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EIT IDC Fundamentals Power Systems
EIT IDC Fundamentals Power Systems
12/23/2014
Fundamentals of Power
System Protection
by
Steve Mackay
www.eit.edu.au
Upcoming:
Go to http://www.eit.edu.au/free-courses
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12/23/2014
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Key Topics
Need for protection
Characteristics and components of a
protection system
Faults and protection
Earthing and its relevance to protection
Protective devices
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Protection fundamentals
What is protection?
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Stability:
Stability: To leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure
continuity or supply.
3.
Sensitivity:
Sensitivity: To detect even the smallest values of fault
current or system abnormalities and operate correctly at its
setting before the fault causes irreparable damage.
4. Speed:
Speed: To operate speedily when it is called upon to do
so, thereby minimizing damage to the surroundings and
ensuring safety to personnel.
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Protection philosophy
Emphasis on Speed for the following
reasons:
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Possible faults
Cable Faults - Most common due to both external like
moisture, digging, etc., as well as fault currents being
carried
Transformer faults - Not always common but economics
rule the decision on the capacity of standby transformers
Busbar Faults - Catastrophic but duplication is more
followed in EHV substations.
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Types of faults
There are a number of different types of faults
A protection system must work for all the types of faults it
is meant to operate
Protection must operate at the least possible value of the
designated parameter
Note: Current is NOT the only protection parameter
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(A) Phase-to-ground
(B) Phase-to-Phase
(F) Phase-to-Pilot *
(C) Phase-to-Phase-to-ground
(G) Pilot-to-ground *
* In mines
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Types of faults
Phase Faults (limited only by positive
sequence impedance of system)
Earth Faults
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Consequences
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Solutions
Phase Segregation (separating phases far apart)
Eliminates phase-to-phase faults.
Resistance grounding
Means lower earth fault currents
Value can be chosen during design stage to limit current to
desired value - say 400Amps
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Earth faults
Most faults in systems are due to insulation failures
The current that will flow depends on the type of system
earthing adopted and the effectiveness of protection earthing
The current flow will influence
The touch voltage (in the protective earthing)
The time of protection operation
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Perception tingle - 1 mA
Let go 10mA
Spasm - 16
mA
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Important:
Earth fault loop resistance
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Summation CT scheme
(4-wire feeders)
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Important
Protective devices
Used for sensing and isolating faulty
circuits
Basic types:
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Fuse-The Basic
Protection Device
A fuse is the most basic of all protective
devices and performs all the protection
functions normally obtained by several
devices
A fuse protects against short circuits and
sometimes earth faults
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Fuses - types
ReRe-wireable Type
Fusible wire
Cartridge Type
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Fuses - types
CARTRIDGE TYPE
Advantages :
fault energy contained by insulating tube
Sealed hence does not deteriorate as fast as open type
Better grading possible
Quartz sand absorbs energy and melts across ionized metal
path to quench arc
Faster and can handle very high currents up to 100 kA
Normal currents are closer to fusing currents today due to
improved materials and design
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Fuses characteristics
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Fusing factor
This British Standard lays down:
limits for Temperature rise
Fusing factor - Minimum fusing current = 1.4
Rated cont. current
Breaking capacity
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I (rms)
2
Energy (I t) let
through by fault
of one cyc le duration
Energy (I t) let
through by H.R.C.
Fuse-link
Time
Peak
H.R.C
Fuse-link
c ut-off
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Fuse applications
Steady loads - Normally protect against over load as
well as short circuit.
Fluctuating loads eg. DOL motors with high inrush
compared to normal rating, cranes, etc - Here fuses
generally protect against short circuit only.
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Digital protection-ACB
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Digital protection-MCCB
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Features
Long time delay (IDMT), Short delay
(DMT) and instantaneous settings
Selectable I2.t feature
Optional ground fault protection with fixed
or selectable I2.t feature
Ground fault with summation (internal
input)
Alternatively with system neutral CT input
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Extended protection
Default current protections are overload,
short circuit and ground faults
Special protections also available
Current/Voltage unbalance
Over/Under voltage
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Panel indications
Communication features
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Static relay
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1930
networks
Development of Static
relays - discrete
components
Development and
wide use of Electro-
1960
mechanical relays
1970
1990
- discrete components -
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t = k x /( (I/I>) - 1)
where:
t = operate time in secs.
K = time multiplier
I = measured current
I> = set starting current
& are constants for curve selection
-
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Integrated protection
and control
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What is an IED?
An electronic device that possesses some
kind of local intelligence
IED in protection applications should have:
Versatile electrical protection functions
Advanced local control intelligence
Monitoring abilities
Capability of extensive communications
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Protection
Control
Monitoring
Metering
Communications
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Communication
Communicating all data in previous slides to/from
Control center
Facilitate remote control, monitoring and
measurement
Facilitate remote protection settings
IED forms the basis of modern substation
automation systems
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IDC Technologies
1, 2 & 3 day practical workshops, technical manuals,
onsite training & International conferences:
www.idc-online.com
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