;s ?kj esa bjkorh dks ,d
vR;Ur ckSfd ekgkSy feyk
vkSj cgqr lkjh jkspd iqLrdsa
i<+us dks feyhaA

90

bjkorh us iQjX;wlu dkWyst eas n'kZu'kkL=k dk v;;u dj 1926 esa Lukrd dh fMxzh
izkIr dhA fiQj mUgsa nf{k.kk iQsyksf'ki feyh ftl ls oks cEcbZ ;wfuoflZVh esa lekt foKku
ds ize[q k izkis Qslj th ,l ?kqj;s ds ekxZn'kZu esa dke dj ik;haA bl chp bjkorh dk fookg
fnudj /ksaMks dosZ ls gqvkA jklk;u 'kkL=kh fnudj izfl lektlsoh egf"kZ dosZ ds lqiq=k
FksA egfJ dosZ us fo/okvksa dh 'kknh vkSj efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dk chM+k mBk;k FkkA
,d izxfr'khy ifjokj esa 'kknh gksus ds dqN iQk;ns rks dqN uqdlku Hkh FksA oSls rks egf"kZ
dosZ efgykvksa dks lkoZtfud {ks=k esa vkxs c<+us ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs Fks ijUrq ;g
izxfr'khyrk muds futh ifjokj ij ykxw ugha gksrh FkhA tc bjkorh dks mPp f'k{kk ds
fy, teZuh tkus dk ekSdk feyk rks egf"kZ dosZ us mldk iqjtksj fojks/ fd;kA
fojks/ ds ckotwn bjkorh 1928 esa teZuh dh dSlj foYgsYe bafLVV~;wV iQkWj ,aFkzksikWyksth
esa ih,pMh djus x;haA muds 'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk & n ukeZy ,flfeVjh vkWiQ n g;weu
LdyA bjkorh vkSj fnudj dks yxk fd lektlsok muds cl dh ckr ugha gSA blfy,
mu nksuksa us v;kiu vkSj 'kks/ ds {ks=k pqusA fnudj jklk;u 'kkL=k ds izk;kid FksA os
ckn esa iQjX;wlu dkWyst ds fizafliy cusA fnudj viuh iRuh dh foy{k.k izfrHkk ls
ifjfpr Fks vkSj mUgksaus bjkorh dh Hkjiwj lgk;rk dhA fnudj us ?kj&x`gLFkh dh dkiQh
ftEesnkjh lEHkkyh ftlls bjkorh viuk 'kks/dk;Z dj ik;haA bjkorh ds LdwVj esa isVksy
Hkjuk vkSj muds ilZ esa iSls j[kuk Hkh fnudj dk gh dke Fkk!
bjkorh iq.ks esa LdwVj pykus okyh igyh efgyk Fkha! mUgksauas ekax esa
jksyh Hkjuk vkSj eaxylw=k iguuk vo'; R;kxk FkkA ijarq pan ijEijk,a
rksM+us ds ckotwn bjkorh us ,d e;e&oxhZ; fgUnw thou gh ft;kA
Ldwy esa mUgksua sa laLr lh[kh tks ml dky ds Nk=kksa ds fy, vfuok;Z
FkkA bjkorh ds firk us mUgsa Hk.Mkjdj vksfj;aVy fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV }kjk
izdkf'kr egkHkkjr ds 18 HksaV fd,A bjkorh dks ;g HksaV cgqr ilan
vk;hA blh egkHkkjr ij vk/
kfjr mUgksaus ckn esa viuh
ekSfyd fr ;qxka r fy[khA bls
1967 esa lkfgR; vdkneh us
ejkBh dh loZJs"B iqLrd ds
:i esa iq#Lr fd;kA bl
iq L rd es a egkHkkjr ds
vknj.kh; ik=kksa vkSj egkjfFk;ksa
dh iSuh leh{kk dh xbZ gSA
91

teZuh ls okil vkus ds ckn bjkorh us 1931&36 ds chp cEcbZ dh ,l,uMhVh

;wfuoflZVh esa jftLVkj in ij dke fd;kA 1939 esa mUgksauas MsDdu dkWyst esa jhMj ds
in ij lekt'kkL=k fl[kkuk 'kq# fd;k vkSj ogha ls lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA dqN le; rd oks
lekt'kkL=k foHkkx esa vdsys gh i<+krh jgha ftldh otg ls mUgsa bl fo"k; ds lHkh
isilZ i<+kus iM+rs Fks tks cgqr cksf>y dke FkkA
bjkorh vius ,e, ds lqijokbtj izksiQslj th-,l- ?kqj;s ds 'kks/ ls cgqqr izHkkfor FkhaA
nksukas ifjokj] tkfr] /eZ dks egRoiw.kZ ekurs Fks vkSj bu bdkb;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lekt dh
cqfu;kn le>rs FksA bjkorh lekt dk lexz fp=k x<+us ds fy, fofHkUu tkfr;ksa vkSj
vkfnoklh lektksa dk losZ{k.k djuk pkgrh FkhaA bjkorh cgqr ftKklq Fkha vkSj u;s {ks=kksa
esa iQhYM&odZ vkSj 'kks/ djus dh muesa xgjh yxu FkhA iqjkRro mR[kuu vkSj vUos"k.k
eas mudh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA
bjkorh us dqy feykdj vaxzsth esa 102 ys[k vkSj iqLrdsa fy[khaA mUgksaus ejkBh esa Hkh vkB
iqLrdsa fy[khaA mUgksaus vusdksa fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj vkSj foy{k.k :i ls fy[kkA muds
ys[ku esa ,d xgjh laosnuk Fkh tks muds ys[ku dks csgn vuwBk cukrh gSA mUgksausa HkkSfrd
ekuo'kkL=k vkSj iqjkRro fo"k;ksa ij dke fd;k vkSj ik"kk.k ;qx ds dadkyksa dk mR[kuu
fd;kA tkfr O;oLFkk] yksdxhr] dgkfu;ksa vkSj ekSf[kd ijEijkvksa
dks Hkh mUgksausa fyfic fd;kA lkIrkfgd cktkjksa vkSj cka/ ls
mtM+s yksxksa dk muds }kjk fd;k lkekftd&vkfFkZd losZ{k.k
vkt Hkh lkef;d vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA
ckn esa bjkorh ds ,d izfrHkkoku Nk=k dSyk'k eYgks=kk us
/uxj vkSj uanhokyh & i'kqikyu ls tqM+h nks tutkfr;ksa
dk losZ{k.k dj euq"; }kjk i;kZoj.k ij iM+s izHkko dks
fn[kk;kA

mu fnuksa fdlh efgyk ds fy,

iQhYModZ djuk dksbZ vklku dke
ugha FkkA bjkorh ds vius 'kCnksa esa
^eSa vius dke ds flyflys esa b/j&m/j
ikxyksa tSlh HkVdrh jghA eq>s ;g rd
ugha irk Fkk fd esjk vxyk dne fd/j
mBsxk ;k vxyk [kkuk dgka feysxkA chp
esa dqN lqLrkus ds ckn eSa fiQj vknfe;ksa
vkSj vkjrksa ls [kpk[kp Hkjh cl esa nqckjk
liQj 'kq# dj nsrh + + +A*

92

galeq[k ladkfy;k & ns'k ds izcq iqjkRrosRrk us ,d ?kVuk dk mYys[k fd;kA ,d ckj
oks vkSj bjkorh dgha nwj&njkt xako esa losZ{k.k dj jgs FksA mudh Vhe esa ,d ds ^vNwr*
gksus ds dkj.k xako okyksa us mUgsa [kkuk f[kykus ls badkj dj fn;kA blfy, fnu Hkj
iQhYM&odZ ds ckn Fkdh&ekanh bjkorh dks jkr dks [kqn iwjh Vhe ds fy, [kkuk Hkh cukuk
iM+kA NqfV~V;ksa esa oks vius dke ds flyflys esa ?kwerha jgrha tcfd cPps ?kj ij gh jgrsA
cPps mudh yk;h ubZ phtsa ns[kus vkSj ;k=kkvksa dh jkspd dgkfu;ka lquus dks vkrqj jgrsA
dHkh&dHkh cPps Hkh muds lkFk ?kqeDdM+h ij fudy iM+rsA csVh tkbZ ,d ckj eyckj]
fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk xbZ vkSj iq=k vkuan csVk&dq#ck vkSj tsuk&dq#ck tutkfr;ksa ds psgjksa
dks ukius ds fy, dwxZ x;kA
,d ckj bjkorh iq.ks dh eqyk&eqBk unh esa ?kaVksa ik"kk.k&;qx ds iqjkus vkStkjksa dks [kkstrh
jghaA ,d iQhYM fVi ds nkSjku jkr dks dksbZ LFkku ugha feyus ij oks Vd esa gh lks;haA
ejkBh esa muds ys[k csfelky gSa & ftuesa fudVrk vkSj nwjh dk ,d uktqd larqyu gSA
muds ys[kksa esa ,d lekt'kkL=kh dh iSuh utj gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk ,d ea>s ys[kd dk
Hkk"kk lkSan;Z gSA mUgksaus 'kCnksa esa cgqr ls laosnu'khy lakLfrd fp=k mdsjs gSaA mudk ,d
izfl fucU/ ia<jiqj dh /kfeZd ;k=kk ds ckjs
esa gSA bjkorh dks ejkBh esa O;fDrxr fucU/ksa
dk flyflyk 'kq# djus dk Js; tkrk gSA
bjkorh ds 'kks/ }kjk ge vius orZeku vkSj
vrhr ds chp ds fj'rs dks csgrj rjhds ls
le> ik,A ,d cgq&lkaLfrd] cgq&Hkk"kh;]
cgq&/kfeZd lekt vkSj jk"V ds xBu dh
dfBukvksa ls bjkorh vPNh rjg voxr FkhaA
vkt tc yk[kksa yksx cM+s cka/ izdYiksa ds
dkj.k cs?kj gks jgs gSa rc bjkorh dk dks;uk
cak/ lEca/h losZ{k.k cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA
muds ys[kksa esa ,d efgykeq[kh n`f"Vdks.k gS &
mUgksauas egkHkkjr dh ?kVukvksa dks dqarh vkSj
nzkiS nh ds utfj, ls ns[kkA bjkorh ds iFkizn'kZd
lkekftd losZ{k.kksa us Hkfo"; ds 'kks/ dh uhao
j[kh & fo'ks"kdj efgyk tkx`fr ds {ks=k esaA

93

ch-ih- iky
(1906 - 1989)

^MkW- ch-ih- iky ds dky esa Hkkjr esa xsgwa dk 'kks/ nqfu;k esa lcls pksVh ij FkkA
lp ek;us esa oks Hkkjr dh gfjr akfr ds jpf;rk FksA*
& MkW- ukeZu ckWjykSx (ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk)

csatsfeu fi;js ikWy ,d fo'ofo[;kr tsusfVd oSKkfud rks Fks gh lkFk esa os vn~Hkqr
ekuoh; xq.kksa ls Hkh lEiUu FksA ,d dkfcy oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls mUgksasusa Hkkjrh; f"k
ds fiNM+siu dh leL;kvksa dks xgjkbZ ls le>kA izkfrd lkSan;Z ds izfr muesa ,d xgjh
laosnuk FkhA ikWy ,d xjetks'k vkSj n;kyq balku Fks vkSj vius lglkfFk;ksa ds cgqr fiz;
FksA oks ,d vksj xgu fpard Fks rks nwljh vksj [kwc
etkd Hkh djrs FksA mudh vusd phtksa esa #fp FkhA
oks ,d mPp dksfV ds fp=kdkj Fks vkSj mUgsa
Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh nksuksa izdkj dh laxhr
'kSfy;ksa ls izse FkkA bruh vyx&vyx phtksa
esa xgjh #fp;ka j[kus ds dkj.k dqN yksx
mUgsa ^f"k ds gkseh HkkHkk* ekurs FksA
ikWy dk tUe 26 ebZ 1906 dks eqdUniqj]
iatkc esa gqvk FkkA mudh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk cekZ esa
gqbZ tgka muds firk esfMdy MkWDVj FksA cekZ esa
oks lsUV ekWbfdYl Ldwy esa i<+s vkSj ;gka mudh
xqykcksa vkSj fp=kdkjh eas #fp iSnk gqbZA Ldwy
esa ,d vR;Ur lqUnj xqykc dk ckx Fkk
vkSj muds dbZ f'k{kdksa dh ckxokuh
vkSj issafVUx esa #fp FkhA ikWy viuh d{kk
esa ges'kk loZizFke vkrsA ,d ckj mUgsa
94

buke esa ,d isUV&ckDl feykA 'kk;n blh dkj.k oks viuh lkjh
ftUnxh fp=kdkjh djrs jgsA
1929 esa mUgksaus ,e,llh (ouLifr'kkL=k) esa iwjh ;wfuoflZVh esa VkWi
fd;k vkSj eSF;w gaVj esMy thrkA blds ckn oks dsfEczt x, tgka mUgksaus
ih,pMh iwjh dhA lj jksysaM fcfiQu vkSj lj Sad ,aXyMks ds ekxZn'kZu
esa lEiUu mudh ih,pMh vkt Hkh ,d Dykfld le>h tkrh gSA vius 'kks/ esa ikWy
us igyh ckj xsgwa dh ladj iztkfr;ksa dh lEHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj fd;kA 1933 esa mUgksausa
fcgkj fLFkr iwlk esa bafM;u (bEihfj;y) ,xzhdYpjy bafLVV~;wV esa dke djuk 'kq#
fd;kA 1937 esa inksUufr ds ckn oks ogha bEihfj;y bduksfed ckWVkfuLV cusA 1936 ds
HkwdEi esa iwlk bafLVV~;wV cqjh rjg oLr gks xbZ vkSj mls fnYyh f'kV fd;k x;kA rc
ikWy Hkh fnYyh vk,A
MkW- ikWy ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dks le>us ds fy, geas 1960 esa Hkkjr esa [kk|kU;ksa dh
n;uh; fLFkfr ij utj Mkyuh pkfg,A [kk|kU;ksa dh csgn fdYyr ds dkj.k lkjh nqfu;k
Hkkjr dks Hkq[kejksa dk ns'k ekuus yxh FkhA ml nkSjku gtkjksa&yk[kksa Hkkjrh; vejhdk
}kjk ih,y&480 esa nku fn, [kk|kU;ksa dh otg ls gh ftUnk cp ik,A ikWy ds usr`Ro
esa 'kq# gqbZ gfjr akfr ns'k esa ,d vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu ykbZ vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds Hkkjr ,d
Hkw[ks ns'k ls ,d [kk|kU; ckgqY; ns'k cukA
ikWy us f"k ds ftu ikap {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k os gSa & vuqla/ku] f'k{kk]
f"k&foLrkj] laLFkk fuekZ.k vkSj varjkZ"Vh; lg;ksxA bu lHkh {ks=kksa esa mUgksaus vFkd
esgur vkSj yxu ls vf}rh; dke fd;k vkSj gjsd {ks=k esa dke;kch vkSj liQyrk gkfly
dhA
vuqla/ku ds {ks=k esa ikWy dk izeq[k dke cgqjksxh dhV fujks/h xsgwa dh ladj iztkfr;ksa
dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA f"k mRiknu tSfod fofo/rk ds larqfyr fodkl }kjk gh c<+sxk
;g ckr ikWy dks Li"V fofnr FkhA oSKkfud ifr }kjk u, thUl [kkstus ds fy, mUgksauas
IykaV baVksMD'ku fMfotu dh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa ;gh foHkkx uS'kuy C;wjks vkWiQ IykaV
tsusfVd fjlksZfll cukA mUgksausa mPp rduhdksa dk mi;ksx dj vkyw]
VekVj vkSj rEckdq dh ubZ&ubZ iztkfr;ka fodflr dhaA blds fy,
mUgksaus fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ds foy{k.k oSKkfudksa dks vkil esa lg;ksx
vkSj lf; Hkkxknkjh ls 'kks/ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA
ikWy dks yxk fd Hkkjr tSls f"k iz/ku ns'k dks
Hkfo"; esa mPp dksfV ds f"k oSKkfudksa dh ,d
cM+h iQkSt dh t:jr gksxhA bUgha oSKkfudksa ds
cqfu;knh 'kks/ }kjk ns'k esa f"k mit c<+sxh vkSj ns'k
rjDdh djsxkA bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, mUgksasus
95

Hkkjrh; f"k vuqla/ku laLFkk esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, ,d iksLV&xzStq,V Ldwy LFkkfir
fd;kA tYn gh mls ;wfuoflZVh xzWkUVl dfe'ku us ,d ;wfuoflZVh dk ntkZ iznku fd;kA
bl laLFkk ls fudys 4000 ls Hkh vf/d ,e,llh vkSj ih,pMh ds 'kks/drkZvksa us Hkkjr
dh lSdM+ksa djksM+ turk dks Hkkstu miyC/ djk;k vkSj lkFk&lkFk ns'k dks [kk|kU;ksa
esa vkRe&fuHkZj cuk;k gSA

ikWy mi;ksxh O;kogkfjd vuqla/ku ds fy, mRre xq.koRrk ds cqfu;knh 'kks/ dks ,dne
t:jh ekurs FksA blds fy, mUgksausa bafM;u ,xzhdYpj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV (vkbZ,vkjvkbZ)
esa Ldwy vkWiQ iQaMkesaVy tsusfVDl dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa ds
funku ds fy, dbZ laLFkkvksa ds lkFk cgq&fo"k;h 'kks/dk;Z dh
'kq#vkr dhA (vkbZ,vkjvkbZ) ds funs'kd dh gSfl;r ls mUgksausa
vuqla/ku] f'k{kk vkSj foLrkj ds dke dks cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA
ikWy us 1965&72 rd bafM;u dkmafly iQkWj ,xzhdYpjy fjlpZ
ds Mk;jsDVj&tujy ds in ij Hkh dke fd;kA blh dky esa xsgwa]
/ku] cktjs vkSj eDdk dh mPp iSnkokj nsus okyh ladj iztkfr;ka
cM+s iSekus ij fdlkuksa dks cksus ds fy, miyC/ gq;haA gfjr&akfr
dks vkSj c<+kok nsus ds fy, ikWy us f"k ls tqM+s tkuojksa vkSj
eNfy;ksa ds vuqla/ku ij Hkh cy fn;kA bl nkSj esa Hkkjr us fo'o dh loZJs"B vuqla/
ku laLFkkvksa ds lkFk gkFk feyk;k vkSj feydj 'kks/dk;Z fd;k & esfDldks ds lkFk xsgwa
ij vkSj fiQfyihUl ds lkFk /ku ijA blls jk"Vh; vkSj varjkZ"Vh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij ikWy
dh izfrHkk iQSyhA
'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, ikWy dk ukjk Fkk & ^[ksr dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kvks*A ^iz;ksx'kkyk
ls [ksr rd* mudk nwljk ukjk Fkk ftls f;kUou ds fy, ikWy us vFkd ifjJe fd;kA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd f"k {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh uokpkj dk vafre ewY;kadu varr% fdlku
gh dj ldrk gSA f"k ds Nk=k Hkkjrh; lekt dh tfVyrkvksa dks vPNh izdkj le>sa
blfy, mUgsa vius ikB~;e esa cgqr ls lekt'kkL=k ls tqM+s fo"k; Hkh i<+us iM+rs FksA
vkbZlh,vkj dk ;g la'kksf/r ekWMy bruk liQy gqvk fd mls dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa &
ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] fiQfyihUl vkSj ukbZthfj;k us lg"kZ viuk;kA

96

lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn ikWy us viuh lkjh mQtkZ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds dke ds fy, yxk;hA
oks uS'kuy desVh vkWu bUok;juesaVu izksVsD'ku ,aM dksvkjfMus'ku ds igys ps;jeSu cusA
ikWy ,d mPp dksfV ds IykaV&czhMj Fks vkSj mUgksausa xqykc dh dbZ ubZ iztkfr;ksa dk
vkfo"dkj fd;kA oks jkst vkSj cksxuosfy;k lkslkbVh ds Hkh v;{k FksA izfl oSKkfud
,e-,l- ja/kok ds lkFk feydj mUgksaus paMhx<+ dk jkst&xkMZu LFkkfir fd;kA mudk
?kj yksxksa ds fy, lnSo [kqyk jgrk Fkk vkSj oks 'kks/drkZvksa dh lgk;rk dks ges'kk rRij
jgrs FksA
ikWy us bafM;u lkslkbVh vkWiQ tsfufVDl ,aM IykaV czhfMax dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj tuZy vkWiQ
tsusfVDl ,aM IykaV czhfMax dks iPphl o"kZ rd lEikfnr fd;kA iQwyksa ds izfr vius izse
ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, mUgksauas <sjksa yksdfiz; iqLrdsa fy[kha ftuesa n jkst bu bafM;k]
C;wfViQqy DykbEclZ vkWiQ bafM;k] ykofjax JCt
vkSj bUok;juesaVy dUtjos'ku ,aM MsoyiesaV
mYys[kuh; gSaA
oks dbZ varjkZ"Vh; 'kks/ laLFkkvksa ds VLVh Fks vkSj
mUgksausa cgqr ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f"k vuqla/ku
dks lgh fn'kk iznku dhA oSKkfud leqnk; esa mudk
#rck bruk cqyan Fkk fd mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y
lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk ds lkFk&lkFk akl] tkiku] #lh vkSj FkMZ OyZM ,dSMeh vkWiQ
lkbafll dk lnL; Hkh pquk x;kA 1987 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur
fd;kA 2007 esa Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx muds lEeku esa muds fiz; xqykc ds iQwyksa ds lkFk
,d Mkd fVdV NkikA
ikWy xgjs ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls vksr&izksr ,d dksey
LoHkko ds O;fDr FksA mUgksauas vius }kjk cukbZ xqykc
dh ubZ iztkfr;ksa ds uke izfl Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa &
lj lh-oh- jeu vkSj gkseh HkkHkk ds uke ij j[ksA
mudks Hkkjrh; f"k vuqla/ku ifj"kn ls xgjk
yxko Fkk vkSj var esa os viuh iwjh lEifRr &
leLr ys[k] xqykcksa dk laxzg vkSj fnYyh ,oa
f'keyk ds edku lHkh dqN blh laLFkk dks nku
dj x,A mudk nsgkUr 1989 esa gqvkA

97

Mh-Mh- dkslEch
(1907 - 1966)

izksiQslj nkeksnj /ekZuUn dkslEch lpeqp iqutkZxj.k dh cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUu FksA
oks mu fxus&pqus pan Hkkjrh;ksa esa ls Fks ftUgksausa chloha lnh ds foKku ds ekuo tkfr
ij gq, izHkko dks le>k FkkA izpkj vkSj izflh ds iFk dks udkjrs gq, mUgksausa Kku&foKku
ds dbZ {ks=kksa esa vf}rh; vuqla/ku fd;k ftuesa & xf.kr] lakf[;dh;] eqnzk'kkL=k]
baMksyksth] bfrgkl vkSj ledkyhu lkekftd leL;k,a 'kkfey FkhaA mUgksausa vk.kfod
gfFk;kjksa dh iqjtksj f[kykiQr dh vkSj lkjh ftUnxh fo'o 'kakfr vkanksyuksa ds fy, dke
fd;kA
muds 'kks/dk;Z dk dSuol cgqr fo'kky FkkA is'ks ls ,d xf.krK gksus ds ckotwn mUgksaus
O;kolkf;d bfrgkldkjksa dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks ns[kus dk ,d ekSfyd utfj;k
fl[kk;kA ik"kk.k ;qx ds iRFkj ds cus vkStkjksa vkSj f'kykLrEHkksa ds muds laxzg ls
iqjkRro&foKku dk egRoiw.kZ fodkl gqvkA mUgksausa izkphu
dky esa vkokxeu ds vusdksa ekxZ [kkstsA mUgkasus dkjyk
xqiQk eas [kqns czkgeh fyfi ds f'kykys[kkssa dh igyh ckj
O;k[;k dhA dkslEch us [kqn vius vki lakf[;dh;
lh[khA blds fy, mUgksauas ,d O;ogkfjd leL;k dks
pqukA mUgksausa 7000 ls Hkh vf/d iap&ekdZ izkphu
eqnzkvksa dks ,d laosnu'khy rjktw esa ckjhdh ls rksykA
muds bl 'kks/ ls eqnzk'kkL=k dks ,d oSKkfud fo"k; dk
ntkZ izkIr gqvkA mUgksausa nks ksekstksEl ds chp
dh nwjh Kkr djus dk ,d lw=k jpk tks vkt
Dykfldy tsusfVDl dk ,d LrEHk gSA gj fo"k;
dh ckjhdh ls tkap&iM+rky] xgu v;;u vkSj
fo"k; ij vkf/dkfjd idM+ ds lkFk&lkFk }U}kRed
HkkSfrdokn iz.kkyh }kjk mUgksausa reke cqfu;kuh iz'u [kM+s djs
vkSj dbZ lokyksa ds ekSfyd mRrj Hkh lq>k,A
98

1956 esa mudh igyh iqLrd ,u baVksMD'ku Vw n LVMh vkWiQ bafM;u fgLVh izdkf'kr gqbZA
Nius ds ikap lky ds vanj gh ;g iqLrd fo'o Hkj ds bfrgkl 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy,
vfuok;Z le>h tkus yxhA mlds ckn mudh nks vU; iqLrdsa feFk ,aM fj;SYVh (1962)
vkSj n dYpj ,aM flfoykbZts'ku vkWiQ ,as'kUV bafM;k bu fgLVkSfjdy vkmVykbu
(1965) NihaA bu lHkh iqLrdksa dk fo'o dh reke Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvkA dkslEch
us Hk`rgfj dk izkphu laLr xazFk lqHkkf"krjRudks"k lEikfnr fd;kA vkt Hkh ;g ,d
cgqewY; vuqla/ku le>k tkrk gSA
dkslEch us u dsoy Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>us dk ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k fn;k ijUrq
lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus mls le>us dk rjhdk Hkh fodflr fd;kA muds erkuqqlkj bfrgkl
fliQZ chrs gq, vrhr ds ckjs esa ugha gksrkA bfrgkl orZeku esa Hkh thrk gSA blfy, dkslEch
us vius bfrgkl ds 'kks/ esa reke ckrksa dk v;;u fd;k & yksx dSls thrs gSa] oks D;k
phtsa bLrseky djrs gSa] muds jhfr&fjokt D;k gSa] mudk Hkkstu vkSj laxhr D;k gS\ bu
lc ckrksa dh tkap&ij[k ls dkslEch vrhr vkSj orZeku ds chp ,d fujUrjrk LFkkfir
dj ik,A
1990 ds 'kq#vkr esa dkslEch ds Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds n`f"Vdks.k
ij vk/kfjr 13 Hkkx dk ,d Vsfyohtu lhfj;y cuk &
bafM;k baosfUVMA bls tkus&ekus lekt oSKkfud vjfoUn
ukjk;.k nkl us cuk;kA bl vf}rh; lhfj;y ds lHkh Hkkx
vc xwxy fofM;ks ij fu'kqYd miyC/ gSaA
nkeksnj /ekZuUn dkslEch dk tUe 31 tqykbZ 1907 dks gqvkA
muds izkjfEHkd lky dksad.kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gq, xksok esa chrsA
muds firk vkpk;Z /ekZuUn dkslEch cq /eZ ds lqizfl if.Mr Fks vkSj iq.ks ds
iQjX;wlu dkWyst esa i<+krs FksA blfy, nkeksnj dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk iq.ks esa gh gqbZA vkpk;Z
/ekZuUn gkjoMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa foftfVUx iQSdYVh Fks tgka oks ikyh eas fyf[kr ckS
xzaFkksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djrs FksA 1918 esa viuh nwljh gkjoMZ ;k=kk ds nkSjku vkpk;Z /ekZuUn
viuh 19 o"khZ; csVh ekfud vkSj 11 o"khZ; csVs nkeksnj dks Hkh vius lkFk vejhdk ys
x,A rc rd nkeksnj dks lc yksx ckck ds uke ls tkuus yx x, FksA oks igys dsfczt
xzkWej Ldwy esa vkSj mlds ckn dsfczt ySfVu Ldwy esa i<+sA pkj lky ckn vkpk;Z dkslEch
99

Hkkjr ykSVs ijUrq ckck viuh i<+kbZ iwjh djus ds fy, vejhdk esa gh #dsA oks chp esa
Hkkjr vk, vkSj mUgksauas ;gka ij dkWyst esa nkf[kyk ysus dh dksf'k'k dhA ijUrq nksuksa ns'kksa
dh fHkUu f'k{kk iz.kkfy;kas ds dkj.k ;g lEHko ugha gks ik;kA blfy, 1926 esa ckck
vejhdk okil x, vkSj mUgksauas fo'ofo[;kr gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa nkf[kyk fy;kA
nkeksnj vius 'kjhj dks pqLr j[kus ds fy, fu;fer :i ls oftZ'k vkSj rSjkdh djrsA
oks uko pykrs vkSj ioZrkjksg.k djrsA i<+kbZ esa mUgsa cgqr vPNs vad feyrsA ijUrq ,d
lsfeLVj esa mUgsa rhu ^,* vkSj ,d ^ch* xzMs feykA blls muds firk ukjkt gq,A bl pqukSrh
dks Lohdkj djrs gq, ckck us xfeZ;ksa dh NqfV~V;ksa esa bVSfy;u Hkk"kk dk ,d dkslZ fy;kA
bl Hkk"kk dk mUgsa igys fcYdqy Hkh Kku u FkkA bl dkslZ esa mUgsa muds Vhpj us ^,$*
dk xzsM fn;kA lkFk eas fVIi.kh Hkh fy[kh fd mUgksauas oks xzsM vius thou esa igyh gh ckj
fdlh dks fn;k gSA bl fjiksVZ dkMZ dks ckck us vius firk dks HkstkA gkjoMZ esa ckck
dk dejk reke fo"k;ksa dh iqLrdksa ls [kpk[kp Hkjk jgrk FkkA muds dejs esa ,d xak/
hth dk ,d iQksVks Hkh yVdk jgrk FkkA

dkslEch us xf.kr dh mPp f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk esa dbZ ;wjksih; Hkk"kk,a & xzhd] ySfVu]
sap vkSj teZu Hkh lh[khaA mUgksaus
laLr ds lkFk&lkFk czkgeh vkSj
izkr Hkk"kk,a Hkh lh[khaA vejhdk
ds le` iqLrdky;ksa esas oks Kku
ds lHkh igyqvksa ls ifjfpr gq,A
[kxksy'kkL=k] efLr"d dh xgjkbZ;ksa
vkSj vrhr ds vo'ks"kksa dks ,df=kr
djus rd reke fo"k;ksa esa mudh
#fp tkx`r gqbZA ckSfd {kerkvksa
vkSj mQtkZ ds fygkt ls dkslEch
buesa ls Kku ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa
mRre vuqla/ku dj [kqn dks
LFkkfir dj ldrs FksA ijUrq blds
precisely
derdevelopment is
The reason for un
markets
at
gre
ials and our
am
ow n
that our raw mater
his
to
r
b
ne
eig
i
for
Allo
s m
the
w
for
we re ex plo ite d by
ay
aw
app
en
prev s for in
tak
re
ducts we
t
ent
ing
othe erferen
advantage. Our pro
ed to take
ed
ne
f
r
ce (
ou
r cro
u
lab
p
ea
n
I)
c t i o the price of the ch
sso
hest
vers , where
n:
d we paid the hig
by
in th
out of the earth,an
e sa one c
m
the
the
Control over history
rd,
wo
a
In
r
s.
me
o
regio ssove
the finished good
is not to be attained
rpri
ceptions
tendces for
n:
ex
few
ry
ve
th
wi
s o ed countries
by the passive
devetlop
ma de
suffering that has
The
ely be ca us e the y
de ve lop ed pre cis
are
perpetuated Indian de amou
re never paid
we
nt o
we
crea
us;
m
fro
f in
100
ses
life from
loci:
is
profit both ways
as t terfere
ngs taken away. It
he lo
generation to
n
ual value of the thi
act
lci g ce allow
ve
the
de
the
in
d
et fu
generation. The
Freedo
rthe ed in th
s that have helpe
rce
isouth
our mres
e re
r ap
time has now come
tions of
e
na
co
sed
gn
ali
it
tri
io
us
art, Kosam
n
ind
is the
of necessity;
great
the
and
contgnof
to make history, to a
itio
opme
n of nece
ieme
is ze bi map
nce
go to thescsa
to Th
veity.
seriously thoughtro fo fcl
unas
t we hass
sicawo
;isye
eop
rld
ctthe
l
fi
Ma
nderx
io
r
t is
math
u
t
lersde
n
de
nI
fi
pe
out, conscious
as
ni
linha
t
ti
no
,
on
nts
kedve adde
of
lia
freedom
ions as supp
Kos

ckotwn mUgksauas xf.kr dk fo"k; gh D;ksa pquk\ xf.kr dk tknw mudk eu eksg pqdk FkkA
xf.kr ds urhtksa dh vn~Hkqr Li"Vrk mUgsa ckSfd :i ls vikj larqf"V iznku djrh FkhA
1929 esa dkslEch us mPp Js.kh esa gkjoMZ ls viuh mPp f'k{kk laiw.kZ dhA ml nkSj esa
vkfFkZd eanh ds dkj.k f'k{kk esa othiQs feyus cgqr dfBu Fks blfy, oks Hkkjr okil
ykSV vk,A mlds ckn oks lkjh ftanxh Hkkjr esa viuh lkaLfrd tM+ksa ds djhc gh jgsA
dkslEch us thou Hkj xf.kr i<+kbZA 1929&31 rd mUgksaus cukjl fgUnq fo'ofo|ky; esa
v;kiu fd;kA ;gka mUgksausa xf.kr ds lkFk&lkFk teZu Hkk"kk Hkh i<+kbZA teZu dks dkslEch
foKku dh Hkk"kk ekurs FksA mlds ckn dqN le; mUgksauas vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh esa
Hkh i<+k;kA 1933 esa mUgksauas iq.ks fLFkr iQjX;wlu dkWyst esa v;kiu 'kq# fd;kA ;gka tYn
gh mudh fxurh ,d lPps vkSj izsjd f'k{kd ds :i esa mHkjhA muds ysDplZ dk ykHk
dsoy xEHkhj vkSj esgurh Nk=k gh mBk ikrs FksA uksV~l ds fy, ykykf;r lk/kj.k Nk=k
muds job;s ls vDlj fujk'k Hkh gksrAs pkSng lky xf.kr i<+kus ds ckn dkslEch us dkWyt
s
vf/dkfj;ksa ds lkFk xEHkhj erHksnksa ds dkj.k iQjX;wlu dkWyst NksM+ fn;kA oks ijh{kk
vk/kfjr f'k{kk iz.kkyh vkSj mlds vizsjd rjhdksa ls cgqr nq[kh FksA
1946 esa mUgsa gkseh HkkHkk us cEcbZ esa ubZ LFkkfir VkVk bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ iQaMkeSUVy fjlpZ
esa dke djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA HkkHkk vkSj dkslEch nksuksa ds O;fDrRo cgqr fHkUu
gksus ds dkj.k muds chp ds fj'rs tYn gh [kjkc gks x,A HkkHkk D;ksafd ,d ubZ laLFkk
jp jgs Fks blfy, oks vc oSKkfud dk;Z de vkSj izca/u esa T;knk yx x,A nksuksa ds
chp Hkh"k.k oSpkfjd erHksn Hkh Fks & ,d vksj HkkHkk vk.kfod&mQtkZ dks izksRlkfgr dj
jgs Fks rks nwljh vksj dkslEch iw.kZr% lkSj&mQtkZ ds i{k/j FksA
1962 esa Vh,iQvkbZvkj us mudh lsok,a jn~n dj
nha A 1964 esa lh,lvkbZvkj us mUgsa lsokeqDr
oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls fu;qDr fd;k vkSj
dkslEch iq.ks dh egkjk"V ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj
dYVhos'ku vkWiQ lkbUl ds lkFk tqM+ x,A
es tj&tujy buk;r gchcqYyk iq .ks ds ikl
[kMdoklyk fLFkr uS'kuy fMiQsUl ,dSMeh ds igys
dekaMUs V FksA gchcqYyk [kqn ,d 'kkSfd;k iqjkrRo&oSKkfud
FksA mUgkasus dkslEch dks ,uMh, esa ,d iqjkRro Dyc (vkjfd;kyksftdy lkslkbVh)
LFkkfir djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;gka ij dkslEch us mRlqd Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks
ik"kk.k ;qxhu iRFkj ds
vkStkjksa vkSj vU; izkphu
vo'ks"kksa dks [kkstus ds fy,
izsfjr fd;kA
101

1931 esa dkslEch dk fookg ufyuh eMxkaodj ls gqvkA

mudh cM+h csVh ek;k dh 'kknh ds dqN o"kZ ckn gh
dSalj ls e`R;q gks x;hA mudh NksVh csVh ehjk iq.ks dh
,d fo[;kr lekt'kkL=kh gSaA
1949 esa dkslEch dks ^ikWFk T;ksesVjh* fl[kkus ds fy,
f'kdkxks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA ckn esa mUgsa fizUlVu fLFkr
2007 esa dkslEch 'krkCnh lekjksg bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ ,MokaLM LVMht eas vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k
ds nkSjku izks ehjk dkslEch dks muds tgka mudh vkbUlVhu ls u dsoy HksaV gqbZ oju yEch
firk dk rSyfp=k HksVa fd;k x;kA ppkZ Hkh gqbZA

dkslEch dk }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ds n'kZu esa fo'okl Fkk ij oks lkFk&lkFk ijEijkxr
dE;wfuLV ikfVZ;ksa ds f[kykiQ Fks ftUgsa mUgksausa vkfiQf'k;y ekfDlZLV (vkse) dh mikf/
nh FkhA vk.kfod mQtkZ ds f[kykiQ gksus ds dkj.k HkkHkk vkSj muesa fcYdqy ugha cuhA
tokgjyky usg# dh iqLrd fMLdojh vkWiQ bafM;k tc Nih rc dkslEch us mldh /
fTt;ka mM+k;ha vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks ysdj usg# dh fNNyh le> dk inkZiQk'k fd;kA
vius Lora=k fopkjksa ds dkj.k ljdkj vkSj okeiaFkh ikfVZ;ksa nksuksa us dkslEch dh mis{kk
dhA dkslEch us 1934 esa ek=k 26 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa igyk jkekuqtu eseksfj;y iq#Ldkj
thrk vkSj 1947 esa HkkHkk iq#Ldkj thrkA ;g
Hkkjrh; jkT; dh vlaosnuk dk |ksrd gS fd
mlus ns'k ds loksZPp dksfV ds bl cqfthoh
dh iw.kr% mis{kk dh vkSj mUgsa dksbZ Hkh jkT;
lEeku ugha fn;kA
2007 esa dkslEch dh tUe 'krkCnh ds miy{k
esa iwjs lky Hkj iq.ks esa izeq[k cqfthfo;ksa ds
Hkk"k.kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj
us dkiQh foyEc ds ckn dkslEch dh ;kn esa
Mkd fVdV tkjh fd;k vkSj lkFk esa iq.ks
;wfuoflZVh esa ^dkslEch ps;j* dh LFkkiuk ds
fy, ,d djksM+ #i, dk vuqnku Hkh fn;kA
ek=k 58 lky dh vYi vk;q esa gh bl foy{k.k
izfrHkk dk nsgkUr 29 twu 1966 dks gqvkA
ijUrq 'krkfCn;ksa ckn Hkh yksx dkslEch ds
cgqeq[kh ckSfd ;ksxnku dks ;kn djsaxsA

102

dkslEch oYMZ ihl ewoesUV ds lf;

lnL; FksA mUgsa iap'khy dk fpUg
cgqr ilUn FkkA mUgksaus vkxzg dj
bl fpUg dks viuh iq L rd
bXtSlijsfVUx ,lst esa Niok;kA

gkseh HkkHkk
(1909 - 1966)

gkseh HkkHkk us dgk] ^tks ns'k nqfu;k eas vxz.kh jksy fuHkkuk pkgrk gS oks dHkh cqfu;knh
oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z vkSj yEch vof/ ds vuqla/ku dks Hkwy ugha ldrkA* HkkHkk us vdsys
Hkkjrh; vk.kfod&mQtkZ dh cqfu;kn j[kh vkSj ns'k ds varfj{k vkSj bysDVkfuDl dk;Ze
dk iks"k.k fd;kA mUgksauas foy{k.k izfrHkk ds yksxksa ds bnZ&fxnZ mPp&dksfV dh laLFkk,a
LFkkfir dhaA ,d nwjn'khZ ds ukrs mUgksaus Hkfo"; esa dke vkus okyh vusdksa laLFkk,a
LFkkfir dha tSls & VhvkbZ,iQvkj] ch,vkjlh vkSj bljksA
gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk dk tUe 30 vDVwcj 1909 dks cEcbZ esa ,d izfrf"Br ikjlh ifjokj
esa gqvkA mudh VkVk ds ifjokj ls fj'rsnkjh FkhA ftl ?kj esa oks iSnk gq, ogha vkxs pydj
Hkkjr ds vk.kfod dk;Ze dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA gkseh dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk cEcbZ ds
dSFkhMy vkSj tkWu dkSuu Ldwyksa eas gqbZA oks i<+kbZ esa izoh.k Fks vkSj iqLrdksa ds csgn
'kkSdhu FksA firk dh ,d fo'kky ykbczsjh us mUgsa ,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k fn;kA gkseh dh
iasfUVx vkSj ik'pkR; laxhr esa Hkh xgjh #fp FkhA
lhfu;j dsfEczt dh ijh{kk ikl djus ds
ckn mUgksaus dqN o"kZ cEcbZ dh jkW;y
bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl esa i<+kbZ dhA mlds
ckn oks mPp f'k{kk ds fy, dsfEczt x,A
muds firk pkgrs Fks fd oks ,d baftfu;j
cusa vkSj ckn esa VkVk lewg esa fdlh mPp
vksgns ij dke djsaA ijUrq gkseh dh
#fp dsoy ,d fo"k; esa Fkh vkSj oks
Fkk HkkSfrd 'kkL=kA mu fnuksa fiQftDl
esa ,d ubZ akfr dh ygj vk jgh Fkh
vkSj dsfEczt mlds fy, lcls mi;qDr
LFkku FkkA
103

HkkSfrd 'kkL=kh ,YcVZ vkWbUlVhu] gsMdh ;qdkok] tkWu Oghyj vkSj gkseh HkkHkk

gkseh ds mnkj firk us mUgsa fedSfudy VkbikSl esa mRrhZ.k gksus ds ckn eSfFkeSfVdy VkbikSl
djus dh vuqefr ns nhA 1932 esa HkkHkk us jkmt&ckWy VSofyUx iQsyksf'ki thrh ftlds
dkj.k oks T;wfj[k esa okWyiQxSax ikWyh vkSj jkse eas ,ufjdks iQehZ ds lkFk dke dj ik,A
mlds i'pkr vkbZtSd U;wVu othiQk feyus ls dqN le; dksisugSxu fLFkr uhYl cksgj
bafLV~V;wV esa fcrk ik,A bl chp esa HkkHkk us izksiQslj iQkmYj ds ekxZn'kZu esa viuh ih,pMh
iwjh dhA iz[;kr [kxksy'kkL=kh vkSj ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk ,l panz'ks[kj ds xWkbM Hkh
iQkmYj gh FksA
HkkHkk us dsfEczt esa mRlkgiwoZd vius fnu fcrk,A ;gka mUgksaus bysDVkWu&ikSftVkWu LdSVfjax
dh [kkst dh tks vkt HkkHkk&LdSVfjax ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA okYVj gkbVyj ds lkFk
feydj mUgksasus dkLdsM F;ksjh ;kfu dkWfLed fdj.kks dh ckSNkj dh O;k[;k dhA bl
;ksxnku ds ckn HkkHkk dh izfrHkk ,d ;qok vkSj fuiq.k HkkSfrd'kkL=kh ds :i iQSy xbZA
1939 esa HkkHkk dqN fnuksa dh NqV~Vh ds fy, Lons'k ykSVsA mlh le; f}rh; egk;q fNM+
x;kA ;q ds dkj.k ;wjksi esa oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, othiQs cgqr de gks x,A 'kk;n
blesa dqN vPNkbZ fNih Fkh D;ksafd vc HkkHkk dks Hkkjr esa gh dksbZ ukSdjh <wa<uh FkhA
muds foy{k.k dke ds dkj.k HkkHkk dks bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl] cSaXyksj eas rqjUr
ukSdjh fey xbZA mUgksausa lj nksjkc VkVk VLV ds ,d vuqnku ls dkWfLed&fdj.kkas ij
viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA
cSaXkyksj esa HkkHkk ds lSakfrd dk;Z ls ,d d.k ds nks&Hkkj okyh lehdj.k cuh tks
vc HkkHkk lehdj.k ds uke ls izfl gSA bUgha fnukas HkkHkk us gjh'k panz ds lkFk Hkh
dke fd;kA ckn esa gjh'k panz ,d mPp dksfV ds xf.krK ds :i esa txizfl gq,A
dkWfLed&fdj.kksa ds mQapkbZ;ksa ij v;;u ds fy, HkkHkk us xkbZxj dkmaVj VsfyLdksi
cuk, vkSj mUgsa Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk ds gokbZtgktksa esa mM+k;kA
104

f}rh; egk;q lekIr gksus ds ckn HkkHkk fiQj ,d nksjkgs ij vk [kM+s gq,A oks okil
;wjksi tk,a tgka oSKkfud 'kks/ dh vikj lEHkkouk,a Fkha ;k fiQj Hkkjr esa jg dj dk;Z
djsa\ bl ckj mUgksausa ts-vkj-Mh- VkVk ls blds ckjs esa mudh jk; ekaxhA HkkHkk us VkVk
dks fy[kk] ^vius ns'k esa jg dj dke djuk vkSj fo'o Lrj dh vuqla/ku vkSj 'kks/
laLFkk,a LFkkfir djuk izR;sd Hkkjrh; dk drZO; gSA*
HkkHkk dk fo'okl Fkk fd ;g foy{k.k Ldwy ns'k esa vk.kfod&mQtkZ ds fodkl ds fy,
oSKkfudksa dh HkjikbZ djsaxsa vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr dks bl {ks=k eas vU; ns'kksa dk eqag ugha
rkduk iM+sxkA ek=k ,d yk[k ds vuqnku ls HkkHkk us 1 twu 1945 dks VkVk bafLV~V;wV
vkWiQ iQUMkesaVy fjlpZ dh LFkkiuk dhA laLFkk dh 'kq#vkr cSaXkyksj esa gqbZ ijUrq pan eghuksa
ds ckn gh oks cEcbZ f'kV gqbZ vkSj oks Hkh mlh caxys eas tgka HkkHkk dk tUe gqvk FkkA
ns'k ds izFke iz/kuea=kh tokgj yky usg# vkSj HkkHkk nksuksa dk liuk Hkkjr esa foKku vkSj
rduhd ds {ks=k esa LFkkuh; {kerk,a jpuk vkSj mUgsa fodflr djuk FkkA usg# us HkkHkk
dks ns'k esa oSKkfud laLFkkvksa dk rkuk&ckuk LFkkfir djus ds fy, jktuSfrd N=kNk;k]
lk/u vkSj [kqyh NwV nhA
'kq# esa VhvkbZ,iQvkj esa dWkfLed&fdj.kksa vkSj xf.kr esa 'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk gqvkA HkkHkk
esa izfrHkkoku yksxksa dks igpkuus vkSj vkdf"kZr djus dh
vn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA HkkHkk us foy{k.k yksxksa ds
bnZ&fxnZ u, foHkkx 'kq# fd,A mnkgj.k
ds fy, mUgksauas dsfEczt ls vkscsn
fln~nhdh dks ekSfyD;wyj ck;kWyksth
xzwi vkSj LVSuiQksMZ ls xksfoUn Lo:i
dks jsfM;ks VsfyLdksi ds fuekZ.k ds
fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA
Lora=krk ds ckn usg# us ns'k ds
vk.kfod mQtkZ dk;Z e dh
ckxMksj HkkHkk us gkFkksa esa lkSaihA
HkkHkk vkSj usg# dh varjax fe=krk]
HkkHkk dh vikj mRlkg vkSj mQtkZ
us ykyiQhrk'kkgh ij yxke dlh
vkSj fiQj xkM+h rsth ls vkxs
c<+hA VhvkbZ,iQvkj vkSj Hkkjr

105

dk vk.kfod dk;Ze dqN gh lkyksa esa iQyus&iQwyus yxsA

HkkHkk dh liQy miyfC/;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa lEekfur djus okys
iq#Ldkjkas dk rkark yx x;kA 1941 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh
iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1948 esa mUgsa gkWifdUl iq#Ldkj
feyk vkSj ns'k us 1954 esa mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA mUgsa
vusdksa ;wfuoflZVht us MkWDVjsV dh mikf/;ksa ls Hkh lq'kksfHkr fd;kA
oSls rks HkkHkk Vsfuax ls ,d HkkSfrd'kkL=kh Fks ijUrq mUgsa rduhdksa dk Hkh vPNk Kku FkkA
mUgksaus gh Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;Ze dh uhao j[kh ftls ckn esa cgqr dq'kyrk ls foe
lkjkHkkbZ vkSj lrh'k /ou uss fodflr fd;kA 1962 ds ;q ds ckn HkkHkk us bysDVkfuDl
esa Hkkjr ds fiNM+siu dks igpkukA Hkkjr bysDVkfuDl ds {ks=k esa rsth ls izxfr djs bldh
:ijs[kk Hkh HkkHkk us gh rS;kj dhA
HkkHkk cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUu FksA
vlEHko gS\* mUgksausa us dsoy mPp dksfV dk
oks leku :i ls xf.kr dh tfVyrkvksa
vuqla/ku fd;k ij ,slh csgrjhu laLFkk,a jpha
ftuesa gtkjksa Hkkjrh; fo'o dksfV dk 'kks/ dj
vkSj 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh ckjhfd;ksa
ik,A
dks le>rs FksA oks ,d fp=kdkj Fks
vkSj mUgsa thou dh lHkh lqanj phtksa
ls izes Fkk & fp=kdyk] laxhr] lkfgR;]
okLrqf'kYi] ckxokuh vkfnA vius cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo ds dkj.k vDlj mudh rqyuk
fy;ksukMksZ n foUlh ls dh tkrh FkhA VhvkbZ,iQvkj esa fuekZ.k dk;Z lekIr gksus ds ckn
HkkHkk us izfl fp=kdkj edcwy fiQnk gqlSu dks ,d fHkRrhfp=k cukus ds fy, vkeaf=kr
fd;k ftlds fy, mUgsa rc ianzg gtkj #i, dk Hkkjh ikjJfed fn;k x;kA cgqr de
yksx bl ckr ls voxr gSa fd VhvkbZ,iQvkj dk ,d izfr'kr ctV ^dyk* [kjhnus ds
fy, lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k FkkA HkkHkk dh [kqn ds cuk, rSyfp=k vHkh Hkh VhvkbZ,iQvkj
vkSj ch,vkjlh dh bekjrksa dks lq'kksfHkr dj jgs gSaA HkkHkk foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa fo'oksa
ds ckn'kkg FksA viuh vusdksa ftEesnkfj;ksa ds dkj.k mUgksaus dHkh 'kknh ugha dhA ,d
ckj tc ,d fjiksZVj us muls bl fo"k; ds ckjs esa iwNk rks mUgsa lVhd lk tokc fn;k]
^eSaus l`tu'khyrk ds lkFk C;kg jpk;k gSA*
tc HkkHkk vius dSfj;j ds 'kh"kZ ij Fks rc
ekSaV CySad] akl esa 24 tuojh 1966 dks
vpkud ,d gokbZ nq?kZVuk esa mudh e`R;q
gks xbZA gokbZ tgkt ds lkjs eqlkfiQj ekjs
x, ftlls iwjk ns'k 'kksd esa Mwc x;kA

lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj
(1910 - 1995)

chloha 'krkCnh esa ,sls vusdksa oSKkfud gq, ftuds 'kks/ ls izfr ds ckjs esa gekjh le>
esa akfrdkjh ifjorZu vk;kA muesa ls ,d Hkkjrh; ewy ds oSKkfud Fks & lqczkefu;u
panz'ks[kjA HkkSfrdh] [kxksy'kkL=k vkSj xf.kr ds {ks=kksa esa muds ;ksxnku csfelky gSaA
panz'ks[kj dk tUe 19 vDVwcj 1910 dks ykgkSj (vc ikfdLrku dk 'kgj) eas gqvkA
muds firk Jh lh- lqczkefu;u v;j] foKku ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okys lj lhoh- jeu ds HkkbZ FksA Jh v;j jsYos ds ys[kk&tks[kk foHkkx esa vdkmaVsUV tujy FksA
laxhr esa mudh xgjh #fp FkhA X;kjg o"kZ dh vk;q rd panzk dh i<+kbZ ?kj esa jg dj
gh gqbZA mlds ckn oks enzkl ds fgUnq gkbZ Ldwy esa i<+sA mUgksaus ch, izsthMsalh dkWyst
enzkl ls fd;kA oks 'kq# ls gh foy{k.k Fks vkSj ,slk yxrk Fkk fd cM+s gksdj dqN uk;kc
dke djsaxsA vV~Bkgj lky dh de mez esa mUgksauas igyk oSKkfud 'kks/i=k fy[kk &
dkEiVu LdSVfjax ,aM n U;w LVSfVfLVDl tks izkslhfMUxt vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslk;Vh esa NikA
Lukrd dh fMxzh izkIr djus ls igys gh fiQykSlkfiQdy eSxthu esa muds nks vU; 'kks/
i=k Ni pqds FksA viuh iz[kj cqfekuh ds dkj.k
panzk dks dsfEczt esa 'kks/dk;Z djus ds fy, Hkkjr
ljdkj dk ,d othiQk feykA

;qokdky esa HkkHkk us vius firk ls dgk] ^dkSu

dgrk gS fd Hkkjr esa foKku dk mRre 'kks/
106

107

ikuh ds tgkt esa baXySaM tkrs gq, panzk us ,d [kxksy'kkL=kh;

leL;k ds mQij xgjk euu&fparu fd;kA fdlh Hkh rkjs
(gekjk lw;Z Hkh ,d e;e ntsZ dk rkjk gS) dk var fdl
izdkj gksrk gS\ lkyksa ds foLr`r 'kks/ ds ckn oks bl urhts
ij igqaps fd tks Hkh rkjs 1 +44 lw;Z ds Hkkj ls NksVs gksrs
gSa oks varr% OgkbV MOkkiQZ (liQsn ckSuksa) esa ifjofrZr gksrs
gSaA ;g lhek (1 +44 xquk lw;Z dk Hkkj) vc [kxksy'kkL=k
esa panz'ks[kj lhek (fyfeV) ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA
1930&36 ds chp panzk dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa blh leL;k
xksih fxtokuh dk jpk dkVwZu
ij izksiQslj jWkYiQ ,p- iQkmyj ds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/dk;Z
(lkHkkj% vk;qdk ykbczsjh)
djrs jgsA 1933 esa mUgksasusa viuh ih,pMh lekIr dh vkSj
rHkh oks fVfuVh dkWyst ds iQsyks euksuhr gq,A 1935 esa jkW;y ,LVkWukSfedy lkslkbVh us
mUgsa vius 'kks/dk;Z ds ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;gka oks ,d cM+h
eqlhcr esa iQal x,A fo'o fo[;kr [kxksy'kkL=kh lj vkFkZj ,fMaxVu us panzk ds 'kks/
dk;Z ij u dsoy rh[kh fVIi.kh dh ijUrq mldk etkd Hkh cuk;kA panzk dks bldh
mEehn u FkhA mUgsa /Ddk rks yxk ijUrq mUgksauas vius 'kks/ dh iqf"V esa tksjnkj izek.k
j[ksA mlds dqN lkyksa ckn u, iz;ksxksa us panzk ds ifj.kkeksa dh iqf"V dhA ,fMaxVu dh
tM+&cqf ds dkj.k [kxksy'kkL=k dk fodkl yxHkx nks n'kdksa ds fy, Fke x;k!
tqykbZ 1936 esa panzk us viuh iM+kslh yfyrk ls 'kknh dhA ;g 'kknh muds ifjokjtuksa
us r; ugha dh FkhA yfyrk Lukrd Fkha vkSj ,d Ldwy esa gsM&fefLVsl FkhaA
1937 esa panzk us ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ f'kdkxks esa v;kiu 'kq# fd;k vkSj mUgsa ;dZl
iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkstk x;kA 1944 eas oks izksiQslj cusA 1950 esa panzk ds ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ
f'kdkxks ls lkFk utnhdh ds lEcU/ cusA 1953 esa panzk vkSj mudh iRuh us vejhdh
jk"Vh;rk xzg.k dhA
panzk dk vius Nk=kkas ls vn~Hkqr yxko Fkk & fcYdqy Hkkjrh; xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds
vuq:iA 1946 esa oks viuh iz;ksx'kkyk ls f'kdkxks rd gj lIrkg 250 fdyksehVj dh
nwjh viuh dkj ls r; djrs dsoy nks Nk=kksa dh d{kk ysus ds fy, tkrs! oks tks dj
jgs Fks mlds urhts mUgsa 'kk;n vPNh rjg irk FksA 1957 esa bu nksuksa vejhdh&phuh
Nk=kksa & yh vkSj ;kax dks] ukscsy iq#Ldkj feykA
panz'ks[kj dh dk;Zifr ,dne vuwBh FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ,d gh ladh.kZ {ks=k
esa cgqr lky rd dk;Z djus ls fnekx xqV~By gks tkrk gSA blfy, gj vkB&nl lky
ds ckn oks fdlh fcYdqy u, {ks=k dks pqurs] mlesa viuh laiw.kZ mQtkZ maM+syrs] mlesa
ekLVjh gkfly dj ekSfyd ;ksxnku djrs vkSj fiQj vius 'kks/ ij vk/kfjr ,d vfr
mRre iqLrd fy[krsA ekfoZu xksYMcxZj ds vuqlkj] ^oks igys mls fo"k; ij <sjksa 'kks/
108

i=k fy[krs vkSj var esa mlh fo"k; ij ,d eksVh lh fdrkc fy[k MkyrsA* vkSj mlds
ckn oks viuk 'kks/ fdlh u, {ks=k eas 'kq# djrsA oks thou i;ZUr la'kks/u ds u,&u,
{ks=k [kkstrs jgs vkSj izR;sd {ks=k esa mUgksaus dqN ekSfyd ;ksxnku fd;kA oks fu;ec rjhds
ls esgur djus ds i{k esa FksA
cgqr ls egku oSKkfud mQaps vksgnksa ij vklhu gksdj [kqn dh liQyrk ds f'kdkj cu
tkrs gSaA nwljh vkSj panzk ges'kk ;qok oSKkfudksa dh laxfr esa [kqn dks iquthZfor djrs FksA
tc leL;k,a dfBu gks tkrha vkSj [kqn nwljh leL;k,a iSnk djrha rc os lcls vf/d
[kq'k gksrsA var esa mUgsa ,slk yxrk tSls mu leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk gh gksxk & vkSj fiQj
oks muds gy [kkstus ds fy, ck; gksrsA
panzk us igys vkdk'kxaxkvksa ds mn~xe & LVsyj Mk;ukfeDl ij dk;Z fd;kA 1940 esa
mUgksauas rkjksa ds okrkoj.k esa fofdj.k izlkj & jsfM;sfVo VkaLiQj fo"k; ij 'kks/ fd;kA
1950 esa mUgksausa rjy esa v'kakfr & gkbZMksMk;ukfed buLVsfCyVh ds csgn tfVy fo"k;
ij vuqla/ku fd;kA 1960 dh csgrjhu nwjchuksa us iYlj vkSj Dostkj [kkstsA bu ubZ&ubZ
[kkstksa dh lSakfrd O;k[;k csgn t:jh FkhA panzk us tujy F;ksjh vkWiQ jsysfVfoVh ds
vk/kj ij CySd&gksYl dk v;;u fd;k vkSj mudh O;k[;k ,d mR"V iqLrd n
eSFkeSfVdy F;ksjh vkWiQ CySd&gksYl esa dhA oks bl fo"k; ij var rd dke djrs jgsA
mudk nsgkUr 21 vxLr 1995 dks gqvkA
oSls panzk us viuk vf/dre le; fons'k esa xqtkjk ijUrq Hkkjr ds ckjs esa oks cgqr lkspk
djrs FksA Hkkjrh; xf.krK jkekuqtu ,d vkn'kZ oSKkfud ds :i esa panzk ds jksy&ekWMy
FksA mUgksausa enzkl esa jkekuqtu bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ eSfFkeSfVDl LFkkfir djus esa lg;ksx fn;kA

109

izfl xf.krK jkekuqtu dh iRuh ,d xkao esa vR;Ur

xjhch esa ftUnxh clj dj jgha FkhaA panzk us cgqr nkSM+&/
wi ds ckn mUgsa ,d 'kkldh; isa'ku fnykbZA
panzk ds dke ds izfr laiw.kZ leiZ.k tYn gh jax yk;k
vkSj mUgsa vusdksa iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
1944 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur
fd;k x;kA 1966 esa mUgsa vejhdk dk uS'kuy lkbUl
vokWMZ feykA Hkkjr ljdkj us 1966 esa mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k
ls uoktkA 1983 esa mUgsa fo'o ds mPpre ukscsy
iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

lj vkbftd U;wVu dh 1687 esa fy[kh izfl iqLrd fizfUlfi;k foKku ds {ks=k
eas fo'o dh lcls egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ekuh tkrh gSA ij mls i<+uk vkSj le>uk
vklku ugha gSA 1730 esa okYVs;j us mls le> ls ijs vkSj Hkzked djkj fn;kA panzk
us U;wVu fizfUlfi;k ds egRoiw.kZ urhtksa dh u, fljs ls O;k[;k dhA panzk bl
fu"d"kZ ij Hkh igqaps fd U;wVu }kjk lq>k, rjhds vf/d lqUnj FksA
panzk dh iqLrdsa vkSj lSdM+ksa 'kks/i=k lHkh foKku ds {ks=k esa
Dykfld cu pqds gSaA mudk 'kks/ vR;Ur iz[kj vkSj lVhd
rks Fkk ghA lkFk&lkFk oks ,d O;fDrxr vkSj cgqr uk;kc 'kSyh
esa fy[krs FksA
panzk dh lkfgR; vkSj laxhr esa xgjh #fp Fkh vkSj mUgksauas egku
:lh lkfgR;dkjksa & nksLrksfoLdh] rqxZuso] rksYlrks; vkSj psdkso
dh lHkh fr;ka i<+h FkhaA FkkWel gkMhZ] bfClu] cukZM 'kkW vkSj
'ksDlfi;j Hkh mUgsa csgn fiz; FksA oks vDlj dyk vkSj foKku
ds chp varlZEca/ksa ij Hkk"k.k nsrs Fks ftudk foLr`r :i mudh
iqLrd VwFk vkSj C;wVh & ,fLFkfVDl ,aM eksfVos'ku bu lkbUl
esa i<+k tk ldrk gSA
lEHkor% dqN foy{k.k oSKkfudksa ds dke dk lekt ij xgjk
izHkko iM+k gksxk ijUrq panzk dh Nfo muesa fcYdqy vyx gS
& mudk iwjk thou foKku dks lefiZr FkkA muds vknj vkSj
lEeku esa uklk us 1999 esa nqfu;k dh lcls csgrjhu ,Dl&js
os/'kkyk dk uke panzk j[kdj muds uke vkSj dke dks lnk
ds fy, vej dj fn;kA
110

foe lkjkHkkbZ
(1912 - 1971)

;qok foe lkjkHkkbZ dks lkbfdy ds djrc fn[kkus dk csgn 'kkSd FkkA lkbfdy dks
rsth ls pykus ds ckn oks vius nksuksa gkFk lhus ij j[krs vkSj nksuksa iSj gSUMy ijA vxj
lM+d lh/h gksrh rks oks viuh vka[ksa cUn djds lkbfdy dks ukd dh lh/ esa nkSM+us
nsrsA bl nkSjku ?kj ds lkjs ukSdj muds ihNs&ihNs nkSM+rs vkSj muls lkbfdy jksdus dh
fourh djrsA cpiu esa cgknqjh djrc fn[kkus okyk ckyd cM+s gksdj dkWfLed&fdj.kksa
ij 80 'kks/i=k fy[kus okyk oSKkfud cusxk bldh dYiuk djuk dqN eqf'dy gSA
foe dk cpiuk vuwBh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa chrkA izfrHkk ds cht muds cpiu ds laLdkjksa
esa ekStwn FksA foe lkjkHkkbZ ,d /uh O;kikjh ifjokj esa tUesA vgenkckn dh e'kgwj
diM+s dh dSfydks fey muds ifjokj dh FkhA 1920 ds n'kd esa ikuh ds tgkt ls Hkkjr
ykSVrs gq, foe ds firk vEckyky vkSj eka ljyk us f'k{kk ij ekaVsljh dh akfrdkjh
iqLrd i<+hA iqLrd dk mu ij tknqbZ izHkko iM+k fd mUgksausa vius cPpksa ds fy, rqjUr
ekaVsljh ifr ij vk/kfjr ,d Ldwy 'kq# fd;k! muds
vkBksa cPps ifjokj ds 21&,dM+ esa fLFkr bl futh
izk;ksfxd Ldwy esa i<+sA cPpksa dks Hkkjrh; vkSj fczfV'k
f'k{kdksa nksuksa us i<+k;kA tc foe us dqN Bksdk&ihVh
esa #fp fn[kkbZ rks muds firk us muds fy, rqjUr
lqijokbtj ls lkFk ,d odZ'kki dk izca/ dj
fn;k! Ldwy esa cPpksa dks viuh #fp ds vuqlkj
vusdksa phtsa lh[kus dh NwV FkhA lkFk esa mUgsa
cM+&s cM+s yksxksa & jchUnzukFk Bkdqj] tokgjyky
usg# vkSj #def.k v#uMsy
tSls fnXxtksa ls Hkh feyus dk
ekSdk feykA
111

lkjkHkkbZ ifjokj /uh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk egkRek xak/h ds Hkh cgqr djhc FkkA mUgsa viuh
lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk xgjk cks/ FkkA foe dh cqvk vuqlqb;k us 'kgj esa diM+k
fey etnwjksa dh igyh VsM&;wfu;u LFkkfir dhA mudh cgu e`nqyk] xak/hth dh fopkj/
kjk ls cgqr izHkkfor FkhaA e`nqyk us ns'k ds Lora=krk vaknksyu esa lf; Hkkx fy;k vkSj
oks dbZ ckj tsy x;haA
Ldwy dh i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn foe us vgenkckn ds xqtjkr dkWyst esa dqN
le; i<+kbZ dh ijUrq ch,llh iwjk djus ls igys gh oks dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh pys x, vkSj
mUgksaus lsUV tkWUl dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA 1939 esa mUgksaus izkfrd foKku esa VkbikSl
gkfly fd;kA mlh le; f}rh; egk;q izkjEHk gqvk ftldh otg ls mUgsa Hkkjr okil
ykSVuk iM+kA ;gka oks bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl] cSaXkyksj esa lj lh oh jeu ds
ekxZn'kZu esa dWkfLed&fdj.kksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djus yxsA
dWkfLed&fdj.kksa ij 'kks/ ds nkSjku foe dk ;ku varfj{k dh vksj vkdf"kZr gqvkA
;g #fp dkiQh le; rd lqIrkoLFkk esa jgh ij ekSdk feyrs gh mUgksausa Hkkjr ds varfj{k
dk;Ze ds fodkl esa ,d izeq[k Hkwfedk vnk dhA cSaXkyksj esa foe dh HksaV tkuh&ekuh
u`R;kaxuk e`.kkfyuh LokfeukFku ls gqbZ ftuds lkFk mudh 'kknh gqbZA lkjkHkkbZ nEifRr dh
nks larkusa gq;ha & csVk dkfrZds; vkSj csVh efYydkA
1945 esa egk;q dh lekfIr ds ckn lkjkHkkbZ dsfEczt okil ykSVsA ;gka mUgksauas izksiQslj
bZ ,l 'kkbZj ds ekxZn'kZu esa viuh MkDVsV iwjh dhA fo"k; Fkk & dWkfLed&js baosfLVxs'kUl
bu VWkfidy ySfVV~;wMlA muds 'kks/dk;Z esa vk.kfod fo[kaMu dk Hkh mYys[k FkkA
Lora=krk izkfIr ds vkn'kZoknh ekgkSy esa foe lkjkHkkbZ us dbZ izfl laLFkk,a LFkkfir
dha & fiQftdy fjlpZ yScksjsVjh] niZ.kk u`R; vdkneh ftls mUgksausa viuh
iRuh e`.kkfyuh ds lkFk LFkkfir fd;k] n
vgenkckn baMLVht fjlpZ ,lksfl,'kuA mUgksaus
Hkkjr dh igyh VsDlVkby dksvkijsfVo] Hkkjr
dh igyh ekdsZV fjlpZ laLFkk & vkWijs'kUl fjlpZ xqzi]
bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ eSusteSUV vkSj uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV
vkWiQ fMtkbu Hkh LFkkfir dhaA ;g fHkUu xfrfof/;ka
lkjkHkkbZ dh vusd #fp;ksa vkSj cgqeq[kh izfrHkk
dh |ksrd gSaA oks lHkh izdYi cgqr lw>&cw> ls
jprs vkSj muesa oSKkfud ifr] vkfFkZd ;kstuk
vkSj jk"Vh; fgr lkiQ >ydrsA
lh[kus ds nkSjku jVus ls mUgsa csgn fp<+ FkhA
blfy, mUgksaus xqzi iQkWj baizwoesUV vkWiQ lkbUl
,M;qds'ku dk xBu fd;kA ckn esa ;g xzqi usg#
112

iQkmUMs'ku iQkWj MsoyiesUV dk ,d

vax cukA mUgksaus vgenkckn esa ns'k
dk igyk lkeqnkf;d foKku dsUnz
LFkkfir fd;k ftldk mn~?kkVu 1968 esa
lj lh oh jeu us oWk; bt n LdWk; Cyw\ ds
yksdfiz; Hkk"k.k ls fd;kA ;g lkspdj vk'p;Z gksrk gS
fd lkjkHkkbZ brus de le; esa bruh mQtkZ ds lkFk bruk
vf/d dk;Z dSls dj ik,A
mudh iz[kj izfrHkk dk nsj rd fNis jguk eqf'dy FkkA 1962 iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg#
us ns'k ds varfj{k dk;Ze esa 'kks/ vk;kstu ds fy, foe lkjkHkkbZ dks vkeaf=kr fd;kA
ml le; fo'o ds 'kfDr'kkyh ns'k varfj{k 'kks/ dks lSU;&'kfDr c<+kus vkSj fu;a=k.k
ds fy, mi;ksx dj jgs FksA ijUrq lkjkHkkbZ dh n`f"V muls fcYdqy fHkUu FkhA mUgksausa Hkkjr
ds fy, ,d vuwBs varfj{k dk;Ze dh dYiuk dhA oks mixzgksa ds ek;e ls nwj&njkt
fLFkr xakoksa esa f'k{kk vkSj fodkl dk lans'k igqapkuk pkgrs FksA oks mixzgksa ds ek;e ls
ekSle dk iwokZuqeku vkSj [kfutksa dh ryk'k djuk pkgrs FksA
lkjkHkkbZ mPp VsDukyksth dks ns'k ds djksM+ksa yksxkssa ds fgr esa mi;ksx djuk pkgrs FksA
lkFk esa oks laLFkkvksa esa ,d oSKkfud dk;Z ifr Hkh LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA oks pkgrs
Fks fd if'pe ds ns'kksa tSls Hkkjr dks cgqr yEcs vkSj dfBu fodkl ds nkSj ls ugha
xqtjuk iM+sA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ubZ VsDukyksth }kjk Hkkjr ,d ^Nykax* esa fiNM+siu
dh [kkbZ dks ikV ik,xkA
113

lkjkHkkbZ us lSVkykWbV baLVD'kuy Vsfyfotu ,DlisfjesUV (lkbZV) dh uhao j[khA blds

ek;e ls nwj&lqnwj fLFkr xakoksa ds Ldwyksa esa mixzgksa }kjk 'kS{kf.kd dk;Ze igqapk, x,A
mUgksausa dsjy esa pqEcdh; Hkw&e; js[kk ds ikl ,d jkWdsV yakfpax LVs'ku dh LFkkiuk
dhA ckn esa foLrkj ds ckn ;g Lisl lkbUl vkSj VsDukyksth lsUVj cuk (vkt ;g dsUnz
foe lkjkHkkbZ Lisl fjlpZ lsUVj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS)A mUgksausa vka/z izns'k dss
JhgfjdksVk esa ,d vkSj jkWdsV LVs'ku LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vgenkckn esa lSVkykbV
dE;wfuds'ku lsUVj dh LFkkiuk dhA
HkkHkk dh vkdfLed e`R;q ds ckn lkjkHkkbZ ,WVkfed buthZ dfe'ku ds ps;jeSu cusA xak/
hth ls izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k lkjkHkkbZ dk vk.kfod gfFk;kjksa ds izfr joS;k dqN vyx
FkkA v.kq vk;ksx ds dV~~VjiaFkh lkjkHkkbZ ds utfj, ls vlger Fks vkSj muds dM+s fuand
FksA lkjkHkkbZ us iqxok'k dkusUl esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj vk.kfod gfFk;kjksa ij yxke vkSj
vk.kfod mQtkZ ds 'kakfriw.k mi;ksx dh is'kd'k dhA
vxj Hkkjr de&ykxr ds mixzg cukus vkSj panzek ij panz;ku Hkstus esa liQy gqvk gS
rks bldk cgqr dqN Js; foe lkjkHkkbZ dh nwjnf'kZrk vkSj muds }kjk jph laLFkkvksa
dks tkrk gSA mUgksaus bl dk;Ze ds fy, ns'k ds lcls vPNs oSKkfudksa dks pquk vkSj
mUgsa izsfjr fd;kA buesa pksVh ds oSKkfud ,-ih-ts- dyke] bZ-oh- fpVful] olar xksokfjdj]
izeksn dkys] ;w-vkj- jko vkSj dLrwjhjaxu 'kkfey gSaA
de le; esa gh lkjkHkkbZ us ns'k ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd,A blds fy, mUgsa
dbZ iq#Ldkjksa ls vyar fd;k x;kA 1962 esa mUgsa fiQftDl ds fy, 'kakfrLo#i HkVukxj
iq#Ldkj feyk] 1966 esa i|Hkw"k.k vkSj 1972 esa ej.kksijkar mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur
fd;k x;kA
foe lkjkHkkbZ us dke dh yxu esa fnu&jkr ,d fd;kA ,d ckj mUgksaus ,-ih-ts- dyke
dks jkr lk<+s rhu cts feyus dk le; fn;k! 'kk;n mUgsa vius 'kjhj dh u'ojrk dk
dqN iwokZuqeku Fkk blfy, mUgksauas csgn Je vkSj yxu ls tYn gh eafty rd igqapus dk
iz;kl fd;kA dfBu thou'kSyh ds dkj.k lkjkHkkbZ dk fny ds nkSjs ls 30 fnlEcj 1971
dks nsgkUr gks x;kA ,d [kkunkuh vkSj le` ifjokj esa iSnk gq, lkjkHkkbZ vxj pkgrs
rks ,d ,s'kks&vkjke dh ftUnxh clj dj ldrs Fks ijUrq oks ns'k dh lsok djrs&djrs
vYik;q esa gh py clsA lkjkHkkbZ us Hkkjr dks varfj{k foKku ds {ks=k esa nqfu;k ds vxz.kh
ns'kksa dh drkj esa yk [kM+k fd;kA ns'k blds
fy, mudk lnSo rK jgsxkA
1974 esa panzek ij ,d sVj dks foe
lkjkHkkbZ dk uke fn;k x;kA flMuh] vkLVsfy;k
fLFkr baVjus'kuy ,LVksukfedy ;wfu;u us lh
vkWiQ fljsfuVh esa fLFkr sVj csly dk uke
cny dj lkjkHkkbZ sVj j[k fn;kA
114

deyk lksgksuh
(1912 - 1998)

deyk lksgksuh foKku ds fo"k; esa MkWDVsV dh fMxzh gkfly djus okyh igyh Hkkjrh;
efgyk FkhaA mUgksauas xjhcksa ds fu;fer vkgkj ds rhu [kk|kuksa dk oSKkfud fo'ys{k.k dj
muds ikSf"Vd xq.k LFkkfir fd,A
deyk dk tUe 1912 esa gqvkA muds firk ukjk;.kjko Hkkxor vkSj pkpk ek/ojko nksuksa
izfl jklk;u 'kkL=kh FksA oks cSxa yksj fLFkr iz[;kr bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl ds igys
Lukrdksa esa ls FksA deyk us cEcbZ ;wfuoflZVh ls HkkSfrdh vkSj jklk;u'kkL=k fo"k;ksa esa
ch,llh ikl dhA D;ksafd oks ;wfuoflZVh dh VkWij Fkhaa
blfy, mUgsa caxyksj dh laLFkk esa nkf[kyk feyus dh
iwjh mEehn FkhA ij vly esa ;g cM+k eqf'dy
dke FkkA
fo[;kr oSKkfud vkSj ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk
lj lh-oh- jeu us bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ
lkbUl] jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV vkSj ns'k esa
oSKkfud 'kks/xzaFkksa dh LFkkiuk esa egRoiw.kZ
;ksxnku fn;k FkkA ij jeu efgyk Nk=kksa dks
ysus ds fcYdqy fo# FksA blfy, 1933 esa]
ckotwn blds fd deyk viuh ;wfuoflZVh dh
VkWij Fkha muds nkf[kys dks jn~n dj fn;k x;kA
ij deyk Hkh dksbZ de u FkhaA
deyk us jeu dk eqga &nj&eqga
lkeuk fd;k vkSj fiQj oks
eku x,A
115

deyk ds lR;kxzg ds ckn mUgsa nkf[kyk rks feyk & ij ,d 'krZ ij & fd mudh
mifLFkfr ls enZ 'kks/drkZvksa dks dksbZ fo?u u igqaps! deyk mlls cgqr nq[kh gq;haA ijUrq
bl 'krZ dks Lohdkj djus ds vykok muds ikl vkSj dksbZ pkjk Hkh ugha FkkA
deyk us ckn es dgk% ^oSls jeu ,d egku oSKkfud Fks ijUrq oks cgqr ladh.kZ fopkjksa
ds FksA mUgksaus efgyk gksus ds ukrs esjs lkFk tks lywd fd;k mls eSa dHkh Hkwy ugha ldrhA
mlds ckn Hkh jeu us eq>s ,d fu;fer Nk=k tSls nkf[kyk ugha fn;kA esjs fy, ;g xgjs
vieku dh ckr FkhA ml le; efgykvksa ds izfr yksxksa dk job;k cgqr xyr FkkA vxj
,d ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk bl izdkj dk crkZo djs rks fiQj vU; yksxksa ls vkSj D;k
mEehn dh tk ldrh gS\*
,d lky ds ckn jeu deyk dh fu"Bk ls izlUu gq, vkSj fiQj mUgksauas deyk dks
fu;fer Nk=k tSls ck;ksdseLVh foHkkx esa 'kks/ djus dh vuqefr nhA mlds ckn ls jeu
us laLFkk esa efgyk Nk=kksa dks nkf[kyk nsuk 'kq# dj fn;kA ;g deyk ds fy, ,d cM+h
thr FkhA deyk ds la?k"kksZa dh otg ls cgqr&lh vU; efgyk Nk=kkvksa ds fy, oSKkfud
'kks/ dk jkLrk iz'kLr gqvkA
vkbZvkbZ,llh esa deyk us vius Vhpj Jh JhfuokL;k ds ekxZn'kZu esa cgqr ifjJe fd;kA
vius mRlkgh f'k{kd dh izsj.kk oks dHkh ugha HkwyhaaA mUgksauas deyk dks ckW;ksdsfeLVh dh
Js"B iqLrdsa i<+us vkSj muds ys[kdksa ls i=k O;ogkj djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA
deyk us nw/ vkSj nkyksa esa izksVhu ij dke fd;k ftlls dqiksf"kr Hkkjr dks cgqr ykHk
gqvkA 1936 esa oks nkyksa ls feyus okys izksVhUl ij 'kks/dk;Z djus okyh igyh Lukrd
FkhaA bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, cEcbZ ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa ,e,llh dh fMxzh iznku dhA mlds
ckn oks dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh x;ha tgka igys mUgksaus MkW- Msfjd fjDVj dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa
dke fd;kA fjDVj us deyk dks fnu esa dke djus ds fy, ,d yEch est nhA jkr
dks fjDVj iz;ksx'kkyk esa mlh est ij lks tkrs
FksA
MkW- fjDVj ds rcknys ds ckn deyk IykaV&fV';w
ds fo"k; ij MkW- jkWfcu fgy ds ekxZn'kZu esa
dke djrh jghaA vkyw ij 'kks/ djrs le;
mUgksaus ik;k fd izR;sd ikS/s dh IykaV&fV';w
dh dksf'kdk eas ^lkbVkskse&lh* uke dk ,d
,Utkbe gksrk gS tks ikS/s dh dksf'kdkvksa ds
vkDlhMs'ku ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA ;g ,d
ekSfyd [kkst Fkh tks lHkh ikS/ksa ij ykxw gksrh
FkhA
fnXxt oSKkfudksa ds lkFk dke djus dk
mudk liuk rc iwjk gqvk tc mUgsa ,d lkFk
116

nks othiQs feysA igyk Fkk dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh dh lj

fofy;e MkWu bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ ckW;ksdsfeLVh esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj
fotsrk izksiQslj sMfjd gkWifdUl ds lkFk dke djus dk
ekSdkA ;gka deyk us tSfod vkWDlhMs'ku vkSj fjMD'ku
ij dke fd;kA nwljk othiQk ,d vejhdh Nk=ko`fRr Fkh
ftlds varxZr deyk ;wjksi dh ;k=kk dj ogka ds tkus&ekus
oSKkfudksa ls fey ldrh FkhaA
deyk us vius 'kks/ esa IykaV&fV';w ds lkal ysus dh
izf;k esa ^lkbZVkskse&lh* ds izHkko dh O;k[;k dhA
dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa ;gh mudh ih,pMh dh Fkhfll FkhA
mUgas viuh 40 i`"Bksa dh ih,pMh Fkhfll fy[kus esa ek=k
14 eghus dk vYi le; yxk! deyk lksgksuh foKku ds
fo"k; esa ih,pMh ikus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk Fkha!
1939 esa oks Hkkjr ykSVha vkSj ysMh gkfMZUx dkWyst] ubZ
fnYyh esa u;s LFkkfir cWk;ksdsfeLVh foHkkx dh izeq[k cuhaA
ckn esa oks dqUuwj fLFkr U;wfV'ku fjlpZ yScksjsVh dh
mi&funs'kd cuhaA ;gka mUgksausa foVkfeuksa ds izHkko ij 'kks/
fd;kA 1947 esa mudk fookg Jh ,e-oh- lksgksuh ls gqvk
ftlds ckn oks cEcbZ pyh x;haA
cEcbZ esa deyk us jkW;y bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl ds
cWk;ksdsfeLVh foHkkx esa dke djuk 'kq# fd;kA mUgksauas
tufgr ds fo"k; pqus vkSj vius Nk=kksa dks mu ij 'kks/
djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA muds dbZ Nk=kksa us ckn esa cgqr
uke dek;k vkSj mPp ntsZ dk oSKkfud 'kks/ fd;kA
deyk us vius Nk=kkas ds lkFk feydj xzkeh.k xjhc yksxksa
}kjk [kk, tkus okys rhu [kk|kauksa dk lfoLrkj fo'ys{k.k
fd;k vkSj muesa ik, tkus okys iks"k.k rRoksa dh lwph rS;kj
dhA bl 'kks/dk;Z esa nkysa] fViflu bufgfcVlZ vkSj
Hkkjrh; nkyksa dh ikpu {kerk dks de djus okys dqN
vU; dEikmaM Hkh 'kkfey FksA deyk us uhjk] rkM+ dk
xqM+] rkM+ dk 'khjk] vkSj /u&vkVk (/ku dks ikWfy'k
uhjk is; dks rkM+ ds isM+ksa ls
fudkyk tkrk gSA ;g liQsn is; djus ds nkSjku cuk vkVk) tSls [kk|kauksa ij Hkh 'kks/
fd;kA D;ksafd ;g phtsa lekt ds lcls xjhc yksx [kkrs
ehBs 'kcZr tSlk gksrk gSA ;g
ikSf"Vd is; Hkkjr esa cgqr
Fks blfy, muds 'kks/ ls lcls dqiksf"kr yksxksa dks ykHk
yksdfiz; gSA
117

igqapkA Hkkjr ds igys jk"Vifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn ds lq>ko ij deyk us uhjk ds mQij
'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA
deyk us cEcbZ dh vkjs nqX/ laLFkk dks muds mRiknksa dh xq.koRrk c<+kus ds lq>ko
fn,A uhjk] rkM+ ds isM+ ls feyus okyk ,d is; gSA uhjk ihus esa ehBk] Lokfn"V vkSj cgqr
ikSf"Vd gksrk gSA dqiksf"kr vkfnoklh efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dks tc fu;fer :i ls uhjk
fiyk;k x;k rks mudk LokLF; csgrj gqvkA uhjk ds ikSf"Vd xq.kksa ij 'kks/dk;Z ds fy,
deyk lksgksuh dks jk"Vifr us lEekfur fd;kA
deyk dUt;wej lkslkbVh vkWiQ bafM;k (lhth,lvkbZ)
dh lf; lnL; Fkha vkSj ogka mUgksauas cgqr yxu ls
dke fd;kA 1982&83 esa oks lhth,lvkbZ dh v;{k
cuhaA mUgksaus bl laLFkk ds eq[;i=k dher ds fy,
vusdksa ys[k fy[ksA
,d vksj deyk vius 'kks/dk;Z ls [kq'k Fkha ijUrq nwljh vksj bafLV~V;wV dh jktuhfr vkSj
yksxksa ds jkx&}s"k ls f[kUu Hkh FkhaA ofj"Brk ds ekin.Mksa dks rkd ij j[kdj mUgsa
bafLV~V;wV dk funs'kd in ls yEcs vlsZ rd oafpr j[kk x;kA viuh liQyrk dk Js;
mUgksausa vius f'k{kd JhfuokL;k vkSj ifr dks fn;kA
var esa tc oks jkW;y bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl dh funs'kd cuha rc dsfEczt esa muds igys
xWkbM MkW- Msfjd fjDVj us fVIi.kh dh] ^bruh cM+h oSKkfud laLFkk dh igyh efgyk
funs'kd cu dj deyk us nqfu;k esa u;k bfrgkl jpk gSA*
deyk lksgksuh dk thou gesa Hkkjrh; efgyk oSKkfudksa ds izkjfEHkd la?k"kksZa dh ;kn
fnykrk gSA rst cqf vkSj ikfjokfjd leFkZu ds ckotwn efgykvksa }kjk iq#"k&iz/ku
oSKkfud {ks=k esa izos'k ikuk eqf'dy FkkA tc MkW- lR;orh & bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQ
esfMdy fjlpZ dh igyh Mk;jsDVj tujy us deyk lksgksuh dh la?kZ"ke; thouxkFkk
ds ckjs esa lquk rks mUgksausa dqN djus dh BkuhA mUgksauas 84 o"khZ; deyk dks ubZ fnYyh
vkeaf=kr fd;k vkSj muds lEeku esa ,d cM+k lekjksg vk;ksftr fd;kA 1998 esa] 86
o"kZ dh vk;q esa deyk lksgksuh dk nsgkUr gqvkA

118

ykSjh csdj
(1917 - 2007)

^eSa dHkh lkekftd oxksZ & mPp&vk;] e;e&vk; ;k de&vk;] vkfnoklh ;k

eNqvkjksa ds fy, ?kj ugha cukrk gwaA eSa dsoy eSF;w] HkkLdju] equhj ;k 'kadju tSls
O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ?kj cukrk gwaA*
& ykSjh csdj

ykSjh csdj ,d foy{k.k okLrqf'kYih (vkfdZVsDV) Fks ftUgksauas gtkjksa xjhcksa dh ftUnxh
dks NqvkA
mudk tUe baXySaM ds diM+k&fey okys 'kgj cfeZU?ke esa gqvkA Dosdj leqnk; ds gksus
ds ukrs mUgsa tax ls uiQjr FkhA f}rh;
egk;q eas oks phu x, vkSj ogka dbZ
lkyksa rd ,d ,acy
q Us l ds lkFk t[eh
lSfudksa dh lsok djrs jgsA baXySaM
okil tkrs oDr mUgsa dqN eghus
cEcbZ esa fcrkus iM+s tgka dqN Dosdj
fe=k mUgksaus ,d fnu xak/hth ls
feykus ys x,A xak/hth us tc csdj
dh gkFk ls cukbZ lSfUMy ns[kha rks
mUgsa cgqr vpjt gqvkA ns'k dks csdj
dh lsokvksa dh l[r t:jr FkhA blfy,
xak/hth us csdj ls LFkkbZ :i ls Hkkjr
okil ykSVus dk vkxzg fd;kA

119

iSlksa ds vlyh ewY; dk lcd csdj us cpiu esa

gh lh[k fy;k FkkA NqViu esa oks vius tsc[kpZ ls
LFkkuh; csdjh ls fcfLdV [kjhnrs FksA csdjh VwVs
fcfLdV lLrs esa csaprhA blfy, csdj mrus gh iSlksa
esa lkcqr fcfLdVksa dh ctk, nqxuh ek=kk esa VwVs
fcfLdV [kjhnrsA VwVs fcfLdV [kkus esa lkcqr fcfLdV
ftrus gh Lokfn"V gksrs! de iSlksa esa vf/d ewY; dk lcd csdj thou Hkj ugha Hkwys!
xak/hth dh izsj.kk ls csdj dqN eghuksa ckn Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj fiQj dq"B&jksfx;ksa ds mipkj
ds fy, vLirky fMtkbu djus yxsA 1948 esa mudh 'kknh MkWDVj ,fytkcsFk tsdc ls
gqbZ tks osYyksj ds izfl ffLV;u esfMdy dkWyst esa i<+h FkhaA mlds ckn ;g nEifRr
fiFkkSM+kx<+] mRrj izns'k ds ,d nwj&lqnwj xkao esa tkdj clk vkSj ogka mUgksausa ,d NksVk
vLirky 'kq# fd;kA ,fytkcsFk vLirky esa ,d ek=k MkWDVj Fkha vkSj ckdh ulZ] ckophZ]
liQkbZ vkfn dk lkjk dke csdj djrs! tc vejhdh f'k{kkfon~ osYVh fiQ'kj us y[kumQ
esa lk{kjrk Hkou LFkkfir djus dh ;kstuk cuk;h rks ykSjh csdj gh ,dek=k ,slh
vkfdZVsDV Fks tks muds liuksa dks ,d CywfizUV eas mrkj ik,A csdj us ekufld jksfx;ksa
ds mipkj ds fy, ds fy, y[kumQ esas uwj eafty vLirky dk Hkh fMtkbu fd;kA
lkB ds n'kd ds var esa csdj vkSj mudh iRuh dsjy okil pys x, vkSj f=koSUnze
esa cl x,A csdj us 50 lky dh mez ds ckn gh iQqy&Vkbe vkdhZVsDpj fMtkbu dk
dke 'kq# fd;k! csdj bekjrsa fMtkbu rks djrs gh Fks lkFk esa oks mudk fuekZ.k Hkh djrs
FksA Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds vuqdwy oks ,d fMtkbuj&feL=kh FksA csdj dks dHkh vkWfiQl ;k
fiQj fdlh lgk;d dh t:jr ugha iM+hA oks vDlj iqjkus dkxt ds VqdM+ksa ij ?kjksa ds
fp=k cukrs vkSj fuekZ.k LFky ij gh fMtkbu djrsA tgka ,d vksj reke vkfdZVsDV dsoy
dkxt ij js[kk,a cuk ikrs gSa ogha csdj ,d dq'ky feL=kh vkSj c<+bZ FksA muds lHkh
izkstsDVl dk dk;ZHkkj dksbZ bathfu;j ugha cfYd
fefL=k;ksa dh Vhe lEHkkyrh FkhA Bsdsnkjksa
vkSj nykyksa dks njfdukj dj [kqn
fuekZ.k djus ls dke lLrs esa gksrk
vkSj etnwjkas dks okftc etnwjh feyrhA
csdj i;kZoj.k ds izfr cgqr laosnu'khy
FksA cgqr vf/d mQtkZ ls cus LVhy vkSj
lhesUV tSls lkeku dk oks cgqr de
mi;ksx djrs FksA oks ges'kk dgrs] ^lhesUV
eq> ls mez esa NksVk gSA* bl ckr esa lPpkbZ
Fkh D;ksafd igys egk;q ds ckn gh lhesUV
cM+s&iSekus ij bLrseky gksuk 'kq# gqvkA
120

fgeky; esa vius yEcs izokl ds nkSjku csdj dks

ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; vkfdZVsDpj dh ckjhfd;ka le>
esa vk;haA ;gka gtkjksa lkyksa ds O;kogkfjd 'kks/ ds
ckn yksxksa us de&mQtkZ ds edku cukus ds rjhdksa
esa n{krk gkfly dh FkhA igkM+ ij yksx LFkkuh;
iRFkjksa vkSj ydM+h ls edku cukrsA lc lkeku
?kj ls lkS&nks lkS xt dh nwjh ij gh fey tkrsA
xak/hth ds vuqlkj ?kj cukus dk lkjk lkeku
fuekZ.k&LFky ds iakp ehy nk;js ls gh vkuk
pkfg,A csdj dks xak/hth ;g nyhy ,dne
mfpr yxhA
vDlj csdj viuh gh flkarksa dk iwjh rjg ikyu ugha dj ikrs Fks ijUrq oks bl fn'kk
eas fujUrj iz;kl djrs jgrs FksA oks lhesUV vkSj dkap nksuksa ds mi;ksx ds f[kykiQ Fks &
D;ksafd buds cukus esa cgqr mQtkZ O;; gksrh gSA ijUrq oks vDlj vius cuk, ?kjksa esa dkap
dh jaxhu cksryksa dks nhokjksa esa /alk nsrsA blls de&[kpZ esa jax&fcjaxh jks'kuh ?kj esa
vkrhA bVksa ls csdj dks fo'ks"k izse FkkA oks bVksa ds jSV&VSi cU/u ls ,d vksj lhyu
vkSj mQ"ek fujks/h nhokj cka/rs vkSj nwljh vksj 25 izfr'kr bZaVkas dh cpr Hkh djrsA bVksa
dh cuh tkfy;ka ?kj esa BaMh c;kj ykrha rks Nr esa cus >jks[ks vanj dh xeZ gok dks
ckgj <adsyrsA oks bVksa dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, pwus vkSj jsr dk xkjk mi;ksx djrsA
dsjy esa pwus dks leqnz dh lhfi;kas ls fuekZ.k LFky ij gh cukuk lEHko FkkA csdj us
LVhy dh txg ckal dk mi;ksx dj vLlh izfr'kr dher esa dVkSrh dhA oSls fuekZ.k
ds fy, csdj dh lcls fiz; oLrq Fkh feV~Vh & ftlesa 'kwU; b/u yxrk vkSj tks vklikl
fcYdqy eqr esa fey tkrhA Hkkjr esa vLlh izfr'kr ?kj feV~Vh ds gh cus gSaA oks lSdM+ksa
lkyksa ls [kM+s gSa vkSj gj izdkj ds ekSle dh ekj >sy pqds gSaA feV~Vh dh ,d vkSj
[kkfl;r gS & mls ckj&ckj bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA vki iqjkus feV~Vh ds edku
dks <gk dj mlesa ikuh feykdj rqjUr u;k edku cuk ldrs gSaA dakp vkSj LVhy ls
,slk djuk lEHko ugha gSA

csdj us gtkjksa lkyksa dh takph&ij[kh fuekZ.k lkexzh] dq'kyrkvksa vkSj fMtkbuksa dk

mi;ksx dj yksxksa ds fy, vkjkensg ?kj vkSj vkWfiQl cuk,A buesa fctyh] ikuh vkSj dbZ
ckj dkj ds xSfjt dh lqfo/k rd FkhA csdj
dk ekuuk Fkk fd ^vkfdZVsDpj ,d egRoiw.kZ
fo"k; gS vkSj mls fliQZ vkfdZVsDVl ds Hkjksls
ugha NksM+k tkuk pkfg,A* mUgksauas ,d&ntZu ls
vf/d lfp=k] de&dher ds Hkou fuekZ.k ij
jSV&VSi ca/u ls 25 izfr'kr bZaVsa cprh gSa vkSj
iqLrdsa fy[khaA ?kj & dher de dSls djsa] gok dh rg bekjr dh lqj{kk djrh gSA
121

dpjk (jfc'k) vkSj feV~Vh tSlh iqLrdksa ds fy, mUgksausa

[kqn fp=k cuk,A mudh dbZ iqLrdksa dk dbZ Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA mudh nks iqLrdsa :jy
dE;wfuVh fcfYMUxt vkSj dkWLV fjMD'ku iQkWj izkbejh
Ldwy fcfYMUxt dk izdk'ku csdj dh 80oha o"kZxkaB ij
gqvkA csdj }kjk fMtkbu dh xbZ nks mYys[kuh; bekjrsa
gSa & lsUVj iQkWj MsoyiesUV LVMht vkSj f=koSUnze ds cl
LVs'ku ds ikl fLFkr cgqr I;kjk ,d dkiQh gkmlA
phtksa dk nqckjk bLrseky djuk csdj dh izfr dk ,d
ykSjh viuh iRuh ,fytkcsFk ds lkFkA vax FkkA oks xqly[kkus cukrs le; dkap vkSj VkbYl ds
VwVs VqdM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrsA oks Nr dh <ykbZ djrs le; gjsd ,d&nks iQhV dh nwjh
ij VwVh gqbZ VkbYl dks /alk nsrsA csdj ds bl rjhds dks vc O;kid :i esa viuk;k
tk jgk gSA bl izdkj VwVh gqbZ VkbYl ds mi;ksx ls Nr <ykbZ dh dher 30 izfr'kr de
gks tkrh gSA oks pkgrs Fks fd mudh cukbZ bekjrsa dsjy ds ygygkrs ukfj;y ds isM+ksa dh
mQapkbZ ls lnSo uhph jgsaA
csdj dsoy ,d vkdhZVsDV ugha FksA mUgksausa ftUnxh dks cgqr djhch ls ns[kk vkSj mldk
Hkjiwj vkuUn fy;kA mUgksausa le;&le; ij MkWDVj] fe'kujh] ekyh] ckophZ] fdlku]
i'kq&fpfdRld] ,EcqysUl Mkboj] c<+bZ] dfo vkSj dkVwZfuLV dk jksy vnk fd;kA
csdj dks dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa us MkWDVsV dh fMxzh ls vyar fd;kA fczfV'k ljdkj us
mUgsa vkMZj vkWiQ n fczfV'k ,Eik;j vkSj ,echbZ ls lEekfur fd;kA 1990 esa la;qDr jk"V
la?k us ;w,uvks dk igyk gSfcVSV vokMZ vkSj ;w,u jksy vkWiQ gkWuj ls ykSjh csdj dks
lq'kksfHkr fd;kA csdj dbZ egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh lfefr;ksa ds lnL; Hkh jgsA 1990 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj us mUgssa i|Jh ls lEekfur fd;kA ijUrq mudks lcls vf/d [kq'kh rc gqbZ tc
1988 esa mUgsa Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk feyhA csdj vkSj mudh iRuh ,ystkcsFk us rhu cPpksa
dk xksn fy;k & csVk fryd vkSj csfV;ka fo|k vkSj gkbMhA
viuk [kqn dk ?kj cukrs gq, Hkh ykSjh csdj us ogh flkar
bLrseky fd;k ftudk izpkj mUgksasusa thou Hkj fd;kA lgh
ek;us esa mudk thou gh mudk lUns'k FkkA 1 vizSy 2007
dks vizy
S &iQwy okys fnu 90 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ?kj ij gh csdj
us izk.k R;kxsA e`R;q esa Hkh mUgksausa vius Vhdkdkjksa dks ugha
c['kkA muds ?kj dk uke Fkk gSeysV & vkSj mlds fuekZ.k
ds ckn mUgsa viuh vfLerk & eSa gwa ;k ugha gwa ds ckjs esa dksbZ
'kd ugha jgk FkkA var esa ge 'ksDlfi;j ds ekdZ varksuh ds
bl okD; dks gh nksgjk ldrs gSa% ^dHkh Fkk ,d csdj! nwljk dc vk,xk vc\*
122

vUuk ef.k
(1918 - 2001)

^ftu cgknqj efgykvksa dks eSa tkurh Fkh oks vc cw<+h gks pyh gSaA
muesa ls izR;sd ,d isM+] ;k izdk'kx`g tSlh Fkha]
;k fiQj izdk'kx`g ds bnZ&fxnZ eaMykrh leqnzh phy tSlh Fkha]
;k fiQj leqnzh phy ds pkjksa vksj pDdj [kkrh MkWfYiQu eNyh tSlh Fkha]
tks izdk'kx`g dk pDdj dkVrh gSaA
blh rjg esjs fopkj Hkh vlko/kuh ls b/j&m/j eaMjk jgs gSaA \*
& vUuk ef.k dks J`katfy & lquhrh uketks'kh

1950 esa tc gkseh HkkHkk ns'k esa vk.kfod mQtkZ dk rkuk&ckuk cqu jgs Fks ml le;
vUuk ef.k dh efgyk laosnuk,a ns'k esa lkSj vkSj iou mQtkZ ryk'k jgh FkhaA Lora=krk
ds ckn ef.k us ekSle foKku ds {ks=k esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;kA
vUuk eksfM;ky ef.k dk tUe 23 vxLr 1918 dks ihjesMw] dsjy esa gqvkA muds firk
byk;ph ds ,d cM+s ckx ds ekfyd FksA blkbZ /eZ esa iSnk gksus ds ckotwn vUuk ds
firk dk /eZ esa fo'okl ugha FkkA vUuk dks iqLrd i<+us
dk tcjnLr pLdk Fkk vkSj ckjg o"kZ dh vYivk;q
esa oks LFkkuh; iqLrdky; dh lHkh iqLrdksa dks i<+
pqdh FkhaA vkB lky dh mez esa mUgksauas ghjs ds
dqaMyksa dks udkj dj mu iSlksa ls bUlkbDyksihfM;k
fczVkWfudk [kjhnkA iqLrdksa us vUuk ds fy, ,d ubZ
nqfu;k [kksyh vkSj fdrkcksa ls gh mUgksauas lkekftd
U;k; dk lcd lh[kkA 1925 esa xak/hth vUuk ds
'kgj esa vk, ftldk vUuk ij xgjk izHkko
iM+kA viuh vU; cguksa dh rjg vUuk
us tYnh 'kknh djus ls badkj
fd;k vkSj mPp f'k{kk izkIr
djus dh BkuhA lkjh ftUnxh
vUuk us [kknh gh iguhA
123

vUuk dk oSls rks bjknk MkWDVj cuus dk Fkk ijUrq D;ksafd oks fiQftDl esa cgqr rst Fkha
blfy, mUgksaus blh fo"k; dks pqukA mUgksausa enzkl ds izslhMsUlh dkWyst ls fiQftDl gkulZ
dh fMxzh izkIr dhA dkWyst esa lektokn ds izfr mudk #>ku c<+kA 1940 esa mUgsa ,d
Nk=ko`fRr feyh ftldh otg ls oks cSaxyksj fLFkr bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl esa lj
lh-oh- jeu ds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/ dj ik;haA ;gka mUgksasuas ghjksa vkSj ekfud (:ch) ds
o.kZe (LisDVkWLdksih) ij 'kks/ fd;kA blds fy, mUgsa iQksVksxzkfiQd IysV~l dks 16&20
?kaVs rd izdk'k esa j[kuk iM+rk FkkA blfy, oks vDlj iz;ksx'kkyk esa gh lks tkrh Fkha!
vUuk us ghjksa dh ped (lanhIrh) ds mQij iakp 'kks/i=k fy[ksA 1945 esa mUgksausa enzkl
;wfuoflZVh dks viuh ih,pMh dh Fkhfll lkSaihA ij D;ksafd vUuk us ,e,llh ugha dh
Fkh blfy, mUgsa ;wfuoflZVh us ih,pMh dh fMxzh ugha iznku dhA lkSHkkX; ls vUuk ef.k
us bl dkxth fMxzh dks dHkh Hkh vius
dke es vkM+s vkus ugha fn;kA
1913 es tc vUuk ef.k dk tUe gqvk
rc Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj
dqN le; ckn vUuk ef.k dks baXySaM esa
1 izfr'kr ls Hkh de FkhA ns'k esa lHkh
mPp f'k{kk ds fy, ,d Nk=ko`fRr feyhA
dkWystksa esa dqy feykdj 1000 ls Hkh
oks 1945 esa ,d yM+kdw tgkt esa lokj
de efgyk Nk=k FkhaA 1930 esa tc ef.k
gksdj baXySaM ds bEihfj;y dkyst esa
dkWyst esa Fkha rc Hkh efgykvksa ds fy,
fiQftDl lh[kus x;ha ijUrq var esa mUgksua sa
foKku f'k{k.k ds cgqr de volj FksA
ekSle&foKku lEcU/h midj.kksa esa
rc ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd efgykvksa dh
fo'ks"krk izkIr dhA ;gka mUgksaus ekSle
f'k{kk mUgsa fliQZ ,d vPNh eka vkSj
lEcU/h midj.kka s ds O;klekiu
x`g.kh cukus ds fy, gh gksuh pkfg,A
(dSfyCjs'ku) vkfn dh foLr`r tkudkjh gkfly
dhA
Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr esa vusdksa lEHkkouk,a
[kqyha vkSj vUuk ef.k us bu pqukSfr;ksa dks
LohdkjkA 1948 eas mUgksausa iq.ks fLFkr
Hkkjrh; ekSle foHkkx ds midj.k foHkkx
esa dke 'kq# fd;kA bl foHkkx ds izeq[k
,d nwjn'khZ vkSj mRlkgh O;fDr Jh ,l
ih foadsV'oju FksA 1947 ls igys ekSle
ekius ds NksV&s NksVs midj.k tSls FkekZehVj]
124

ckSjksehVj vkfn Hkh fons'k ls vk;kr gksrs FksA jk"Vh; LokoyEcu dh Hkkouk ls vksrizksr
foadsV'oju bu midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr esa djuk pkgrs FksA blds fy, mUgksausa ,d
mPp dksfV dh odZ'kki LFkkfir dh tgka o"kkZekih] rkeekih] gok dh xfr vkfn ekius
ds midj.k cu ldsaA mUgksasus Lor% ntZ djus okys midj.kksa tSls FkezksxzkiQ] gkbMksxzkiQ
vkfn ij 'kks/dk;Z Hkh vkjEHk fd;kA vUuk ef.k bl lcls ls cgqr izsfjr gq;haA mUgksausa
de&ls&de le; esa ns'k esa ekSle&foKku ds midj.kksa ds mRiknu dh pqukSrh dks
LohdkjkA
;g dke bruk vklku ugha Fkk D;ksafd ns'k esa ifj"r
e'khuksa dks pykus okys dq'ky fedSfuDl dh csgn
deh FkhA ijUrq ef.k us tks Hkh miyC/ Fkk mlls dke
dks vkxs c<+kus dh BkuhA mUgksua s vius foHkkx ds 121
yksxksa dks xq.kkRed dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA
mudk ukjk Fkk% ^dke djus dh mRre ifr <wa<ksA*
mUgksausa la[;kvksa dh ctk, xq.koRrk ij cy fn;kA
bl dke esa mUgsa cgqr Je djuk iM+k ijUrq tYn
gh ef.k us Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa vkSj baftfu;lZ dk
,d ,slk Bksl lewg rS;kj fd;k tks bl dk;Z dks
djus ds fy, rS;kj FkkA
vUuk ef.k us 100 ls vf/d ekSle lEcU/h midj.kksa
dk ekudhdj.k fd;k vkSj mudk mRiknu 'kq# fd;kA ef.k dh lkSj&mQtkZ esa xgjh #fp
Fkh ftls oks Hkkjr tSls xeZ ns'k ds fy, cgqr vuqdwy ekurh FkhaA ml le; ns'k esa lw;Z
mQtkZ lEcU/h HkkSxksfyd vkSj ekSleh tkudkjh dh cgqr deh FkhA 1957&58 ds
baVjuS'kuy T;ksfiQftdy b;j eas ef.k us ns'k esa lkSj&mQtkZ ekius dk tky fcNk;kA blds
fy, 'kq# esa fons'kh midj.kksa dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k ijUrq ef.k us tYn gh mUgsa ns'k
esa cukus dh O;oLFkk dhA
ef.k dk ekuuk Fkk fd xyr eki ls rks eki
u ysuk gh csgrj gSA mUgksausa ;g lqfuf'pr
fd;k fd gjsd midj.k dk fMtkbu cf<+;k
gks vkSj mudk dSfyCjs'ku Hkh Bhd gksA
1960 esa mUgksausa vkstksu dk v;;u 'kq#
fd;kA ml le; ;g 'kCn bruk izfl ugha
FkkA vkstksu i`Foh dh tho lEink dks ?kkrd
125

fdj.kksa ls dSls lqjf{kr j[krh gS ;g ckr nks n'kdksa ckn gh irk pyh! ef.k us vkstksu
ekius dk ,d midj.k & vkstksulksUMs fodflr fd;kA bl
midj.k dh otg ls Hkkjr vkstksu lEcfU/r rF;kRed
vakdM+s bdV~Bs dj ik;kA ef.k ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds
dkj.k mUgsa baVjuS'kuy vkstksu dfe'ku dk lnL; euksuhr
fd;k x;kA
1963 esa foe lkjkHkkbZ ds vkxzg ij ef.k us FkqEck jkWdsV
yakfpUx iSM ds ikl ekSle dh tkudkjh ,df=kr djus ds
fy, ,d iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir dhA 1976 esa vUuk ef.k
Hkkjrh; ekSle foHkkx esa fMIVh Mk;jsDVj tujy ds in ls
lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA mlds ckn mUgksaus cSaxyksj ds ikl uUnh
fgYl ij ,d fefyehVj rjax yEckbZ dh nwjchu LFkkfir
dhA muds }kjk fy[kh nks iqLrdsa & gSUMcqd vkWiQ lksyj jsfM;s'ku MSVk iQkWj bafM;k
(1980) vkSj lksyj jsfM;s'ku vksoj bafM;k (1981) vc lkSj&mQtkZ ij dke dj jgs
baftfu;jksa ds fy, ekud iqLrdsa cu x;ha gSaA ,d nwjn'khZ oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls mUgksauas
Hkkjr esa iou mQtkZ dh lEHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj 700 fHkUu LFkkuksa ls iou lEcU/
h vakdM+s ,df=kr fd,A vxj vkt Hkkjr iou&mQtkZ ds {ks=k esa Nykax yxk jgk gS rks
bldk dkiQh {ks; vUuk ef.k dks tkrk gSA
dbZ lkyksa rd vUuk ef.k cSaxyksj esa gok dh xfr vkSj lkSj&mQtkZ ukius ds midj.k
cukus okyh ,d dEiuh dh izeq[k jghaA mUgksausa dHkh fookg ugha fd;kA mUgsa izfr ls
cgqr yxko FkkA igkM+ksa ij ?kweuk vkSj i{kh fujh{k.k muds 'kkSd FksA oks dbZ vdknsfe;ksa
dh & bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dSMeh] vesfjdu ehVhj;ksykSftdy lkslkbVh] vkSj
baVjuS'kuy lksyj buthZ lkslkbVh dh lnL; FkhaA 1987 esa mUgsa bUlk }kjk ds-vkjjkeukFku ind ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1994 esa mUgsa LVksd vk;k ftlds ckn oks iyax
ls mB ugha ik;haA 16 vxLr 2001 esa fr#ouUriqje esa mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA

oh- jkekfyaxkLokeh
(1921 - 2001)

izksiQslj fofyfejh jkekfyaxkLokeh dks izfl yhvksu cukZM iQkmaMs'ku vokMZ ds iq#Ldkj
ls lEekfur djrs gq, 1976 esa oYMZ gSYFk ,lsEcyh ds v;{k lj gSjYM okYVj us iz'kalk
esa dgk fd jkekfyaxkLokeh ^,d MkWDVj] 'kks/&oSKkfud]
f'k{kd vkSj ekuooknh O;fDr FksA*
fofyfejh jkekfyaxkLokeh ftUgsa fe=k jkek ds uke ls
cqykrs Fks dk tUe 8 vxLr 1921 dks vak/z izns'k ds
Jhdkdqye esa gqvkA mudk iwjk ifjokj f'k{kk ls tqM+k Fkk
vkSj oks vius nknkth ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA nknkth LFkkuh;
Ldwy ds fizfa liy Fks vkSj mudh 'ksDlih;j esa xgjh #fp FkhA
jkek [kqn ,d vPNs vfHkusrk Fks vkSj mUgksausa dkWyst
esa 'ksDlih;j ds dbZ ik=kksa dk jksy fuHkk;kA
vius vPNs xk;u ls mUgksua as dbZ egfiQyksa esa jax
tek;kA mudk vaxzsth dk mPpkj.k vHkwriwoZ
Fkk vkSj muds Hkk"k.k Li"Vrk ds fy, lquus
dkfcy gksrs FksA
1944 esa jkek us vak/z izns'k ls viuh igyh
esfMdy fMxzh gkfly dh vkSj 1946 esa
mUgksausa mlh ;wfuoflZVh ls
,eMh dh fMxzh izkIr dhA
fiQj oks vkDliQksMZ baXySUM

126

127

x, tgka 1951 esa MhfiQy vkSj 1967 esa Mh,llh gkfly dhA mUgksausa 1947 eas U;wfV'ku
fjlpZ yScksjsVh] dqUuwj (vc uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ U;wfV'ku] gSnjkckn) esa viuk 'kks/
dk;Z vkjEHk fd;k tks vxys Ng n'kdksa rd tkjh jgkA
jkek xjhc ns'kksa esa chekfj;ksa ds dkj.kksa dks le>uk vkSj 'kks/ }kjk muds mipkj [kkstuk
pkgrs FksA muds bl ekuoh; rjhds esa iz;ksx'kkyk] vLirky vkSj leqnk; rhuksa dk leUo;
FkkA ftu fHkUu {ks=kksa esa mUgksauas ekSfyd 'kks/dk;Z fd;k oks gSa & izksVhu&mQtkZ vkSj dqiks"k.k
dk lEcU/] vk;ksMhu dk vHkko] dqiks"k.k }kjk [kwu dh deh] vkSj xeZ ns'kksa esa ;r
dh chekjh vkfnA ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, izkFkfed LokLF;&lsok] laked jksxksa vkSj
LokLF; vuql/
a ku eas jkek dh xgjh #fp FkhA mudh O;fDrxr fu"Bk vkSj usrR` o ds dkj.k
gh 1967 ds fcgkj vdky] vkSj 1971 ds cakXykns'k ;q esa gtkjksa&yk[kksa yksx dqiks"k.k
ds vfHk'kki ls cp ik,A
?ks?kk jksx (FkkbjkWbM ls xyk iQwyuk) ds vR;f/
d izpyu ds dkj.k jkek us lkeqnkf;d LokLF;
ds {ks=k esa ,d Dykfld iz;ksx fd;kA blesa
dakxM+k igkfM+;ksa esa jgus okys ,d yk[k ls vf/
d yksxksa dk losZ{k.k 'kkfey FkkA vk;ksMhu ;qDr
ued [kkus ls bl chekjh esa Hkkjh deh vk;hA blh
'kks/dk;Z us gh jk"Vh; vk;ksMhu vHkko fu;U=k.k
dk;Ze dh uhao j[kh ftlls 30 djksM+ ls T;knk
yksxksa dks bl jksx ls lqj{kk feyh!
jkekfyaxkLokeh us xHkZorh ekrkvksa esa yksgs dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, liQyrkiwoZd
ykSg&iwjd 'kq# fd,A bl dk;Zokgh ls efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF; esa egRoiw.kZ lq/
kj vk;kA

yky jDr ds dkj.k lkekU;r% gekjs vka[kksas

dh fupyh iyd yky vkSj uk[kwu xqykch
gksrs gSaA
128

jDr esa yksgs dh deh ls vka[ksa iQhdh iM+

tkrh gSa vkSj uk[kwu liQsnA

jkekfyaxkLokeh us ,d ubZ vkSj egRoiw.kZ [kkst dh & ;r dh ,d chekjh tks fd bafM;u

pkbYMgqM fljkSfll ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
foVkfeu&, dh deh ls va/kiu gksrk gS] ;g rF; rks cgqr igys ls ekywe FkkA
jkekfyaxkLokeh igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksauas bl fo"k; ij xEHkhj v;;u fd;k vkSj mldh
iqf"V dhA mUgksua sa cUnj ekrkvksa esa foVkfeu&, dh deh ls muds cPpksa ds jSfVuk ds jkWMl
~
vkSj dksUl dks gq, uqdlku dk v;;u fd;kA
vkWy bafM;k bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ esfMdy lkbUlsl (,sEl) dh LFkkiuk ds le; vPNs
f'k{kdksa dh tksjnkj ryk'k gqbZA rHkh jkekfyaxkLokeh iSFkkyksth foHkkx esa izksiQslj ds in
ij fu;qDr gq,A tYn gh oks foHkkx izeq[k cus vkSj mUgksauas ,d mPp ntsZ dk iSFkkyksth
Ldwy LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksauas vusd tghu Nk=kksa dks izsfjr fd;k vkSj bu Nk=kksa us muds
uke vkSj 'kksgjr dks nqfu;k ds dksus&dksus esa iQSyk;kA
,sEl ds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku jkekfyaxkLokeh us Hkkjrh; vkSj
if'pe ds ize[q k iSFkkWyksftLV ds chp lEokn LFkkfir djus dk
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA bl lwph eas fo'o ds tkus&ekus iSFkkWyksftLV
'kkfey Fks & gkjoMZ ds MkW- csUtkfeu dSflyeSu vkSj okYVj
iq'kpj] ekSUVhiQsjs vLirky ds- gSUl ikWij] jkW;y h vLirky
dh Mse 'khyk 'kykZd vkSj vU; fnXxt MkWDVjksa us ikSFkkWyksth
ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij Hkk"k.k fn,A ckn esa jkekfyaxkLokeh ,sEl ds funs'kd cus vkSj bl
dke dks Hkh mUgksausa c[kwch vatke fn;kA
bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQ esfMdy fjlpZ (vkbZlh,evkj) dks LFkkfir djus esa jkekfyaxkLokeh
us vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj 1979 oks mlds Mk;jsDVj&tujy cusA bl laLFkk esa mUgksaus
lkr lky dke fd;k vkSj bl nkSjku mUgksausa vkbZlh,evkj dh xfrfof/;ksa dks dbZ
fn'kkvksa esa cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA ubZ laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksausa jhtuy
esfMdy fjlpZ lsUVlZ dh vo/kj.kk jph ftlls fd nwj&njkt fLFkr {ks=kksa dh LFkkuh;
chekfj;ksa ij izakrh; Lrj ij 'kks/dk;Z gks ldsA mUgksauas vkbZlh,evkj dk iquxZBu fd;k
vkSj gj 'kks/ dk;Ze dh l[rh ds lkFk led{k fo}kuksa ls
leh{kk ds vkns'k fn,A muds }kjk LFkkfir rkSj&rjhdksa ls cgqr
ykHk gqvk vkSj oks vkt Hkh mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs gSaA
,d vPNs MkWDVj dh gSfl;r ls jkekfyaxkLokeh us ns'k esa
jksx&foKku (,ihfMfe;kWyksth) ds 'kks/ ij vR;kf/d cy fn;kA
mUgksauas gj jksx dks ntZ vkSj fyfic djus ij tksj fn;k vkSj
bafM;u jftLVh vkWiQ fMthftl dh LFkkiuk dh ftlesa vakdM+ksa
ds fo'ys{k.k ds fy, ,d lakf[;dh foHkkx dk izko/ku Hkh FkkA blh dh cnkSyr ckn
129

esa vkbZlh,evkj esa ,d Lora=k

lakf[;dh foHkkx LFkkfir gqvkA
ns'k esa vkink dh fLFkfr esa
viuh lsok,a lefiZr djus
dks jkekfyaxkLokeh lnSo rRij
jgrs FksA Hkksiky xSl dakM
bldh ,d thrh&tkxrh
felky gSA bl vkink ls fucVus
vkSj xSl dakM ihfM+rksa ij
oSKkfud tkudkjh ,df=kr
djus ds fy, jkekfyaxkLokeh
us reke la L Fkkxr vkS j
O;fDrxr lk/u tqVk,A lwjr jkekfyaxkLokeh us fo'o dh lcls cM+h vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk &
Hkksiky xSl dk.M dh tkap&iM+rky dhA ;wfu;u dkckZbM (vc
'kgj esa gSts ds nkSjku Hkh MkWo dsfedYl) dh mis{kk ls gtkjksa yksxksa dh tkusa x;haA
mUgksauas lf; lgk;rk dhA
lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkh varjkZ"Vh; laLFkk,a izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh dh lsokvksa ls
ykHkkfUor gksrh jghaA mUgsa gkjoMZ fo'ofo|ky; us igys iQksxVhZ izksiQslj vkSj ckn esa ,d
fof'k"V fo"k&oSKkfud (VkWfDldkWyksftLV) ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;kA mlds ckn mUgksausa
iakp o"kZ rd ;wfulsiQ ds lkFk dke fd;kA oks jk"Vh; Lrj dh dbZ laLFkkvksa ds lkFk
yxkrkj tqM+s jgs ftuesa jktho xak/h iQkmaMs'ku] dSUlj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV] lsUVj iQkWj lkbUl
,aM buok;juesUV vkSj juc['kh iQkmaMs'ku mYys[kuh; gSaA vius thou ds vafre fnu rd
oks ubZ fnYyh fLFkr ,sEl esa uS'kuy izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls dke djrs jgsA
izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh Hkkjrh; esfMdy MkWDVjksa esa 'kk;n lcls vf/d lEekfur O;fDr
FksA oks HkVukxj vkSj i|Hkw"k.k nksuksa iq#Ldkj ls vyar FksA jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki
(,iQvkj,l) vkSj rhuksa Hkkjrh; foKku vdknsfe;ksa ds oks lnL; FksA 1979&80 esa oks
bUlk ds v;{k FksA oks uS'kuy ,dsMeh vkWiQ esfMdy lkbUlst] vejhdh vkSj :lh
lkbUl ,dsfMeht ds lnL; rks Fks gh lkFk esa oks jkW;y dkWyst vkWiQ fiQftf'k;Ul vkSj
ltZUl ds iQsyks Hkh FksA LohfMu dh dkjksfyUldk ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa MkWDVsV dh fMxzh
ls lq'kksfHkr fd;kA jkekfyaxkLokeh] oYMZ gsYFk vkWjfxukbts'ku dh Xykscy ,Mokbtjh
desVh vkWu esfMdy fjlpZ ds ps;jeSu FksA
izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh us lq[kh ikfjokfjd thou fcrk;kA mudh iRuh lw;kZ izHkk ubZ
fnYyhs fLFkr tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky; ds lsUVj iQWkj lks'ky esfMflu ,aM dE;wfuVh
gsYFk esa izksiQslj ds in ls lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA mudk csVk MkWDVj oh- txnh'k vejhdk ds
esjhySUM esa ,d Loa;lsoh laLFkk lkmFk ,f'k;k ,xsUlV ,WMl ds ps;jeSu gSa vkSj mudh
csVh MkW- y{eh U;w;kdZ ds ekmaV lkbuk; vLirky esa dke djrh gSaA
130

th-,ujkepanzu
(1922 - 2001)

^vxj vkidks yxrk gS fd vki tkurs gSa rks vki lpeqp esa ughsa tkurs gSaA vxj
vki ekurs gSa fd vki fdlh pht dks ugha tku ldrs] rc vki mls tkurs gSaA*
& th-,u- jkepanzu

th-,u- jkepanzu (;gka ^th* xksikyleqnze muds iSr`d 'kgj vkSj ^,u* ukjk;.k v;j
muds firk dk uke gS) chloha 'krkCnh ds ,d foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfud FksA mUgksausa
vius 'kks/dk;Z ls iwjh nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dk uke jkS'ku
fd;kA jkepanzu us viuk vf/dka'k 'kks/dk;Z Hkkjr esa
gh fd;k vkSj blesa muds jksy&ekWMy izfl oSKkfud
lj lh-oh- jeu FksA jkepanzu us ekWyhD;wyj
cWk;ksfiQftDl] fo'ks"kdj izksVhu ds <akps dks ysdj
egRoiw.kZ 'kks/ fd;kA dksystu dk <akpk fVfiy
gsfydy gksrk gS ;g jkepanzu us vius 'kks/ ls
LFkkfir fd;kA bl cqfu;knh 'kks/ ds dkj.k gh
ge isIVkbM~l dks xgjkbZ ls le> ldsA
jkepanzu dk tUe 8 vDVwcj 1922 dks Hkkjr ds
nf{k.kh&if'pe rVorhZ 'kgj dksphu ds ikl ,d
NksVs 'kgj esa gqvkA muds firk ,d LFkkuh; dkWyst
esa xf.kr ds izksiQslj Fks vkSj mUgksauas jke esa
cpiu ls gh xf.kr ds izfr izse ds cht cks,A
oks jkst vius dkWyst ds iqLrdky; ls xf.kr
dh dksbZ ubZ fdrkc ykrs vkSj jkepanzu dks
ubZ&ubZ izes;ksa dks gy djus ds fy, izsfjr
131

djrsA oks xf.kr dh lehdj.ksa fy[krs vkSj jke ls mUgksauas gy djus dks dgrsA blfy,
jke cpiu ls gh mPp xf.kr esa ikjaxr gks x, FksA vxj gjsd ijh{kk esa oks xf.kr esa
100 izfr'kr vad ikrs rks blesa dqN vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha FkhA 1942 esa jkepanzu us enzkl
;wfuoflZVh ls ch,llh ds dkslZ esa iwjs fo'ofo|ky; esa VkWi fd;kA lsUV tkslsiQ dkWyst
esa ftu nks f'k{kdksa us jkepanzu dh #fp fiQftDl esa tkx`r dh oks Fks Jh ih-bZ- lqczkefu;e
vkSj tslqvkbV iknjh iQknj jkteA

jkepanzu ds firk pkgrs Fks fd oks bafM;u flfoy lfoZl esa tk,a ij ;g ckr jkepanzu
dks fcYdqy ukxokj FkhA ckn esa jsyos baftfu;fjax cksMZ dh ijh{kk ds fy, jkepanzu dks
fnYyh Hkstk x;kA jkepanuz us tkucw> dj bl ijh{kk esa xfYr;ka dh vkSj iQsy gq,! 1942
esa jkepanuz us cSxa yksj dh izfl bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl ds bysfDVdy baftfu;fjax
foHkkx esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA ijUrq dqN gh le; ckn mUgsa lj lh-ohjeu fiQftDl foHkkx esa ys vk,A ,d lIrkg ckn jeu us jkepanzu dks ykMZ jSys }kjk
lq>kbZ ,d tfVy leL;k dk gy [kkstus dks dgkA ,d gh fnu esa jkepanuz us bl leL;k
dh lehdj.ksa fy[kha vkSj mudk gy <wa< fudkykA blls jeu csgn izlUu gq,A jeu ds
ekxZn'kZu eas jkepanuz us vkfIVDl vkSj ,Dl&js
VkseksxzkiQh ds {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA jeu
vius bl foy{k.k Nk=k ds dfj'eksa ls iQwys
ugha lek,A
1947 esa jkepanuz baXySMa dh dSfofUM'k yScksjVs h
esa 'kks/dk;Z djus x,A bl iz;ksx'kkyk ds
izeq[k lj ykSjsUl cSzx FksA dsfEczt esa mUgksasus
MCyw-,- owLVj vkSj ,p- ySUx ds lkFk
fLVyksxzkiQh ij dke fd;kA ;gka mUgksauas
fLVyl ds bykfLVd dakLVsUVl ekius dh
,d xf.krh; F;ksjh Hkh fodflr dhA 1949
esa jkepanuz dks dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh us ih,pMh
iznku dhA dsfEczt ds gh nkSjku jkepanzu dh
HksaV izfl oSKkfud ykWbul ikWfyax ls gq,A
oks iWkfyax ds Hkk"k.kksa vkSj isIVkbM psUl ds
ekWMYl ls vR;Ur izHkkfor gq,A

ykWbul iWkfyax
,d tknqbZ uke gS
dsfedy ckUM~l esa
lHkh phtksa esa
lHkh inkFkksaZ esa
pkgsa oks thfor gksa ;k e`r
mudh izfr vkSj :i tkuus ds fy,
mudk O;ogkj igpkuus ds fy,A
muds vYiQk gsfyDl us
[kksys u, vk;ke
ckW;ks&ikSfyej inkFkZ dk
<akpk [kkstus ds fy,
;g egku /qzo&rkjk
foKku ds vkdk'k ij nedsxk
D;ksafd mlus tho'kkfL=k;ksa ds fy,
[kksyha gSa ubZ jkgsa] u, iFk!

dks vkeaf=kr fd;kA jeu us ml in ds fy, jkepanzu ds uke dh fliQkfj'k dhA blfy,
1952 esa ek=k 29 o"kZ dh vk;q esa jkepanuz enzkl ;wfuoflZVh esa izksiQslj ds in ij vklhu
gq,A lj eqnfy;kj dh mnkj lgk;rk ls jkepanzu enzkl ;wfuoflZVh esa ,d fo'o&Lrjh;
,Dl&js fLVyksxzkiQh dh iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir djus esa liQy gq,A
jkepanzu dksystu dk
<akpk [kkstus ds dk;Z
esa tqV x,A dksystu
cgqek=kk esa ik;k tkus
okyk ,d izksVhu fV';w
(mQrd) gksrk gSA blds
fy, mUgksausa daxk: dh
iw a N ds Vs U Mu ls This is a stereo-view of the molecular structure of the backbone of
dksyt
s u ds uewus mi;ksx collagen. If you cross your eyes while looking at it, you should be able
to see the structure in 3-dimensions. You can see the three strands of
fd,A bl dk;Z esa muds polypeptides that wind around each other to make the helix.
iks L V xz S t q , V Nk=k
xksihukFk dFkkZ us mudh lgk;rk dhA cgqr Je ds ckn oks dksystu ds rarqvksa ds ,Dl&js
fMSD'ku iSVuZl ikus esa liQy gq,A vius iz;ksx ds vk/kj ij mUgksaus xasnksa&vkSj&lhadksa
ls dksystu ds eWkMy dk <akpk rS;kj fd;kA 1954 esa mudk ;g 'kks/ uspj uked izfl
oSKkfud if=kdk esa NikA ckn eas mUgkssaus bl eWkMy dks la'kksf/r dj ,d u, vkSj e'kgwj
^dkbYM LVDpj* dk <akpk cuk;kA
jkepanzu vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us ikWyh&isIVkbM psUl ds fo'ys{k.k dh uhao j[khA mUgksaus
,d nks&vk;keh uD'ks dh vo/kj.kk j[kh tks vkt cWk;ksdfs edy lkfgR; esa jkepanuz &IykV
ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA blds }kjk lHkh
ikWyh&isIVkbM <akpksa dks le>k tk ldrk
gSA bu [kkstksa dk LVhj;ks dsfeLVh vkSj
thofoKku tS l s
betasheets
fo"k;ksa ij Hkh xgjk
izHkko iM+kA

alpha-helices

1949 esa baXySaM ls ykSVus ds ckn jkepanzu us 1952 rd fiQftDl dk v;kiu fd;kA
mlh le; enzkl ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr vkSj nwjn'khZ lj ,y ,y eqnfy;kj vius ;gak
,d izk;ksfxd HkkSfrdh dk foHkkx [kksyuk pkgrs Fks ftlds fy, mUgksauas lj lh-oh- jeu
132

The Ramachandran
plot (left) shows the
distribution of peptide
torsion angles (right)
that determine the 3dimensional structures
of proteins.

133

1970 esa enzkl ;wfuoflZVh ls bLrhiQk nsus ds i'pkr jkepanzu us nks o"kZ ;wfuoflZVh vWkiQ
f'kdkxks ds ckW;ks&fiQftDl foHkkx esa fcrk,A bl nks lky ds izokl esa mUgksaus nks&vk;keh
vakdM+kas ls rhu&vk;keh fp=k jpus dh ubZ fof/ dk vkfo"dkj fd;k tks ckn esa dEi;wVj
VkseksxzkiQh dk vk/kj cuhA f'kdkxks ls ykSVus ds ckn jkepanzu us bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ
lkbUl esa eWkfyD;wyj cWk;ksfiQftDl ;wfuV (,ech;w) LFkkfir fd;kA 1977 esa mUgksauas
iQksxZVh izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV iQWkj gsYFk] csFksLMk] esjhySUM vejhdk
esa dke fd;kA mlh o"kZ mUgsa yanu dh jWk;y lkslkbVh dk iQsyks euksuhr fd;k x;kA 1978
esa oks ,ech;w ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A mlds ckn Hkh oks vkbZvkbZ,llh eas 1989 rd
eSfFkeSfVdy fiQykLiQh ds izksiQslj tSls dke djrs jgsA
1980 ds izkjEHk ls oks ikjfdUlu chekjh ls ihfM+r jgus yxsA 1945 esa mudh 'kknh jkte
ls gqbZA chekjh ds nkSjku mudh iRuh us mudh leqfpr lsok dhA 1998 esa fny ds nkSjs
ls jkte dh vkdfLed e`R;q gks xbZA ;g jkepanzu ds fy, ,d xgjk lnek Fkk ftlls
oks dHkh ugha mcjsA 1999 esa baVjuS'kuy ;wfu;u vWkiQ fLVyksxzkiQlZ us jkepanzu ds
mR"V ;ksxnku ds fy, mUgsa iakpos bokYM iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;kA 1999 esa mUgsa
,d fny dk nkSjk iM+k ftlds ckn ls viuh e`R;q & 7 vizSy 2001 rd oks vLirky
esa gh jgsA muds nks iq=k gSa & jes'k uk;kj.k (gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds
izksiQslj) vkSj gfj (bafLV~V;wV iQWkj Iyktek fjlpZ] vgenkckn) vkSj mudh csVh fot;k
VsDll ;wfuoflZVh esa dEi;wVj lkbUl dh izkis Qslj
gSAa
jkepanuz reke dq'kyrkvkas vkSj #fp;ksa ls lEiUu
FksA mudh Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh 'kkL=kh; laxhr
vkSj n'kZu'kkL=k esa xgjh #fp FkhA vius laiw.kZ
o;Ld thou esa oks ekufld chekfj;ksa ls xzLr
jgsA ijUrq mlls mudh oSKkfud l`tukRedrk
ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA jkepanuz vlyh ek;uksa
esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj dksfV ds oSKkfud Fks vkSj ;g
cgqr nq[k dh ckr gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa
fdlh 'kkldh; iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur ugha fd;kA
D;ksafd dksysftu peM+s dk ,d vfHkUu vax gS
blfy, psUubZ dh lsUVy ySnj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV
us vius cM+s lHkkxzg dk uke jkepanzu }kjk
1954 esa [kkst dksystu ds <akps ds lEeku esa
^fViy&gsfyDl* j[kk gSA
134

gjh'k panz
(1923 - 1983)

gjh'k panz viuh ih<+h ds ,d vf}rh; xf.krK FksA mUgksaus xf.kr dh ,d vutkuh 'kk[kk
^jsfiztsUVs'kuy F;ksjh* ij 'kks/ dj mls ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ 'kk[kk esa fodflr fd;kA
;g 'kk[kk lkef;d xf.kr ds fodkl ds fy, dsanzh; egRo dh gSA
gjh'k dk tUe 11 vDVwcj 1923 dks dkuiqj esa gqvkA muds nknkth vtesj esa jsyos
ds ,d ofj"B DydZ FksA oks vius csVs panzfd'kksj dks vPNh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, dfVc
FksA csVs dh f'k{kk ds fy, iSlksa dh [kkfrj mUgksaus viuh ukSdjh ls bLrhiQk nsdj viuh
isa'ku vkfn ys yhA mlds ckn mUgksausa nqckjk fiQj ls jsyos esa ukSdjh dhA mlls mudh
ofj"Brk tkrh jgh vkSj mUgsa fupys Lrj ij ukSdjh djuh iM+hA gjh'k ds firk panzfd'kksj
dk nkf[kyk ns'k ds loZJs"B dkWyst & FkWkelu
baftfu;fjax dWkyst] #M+dh esa gqvkA oks Hkkjr dk
lcls igyk baftfu;fjax dWkyst Fkk vkSj yksd
fuekZ.k laLFkk ds fy, flfoy baftfu;j rS;kj
djus ds fy, 'kq# fd;k x;k FkkA panzfd'kksj
/hjs&/hjs djds cgqr mQaps vksgns ij igqaps
vkSj var esa mRrj izns'k ds flapkbZ foHkkx
ds phiQ&baftfu;j dh gSfl;r ls fjVk;j
gq,A vDlj gjh'k vius firk ds lkFk
nwj&njkt cuh ugjksa dks ns[kus tk;k djrs
FksA
gjh'k dh eka lR;xfr lsB ,d tehankj ifjokj
dh FkhaA muds ifjokj us dHkh 1957 ds fonzksg dh
dsanzh; ik=k >aklh dh jkuh dks vius ?kj esa iukg
nh FkhA rKrk esa >aklh dh jkuh mUgsa viuh
ryokj HksaV dj x;haA bl HksaV dks muds
ifjokj us cgqr vknj&lEeku ds lkFk
135

latks dj j[kk! gjh'k us vius cpiu dk T;knkrj le; vius ukuk ds ?kj ij gh fcrk;kA
oks i<+kbZ esa dq'kkxz Fks ijUrq dkiQh chekj jgrs FksA oks D;ksafd detksj Fks blfy, mudh
d{kk ds yM+ds mudk ges'kk etkd mM+krs FksA ukuk ds ?kj esa gjh'k dh #fp 'kkL=kh;
laxhr esa txhA gjh'k ds cM+s HkkbZ us bafM;u flfoy lfoZl (vkbZlh,l) esa ukSdjh dh
vkSj oks Lora=k Hkkjr esa pksVh ds ukSdj'kkg cusA
panzk us viuh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk dkuqij esa iwjh dhA mUgksausa bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh ls
,e,llh dh tgka muds ijh{kd [kqn lj lh-oh- jeu FksA panzk us iwNs tkus ij mUgksausa
rqjUr ok|;a=k e`naxe dh O;k[;k dh ftlls jeu vR;ar izHkkfor gq, vkSj mUgksaus panzk
dks 100 izfr'kr vad fn,A bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh esa ds-,l- ".ku us panzk ds uke dh
fliQkfj'k dhA blls panzk bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ lkbUl caxyksj esa gkseh HkkHkk ds
ekxZn'kZu esa dke djus x,A ij ml le; ogka lh-oh- jeu dh 'kksgjr cqyUnh ij Fkh
blfy, panzk us xf.kr dh ctk, fiQftDl gh i<+uk mfpr le>kA bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh
esa panzk dks Jherh dkys sap fl[kkrh FkhaA oks bl chp vkbZvkbZ,llh dh ykbczsfj;u
cu x;ha FkhaA blfy, panzk caxyksj esa mUgha ds lkFk jgsA ckn esa panzk dh 'kknh Jherh
dkys dh csVh yfyrk ds lkFk gqbZA
HkkHkk us panzk dh izfrHkk igpkuh vkSj mUgsa fMjkd ds lkFk dke djus ds fy, HkstkA
1945 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa fMjkd ds lkFk dke djrs le; panzk us viuh lPph
#fp igpkuh vkSj fiQftDl NksM+dj xf.kr esa 'kks/dk;Z 'kq# fd;kA dsfEczt ds nkSjku
mUgksaus okWYiQxSUx iWkyh ds ysDpj lqus vkSj mueas ikWyh dh ,d xYrh lq>kbZA mlds ckn
iWkyh vkSj panzk thou Hkj ds fy, iDdh fe=krk gks xbZA 1947 esa panzk dks ih,pMh feyhA
mudh Fkhfll dk fo"k; Fkk baiQkbukbV bfjZM;wlsfcy jsijstsUVs'kUl vWkiQ n ykjsUVt xzqiA
mlh lky panzk vejhdk pys x,A bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ ,MoakLM
LVMht] fizalVu esa vkrs gh panzk vR;Ur rst xfr ls
dke esa tqV x,A mUgksauas dke ds oks ekud LFkkfir
fd, ftudh yksx okgokgh rks dj ldrs Fks ijUrq mu
ij vey djuk eqf'dy FkkA tc fMjkd fizalVu vk,
rc panzk us muds lgk;d tSls dke fd;kA
panzk nks xf.krKksa ls cgqr izHkkfor Fks & gjeu okby vkSj
DyWkM fpokyh lsA mUgksausa 1950 ls 1963 rd rsjg o"kZ
dksyfEc;k ;wfuoflZVh esa xEHkhj rdZ ds lgkjs xf.kr
esa 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA panzk us izfl xf.krK vjeakM
cksjky ds lkFk fey dj vjFkeSfVd xqzIl ds
F;ksjh jphA 1968 ls 1983 rd
e`R;qi;ZUr oks
bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ
136

,MoakLM LVMht] fizalVu ds xf.kr foHkkx esa vkbZch,e ds oWku ukS;eSu izksiQslj jgsA
panzk dksbZ Hkh iQkyrw dkxt ugha iQsadrs Fks vkSj viuh iakMqfyfi;ksa ds fiNys iUuksa ij viuk
dPpk dke djrs FksA muds ysDplZ ftUgsa oks dkslZ ds :i esa i<+krs Fks dh tcjnLr eakx
jgrh FkhA muls Nk=kksa dks ,d xf.krK ds lksp vkSj la?k"kksZa dh vuqHkwfr feyrh FkhA panzk
[kqn dks xf.kr esa ,d ckgjh O;fDr le>rs Fks 'kk;n blfy, D;ksafd mUgksauas bl fo"k;
dks dkiQh ckn esa pquk FkkA oks nks vU; ckgjh O;fDr;ksa ds cM+s iz'kald Fks & oSu&xWkx
vkSj lstku dssA 'kk;n bu nksuksa fp=kdkjksa esa oks viuh Nfo ns[krs FksA oSls panzk Lo;a ,d
dq'ky isUVj FksA
Hkkjr vkSj baXySUM ds vafre lkyksa esa panzk jsysfVfofLVd iQhYM F;ksjh esa O;Lr jgsA muds
dk;Z dk mYys[k dbZ 'kks/ if=kdkvksa us fd;kA ,d xf.krK dh gSfl;r ls gjh'k panz
us mQaph cqyafn;ksa dks NqvkA mudh x<+h gqbZ F;ksjh vkt Hkh ,d ^xkSfFkd* ppZ ds leku
[kM+h gS & ftldh uhao Hkkjh&Hkjde Hkys gh gks ijUrq mldk mQijh Hkkx gYdk gS vkSj
vkleku dks Nwrk gSA panzk ds fy, xf.kr dk fo"k;] Hkxoku vkSj balku ds chp e;LFkrk
djus dk ,d ek;e FkkA mlesa mudk jksy yksxksa dks Hkxoku ds djhc ykuk ugha Fkk
cfYd Hkxoku dks balku ds ikl ykuk FkkA
gjh'k panz 1957&58 essa xqxsughe vkSj 1961&63 ds chp Lyksu iQsyks jgsA 1973 esa mUgsa
jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1975 esa mUgsa bafM;u ,dsMeh vWkiQ
lkbfUll vkSj uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh dh iQsyksf'ki iznku dh x;hA 1981 esa mUgsa
vejhdh uS'kuy ,dsMeh vWkiQ lkbUl dh lnL;rk iznku dh xbZA oks VkVk bafLV~V;wV
vWkiQ iQaMkesUVy fjlpZ ds lEekuh; lnL; FksA
1973 esa mUgsa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh vkSj 1981 esa
;sy ;wfuoflZVh us MkWDVsV dh fMfxz;kas ls lq'kksfHkr
fd;kA 1954 esa mUgksausa vejhdu eSFkeSfVdy
lkslkbVh dk dksy iq#Ldkj vkSj 1974 esa bafM;u
uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh dk Jhfuokl jkekuqtu
ind thrkA Hkkjr ljdkj us muds lEeku eas
bykgkckn esa xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh ds {ks=k esa
cqfu;knh 'kks/ djus okyh laLFkk dk uke gjh'k
panz fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV (,pvkjvkbZ) j[kkA
1983 esa fny ds nkSjs ls gjh'k panz dk nsgkUr
gqvkA ml le; fiazlVu esa xf.krK vjeakM ckSjsy dh lkBoha o"kZxakB ds miy{k esa ,d
lekjksg py jgk FkkA vxys lky blh izdkj dk lekjksg gjh'k pan ds lEeku esa
vk;ksftr gksuk FkkA gjh'k pan vius ihNs iRuh yfyrk vkSj nks csfV;ka izseyk (izseh) vkSj
nsfodk NksM+ x,A
137

euksjksfx;ksa dk feyuk cgqr dfBu dke FkkA

,-,l- isUVy
(1925 - 2004)

vkSrkj flag isUVy 'kk;n Hkkjr ds lcls izfl 'kjhj&oSKkfud (fiQft;kyksftLV) FksA
oks ,d esgurh 'kks/drkZ Fks vkSj vius fopkjksa ds izfr n`<+izfrK FksA
isUVy dk tUe 1925 esa eksxkSd cekZ esa gqvk tgka muds firk fczfV'k esfMdy lfoZl
esa dk;Zjr FksA mUgksaus pkSng lky dh vYik;q eas ykgkSj ls nloha dh ijh{kk ikl dh vkSj
mlds ckn iQkSjeSu ffLV;u dWkyst ls baVj ikl fd;kA mlds i'pkr oks vius ekrk&firk
ds ikl vk x, tks rc rd y[kumQ esa LFkkbZ :i ls cl x, FksA 1943 esa mUgksasus fdax
tktZ esfMdy dWkyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA blesa cekZ dh ljdkj us mudh foRRkh; lgk;rk
dhA
isUVy ,d foy{k.k Nk=k Fks vkSj ,echch,l ds
nkSjku mUgksausa dbZ iq#Ldkj thrs ftuesa loZJs"B
Nk=k dk gohbV xksYM esMy 'kkfey FkkA ml
le; gjsd MkWDVj ejhtksa dk bykt dj dksbZ
lqij&Lis'kfyLV cuuk pkgrk FkkA ijUrq isUVy
us bl jkg dks R;kxdj 'kjhj&foKku
(fiQft;kyksth) esa 'kks/ djus dh BkuhA
mudh ,eMh ds 'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk bysfDVdy
fjftLVsUl vWkiQ n fLdu bu ukeZy chbUxl
,aM lk;dkSfVDlA bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy,
mUgksauas [kqn vius gkFkksa ls lkjk
oSKkfud midj.k cuk;kA
ij 'kks/ ds fy, 400

138

isUVy us ekuoh; fo|qrh; laons uk ekius dh ,d ubZ bUMsDl cukbZA izkjfEHkd nkSj esa 'kks/
drkZvksa us bl isUVy bUMsDl dk [kwc mi;ksx fd;kA isUVy fdax tktZ esfMdy dWkyst
esa gh jgs vkSj ckn esa ogha ij 'kjhj&foKku i<+kus yxsA
fiQj mUgsa ,fMuczk esfMdy Ldwy esa ih,pMh djus ds fy, jWkdsiQsyj Ldkyjf'ki feykA
;gka mUgksauas ts&fjlsIVlZ dks [kkstkA ml le; fdlh raf=kdk ds ,d js'ks dks mldh
lf;rk [kRe fd;k fcuk foPNsfnr djuk cgqr eqf'dy dke FkkA mUgksua as ,d u;k rjhdk
[kkstk ftlesa mUgksauas iwjh raf=kdk dks rjy iSjkiQhu esa Mqcks;k vkSj fiQj fcuk lf;rk [kks,
,d&,d js'ks dks vyx fd;kA muds bl vuqla/ku ls bl {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Z dks cgqr
cy feykA
1953 esa isUVy Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj mUgksausa dkuiqj dh fMiQsUl yScksjsVh esa dk;Z 'kq# fd;kA
ogka iakp o"kZ dke djus ds ckn mUgksauas 'kjhj&foKku ds 'kks/drkZ ds :i esa vWky bafM;k
bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ esfMdy lkbUl (,El) esa dke 'kq# fd;kA Ng o"kZ ckn oks oYyHk HkkbZ
iVsy psLV gkfLiVy ds funs'kd cus vkSj bl in ij oks 1990 rd vklhu jgsA ckn esa
bafM;u dkmafly iQWkj esfMdy fjlpZ (vkbZlh,evkj) ds Mk;jsDVj&tujy in ij jgrs
gq, Hkh mUgksaus iVsy vLirky fLFkr viuh nks&dejs dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa 'kks/dk;Z tkjh
j[kkA
isUVy ts&fjlsIVlZ dh [kkst ds fy, izfl gSaA ;g 'kCn mUgha us btkn fd;k vkSj ml
ij mUgksausa xEHkhj 'kks/dk;Z Hkh fd;kA gekjs g`n; vkSj xqnksZ esa rarqvksa dk ,d
fo'kky tky gksrk gS tks LFkkuh; ifjos'k esa
jklk;fud vFkok ;akf=kd
cnyko gksus ij rqjUr flXuy
Hkstrs gSAa isUVy us fn[kk;k fd
ts & fjls I VlZ gh vuS f PNd
f;kvksa ds ftEesnkj gksrs gSa
vkSj muls gh eaklisf'k;ksa dh
oftZ'k lhek fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
bl rjg dk okilh iQhMcSd oftZ'k
ds nkSjku eaklisf'k;ksa dh lqj{kk
ds fy, vko';d gks r k gS A
ts&fjlsIVlZ dh [kkst dh nqfu;k
Hkj esa [kwc okgokgh gqbZA
139

isUVy vius 'kks/ ds {ks=k esa nqfu;k Hkj essa vxz.kh FksA izfl oSKkfud izksiQslj lh- gSeUl
us isUVy ds dke dh nkn nsrs gq, iQkbcj ,WD'ku iksVsuf'k;y ds nks Li"V dky lq>k,
& ,d isUVy ls igys dk vkSj nwljs isUVy ds ckn dkA isUVy ts&fjlsIVlZ ds fHkUu i{kksa
ij 'kks/ djrs jgs ftlesa mQaps igkM+ksa ij 'kjhj&foKku ,oa cgqr Je ds ckn lakl iQwyus
tSlh fLFkfr;ka 'kkfey FkhaA bl 'kks/ us mQaph igkfM+;ksa ij dk;Zjr Hkkjrh; iQkSth dSls ogka
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vH;Lr gksrs gSa bl ckr ij izdk'k MkykA
mQaps iz'kkldh; inksa dh ped&/ed dh vksj isUVy dHkh Hkh vkdf"kZr ugha gq,A oks
viuh NksVh iz;ksx'kkyk esa [kq'k Fks tgka oks xgjkbZ ls viuh [kkstchu tkjh j[k ldrs FksA
isUVy egt ,d vPNs 'kks/drkZ ugha FksA foKku ds uSfrd ewY;ksa eas mudh xgjh #fp
Fkh ftlds fy, mUgksausa lkslkbVh iQWkj lkbfUVfiQd oSY;wt (,l,l,) uke dh laLFkk
LFkkfir dh FkhA cgqr ls ofj"B vkSj ;qok oSKkfud bl laLFkk ls tqMs+ FksA ;g Vhe oSKkfud
/ks[kk/M+h ds dslksa dh vius iSlksa ls takp iM+rky dj lPpkbZ rd igqapus dk Hkjld
iz;kl djrhA vkt cgqr ls yksx vkSj tkuh&ekuh laLFkk,a bl Vhe dh lgk;rk ysrh gSaA
isUVy ds mQaps uSfrd ekin.M vDlj muds lgdfeZ;ksa dks v[kjrs FksA oks fdlh gksVy
esa vk;ksftr cSBd ;k daksUl esa dHkh Hkkx ugha ysrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd 'kSf{kd
;k oSKkfud cSBdsa ;wfuoflZVh ds izakxM+ esa gh vk;ksftr gksuh pkfg, u fd iakp&flrkjk
gksVyksa esaA oks dHkh fdlh dyafdr laLFkk esa iSj Hkh ugha j[krs Fks & pkgsa oks laLFkk mUgsa
lEekfur gh D;ksa u dj jgh gks! muds mQaps uSfrd xq.kkas ds dkj.k cgqr ls yksx mUgsa
ludh djkj djds muls vyx Hkh gq,A
isUVy ds Nk=k mUgsa iz;ksx'kkyk esa vDlj fdlh midj.k dh ejEer djr gq, ikrsA ,slk
djuk fdlh Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ds fy, ,d nqyHZ k ckr Fkh! muds uSfrdrk dss mPp ekudksa
ij vey djuk vke yksxksa ds fy, eqf'dy FkkA oks pkgrs Fks fd yksx udy djuk NksM+
dqN ekSfyd 'kks/ djsa ftlls ekStwnk Kku dk HkaMkj
c<+sA isUVy dk ekuuk Fkk fd ^nwljksa ds Je vkSj
Kku ij fuHkZj jgdj vuqla/ku djuk pksjh djus
tSlk FkkA*
'kjhj&foKku ij 'kks/ ds vykok isUVy dk ,d
vU; 'kkSd Fkk & ;equk unh ij uko pykukA ij ;g
oks lkyksa igys djrs Fks D;ksafd ckn esas ;equk unh
u jg dj ,d ukyk cu pqdh FkhA
mudk ysDpj ysus dk rjhdk Hkh cgqr jkspd FkkA
mckmQ Hkk"k.k dh ctk, oks fdLls&dgkfu;ka vkSj
vius vuqHko lqukrs vkSj oSKkfud ppkZ,a djrsA
140

blls jV~Vw rksrk Nk=k ukjkt gksrs D;ksafd mUgsa rks jVus ds fy, dsoy uksV~l pkfg, Fks!
gka] tks Nk=k Kku ds fiiklw Fks mUgsa isUVy ds izsjd ysDpjksa esa vikj vkuan vkrk FkkA
isUVy ^lgh* vkSj ^xyr* ds vius ewY;ksa ij vVy jgrs vkSj futh ykHk ;k lkekftd
eatwjh ds fy, mUgsa cnyus dh t:jr ugha le>rs FksA
vius ipkl lkykas ds yEcs 'kks/dky esa isUVy us 400 ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA muds
vuql/
a ku dk cWk;ksefs Mdy lkbUl ij dkiQh izHkko iM+k vkSj 'kjhj&foKku (fiQft;kyksth)
ds {ks=k esa rks mudk ;ksxnku vf}rh; gSA muds 'kks/i=kksa dk izp.M mYys[k fd;k tkrk
gSA 2004 rd muds 'kks/i=kksa dk 3672 ckj
mYys[k gqvk & tks fdlh Hkh 'kks/drkZ ds
dbZ vR;ko';d {ks=kksa esa 'kks/
fy, cgqr cM+h miyfC/ gSA gakykfd isUVy
dk;Z tSls dks<&+ jksx vkfn ij dke
dk ekuuk Fkk fd fdlh Hkh oSKkfud dk
fiNM+rk gS (if'pe ns'kksa dks budh
ewY;akdu ek=k mlds 'kks/i=kkas vFkok fy[kh
t:jr ugha gS)A blfy, oSKkfudksa
iqLrdksa ds vk/kj ij ugha gksuk pkfg,A
ds ewY;akdu dk vk/kj muds
muds vuqlkj ^bl izdkj ds ewY;kadu ls
'kks/ dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk vkSj
muesa fufgr lkekftd ewY; gh gks
tc vU; oSKkfud iSlksa dh Hkjekj okys
ldrs gSaA*
u;s&u;s {ks=kksa esa ?kql jgs Fks rc Hkh isUVy
vius iqjkus XySej&jfgr {ks=k esa yxu ls 'kks/
djrs jgsA
mUgsa cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1981 esa mUgsa jWk;y lkslkbVh] yanu vkSj
1996 esa jWk;y lkslkbVh] ,fMuczk dh iQsyksf'ki feyhA oks bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh
vkSj bafM;u lkbUl dakxzsl ds v;{k jgsA oks VFkZM oYMZ ,dsMeh ds laLFkkidksa esa ls
,d FksA bl laLFkk dk dke muds fny ds cgqr djhc FkkA 1986 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us
isUVy dks i|foHkw"k.k ls vyar fd;kA oks vius
ihNs viuh iRuh vkuan dks NksM+ x,A vkuan us
thou Hkj vius ifr ds 'kks/ eas gkFk caVk;kA
izksiQslj isUVy dk O;fDrRo cgqr ljy Fkk]
oks nwljksa dh xfYr;ksa dks utjUnkt djrs
vkSj viuh egkurk ij dHkh xoZ ugha
djrs FksA esfMdy nqfu;k ds bl
egku 'kks/drkZ dk nsgkUr 21
fnlEcj 2004 esa fnYyh esa gqvkA

141

,-ih- fe=kk
(1927 - 2007)

izksiQslj v'ks"k izlkn fe=kk us vk;uksLiQh;j vkSj ekSle&cnyko ds {ks=k eas vf}rh; dk;Z
fd;kA mUgksauas vius xq# izksiQslj f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk (,iQvkj,l) ds {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Z
dks n{krk ls vkxs c<+k;kA
,-ih- fe=kk dk tUe 21 tuojh 1927 esa dydRrk esa gqvkA blh 'kgj esa gh mudh
izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gqbAZ muds firk ,d Ldwyh f'k{kd Fks ftuls mUgksausa f'k{kk vkSj vuq'kklu
ds mPp ewY; xzg.k fd,A cpiu ds bu ewY;ksa dk fe=kk us iks"k.k fd;k vkSj mUgsa vkthou
viuk;kA i<+kbZ esa rst gksus ds dkj.k oks ges'kk viuh d{kk esa izFke vkrsA dydRrk
;wfuoflZVh ls ,e,llh dh i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn mUgksausa izksiQslj ,l-ds- fe=kk
(,iQvkj,l) dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa
dke izkjEHk fd;kA izksiQslj fe=kk
us vk;uksLiQh;j ds {ks=k esa vxz.kh
'kks/dk;Z fd;k FkkA
1954 esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh ls
MhfiQy lekIr djus ds ckn fe=kk
us fnYyh fLFkr uS'kuy fiQftdy
yScksjsVjh (,uih,y) esa dke
djuk 'kq# fd;kA ogka mUgkasuas
jsfM;ks&foKku dk ,d u;k foHkkx
'kq# fd;k vkSj mlds lkFk var
rd cgqr djhch ls tqM+s jgsA
jsfM;ks&foKku dk fodkl cgqr
gn rd vk;uksLiQh;j ds v;;u
ls tqM+k FkkA vk;uksLiQh;j i`Foh

142

ds mQijh okrkoj.k dk oks {ks=k gS tks jsfM;ks&rjaxksa dks ijkofrZr dj okil Hkstrk gSA
blh otg ls i`Foh dh xksy lrg ij jsfM;ks lapkj laHko gks ikrk gSA jWkdsVksa ds vkxeu
ls igys bl mQijh okrkoj.k rd igqap ikuk cgqr eqf'dy dke FkkA vk;uksLiQh;j ds
ckjs esa ge tks dqN FkksM+k&cgqr tkurs Fks oks LisDVksLdksih vkSj i`Foh ij yxs oSKkfud
midj.kksa }kjk gh lEHko gks ik;k FkkA izkis Qslj ,l-ds- fe=kk us Hkkjr esa vk;uksLiQh;j 'kks/
dk;Z dh uhao j[khA izksiQslj ,-ih- fe=kk us bl dk;Z dks cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA
vk;uksLiQh;j ij 'kks/dk;Z ges'kk ml dky esa myiC/ rduhdksa ij fufHkZr jgk gSA lkB
ds n'kd esa bl mQijh okrkoj.k dh takp&ij[k jWkdsVksa ds lkFk Hksts midj.kksa ds tfj,
dh xbZA lRrj ds n'kd esa lSVkykbV baLVD'kuy Vsfyfotu ,DlisfjesUV (lkbZV) dk;Ze
ds varxZr jsfM;ks&fdj.kksa }kjk bl {ks=k dk v;;u fd;k x;kA vLlh ds n'kd esa
ghfy;e ds xqCckjksa vkSj jWkdsV~l ds tfj, bl mQijh {ks=k ds ckjs esa reke tkudkjh
,df=kr dh xbZA uCcs ds n'kd esa lSVkykbV vkSj jWkMj ds tfj, i`Foh dh lrg ls 1000
fdyksehVj mQij ds {ks=k dk v;;u gqvkA blesa ml {ks=k ds HkkSfrd xq.k/eZ & ?kuRo
vkSj rkieku ds lkFk&lkFk vU; cgqr ls ekin.Mksa dk v;;u gqvkA
baVjuS'kuy T;ksfiQftdy bZ;j 1957&58 vkSj baVjuS'kuy DokbV
lWu bZ;j 1964&65 esa fe=kk gh Hkkjrh; Vhe dh izsjd 'kfDr FksA
1970 esa fe=kk us Vksiks&LiQh;j {ks=k esa jsfM;ks&'kks/dk;Z dk
izkjEHk fd;k ftlls Hkkjr dh jsfM;ks lapkj {kerk dks cgqr ykHk
igqapkA mUgkasus baVjuS'kuy jsfM;ks ,aM ft;ksfiQftdy okfuZUx
lsUVj dh LFkkiuk dh ftlls dh Hkkjr lesr e; vkSj
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa lEHkkfor HkwdEiksa dh tkuokjh igys gh fey tk,A mUgksaus blh rjg
jsfM;ks ysj fMVsD'ku lsUVj Hkh LFkkfir fd;kA
fe=kk ,d foy{k.k oSKkfud ds lkFk&lkFk dq'ky iz'kkld Hkh FksA bu nksuksa xq.kksa vkSj
muds n`<+ fu.k;ksaZ ds dkj.k 1982&86 esa ,uih,y ds funs'kd vkSj 1986&91 rd
lh,lvkbZvkj ds Mk;jsDVj tujy ds in mUgksausa izHkkoh rjhds ls fcrk,A oks ,f'k;kbZ
{ks=k esa ekulwu LVMh izksxzke ds izeq[k Hkkjrh; lapkyd FksA
uCcs ds n'kd eas euq"; dh f;kvksa }kjk nqfu;k ds i;kZoj.k esa vkbZ cny ds v;;u
ij fe=kk dk izeq[k cy jgkA vkstksu ijr] okrkoj.k dk jklk;u'kkL=k vkSj Hkkjr esa
xzhugkml xSlksa dks ekius ds muds vf}rh; 'kks/dk;Z dk varjZk"Vh; vlj gqvkA 1990
ds 'kq# esa ;w ,l baokjuesUVy izksVsD'ku ,tsUlh us vkjksi yxk;k fd Hkkjr esa /ku ds
[ksrksa ls 38 +4 fefy;u Vu ehFksu xSl fudyrh gS tks i`Foh ds rkieku ds c<+us dk ,d
izeq[k dkj.k gSA fe=kk us bls liQsn >wB crk;k vkSj vius Bksl oSKkfud v;;u ls
143

Temperature (oC)

esa ,jkslksy ds cgqr lw{e d.kksa dk ekSle ij iM+s izHkko dks le>kA fe=kk nqfu;k ds mu
rhu vxz.kh oSKkfudksa esa ls Fks ftUgksauas bafM;u vks'ku bDlisfjesUV (baMks,Dl) esa Hkkx
fy;kA bl iz;ksx dks Hkkjrh; egklkxj esa fd;k x;k tgka ij vaVkdZfVd ls vkbZ 'kq
gok Hkkjrh; egk}hi ls vkbZ iznfw "kr gok ls feyrh FkhA Hkkjrh; egklkxj bl vuwBs iz;ksx
ds v;;u dh ,d fo'kky iz;ksx'kkyk cuhA oSKkfudksa dks Hkkjr ds {ks=kiQy ls lkr
xquk cM+h ,d xgjh /qU/ mRrjh Hkkjrh; egklkxj esa fn[kkbZ iM+hA bl /qU/ lss cknyksa
ds cuus vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=kk ij xEHkhj ifj.kke gks ldrs FksA fe=kk us psrkouh nh Fkh fd
,sjkslksy ds lw{e d.kksa ls o"kkZ vkSj f"k mit ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj nek c<+
ldrk gSA
Year
Global warming is shown in this graph of global yearly temperature.

fn[kk;k fd Hkkjrh; /ku ds [ksrksa ls dsoy 4 fefy;u Vu gh ehFksu fudyrh gS! vkSj
lPpkbZ ;g gS fd if'pe ds ns'k izfr O;fDr Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa ukS xquk T;knk xzhugkml
xSlsa iSnk djrs gSaA mUgksauas Hkkjr dks Hkh dks;yk tyus vkSj nqdkuksa] ?kjksa esa yxs tsujsVjksa
vkSj f"k mRiknu esa yxs Mhty batuksa }kjk iSnk iznw"k.k ls vkxkg fd;kA
oks i;kZoj.k ls tqM+h jktuhfr dks vPNs oSKkfud 'kks/ ls pqukSrh nsuk pkgrs FksA muds
vuqlkj fons'kh /u ds dke djus okyh cgqr lh laLFkk,a oSKkfud 'kks/ dks vius ladh.kZ
jk"Vh; fgrksa ds fy, rksM+rh&ejksM+rh FkhaA mudh izcy bPNk Fkh fd lkmFk ,f'k;u
,lksfl,'ku iQWkj jhtuy dksvkijs'ku (lkdZ) ds rRok/ku esa ,d ,slk usVodZ [kM+k
gks tks bu ns'kksa esa gksus okys iznw"k.k vkSj ekSllh cny dh izkekf.kd tkudkjh ,df=kr
djs vkSj Hkkjr bldh LFkkiuk dh vxqokbZ djsA fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa esa ekSle lEcU/
h tkudkjh ,df=kr djus ds fy, iz;ksx'kkyk,a LFkkfir djus dk mUgksausa lq>ko fn;kA bl
'kks/dk;Z esa fe=kk Hkkjrh; lsuk dks Hkh 'kkfey djuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd lsuk iwohZ fgeky;
ds mQapkbZ ij fLFkr mu {ks=kkasa esa dke djrh Fkh tgka oSKkfud ugha tkrs FksA mudk iDdk
fo'okl Fkk fd vPNh uhfr;ksa ds fy, lgh vkSj mPp dksfV dh tkudkjh vfuok;Z FkhA
muds vuqlkj baVj&xojesUVy isuy vWku DykesV psUt (vkbZihlhlh) vius 'kks/ esa cgqr
ihNs FkkA oks pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr iznw"k.k vkSj xSl fudklh ij [kqn Bksl 'kks/dk;Z djs
vkSj ekSle&cnyko ds eqn~ns ij mi;qDr uhfr;ka cuk,A
1999 esa fe=kk us Hkkjr] ;wjksi] ekYMho vkSj vejhdk ds 200 ls Hkh vf/d oSKkfudksa
ds lkFk feydj Ng grs dk ,d vHkwriwoZ oSKkfud v;;u fd;kA blesa mUgksausa gok
144

fe=kk us ikuh ds laj{k.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k vkSj Hkfo"; esa ns'kkas ds chp ikuh dks ysdj
;q gksus dh lEHkkouk ls badkj ugha fd;kA oks de&o"kkZ okys bykdksa esa vf/d ikuh
pwlus okyh & xUus tSls iQlyksa dks izkRs lkfgr djus okyh ladh.kZ uhfr;ksa ds dM+s vkykspd
FksA
mUgksaus 200 ls vf/d oSKkfud 'kks/i=k ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ iqLrdsa fy[kha ;k mudk
lEiknu fd;kA buesa ls dqN mYys[kuh; iqLrdsa gSa% ,MokUlsl bu Lisl ,DlIyksjs'ku
(1979] lEikfnr)] vkbuksLiQhfjd biQSDVl vWkiQ lksyj yslZ] g;weu bayw,ufll vWku
,WVekSfLiQ;jA oks dbZ oSKkfud 'kks/ if=kdkvksa ds lEiknu eaMy ds lnL; Hkh Fks tSls
& tuZy vWkiQ ,VekSLiQh;fjd ,aM Vsjfs LV;y fiQftDl] Lisl lkbUl fjO;wl] bafM;u
tuZy vWkiQ jsfM;ks ,aM Lisl fiQftDl
vkSj ekSleA
fe=kk dks cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur
fd;k x;k ftlesa HkkSfrdh ds fy,
'kakfrLo:i HkVukxj vokMZ (1986)
vkSj 1989 esa i|Hkw"k.k 'kkfey FksA 1988
esa mUgsa jWk;y lkslkbVh vWkiQ yanu dk
iQsyks euksuhr fd;k x;kA oks dbZ vU;
izfrf"Br foKku vdknfe;ksa ds lnL; Hkh
FksA
fe=kk us Lora=k Hkkjr esa foKku }kjk fodkl
ds lius dks ft;kA mudk nsgkUr 81 o"kZ
dh vk;q esa fnYyh esa 3 flrEcj 2007 dks
gqvkA oks vius ihNs iRuh lquUnk] nks
csfV;ka vkSj nks ukfr;ka NksM+ x,A
145

,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw

(1927 - 1982)

Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds 'kks/ dk rkuk&ckuk cquus dk vf/dka'k Js; ok;uw cIiw dks
tkrk gSA muds vFkd ifjJe dh otg ls gh Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/dk;Z dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
ok;uw cIiw dk tUe vxLr 10] 1927 dks gqvkA oSlk mudk ifjokj dSukuksj dk jgus
okyk Fkk ijUrq muds firk gSnjkckn esa futkfe;k vkWCtjosVjh esa dk;Zjr FksA blfy, ok;uw
dh Ldwy vkSj dWkyst dh f'k{kk gSnjkckn esa gh gqbZA oks ,d vPNs oDrk Fks vkSj bl
dkj.k Ldwy esa mudh cgqr iz'kalk gksrh FkhA vius dWkyst esa mUgksausa foKku&Dyc
vk;ksftr fd;k vkSj dWkyst if=kdk dk lEiknu Hkh fd;kA dWkyst dh fiQftDl
,lksfl,'ku ds lfpo dh gSfl;r ls mUgksaus foKku ds fo"k;ksa ij dbZ yksdfiz; Hkk"k.k
vk;ksftr fd,A 1943 esa tc lj lh oh jeu us gSnjkckn esa dbZ ysDpj fn, rks ok;uw
us gj jkst viuh lkbfdy ij 16 fdyksehVj dh ;k=kk dh ftlls fd dksbZ Hkh ysDpj
u NwVsA
oks 'kkSfd;k isUVj Hkh Fks vkSj
lkFk es mUgsa mR"V lkfgR;
esa xgjh #fp FkhA mUgsa vaxzsth
dforkvksa ls izse Fkk vkSj mnwZ
ds 'kk;j fetkZ xkfyc muds
lcls fiz; dfo FksA dWkyst esa
oks ,d 'kkunku fdsV vkSj
Vsful f[kykM+h FksA ,d lkglh
;qok tSls 'kk;n muds fny esa
iWk;yV cuus dh meax FkhA
146

mudh lcls fiz; iqLrd Fkh n fLifjV vWkiQ lsUV ywbZ tks izfl gokckt pkYlZ fyUMcxZ
dh vej xkFkk gSA foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ok;uw ds jksy&ekWMy fo[;kr oSKkfud
gkseh HkkHkk FksA ok;uw dh dykfr;ksa dks vkt Hkh muds }kjk LFkkfir fofHkUu os/
'kkykvksa esa ns[kk vkSj fugkjk tk ldrk gSA
cpiu ls gh ok;uw us futkfe;k vkWCtjosVjh (os/'kkyk) esa nwjchus ns[kh FkhaA jkf=k&vkdk'k
ds lkSUn;Z vkSj foLe; ls oks cpiu ls gh voxr FksA dWkyst esa mUgksausa ,d LisDVksxzkiQ
dk fuekZ.k fd;kA blds fy, mUgksaus vius 'k;ud{k dh f[kM+dh ls yxkrkj Ng jkrksa
rd ,d ^laosnu'khy* IysV ij izdk'k iM+us fn;kA 1946 esa bl fo"k; ij mUgksausa viuk
igyk 'kks/i=k fy[kkA
1948 esa ,e,llh dh i<+kbZ [kRe djus ds ckn oks viuh vkthfodk ds fy,
[kxksy'kkL=k dk {ks=k pquuk pkgrs FksA ijUrq ml le; Hkkjr esa bl is'ks ds volj cgqr
de FksA ij HkkX;o'k mlh le; baXySUM ds jWk;y [kxksy'kkL=kh lj gSjYM LisUlj tksUl
vkSj gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh ds izksiQslj gWkjyks 'ksiyh Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ij vk, FksA ok;uw us
muls gSnjkckn esa eqykdkr dhA 'ksiyh dh enn ls 1949 esa gSnjkckn ljdkj }kjk fn,
othiQs ds dkj.k ok;uw gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, tk ik,A gkjoMZ esa
ok;uw us vius vkidks cgqr dkfcy vkSj izsjd yksxksa ds chp ik;kA gkjoMZ vkus ds pan
eghuksa ds Hkhrj ok;uw us ,d u;k iqPNyrkjk (dWkesV) [kkstkA vkdk'k ds lkekU; fp=kksa
dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa ,d iQksVks&IysV ij dqN vyx lk utj vk;kA bl izdkj vius
lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ok;uw us bl u, iqPNyrkjs dks [kkstk tks ckn esa cIiw&cksd&U;wfddZ
ds uke ls tkuk x;kA mudh bl [kkst ds fy, ,LVWkukfedy lkslkbVh vWkiQ n iSlsfiQd
us cIiw dks MkWuksgks dWkesV esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA

147

1951 esa ih,pMh lekIr djus ds ckn cIiw igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftUgsa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/
dk;Z djus ds fy, izfrf"Br dkjusxh esyu iQsyksf'ki feyhA bl otg ls mUgsa ekmaV
ikSyksekj fLFkr nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s 200&bap VsfyLdksi ij dke djus dk lqvolj feykA
cIiw us okSYiQ&js;r rkjksa ij xgu 'kks/ fd;k vkSj bl {ks=k esa mUgksausa iwjs fo'o esa cgqr
'kksgjr gkfly dhA
1953 esa cIiw Hkkjr ykSVsA ml le; Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/ djus dh lqfo/k,a
,dne izkphu Fkha vkSj ns'k esa miyC/ lcls cM+k VsfyLdksi ek=k 15&bap dk fjjSDVj
Fkk! 1954 esa ok;uw cIiw us okjk.klh fLFkr mRrj izns'k os/'kkyk esa izeq[k [kxksy foKkuh
ds :i esa dke 'kq# fd;kA mRrj izns'k ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh dks os/'kkyk csgrj LFkku
ij ys tkus ds fy, mUgksaus jkth fd;kA cIiw us blds fy, uSuhrky ds ikl ,d mi;qDr
igkM+h pquhA dqN gh lkyksa esa mUgksausa ogka ij dbZ ;qok vkSj izsfjr oSKkfud dks izf'kf{kr
fd;k ftUgksauas ckn esa ns'k esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds fodkl esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
1960 esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkxzg ij cIiw 170&lky iqjkuh dksMkbZdWuky os/'kkyk ds
lcls ;qok funs'kd cusA fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us 1792 esa bls enzkl esa LFkkfir fd;k
FkkA fiQj mls 1899 esa dksMkbZduW ky esa LFkkukrafjr fd;kA blls igys izfrf"Br [kxksy'kkL=kh
tSls ,u-vkj- iksxlu vkSj ,oj'ksM izHkko ds tWku ,oj'ksM bl laLFkk ds funs'kd jg
pqds FksA cIiw us ;gka ij ,d midj.k fuekZ.k vkSj nwljh vkfIVDl dh odZ'kki LFkkfir
dhaA buesa dbZ NksVh nwjchuksa vkSj LisDVkLs dksIl dk fuekZ.k gqvkA mUgksua sa iqjkus lksyj nwjchuksa
esa tfVy bysDVkfuDl dk lekos'k dj lw;Z dh takp&iM+rky djus ds fy, mudh {kerk
dks c<+k;kA dksMkbZdWuky esa cIiw us [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/dk;Z djus okyh ,d lEiw.kZ
laLFkk vkSj ,d os/'kkyk dk liuk latks;kA
iwjs lky lw;Z v;;u ds fy, dksMkbZdWuky os/'kkyk dh fLFkfr ,dne vumi;qDr FkhA
u, LFkku dh [kkst esa cIiw us dU;kdqekjh ls ysdj fr#irh rd dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj
var esa mUgsa rfeyukM eas toMh igkM+h ds ikl ,d mi;qDr LFkku feykA ;gka mUgsa ,d
iBkj feyk tks pkjksa vksj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA dkokywj uke ds xako ds ikl fLFkr
;g LFkku [kxksy'kkL=kh; voyksduksa ds fy, loksRZ re
FkkA cIiw us dkokywj esa 38&bap dk VsfyLdksi
LFkkfir fd;kA ckn esa blh os/'kkyk esa mUgksauas
100 lseh dk dkyZ tkbZl VsfyLdksi yxk;kA
1971 esa dksMkbZdWuky vkSj dkokywj os/'kkykvksa
us lfEefyr :i ls ,d Lora=k 'kks/ dsUnz dh
LFkkiuk dh & n bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ ,LVkfs iQftDl
148

(vkbZvkbZ,)A bl laLFkk us ns'k esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds {ks=k eas vuqla/ku dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
fd;kA bl laLFkk dk ,d lSakfrd xqzi vkSj nwljk mi;ksxh xzqi Fkk ftldk dke ns'k
Hkj esa Lons'kh VsfyLdksiksa dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA vkbZvkbZ, dh 'kq#vkr jeu fjlpZ lsUVj
esa gqbZ Fkh ij tYn gh oks dksjeaxyk] cSaxyksj esa vius gh dSEil esa LFkkukarfjr gks x;kA
cIiw pkgrs Fks fd vkbZvkbZ, [kxksy'kkL=k esa fo'o dk ,d vxz.kh dsUnz cus vkSj bl
fn'kk esa mUgkasuas cgqr ifjJe fd;kA dkokywj esa dkyZ tkbZl ds VsfyLdksi yxus ds ianzg
fnuksa ds vanj gh ogka ,d vuwBk vkSj fojy ^vkWdyVs'ku* fn[kkA blls c`gfLir xzg
ds panzek & xSuhehM esa okrkoj.k gksus dk izek.k feykA blds dqN o"kZ i'pkr blh
VsfyLdksi ls ;wjsul ds fjax fn[kkbZ fn, ftuls c`geakM ds ckjs esa gekjk Kku c<+kA bl
izdkj cIiw ,d fo'o Lrjh; {kerk okyh os/'kkyk LFkkfir djus esa liQy gq,A
1970 esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk ,l panz'ks[kj vkbZvkbZ, ns[kus x, vkSj mUgksauas cIiw ds
iz;klksa dh [kwc iz'kalk dhA brus Je vkSj yxu dk thou fcrkus ls 55 o"kZ dh vYik;q
esa gh cWk;ikl ltZjh ds ckn 19 vxLr 1982 dks cIiw dk nsgkUr gks x;kA viuh e`R;q
ls dqN le; igys gh oks baVjuS'kuy ,LVksuksfedy ;wfu;u (vkbZ,;w) ds v;{k in ds
fy, pqus x, FksA cIiw ds liuksa okys 234&lseh
VsfyLdksi dks ckn esa rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh Jh
jktho xak/h us jk"V dks lefiZr fd;kA rHkh
dkokywj os/'kkyk dk uke cnydj cIiw ds
lEeku esa ok;uw cIiw vkCtjosVjh j[kk x;kA
cIiw viuh cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds dkj.k cgqr ls
iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur gq,A 1970 esa mUgksauas
'akkfrLo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj vkSj 1977 esa
fiQftDl ds fy, gfjvkse vkJe iq#Ldkj
thrkA 1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa
i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA vius ,d
Hkk"k.k esa cIiw us dgk] ^vDlj ge ;g
ns[krs gSa fd dksbZ deky dk vkneh
vkrk gS tks Hkze vkSj vO;oLFkk dh
fLFkfr dks ifjofrZr dj mls rdZlxa r]
lqanj vkSj ljy cuk tkrk gSA* bu
'kCnksa dks c;ka djrs le; 'kk;n
cIiw dks bl ckr dk vankt ugha Fkk
fd oks [kqn viuh ftUnxh dk o.kZu
dj jgs FksA

VsfyLdksi
149

ih-ds- lsBh
(1927 - 2008)

^eSaus vDlj ;qok MkWDVjksa dks ;g lykg nh gS fd oks <sjksa iSls cukus ds pDdj eas
u iM+sa & ejhtksa dh dr`Krk vkSj mudk vkHkkj gh muds fy, i;kZIr iQhl gksuh
pkfg,A* & ih ds lsBh

nqfu;k Hkj ds ;q {ks=kksa esa & viQxkfuLrku] Jhyadk ls ysdj jokaMk rd cgqr ls yksxksa
us mRrj Hkkjr ds ,d 'kgj t;iqj ds uke lquk gSA jktLFkku dh jkt/kuh t;iqj dk
uke ;q {ks=kksa esa ,d vf}rh; f=ke iSj & t;iqj&iQqV ds dkj.k e'kgwj gSA ySaM ekbUl
ls cus fodyakx yk[kksa yksxksa ds fy, ;g akfrdkjh iSj ,d ojnku lkfcr gqvk gSA
t;iqj&iQqV dk fMtkbu MkWDVj izeksn d.kZ lsBh us vius lglkFkh ds lkFk fey dj
fd;kA
izeksn dk cpiu okjk.klh esa chrkA muds firk MkW- fuf[ky d.kZ lsBh cukjl fgUnw
;wfuoflZVh esa fiQftDl i<+krs FksA ?kj esa i<+kbZ] lknxh] cfynku vkSj lsok tSls ewY;ksa ij
tksj FkkA ifjokj esa xak/hth ds vkn'kksZa dk cksyckyk FkkA izksiQslj lsBh us HkkSfrd'kkL=k
ij fgUnh esa igyh iqLrd fy[kh vkSj mlds ckn mUgksauas dbZ oSKkfud xzaFkksa dk fgUnh
eas vuqokn fd;kA 'kknh esa ngst nsus dh ctk, mUgkasus
viuh lHkh csfV;ksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds fy, izksRlkfgr
fd;kA 1930 esa izksiQslj lsBh vkxjk dWkyst esa
i<+kus yxs blfy, izeksn dh f'k{kk Hkh ogha gqbZA
izeksn lsUV tWkUl Ldwy esa i<+sA ckn esa mUgksausa
,echch,l vkSj ,e,l dh MkWDVjh i<+kbZ ljkstuh
uk;Mw esfMdy dWkyst vkxjk ls iwjh dhA viuh
foy{k.k izfrHkk ds dkj.k 1954 esa mUgsa ,fMUczk
ls ,iQvkjlh,l dh fMxzh izkIr gqbZA

izeksn dh Vsfuax rks ,d ltZu ds :i esa

gqbZ Fkh vkSj oks fcYdqy la;ksx ls
gM~Mh&jksx ds {ks=k esa vk,A ,d
150

mPp lfefr t;iqj ds lokbZ ek/ks flag vLirky dk eqvkbuk djus ds fy, vkus okyh
FkhA D;ksfa d vLirky esa gM~Mh&jksx dk dksbZ foHkkx gh ugha Fkk blfy, iz/kukpk;Z us muls
bl u, foHkkx dks 'kq# djus dks dgkA mudh bl fr ds fdrus nwjxkeh ifj.kke gksaxs
bldk vankt 'kk;n iz/kukpk;Z dks Hkh ugha FkkA ckn esa lsBh us ,d gYds] fVdkmQ]
de&ykxr dk f=ke iSj cuk;k ftlls nqfu;k Hkj esa yk[kksa fodyakxksa ds thou esa
ifjorZu vk;kA
t;iqj&iQqV dk btkn ,d vuwBh Vhe us fd;k% ,d is'ksoj ltZu MkW- izeksn d.kZ lsBh
tks fczVsu ds jWk;y dWkyst vWkiQ ltZUl ds iQsyks Fks vkSj muds lkFkh jkepanz 'kekZ usA
'kekZ ,d foy{k.k feL=kh vkSj f'kYih Fks tks dHkh Ldwy ugha x, FksA nksukas rhl o"kZ igys
igyh ckj t;iqj ds lokbZ ek/ks flag vLirky esa gh feysA rc MkW- lsBh ogka fodykax
ejhtksa ds fy, cSlkf[k;ka cuk jgs Fks vkSj 'kekZ dks<+ ds ejhtksa dks gLrf'kYi cukuk fl[kk
jgs FksA
lsBh iksfy;ks ihfM+rksa vkSj iSj dVs ejhtksa ds fy, t;iqj esa gh
mi;qDr] de&dher okys midj.k cukuk pkgrs FksA f=ke vax
cukus ds dsUnz cgqr nwj iq.ks ;k eqEcbZ esa Fks tgka dsoy vehj yksx
gh tk ldrs FksA blfy, lsBh us vLirky ds izkxa M+ esa gh fodyakxksa
ds fy, dqN LFkkuh; midj.k cukus dh lksphA iq.ks fLFkr vkehZ
fyEc lsUVj ,d fons'kh f=ke iSj cukrk FkkA ;g iSj cgqr Hkkjh
vkSj dM+k Fkk vkSj mls ges'kk twrs ls <ad dj j[kuk iM+rk FkkA
yksx etcwjh esa mls mls [kjhnrs ij tYn gh mls R;kx nsrs FksA blesa
twrk lcls cM+h vM+pu FkkA Hkkjr esa yksx [ksrksa esa] ?kjkas esa vkSj
iwtk ds LFkkuksa ij fcuk twrs ds uaxs iSj tkus ds vknh gksrs gSaA ;g
fons'kh twrk cgqr eagxk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ikuh vkSj feV~Vh ds
lEidZ esa vkdj cgqr tYnh [kjkc gks tkrk FkkA mlesa ,d vkSj
deh Fkh & oks yphyk ugha FkkA fons'kh iSj yxkdj yksx u rks
'kkSpky; eas vkSj u gh ikyFkh ekj dj cSB ldrs FksA
lsBh dks Jhyadk eas cuk ,d fMtkbu vPNk yxkA mlesa f=ke
Vkax dks jcj ds iSj ls <adk x;k FkkA bls igudj vke fdlku
ikuh ls Hkjs /ku ds [ksrksa esa dke dj ldrk FkkA lsBh us ,d
LFkkuh; dkjhxj ls oYdukbTM jcj dk ,d f=ke iSj dk uewuk
cuok;kA 'kq# dk iSj Hkkjh vkSj dM+k Fkk ij /hjs&/hjs djds mlesa
lq/kj gqvk vkSj mlds [kksy dks gYdh Liat jcj ls Hkjk x;kA ckn esa ,sM+h ds LFkku
ij eWkbks&lsY;qyj jcj yxkbZ vkSj mQij dh vksj iPpj dkV dj ,d lHkh fn'kk esa
151

igys gh cgqr ls fodyakx gksrs gSa & oks u, ejht ds eeZ dks le>rs gSa] mldk vknj
djrs gSa vkSj bl lkewfgd vuqHko ls ejht ds vkRe&fo'okl vkSj vkSj vkRe&lEeku
nksuksa esa btkiQk gksrk gSA mipkj iwjk gksus ds ckn ejht dks eqr esa ?kj tkus dk Vsu fVdV
vkSj ;k=kk ds nkSjku Hkkstu dk ,d iSfdV Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA* (eSxlsls iq#Ldkj dk
mj.k)
u;s iSj dk uki ysus vkSj mls cukus esa yxHkx ,d ?kaVs dk le; yxrk gSA gj ejht
dh fof'k"V t:jrksa ds fglkc ls gh mldk iSj cuk;k tkrk gSA t;iqj&iQqV dks iguus
ds ckn O;fDr vklkuh ls [ksr eas dke] isM+ ij p<+uk] fjD'kk pykuk] mQcM+&[kkcM+ tehu
ij pyuk ;k fiQj ikjEifjd u`R; Hkh dj ldrk gSA if'peh ns'kksa esa iSj dVs ejht vDlj
cw<+s yksx gksrs gaS tcfd Hkkjr esa ;g vDlj ;qok vkSj xjhc izoklh etnwj gksrs gSaA
1978 eas lsBh dks foy{k.k esfMdy Vhpj ds fy, ch-lh- jWk; iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k
x;kA 1981 esa mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj us i|Jh ls vyar fd;kA mlh o"kZ mUgsa lkeqnkf;d
lsok ds fy, xkSjoiw.kZ eSxlsls iq#Ldkj ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;kA
eqM+us okyk tksM+ cuk;k x;kA ,d ejht ds HkkbZ us ckgjh jcj dks fcYdqy peM+h tSlk
jax fn;kA rks bl izdkj cuk igyk t;iqj&iQqVA
t;iqj&iQqV dh tedj tkap vktekbZ'k gqbZ ftlls mlds fVdkmQiu] mi;qDr dher vkSj
vkjkens;rk dh iqf"V gqbZA pyrs le; tc pkSM+k iSj tehu dks Li'kZ djrk rks mlls iguus
okys dks lqj{kk dk vuqHkwfr gksrhA ckgjh jcj ds [kksy ds dkj.k ;g f=ke iSj VwV&iQwV
ls eqDr FkkA vxj mldh lrg [kqjp tkrh rks mldh ejEer lkbfdy ds iUpj tSls
iScUn yxkdj dh tk ldrh FkhA
1970 esa MkWDVj lsBh us t;iqj&iQqV ij igyk 'kks/i=k fy[kkA 1974 esa mUgsa fLoVjtySUM
esa f=ke vaxks ij gks jgh iQLVZ oYMZ dkUsUl esa eq[; oDrk ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;kA
1975 esa fcgkj ds ,d /uh ejht Jh vtqZu vxzoky us ,d cM+k vuqnku fn;k ftlls
fd vLirky eas gh ,d iakp&eaftyk iquokZlu dsUnz dk fuekZ.k lEHko gks ik;kA mlds
ckn jkT; ljdkj vkSj futh nkrkvksa us Hkh vuqnku fn,A fdl izdkj ejht iquokZlu dsUnz
eas vkrs gSa vkSj mudk Lokxr gksrk gS ;g o.kZu i<+us yk;d gSA ^ejht ns'k ds lHkh fgLlksa
ls fcuk [kcj fn, ogka igqaprs gSaA vDlj muds lkFk dksbZ fj'rsnkj gksrk gSA lcls igys
oks lqjf{kr vLirky igqapus dh [kcj vius ?kj okyksa dks VsyhiQksu ls nsrs gSaA vLirky
esa Hkkstu] jguk vkSj lkjk mipkj eqr gksrk gSA lHkh ejhtksa dks ,d ljy fdV nh tkrh
gS & ftleas lkcqu] eatu] czq'k] Fkkyh] ex vkSj ,d rkSfy;k 'kkfey gksrh gSA bu lc
oLrqvksa ds lkFk ySal gksdj ejht iquokZlu dsUnz ds vkaxu eas izos'k djrk gSA vkaxu esa
152

MkW- lsBh cgqr i<+s&fy[ks vkSj fo}ku FksA mudh isM+&ikS/ksa

eas xgjh #fp FkhA mUgsa iqLrdksa vkSj laxhr ls xgjk yxko
FkkA mudk Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh 'kkL=kh; laxhr &
tSt] jWkd vkSj yksdxhrksa esa #fp FkhA oks dHkh
fdlh Dyc ds lnL; ugha cus vkSj u gh dHkh oks
NqV~Vh crkSj fdlh ;k=kk ij x,A oks [kkyh le;
vius ifjokjtuksa ds lkFk ?kj ij gh fcrkuk ilUn
djrs FksA ifjokj esa mudh iRuh lqykspuk] rhu
csfV;ka vkSj ,d csVk FkkA 80 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 6
tuojh 2008 dks MkW- lsBh dk nsgkUr gqvkA
t;iqj&iqQV ds mQij MsfoM lqtwdh us dSusfM;u
czkMdkfLVax dkjiksjs'ku ds fy, ,d MkD;wesUVh
fiQYe cukbZ FkhA *ukps e;wjh* uked cEcbZ;k fiQYe
us t;iqj&iqQV dks lnk ds fy, vej dj fn;k gSA ;g
lnkcgkj fiQYe ,d izfl 'kkL=kh; u`rdh lq/k panzu
ds ckjs eas gS ftudk fdlh gknls esa ,d iSj tkrk jgkA
mUgksauas vius iSj esa t;iqj&iQqV yxk;k vkSj fiQj u, fljs
ls u`R; fd;k vkSj liQyrk dh cqyafn;ksa dks NqvkA d{kk
rhu ds cPps lq/k panzu ds bl la?k"kZ vkSj t;iqj&iQqV dh
liQyrk dks vc viuh vaxzsth dh ikB~;iqLrd esa i<+
ldsaxsA

lq/k panzu
153

f'kojkek".ku
panz'ks[kj
(1930 - 2004)

vktdy fyfDoM fLVy lHkh txg mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs gSa & eksckby iQksUl ls ysdj
cM+s Vsyhfotu Lhu esa HkhA igys okys Hkkjh Hkjde dSFkksM&js V~;wc vc yqIr gks x,
gSa vkSj mudk LFkku vc fyfDoM fLVy fMlIys us ys fy;k gSA fyfDoM fLVy ds
{ks=k esa fodkl dk vf/dka'k Js; f'kojkek".ku panz'ks[kj ds foy{k.k 'kks/dk;Z dks
tkrk gSA yksx I;kj ls mUgsa panzk cqykrs FksA
panzk dk tUe 6 vxLr 1930 dks dydRrs esa gqvkA muds firk fczfV'k ljdkj ds fy,
dke djrs FksA ckn esa inksUufr ds ckn oks Lora=k Hkkjr ds ,dkmaVsUV tujy cusA firk
dss rcknyksa ds dkj.k ifjokj dks vyx&vyx 'kgjksa
esa tkuk iM+rk Fkk ftlls panzk dh Ldwyh i<+kbZ esa
fo?u iM+rk FkkA panzk dks Hkh gj ckj u, Ldwy eas
tkuk vPNk ugha yxrk Fkk mlds ckotwn oks viuh
d{kk esa vPNs vad ykrsA panzk ,d ukeh&fxjkeh
ifjokj ds FksA mudh eka lhrky{eh izfl oSKkfud
vkSj foKku esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okys igys Hkkjrh;
lj lh oh jeu dh NksVh cgu FkhaA panzk ds NksVs HkkbZ
iapjRue (iapjRue iQst ds fy, iz[;kr) dk
de mez esa gh nsgkUr gks x;k FkkA panzk
ds cM+s HkkbZ izksiQslj ,l- jkek'ks"ku
Hkh ,d cgqr izfl oSKkfud FksA
1951 esa panzk ,e,llh dh ijh{kk
esa ukxiqj ;wfuoflZVh esa loZizFke
vk,A mUgksausa nks Lo.kZ ind
thrs vkSj ogha ls ih,pMh dhA
154

mlds ckn panzk caxyksj vk, vkSj ogka mUgksaus ubZ [kqyh jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV esa dke
izkjEHk fd;kA oks vius fo[;kr ekek lj lh-oh- jeu ds igys 'kks/ Nk=k FksA mu nksuksa
ds chp dk lEcU/ ,d xq#&f'k"; tSlk Fkk vkSj u fd ekek&Hkkuts dk! mlh nkSjku
,d fnu panzk dh HksaV cM+s HkkbZ izksiQslj jkek'ks"ku ds ?kj ij viuh Hkkoh iRuh byk ds
lkFk gqbZA panzk dks ml le; NksVh&lh fjlpZ xzakV feyrh Fkh ij mlesa esa iSls cpkdj
mUgksausa ,d eksVjlkbfdy [kjhnhA viuh eksVjlkbfdy ij byk dks cSBkdj tc panzk lSj
dks tkrs rks ogka ds #f<+oknh lekt esa dkiQh gypy eprh! nqHkkZX;o'k ,d nq?kZVuk esa
panzk dks flj esa pksV yxh ftlls oks thou Hkj ihfM+r jgsA D;ksafd panzk vkSj byk fHkUu
HkkSxksfyd bykdksa ls Fks vkSj vyx&vyx Hkk"kk,a cksyrs Fks blfy, fookg ls igys dqN
leL;k,a vo'; vk;haA ijUrq tYn gh mudk gy Hkh fudy vk;kA
fookg ds rqjUr ckn panzk dks ,d othiQk feyk vkSj oks baXySUM dh iz[;kr dSfofUM'k
yScksjsVh esa 'kks/ djus pys x,A ogka mUgksaus ,Dl&js izdh.kZu (LdSVfjUx) esa dsfEczt
;wfuoflZVh ls nwljh MkWDVsV dh fMxzh gkfly dhA 1961 esa Hkkjr okil ykSVus ds ckn
oks eSlwj ;wfuoflZVh ds fiQftDl foHkkx ds igys izeq[k cusA ogka fiQftDl foHkkx ,d
fc;kcku taxy esa fLFkr FkkA bl tehu dh ekyfdu eSlwj dh jktdqekjh yhykorh FkhaA
vklikl ds taxy dh liQkbZ ds ckotwn bl bykds esa taxyh fl;kj] mYyw vkSj rsanq,
vkrs&tkrs FksA ;gka ij panzk dh #fp fyfDoM fLVy esa iSnk gqbZA blls igys ;g foKku
dk ,d misf{kr {ks=k Fkk vkSj cgqr de oSKkfud ghs fyfDoM fLVy inkFkksaZ ds ckjs dqN
tkurs FksA panzk us ckn esa bl ckjs esa fy[kk] ^ml le; bl fo"k; ds ckjs esa esjh tkudkjh
cgqr de FkhA eSa mlds ckjs esa tks dqN
FkksM+k&cgqr tkurk Fkk oks tkudkjh eSaus
nl lky igys 1930 dh Nih fdrkcksa esa
i<+h FkhA* fiQj Hkh panzk us vius 'kks/
dk;Z ls foKku ds bl {ks=k dh rLohj
cnyh & oks mls Bksl fLFkr ls fyfDoM
(rjy) fLVy dh vksj ys x,A
fczVsu dh dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh vkSj
;wfuoflZVh dWkyst yanu esa dqN le;
fcrkus ds ckn 1971 esa panzk caxykSj
dh jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV esa vk,A
ogka mUgksausa vius dqN iqjkus Nk=kkas
dh lgk;rk ls feydj ,d fyfDoM
fLVy yscksjVs jh LFkkfir dh ftldh
izflh tYn gh nwj&nwj rd iQSyhA
panzk dks bl ckr dk vankt Fkk
155

fd vR;k/qfud 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, u, inkFkZ dh fuekZ.k {kerk vR;ko'd gksxhA blfy,

mUgksauas lkFk esa u, inkFkZ cukus ds fy, ,d vkSjxSfud iz;ksx'kkyk Hkh LFkkfir dhA tYn
gh panzk dh iz;ksx'kkyk vius ekSfyd 'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k iwjs fo'o esa fyfDoM fLVy
ij vuqla/ku dk ,d vxz.kh dsUnz cu xbZA 1977 esa panz'ks[kj tc vius oSKkfud dSfj;j
ds f'k[kj ij Fks rc mUgksausa vius lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk fey ,d u, izdkj ds fyfDoM
fLVy dh [kkst dh tks u, rjg ds ijek.kqvksa dk cuk FkkA bu ijek.kqvksa dk vkdkj
pdfr;ksa tSlk FkkA ;s ijek.kq igys v;;u fd, csyukdkj ijek.kqvksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu
FksA bl [kkst ls panzk dks varjkZ"Vh; [;kfr feyhA bl [kkst dk lekpkj izek.k uked
oSKkfud 'kks/xzFa k esa igyh ckj NikA fyfDoM
fLVy ds {ks=k esa bl fucU/ dk vkt Hkh
lcls vf/d mYys[k gksrk gSA

vc rd pdrh vkdkj okys yxHkx 1500

ijek.kqvksa dks iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa f=ke rjhdksa
ls cuk;k tk pqdk gS vkSj muds HkkSfrd vkSj
jklk;fud xq.k/eksZa ij 2000 ls vf/d
'kks/i=k fy[ks tk pqds gSaA bu u, inkFkksZa dks
ubZ pqukSfr;ksa vkSj rduhdksa ds vu:i <kyk
tk jgk gS ftuesa tsjkDl] lksyj lsYl]
vkfIVdy LVksjst fMokblst] vkSj gkbfczM
dEi;wVj fpIl 'kkfey FksA

panz'ks[kj dh oSKkfud miyfC/;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k

x;kA Hkkjr dh rhuksa oSKkfud vdknfe;ksa us mUgsa viuk lnL; cuk;kA 1983 esa mUgsa jWk;y
lkslkbVh] bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ fiQftDl (yanu) vkSj FkMZ oYMZ ,dsMeh vWkiQ lkbUlst dh
iQsyksf'ki iznku dh xbZA 1990&92 esa oks baVjuS'kuy fyfDoM fLVy lkslkbVh ds v;{k
cus vkSj bl laLFkk dh if=kdk eWkfyD;wyj fLVy vkSj fyfDoM fLVy dks oks nks n'kdksa
ls T;knk rd lEikfnr djrs jgsA mUgsa dbZ iq#Ldkj feys & 'kakfrLo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj
(1972)] gkseh HkkHkk (1987)] bUlk dk es?kukn lkgk esMy (1992)] jWk;y esMy
(1994)] ;wusLdks dk uhYl cksgj Lo.kZ ind (1998) vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj dk i|Hkw"k.k
lEeku (1998)A
chekjh dh otg ls mUgsa FkksM+k dke gYdk djus dh fgnk;r nh xbZ FkhA blfy, oks ?kj
ij gh vkjke djrs vkSj vkxUrqdksa ls feydj [kq'k gksrs FksA tSls&tSls mudh lsgr esa
lq/kj vk;k oks fiQj mRlkg ls lekjksg vkSj cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysus dh rS;kjh dj jgs FksA
nqHkkZX; ls 7 ekpZ 2004 dks mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA vius ihNs oks viuh iRuh byk] csVs
vthr vkSj csVh bafnjk dks NksM+ x,A

pdrh fyfDoM fLVy dk <akpkA

vU; phtksa ds lkFk&lkFk vc fyfDoM

fLVyl tSfod <akpksa tSls thfor fV';wl] dks le>us esa enn djrs gSaA vkSj ;g Kku
tSfod esEczUs l dks le>us ds fy, vko';d gSA blfy, tho'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj esfMdy 'kks/
drkZvksa dh Hkh fyfDoM fLVyl esa xgjh #fp j[krs gaAS oks lc pankz ds dke ds vkHkkjh
gSAa
1977 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl us panz'ks[kj dh iqLrd fyfDoM fLVy izdkf'kr dhA
;g bl fo"k; ij vuqla/ku djus okys fdlh Hkh Nk=k ds fy, ckbfcy ds leku gSA bl
iqLrd dk :lh ,oa tkikuh Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA bl iqLrd dk la'kksf/r vkSj
foLr`r laLdj.k 1992 esa NikA
panz'ks[kj us dbZ varjkZ"Vh; lekjksgksa dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k ftuesa ls ,d 1973 esa
vkjvkjvkbZ dh jtr t;Urh ds miy{k esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA 1990 esa vkjvkjvkbZ
ls lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn esa panz'ks[kj us Hkkjr bysDVkfuDl fyfeVsM }kjk miyC/ djk;h
,d fcfYMax esa lsUVj iQWkj fyfDoM fLVy fjlpZ dh 'kq#vkr dhA
156

vc fyfDoM fLVYl dk mi;ksx ?kfM+;ksa] ekWfuVj vkSj Vhoh Lhu esa gksrk gSA

157

vfuy vxzoky
(1947 - 2002)

^vxj vki xjhcksa ds fy, lksprs gSa rks vki xzkWl uS'kuy izkWMDV (thMhih) }kjk
xzkWl uspj izkWMDV dks [kRe ugha gksus ns ldrsA* & vfuy vxzoky% oYMZ
okbYMykbiQ iQaM] yanu (vDVwcj 8 1985)

vfuy vxzoky ,d izeq[k Hkkjrh; i;kZoj.kfon~ FksA mUgksausa igyh ckj i;kZoj.k dh
leL;k dks xjhcksa ds utfj, ls ns[kkA xjhcksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+us ds dkj.k mu
ij i;kZoj.k ds uk'k vkSj rsth ls taxyksa dh liQkbZ djus vkjksi yxk;k tkrk FkkA
vxzoky us bu vo/kj.kksa dks pqukSrh nhA muds vuqlkj xjhcksa dk LokFkZ ftEesnkjh ls
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lkFk tqM+k FkkA
vfuy vxzoky dk tUe dkuiqj ds ,d O;kikfjd ifjokj esa gqvkA 1970 esa mUgkasusa
vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj ls fedSfudy baftfu;fjax dh fMxzh izkIr dhA oks cgqr vkstLoh oDrk
Fks vkSj vkbZvkbZVh esa Nk=k laxBu ds v;{k pqus x, FksA
i<+kbZ [kRe djus ds ckn oks vkbZvkbZVh ds vU; Nk=kksa
dh rjg vejhdk ugha x, vkSj mUgkasuas fgUnqLrku
VkbEl uked v[kckj esa foKku laoknnkrk tSls dke
fd;kA muesa tfVy fopkjksa dks ljyrk vkSj Li"Vrk
ls is'k djds dh vn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA tYn gh yksx
mudh ys[ku 'kSyh dk yksgk ekuus yxsA
1970 ds e; esa oks baXySaM x, vkSj ogka i;kZoj.k
dh iqtkfju vkSj vksuyh ou vFkZ dh ysf[kdk ckjcjk
okMZ ds lEidZ esa vk,A i;kZIr varjkZ"Vh; vuqHko
izkIr djus ds ckn vxzoky 1980 dh
'kq#vkr esa ubZ fnYyh okil vk,
vkSj ogka mUgksauas lsUVj iQWkj lkbUl
,a M ,Uok;jues U V (lh,lbZ )
LFkkfir fd;kA
158

vxzoky ds xgjs lksp vkSj mudh fparkvksa dh igyh

>yd n LVsV vWkiQ bafM;kt ,Uok;juesUV% , flfVtUl
fjiksVZ ds Nius ij ekywe iM+hA bl fjiksVZ dks fy[kus
esa mudh lgk;rk i;kZoj.k vkanksyukas ls tqM+s reke
lf; dk;ZdrkZvksa us dhA bl iqLrd esa Hkkjrh;
i;kZoj.k ds mi;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx dk igyh ckj
xEHkhjrk ls vakdyu fd;k x;k FkkA iqLrd esa bZekunkjh
vkSj vkd"kZd rjhds ls Hkkjr ds <yrs i;kZoj.k dh
vlfy;r dks ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA bl vuwBh iqLrd
dks cgqr ljkgk x;k vkSj mls nqfu;k dh lSdM+kas xEHkhj
vfuy vxzoky dk dkVwuZ ]
lkHkkj% #Lre okfu;k
i=k&if=kdkvksa esa mldh leh{kk,a Niha!
igyh flfVtUl fjiksVZ us ladqfpr fopk/kjk okys fo}kuksa] va/h jktlRrk vkSj lksbZ turk
dh vak[ksa [kksyhaA fjiksVZ us xako dh <yrh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ?kVrs b/u&pkjs (ckW;ksekl)
ds nkSj esa efgykvksa ij iM+rs Hkkjh cks> dh vksj ;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA blls i;kZoj.k
vkSj fodkl ds chp ds fj'rs dks le>us esa enn feyhA bl fjiksVZ }kjk mBk, eqn~nksa
ij te dj ppkZ gq, vkSj dqN Bksl dne Hkh mBk, x,A fjiksVZ dk nwjxkeh izHkko iM+kA
bl iqLrd dk dUuM+ vkSj fgUnh esa vuqokn izfl i;kZoj.kfon~ f'kojke dkjUFk ,oa
vuqie feJ us fd;kA
blds ckn blh izdkj dh vU; flfVtUl fjiksVZl Nirh jghaA viuh iqLrd n iWkfyfVDl
vWkiQ n bUok;juesUV esa vxzoky us ty vkSj tehu tSls lk/uksa ds leqfpr nksgu ds
fy, lEiw.kZ (gksfyfLVd) izca/u dh vihy dhA rhljh jiV ^ck<+* ds fo"k; ija FkhA
pkSFkh jiV MkbZUx fotMe esa Hkkjr ds ijEijkxr ty lap;u ds rkSj&rjhdksa dks
ladfyr fd;k x;k FkkA tcfd igyh nks jiVksa esa vkanksyuksa ls tqM+s dk;ZdrkZvksa dk
lf; ;ksxnku Fkk] var dh jiVsa lh,lbZ us [kqn rS;kj dh Fkha & tks lh,lbZ vkSj i;kZoj.k
ls tqM+s tehuh vkUnksyuksa ds chp yqIr gksrs lEcU/ksa dk Hkh |ksrd gSA
VwoMZl xzhu foysftl esa vxzoky us fodsfUnzr xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa }kjk lalk/uksa ds fu;a=k.k
dh is'kd'k dhA yksxksa dh lf; Hkkxhnkjh ls gh i;kZoj.k lq/jsxk vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl
gksxkA lh,lbZ us blds lcwr esa ns'k esa py jgs dbZ lf; i;kZoj.k vaknksyuksa & gfj;k.kk
esa lq[kksektjh] egkjk"V esa jkysxat fl vkSj jktLFkku esa r#.k Hkkjr la?k ds vuqHkoksa
dks ntZ fd;kA bu vaknksyuksa us ty&tehu ds eqn~nksa ij lexz :i ls dke fd;k FkkA
jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa ls dqN ewyHkwr ifjorZu gksxk bl ckr ij vxzoky dks 'kd FkkA mUgsa
tehu ls tqM+s vaknksyuksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ls mEehn Fkh fd os jkT;lRrk ij cnyko ds fy,
ncko Mkysxa hA jktho xak/h us iz/kuea=kh cuus ds ckn vius dSfcuV ds lnL;ksa vkSj ofj"B
ukSdj'kkgksa ds fy, vxzoky }kjk fo'ks"k cSBdsa vk;ksftr djhA blls jktusrkvksa esa
i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqn~nksa ds izfr ,d ldkjkRed lathnxh vk;hA
159

,d tekuk Fkk tc fnYyh dh gok cgqr iznwf"kr Fkh vkSj yksxksa dk ne ?kqV jgk FkkA ml
le; vxzoky us Lyks&eMZj ds izdk'ku ds lkFk&lkFk ,d cqyUn vfHk;ku dk lw=kikr
fd;kA bl jiV esa fcuk ykx&yisV ds mUgksua as rsy dEifu;ks]a vkWVks fuekZrkvksa vkSj fu;ked
vf/dkfj;ksa dks nks"kh Bgjkdj dV?kjs esa [kM+k fd;kA bl fo'ys{k.k ds ckn ,d tksjnkj
ehfM;k vfHk;ku Hkh NsM+k ftlls ifj.kke Lo:i lqizhe dksVZ us iznw"k.k iQSykus okyh
xkfM+;ksa ij vadq'k yxk;kA vxzoky us Bksl lcwrksa vkSj vakdM+ksa ds vk/kj ij ns'k ds
vxz.kh iwaftifr;kas vkSj dEifu;ksa dks i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjk;kA mlds
ckn fnYyh dk iwjk lkoZtfud ifjogu dEizLS M uSpjq y xSl (lh,uth) esa ifjofrZr gqvkA
vxj vkt fnYyh ds yksx dqN jkgr dh lakl ys jgs gSa rks bldk dqN Js; vfuy vxzoky
dks vo'; tkrk gSA
vxzoky us i;kZoj.k ds eqn~ns ij ,d ikf{kd if=kdk Mkmu Vw
vFkZ dh 'kq#vkr Hkh dhA blesa xkscj VkbEl uke dk vfr lqUnj
cPpksa dh y?kq if=kdk Hkh gksrh gSA lh,lbZ us vDlj cM+s&cM+s
dkWjiksjs'kUl ds f[kykiQ mQaph vkokt mBkbZ gS vkSj ljdkj dks
lgh fu;e&dkuwu cukus vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, ck;
fd;k gSA vfuy vxzoky }kjk LFkkfir lh,lbZ us ,d Lora=k
i;kZoj.k izgjh dh gSfl;r ls lkoZtfud fgrksa ds fy, cgqr
iz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;k gSA

vxzoky dks vius foy{k.k dke ds fy, vusdksa iq#Ldkj feysA vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj us mUgsa
fMfLVaX;qf'kM ,Yequl vokMZ ls lEekfur fd;kA 1987 eas la;qDr jk"V la?k ds i;kZoj.k
dk;Ze us mUgsa Xykscy 500 jksy vWkiQ gkWuj esa lfEefyr fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us
i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ds muds mR"V dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA
chl lkyksa ls Hkh T;knk vlsZ rd vfuy vxzoky cqyUnh ds lkFk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh
vkokt mBkrs jgsA muesa tfVy oSKkfud 'kks/i=kksa vkSj fo'ks"k v;;uksa dks i<+ dj mUgsa
ljy] Li"V 'kCnksa esa c;ka djus dh foy{k.k {kerk FkhA oks i;kZoj.k dh Toyar leL;kvksa
dks u dsoy turk ds chp mBkrs ij ,M+h&pksVh dk ne yxkdj mudk U;k;laxr gy
Hkh [kkstrsA
vxzoky cM+s n`<+ ladYi ds O;fDr FksA ,d yEcs dky rd oks chekfj;ksa ls tw>rs jgs
& igys nes ls vkSj 1994 ds ckn ,d vuwBs dSUlj ftldk vlj dsoy efLr"d vkSj
vka[kksa ij gksrk gSA vafre {k.kksa esa vLirky ds iyax ij ysVs gq, Hkh oks vius vafre
vfHk;ku dh ;kstuk cukrs jgsA 2 tuojh 2002 dks 54 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa nsgjknwu esa
mudk nsgkUr gqvkA

1989 esa vxzoky us Xykscy okfeZUx bu ,u vubZDoy oYMZ ij ,d ys[k fy[kkA mlesa
mUgksausa fn[kk;k fd xjhckas ds vkthfodk ls tqM+s mRltZu
(,eh'kUl) /uh ns'kksa dh foyklrk & fefyVjh&vkS|ksfxd
dkEiysDl ls fudyh tgjhyh xSlksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu gSaA
if'pe ds eqYdksa us ges'kk iznw"k.k drkZvksa dks iq#Ldkj fn;k
gS vkSj mlds eqDrHkksfx;ksa dks ltk nh gSA if'peh ns'k ges'kk
Hkkjr vkSj phu tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Xykscy okfeZUx ds
fy, nks"kh Bgjkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa viuk ?kj lkiQ djus dh
fgnk;r nsrs gSaA vxzoky us bls i;kZo.khZ; vkSifuosf'kdokn
djkj fn;k vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ls xzhugkml xSlksa dh ,frgkfld
ftEesnkjh dks Lohdkj djus dk vkxzg fd;kA egklkxjksa vkSj
ok;qeaMy }kjk lks[kh xbZ xzhugkml xSlksa dks dkcZu&flad
dgrs gSaA dkcZu&flad dks orZeku esa ns'kksa }kjk NksM+h
xzhugkml xSlksa ds vuqikr esa ckaVuk ,d ?kksj vU;k; gksxkA
vxzoky ds vuqlkj U;k;iw.kZ ifr esa nqfu;k ds gj balku
dks dkcZu&flad esa cjkcjh dk fgLlk feyuk pkfg,A
160

161

^oSKkfud* 'kCn ls yksxksa ds tgu esa ,d ,sls O;fDr dh Nfo mHkjrh gS tks ges'kk
fdrkcksa] eagxs midj.kksa] ij[kufy;ksa vkSj /qavk mxyrs dkap ds chdj ls f?kjk gksA
ijUrq oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gSaA bl iqLrd ds dqN oSKkfud
dgkfu;ka vkSj dfork,a fy[krs Fks] dqN dyk ds nhokus Fks vkSj dqN dks rst jrkj
ls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk 'kkSd Fkk! dbZ oSKkfudksa dk ckgjh lekt ds lkFk
varjax lEca/ Fkk vkSj mUgksausa nqfu;k dks csgrj cukus dk Hkjdl iz;kl Hkh fd;kA
iqLrd esa oSKkfudksa ds thou pfj=kksa ds lkFk&lkFk mudh ftanxh ds dqN jkspd
i{kksa dks Hkh latks;k x;k gSA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;k muds cpiu
ds dksbZ vuqHko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl izsj.kk ds ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr
& mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd FkkA oSKkfudksa us fo'ks"kdj muesa efgykvksa us D;k&D;k
la?k"kZ >sys\ muds thou ds la?k"kksZa ls ;qok ih<+h fuf'pr izsfjr gksxhA
vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud esa 39 Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh thofu;ksa dks
ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
vjfoUn xqIrk Hkkjr esa foKku dks yksdfiz; cukus vkSj f[kykSus cukus ds
fy, e'kgwj gSWA mUgksauas Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa esa ^dckM+ ls tqxkM+* fof/ ls
oSKkfud ekWMy cukus dh gtkjksa dk;Z'kkyk,a vk;ksftr dh gSaA oks iqLrdas
fy[krs gSa vkSj fgUnh esa vuqokn djrs gSaA mudh yksdfiz; osclkbV
arvindguptatoys.com esa [kykSuksa vkSj iqLrdksa dk ,d vikj HkaMkj
gSA
vjfoUn us 1975 esa vkbZ vkbZ Vh dkuiqj ls ch Vsd gkfly dhA pan lky VsYdks esa dke djus
ds ckn oks ukSdjh NksM+ dj foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa yx x,A orZeku esa oks vk;qdk iq.ks esa fLFkr
eqDrkaxu cky foKku dsUnz esa dke djrs gSaA vius dke ds fy, mUgsa dbZ iqjQLdkj fey pqds gSa
ftuesa cPpksa esa foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dk loZiFz ke jk"Vh; iqjQLdkj (1988)
vkSj vkbZ vkbZ Vh dkuiqj dk fMfLVaX;qf'kM ,Yequl vokMZ (2000) 'kkfey gSA
dSju gSMkWd us vius chl lky ds Hkkjrh; izokl esa cPpksa dh vusdksa
iqLrdksa esa vius eueksgd fp=kksa ls tku iQwd
a h gSA orZeku esa oks iq.ks ds ikl
egsUnzk oYMZ dkWyst esa thofoKku i<+krh gSaA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k vkSj u,
'kSf{kd rjhds fodflr djus esa mudh xgjh jQfp gSA oks iqLrdsa Hkh fy[krh
gSAa is'ks ls oks ,d ckW;ksfiQftflLV gSAa mUgksua as viuh MkDVVs vkSj mPp f'k{kk
vejhdk esa iwjh dhA

A publication of the Indian National Science Academy