About su'aasha siidaayay

ka

Holbein'schen Madonna.
Dood iyo files
of
Fechner.

Leipzig,
Waxaa lagu daabacay iyo la daabacay by Breitkopf & Hartel.
1871

Arar.
Qaar ka mid ah, waxaa laga yaabaa qalaad, daaweynta ee arin u muuqda yar oo la
soo bandhigay sida halkan, Nagi meel aad u badan si ay u arkaan, sida baaxadda font
ayaa sheegtay, oo sidaas daraaddeed badan oo dadaal, sida content oo isla badan
tahay inuu gacan gelin; - Laakiin su'aasha leeyahay mana diinta midna siyaasadeed,
mana bulshada, midna dan cilmiga dabiiciga ah. Laakiin iyadu way u leeyahay in
iyada obtuseness muuqata a kunsthistorisches aan qiimo lahayn iyo jaantuska Artis,
waqti isku mid ah, waxaan dhihi lahaa danta niyadda qaranka; iyo this, nabadda
dunida ay hubaysan danaha aan fara sida meel si fiican la siiyo ka dib markii danaha
weyn dunida ayaa mar kale qolka bidix, waxaa ka.
Waa shaqo weyn, haddii aan shaqada ugu weyn ee farshaxan rinjiile Jarmal, waqti
isku mid ah sanam la jecel yahay ee qaranka Jarmalka in ay xaqiiq tahay waa, oo la
dirir. warkiisii ee farshaxanka, sidaas darteed in dareen ah, farshaxanka Jarmal waxaa
halkan ku lug. A standenes nuqul cusub oo halis ku ammaanta yaqaan ah, kibirka
dhaw Gallery ah, xafiiltamaan Jarmalka ee Raphael ee Sistine Chapel, oo guntimihii
by tartanka sheegashada ay la sheegaya in ay xaqiiq tahay iyo sheegashada qurux
sidaas baxda. Tani ma aha la taag daran in ay taariikhda tahay, mana la taag daran u
kalsooni iyo saamaynta shaqada. Haa ogol yahay ka dhanka ah sii sida sawirka gacan
koowaad ah-gacanta labaad? su'aal cajiib ah, oo weli! ...
Jidka Baahnayn in la caddeeyo danaha su'aasha ilaa ugu dambaysta, ka dib waxaa
la filan xaqiijiyay by cadadka iyo qiirada ee wada xaajoodka, kaas oo ay hore u
fuliyeen waxa ay ku saabsan.wadaxaajoodka Kuwani waa laakiin qayb ka mid ah si
kala firdheen, ordaya ayaa dhanka kale wax badan ka kasta oo kale oo ka dhan ah
midba midka kale, iyo su'aasha oo dhan waa si adag oo adag in xaaladda la mid ah

waxaa waajib ku noqon wareer, oo daba joogi lahaa nixi haddii taranka ee wada
xaajoodka ay guul xataa baabbi'iyeen. Waxa intaa dheer in badan oo wada xaajoodka
waxaa lagu sameeyey si iskeed ah, iyada oon loo eegin colaadaha ka mid ah sababaha
ay u badan tahay inay sameeyaan xisbiga, laakiin aan ku adkayn kartaa xukun
cogent. Sidaas waxaa u muuqday mid waxtar leh mar isku tolaa ka Acts of su'aasha in
dhamaystirmo ugu weyn ay suurto gal gudbiyaan oo ka dib markii si ka badan ama ka
dhanka ah faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha ay kala kulmaan oo ay suuragal tahay in ay ka
munaaqashoodaan dhexdhexaadnimo. Tani waa hawsha dokumentigan.
Hadda ma yeelan doonaan dhulka caadiga ah ee wada xaajoodka ilaa hadda,
content noqon, laakiin ka dib markii horeba soo saaray nuqul Darmstadt ee Munich
(1869) cadaato maanka bacrin ah waa soo socda, sida nooc ka mid ah dhacdo
sugayay isku duwidda ee labada nuqul ee dhaw (ka 15 August ilaa 15 October 1871)
ayaa la filayaa in ay dhacdo cusub lagu sameeyay, isku. Oo waxaa laga yaabaa in
wada xaajoodka mustaqbalka fido yar haddii Iana halkan duwidda ah oo xukun hore
ku dul in durkiyo siyaabaha suurtogalka ah ee socda marka laga reebo waxaa hore u
daalan. Anyway, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay baadhitaan cusub tago aan la
aqoon waxa keenay waxbarashada hore aan. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaan kuu soo bixin
ururinta this ma aha oo kaliya wixii macluumaad ah ee hore, laakiin sidoo kale sida
saldhig u ah wada xaajoodka weli in la filayaa in ay kuwa aadan rabin in aad naftaada
ku siin dhibaato ah ee hoos u dhaca baaritaanka asalka iyo isbarbardhigga
faahfaahsan. The fikirka iyo rabitaan ah in ay doonayaan in ay sameeyaan adeegyada
qaar ka mid ah in awood this waa, xataa ahayd sababta go'aaminta in iyaga hadda
muuqan, haddii kale si fiican waqti la sugayay iyadoo halkaas oo wada xaajoodka ka
dib bandhiga haddii aan mid ka mid ah oo dhan si dhib leh in la filayaa, statements
dhaqaale, laakiin weli hal dhibic ka helay.
Ugu dambeyntii, dano rasmi ah ee la mid ah ayaa weli laga yaabaa in bulsho,
taasoo si fudud u dhaafo karaa ujeedadu of su'aasha laftiisa. Waxaan halkan nidaam
qabtaa tusaale ahaan shaqo oo waaweyn, qiyaasi ka mid fiican ka heli kartaa in la
ogaado gobolka of farshaxanka casriga ah ee xukunka of dhibic taariikhiga-muhiimka
ah, farshaxanka iyo bilicsanaanta of kasta sifooyinka hantida guud. Miyuu wax la
mid ah in maado kasta oo dheeraad ah oo la warshadeeyey badan, oo ay u badan
tahay in ay leeyihiin wax la mid ah ma dheeraad ah oo isu oo xiiso leh muunad for
probation. hadda ma natiijada guudmar kooban oo ka mid ah guulihii, sida halkan
jooga, on dhan, ma aad qanci karo, weli waa Waano iyo siinaysaa badan in aad ka
fikirto waxa aan ka tago gaadhsiinta qol ah.
aniga qudhayduba waxaan ahaa oo keliya lover ah ee farshaxanka, taas oo ah
connoisseurs ku shukriya diyaar ah oo ay ku ku siiyay badan ku qaatay isaga by si ay
u dhamaystiraan macluumaadka iyo waxbarashada, taas oo saamaysay in dooda ee
views kale ee wax kacsi shakhsiga ah iyo a xukunka u gaar ah oo keliya dhaco sida
ugu fog in ay aaminsan yihiin in ay leeyihiin sharuud ee waxbarashada hordhaca ah
ku filan, taasoo kiiska in siyaabo badan, sida gaar ah aad u muhiim ah ma aha, laakiin
waqti isku mid ah ugu Holbein su'aal adag ee rinjiyeynta ee artist ah. 1) guud ahaan si
kastaba ha ahaatee, waa ma si ka badan inuu sameeyo doonayo inuu difaaco ay

opinion u gaar ah, kaas oo ugu weyn laakiin kaliya on xukun siday suuragal ah sidoo
kale hawshooda waddaa [comp. PAG 30]., sida dagaalka weli go'aansan of fikradaha
matalaan si qof walba ka dhigi kara inuu xukunka u gaar ah.
1)

laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa in mar uun saaraysa waxbarashada hordhaca ku filan? Is barbar dhig ku 4aad iyo

qaybta 5aad.

Hawshani waxa laga yaabaa in aan la rumoobay bandhigid gaaban; yaa laakiinse
inaan yeelo doonista aad u dheer, in waxa wada hadal ah oo la raaco si dhamaystiran,
oo taxanahan ka mid ah falalka taas oo u muuqatay lagama maarmaan si ay u
buuxiyaan oo ay gacanta ku, waxaa matali karaa, ugu dhow ee dooda (qaybta 9)
siiyey sii arjiga ah qodobada muhiimka ah iyo halkaasna ka sii taga hanuuniyo
tixraacyada ilaa iyo haatan si faahfaahsan, sida uu jecel yahay. Tani waxaan
rajaynayaa inaan ka dhigteen in akhristaha raaxo ku filan haddii aan xataa kuwa si
aan dhergin karo, kaas oo ka jeclaan lahaa xitaa ku qabtay in ka daadanayo iftiin
gaaban Apercu. laakiin inuu jeclaan waxa at dhan maqan yahay, waxaad ka heli
kartaa kuwa ku dhex files, oo hore aniga qudhaydu leeyihiin dulmar gaaban oo
macaan ee arrinta ku Grenzboten (II. 1870), halkaas oo, kuwaas oo loo arki karaa
hoostana hordhac ah dukumeentigan, la laakiin sidaas oo kale ma ay samayn ku filan
meesha dareenkooda, taas oo ka badan ka ogaan lahaa sida ay wax su'aal ah sida tan
ama taas, i durayaa, sidaas oo kale ayaa dardaray. Ku alla kii cidduu doono
dhamaadka sidoo kale waa rabto tahay.
No wax ka yar muran ratio siidaayay labada nuqulo ka mid ah image waa ratio
qurux oo dhan iyo fasiraadda waxyaabaha ay, ka dib markii taas oo su'aal siidaayay
marka laga reebo codsan lahaa xitaa in lagu daaweeyo su'aal quruxda iyo su'aasha
fasiraadda. Markaas, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa aan wax badan ka hadlay in
dukumentigan, sida ay la su'aasha ah ee siidaayay zusammenhangen. Waxaa la ma
lagu muransan yahay, inkasta oo ay u badan tahay in loo siman yahay oo la
dhagaystayaasha ballaaran laga yaabaa in xataa weli qaadan xiiso weyn ay u fuliyaan
badan ratio siidaayay xiriirka quruxda labada nuqullo duwidda soo socda, oo laakiin
aragti shakhsi ahaan ugu danbeyn ku sii jiri doontaa mid muhiim u ah qof kasta oo
arrintan la xiriira. waxaa in la lahaa on gacanta kale ee su'aasha fasiraadda by dhinac,
markooda iyo marxaladaha ay daaweyn ah si qoto dheer loo siman yahay oo madax
bannaan ka dhigeen sida su'aasha ah siidaayay, si baaxadda dukumentigan la koray
lahaa mid aad loo; laakiin su'aasha siidaayay muuqataa ma aha oo kaliya in ay ka sii
muhiimsan, laakiin sidoo kale dhacda in duwidda soo socda si toos ah iib- ah,
sababtoo ah ma aysan u baahan tahay fasiraadda hor imaad toos ah oo u dhexeeya
laba koobi sidoo. Dhanka kale, in my opinion su'aal qurux ku filan untriftig si isku
qasan oo leh su'aasha ah siidaayay in sidoo kale lahaa in la faafin sii socday in kuwa
ku jira wada hadal ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku lug su'aal fasiraadda kaliya hal dhibic
si xooga ee su'aasha siidaayay, kuwaas oo in waxa ay Cutubka. VIII ayaa la sheegay
in ay ku saabsan, taaghayn muuqday for hanuuninta iyo isticmaalka ujeedada
dokumentigan. Si aad u badan oo ay u muuqato doona oo aad u badan.
Kitaabka oo dhan waxa loo kala qaybiyaa laba qaybood ugu weyn ee xaq Dood iyo

files. In dooda ka dib markii ay wadahadalo hordhac ah cilmiga guud loo baahan
yahay ee su'aasha ku duwidda iyo miisaankeedu yahay faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha, taas
oo door weyn noo su'aal, siiyey, in files ilaalinaysay by qorayaasha wadahadalo
yihiin macno badan ee suurtogalka ah xitaa la siiyo. Yaa abid dhab ah ku dhufatey
su'aashu waxay tahay fudud si ay u dareemaan faa'iidada siyaadinta labada waaxaha
waayey iyadoo loo baahan yahay oo dhanba. Tan iyo markii aan weli laakiin sida
tixraaca durba dood meel walba meesha ay macquul u dirayaa, erayada gaar ah
qoraaga, mid waa hay'adaha gaaban of nooc ee macnaha file badhkiis soo noqnoqda,
marka la eego hay'adaha dheer laakiin ka waraaqaha ku saabsan ay helin meydkii
daneeya iwm dood iyo hogaamiyahoodii hore iyo Endworte marinka soo xigtay
tilmaansado, ka dib markii taas oo ay la wareegeen karaa in files ah.
Multiple waxaa laga heli doonaa in this document in a hore iga dhigay by in
waaxaha dhowr archive Naumann Weigel, qayb ka qorid goonida daabacay,
tilmaansado khuseeya taariikhiga ah, kaas oo loogu talagalay 9. dhow hoos
document. Taas oo dhan fariimaha hore ayaa la heli karaa iyada oo loo marayo our
sawirka yihiin (ka Fesch, Sandrart, Patin, Wright, Algarotti, Walpole, Abrg ah,
Ochs, buugga Amsterdam) daabacan ee raad suugaan, taasoo keentay in halkan ku
celinayaa sida muuqatay culays aan loo baahnayn ee qoraal maxaa yeelay, marka laga
reebo in Cape ah. VI saari fariin Fesch'schen iyo macluumaadka lagu gaadhsiiyo oo
ay soo saarney Amsterdam Woltmann, kaas oo laga heli karaa files 8, kan kalena waa
laga filan wakiil ayaa laga yaabaa by a tixgelin ogsoon yahay oo qeybaha kala duwan
ee dokumentigan aadan seegi doona taariikhiga (6), marka lagu daro, hoos u dhaca in
kuwa isku duwidda hore kasta weli waa lacag la'aan.
Xaggee in suugaan ku xiganaya dokumentigan ka qorayaasha kale ka soo muuqan
insertions dhexeeya parentheses, iyagu waa ay sabab u tahay qorayaal iyada u gaar
ah, halka kuwa geliyo dhexeeya qaansada ku square iga. Sidoo kale ka soo xigtay
tirada boggaga in parentheses for warqadda asalka ah ee su'aasha, in qaansada ku
square for font this.
Intaas ka dib, mid ka mid ah codsi dheeraad ah. Sida lagu bixiyo taasina isku
duwidda ee wada xaajoodka oo laga sameeyay ka hor imaad dhaw oo ka mid ah laba
koobi of our image, by isku duwidda xogta ka mid ah kuwii lagugu leeyahay iska hor
imaad this asal ahaan, midna waa laga yaabaa inay tahay in la dhamaystiro, oo waa la
ii yaabee ogolaan doonaa this si ay u bixiyaan dheeriga ah, waxaan kaa baryayaa
hoos xaalad in aanay ka dhinacayga by shaqo ku filan oo dhamaystiran ama carqalad
dhinaca kale la bixin karaa, ka hor kuwa ka qayb qaadan doona wadahadalo kuwa,
gaar ahaan haddii ay dhacdo meelo badan ee majaladaha tahay Jarmal i, haddii aan u
soo dirto aragti u gaar ah, laakiin note on meesha of muuqaalka kore ee ay
shirka. 2) ee la xiriira wada xaajoodka hore sameeyay, inkastoo aan ku badbaadi
dadaala jirin, inay shaqo this siin dhammaystirka ugu macquulsan, hase ahaatee
awood at ma tirin on qaybsanaanta suugaanta maanta, in ay leeyihiin xad gaadhay
goolka, oo aad magacaabi in Waxaan ka soo baxsaday kari lahaa kuwa laaluusheen
by bandhig Munich ee Darmstadt kulan nuqul ka mid ah jidka ama mid kale. Account
noqon doonaa kuwa C. (Crowe), E. Forster, K. Forster, Big Th., Meyer br., W.

Schmidt iyo Woltmann heli. Haddii hadda at shirarka kale oo dhan, sida aan ka heli,
joogaan in file ah, haddii kale seegi wax on dhammaystirka, Waxaan jeclaan lahaa
keli ahaan ama si cad in la keentay in nachzutragen tixgelin ee dheeraadka ah la soo
jeediyay.
2)

Cinwaanka: Prof. G. Th Fechner .. Leipzig, Blurnengasse No. . 1

Ugu dambeyntii, edbinta ee soo socda. Sannadka dhalashada Holbein ee,

cutubka. I. sheegay in 1495 ama 1498 waxaana uu haatan aqbalay by Woltmann in
1497, ka dib markii dhawaan la xaqiijiyay for 1495 qorniinkan hadlayey St. Anne ee
Augsburg in la been abuurtay, oo ii note waxaa soo dhawaaday oo kaliya ka dib
markii cadaadis sida kor lagu tilmaamay.
Leipzig, 24 July 1871st
Fechner. G. Th.
Content.
Qaybta First.
Dood.
I. galo.
II. Farqiyada u dhexeeya labada koobi.
III. horumarinta Historical su'aasha siidaayay oo xidhiidh la leh Su'aal Beauty ah
IV. Burinaya ka dhexeeya khubarada.
gorgortan V. Guud. sababaha farshaxanka iyo bilicsanaanta.
VI. sababaha Historical.
VII. Su'aasha ah siidaayay of insbesondre naqil Darmstadt.
VIII. Su'aasha ah siidaayay of insbesondre naqil Dresden.
IX. Arjiga.
Qaybta Labaad.
Files.

Qaybta First.
Dood.
I. galo.
image in la siidaayay of taas waa noqon halkan mustaqbalka wax yar in la
tilmaamay sida "our image" la og yahay in ay jiraan laba koobi, kuwaas oo kala
duwanaayeen goobaha ay joogto sidii nuqul dhaw iyo Darmstadt. mid ka mid ah
ayaa, Dresden, oo 1743 J. iibsaday sidii Holbein'sches in Venice image for dhaw tan
iyo markaas, hoos magaca Holbein'schen Madonna se loo yaqaan, iyo dhammaan
Madonnas Jarmal waxa kaliya in uu yahay ka baxsan guud farshaxanka dadweynaha

xiisaha ayaa farxay oo si ka fool ah goobta of dhaw Gallery ku saabsan derbiyada

qolalka Raphael ee Sistine Madonna dhicin. The kale, Darmstadt ah, ayaa u soo
muuqday aan weli keliya 50 sano ka hor iyo dhagaystayaasha ballaaran ku hadhay si
cadaalad ah oo aan la garanayn ilaa wakhtiga ugu dambeeyey; laakiin bilowgii in
dareenka of taariikhyahanadu farshaxanka iyo connoisseurs la mar walba sii
kordheysa, ugu dambaysta nuqul dhaw ka shaqeeya danta ku dhawaad
berwachsendem, Kuna ugu dambeyntii si xiiso dhagaystayaasha ballaaran oo xiiso
this by badan oo bilaabay in ay kordhiyaan, in ay jiraan had iyo jeer waa ka go'aan ka
soo horjeeda of dhaw uu ka dhacay, oo hadda wajahaya la mid ah sida soo horjeeda
run ahaantii halis ah in quruxda iyo xaqiiq tahay. Sidoo kale, waxa uu muujinayaa in
heshiis la taaban karo oo ku saabsan waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee aad u badan oo
caynkaas ah kala duwanaansho weyn oo fulinta sawir dhaw in khilaafka ka badan
doorashada ka mid ah ama wax kale waxaa sidaas siiyey diirada ugu bacrin ah.
Waxa uu ka kooban ugu weyn ee labada nuqul waa in aasaasayaasha image ee
qeybtii ee la soo dhaafay of 5 guuldarro. iyo horraantii qarnigii 16aad nool Basel
Duqa Yacquub Meier, iyadoo qoyskiisa in habdhaqanka karaamada leh ka hor, ilmo
qaawan haysta in hubka iyada, Madonna lagu muujiyay. ka dib markii taas oo inta
badan si wada jir ah koobayaa labada images hoos magaca Meier'schen Madonna, si
ay u kala ka Madonnas kale aad u badan oo Holbein ayaa barbaro iyo rinji, kuwaas
oo kaliya dhagaystayaasha connoisseur ka ogyahay wax. Oo su'aashu waxay tahay in
dadweynaha weyn jeclaan lahaa inaan ogaado more ka Darmstadt image markii
khubarada ma sara kicin horjeeda ee dhaw. Laakiin dabcan, kordhinaya Jaahil weyn
ee sawirka Darmstadt in maadaama ay tani la mid ma aha Dresden ee gallery a guud
oo aan ku xaradhka iyo sawirrada faafin.
Su'aasha ah siidaayay ayaa in tixraac ka mid ah iyo nuqul kale, laakiin mashquulin
doonaa aannu ogaanno in ka badan marka la eego dhaw sida Darmstadt nuqul ka sida
ay khusaysaa marka la eego Darmstadt muddo ka go'aan badan ee la xiriirta dhaw ah,
waa in la miisaamay for this pros dheeraad ah iyo khasaaraha, iyo danta guud ee
su'aasha jirsado laftiisa in u-ekaanta dhaw ka badan. Marka Darmstadt koobi isu
weydiiyo oo kaliya: Ma jiraa image chtes more by Holbein ah; at dhaw, ma ahaa
xaqiiq tahay iyo quruxda ee sawirka, mid ka mid ah loo isticmaalo fiicnaa ee truest
iyo Holbein, malaha qabtay waxa ka baxsan, aan sax aheyn? Anyway, waa in mid ka
mid noqon dhab ah labada, su'aasha kaliya waa, waxa oo haddii aan halkii
labada? Taasi waa formula gaaban of our su'aal. Under xaqiiq tahay, balse halkaan
waxaan fahamsanahay sida weligood mar walba folgends dhaadhaca ka Holbein
yaraa, 1543kii, taas oo ka mid ah mar walba ka hor inta la muuqaalka kore ee image
Darmstadt ee su'aasha siidaayay ayaa soo muuqday, aaneeyey inay u soo horjeeda
nuqulka dhaw ah, artist ah (ku dhashay L495 ama 1498, d. ), loo arkaa madaxa
Swabian ku Malerschule jir ah, waxaa iska leh waqti fanaaniinta magaalada horeyn
gurigiisa ee Augsburg, waxay ka dhigan tahay meelaha ay asal ahaan ka mid ah
image, Basel, England ee la soo dhaafay.
Hadda sawirada xad-dhaaf ah loo tiiriyay artist this, kuwaas oo aan iska leh isaga,
maxaa yeelay, waxaa jiray waqti marka image duug Jarmal asal ahaan ma
konstatierter in la doorto ku dhowaad dhashay dhexeeya Holbein, Drer iyo Cranach

lahaa 1) , halka uu haatan yahay cadaanyo in horumarka oo in yar oo ka mid ah ama

ku kale oo ka socday hoos Holbein magaceedana sawirada Sucuudiga si our dhaw
Madonna, kuwaas oo mar loo arkaa hogaamiyaha heesta oo dhan images
Holbein'schen ah, in maxkamadeeynta, taas oo ku xiran yahay hadda, qaybsada
qaddar ka sii guud oo keliya ka baxo.
1)

Wornum waa in uu shaqada monographic on Holbein (p. 45) liiska ma ka yar 17 fanaaniinta 'ka sokow kuwa
kale qaar ka mid ah ", kuwaas oo sawiro noo Holbein waxa u sabab, iyo" dadka kale qaar ka mid ah "rabto in
aad si fudud u noqon sida ugu badan. - Kinkel (... In f Zeitschrift ee sawirka K. 1867. p.167) wuxuu yiri:
"bandhiga farshaxanka weyn ee South Kensington ee magaalada London, kaas oo ka dhacay xagaagii 1866,
waxay keentay in aan ka yarayn 63-ka loo yaqaan ee Holbein, oo ka kooban qayb badan, ururin gaar ahaaneed
si kale aan si fudud loo heli hergeliehen ahaayeen iyo ugu yaraan bixiyeen fursad naadir ah inay is barbar
dhigaan sub ku riixay in ay dhab ka arkidda waxaa ;. laga cabsado, maxaa yeelay, ka mid ah kuwa 63 images,
kaas oo qashin badan waxaa ku yaalla, ka badnaan kari lahaa sagaal sida runtii Holbein ee gacanta waxaa loo
yaqaan. "

Tan iyo aqoonta image Darmstadt yahay xitaa weli wax badan ka yar baahsan
yahay kii dhaw, waxaan aaminsanahay in orientation ee dhagaystayaasha kale ku
saabsan waxyaabaha ay fiican tahay in si ay u bilaabaan by isagoo leh waxa
khubarada si fudud u rogto laga yaabaa.
image waa arrin lama filaan ah u yimid qeybtii hore ee qarnigii this si iib- ah. by
dealer a tahay PSG Delahante for sale keentaa isku mid ah si ay u Berlin, oo aan mid
uu leeyahay in la ogaado sida ay u yimaadeen gacanta u geliyey. 2) Sida laga arki
karo gobolka dambe ee sawirka hal gacan tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii this on note ah
qoraal ah, note: "No. 82 Quduuska sawirrada Family DD dhow" in ay iska waqtigan
gallery Ingiriisi ah; iyo qayb ka mid ah image kor ku goday double lifaaqan biloowga
oo amray in la raad raaco taariikhda image in ay waqti hore, taas oo laga wada hadli
doonaa ka dib. In Berlin waxay ahayd dealer farshaxanka iibsaday oo ku saabsan
1822 midkood Delahante xataa 2500 ama by kale cayimay oo walaalkeed Spontini
agagaarka 2800 Taler of Prince William of Prussia naagtiisuu, oo markii hore loo
dhigay ilaa Berlin, oo sidaas daraaddeed ayaa sidoo kale hore u soo xareeyo Berlin
waxaa ilaa in J. 1852 dhaqaaqay Darmstadt. Hirt ahaa kii sameeyey dadweynaha
farshaxanka ee 1830 ugu horeysay soo dhowaadeen inay la image dareenka, iyo waxa
ay muhiimada isla weyn, kaas oo ay markaas sheegan karaa dhaw ka adkeeyay. Ma
tahay diidan in la helo bilowgii, sidaas waa mid ka mid ah doodaha badan taasi oo
markii dambe soo raaceen, sameeyey xaq halkan sida la gelin ayaa sidoo kale
annagaa leh in. Waxa uu sheegay in:
. "Labada farshaxankiisa waa si fiican in ay adkaan doonto in la siiyo hore ka mid
ah doorashada kale, oo sidaas daraaddeed in ay sii mid nuqul ka mid ah oo kale oo
kaliya in ay replica ah odayga isla bilabo, taas oo labada farshaxankiisa laakiin
naqilkii kale waxay u eg tahay in ay shaqo adag xitaa ugu soo maray. waxa kaliya in
aan la aaminsan yahay in la ogaadaa waa in rinjiyeynta ee free Berlin iyo maskaxda
qaar ka mid ah, kooxda haweenka gaar ahaan waxaa lagu daaweeyaa more xoog
badan si ay u dhaw Tani. aan mar kale la rumeysan yahay inay la ogaadaa xataa
hadalqaaday ee sanadkan. "

2)

Haddaba sidaas daraaddeed aniga qudhaydu waxaan ha baaraan in Paris, laakiin Delahante waxaa kaliya
dhimanayaan, oo waxaa loo sheegay in faa'iido andersher macluumaad lahayn, inkastoo aan u maleynayo
lahayd leeyihiin lahaa in la helo qoraal ah ee buugaagta tallaabo uu.

Haddaba image waa in haysashada gabadhii iibsadaha sare, xaaskiisa Princess Carl
ee Hesse iyo Rhine ee Darmstadt waxa uu ku yaalaa; ayaa sida ay meel joogto ah ee
qolka fadhiga milkiilaha sare ah, oo waa la heli karo iyada oo faa'iido ah deeqsi ah
isla kuwii ku caashaqi jiray maalin kasta tahay in saacadaha 12-3 PM. Inta lagu jiro
xagaaga iyo dayrta ee 1869 waxaa lagu muujiyay in bandhig Munich ee photos jir ah,
oo waxaa u shaqeeya fursad la siiyaa marka la barbardhigo ah udaabacida soo socda
fiican ku deldesheen oo nuqul ka dhaw (ee laga tolay Steinla'schen iyo sawir
Brockmann'schen ka dib Schurig ) dareenka of caashaqi jiray fanka iyo connoisseurs
badan image kasta oo kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida la barbardhigo laba images by
hab la isugu gudbiyo by replicas had weli xasilooneyn, sida oo dhan waxay leeyihiin
in Munich sida hore shaqeeya meelaha joogtada ah ee labada images barbardhigo
jeclayn iyagii ka dhigay inay sii adkeeyeen in xitaa isku duwidda toos ah labada iman
lahaa noqotay.Sidoo kale doonayo this ayaa hore u la kulmay lahaa ka hor haddii aan
bandhig Munich ee, in 1870 galo dagaalka ku soo fuulo in 1869th sanadka Hadda
waxaan farxad soo dhaweyn abaalmarinta sanadkan (ka on bartamihii-August
ee). Waxaad ma uu taag darnaan doono in uu la kulmo danta guud, iyo in ay kor u
xiiso for su'aasha noo gaar ah. Dhab ahaantii, kuwa Xajka farshaxan iyo farshaxanka
caashaqi jiray, oo wuxuu qabsaday wararka meel by Algarotti ee, sida sawir dhaw ka
dib markii uu Ankaufe in Venice weli isaga la, dhexdhexaadiyaha iibka ahaa, waa, in
baaxadda weyn iyo ka qaybgalka dhagaystayaasha ballaaran si ay ugu dabaal kulan
ah ku celi qarniyadii go'doonsan lagu labada tirooyin sare oo ka dib markii ugu
horeysay walaashiis Salaan in la yidhaahdo sidaa isha tartami doonaa isha si timirta
ahaa oo qurux iyo xaqiiq tahay, in wixii ay u diriray meel fog ka. Anyway doonaa
sida dhibcood qaar ka mid ah marka la barbardhigo u dhexeeya labada images, kaas
oo horay u ahaa in aan iman in midig ee Reine, siin adag iyo khilaafka loo qabto ama
degeen inkastoo fursad yar, laakiin barbaro aragtida camiridda oo ah aasaaska
sichreres.
Dabcan, waa la sarraysiin doonaa duwidda si degdeg ah labada images ma aha oo
dhan dhib ay la barbardhigo. Sababta oo ah waxa ma aha ee khilaafka waxaa loogu
yeedhi barbardhigo daahir ah markii laba tirooyinka, mid ka mid ah by hawada oo
lacag la'aan ah kaas oo la viewed marayo galaas opacifying kala duwan; iyo, haddii
aanay isku mid, laakiin wax la mid ah waxaa laga heli karaa halkan.
Weliba 1830 Hirt mararka qaarkood ayaa sheegay in uu isbarbar labada images: "Si
kastaba ha ahaatee, rinjiyeynta dhaw sidoo kale waa at khasaaro ah in uu noqday
daruur oo kale ah, oo aad u nadiifinta iyo varnish cusub u baahan tahay." Si kastaba
ha ahaatee, khasaaro this ayaa hadda beddeli, tan iyo nuqul dhaw ah, dib loo soo
celiyo in L840, iyada oo loo marayo Kormeeraha Schirmer ah, ku dhawaad in siyasad
ee image cusub u iftiimaa, halka Darmstadt ayaa weli daboolay huruud noqdo by
varnish da'da, taas oo keliya ma aha Gesamton isbedelka screen iyo khilaafaadka qaar

ka mid ah ayaa hakisay midabada metrik 4) , laakiin sidoo kale ammaanka tahay
gunaanad taariikhiga ah mid sawiri lahaa jawiga, oo run ahaantii inta badan arxan
jiideen in VARNISH, detract, kiis kasta image Darmstadt ka dib markii a shabahay
weyn ka daran yahay gobolka la Dresden helo. Hadda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, daahan
varnish waxa ay noqon kartaa sawir Darmstadt ilaa iyo haatan la filayaa in ay ka
faa'iideystaan, sida ay si weyn u kordhinaya qaar ka mid ah farqiga cad ee dhaw ka
badan si ay u siiyaan dhadhan ee Darmstadt ee habdhaqanka uniform u nasteexo ah in
aad ma caawin kartaa, laakiin dhab ahaantii mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka ay isku hor
aqoonsan dhaw ah, iyo Prof. Felsing sheegay sabab this ee wada hadalka isaga la hor
image ah inuusan ku seegay lahaa daahan varnish qiimo kasta ah. Ma aha oo kaliya,
si kastaba ha ahaatee, in saamaynta wanaagsan more guud ayaa intabadan ay kasin
midabka madow oo ku siinayaa VARNISH suuradda oo dhan, xitaa marka la
connoisseurs qaar ka mid ah gaar ahaan aragti ugu horeysay, iyo xubno ka aasaasiga
ah ee image weli xanuunsada, gaar ahaan lagu gartaa (v. P.6 Ilkaha ) doonayo inta
badan ee connoisseurs abid door bidaan in ay galaan liiska si aad u aragto image la
faa'iidooyinka dhalin ay la Dresden ee, ka badan si ay u la rajeynayay in farqiga
xoogan oo dhaw ma imaan doono dib u soo celinta ah oo nuqul Darmstadt
ah. Waayo, tan iyo waa midabka hilibka dabiiciga ah bay arkeen on casaan ka
duwanyihiin brown in wajiga iyo gacmaha ka mid ah aasaasaha iyo naag celceliska
dhaw image in Darmstadt image, iyo in Dresden image laalaabka laboriously kala
duwan ee khamiisyo madow ee Darmstadt inkastoo Firnises aad u fiican, iyada oo
xitaa dhaqidda ah oo ah walaxda waa ka duwan yahay, sidaa darteed waa in loo qaato
in madoobaato ka xoog gaar ah tacsida mugdiga ah ee drapery, sida in Darmstadt
image dhacay in ay farqiga xoogan oo sawir dhaw ka, Duugga weyn mujrim, ka dib
markii taas oo dib u soo celinta ah ee image Darmstadt faa'iidooyinka oo aan faa'iidodarrada kororsi waa in la dhaw ee ay wadaagaan.
3)

Haddii aad eegto image Darmstadt oo dhan, oo aan ka mid ogsoon tahay saameynta ay Firnises laakiin isaga
ayaa filaya nooca midabayn naftaada waxa untriftigerweise sameeyey in ka badan hal garsoore. Laakiinse
haatan VARNISH in a meelaha yar ee dharka gabadha cad ee yimid off, oon ku helo fursad waqti isku mid ah
oo dhumucdiisuna waxay la mid ah oo waaweyn iyo kala duwanaanta in uu keeno in midab ah Oga. Man
yaabay farqiga taas oo isakaga ee dharka ay u bannaan varnish muuqan dhanka ah-brown hurdi ah dharka
nasasho gefirniststen. Xataa at cidhifka image noqon kartaa a bannaan yar varnish ee asalka samada garto
buluug asalka ah sida ka dhimman meelo godgodan oo noqon samada kadis ah.
4)

Tusaale ahaan: .. Cabirka (a Bem) helay daaweyn jiray madaxa Mary sida tirooyinka kale (duqa magaalada
marka laga reebo) si ay sawir dhaw ee "dheeraad ah oo xasaasi ah iyo in ka badan si joogto ah oo faahfaahsan"
ka Darmstadt iyo masaamiir xataa qiyaasid on go'aanka kala duwan ee labada images, halka aayadda. ilkaha u
badan tahay in uu ogaado in VARNISH lahaa "kala-duwanaanshaha kaliya midabada metrik cawlan ee
midabaynta asalka [in Darmstadt image]" la xiriira.

iyo qurux badanaa Waano haatan waxaa waajib ah inaad, Darmstadt ku ururiyey oo
kaliya in ay la joogo, oo ay maamuuska duuban oo ku saabsan mar kale in uu cusub,
run ahaantii jir ka badan ku habboon xaaladda la dhaw si aad u aragto, iyo waxa ka
mid ah "ugu quruxda badan" saamayn asalka hal maalin buluug iftiin, hadda in ay
cagaaran buluug yaraaday, dhar u baahan tahay la hubsaday oo loo soo celiyo sawir
oo dhan si aad u hesho v Ilkaha uu..

Laakiin waxa uu noqon lahaa ku kibro on our qayb in ay isku dayaan in ay

muujiyaan in ka badan hal aragti arrintan la xiriira.
In ixtiraam this at dhan waxaa la samayn karaa by barbar replicas, waxaad yeelan
doontaa in ay sii saabsan nuqul dhaw in ay Steinla'schen loo yaqaan dhejiya ama
sawir Brockmann'sche si siman caanka ah ka dib markii uu sawir by Schurig, si
kastaba ha ahaatee, nuqul Darmstadt in uusan hadda dheer la daabacay sawir by dalab
sawir Felsing waa; Waxa kale oo la hayo ee saamiga guud ee ka kooban labada
images isku duwidda ee sawiro dulmar ay v gaar ah ka buugga Naumann Weigel ku
archive daabacay. Zahn ee (nuqul Darmstadt ee Holbein'schen Madonna. Lpzg. l 865)
daliil u ah oo waxtar leh in buugga yar ee abid ma aha oo kaliya ee ugu dhameystiran
oo inta badan dhammaystiran waxa ku jira horey jiray on barbardhigo labada images,
laakiin sidoo kale uga fiican yahay in dhexaadnimada ah in mid ka qasaariyeen in
Wakiilada kale ee la barbardhigo this sidoo kale marar badan.
Waa arrin aad looga xumaado oo aan labadaa midna waa ka dhaw weli Darmstadt
koobi sawirada asalka u leeyihiin in, si ka badan inay ahaanina sidooda oo kale ka
tago wax xirfad laawe ah, laakiin waa in la bedelay, waayo, connoisseur ah by nuqul
ama sawir nuqul. Xitaa haddii aannu su'aal laakiin waxay u baahan tahay taxadar
darafkeeda, inuu xukumo ka dambe.
From images of dhaw Gallery sawirrada asalka hoos aqoontayda waa dafiray, anigu
ma garanayo, waayo waxa sabab, maxaa yeelay, in meelo kale oo hoos xayiraad
macquul ah fasax la siin karaa. Laga soo koobi Darmstadt in kastoo ay jiraan a sawir
yar oo asal ah, kuwaas oo la heli karo oo kaliya iyadoo la doorbidayey gaar ah, aad u
dhammaystirnayn, aad u madow laakiin, iyo, khaaliska sabab u ah midabo qaldan, ma
fikiri qowlka ee Madonna iyo ilmaha si sax ah, taas oo laga yaabo sababta oo ah
dhalmo ah fogaadaan isku. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ku guuleysanayso fiican iyadoo
la fogeynayo Firnises jaalaha.
Ka dib markii adhijir oo ka qayb qaatay wada hadalka ku saabsan siidaayay oo
quruxduna xiriirka u dhexeeya labada nuqulo si taxane ah: Kugler, miisaanka, J.
Hubner, Schafer, iligna v, Woltmann, Wornum, Fechner, Kinkel, E. Forster, W.
Schmidt. Crowe, K. Forster, br Meyer., ii ay ka mid yihiin xukummo gaar ah oo
qoraal ah Felsing, H. Grimm, Big Th. iyo Liphardt joogo v.. guudmar ah ku qaatid ah,
wada xaajoodka ka yeesheen isku mid raaci doona in 3 qaybood.
II. Farqiyada u dhexeeya labada koobi.
Haddii aan halkan socday barbar sharaxaad ka mid ah laba images xiriirka oo dhan
iyo in si faahfaahsan oo dhan doona ujeedada iyo xadka ka badnaan lahaa hawsha,
laakiin waa qayb lagu xusayey qaar farqi weyn, taas oo iman hab generic in su'aasha
ah siidaayay, si ixtiraam leh, qayb ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah faahfaahinta oo ku lug
leh miisaanka gaar galay isku mid ah. The kala duwan muuqata oo kaliya, kaas oo
keena daahan hore varnish of Darmstadt image iyo madawga xoog qaybo ka mid ah
Dresden dhexeeya labada waxaa loogu tala galay in qaybaha hore.
The image Darmstadt waa wax yar yar oo dhan dhinac, halka xad ka hooseeya
sawir dhaw, iyada oo aan tirooyinka, marka laga reebo wax yar hoos u ah oo ku

saabsan heerka, taas oo soo maray ugu, waa wax badan ka yar, sidaa darteed content
oo dhan image kaliya si dhow wada riixay oo Joogaba oo dhan u muuqanno depress
yahiin in khasaaraha, waxa si faahfaahsan ka dib ku soo noqon doonaan. isbeddel
weyn naqshadaha u dhexeeya labada images yihiin halkan oo xidhiidh. Tirada yar
slimmer in Madonna dhaw xiran dharka madow cagaaran, halka Darmstadt buluug
asal ahaan iftiinka, hadda waa ku cagaar buluug by saameynta ay
Firnises. 1) muujinta The wajiga of Madonna dhaw yahay in inta badan codadkii hore,
kaas oo aan u leedahay dhaqan wanaagsan selle beige isuga ah qaranimada iyo
graciousness - waxa dabcan soo horjeeda isla mar doondoonaan tibaaxaha kale 2) guuleystay, oo nasta on dhigto iyo naqshadaha nobler ee tareenada. Against qowlka
ee Darmstadt Madonna waxaa loo gudbiyo sida haybadda weyn, sharaf, waynaanta,
darnaanta, dhulkeena, decisiveness, dabeecad, halista, iid u wayn, quduuskadhigidda
diinta, tibaaxaha dhan ahaantii waxaan isticmaalaa, at kasta oo heerka, dhulkeena iyo
adkaanta ginni helo erayo; waxaa soo horjeedda tareenka weli saaxiibtinimo
agagaarka afka. Dhanka kale runtii "ah muuqaalka qurux badnayn caadiga ah" in
Madonna Darmstadt la arkay halkii xaflad wayn.Hadda, aad noqon doonto awood u
leeyahay inuu abuuro uu xukunka, haddii labada images yihiin kaliya ee soo socota in
kasta oo kale, oo si joogta ah ku laaban tixgelin ah ay hubisaa in aragti ah
final.Anyway, waa in, sida ugu fog ayaan xukumi karo ka ilaa codad haatan la gaaray,
dhagaystayaasha waawayn ee connoisseurs yar oo sarkhaansan ay xaqiiq tahay
qiimeeyaa u arkaan meesha ugu weyn ee sawir oo dhan, madaxa Madonna ah,
sawirka Darmstadt madaxa ku dhaw siman ama weydii ku saabsan heshiin.
1)

The cayimay Schaefer in midabka madow cagaaran iyo khamiiska Madonna dhaw soo baxay ka
overpainting ah oo ha iftiimo marayo hannaanka dahsoon waxaa burinaya go'aansaday by ilig v. Saas ma aha
"timaha ganaax asalka la doortay ayaa lagu rinjiyeeyay midab ka badan mugdiga" ahaayeen. Against tani waa
isaga for "hoos midab cirro-cagaaran ee go'iisii of Darmstadt Maria ah laga yaabee asal ahaan loo xisaabiyaa
on midabada caadiga ah ee dharka Marie underpainting cas".
2)

Comp. qaybta 3aad.

Against this taagan ee printouts evocative iyo cad qaar ka mid ah jilayaasha yaryar,
gaar ahaan dhexe iyo tirada dumar yaraa, sida in fulinta faahfaahin qaar ka mid ah,
sida magaca gabar jilba joogsaday oo ku xirtaan rooga, sawir dhaw ka dhanka ah
Darmstadt ka dib. Duqa ayaa tareenka Darmstadt ee ra'yi dhiibashada ka sii
kacsantahay, halka uu, weliba, by retouching sirgaxan [s. hoose] muuqataa at
khasaaro ah. Mid ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha xiiso been in xaqiiqda ah in ilmaha
ee dhoolo Darmstadt Madonna muuqan sida saaxiibtinimo Christkind, halka dhaw uu
leeyahay muuqaal u yaqaanaan ilmaha jirran, si ay laba koobi ee labada views jira on
ilmaha, u muuqdaan in ay la wadaagtay.
By is barbar rinjiyeynta labada images, way adag tahay in lagu qiimeeyo kala
duwan oo qayb ka mid ah la mid ah khubaro ah, iyo dhibaatooyin weyn oo daahan ee
varnish hurdiga ah ee Darmstadt image hal gacan, xoog madoobaato qaar ka mid ah
qaybaha sawirka dhaw Dhinaca kale, qiimaynta iyo isbarbardhigga oo ka mid ah
colourways asalka soo horjeeda in la yidhaahdo wax ku tuura Free iyo sax af

badan. On account of VARNISH, - in markaas ka dib noqdaan dhawr eray - noqon

lahaa gaar ah si ay u qoraan midabka diiran brownish of image Darmstadt ah, oo
korkoodana waxaa meel Qaar ka mid ah sida sifo ah oo miisaankeedu yahay gaar ah
Holbein; noqon oo keliya width weyn ee hirgelinta, Cadilka xusay of image
Darmstadt ah, laga yaabee in ilaa hadda muuqata, sida ay ku xiran tahay yaabaa
mugdiga galinaya kala duwan qaar ka mid ah midabaynta asalka ah ee VARNISH, si
kastaba ha ahaatee, gudcur weyn oo keentay in farqiga xoog ah tacsida maamulaha of
drapery iyo guduudayn ka brown on wajiga iyo gacmaha ah characters yar yar oo
dhaw image ka dib markii hadaladiisa hore sameeyey waxay ku xirnaan karin
madoobaato xoog. 3) helay meel sida labada images leeyihiin lahaa in la qayb rinji
formaldehyde kala duwan, oo marka ka fiirsaneysa haddii ay ka soo qoraaga isku soo
jeedaan, dakhliga Mitrcksicht. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrintan la xiriira, sameeyo
faahfaahsan oo dheeraad ah falanqayn khabiir toona ma aha.
3)

In guud, in kastoo qof kuwii aan soo gudbiyaan hantida caadiga ah cas ee gudcur; Laakiinse bal yaa garan
kara oo formaldehyde artist ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in rinjiga ama rinjiga Reds. Waxa ay iila muuqataa in ay
dhacdo in kasta oo ay adag tahay in la qiyaaso in midabka hilibka dabiiciga ah ee duqa on wajiga iyo gacmaha,
oo muujinaya sawirka Darmstadt ee dhaw image sidii labaad-rinji si ula kac ah in la beddelaa casaan ah
brownish in muuqaal ah ee shaqaalaha dab u muuqataa in ay noqon, Holbein qudhiisu sida ahaan ama artist
qalaad bilaabay image dhaw ah.

Si aad u hadal dheh si aad u kala duwan jidka rinjiyeynta aan la qoran karaa
xaalado hore sida printouts by miisaanka ee sawirka Darmstadt ee rinji "in impasto
aad u adag", halka dhaw ah by Karl Foerster ee ra'yi dhiibashada ka mid ah midabka
Darmstadt image xitaa loo yaqaan "culus, jirdilay", a "yar, ku dhawaad xeelad
toogasho Touche" shaaca ka qaaday Th. Big laakiin midabada labada farsamo images
ka Spezialilten gooni abid ka heli dhow si wadajir ah. Kuwa doonaya in ay sii
wadaan in ay baraan oo ku saabsan qorayaasha, waxay qaadataa yeerida suugaan
isku. Filed under, isku duwidda xogta ku saabsan qaybta 4aad The ugu fiican, laakiin
waxa ay noqon doontaa, oo ay, by saarista hore ee labada kor u soo xareeyaan si xad
la cafin karo, markaas arki is burinaya ee weedhahan xukun kama dambays ah oo ku
saabsan xiriirka ka mid ah rinjiyaynta labada koobi ilaa ay iska hor imaad.
sawir dhaw ee J. 1840 Markaasaa Ananiyas tegey la aqoonsan yahay sidii dib u soo
celinta aad u yiqiin in mid ka mid laakiin waxaan ogaaday wixii retouching naxo
shaqsi u, Anigu garan maayo. Sidoo kale at image Darmstadt ku xusan ma jiro oo ka
mid ah goobjoogayaasha hore, Hirt, Kugler, qolfo leh, iligna v Wornum in ay
leeyihiin sida laga helay, taasoo ku xirnaan kartaa in baaritaan lahayn ayaa laga
yaabaa in si cad faray. laakiin Woltmann by "kormeerka kaliya-farshaxanka iyo
image si faahfaahsan kasta" ku hoos jira xaalad wanaagsan si cad u sharaxay: "Ma
uusan aragto retouching ugu yar, ilaalinta buuxsanto", iyo Bruno Meyer Ogolaaday in
u dhiganta xeel dheer waa at: "Sawirka waa ku yaab dhawrsan ".
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maamulka, kuwaas oo aan ka badan u leeyihiin in ay iska
diiwaan: The Kenner v Liphardt, laakiinse wuxuu isu qanciyay at jeeg hore ee image
ah in ka fikiray, waxa lagama maarmaan ah in sheegi sawirka dhan abuur ah, ee

booqashada labaad, "in waxa hore ee. maskaxda dhibtay, gaar ahaan duqa ah, waxay
ahayd natiijo ka mid ah retouching saboolka ah. " - Tani waxay si wadajir ah oo dhan,
in kasta oo ilaa xad madax-bannaan ee artist ee Th Grosse, kuwaas oo qoray, "waxa
ay u muuqataa in in ay u soo gacmaha shisheeye ka badan madaxa duqa magaalada,"
-. Next W. Schmidt, ku "halkan iyo godad waxaa yar sirgaxan shidan "helaa. -, Just
ayaa shaqo saameeyeen Crowe ee la soo dhaafay, Artists iyo farshaxanka caashaqi
jiray waqti isku mid ah, sida laga soo xigtay oo ah, kadis ah, ku jira "ee gobolka
untadelhaftem" guddi, nasiib daro, si ay u yihiin abrasion dhexdhexaad iyo
retouching per se, halkaas oo ay keeni muruqyadii ugu xasaasi ah. Face iyo timaha of
Virgin ee burburay, hoosku agagaarka indhaha iyo sanka cusub gudbay, madaxa iyo
garbaha of Child Masiix ee meelaha mugdiga ah, dhegta of isla darafkeeda
googooyay, oo afka iyo garka ah gabar iyo jilbajooggii ah xaq ma hadhay Sucuudiga
freshened. "
Sidaas qaar ka mid ah retouching iyo alaabtii halkan, taas oo aan by Holbein,
hubaal waxay siin doonaa image Darmstadt ah; kaliya retouching in image dhab ah
aan samayn isku abuur ah.
Laga soo bilaabo arrimaha muhiim ah ku saabsan su'aasha ah siidaayay yihiin qaar
ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya labada sawirada ee wax yar oo gaar ahaan
su'aasha, taas oo labada sawirada erstgemalte, dheefshiidka yabooha ama ku siin, oo
aan halkan tixraacaan oo kaliya ka dib markii ay Tatbestande in ka dib [Qaybta 5]
waa in la qaato galay xiriira.
l) Ilmuhu hoose qaawan muujinayaa sawirka Darmstadt mid ka mid ah Dresden
image maqan peculiarity in uu ahaa mid aan aqoon ugu horeysay muujiyey by W.
Schmidt sida soo socota.
"Miyuu qariibsado in la yidhaahdo, in Darmstadt nuqul gacanta midigta oo ilmaha
qaawan yihiin; hoos Skokkelund far aad u badan marka suulka la daboolay by
gacanta ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa oo weli waxaa hadhay shan farood kale la arki
karo, xadgudub, iyo sidoo kale ka mid ah odayga, laakiin dhib noqon koobiyeeyay
ah, haddii uu ma aanan helin ee asalka ah, fasixi lahaa. "
kaliya noqotay markii u arkaan in Darmstadt image yar sida goobjoogayaasha hore fiiro gaar ah u
Qoomaan this, oo innaba in sawir dulmar ah iliggiisa ee sawirka by sawir Felsing ee, tan iyo markii
aan helay raad ah farta supernumerary ah, anigu waxaan iyada u sheeg in aan qoraalkan ku
Grenzboten daray su'aal in ay u muujiso in fikirka in waxaasi laga yaabaa Qoomaan u, ka kooban
gacanta wiilka, garabka ninkii dhallinyarada siiyey muuqaalka khiyaano ah oo kaliya uun ku
saabsan top muuqata gaaban yahay farta lixaad, maxaa yeelay waxa ay isku mid u muuqataa ah. .
Laakiin ma aha oo kaliya in sidoo kale lagu xusayey Crowe iyo br Meyer farta lixaad ka dib markii
Schmidt, Haddaba sidaas daraaddeed anigoo aad u hesho si aan su'aal la Prof. Felsing socda
macluumaadka:
"The farta muuqda lixaad dheer ka hor i ahayd, ka hor inta aan u sameeyey in aan sawir, loo
yaqaan oo aan aniga ila kulmo ugu yaraan waxaa si, ama xataa sabab kale ama mudnaanta of our
image Helay rabto in aad. Gacmaha ee wiilka yar waa in ayaa sheegay in wado calaamadeeyay in
taagan ugu horeysay ee height ee farihiisa laga yaabo in ay tala galay sida suulka ah, iyo ka heli in
qoritaanka jagada farta murdisada. sidaas waxaa jira wax aan jirin si ay u caddeeyaan. "
E. Forster sidoo kale koobaya farta ka muuqata kaliya suulka, oo sidaas farta lixaad baabi'i

kara, oo wuxuu ku yidhi, "suulka ee ilmaha gacanta midig oo waa wax badan aad u badan iyo
haddii kale duubay (si ay u muuqato in ay lix farood ). "
Against koobaya br Meyer arrinta sidaas on. "Wiilka yar ayaa gacanta midig ayaa shan
farood, oo innaba ka mid ah taas oo ah suulka ah sababta oo ah farta ku qumman ku daray oo qalad
yar lama bixiyo."

2) J. Hubner sheegay in warqad mid ka mid ah uu helay igu "Pentimento at of

Knabens on xabadka ilmaha taagan gacanta midig" sawirka dhaw ah, laakiin aan
tixraac faahfaahin la mid ah.
3) In ka badan wejigeeda oo dhan iyo qaybta hore ee surta of tirada ugu da'da
dumar socda sawirka Darmstadt mugdi ah, oo hooskii maratay qeexay 4) , in ay meel
la helo sawirka dhaw kaliya, ka fujiyaan a taagta yar maratay qeexay 5) , iyo
xaddidaadda ugu weyn hooskii in muuqataa qaybta la arki karo ee dulmar ah (jidka
ka danbeeya madaxa hore iyo qarisay) ee shaadhkaaga of Madonna oo kaliya si ay u
dhamaystiraan, oo kaliya in, ilaa aan arko ayaa laga yaabaa wali la sii wado ka
fujiyaan waa xaq sare iyo ka hoose uu garka, kaas oo la ballaarinta xaq fujiyaan dhaw
ah. Well ugu horeysay ayaa Suermondt taagay view a in badan ka dib markii
kormeerka laftiisa, shaadhkaaga mugdiga ah ee Madonna waxaa marka hore rinji iyo
permeated kaliya iyada oo qolof wajiga iyo madaxa dadka jir ah ayaa rinji dambe
ka.Woltmann (Sdd. Pr.) In uu aqbalay view this iyo wada jir ah ula a la xiriira
Pentimento (saxo sanamkii by qoraaga qudhiisa) sida sabab u ah mudnaanta ee image
Darmstadt ku doodaya halka W. Schmidt horjeedda isku mid ah, ka dhigay si kaliya
badan oo sax ah waa in isku duwidda mustaqbalka baro waxbarasho, haddii ay ku sii
xuquuqda. The wadahadalada dhawaan on s. In hawlgelinta soo socda.
4)

In sawir ah by Felsing aad u dhalaalaya.

5)

Waa Untriftig waxa qolfo (a Gudiga..) Oo sheegtay in, iyo C. soo noqnoqda ee Grenzboten in wejiga
Madonna dhaw waa la hayaa iftiinka buuxa, laakiin siin Tolmada Steinla iyo sawir Brockmann ee waxa aad
meel kasta ku qanciyey ee lid ku ah awood, asalka ah saaraysa mar triftig.

Woltmann in d sdd Press: .. "From Darmstadt sameynta Pentimento xiiso leh ayaa
sidoo kale la helay laga bilaabo Maqal time, waxay ahayd on midab madow wejiga
naag hore ee Madonna ceeboobin, qaar kalena waxay damceen isla hooska dhibic,
kuwa kale strip ah. arki varnish Mr. Suermondt dhawaan, in baadhitaan ee Munich,
ogaadeen xaq. qaabka jirka ah waa in rinji ka dib keliya iyo shaadhkaaga buluug waa
koray iyada oo ay wejiga ku saabsan rinji, sidaas midab this, u eg ah si hoosku Bilaa.
waa labaad Pentimento la xiriira: dusha ee Pfeilerkapitls hore booday ma si ka badan
soo baxay, waxaad ka Garataa dulmar hore wax yar bidixda, oo ay ku jiraan
dhamaadka usheeda toosan, oo hadda la daboolay by xijaabka naag waayeelka [oran,
tacliiq ah cogent soo afjaray. ninkii duqa ahaa indisputably a hore loo dhintay at
Foundation sanamkii, naag yaraa ee soo socota si ay naag ka dibna weli nool oo deeq
ah]. Kaliya halka shaqada ayaa laga yaabaa in ay yimaadaan aasaasihii fikradda ah,
iyo mid la barakeeyey in ay u yeelaan meel sawirka. Asal ahaan aan la tirin in sideeda
oo iyaga on, duqa u dhiganta dhanka kale, naagta celcelis ahaan - aad ka arki kartaa

at height ee madaxa - iyo gabadha dhalinyarada ah ee laba wiil. galinta waxa naag
waayeelka keena marka hore si fiican in kale laba tirooyinka ayaa aad lay dhaqaajin
afkeeda iyo marka labaad, waxay ku egtahay tiradaasi oo ah Madonna
ah. koobiyeeyay The ogaaday si fiican this iyo siiyey qof ugu weyn tahay meel
dheeraad ah. "
Hadda waxaad noqon kartaa hubiyo in la arko marka hore ka heli la fahmi karin in fanaaniinta
ka soo qorshaha symmetrical guud ahaan, sida waa cad yihiin haatan bilowgaba xubin ugu weyn
waa in doonayaa in aan noqdo maqan, mid iska maleeyo jir ah, oo sideeda oo dhan waa xirfad si
gaar ah in aad sida Holbein bilowgaba aan la aamini karin; oo waxaan maqlay statements adag by
farshaxan badan xaalad Woltmann ee. Laakiin aragtida suurto gal ah haddii mid ka mid ah ayaa
qaba, sida runtii Woltmann ku fikiray, artist ee doonayay in ay sii in meesha ugu horeysa la laba
tirooyinka dhinaca saddex tirooyinka dhinaca lab dheelitirka, Madonna dhammeeyey rinji fikirkiisu,
laakiin, ka hor yimaado koox dumar ah, qorshaha bedelay, iyo tan hadda codsatay in saddex
tirooyinka weiblicherseits saddex mnnlicherseits soo horjeeda, laga yaabee goan sababtoo ah waxa
uu dareemay, iyadoo labo tirooyin saddex ka gees ah ayuu ahaa marka la eego ka yar
wanaagsan, laakiin sidoo kale, sida, labada yar tirooyinka dumar kala duwan wax yar wareejiyay,
sida loogu tala galay ka hor, oo keliya ugu weyn ay suurto gal haysashada booska height ay. Laakiin
in artist runtii jir ah ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa in laba ayaa qaadan weheliyaan xaaladaha la mid
ah saddex ka gees ah, waan karaa xitaa ka ah, caddayn noo image in heshiis guud ee analog, ku
qoran Memling, tusaalooyin Breviario Grimani lahayn. 91, halkaas oo hal dhinac oo Mary laba , on
the saddex dumar ah oo kale oo quduus u jilba joogsaday, qudhiisuna Holbein in gacan barbaro ah,
muujiyay sida mudane weyn, ku daray Apollo dhinac afar, oo dhinaca kale shan Muses ah; Sidaa
darteed si daawashada ee tiro go'an oo dhabanada in kiisaska kale ma la oran karo waa waajib. Tan
iyo markaas, u badan tahay badan view Woltmann ee ila eg tahay laakiin in Holbein qorshaha
bilowgaba in saddexda tirooyinka dumar ah, kuwaas oo aan hadda ku aragno image abuuray, laakiin
naagtii kaliya ilaa hore midig, (waayo, subj. Standp.) Laga soo bilaabo gacmaha si buuxda u rinji
Madonna ayaa doonayay inuu u dhaqaaqo, marka odeyga ka badan bidixda waxaa ka mid ah ay
laftu, taas oo runtii bilowgaba u muuqataa waxa ugu dabiiciga ah; laakiin maxaa yeelay, wuxuu
ogaaday in aan ka dhigi doonaa sameeyo intii u characters dumar ah oo ku saabsan oo dhan, jir ah
ayaa haatan siyaadinay in xoogaa yar oo shaadhkaaga baxay. Sidaas daraaddeed haddii loo maleeyo
in xaq Suermondt ee. Dhanka kale, ka gees ah sida waxaan is-idhi Schmidt ayaa aaminsan in
Suermondt iyo Woltmann ee d. Zeitschrift. f. sawir. Art la aflagaada soo socda:
"Taasi dhintay waa in rinji weli on qaybaha hore u dhammeeyey ka dib, inkastoo ay Holbein
qudhiisu sida W. maleeyo, iyo in hooska in soo saaray wejigeeda iyo madaxa safaleeti iyada oo
darafta buluug dhex-koray, ma dareen xaq ila. Gaar ahaan qaybtii in loo dhowaan rinji waa sidaas
thickly, sida kuwa kale, laakiin ma aha oo ku saabsan in ka badan shaadhkaaga hore u dhammeeyey,
dheehan si a double la abuuri lahaa, laakiin ilaa xad siman, ka dibna waxaa jira lahjadda hoos oo
isku jidh iyo xijaabka isla Nancirung xitaa la tirooyinka kale iyo inta kale ee madaxa la xiriira
meesha hoosku dhacaan. lahaa Blues ku koray, si dhawaaqa noqon lahaa kala duwan. Waxa uu u
badan tahay waa in la arkaa sida hoos maxaa yeelay, naag ugu soo laabtay ka taagan gacmo ee
Madonna mid aad u wanaagsan heli kartaa sida, oo hooska sidoo kale mid ka mid ah kuwii dhintay,
malaha siinaysaa niyad, isagoo sumcad kala duwan ".
Aniga qudhaydu waxaan jeclaan lahaa in aad weydiiso sababta dharka buluuga ah ee
Madonna waxaa kaliya ay noqon doontaa by ee dharka iyo gacmihii dadka waayeelka ah oo aan ku
koray sidii shaadhkaaga by Dhuunta iyo fool isku mid ah, oo waxba ma aha, Dhacdo dhigay
go'aanka si ay u tagaan, ayaa rajeynaya in Halabuurka mustaqbalka ee labada images soo bixin
doonaa a baaritaan cusub oo dhamaystiran la xaaladda noocan oo kale ah.

4) Prof. Felsing wargeliyay in danaha su'aal mudnaanta ii soo socda tacliiq.

"Waxaa la og yahay in ku sawiro Basel gabadha saddex madaxdii ee dharka cad

xalin timaha aan luul ku xirtaan kuwa hodanka ah, gaari hoos kaliya sidii ay uga
timaha tabarta yar ee sawirka, shimmers midab guduudan oo ah midabka ah ee
dharka madow naag dhexe by si ay tahay in la soo gabagabeeyey iyadoo la hubo in
timaha guduudan gabadha in image ugu horeysay ee hoos u sii dhacayay, waxay
ahaayeen sida rinji daraasadda ee dabiiciga ah, oo ay ahayd ka dib oo kaliya, la
fadhiistaan jacaylkiisa weyn iyo xaqiijinta, dahabka oo ganac la tidcin in ay meesha.
"
5) Next laga yaabaa in aysan ku dhicin marka laga reebo FIIRSO Farqiga horey u
kor lagu soo xusay ka dhexeeya printouts dhoola of Darmstadt iyo tibaaxaha oohin
ilmaha dhaw; - The la'yahay Darmstadt image tartiib garka hoostiisa, kaas oo intaa ku
daray in Madonna ee dhaw image; - Markaasaa, durba durugsan ee sawir dhaw, wayn
ee Darmstadt image, qolof ah madaxa tirada ugu da'da dhaddig, sidii tirada
siyaabaha, sida ku cad labada images isticmaalaya qolof ah madaxa naagta dhexe.
6) Ka dib markii gal ka tacliiq baaritaan gaar ah rinjiile maxkamadda Otto Heyden
ee Berlin, nuqul Darmstadt la rinji on shiraac iyo dhegaan kaliya on guddi alwaax, Si
kastaba ha ahaatee, sawirka dhaw waxaa si toos ah rinji saaran qoryaha loo
yaqaan. (Faas First. Waayo, berl. News of State iyo wax bartay, 1870. lahayn. 271.)

III. horumarinta Historical su'aasha siidaayay

oo xidhiidh la leh su'aal quruxda.
Loo yaqaan iyo inta uu nuqul dhaw horeba waa sidaas, waa su'aal ah ee ku saabsan
siidaayay waxba dhacdo isla yaqaan oo nuqul Darmstadt. Its xaqiiq ahaa halkii ay
ilaa haatan unquestioned. Waayo, waxaa lagu iibsaday in Venice sida image
Holbein'sches of Algarotti; in Venice waxay ka soo Amsterdam, halkaas oo news jir
ah wax soo saarka ka aasaasay Meier image qoyska meelaha asal ahaan ay Basel
imaan karaan iyada oo aan la qabsato kale sida image iman. Xusuusnow, si kastaba
ha ahaatee, in fulinta sawirka Holbein ah ma istaahilo ama qof Holbein ee ma noqon
doono ku haboon, sida ay hadda yihiin, iyo in kastoo mar dambe keliya sida walaac
waa la kiciyey, sida in image laftiisa ee noocooda oo shir Holbein ayaa ka yar
sameeyay sidaas, 'qabtay xiirid Arts oo aan jeclaan lahaa in ay xirto maanta soo
baxay ay falsity munaasabadda qiimo ay. Sidaas daraaddeed halkaas oo aanu shaki
waa in ay ka yimaadeen? Marna siidaayay of image duug ah in sifooyinka dibadda
iyo gudaha maleeyeen sheegay ammaan.
Taasi bedelay markii 1830 image Darmstadt ah by note ugu horeysay, haddduu ku
adhijirka ee sawir dhaw ee goobta oo markiiba isaga la xiriiray in uu meel by isla
markiiba gelinaya sheegashada gacanta uu siidaayay sara kiciyey, dhanka ah lama
taabtaan ah Dresden ma sii socon karo dheer. Marka hore, inkastoo ay ahayd (nuqul
Darmstadt ah) faraxsan in ay awoodaan in ay bixiyaan oo kaliya lagu walaalaynayo
soo socota si ay nuqul dhaw ah; oo waxay lahayd, laakiin si ay u difaacaan ay xaqiiq
tahay gaar dhammaan ayuu ka sarreeyaa; laakiin kadib markii ay heshay shahaado
qaar ka mid ah ammaanka waa in, uu ka bilawday ama - in ay door bidaan in ay si

dhab ah ku hadlo - dadka bilaabeen inay sheegashooyinka uu kharash ku ah

sheegashada dhaw, taas oo la definiteness kordhaya kaliya rooga, markaas characters
sare, dhamaystirka yiri qaybaha isla Darmstadt soo horjeeda image, Holbein ka, ka
dibna wuxuu isu helay qof weyn, Madonna, sidoo kale xun Holbein; iyo ka dib
Woltmann dhawaan soo helay in image Darmstadt iman sida ugu fiican ee
Amsterdam dhaw iyo iibiyo jubbadda hubka on dhibcood ay jir si toos ah xiriir ula
taariikhda hore ee asalka Basel oo ay ku jiraan cadaymaha taariikhiga ah ee dhaw in
aanay sii mindi more runtii u muuqatay in ay soo jeedin ku qaadeen, waxba way ku
wanaagsan ku filan Holbein waxay ka heleen, oo la sayid jir ahaa quruxda hore ee
image oo dhan ka saaray. Waxaa ka mid ahaa oo kaliya aad u dhexdhexaad ah,
gurguurta oo la is faham la'aan ah nuqul ee asalka. Ma dhab in fikrad this tari lahaa
guusha, weli ma u baahnaydeen kuwa adhigiinna agagaarka image dhaw sida
palladium duug ah, laakiin waa in ay qirteen in weerarka ku baaqay in ee soo
horjeeda, ka Wornum, Woltmann, Kinkel, Crowe. Meyer, oo aad u badan kuwaas oo
si gaar ah ku heshiiyaan in ay sumcad dadweyne, codkooda aaminka ah ay bilaabeen
in ay jirtay ku dhawaad.
Gadaal u fiiri wada xaajoodka lakiin aniga waxba shisheeye u muuqan, sida
midnimo, ayaa lagu qabtay kaas oo gabi ahaanna ee su'aal isku mid qurux su'aasha
siidaayay laftiisa ah; iyo waxa ay si fiican u qiimihiisu yahay dadaalka, wax ay ku
degto. Bilowgiiba, inkastoo mid ka mid weydiisan kartaa: Haddii aan image ah in
dareen run ah isla dhab ah, haddii ay sii joogo la mid ah oo qurux badan, oo bedeli
kartaa su'aasha siidaayay sida asal ahaan waa su'aal? Laakiin hadda waxa ay u
muuqataa in dhigmayn ku xiran tahay quruxda inay siidaayay. Ka dib markii
Masterka ayaa kaliya lagu amaanay by shuqullada qaar ka mid ah, markaas magaca
sayidkii ammaanay shuqulladiisa, iyo horyaalka doonistiisa, dhaco ammaanaan, oo
bilaaban ka jiraan cadaymo ka dhan ah siidaayay of shaqada in ka maqnaanshaha of
quruxdiisa qaado wax soo saarka, taas oo uu arko ka inauthenticity kaliya lagugu
leeyahay asal ahaan. Oo strangely, waxay ahayd oo kaliya sawir dhaw ka, taas oo uu
horay Holbein'n si amaanay kor ku xusan sawirada kale oo dhan, in waa in hadda, ka
dib waa mar dambe u noqon by Holbein, la mid ah sida aad u hooseeyo isaga
rumaystaa diidi.
Dhab ahaantii, ilaa iyo inta sawir dhaw la wali loo arko shaqada aadkan of our
Holbein, oo dhan codad gudaha iyo dibadda ayaa waxaa la midoobin galay jaceylka,
iyo gaar ahaan doonayay in ay kaga adkaato tibaaxaha la eego qof ugu weyn, taas oo
nool iyo aragti qoto dheer quruxdeeda iyo macaanka igmadey. Waa dhib lahaa
jaceylka ee dhan uu ku daray war qoraal ah oo yareysey halkan iyo halkaas, waxay
ahayd halkii xataa bogagga ama qaybo ka mid ah image ah in ay u badan tahay ku
siin karaan in ay mar ama si gaar ah sida magaca siiyey sifooyinka qaar ka mid ah
midabaynta, muujinta la taag daran ama qalalan dhowr ah characters yar, caadi ahaan
loogu bixiyey Uubo ee raynrayn wax oo dhan iyada oo tibaaxaha euphemistic. Hirt
sheegay in sawirka, "waxa ay sheegtay in sharafta reer Jarmal tahay"; E. Forster
waxaa lagu tilmaamay "mid ka mid ah shuqullada ugu ammaan badan", Fr. v.
Schlegel sida "sawirka daran ee dhaw ', v Tooth. A sida" shaqada yaab badan, oo
keligeed ah oo dhan shuqullada jir Jarmal meeshiisii in Gallery Dresden ee Art waa

inay awoodaan inay captivate ammaanta sawirka ugu quruxda badan adduunka [ee
Raphael ee Sistine Madonna] dhagaystayaasha xamaasad si joogto ah by muujinta
buuxda ee quruxda Art Ruuxa Jarmal ", Hubner qabanayaa "ficilka awood badan oo
aamusan" in aan la kulmaan marka aan "Sistine Madonna iyo Holbein ee Madonna,
ka transfigurations saafi Jarmal iyo Talyaani peculiarity ee amankaag taagan" ka hor
images jeclaan. Mosen, Nagler, v Quandt, Shepherd, AW Schlegel v ..; - Ajaanibta
Algarotti, Wright, Blake, Mrs. Jameson, Blanc, - Haa oo garanaya oo wuxuu ka
hadlaa magacyada oo dhan - oo la jecel galo mudnaanta image ku saabsan oo dhan,
laakiin ku saabsan aragti ah ee Madonna ah, ayaa muujiyay view la mid ah. Waan
ogahay ma ahayn lid ku meel in muddo oo dhan hore ilaa xilligan marka siidaayay of
sheegashada Darmstadt Madonna bilaabay in ay ku garaacday dhaw ah, oo kala hadli
kartaa waxa ku saabsan, waxaan sida ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah wax walba akhriyo
qoran oo ku saabsan image ah ka dib ahayd. Laakiinse adigu isku si ka joogo in uu is
beddelay in. Isla markiiba waxaan nahay, way adag tahay in printouts weli treffendem
Bruno Meyer ee, image dhaw ka hoose si giraangiraha ka katiifadaha in madaxa
Madonna bilaabay, haa tahay in lagu daro dhaf ah ee Misbaax ku ah; iyo alaabtii uu
isaga qudhiisu ayaa intaa ku daray dharbaaxo kama dambaysta ah.
Sida image Darmstadt ah; sida aqoonsiga ee ay heer sare ah ee gacanta ugu weyn
sidoo kale waa isaga la leh aqoonsi ee ay xaqiiq tahay gacanta ku tegey gacanta, oo
taga si aad gacanta weerarka ugu adag oo uu soo sara kiciyey kuwii ka dhanka ah ay
xaqiiq tahay, in la yareeyo xataa meelahaas sanamkii (expression of characters yar).
ee la xiriirta in ay sawir dhaw sii, halkaas oo haddii kale adduunka oo dhan waxay
aqoonsan tahay mudnaanta ee Darmstadt Sidaas daraaddeed in yar Bruno Meyer weli
timo wanaagsan at dhaw ah, Karl Forster awoodo sida sawirka Darmstadt ah. Laakiin
by laftiisa looga qabto dhinacada sida, ay si toos ah waqti isku mid ah.
waxaan Scoll oran koorsada of wadahadalo dheeraad ah si dhow, waraaqaha sida
hore laftiisa ka heli doontaa.
Ma aha oo kaliya Hirt (1830), sidoo kale Kugler (1845), Cabirka (1853 f.), V. Zahn
(1865 f.), Woltmann (1866 f.) Waa in ahmiyadda koowaad ah sida ay baaritaan u gaar
ah oo siidaayay of image Darmstadt ah sharxayaa oo waaweyn, haa qudbad,
faa'iidooyinka la mid ah sida Note gawraco ee sayid weyn. Magaca An Bilaa
sanamkii sidii dib u eegis ama nuqul wanaagsan jir ah oo dhaw image qayb E.
Forester ee (1852, 1859), kaas oo isaga qudhiisu waa dambe siiyey natiijo lahayn, ka
dib a sidaas oo kale mar dambe shaki iskula J. Hubner ee (1856), a ka sii daran
laakiin Direction cagta on kasta oo aragti u gaar ah ee image ku weeraraan Schaefer
ee (1860), si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo la tixraacayo rinjiile Grder ayaa si fudud u
adkaaday. Halkan Si kastaba ha ahaatee siidaayay of dhaw image ugu yaraan ay ugu
weyn Bestande, oo quruxduna sare ahaa, ka oggayn dhawrsada of shaki gooni qaybta
Kugler (1845), lagu qabtay ugu yaraan ay qof ugu weyn ay weli oo keliya mudnaanta
(qaar ka mid ah cabashada inkastoo qaybta Hubner), wada jir ah ula qaar ka mid ah
faa'iidooyinka dileen image Darmstadt ee xeerka waafaqsan. Sidaas bilaabay sababta
oo ah gabi ahaanna ee waxbarashada iyo wada kuwan, aragtida iyo aad u badan si ay
u adkeeyaan, iyo ugu dambeyntii u muuqatay by v. Zahn ee waxbarasho (1865) iyo

ogolaanshaha daruuriga ah Woltmann ee (1866) 1) yimaadaan si ay nooc ka mid ah

soo gunaanaday sida macnaha in labada koobiyada Bestande ugu weyn ee ay si dhab
ah, Darmstadt ee erstgemalte iyo ka dib markii ay ka kooban tahay oo dhan si kastaba
ha ahaatee waa dhab, si kastaba ha ahaatee, labaad rinji dhaw, artist ka Inkasta oo
sida dabeecadda ugu weyn (oo Woltmann aan doonayn inay aqbalaan) iyo Joogaba of
content image on muunada Darmstadt soo ururiyay marka la eego ah ee ra'yi
dhiibashada ka mid ah dhowr characters yar iyo accidentals (rooga, iyo jilbajooggii
gabar ku xirtaan ah), laakiin waxa uu dib maray ee Ree, si aan meelahakan xitaa ka
qaybgalka (qolfo leh, Zahn v.) ama xataa shaqada kaliya ee kaaliye (Woltmann) arkay
taam u yahay inuu arko.
1)

In ay u sabreen in Woltmann bilowgaba dhaw qof weyn ma Darmstadt, laakiin waxa aad u doonayay in la
ogaado oo la weydiiyay isku mid ah ay horey u go'aansatay in kooxda oo dhan hoose ayaa sheegay in shaqada
of kaaliye.

Marka hore marka connoisseurs scharfsichtigster ammaanay, England haatan ku

biiray Wornum (Isbatooraha ee Gallery Qaranka ee London) in uu hawsha allifaadda
ku Holbein ee Life iyo Works (1868) la ilaa haatan la kahdo-of caddaynta ee falsity
ee image dhaw oo dhan iyo waqti isku mid ah ula hore ee ka soo horjeeda wax kasta
oo xukun adag ku biiraya caddaynta oo, haddii kale guud ahaan sida mucjiso ah oo
Jarmal Art ixtiraamo, oo madax ka ah Madonna dhexdooda ah "qaybaha ugu nugul"
ee image yahay, waxaa la "u diiday oo daciif ah by dadaalaya in ay iyaga ku qurxiyo,
ciidanka dabiiciga ah (force dabiiciga ah) (weakely) qurxiyey ". eedeymaha la mid ah
ayuu ilmuhu daboolay hubka ee Madonna ah, taas oo u eeg si Afguduud oo kaliya
"clumsiness" ee koobiyeeyay ah. Holbein jeclaan laga yaabaa aan rinji, laakiin halkan
aad shaqada ee a "hoose (liita)" artist wajahan "Fadilmo caadiga ah ee sayidkiisa
weyn" kuwaas oo naftooda u caddeeyaan in Darmstadt image arki. rinjiyeynta ee
image dhaw uu helaa Holbein ma waafaqsan. Waxa uu qirtay kaliya horumar ee
Joogaba of content image by koobiyeeyay ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale baaritaan laakiin
wareer ku jirta news hore saabsan image wuxuuna u kordhiyaa by a xogta qaldan yar
toona 2) in aad codsato in la haybsooco ee nuqul dhaw ah, oo u maleeyo in ardayga ee
Master laga yaabaa image dhabta ah laanta kalena waxaa ka mid ah qoyska, sida
Waali archetype ah, guuriyeen, ama buriyay ee Netherlands iyo by artist ah Dutch,
nuqul ka mid ah ayaa sidoo kale ka ganacsada tahay ama milkiilaha kale ee image ah
in times badan ka dib, u badan tahay, kiiska waa lumis ah lama ilaabaan image dhabta
ah ee darajo isku mid ah.
2)

Kinkel, by haysta on inay Wornum, waxay habase yeeshee abbitten laga yaabaa hooyo diin markii uu ku
eedeeyay in this loogana ah oo raaxo leh, waayo, calaamad muujinaysa, hooyo diin ah ma samayn, laakiin ka
baxo isaga oo keliya ka dhigi Wornum, di la tilmaamayo, Lssert midkood ahayd in, uu u iibin jireen inay
Mary of Medicis nuqul ka mid ah our image, oo waxaa isagii u yimid iyada oo Leblon sababtoo ah halkii
hooyo diin sida uu warbixin Fesch image si toos ah uga soo gudbin kartaa Leblon Maryan of Medicis iyo
Lssert mana ogyahay midna loo yaqaan. C. soo socota ee Grenzboten mar kale Kinkel. Sidaas ma qaddar in
image ayaa lagu guulaysan bilowgaba in macluumaadka taariikhiga been ah sida in ay ka il sare si kale u
gudbin, weli sii; oo waxaan u maleeyay in si aan macno run saari dhammaan ilaha asalka hore la joogo in aan
qoraalkan taariikhiga ah si ay u qaadatay tallaabooyin taxaddar ah ku qaadeen. Wornum laftiisa, kaas oo Kinkel
ayaa sheegay, "in uu arkay ugu darnayd indhaha u fidiyay in baaritaanka dukumenti oo dhan" in uu leeyahay
ugu yaraan viewed ma dukumentiyada asalka ah. The macluumaad labaad khaldan waa in sawir dhaw ka soo

kacday ee Lssert'schen guriga in Venice, oo inkasta oo waa in haayaha Dresden ee iman, laakiin mid ka mid
ahaa oo ma aha oo kaliya in dukumentiyada asalka ah, laakiin taas oo, sida ay daahfurtay taariikhiga dhawaan
Woltmann ee xitaa ma noqon karo.

Waxaa ma jiro xiiso ay u barbar Wornum ee view bilicsanaanta of dhaw image oo

weli saamayn ku shaki kasta oo siidaayay arko connoisseur Ingiriisi ah iyo
connoisseur ah Ingiriisi oo xukun sanado badan ma hore ka badan taariikhaha
Wornum, laakiin jiritaanka Darmstadt u muuqdaan in ay leeyihiin image waxba weli
ogayn, iyo waxa uu noqon lahaa ee wax dan yar, oo keliya in danta tani ma dhergaan
kartaa in la ogaado sida aan kicitaankan, kaas oo siiyey cilmiga this for xariif
Wornum ee, sawir dhaw ka diidi siidaayay xukunkiisu bilicsanaanta noqon lahaa hoos
ku saabsan.
Blake, ka connoisseurs English, ayaa sheegay in ku tilmaamay inuu safarka tahay iyada oo
Europe (fasax A dheer sawirka qaaradda Galeries London 1858. P .. 51) mararka booqashada of
dhaw Gallery ah: "Tani waa masterpiece ee artist ee dhadhan daryeelka cajiib ah. Madonna waa
wejiga ugu quruxda badan ee abid ka artist a Jarmal ayaa hindisay Eyck'sche Van ku Madonna ma
Waara, ... sidaas macaan, si cad, sidaas regal iyo rugtii (benign) ". Si taas loo gaaro, taabashada
asaanay ah maado sawir oo dhan beeraha ee midabada iyo nooca daacad u aragto oo dhan tirooyin
hoose, la soo gunaanaday: "Waa mid ka mid ah sawirada yar, taas oo dil ugu taxadir in faahfaahinta
xoogga oo dhan ma detract".
Sayidaddii Jameson, connoisseur Ingiriisi ah, in ay weyn shaqeeya Madonna (1. Edit, 1852. P.
111, 3. Edit 1864. P. 102aad.): "An khayroon daahirnimo, sharaf iyo is-hoosaysiinta (ishoosaysiinta) iyo nimcadiisa xagga ruuxa (nimcada caqliga) waa tan u fiican fiican Madonna ayaa
marna la dhaafay, oo aan xitaa by Raphael. 3) mar kale arkay wajiga, ay timaado dib noogu aan ka
xasuusta (daba xasuusta) ".
3) A xukunka

Matic farshaxanka mid ah aloosnayd durba J. In 1723 Wright

England ee view ah image ee Venice ka wiil qaawan hoose, "ayuu wiilka
qaawan yar lahaa si dhib havebeen isna jawaab (haddii aan dhicin odhan
doonaya erayga a) by Raphael qudhiisu ".

Hadda weerar Wornum ee nala ka tegi lahaa si dhib leh aragti kale oo aan ahayn
yaabka oo ku saabsan xaqiiqada ah in uu lahaa dhibic yar on cake ee barta on the i
arki kartaa, la tuhunsan yahay qoraaladii oo dhan, haddii aan la taabtay by dheeraad
ah si goan in laga doodo daahfurtay taariikhiga shaki inauthenticity Woltmann ayaa
faa'iido cusub oo sheeganaya ah wakiillo cusub muhiim u noqon lahaa baxda.
Dr. Woltmann (hadda Professor ee jeer Arts in Karlsruhe), - cilmi xooggan, kuwaas
oo mid ka mid beiflligst a diiwaan, unsurpassable shaqada Wornum'sche ee si qoto
dheer iyo baaxadda arrimood ee soo jiitay qoran, dib u eegis ku dabcan weli u
baahan, shaqo monographic ku saabsan Holbein (2 gu- . 1866 iyo 1868 4) ) leeyahay,
abid wax Holbein ee haatan hogaaminaya vocals, taas oo aanu sidaas daraaddeed
ayaa sidoo kale yeelan doonaan in ay inta badan ka fiirsan, - wakiil in qaybta hore ee
uu shaqada ama of siidaayay of dhaw image ka dib markii uu ugu weyn Bestande,

fikrad di oo dhan , Madonna iyo ilmaha, oo kaliya in uu bemerktermaen xataa

markaas "oo dhan koox hoose oo soo baxay oo dhan accessories" zuwies go'aan ka
horreeyay uu caawiye Holbein ee. isaga, laakiin kuwa lifaaqa ee qaybta labaad ee uu
shaqada (1868) ka dib, la daabacay by daahfurtay in uu ismaandhaafka shaki ah in,
by Wornum madax bannaan, laakiin waxa ay soo galeen in ay opinion, uu horseeday
in ay shaqaaleysato cusub barbar labada images, oo waxay isagii hor geeyeen cusub ,
waxay isagii hor geeyeen sababaha looga shakisan yahay rumeysan translucent, ka
dib markii taas oo uu ku helay goobo kala duwan [s. files ah] u codeeyay falsity ee
image dhaw oo dhan ayaa ka hadlay. Oo siidaayay isaga libdhay halka qaar badan oo
ka mid ah sixir iyo qurux of our image. Qofna isaga ka horreeyey oo uu leeyahay soo
jiidasho leh oo aad u xiiseyn taswiiran sida uu beauty of Madonna dhaw ah (aan
kiiska Darmstadt in ay wax Dambi Dhaaf). Waxay runtii ahayd isaga, "beddelka
dawgeeda ugu sareeya Jarmal, ugub ah oo uu wacdaro ka qalbi kastoo Jarmal ugub ah
arrin fudud iyo Hufnaan roonaantaada ayaa si buuxda u ineffable iyo macaan leh
madaxa ah oo macaan soulful jeclaysto ......... "; iyo muuqaalka hore ee shakiyay,
ayuu sheegay in ay weli "aad u fiican" si ay u sii abuur ah. Hadda oo uu iyada jac
doortay abuur ah, weli waa "qurux badan, laakiin casriyeeyey iyo xoogaa
effeminate". Oo xagga ka Joogaba of content image in ay view hore ayaa beddeli by
doorashada ee nuqul dhaw ka hor Darmstadt si kale u go'aansaday. The image dhaw
hadda waa la Wornum ah, oo ku saabsan 100 sano ka dib isaga oo dhan marti
waafaqsan taaban karo horumarinta asalka Darmstadt ee Holland, nuqul ka mid ah.
4)

Laga soo bilaabo tan shaqeeya hadda waa turjumaad English ah (at Bentley ee London) uuraysatay
muuqaalka, laakiin, sida hadda sida aan ka heli kartaa, ma run ahaantii u muuqday, taas oo ah in ay Woltmann
xataa bixisey ka dib soo gaaray, la soco maqaalka ku saabsan our Madonna waa gebi qabanqaabiyey oo aad u
dheereeyey. Waxa ay noqon doontaa xumaado, badeecadan, taas oo ka mid ah indisputably views cusub
Woltmann ee su'aasha siidaayay of our image oo ku saabsan, halkan aan awoodin in ay isticmaalaan, haddii
aan sidaas oo dhawaan noqon. Sidoo kale ka Sdd ah Haddaan la soo baxay oo saxaafadda wargeyska
Qaranka, waxa aad ka heli doontaa qaaday shuruudaha guulaysato.

Kinkel (Professor ee ku takhasusay fanka ee Zurich) 5) ayaa ku soo bandhigay ka

mid ah Holbein - monographs of Wolmann iyo Wornum in Lutzow ee
Zeitschrift. (1869) gunaanad ay AUD falsity ee nuqul dhaw wuxuu isku dayaa in la
siiyo version ah xitaa adag, iyo sida aqoon buuxda oo co-author of mid ka mid ah
shuqullada ugu qiimaha badan aqoonsan on tahay Talyaani C (Crowe) 6) in
Grenzboten (1869) waa uu, sida laga soo xigtay baaritaan ee image Darmstadt ku
saabsan bandhiga Munich ee, ku biiray qaar ka sii daraya sababaha; laakiin labada
hadlo, K. C. un, ma la go'aan la mid ah sida Wornum iyo Woltmann, iyo gaar ahaan
xanaajiyeen C. marka la eego go'aan kama dambays ah oo ku saabsan ka kooban
mustaqbalka ee labada koobi. Laakiin sidoo kale waxaa nuqul ka yar run waxaa loo
arkaa yar oo qurux badan.
5)

qoraaga of a "History of sawirka. K. in christl. Peoples of our Zaman ilaa maantadan la joogo in 1845."

6)

hay'adda nabadsugida Great. Qunsulka Guud ee Leipzig, sidoo kale artist nafsaddiisa.

Ugu dambeyntii Bruno Meyer 7) in warqadaha dheeriga Hildburghausener

dareenka Xasilay (1870), Jidkuu ku muhiimad aqbalay view cusub Woltmann iyo
gobollada oo dhan, oo wuxuu u xoogaystay by tacliiq ah J. Lessing ee ku saabsan
nooca isbeddel ah ee rooga of dhaw image ka badan oo kaliya Patriots dhawaaqaa dul
cillado farshaxanka iyo bilicsanaanta of dhaw image ka dhanka ah Darmstadt ka
badan mid ka mid ah ka horreeyay uu, kaas oo uu si dabiici ah u yimaadeen inay u
qalabayn in view u muuqday in ay dib u noqoshada ma of view hore; kor bay u koray
isla jawi cusub.
7)

qorayaasha tahay, oo aan garan, yaa saxiixay waxyaabaha BM in v. Ltzow ee Zeitschrift. billaabay.

Oo sidaas daraaddeed ka dibna ku biiray xamaasad ee qarniyo hore for sawir dhaw
ee xukummadiisa ku saabsan la mid ah sida soo socota: "The madaxa dhaw Madonna
waa uun ma asalka ah, ula kac ah iyo abuurista miyir qabo, laakiin fidsanaan fudud ee
nooca asalka ah, sida in ay ka artist ah filaysaa oo dhan hal Kunstckarakteren noqon
lahaa gacanta ugu badan iyo hal oo kaliya dareenka macaan soulful iyo haybad tur,
darnaanta Dhawrsoon iyo sixir maskax leh ee madaxa saxda abginge eray ee size iyo
si qoto dheer ee farshaxanka sare, iyo, si Faransiis ah "le mignon" call. madaxii waa
sida Kugler dheer ka hor xusay, casriga ah iyo cilmaani waa inuu kaliya la joogo ee
maayad diimeed, ma ogaan aan iradka of macaan ee hawlaha ka walise. gees ah u
wayn ee iid iyo quduuskadhigidda dhab ah diinta ee madaxa Darmstadt uu meel fog
laga yimaado in aan .... image dhaw la khaaliska ka dib nuqul aan dumisaan ah
gacanta Holbein ee, iyo, waxa aan ku daray, nuqul ka mid ah oo aad u dhab ah ". Heli doonaa versions taas oo la akhrisan kartaa in faylasha iyo folgends tixgeliyo.
tijaabooyin Kuwani marka la barbar dhigo Waxaan qabaa tan iyo lama filaan ah ku
soo maray by view of siidaayay of dhaw image by Wornum iyo Woltmann, xaqiiq
tahay oo dhan oo kaliya v. Tooth in mid keli ahaan lagu gaadhsiiyo cry oo soo
bandhigaan waxaan Zeichn lagu qoray in f archive ah .. K. soo saari by Ernst Forster
in maqaalka ah Augsb. Kale. Oo wargeyska ee Karl Foerster 8) qaaday in
sumaddeedii la go'an tahay ilaalinta, oo ay ku jiraan i statements qoraal ah by H.
Grimm, Big Th. Oo J. Hubner ku amri karaa in isku jiho, waxaad ka helli macno
gudbiyay doonaa hoos. Dhanka difaaca ayaa la mid aamusan oo afka waxaa dhab
badan.
8)

Herzogl. Golaha ee Meiningen, dealer tahay, xaraashe iyo sooceliye tahay, dhawaan buug ka dhan ah habka

dib u soo celinta Pettenkofer, horaantii yar buug kale "Fikradaha, Matxaf rinjiyeynta" (1866) ayaa iman.

The Taabashada sawirka Darmstadt, sidaas ayaa waqti isku mid ah, ka la'aantiis,
ogaaday dhowr retouches [arko. Cutubka. II.] Karl Foerster la decisiveness ah oo
go'aan ka mid ah horjeeda ee dhaw image siinayaa waxba abuur ah iyo Holbein ayaa
sheegay in aan istaahilin, iyo Ernst Forster xisaabtiisu design oo dhan image
Darmstadt ee qaybo ka mid dhanba (gacmaha iyo cagaha carruurta), sababo isku mid
ah oo ku saabsan a caawiyeyaasha qoray. Dhanka kale, sida K. Forster muujinaysaa

laakiin ma disinclined si aad u samayso design iyo music soo jeeda of image
Darmstadt ah in xitaa codsato shaqo Holbein ee - Dabcan fulinta waa 80 ilaa 100
sano ka dib, ka yimid ah fanaaniinta fog yar - iyo E. Forster ah qayb dhan ugu weyn
ee image ah ma aha oo kaliya awood dhawrsan, laakiin go'aansaday Holbein xaq
mariyey, si aannu u nidhaahno in, ugu yaraan sidii ay uga bixi votes dadweynaha
hodan, ma soo horjeeda si siman go'an of siidaayay of image Darmstadt sida image
dhaw waxaa lagaga dhex tegey. E:. Ranger gaar ahaan, waxaa sidaas u maleeyo "The
image Darmstadt waa asalka ah, si toos ah rinji ka dabiiciga ah inta lagu guda jiro
fulinta oo dhan laga aqoonsan yahay Holbein saamaynta sanamkii Fara shirka, mar
kale bilaabay la gargaarka kowaad iyo waxbarashada uu ( oo waxaa la helay in
Museum Basel ah), taasoo ka dhigeysa dhamaystirka rinjiyeynta asalka gacmaha
kale, laga yaabee in uu aqoon isweydaarsi ".
Si dambeyntii odhan dhawr eray ka mid ah meel u gaar ah oo ku saabsan su'aasha
ah, sidaas darteed waxaan raacay wada xaajoodka ka badan u digtoon, wuxuu
sameeyey wixii u jooga inay bandhig Munich ahaa, anigoo khuseeya taariikhiga ah ee
Naum. Weig. Archives tixgeliyey, siin muuqaalka guud ee su'aasha in Grenzboten ah
aniga iyo sanadkii la soo dhaafay, sida ay weli dhacaya, sharxay by kooban of
sababaha jaaniska baaxad weyn oo siidaayay labada koobi. si ay go'aan kama
dambays ah laakiin aan diido tan iyo intii aan ka heli kartaa ma waraaqo ku filan in.
IV. Burinaya ka dhexeeya khubarada.
Ka hor inta aan isku dayno in uu abaabulo arrimaha ku soconnay, innagu waxaynu
nahay kaliya ee wax buuq la mid ah. Ma jiraa waxba iidda, dabcan guud Standenes
waxa la wareegay in su'aasha? Mid ka mid ah ayaa dhihi kara: No, waxaan ku
dhaxjiraan saaraysa xukummadii khubaro ku saabsan qodobada kala duwan ee ku
yimaadaan su'aal tixgelin, la-upka ugu guud iyo horumar si ay ugu gaar ah. Waxaa
lagama maarmaan ah in la helo aragti ah ee gobolka of su'aasha at dhan hortooda ku
dhow iyaga la soo galo.
Woltmann ayaa waqti maxaa yeelay, wuxuu dhawray nuqul dhaw ah ka dib markii
uu ugu weyn Bestande xataa dhabta ah (in uu Holbein) ayaa sheegay in uu, immika
ka imaanaya Basel si Darmstadt, "addeecidda buuxda" ee Darmstadt image "guud
ahaan iyo dadka" la Holbein'schen ku yaala sawiro Basel ayaa lagu ogaaday in "sawir
dhaw ka dhaqaaqi weyday in sida degree show a" iyo ka dib jeedo hoos tixraaca
waafaqsan in ay baaritaan ku xiga ee image Darmstadt ee bandhig Munich ee (sdd
Pr ..); "Wuxuu arkay oo baaray kasta oo ka mid ah laba shuqullada joogta ah, oo
waxaa isaga si uu u noqdo xaqiiq ahaan:. The image Darmstadt leeyihiin oo dhan
muuqaalada asalka ah, Dresden ma" Sidoo kale sharxaysaa br Meyer, oo wuxuu lahaa
oo ku dhaw iyo Munich "iyadoo ay kaalmo ka mid ah connoisseur farshaxanka
caanka ah -. In Munich Woltmann ayaa laftiisa - labada images isku xigta si deg deg
ah, inta iyo inta badan, xaalad wanaagsan sida iyo Xoolo ah oo la arkay ay qofka iyo
qoraalada sida ayaa la siiyaa, si fiican baaritaan weli ma mid fursad u ah waxaa la
siiyaa ", iyo gabagabo uu barbaro, image Darmstadt waa asalka ah oo qiimo leh,
sawir dhaw ku sugan xagga Eebeyna ka dib nuqul," aan dumisaan ah gacanta Holbein
ee " waxaan [Cutubka. III.] Read.

Against this annana waannu ku maqli Karl Foerster: "Haddii innaba nabadu jirin
sawir Darmstadt ayaa muujinaysa muuqashadii dembigooda u dhow Holbein, sidaas
oo kale waxaa baaba 'indhaha ka af baaro ka hor, sida in aad ku dari kartaa
dhamaadka ay baaritaan ka badan in loogu talagalay oo ku weheliyay Holbein la
hadlayay dabeecadaha qofka iyo sifooyin in image ah taas oo malo kiis kasta, laakiin
waxa ka socda. Tani waxay ku yidhaahdeen gacantayda waa natiijada si toosa ah, ka
dhigay si faahfaahsan ugu yar, baaritaanka unprejudiced ee image ku salaysan aan
aqoon gaar ah oo aad u saaxiib ah odayga, ma fikrad, laakiin caddaynta ku salaysan
hooseeya, Xukuntay adag, oo aan ku tusi doonaa hoose oo sababaysan. Qaar badan
oo ka mid ah saaxiibaday, masuuliyiinta tahay marka hore waxaa la raacio view la
mid ah, dadka oo dhan hortiisa xirfad yaqaana iyo hodan, waayo-aragnimo bisil.
Holbein share weyn suuradda, ama si buuxda u sheegtaan in aadan, waa, ma ay
garanayn isaga. " Hase yeshe, "keenaysaa Picture dhaw ka hadlay sidii hab sayidkiisa
farshaxanka weyn iyo maskax in ay gabi ahaanna labadaba haybta ay minutest ku hay
in Jaahil ah oo kaliya of shuqullada Holbein ama qabatinka micnela'aan inay soo
opinion ah diidmada ah, weeraraan laga yaabaa asalnimada ee image ah. Ma jiro nin
run ahaantii waa ogyahay artist ah, oo waxay u iman doonaan inay maanka, halkaas
oo run kadhex ina hor leh fikradaha iyo fikrado hawada markaas xaqiiq ahaan u, in ay
doonayaan in dagaal aaminsan go'an. "
Wornum u eg Woltmann in Darmstadt image "mid ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan oo
ugu dabeecad midab shaqeeya Holbein ee", halka sida lagu sheegay warbixin of
rinjiile dhaw Grder, "kaas oo nuqul Schafer ayaa image dhaw jeer, shuqullada
Aabbahay Holbein iyo wiilashiisa, oo ka mid ah Hans iyo Walaalkiis Ambrosius
Holbein, bartay, oo aqoon ka hor in isaga deeq waxbarasho ee dhaw image, safray
Darmstadt, hoosaysiiyo image degaanka degree siman, ayaa u yeedhay ku tacaluqda
sida macnaha "in image Darmstadt ma by Hans Holbein ah waxaa laga yaabaa in yar
iska cad in ay ahayd in ay dhacdo wax kasta oo nuqul ka badan replica loola dhaqmo,
ay midab iyo hab brushwork aad garabaka Ambrosius Holbein, laakiin waxaa laga
yaabaa in la suurto gal rinji indhaha u Hans Holbein "kuwaasoo xukunka waa
Woltmann hoos qaadataa weedhaha xoog 1) , laakiin in aysan si looga hortago in
sidoo kale K. Forster ayaa dhawaan mar kale waxba nooca iyo faa'iidooyinka ka mid
ah rinjiyeynta Holbein ee Darmstadt image helaa.
1)

"Mr. Grder ayaa laga yaabaa in toogasho conversationally sheegay, oo aan fikirka dheeraad ah, iyada oo
aan ogaa inuu la si cad u daliishaday lahaa sida mid amar ah. Sida uu sharaxayaa marka sida la sheegay la
tixraacayo saddexda cadaalad qiimo lahayn, aad ka farxinno, laakiinse guri oo wax yar turbid images yar oo
Ambrose aan sheego in ay tahay wax aan macquul aheyn in farshaxan nugul Raadinta imtixaanka dhabta ah ka
heli kartaa muuqashadii ah in masterpiece in colouristic halkan.. image Mr. Shepherd in Darmstadt sida images
ee Basel dhawaaqay doonaynin uu doonayay iska jira, wax dibadda sida Keckes sida sabab "(Woltmann ee
Holbein WAA 322).

Kugler helaa rinjiyeynta ee dhaw image ka dib markii la eego gaar ah, H. Grimm
qaybo gaar ah, Wornum abid ka lilan Holbein, K. Forster helaa abid waafaqsan
Holbein.
Sida laga soo xigtay qiimayn ah qolfo leh, mid Wornum, Woltmann, br Meyer. Waa

in kiis kasta oo ka dhigan tahay in farsamo midabka noqon doono mid aad u kala
duwan in labada sawirada, halka Th. Waxaa Big u qalantid [s. faylasha] helay isku
labada images.
Cabirka (.. A Bem) qaadataa sawir dhaw ka isku mid ah oo midabo ay la Wehbe isla
Holbein'schen of Bonifacius Amerbach sidii sifo in sheegashada keentay Wornum
Halkii, heli isku mid ah oo la taaban karo ku Darmstadt (p 164 ee uu shaqada.); v. ilig
ka dhigeysa gabagabada ka mid ah laga saaray midab bunni ah image Darmstadt ee
ay xaqiiq tahay la doorbidayo ka hor dhaw, ma codsan maxaa yeelay midab this ku
xiran tahay inta badan varnish madawga.
Algarotti faanaa 1751 "runta ah midabaynta" ee sawirka dhaw ah, iyo helaa "rooga,
dhar, isku sharrixi" habeeyey "in mid ka mid ah kooxda waxyaalahaas oo keliya ku
filan lahaa in ay sameeyaan sida rinjiyeynta kasta oo qiimo leh". Against Meyer
(1870) laga helay qalabka sawirka isla "cadda oo aan barbaro rinji" iyo "ordi runtii
murugaysan" rooga. Fr. v. Schlegel jecel yahay (1802) oo ku saabsan "chords
midabka saafi fudud" ee image sida a "raad ah Holbein ayaa xoog u gaar ah iyo
bilowgii xooggooda", si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida laga soo xigtay Meyer, "oo dhan ka
dhigaysa aragti ah daciif ah image pastel ah iyo wada noolaanshaha ka maqan yahay,
ku asalka distinguished ". Meeshu jir connoisseur tahay Walpole (1762), midabka ah
ee image Dresden ee "hawlaha indhaindhaynta qurux badan", gaar ahaan "la mid ah
ee dhir caraf ah kuwa sii xoogaysanaya barafka (in ubaxyada enamelled), kaas oo
Holbein ahaa sidaas ku waani," iyo K. Forster waxaa wadaaga "sitaa ah midabka
dhalaalaya cad "ee images kale Holbein ee; halka Meyer midabka "qalalan, boodhka,
tamaashiir" wicitaanada, laakiin Hirt oo ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka kale ee image in ay
wax "burush xaday" reebaysa in "shuqullada dhaqmayaan badan oo ka mid ah
banaanka iyo Light." Against helaa K. Forster "ka yar, ku dhawaad xeelad toogasho
Touche Holbein ee" in image ka dib markii Algarotti hore ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka
sanamkii muujiyay eedeeyay daaweynta Hirt, iyo Shepherd ayaa image ee
dhaleecayn adhijirka ee.
Kugler helaa daaweynta coloristic of image Darmstadt ee Zaman ee Holbein ee
hawlaha farshaxanka in ay 1529 sida; Wornum sidaas baxa dib by, waxa ay
malaysanayaan muddo ah in 1526 si ay u dhamaystiraan, Woltmann sii by sano ilaa
xad la soo dhaafay iyaga hayo ka hor inta Holbein ee ugu horeysay u safraya England
oo ku saabsan 1526 sida, iyo v. Ilig The dheeraad ah, ka dib markii waxaa isku xira
aragti guud ee midabaynta ee image Darmstadt ee aad u dhow in ay saamayn
midabka shuqulladiisa hore Holbein ee Augsburg iyo Munich, kaas oo lagu yaqaan
dhamaaday 1516th ee The image dhaw dhigaya Woltmann ka dib markii uu
rinjiyeynta ka dib 1529 Cabirka ka hor 1529, oo ku saabsan 1524 ama 1525
go'aansaday; Shepherd waxay aaminsan in xitaa (si nabad ah aan sax ahayn) waa in la
taariikhaysan ilaa 1521st
Haddii dunida oo dhan, xataa Wornum, ee Joogaba of content image ee dhaw
image ku helaa dheeraad ah oo faa'iido badan in Darmstadt, Woltmann oo kaliya
Bruno Meyer qeybsanaan, Woltmann xitaa helay si degdeg ah faa'iidada badan, hadda
beddeli.

Kugler ka heli dhaw image Inkastoo gacanta Holbein ee ku characters yar, laakiin
ka yar in Madonna la ilmaha mar kale; Xadadka v. Ilkaha dhab beddeli. Grosse
jawaabay iga su'aal, haddii aad haysato sabab beeniya characters yar sawirka dhaw ka
dib markii ay rinjiyeynta Holbein, la No. Comunale
Ka dib markii Hubner iyo v. Xoogaga artist qudhiisu Fitzpatrick iyo horumarinta
kor kala guurka ka Darmstadt in nuqulo dhaw in matalaad ah ee Madonna in ay shir
Jarmal tahay rinjiile, u degay Wornum iyo Meyer of Kopist waa ka fog ee hoos ku
fanaaniinta asalka ah. Wornum helaa Madonna Dresden ee abid aad u daciif ah in ay
ku kalsoon tahay in la Holbein, Woltmann helay iyaga hore aad u wanaagsan in aan la
aamini Holbein, iyo helaa iyaga yar qurux badan hadda, ka dib markii uu mar dambe
isku halleeyey, Holbein.
Wornum filaysaa hadal Carruurta Masiix in midnimo la Madonna oo ka mid ah liito
ugu weyn ee dhaw image oo ka heli qof ka badan ee maskaxda labadaba image
Darmstadt ah; halka Tooth v. "raagid gaar ah iyo la'aanta daabacayaa shaqsi" helay
Infant Masiixa ee Darmstadt image, iyo Big "hormarsataan farsamo ahaan aad uga
yar aamin" madaxa Madonna Darmstadt iyo ilmaha, haa tahay, sidii ay uga bixi
wuxuu xusuustaa, "kaalmihii zusammenlasiert "helaa.
Woltmann na ka dhigaysa ogolaansho aad caadi u ah madaxdii sawirka oo dhan
characters sare sawirka Darmstadt sida koboca tahay dhegeysiga, "macneeyeen
macaamiloon iyo fineness" raacay madaxdii isla sawirka dhaw ka dhacsan yahay, taas
oo ay isaga sheegtay fasax gaar ah ka br marka la barbar dhigo. Meyer oo dhan
"Noolayn oo adag marka la barbar dhigo "," ka muuqan qalalan iyo alwaax, "halka
Algarotti maqlay naadiyaan in madaxdii qalalan iyo alwaax of dhaw image hor jeer
Ranjiile Talyaani:" taasi waa nolosha, waxba ma aynu rinjiga laakiin waji, "iyo K.
Forster wuxuu leeyahay," ayuu madaxdii [in Darmstadt image] waxaa ka mid ah
fikrad aad u qiimo leh oo aan saafiga ah sifo Holbein iyo aan garashadiisii
farshaxanka, "Grosse gacanta kale," maleeyay in madaxdii sawirka sawirka
Darmstadt si aad u aragto in ay isku mid yihiin, waayo, dabeecadda, mararka
qaarkood ma dhib la'aan, rinji " halka ay "waa dhan ammaan ah oo xasilloon, laakiin
sidoo kale wax yar qabow iyo macaan badan ee Darmstadt ahaayeen," in Dresden
image oo ka dhacay madaxa duqa xitaa goobaha "aan rasmi ahayn", sidoo kale K.
Forster madaxa this "in daaweynta picturesque by kharash badan oo lacag lagula
socdo ee xog weyn habase yeeshee Holbein ee "helaa.
Woltmann yidhi: "In si la mid ah sida madaxdii ugu jira in Darmstadt image
gacmaha ku hadla oo ku nool Daaweynta buuxa gacmahayga waa baaritaan of
Holbein weligood mar walba Gaar ahaan in arrintan la xiriira, Dresden ee nuqulka
ugu yaraa ..", Oo isagu wuxuu taas sii qaadataa ka cayn hoose-xusay. 2) in uu helay
gacmo dumar ee dhaw ee nuqulka "xasilooneyn" sida rinjiyeeyay Darmstadt, mar
kale u jawaabay oo la adkeeyay ah "No" Against waxa Big su'aasha aan cad, oo isaga
note qoran ayaa sheegay in, "ku dhawaad daciif ah oo madhan tahay gacanta ka mid
ah [Darmstadt] Madonna ". K. Forster laakiin muuqato: "gacmahooda [on Darmstadt
image ah] show mana dareenka verisimilitude mana ganaaxa dhex waxbarashada
Holbein ee."

2)

"Xitaa haddii aan la helin nuqulka labaad vorbanden lahaa, sidaas darteed shaki Holbein ee version qoray
kici lahaa. One aqoonsan Master had iyo jeer on taxadir u daran oo ay u taag kartaa gacmaha naag ka cuffs ah.
Gabadha yar yar ee gacanta sawir dhaw, laakiin of fineness sida iska. il kasta oo suugaan sameeyay in ay u
muuqato doonaa wax aan macquul aheyn in gacmaha artist isla rinji on rinjiyeynta iyo sawirka daah xiga ee
Morret, dambe ku dhici karaa isku mid ah ka dib. waxay noqon kartaa waayo Madonna waxay noqon xaafadda
mar dambe ma aad khatar u ah. "

v. Ilkaha abid ugu baaqaysaa "gacmaha iyo cagaha oo dhan Darmstadt sawirtaa
fiican qumman oo la sameeyey" iyo gaar ahaan "of Child Masiix cagta midig la
la'yahay maqaarka sawir dhaw ka qabsatay 3)mucjiso runta ah nooca" iyo Woltmann
filaysaa (Pr Sdd..) cagaha ilmaha Masiix at dhan in ay meelaha ugu fiican amaan ee
Darmstadt image. Against sharxayaa E. Forster: "ilmaha hoose qaawan [sawirka]
xagga bidixda ka ah waa badan aad u badan iyo haddii kale duubay (si ay u
muuqdaan in ay leeyihiin lix farood 4) , si buuxda u soo baxay tiro oo aad ku qoran
labada gacmood ee sare ilmahaaga, iyo cagtiisa midig xadgudubyada ku dhowaad ah
clubfoot ", taas oo aan la helay dhaw image isaga, iyo Aragtidiisa in qaybo ka mid ah
kuwan waxaa billowda oo uu gacanta ku xigeenka ah, qiil. Laakiinse haatan, ka dib
markii E. Forster cagaha saxda ah ee ilmaha koowaad ee Darmstadt image yeedhay
clubfoot aan taabashada bidix, loo yaqaan K. Forster "cagaha xaq u ilmaha
masterfully rinji, gacanta bidix amateurish in design iyo dil 5) . iyo nasiib daro, waa
in mid ka mid noqon tusaale dambe yar oo ah wixii lagu tiriyo ee u dhexeeya labada
connoisseurs, ku dar: ex ungue leonem, in aad isticmaali karto libaaxa
Aqoonsanaysaan ka dhaleeceyn farshaxanka ciddiyaha ag dhigteen ilmaha, kuwaas
oo libaax laftiisa dooxeen ah.
3)

Waxa ay u muuqataa ii this aan la baaro salka laakiin kor ku xusan canqowga ah, daabacan khadadka ku
dhaw image kaliya taagta daran.

4) Comp. halkan on Cape ah. II.)

5) khilaaf ma aha xaqiiqada ah in ku saabsan cagaha ujeeddo saxda ah ee ilmaha waxaa ka
dhacaday ee bidixda, oo intaas oo kaliya magaca isla Fchens laftiisa soo horjeedda in laba
qiimeeyeyaal, laakiin sida ay booska taas oo uu leeyahay ilmuhu sawirka, waa cagaha, taas oo ah
mid ka saxda ah ee ilmaha, xaq u dhacaday ah. Haddii aan garsoore ka go'an wareer ah ee xasuusta
ee qoraalka ah, dabcan, waa dhicis xaakinka, laakiin waxaad u baahan tahay waa ma ahan oo
keliya in ay ka koobbantahay ee is burinaya kale.

From Woltmann koobiyeeyay ee Darmstadt image waxaa ugu dambeyntii la siiyay

(Sdd. U. Pr. Dhalashada Zeitung.) Taasi waa "artist ah oo ay ka buuxaan sirdoonka,
dhadhanka iyo fahamka model ah," artist ah "full of aragti weyn oo xirfad weyn"
ahaa, "in daaweyn jiray in hannaanka la suurto gal anbequemte aaminnimo iyo
weynba iyo xitaa meesha uu wax ka beddeli mayso ka door ku dhacay", laakiin hubi
inaad Wornum, oo sida xaqiiqada ah ka dib markii Woltmann, ka "clumsiness kaliya"
ilmaha dhoola ee asalka ah, a Afguduud-raadiso sameeyey, ee (hubaal la'aan ah oo

aragti) wareersan midabka dharka ee Madonna ka dib markii Woltmann oo

dhamaystiran "ismaandhaaf "ayaa soo bandhigay shuruudaha naqshadda, taas oo uu
leeyahay (hubaal la'aan ah oo daacad) casriyeeyey qof ee Madonna ah by Kugler,
Woltmann iyo Meyer, kuwaas oo uu leeyahay (sida xaqiiqada ah soo saari sawirka ku
caan cad madax image Darmstadt ku xad qalalan oo alwaax ka la'aanta ruux, ka
(hubaal ah tastelessness) "" isagoo qasdigiisu yahay u hagaajinta "ee Joogaba, ee
asalka ah dartay" "ayaa, oo aan xor ka ah" Zopfigem "waa, waxaa la socda, si kastaba
ha ahaatee, way adag tahay in la yidhaahdo sida iilata ama ruuxba, dhadhanka,
fahamka model ah , aragti, xirfad iyo daacadnimada ay heli waayeen Xusuuso a
laudatory, oo sidaas daraaddeed, maxaa yeelay, xataa br Meyer, muddo dheer ku
xidhan Dhawrsoonidiinna kasta oo dhinaca ah shaqada balac hore dhammaan kuwa
epithets laudatory for artist ka mid ah la mid ah ..
Hadda waxaad si fiican u odhan: Taasi waxay ahayd oo aan waxtar lahayn,
codkooda diidani koobi ceeriin ku xiga; Saas ma aha, waxay ahayd bilowgaba,
xukummada si adag kala haadin iyo in ay u hogaansamaan maamulka fiican iyo
sababaha ugu fiican, laakiin ma aha si ay u dhawraan masaakiinta. Haa, haddii aad na
siiso oo keliya mabda'a in arkidda this. Ma jiro mid masuuliyiinta hore ka tagay kale
sii si aad u dalbato, sida ay naftooda ku heshiiyaan iyada oo leh, in kaliya isaga
qudhiisu codsan kaliya, oo halkaas waa hey'adda go'aan ka dhexeeya oo dhan? Oo
waxa sababaha ka welwelsan tahay, sida ku nastaa asal ahaan inta badan ee Apercu
ee, kuwaas oo shaki ka mid ah cogent ka badan kuwa kale, oo aan haysan in la weli
keenay ujeeddo leedahay sifooyinka kalifaya awood, iyo sidaas ma aha ee kale ee
Verl dameerro badan oo kaliya awood u ah oo ay u leeyihiin in ay ku tiirsan yihiin,
darzubieten.
Haddii aynu hadal ay ammaanka u gaar ah tixgelin, waxaan jeclaan lahaa in ay ku
tiirsan yihiin ka hor inta Allen Woltmann, br Meyer iyo K. Forster. laakiin waa been
gudahood xoogga ay qancinta soo horjeeda oo kaliya baaxadda. - Sababo la sifaynayo
dibadda ayaa dhanka kale ka dib, waxaan jeclaan lahaa in ay xukunka ka hor Allen
ayaa Wornum iyo Woltmann. Waxaad, Holbein ah - allifaadda, in ka badan fursad iyo
shaqo kasta oo kale, oo sideeda oo Holbein iyo in ay bartaan oo ku saabsan
rinjiyeynta, iyo br Meyer ayaa sheegtay ugu yaraan in ay ka mid ah saamiga ugu
fiican ee qiimaynta ;. laakiin K. waxa Forster ayaa sheegay, oo waxaa lagu salayn
karaa inuu halkaas shaqo [comp. Cutubka. III. Schol.], Oo v. Ilig ayaa waxaa ugu
yaraan sida ugu fiican ee qof odhan kara. waa iyo waxa la gelin karaa on miisaanka a
in duruufaha fiican iyo warshadaha ugu weyn ee baaritaanka, haddii aan ballan waa
in loo qaaday in ay si dhexdhexaadnimo ah halkii helo a aragtiyo eexanaya ku
saabsan waxa aad rabto in aad si aad u hesho shaqaale,; looga shakisan yahay, laakiin
in this ee Wornum ee, Woltmann ee, Meyer ayaa sida baaritaan K. Forster ayaa ka
badan ama ka yar ku jirtay dacwadda soo baxdo ka xaqiiqda ah in mid kasta oo iyaga
ka mid ah oo keliya sababo la ogaaday in ay hal dhinac, shaki ah ee arrintan oo kale
ay door weyn ku ayaa ciyaaro, ka baxo lahayn qol, iyo xukunka siidaayay waa la
qabatimo hab caddaalad ah meesha quruxda, taas oo soo horjeedda aragtida saxda ah
ee su'aasha. Intaa waxaa dheer weli mucaaradka xoogan oo artist ah sida Big, oo
sidoo kale ku sameeyey isaga u gaar ah in la siiyo la barbardhigo labada images

xaqiiq ugu macquulsan sida qaynuunku oo isla rinjiyaynta. Weerarnay xagga [s

hore faylasha] iyo iska indha ee retouching by Woltmann iyo Meyer. - Haddii aynu
ugu danbeyn maamulka magaca tixgelin ku saabsan yahay Cabirka, kuwaas oo sabab
u ah a waxbarasho taxadir hore barbardhig iigu markhaati furo wax yar ka hor inta
uusan dhiman on warqad kicinta marmar in uu ku hayaa siidaayay oo ka mid ah
tirada ugu weyn ee sawir dhaw ka, ka yar Woltmann iyo Wornum maqlo? Haa waxa
ay ina siinaysaa at Woltmann damaanad ah in uu hadda la saxo qoray of our Holbein
beeniyay sawir dhaw ka, sida uu images loo isticmaalo Augsburger abaal sida.
Sidaas madhalays ka dib oo dhan isku duwidda hore ee natiijo wanaagsan, waxay
haysan kartaa lacagta a double, haddii aad soo jiidi doonaa oo keliya isaga: First,
barayay taxadir in aadan isku mid ah siiyay si ay u dhawrto in our su'aasha, waxa for
siiyo by this ama oo dhinaca kalena waa lagu wacdiyey in labaadna dhigi bixiso si
dhibcood oo waa la qaadi doonaa inta badan isha ku duwidda ee labada koobiyada,
haddii ay ku xiran tahay khilaafka jira dareenka.
Laakiin noo, waxay yeelan doontaa qiimaha ku daray in aynu nahay sahlan in
wadahadal soo socda ee saamayn ku dhibcood su'aal naga qasac gudbayaa, oo weli
ku jira wax badan in ay ku murmi in ay qaadaan loo miisaami lahaa go'aanka ilaa
haatan.
Ixtiraamida
dhibco badan dhaleeceyn ah, laakiin ha dhaqanka; iyo meesha
Contribuu
a millorar la traducci
ugu fog, innagu waynu karaynaa, waxaan u isku dayi doonaa.

Text original

V. wadahadalo caddeynayaa. sababaha farshaxanka iyo bilicsanaanta.

Sababaha taas oo la timid arrin siidaayay tixgelin yihiin, qayb ahaan in ay dibadda,
gaar ahaan taariikhi ah, qayb ahaan gudaha, di ka tixgelin iyo isbarbardhigga of
labada images laga saaro laftiisa. Kuwaas oo kala ah, ee la soo dhaafay oo aan ku jiro
ee ay incompleteness iyo nooca diidani qaar ka mid ah dhamaadka feer, laakiin in
lagu daweeyo muhiimad gaar ah iyo daryeel, maxaa yeelay, iyagu dhowaan la xaaqan
oo hal dhinac ka dhanka ah nuqul dhaw halka aad ku leeyahay ka dib markii ay
baaritaan buuxa waa in Inkasta oo daqiiqado of shaki ku jiri, laakiin mowjadda by
daqiiqado wanaagsan, haddii aan ku dagan yihiin. sababaha gudaha ka mid ah, waxaa
jira kuwa ku jira arrin muhiim u ah mudnaanta iyo xaqiiq halkan of Darmstadt image
aan caddaynaya ka dhanka dhaw ka. Dhacdo, waxaa loo qeybin karaa sababaha
gudaha oo kaliya gunaanad itimaalka.
Sababaha taariikhiga ah ayaan ahay in qaybaha soo socda, sida ay u badan tahay
ma aha haddii kale suurtogal, dawayn unseparated ixtiraam labada koobiyada, laakiin
markaas uga sooco, la xiriira dib on kasta oo nuqul ay qaybta gaarka ah. First, si
kastaba ha ahaatee, weli waa, in qaar ka mid ah, waxay u yimaadeen afka ee hore
sababtoo ah nooca is burinaya, sababaha taas oo ay door weyn ka our su'aal, gebi
ahaanba iska casilay ee ku xiran tixgelinta ku xiga faahfaahsan oo la mid ah in la
gargaartay, ie oo ka mid ah rinjiyeynta saaray iyo sababaha bilicsanaanta.
Kuwa soo qaatay sababaha rinjiyeynta ah, waxa ay u muuqataa, dabcan bilowgaba,
dabcan, inuu iyaga u soo socda si sababaha taariikhiga ah, tixgelinta ugu weyn, oo

waxaa la sameeyey by dhowaad dhammaan qorayaasha, kuwaas oo la

macaamilooday kuwii noo su'aal. In hab, jidka rinjiyaynta sawir la gacmeedka ee
qoraaga ah la barbar dhigi karaa; ka qoraaladii aqoonsan karo qoraaga iyo Karl
Forster si cad loola jeedaa marka la barbardhigo this. Laakiin marka noqon kartaa
qaldo sida in ay qoraal gacmeedka ah ee qoraaga ah, si ku xiran qiimaynta of
rinjiyeynta ee sawirada our in ixtiraam la mid ah sababo la dul xaalado badan oo dhib
weyn. In meesha ugu horeysa su'aasha ah siidaayay kordhiyay ka sawiro noo, la
odhan karo, ugu dhex jira magaca images joogto Holbein ee [comp. Cutubka. I.],
sidaa darteed waxaa laga yaabaa in mar hore shaki this sababta, taas oo waa in la
arkaa sida rinjiyeynta dhab Holbein'sche; iyo ka dib mar tixgeliyo sawir dhaw sida
shaki dhab ah Main Holbein ayaa, waxaa si fudud u dhici kara in aad kaliya qaaday
rinjiyeynta sida caddayn ugu weyn in qiimeynta. Tani waxay doonayeen ka dib waxa
Cape ah. IV ayaa xusay, gaar ahaan on caddaynta Grder in nuqul Darmstadt ay u
rinjiyeynta Holbein ee aanu ku heshiin ma, in la dalbadaa. laakiin Karl Forester naga
dhigeysa in isla, kaliya dheeraad ah ka go'an, caddaynta iyo xiganaya ay "aad u
saaxiib, aqoonta gaarka ah ee Master ah" shaki muhiim ah oo ku saabsan in ay ku
nasan on waraaqaha raagaya. Forster wuxuu isu sheegayaa in uu "isagoo joogo laba
iyo toban sano ee dhaw image maxalliga ah ayaa bartay si fiican jihada kasta", iyo
su'aasha soo baxdo in Xaggeeda aragtida ku guuleystay of Holbein ee rinjiyaynta
xukummo ay ku xiga oo ku saabsan waxa loo aaneeyey inay u artist this, ayaa
muhiimad goostay. Haddaba degeen mid, wax badan oo ka mid ah sawiro si deg deg
ah maraya, waxyaabaha waraaqaha ma ordi, kaas oo salka sii aqoonta saaxiib qoraaga
of Holbein ee aasaasay at dhan, Laakiin waxa ay keenaysaa qoraaga noqon lahaa u
badan tahay in detract ka kalsooni ah sida in la sababeeyo.
Marka dhex bandhiga sawiro jir Munich marayay, waxa ay leedahay kuwaas oo ku wajahan
Epitaphbild la duqa Schwartz, Wehbe Augsburg ee patrician Mrz iyo xaaskiisa iyo Wehbe lab oo
haysta Suermondt ee sida Holbein'sche oo sharaxaad ka shaqeeya in kuwa Masterka shuqullo
kuwan rinji, wax aan macquul aheyn image Darmstadt ayaa ordi kari lahaa. From Schwartz'schen
Epitaphbilde laakiin hadda sida go'aansaday codsan kartaa in halkii ay ka weyn ka dhageystay sida
kan yar Holbein, iyo Wehbe of Morz iyo naag awooddo si aad u Woltmann ee tacliiq 1) oo kaliya
sababtoo ah sababta taariikhiga ah in ay sida ay Looxii on dambe ee J ah . waxaa 1533 rinji, ma ka
dhasha Holbein, sida taasuna waxay ahayd waqti this "caan" (Woltmann) ee England2) . Sidoo kale
waafaqsan Woltmann W. Schmidt 3) iyo Crowe 4) kulanka (in saameyn ku xad si madax-bannaan
ama by Woltmann?) Taasi waa kuwan images sida ay jidka rinjiyeynta ma keeni kartaa ka
Holbein 5) , laakiin Amberger doonayaa in la Wadaajiyey Aaway. Sababta taariikhiga ah si xaqiiqa
ah u muuqataa in ay ku filan in la diido Mrz'schen ku Wehbe our Holbein.Haddaba waa su'aal,
waxaa ku qoran sida tusaalooyin si aad u ogaato waxa ay qiyaasay Holbein.
1)

Sdd. Pr., 1869. No. 185

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid ah ayaa lagu micneeyey taariikh gaar ah

ugu soo noqo Holbein ah in Basel ee J. 1533, laakiin sida ay uu Heusler-ee
tacliiq (cusub ee Forsch. Iyada H. D. J. dhalashada iwm Holb..) Muuqata kale
fasiraadda codsaday iyo wax kale in uu isu taageeraan.
2)

3)

Lutzow ee Zeitschrift. 1869. S. 359th

4)

Grenzboten. (1839 lahayn. 40. 22.)

Waxay yihiin - sheegay Woltmann - aad hurdi, haday diiran qarsan ee doon,
wax ku ool ah, laakiin aan caadi ahayn taxadirayo in sawirka iyo faah
faahinayo, kaas oo Holbein muujinaysaa -. Waxaad u baahan tahay in la
tixgeliyo gacmaha gaar ahaan oo kaliya "- Garsoorayaasha kale siiso xukunka
aan dhiirogelin.
5)

Waa in aan galin, in fact, in saaraysa xukummadii Wornum, Woltmann iyo Meyer,
kuwaas oo khilaafsan ugu Patriots of Grder iyo K. Forster, ma ku xiran yihiin ku
salaysan isla dibadda gaar ah looga shakisan yahay, laakiin ka dib markii comments
ee cutubka. IV. Damaanad Sida yar-dhexaadnimada dalab, iyo sida ay u image dhaw
la xukummadii qolfo leh oo connoisseurs kale u soo galeen dagaalada, qaado
kalsoonida isla jeesatay inay buuxiyaan.
Kale, si siman u muhiim ah, dhib kaas oo adag la mid ah hore, waa in Holbein in
uu rinjiyeynta ma aha had iyo jeer isku mid ah, si aan ninna aan ka nonconformity ee
sawir la rinjiyeynta ee qaarkood Images Holbein'scher dhabta ah xiro karo More in ay
inauthenticity; waxa ka codsan lahaa in ay tixraac Epoch ee ay formation
tixgelin, laakiin by ugu images Holbein'schen in ka mid ah labo nuqul oo ka mid ah
image, markii asal ahaan aan la yaqaano, laakiin waa halkii ay si caadi ah si loo
ogaado in ay calaamadahaas ama in si kale loo aaneeyey images ka kooban iyo
brushwork doonayay, ayaa sheegay in waxaa loo baahan yahay ma kala duwanaansho
u dhexeeya khubaro kala duwan [comp. Cutubka. IV.] Oo dood wareeg ah ay adag
tahay si looga fogaado. laakiin Ever baaraya sida iyo gudahood waxa xaddidaya
rinjiyeynta Holbein'sche ay kala duwanaayeen ilaa hadda mana daalay mana
caddeeyo.
Ugu dambeyntii dhib dheeraad ah ku dar jir daahan ee varnish jaalle ah, oo leh
image Darmstadt weli waa ben, iyo waxa ay tahay waa dhul caadi ah la wadaago by
images kale Holbein'schen badan, halka qaar kalena way ka reeban yihiin,
dhibaatooyin, kuwaas oo weli, abuuro aragti ah ee midabayn si waxaa si weyn u
beddeli by xaqiiqada ah in ay adkaan doonto in la soo saaro by dhexgalno of aragti
asalka malayaasha.
Falanqaynta la barbar dhigo rinjiyeynta labada images kale Holbein'schen A si
fiican sameeyay shaqeeya kaas oo aan la hubin soo qaaday account ka buuxa
dhibaatooyin hore iyo sababaha yahay, at dhan oo aan xitaa ka hor, laakiin kaliya
barbardhigo rhapsodic iyo ka badan ama ka yar aan xad lahayn, hadduu durba ku
filan la hubo warka badan, apergus oo la midba midka kale ku doodi. Dhanka kale,
isku duwidda xogta soo socda ee labada images, maadaama ay tahay in lagugu xiro
noocyo kala duwan ah images kale Holbein'schen sida badan, waxay siiyaan fursad
ay ku bartaan su'aal midab ka aragtiyo qeexan ee si sax ah, iyo waqti isku mid ah ku
bixiyeen fursad u connoisseur ah, iyadoo midba midka kale isbedelka gacanta si aad
u maqasho waxa ku saabsan, waxaa laga yaabaa in la mid ah sida hogaanka
waafaqsanaanta weyn taariikhda. Oo sidaas daraaddeed waa in la arkaa oo keliya sida
arrin of saacad saxda ah markii qaar ka mid ah connoisseurs sida Crowe, dhaqaaqo

xukunka final ilaa markaas.

Sida su'aasha bilicsanaanta ayaa soo dhexgalay ee su'aasha siidaayay ayaa lagaga
wada hadlay in hab guud ee qaybaha 3aad iyo 4aad, oo ka kaas oo aad ka arki kartaa
in wax ka soo baxaan joogo Andres markay is burinaya isla dhexeeya waqtiyo kala
duwan, qorayaasha kala duwan iyo jeer xataa kala duwan author. Aniga aragtidayda,
laakiin waxa ay waayeen xitaa in heshiis weyn oo ku saabsan dhabta ah ee lacagta u
dhexeeya labada images, sida dhab ahaan ka dhacaya, ka soo baxay waxba weyn
go'aanka in aad u fiican yahay nuqul ka mid ah hal koobi shisheeye in gebi ahaan
ama in tan ama taas oo gogo ' gacanta ama xun asalka ah Holbein ahaa. Marka
karraanigii shaqo oo la-beddelid soo guuriyeen, oo ka beddelka laga heli karaa xitaa
ay dhacdo in kasta oo u dhexeeya laba koobi, sidaasi darteed waxa uu isku dayi
doonaa si ay u sameeyaan si dabiici ah in dareenka horumar; oo in kastoo ay tahay
mar walba sirgaxan u soo horjeeda ee dhaw image in mid ka mid ma yeelan karaan,
taas oo ay kari waayay horumar in laga heli karaa sawirka trust dhaw, sidaas darteed
waxaa gabi ahaanba aan laga saaray - kaliya ciyaari - in uu jiro sida a u siiyey in aad
kaliya ma oga in ay u maleynayaa in, weli garoomada ka mid ah oo beenisay in
xaqiiqda ah ee horumar ah naftooda, sida runtii dhacay. Sidaas waxba ugu dambeyntii
ay ujeeddo ku guuleystay in ay xaqiiq tahay iyadoo weli sidaa looga dhaadhiciyey of
heer sare ah Dresden image. in artist ah in a in la soo saaray, isaga ayaa nuqul ka mid
ah uu image mar dambe keentaa ageegi la mid ah sida oo shuqulladaadii hore, ama
ugu dareenkaaga adkeeyay in dhamaystirka sare ee waxyaalaha ugu muhiimsan kuwa
tiimbashada xumaanta gacanta kale waa sida ay suurtagal tahay, ka badan la dayacay,
oo aan ka yarayn, in bixinta kale nuqul ama replica siinayaa asaasmeen daweeyo
qaybo ka mid dayacina waxa wax walba oo uusan malaha xataa u malaynayaa karaa
in our image. Sidaas ayaa weli go'aan kama ay inauthenticity in gebi ahaan ama
qaybo si fudud oo heer sare ah oo hoose ee dhaw image oo dhan ama qaybo. Haddii
kaliya ilmaha hoose waxaa si fiican u rinji sawirka dhaw ah, sida in Darmstadt, oo
haddana marna waxaan helay eryadeen Darmstadt ee arrintan la xiriira dhaw ah, si
this ku filan astaan u yahay in artist ee image ah ee kale (ugu yaraan sida u dil),
haddii aadan on par leh si isku mid ah; gebi ahaanba markii, sida in aannu kiis, oo
weliba, waa galin - iyo xataa Wornum waxaa ugu yaraan waa in la eego Joogaba, ilaa
hadda inta badan sida in ay qof ugu weyn ee - in ay in uu leeyahay in qaar ka mid ah
qaybaha kale ugaga image Darmstadt ah. Laakiin qaybo ka mid ah sanam aad sidaas
daraaddeed ma diidi karo artist ah in uu ku hadhay waa in ka mid ah adeegyada ugu
dhameystiran in la siiyo ugu fiican calaamad isaga, laakiin waa keliya haddii waxaa
la helay in uu ku hadhay waa in ka mid ah adeegyada uu hore oo waafaqsan kale oo
dhan , In saaraysa, laga yaabee ayaa kaa caawin kara in ay go'aan ka kooban oo ka
mid ah laba tijaabooyinka la images kale Holbein'schen badan. Iyada oo kala daadsan
oo is barbar dhig ama is barbar in ay xasuus indefinite waa wax yar, in la yidhaahdo
ma, Waxba looma samayn. Woltmann muuqataa gacmaha sawirka dhaw in ay
gacmaha Morrett soo socda. Hadday Yihiin kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen hadda z. B.
gacmaha ugu fiican in Holbein rinji, waxa ay xitaa ka yar rinji lahaa isaga by galaan,
oo haddii aan rinji halkii ka xun fiican xataa Darmstadt image, sida ku dhaw, waa haa
in kor ku xusan burinaya weli muran. Haddaba salaysan Woltmann, kan aynu ku

nooga maqashid inta badan duurka this su'aasha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan ka
heli in Meyer oo kaliya ay echo, ma aha oo kaliya sida in ay gacmaha, laakiin qayb
ka mid ah sababaha gudaha doorbidayaa on mudnaanta bilicsanaanta-farshaxanka ee
image ah oo dhan ka hor inta kale ee. Maxaa uu ka heli image a sii liidata tii kale ee,
ma aha by Holbein. Taa waxaa ka duwan, wuxuu helay saboolka ah, kaas oo uu u
muuqdaan in aanay sababo dibadda ee Holbein, xitaa haddii uu u fiican hore la helay,
waayo, wuxuu u maleeyey in weli waxaa Holbein'isch, ka dibna xumaan ah la gelin
sababaha gudaha, ma waxaa ka Holbein in this tiriyaa qaban. Waxaan doonayaa in
aan sameeyo Woltmann la views dhab ahaan u kali uu ku su'aal qaldan, laakiinse
anigu uma aan ku caawin kartaa, laakiin in, taasina koobaan aragti iga tagay inuu ka
tirsan sababo this ka dhanka ah siidaayay of dhaw image oo dhan ama
qaybo. Laakiinse idinku xukumo naftaada. Sida u Madonna oo characters yar aan ku
maqlay in qaybaha hore. Bal isagu ha ka hadlaan sida u Joogaba, iyo
naqshadaha. Haddii mid ka mid ah uu doonayo kadis ah u rogto gorgortanka dhan
isaga la, si aad wax ma lumin doonaa, naftayda laakiin iyadu ugu miisaanka, waxa
sameeya codkiisa sheegasho, iyo wixii uu qadaray ku salaysan, kuwaas oo, ma rogo
karin.
. In uu Holbein - allifaadda (J. 1866) Woltmann sheegay siidaayay of dhaw image
weli ku mahdin wuuna dhawaaqo express (S. 317) ay ku waafaqid si v ilkaha (p 322):
"nuqul dhaw ayaa sida muuqata waa dambe ku , kala duwan ee Joogaba, ku, gaar
ahaan marka la eego goobta naqshadda, si cad u yimaadaan si ay xaqiiqada ah in
artist ku lahaa sawir Darmstadt ee maskaxdaada, si xor ah soo bandhigay iyadoo
views muhiimka ah ee la mid ah oo si cad u dareemay, in jidka ay ahayd in la
hagaajiyo ". Waxa uu sifo this (S. 318) waxaa ka: "dhagaxyo taageerada, qaabeeya
badan ka culus iyo bulkier halkaan [Darmstadt image], gashaday si toos ah in ka
badan kuwii madaxda u ahaa jilibka hoose, oo xuduud la xaq u dhimaysa ku xirtaan
dumarka horey u galay ah halka, ayaa weli ku jira sawir dhaw tiir ka unkamayaan
sidestones ee warqada ah la arki karo. in Darmstadt sameynta dhaf ah ee fasax la
bilaabin heer garbaha Maria iyo xirtey aad u adag u xidh badan taaj iyada halka dhaw
ilaa qadarka of garka bilowday iyo weli boos weyn kor ku xusan in fiin ah ee ay
xafiiltamaan ee. xaalada oo dhammuna wuxuu noqon doonaa horumarinta iyo sidoo
kale-xisaabiyaa of free ah oo u fudud sida. "
Laakiinse haatan, ka dib markii Woltmann faraxsan daahfurtay in ay taariikhiga on
shaki ah oo image, sarkhaansan yihiin niyadda taas uga dhigay isku mid ah
(September 1868) mar kale in kormeerka, ayuu qoray wargayska (1 March 1869) si
Kinkel: 6) "kordhiyo Misbaax ma aha ... horumar laakiin sii xumaaneysa ee xiriirka.
in Darmstadt, oo sideeda oo ku haboon si yaab leh oo ku yiilleen si dhow la jaarka ah.
in goobo nuskeed sare halkan waa uun isku dhaceen ee Madonna galay kooban halka
sawirka dhaw dhexroorka, kor ku xusan qaansada baxdo, kaliya fool xun ku filan oo
dhimaysa iyada garka. "
Ugu dambayntiina, ka dib markii Woltmann image Darmstadt mar kale sakhiray si
ay bandhig Munich ee sawirada jir ah oo baaritaan ku dhow soo noqnoqda, ayuu
xaqiijiyay 7) la weli embodiments qaar ka mid ah, xukunka hore, sida line soo socota:

6)

Lutzow ee Zeitschrift. 1869. S. 173rd

7)

In saxaafadda Jarmalka, 1869. No. 181 August 6 iyo aad u la mid ah ee 1869. No. Zeitung Qaranka 357.

August 4

"Dr. A. v. Zahn, taas oo ka soo baxay farqiga u Joogaba ugu horeysay ee dhawr
sano ka hor, ku xidhan darina gabagabo ah khalad adigoo sharxaya in isbedelada
kuwa horumar in Jaha sayidkii wuxuu iska soo noq-gacmeed ah oo uu shaqada. Si
kastaba ha ahaatee, u muuqataa Holbein intii uu Ingiriisi ka dib macquul by kuwa
saamiga gaaban oo adag in tirooyinka ka oo uu si aad u codsato ka hor loo isticmaalo.
laakiin in isbedel, laakiin ma ay tixgelin gaar ah Holbein waa mahad si ay u tagaan
inoo ka xaqiiqda ah in inkasta oo ay la ujeedka waa in la hagaajinayo, laakiin
xaqiiqadu waa sii xumaaneysa. sawirka Darmstadt tirooyinka buuxiyo qaabka
cidhiidhi jidka Ester dayan baxay. ku busts ah Madonna iyo ilmahaaga waa wax ku
ool ah, gaar ahaan semi-goobaabin of qolof final oo galay kooban la dareenka ugu
fiican ee meel bannaan. Sida a rays ammaanta tago ee channels ee shellfish ka Maria
ayaa ugu weyn ka, dhanka kale, image jeexan dhaw, fool xun ku filan, xadka hoose
ee goobo nuskeed this kaliya garka ee Virgin ah ".
Sidee Garaaci this kalsonida dibadda laga yaabaa in aragtida ah, mid ka mid tahay
in ay aqbalaan la qadarin markay weli ahayd kalsonida lagu waayo, waxaa
Triftigeren. Haddaba waxaan u maleynayaa in aan ku tusi karaa, marka hore, in badan
oo waxa Woltmann by Aragtidiisa cusub Holbein ayaa diidi lahaa sida uu istaahilin in
Dresden image, isu aragta in ay la mid ah, iyo sidaas la doorbidayo ku haboon marka
la barbardhigo, halabuurka Holbein ee. Marka labaad, in xukunka hore bilicsanaantafarshaxanka Woltmann ee dhan yahay muddo dheer ka badan edeb haddii aan u
dhawrtaan at xukunka guud.
The Taabashada hore, anigu waxaan ku tilmaamayaa in gacan barbaro Holbein ee
dhigaya Woltmann laftiisa waqti ka dib ka hor inta abuurista naga image, ie gacanta
barbaro No. 65 ka mid ah Museum ee Basel (No. 34 ee sawirrada Braun ururinta
Basel'scher), kuwaas oo aan halkan ka badan sida line-upka, in la yidhaahdo dhawr
eray oo la xidhiidha, sida saldhig u ah dhowr jeer jidhku u soo laabtay on
mustaqbalka. 8)
8)

ha suurtowdo in gacanta this barbaro hal, markaas hubaal ah ka dib waxaa dib u habaynta, sawir first to our
image laftiisa. Anyway, waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah sababaha ay u badan tahay in aan, 12 iftiimiyeen in XII
archive Naumann Weigel. Laakiin tan iyo markii ay waxba ka yar leeyihiin min a yihiin, waxaan halkaan
dhigno culays ma waxa on.

Halkan waxaan ku arki a, hareereysan alwaaxdii saqafka haysay seef-qaabeeya,

guusha Madonna ayaa sidoo kale sida in our image, taagan Daaqad Misbaax ku yaal
rukumo ah iyo jiidh leh semi-qubbad qolof, laakiin in ka sii badan casri Renaissance
naqshadaha, sida ama ay muujinayso sawirka Darmstadt waxaa lagu daro. Madonna
ayaa heysta ilmo qaawan ee hubka iyada, in hubka bidix ayay einkneipt farta

qalloocan oo adag xootay, halka ilmaha gacangelinaya by afka laad-hoos iyo duubay
oo uu indhaha dhirifkiisa ama xanuun; iyo ka hor Madonna ah jirkeeda ka geesiyad
ah ama muwaadin oo ku muujinayaa iyada oo dhinaca indhaha u ballaaran u furan
halkan muuqata ku dhacaya gacmaha bukay ayuu bogsiinayay: mucjisooyinka afka
furan iyo wax laga yaabo hubka la kiciyey.
gacanta Tani siyaabo kale [di ku saabsan su'aasha fasiraadda of our image ah) raaxo
barbaro Woltmann mar ka hor, laakiin waxaan u baahan nahay khilaafka ka
badan 9) in aan mar kale halkaan waxaa ka mid ah; sababtoo ah ma wuxuu ku saabsan
yahay fasiraadda lagu muransan yahay isaga sawirka, laakiin ka kooban jid cad
xaadirka ah walaac la mid ah.
9)

Fechner in XII archive Naumann Weigel. . 1 iyo v Zahn ee Jahrb Jahrg I. 1866. 136th. - .. Woltmann in s

Holbein II Suppl 446th.

In sawir this, hadda Ogolaaday qolka iftiinka ka kooban oo dhan, booska xorta ah
ee Madonna ee Misbaax ballaaran, height of soonayaal qubbad u sarreeyey
taajkii 10) , isgoyska of madaxa Madonna by xadka hoose ee goobo nuskeed ah (oo
keliya in dhamaadka jaray halkii garka waa), height of qodaa tiirkii badan madaxa u
jilba ka hor inta geesigeeda ee Madonna ama muwaadin, oo ay ku jiraan qaar ka mid
ah, in la dambe la keenay afka, dhibcood ee naqshadda dhismaha, sida badan in line
la sawir dhaw ka, maadaama ay ka duwan Darmstadt, si halkii ka dhanka ah shaki
this, mana Doonaysid inaad Noqoto holbeinisch dhab ah, waxa laga yaabaa inay ku
koraan.
10)

Si aan si ku shuban cabashooyinka gacanta saabsan la'aanta miyir ii on, waxaan doonayaa in la ogaado in
qaar ka mid ah Holzschnittbildchen Holbein yar ee (in Woltmann ee Holbein. II. 250. 376) tirooyinka Old
Testament (aan mussel) ee xarunta of image waa laba niches kooxda, halkaas oo madaxa kaliya ay laftu sidii
sare galay suun ah, sida in Darmstadt image, kaliya habka ay eegtahay ma leh our image Meier'schen oo isaga
gacanta si la mid ah No. sawir 65 leeyihiin.Sidaas Holbein waxaa ugu yaraan saaraysa ugu dhakhsaha badan
sida ugu dhakhsaha badan u sameeyey, oo laga dheefay karaa xaalad this keligay ma raaco midkood ama ka
dhanka ah.

Waa run in ay jiraan sawirro kale oo Holbein, taas oo characters badan ayaa si adag
u xidh buuxiyey oo ama xataa adkaynayo badan ee Darmstadt image, waxa loo arki
karaa, tusaale ahaan., Naqshado rabitaankiisa daaqadaha muraayada (at de Mechel
ama Brown ama Woltmann ee Holbein) si ; laakiin waxaa jira images taas oo ay
tahay in ay soo bandhigaan xoo ah. By duwan, halkaas oo sawir ah Madonna la
characters yar ee uu soo bandhigid, oo gacangelin lahaa ee Woltmann for Holbein
tarin mabda 'weyn daal meel ay suurtagal tahay. Kaliya fiiri Isha of Life, Solothurn
Madonna ah, ee Madonna ee garabka xubnaha iyo sawiro kale Basel'schen
Madonna. qurux badanaa tirooyinka cayaarta ku dhintay yihiin (kuwo kale, de
Mechel saari) marka laga reebo dhawray. In inta ka dhiman tahay Jarmal, dabcan,
mabda'a pack ahaa caadi ah oo ku filan in ay helaan wax dar dar ka yar hadda, laakiin
tan iyo markii aan haddaynan ku helin xagga aadan in Holbein ee Madonnas, waxan

keliya oo xoojin karin shaki ah in koobiyeeyay hore sameeyey oo ku saabsan sawir

dhaw ka, iyo wax walwal wada helay hardiyi tirooyinka ku qoran meel
cidhiidhi. Sidee laakiin gabagabeeyo karo siidaayay of dhaw image ka tani ma aha in
la si fiican u fahamsan yahay. Waxaan leenahay doontaa in a qaybaha mar dambe, dib
ugu soo laabto this.
Sida dhibic bilicsanaanta of view, waa inaan qirto in marka image Darmstadt oo
dhaw si cad loo arkaa Woltmann sameeyey, taas oo labada boos ee artful ka
buuxsamay, aad dareento nuqdad ah ka daran in Darmstadt dhaw ka hor nuqulo
leeyahay. Laakiin, faa'iido isku khuseysaa boorso markii Walxaha dharka waa in
macnaha guud ee halabuurka ah, waxa kale oo ku kala soocidda ee tirooyinka ku
nool? Saas ma aha, waa in la ixtiraamo tani waxay leeyihiin dareen siman dhiso in
meel bannaan oo sawirka dhaw waa ka daran farshaxanka kulmay, sida in Darmstadt
image. Maxaa jagada madaxa Madonna ee wareegga Misbaax gaar ahaan waa uu ka
walaacsan, meel fiican u badan Woltmann ee Darmstadt sida sawir dhaw ka, sidaa
darteed waxaan dhab ahaan ma caddayn karaan sababo guud in Woltmann ee, la br.
Meyer verschwisterter waa, dhadhan ma aha ugu fiican - maxaa yeelay, iyadoo ay
sabab u caddayn sida at dhan? - Laakiin in ay tahay cidlo ah oo ku sii jiri doontaa. Ka
dib markii kuwaas oo hore kaga hadlay sida connoisseurs tahay dhinaca ka soo
horjeeda horay v. Zahn, Wornum iyo Woltmann laftiisa, waxaan in lagu daro in
vollzhliges ah in mararka qaar kale wadaad ka dib, mid sirkaal ah, bookseller ah,
garyaqaan, Faylasuuf baana xukunka , saddex professor daawada, professor ah oo
fiqiga, macallin luqad, macallimiinta farshaxanka ah, laba injineero, laba ardayda, hal
arday iyo 11 haween ah, ka mid ah qayb ka mid presentment ee v ah. sawiro dulmar
Zahn, qaar ka mid ah sawirrada ka dib markii Schurig iyo Felsing, qayb ahaan
waraystay at bandhiga Munich ee ay la isbarbar asalka Darmstadt la Steinla'schen ku
tolmaha aan iyaga prokkupieren bartey haddii iyaga Madonna ah, insbesondre
madaxa u taal, tareenka u noqon qurux badan gudaha ka kooban hal ama sawir kale
ee Misbaax ku ah; iyo wariyaasha helay xukun ay guushu ku nuqul dhaw ah, haa
tahay mararka qaarkood, gaar ahaan qayb ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah haweenka,
tibaaxaha xoogan oo laga yaabo maqlay in ay ku qaadan karaa qof kale.
Taasi, qoondeeyey by Woltmann sida xadka hoose ee goobo nuskeed ah, wareegga
badhkiis qubbad hoos dhexroor final fiican, fikiray ay jiido dhab ah, oo dhimaysa
garka ah ee Madonna dhaw ka, u muuqataa ka dib aragnimada kor ku xusan kiis kasta
oo yar allifey badan galinta ballaaran oo madaxa Madonna Darmstadt ee
wareegga , Mid ka mid ah waa in aan si ula kac ah u malaynayso of goynta ah, oo ay
ku jiraan in ka yar ee mar la iluna markay keligeed halkii socda Querdiameter wuxuu
kaliyoo fiican yaa xadhiggii runtii adag qalooca ee architrave ee soo socota in ka mid
ah dhibcood xuduud of this dhexroor bilaabo xaq ah waxaa garka soo degaa. Marka
la barbardhigo, waa in xaqiiqada ah in madaxa Madonna Dresden ee kaliya ee
xarunta ku haboon ee goobada khayaali kaabaya semidome waa, kaa caawin in ay
aragti isla markiiba farxiya of booska, iyo inkastoo ay ku dhowaad sax ah waa
(ujeeddo leedahay, midig) ayaa isha sare ee madaxa Madonnas xoogaa dhiiran waxa
booska this degan, Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isha Darmstadt si in la yidhaahdo ma ogid
meeshay waa jihada toosan, hase ahaatee, waxa ay sidoo kale waa mid aad u dhow

xarunta of dhaf jihada siman.

Dhacdo, labada goynta ee madaxa Virgin ka dhex Grunddiameter ee suunka waxa
Woltmann meel "foosha xun", sida meel la xidhiidha madaxa xarunta of suun ah,
anigu garan maayo in ka hor inta Holbein, sababtoo ah aniga igu saabsan jira
tusaalooyin lahayn, ugu yaraan by Holbein ilaa hadda xeerka dhaqanka ee ku hadhay
diyaarinta tirooyinka in niches; maxaa yeelay, ma aha oo kaliya samayn Waxaan
haystaa laba ka baxay afkii injineero khabiir laakiin waxa ay caddayn karaan (1839
Roma) by ay aragti u gaar ah macnaha u dhiganta tusaalayaal Vaticana Basilica ee
(Roma 1845) iyo Basilica Liberiana.
Sidee Woltmann waxaa ka heli karto, iyo Meyer karaankeeda isaga la heshiin, ka
mid ah faa'iidooyinka ka mid ah nuqul Darmstadt ee dhaw la sheegaya in in
"channels ka [alwaaxdii saqafka haysay taageere] clam sida ammaanta ray ah ka
imaanaya ee Maria ee ugu weyn", wuxuu ii yahay arrin xujo ah tan iyo beddeli ay
xaaladdu hore halkii helaa sida nuqul Darmstadt ee dhaw. Maxaa yeelay, nuqulo
dhaw fido alwaaxdii saqafka haysay taageere ee shellfish oo kaliya ka la arurin,
madaxa iyo qoorta, si dhab ugu weyn ka, iyadoo Diyaaradaha taageere ka
buuxsamay, Shell u muuqataa sida ku hareereysan HALO ballaadhan, oo waa lagu
dari ka geysta in ugu hooseeya bilowga qoorta alwaaxdii saqafka haysay taageere
sidoo in la leexiyo ka rooting dhexe ee ku architrave iyo wixii ka weyn, oo ku Sugno
(in kastoo aan si sax ah) buuxiso dulmar ee nahehin mussel in ay qaab ah
elliptical. Oo weliba waxaan kaloo badan u soo in tani ay ahayd sabab ka mid ah
wakiil ka qabaa, sida in No. gacanta sawirka 65 (Basel) ee madaxa Madonna (ee isha)
isticmaalaya lowermost ah, si adag u upturned, taageere alwaaxdii saqafka haysay
hoos askartii dibadda ka architrave degdeg ah, soo jeediyay xusuusta reer HALO ah
in faahfaahin dheeraad ah, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa ayaa la tagay by artist ee sawir
dhaw ka, sababta oo ah waxa laga saaray run ahaantii fool xun. Against Shaqada
taageere ugu hooseeya alwaaxdii saqafka haysay ee naaska ee Madonna ee sawirka
Darmstadt ah.
Intaas ka dib, waxaannu u jeesanaynaa dadka sababaha hernimmt Woltmann
isbedelka naqshadaha ah, iyo isaga oo dhammu ha ku badalato ON mar kale isaga
qudhiisu hadli kor ku xusan:
"Dhab ahaan baan u arkay in qoraaga of image dhaw ah by fududee iyo slimmer sameeyey
shuruudaha, inkastoo dhadhanka casriga ah waxay u yimaadeen inay la kulmaan, laakiin in
doorashada this waxaa la moodayay oo kaliya sababtoo ah in runta xiriirka quruxda badan ee
tirooyinka meeshiisii bannaanayd ahayd xad by ahaa iyo waxa uu ku yaalaa ku xusan bannaan oo
shaaca ka qaaday. sida cadadka hadda, laakiin, ballaadhkiisuna waa ku filan ma buuxisay image
Dresden ee qolka. naqshadda dhismaha ee Misbaax ku taagan go'doomin, waxaan dareemayaa
su'aasha sababa waxa dhismahan oo dhan si dhab ah macnaheedu waa, waxaan ka heli isaga Bilaa,
fikrad taas oo aan nagu soo biiri kartaa image Darmstadt ah. in this kuwaas oo idiin ku yeedhi
xagga xisaabinta xigmadda leh ee farshaxanka, ka corbels, taas oo labada dhinac dhali Shell ah, sida
ugu badan ee suurto gal ah oo markii hore ku dul iyaga on laba xubnood oo saxan cover oo ay
maamushaa ku dhawaad Misbaax oo dhan ka jira, waxa ay xirtey hoos dhaf qoorta iyo gacan kasta
wuxuu gaadhay tan jir ah halka sawirka dhaw ka qiyaas waa la dhimay, oo u dhexeeya corbels iyo
jir weli meel madhan iyo saxan daboolka si buuxda waxaa laga saaray. Volutenform The corbels,
kaas oo lagu dhiiriyo kara oo kaliya nasasiiyay waxaa ku la soo dhaafay, dhamaado arrin si xor ah,

oo aan qaadan wax, oo sidaas daraaddeed waa aan macquul ahayn. In image Darmstadt ee derbiga
ku dhow inay Misbaax waxaa la aasaasay by architrave ah, kaasoo dhacaya isla markiiba corbels
ah, iyo in this Volutenansatz waa laba kol, oo u dhiganta labada lakab oo architrave ah kuwaas oo
wax yar ay laftu hogaanka badan hooseysa. Laakiin qoraaga of dhaw image loola dhaqmo sida
haddii ay ahaayeen caasimadaha qabsanayo, inkastoo ay foomkan yar taam, waxay sidaas
daraaddeed ma ay koraan si toos ah derbiga ka, laakiin kaliya on pilasters cidhiidhi ah, kuwaas oo
kaalinta derbiga ka hor, waxaan kori. Iyadoo volutes hoose uu si buuxda u ogaa waxa la sameeyo oo
ha u engegnay si isku xigxiga oo cad of asliga ah. Waayo, sidoo noocan oo kale ah waa in ay
foomka ku dhowaad zopfige, xiriirka ka dhexeeya qurux volutes sare iyo hoose, oo waannu og
nahay in Darmstadt image loo jeediyo. Ever foomamka turgid iyo characterless, - aad this ka arki
kartaa foomka of kitaabbadii, in qaab reer qolof ah, oo aan u sameeyaan Safra daahir ah, laakiin in
ka badan hal kow iyo tobnaad oo ay ballaciisu yahay xad-dhaaf ah, ugu dambeyntii in ujeedada
Baroque in dhar qolof qubbad qeybtii sare ayaa sida laaban sheet ee laba geesood ka asaasiga ah
naqshadda ah. Sawirka Darmstadt waxaan arki style Jarmalka hore Renaissance, sida ay soo
bandhigay rinjiile wakhtigaas, waqti kaas oo injineero baan u dhisay Gothic; badan waa weyn iyo
Goodin for our dareen, laakiin wax walba uu leeyahay isagoo gacmaha iyo cagaha, marnaba ma
waayi xidhiidhka ka organic. Laakiin tani waa image Dresden ee kajirin, kuwaas oo foomamka soo
wada tuuray random. "
"Ugu dambeyntii, qoraaga doonana waa aragti Schnitzer kulantay. Band The giringiriyey-up,
waxaa ka oo volutes hoose sameeyay rinjiyeynta Darmstadt, ma aha qaab laakiin yaraanayeen, oo
sidaas daraaddeed waxay u yar ayaa cidhiidhi ku jira weeraryahanka. Dayda The ma ay garan in,
waxaa lagu qabtay for view aragtida, doonayay inuu keeno view of volute sare si joogta ah, oo soo
bandhigay corbel bidixda ee ka dhacaday ee aragtida waa waxa ay ka dhigeysaa isaga ka kale ee
sawirka soo dhacaan. " . Faham noocan oo kale ah si cad u cadeeyo "Waxaad awoodi kartaa image dheer oo aan og
layligan, waxaad hal mar laakiin mar xusay, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in mid ka haya sawir
dhaw xitaa in shuqulka oo ka mid ah gacanta Holbein ama ka warshad Holbein ee ah in aan la
tacaamulayaan leeyihiin in ay sameeyaan a dayda ka dib. "

Kuwani aflagaada Woitmann ee waan u hogaansamay laba kale oo dhamaystiran, si

fiican u yaqaan oo la duruufaha style Renaissance ah, sida qoraaga la aqoonsan yahay
ee Baufache, injineero dul bandhigga sawirrada labada images iyo tolay ka dib markii
a sawiro kale oo dhowr Holbein'schen la naqshadaha horumaray. Labada waxaa laga
helay ilaa xad si madax-bannaan ka mid ah kasta oo kale oo aad si wadajir ah maanta,
la yaab leh in sababo sida in su'aal la sheegay in laga yaabaa. Si aad u samayso
isbedelada in naqshadda dhismaha ee image Dresden ee ismaandhaaf ah oo
koobiyeeyay ku tiirsan, ma ahaa sabab. The fanaaniinta, Ranjiilayaasha sida
injineero, waqti Holbein ee, go'amada ugu weyn iyo xorriyaadka abid qaaday in
qabashada style Renaissance, oo ah fahamka naqshadda ammaan waa inaan laga
helin iyaga in, in aan la filayaa in la Holbein, oo run ahaantii ka dib markii arrimo
dhigay kaliya si aad u hesho si yar. Sidaas ee No. sawir gacanta 65 Renaissance
Capital a sida meesha haysa, taas bedelkeeda u qosleen oo Masiixa (No. 41 Basel) tiir
Romanesque loo isticmaalaa sida caasimadda, on dil ka mid ah Masiixa arkaa
caasimada ah in uu leeyahay wax aan xirano, Masiixa ka hor Kayafas (No. 39 Basel)
goobood oo aan loo tarjumi karaa galay si fiican ee jirka. J. Hubner sidoo kale ku
faantaa naqshadaha maalinta kale ee dhaw aquirierten Holbein'schen kaliya la tacliiq
ka shaqeeya 11) , "in Holbein kaliya inta badan uu darey taariikhiga Dhibay ee
mucaaradka ku darina by eheeyn ah, ku lug leh laga fahmay muuqaalada naqshadda

hore ku dhowaad sida z this. B. isagoo sawiro qurux badan oo Xaraaradda kiiska ahaa
". Sidaas waa maxay Meyer taageertaa QABTAY isaga ka leh, "Holbein Architectureka khayr badan ee isku mar Baumeister fahamsan yahay in Germany lahaa", waa
adag tahay in la yidhaahdo.On oo dhan, in kastoo, sidaas darteed waxaan khubaro ka
joojiyay, aad si fiican laga yaabaa in naqshadda dhismaha ee image Darmstadt
fududee muhandas kaasoo si fudud kalsoonida dhaw image saxiixayaasha; go'amada
Bilaa naqshadda, laakiin halkan iyo halkaas ayaa noqon; sawirka Darmstadt
dhicitaanka heelless of architrave ee dhexdhexaad ah membered corbels aan, ee dhaw
jidka taajajkii in meesha of corbels halkan la xiriira. Sidoo kale loo yaqaan horay v.
Ilig The qabsanayo ee Darmstadt image sida "ma ku faraxsanahay iyo doorsoon aan
fahmo noocooda qadiimiga".
11)

feature ee joornaalada Dresden ee 187 ah.

Naftayda u muuqataa farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya Darmstadt oo dhaw ka soo

baxay naqshadaha u fududayn lahaa ee ugu horeysay ee u dambeeyey. architrave The
double waxaa bedelay fudud, saxan cover double ah Archilravs saaray, corbel
labanlaab loo beddelaa a ka badan fudud caasimadaha, inkastoo kitaabbadii ku
heshay qaab yar ka farxiya. Haddaba Holbein ayaa horay, 65 caadi horumariyo
gacanta barbaro lahayn., Architecture nayaa si gaar ah ugu Darmstadt image
voraussetzlich ka dib, oo markii sawir dhaw waa run ahaantii ka dambayn Darmstadt
ah, wuxuu ku dhex jiraa sare oo keliya oo isku jiho ah.
Woltmann Dabcan sharxayaa naqshadda dhismaha ee dhaw image for halkii
bombastic badan in of image Darmstadt ah. Laakiin waxa uu noqon lahaa sidaa
darteed, waxaa loogu talagalay halkii ka dhanka ah Picture dhaw ku caddayn lahaa,
maxaa yeelay, aad rabto inaad aragto tusaalooyin naqshadaha bombastic, waxa laga
yaabaa inay ku sawiro, marar badan ku xusan Holbein ee hamiday Masiixa,
arki.Woltmann gudbiyo gaar ahaan erayada aadka ah ee Shell ama u Safra ama in ka
badan 1 / 11 oo ay dhexroor sida turgid; Haddaba kanu waa arrin for dhadhan shakhsi
ahaan. Taabashada Xaqiiqada ah, waa mid ka mid ah gool in ay tahay aan caadi
ahayn; laakiin in ay hubaal aad u daran awoodaan in koobiyeeyay ajnabi ah uu
doonaynin in la egyahay. Against 60 mar noqon kartaa on gacanta barbaro lahayn.
Tijaabi in Holbein ma qabtaa in xukunka wareegga saafi hemispherical, maxaa
yeelay, halka sawirka dhaw wareegga badan u Safra ama waxaa loo buunbuuniyeen,
waa unterhht loo sawirka gacanta iyo waafaqsantahay sawirka Darmstadt badan u
Safra, si sidaa darteed horay an isku jiho ah sidoo kale waa la arki karo halkan. Dhab
ahaantii, xaddiga dhaf la xiriira qeybta Grunddiameter at sawirka gacanta sida
1 : 1,192, at image Darmstadt sida 1 : 1020, sawirka dhaw sida 1 : 0,875.
Dheeraad ah, waa in si dhab ah sida ay qaadanayso Woltmann, a "baroque"
ujeedada noqon in dhar dagan laftiisa jirsado at darafyadiisa oo suufka, mid waxa uu
xitaa qaadan lahaa sababta ka mid dheeraad ah si loo siidaayay of sawir dhaw ka, mid
ka mid ah fudud iyo waxay leeyihiin si weyn sababaha, maxaa yeelay, - iyo mar kale
waa inaan in barbaro farabadan oo dhan sababo kulanka waxaa ka muuqataa at mar,
-., maxaa yeelay, waxaan idinku leeyahay, taas aad ujeedada baroque dhow dahay
sawir No. 65 xataa helaa warka badan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu noqon lahaa

mid aad uma badna in koobiyeeyay ah waa in ay kaliya iman in ujeedada isku
baroque; Sidoo kale waxaan aaminsanahay in si ay u taageeraan ugu yaraan tirinta
wax, tan iyo fadhiga oo ka mid ah alwaaxdii saqafka haysay taageere ugu hooseeya
runtii u muuqataa in ay ku taageersan kiiska ku badan, 12) , iyada oo aan wax
Mu'minaadka ah, in aad si dhab ah u leeyihiin in ay arki ujeedada a baroque ee
xoodaan , Ugu yaraan waxaan ka heli shaxanka ee xabaalaha cardinals Amboise in ay
Rouen, kaas oo la siiyo IV ee taxadiri Gailhabaud ee T., ee qolofka ah Silanyo
sharraxsan of dabaaldega qabrigii mar lab jeedin la mid ah taageere saqafka hoose ka
substrate ah, oo sidaas oo kale waa si fiican u kale dhacaan.
12)

Sida ay ii tusaalooyin kaliya la joogo in Vaticana Basilica iyo Liberiana, waxay ahayd fikirka kor ku xusan,
faahfaahin dheeraad ah PL. 11 si Chateau de Chambord (1523 bilowday) ee taxadiri Gailhabaud ee., Oo tusaale
Holbein'schen Masiix Kayafas ka hor.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

VI. sababaha Historical.

From dhaw image waxaannu og nahay in la soo iibsaday 1743 in Venice dhaw in
Venice laakiin waxaa ku wareegsan 1690 ee Amsterdam bankruptcy ee bangiga
maxalli ah. Ugu yaraan wakiilka dos iibsiga Algarotti la sheegay in si aan sugida
amaan ah sabab sida in yar oo laakiin ah shaki ku jiraa waa in. Waxaa la iibsaday ee
Amsterdam sida Holbein'sches image la'aan ay xaqiiq tahay ayaa si kastaba
samaynaya diiday, sidaas ayaa xeerkii u gaar ah. aqoonta saxda ah ee ku jira, laakiin
la lumay, maxaa yeelay, waxaad qabtaa in Venice, oo muujiyey in image qoyska
Meier ee qoyska ee Chancellor English Thomas More, malaha by wareer la sawir
kale Holbein'schen oo run ahaantii ka dhigan tahay qoyska this.
From Darmstadt image u daahfurtay badan taabtay Woltmann ee (1866) waxay
ahaayeen kuwo [Cutubka kaliya. I.] xaaladaha siiyey oo Ankaufes ugu danbeysay ee
loo yaqaan. Kuwan, inay dib u sii been lifaaqaya xogta, tabar gabtid noqon Madonna
dhaw, laakiin daahfurtay, kuwaas oo lagu caasiyoobi jiray oo dhan waxay ku xiran
tahay ka dhanka ah hadda, u dhaqmo tani waa sidaas (Kitaabka The s at Woltmann
hoos gudbiyay.):
On jir ah image Darmstadt leeyahay jubbad double ee hubka, raaceen by tagay
bilowgaba la dhiso rajo ah in ay jiraan in la soo celiyo ogan karo in lagu acquis hore
ee sawirka, sidaasi darteed waxaan ahaa sawir waxaa ka mid ah in aan khuseeya
taariikhiga Holbein'sche Madonna, iyo, sida mar hore v i hor. ilkaha dhib badan in
weydiimaha la khubaro laga badiyay, waxa qoyska waxaa iska lahaa. Woltmann ahaa
faraxsanaan badan, by marayay noocan oo kale ah soo bixiyey in mid ka mid ah laba
hubka qoyska Dutch Cromhout iska leh; oo halkan ku soo toostay uu ka Mr
Suermondt helay Aachen note ah in Holbein'sches Madonna leh dhowr tirooyinka
jilba at ah haayaha xaraashka Amsterdam oo rag iyo Cromhout Loskart 1709

dhacdaa, kaas oo noqon kara oo kaliya sawirka Darmstadt si. The Loskart ee buugga
la xiriira waxaa laga yaabaa by Cromhout sababtoo ah labada calamaada ku
heshiiyaan in ay Mittelschildchen ah oo ka mid ah waxay leedahay in ka badan kale
weeraryahanka, in heshiis buuxa.
Marka la soo koobo, nuqul Darmstadt ahaa ku dhawaad 1709 Amsterdam oo haysta
ee associate la Cromhout Loskart. By magaca Loskart laakiin buundada la garaaco si
ay fariin hore, taas oo ka fannaaniinta si fiican u yaqaan iyo qorayaasha Sandrart
keenta. Warbixintan (1.675) in qaraabada iyo saaxiibada, artist Amsterdam iyo
Kunstmkler Leblon (Leblond), kaasoo uu kula noolaa muddo ah in Amsterdam, uu
wax ka qabto ayaa laga yaabaa sidaas heli note sax ah, hantiyeen Holbein'sches
Madonna ah, kuwaas oo gaaban Description on our ama image Darmstadt uu ku
habboonyahay, iyo in Leblon this muddo dheer ka hor, isaga qudhiisu waa (Sandrart)
isaga oo ka qaaday sagootin ah, (waxa ku saabsan 1645 ama 1646) happen'm Lssert
xisaabiye "on kuwaas oo ku kulul salaadda" in 3000 guilders iibiyey. Tan iyo markii
magaca dhigma Lssert magaca associate ee buugga la Crombout Loskart dhow ku
filan in ay ku riday farqiga kaliya in la hubin hore aad u badan oo higaada oo
magacyadooda 1) , ka dibna mid ka mid uu leeyahay in loo qaato in uu ahaa sawir
Darmstadt ah waxa Leblon Amsterdam ku lahaa gacmihiisa, oo u iibin jireen inay
Lssert. Waa run in Lssert at kaas oo iibka, kuwaas oo horey u sano ka qaaday ka
hor 1645, ma beego Loskart ka saarney ee 1709, si aad u wanaagsan, laakiin isku mid
ah la awoowe ah oo Dhaxlay-ekaanta kan iyada ah; Sidaas oo ka kaas oo u soo jiidi
diidmo ah.
1)

Intee in le'eg oo waxaa lagu, waxaa loo arki karaa ka Kumaan ee higaada kala duwan ee magacyada abid ee

taariikhda noo image door anigoo histor. Abh. In Naum. Weig. . Arkay XIV. Halka.

By magaca Leblon dambeyntii lala fariin Sandrart'sche la da'da weyn, oo waannu

qabsan ku saabsan image ah, fariin ka timaada meelaha ka soo jeedo ee image ah,
Basel laftiisa. Waxay ka timaadaa (1595 ku dhashay 1667 dhintay) jurist Basel
Remigius Fesch, kaas oo la sheegay in qiyaastii 3 basilienses Ulnas labada width
qiyaasay sida image sarajooggeeduna wuxuu, kaas oo qoyska Meier ka hor meel
allabari (khalad qabtay: hore ee Madonna a ) waxaa lagu muujiyey jilba joogsaday,
oo haysta uu awoowe, Basel duqa Fesch ah (dhashay 1541, ku dhintay. 1610), ayaa u
iibiyo inay golaha Basel ee Iselin, kaas oo u celinta Amsterdam artist Leblon ee ku
saabsan 163, (taas oo sanad aan la xayaysiiyo) iibsaday by 1000 Imperial, oo ay mar
kale ka iibiyey at saddex jeer qiimaha iibka. Newer, dhex dhexaadin by Mr. uuHeusler, cilmi abtirsiinta ayaa si ula kac ah ku soo biiray natiijada xiiso leh awoowe
ee metalaa, Duqa Fesch, milkiilaha of sawirka, maayso ah duqa Meier soo bandhigay
sawirka laftiisa lahaa inay naag u noqoto, ka dib markii taas image lagu muransan
yahay ay dhaxal ka qoyska aasaasay in uu hantidiisa iman. metalaa The Fesch
qudhiisu laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa ekaanta, at kuwaas oo sale qayb ka mid ah uu
awoowe ee Iselin uu ahaa sano oo kaliya 11 jir ah, ma isku arkaan, ama ugu yaraan
kaliya ka xasuus cudud ahaan waxaa ka mid ah ku hadlo, tan iyo markii ay qeexayaa
image gurracan oo aan sax ahayn. Taasi Madonna a sawirka waxaa ka mid ah, waxaa

la aan soo sheegnay, waxay noqon kartaa halkii bemerktermaen tirooyinka hor jilba
meel allabari, oo ma dhici karto in image ah, dhinacyada ku siiyey ma tahay mid sax
ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed ma xitaa noqon karaa shaki haddii xogta uu ku salaysan
yihiin nuqul ka mid ah our image, haddii uusan si cad angbe in ay tahay qoyska
Meier ah, kaas oo laga heli karaa wakiil waxa ku jira, oo aan ku heshiinney in aan
kala guurka ah si ay Leblon la Sandrart. Sidoo kale xusay Fesch inuu hantiyo wakiil
kasta oo ay Ludi Joh. In nuqulo Belgium laba characters ka image ah. Mid ka mid ah
sidoo kale dareemi karaa in xaddiga iibka kor ku sanamkii by Leblon raacsan
Sandrart, ay bixiyaan a. In aan ku tiirsanaanta adkaaday. Go'an Xigtay iyo dood
Algarotti ee Imperial waa in la turjumo ma Reichstaler laakiin by Reich Gulden.
Intaas ka dib, ay jirto sabab, macluumaadka Fesch iyo SandraR in ay tixraac image
isku mid ah; iyo tan iyo u yimaadeen inay Leblon image ka dib markii gabagabada ah
ee faahfaahinta Sandrart ee la helay Woltmann ee ahaa Darmstadt, warshadaynta ee
image ku saabsan qoyska aasaasay oo sidaas awgeed cadaymaha toos ah taariikhiga
ah ee ay xaqiiq tahay muuqataa halkan markii hore si buuxda u guulaysatay. Maxaa
yeelay, soo koobo orodka hore dib: Ka dib markii Fesch alaabta ka nuqul ka aasaasay
qoyska sanamkii ka baxsan (in 163) ka estate Iselin ayaa si Amsterdam Leblon iyo
iibin by this by Sandrart (muddo dheer ka hor 1645) si Lssert. Sawirka isla laga heli
karaa ka dib (1709) ee hantida u ahaa associate la Cromhout Loskart mar kale in in la
arkaa farac u Lssert in; iyo gacanta bidix ku yiilleen of image Darmstadt ee
Cromhout'sche Crest xaqiijinayaa in mid ka mid xaqiiqdii leedahay in la sameeyo
sawir Darmstadt ah.
The saamayn faahfaahin halkan taariikhiga ah ee Algarotti iyo Sandrart xagga sawir laga heli
karaa macno ahaan in aan qoraalkan taariikhiga ah; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay ku filan daboolay by
kor ku xusan The. Warka of Fesch Waxaan raaci doonaa sababta oo ah muhiimadda gaarka ah iyo
peculiarity in qoraalka ay. (Line The toosan ka on mid bidixda taagan, qoraalka ugu weyn ee
garabka midig ee indisputably ka dib ku daray, note in yarna of Fesch'ischen Manuskrips.)
Tabula haec fuit avi nostri A . 163 Suprad. pictor Le Bloud hic
Remigii Faeschii Consulis, a vidua et haeredibus Iselii p
Martinum a
unde Lucas Iselius eam tabulam dhejisa ligneam trium circiter
Ulnarum saldhig
petravit per legato koritaanka siliensium Regis Gal in
altitud. tum in longitud.
beenaale. ferebat UTI, et persolvit in adinba adumbratus
praedictus Jac. Meierus
per centum EA coronatos toos Qunsulka hore latere dextro Una
Jochen filiis, ex
reos circ anno qoraxda. 1606.- opposito uxor Jochen filiabus
omnes ad vivum
depicti ad altare Procumbentes, unde
habeo
exempla filii et filiae in Belgio Joh ah.
Ludi
pictore hore ipsa tabula depicta. Solvit

waa
Le Bloud per tabula HAC 1000
Imperial et
postea triplo majoris vendidit Mariae
Medicae
Reginae Galliae, viduae Regis
Luud. 13
Matri, ageret QAABINTA in Belgio,
ubi etmortua.
Quorsum pervenerit, incertum.

Warkani waa in a L628 codsatay ilaa wax yar ka hor dhimashadii

gacmeedyada qoraaga sii, iyo in kastoo ka mid ah qaybta gaarka ah
ee isku mid ah (Pictoria) ah, taas oo ku taxan tiro Holbein'scher
shaqeeya iyo hadlayaa kooban; laakiin waxay la qoro laga yaabaa in
taariikhda ah magac uyaalka ah ee qoraaladii laftiisa (ee iridda
Pictoria) ka dib L631 meesha Fesch laga yaabaa in aan la ogyahay
shuruudaha si sameeyey sale l63 in Leblon ah. hubin ee ma
xayaysiiyo sannadkii 163, taariikhda sale si fudud loo soo jeeda
karaa a, explainable by bareeg waqtiga kor ku xusan, xusidda cudud
ahaan in si yaqiin ah laakiin waxay weli meel ilaa sadarka ugu
dambeeya ku qoran, ee soo socda, in la eego halkan xiiso, qoraalo
ka heli ay sharaxaad. In cutubka 3aad ee tusaha Holbein'scher
shaqeeya Fesch keenaysaa in image ah ereyada soo socda: "sawirka
of Emperor Charles V, taas oo Mr Leblon, Amsterdam rinjiile,
Ingiriisi Duke Buckingham ee Europe oo dhan inay u soo diray ku
dhawaad adeeganayay caanka ah, gaar ahaan Rinjiyeynta
Holbein'scher , oo ku saabsan iibsaday in Lyon 100 taaj by 1633
sida Mr Council boqornimada Monconius (Liergus) [sheegay ii uu
warqad of 7 January l 638 2) .] "cutubka 4aad waxaa ka dibna sii
dooday in isla Leblon iibsaday sawirka Holbein'sche ee Erasmus ee
Basel, cutubka 5aad ee Wehbe Meier iyo haweenka ee 1516 ayaa laga
wada hadlaa, iyo ugu dambayntii u maleeyey in 163 Leblon qodobka
kor ku xusan 6 of iibinta nuqul ka mid ah images our. Laga soo
bilaabo tan waxay u muuqataa in ay ku tirinnaa in nuqul this of
Leblon midkood ayaa runtii iibsaday on safarka tahay u sameeyey
Duke, ama Fesch laakiin presupposes oo sidaas daraaddeed sannaddii
soo wareegtay ayaa 163 habeeyay Basel sanadka 1633 for Lyon oo
sannadkii L633 dambe Patin taas oo ku salaysan yahay Fesch, sharci
darro ah loo wareejiyay Basel. Laakiinse haatan sannadkan 1633 si
ay u aqbalaan wax ka mid ah Lyon iyo ka yar ee Basel markii
iibsadaan Leblon ee ku Duke of Buckingham dhici 3) , maxaa yeelay
waxaa lagu dilay August 1628 sidaas darteed waxaa laynaga waayo,
waxaa isaga iibsadaan, halkan waxa kale oo our image ah, inuu u
dhaqaaqo taariikhda hore, iyo bixinta ayaa ceshan lahaa by Leblon
in uu la dilo laga yaabaa in ku saabsan waqtiga heshiiska
waxiibsashada, sharax sababta uusan ugu iman gacmaha ay galeen,
laakiin. Dhinaca kale 163 khusaysaa si fiican leh taariikhda wada

in Iselin, iibsaday ka dhimista ay Leblon image, 1626 dhintay, oo

waxaa loo bixiyey inuu amarka of estate uu ka carmalka oo dhaxla
1630, oo korkoodana waxaa Fesch badan tahay xaqiijin karin fikrad
ah waxaa yimid celinta this. madmadowga jeelyihiin jira halkan ku
saabsan ma cadda doonaa.
2)

gabagabo Tan waxaa ka maqan in qoraal gacmeedyada.

Laakiin xaqiiqda ah in this runtii ahayd kiiska, waxaa qayb ahaan xaqiijiyay
by xaqiiqada ah images runtii Holbein'sche ahaayeen in Walpole in gallery ee
Duke ah, qayb ahaan in. Ka dib markii Sandrart ee Acad S. 382, si ay u
Sainsbury ee Waraaqaha S. 64, 70, 103 Leblon lahaa in ay dhexdhexaadiyaan
iibka ah ee waaweyn Rubens 'Golaha Wasiirada iyo tagaasida u Duke of
Buckingham ee 1625 iyo 1627, sidaas si dhab ah u dhaqmeen si la mid ah sida
wakiilka ah.
3)

Sidaas wax kasta oo fog u muuqataa cad oo adag, waayo, mid wax, u istaagaan
image Darmstadt ah, oo ka soo xareeyo labaad ee waxa ka mid ah ka fiirsan kartaa
inaad dhaw ah, tani ma aha hadal ah.Laakiin weli laba ma qoraalada in wararka Fesch
ee ma tixgeliyaan in mid ka mid noqon kara kuwa ku salaysan jiritaanka iyo tuur
shaki ah in dhinac oo dhan taariikhiga ah ee su'aasha galay waxaan leenahay.Fesch
kartaa hore ee image oo dhan, oo waxaa isagii u yimid ka estate Iselin ee Leblon, ma
ahan oo keliya sida Sandrart Leblon noqotay in Lssert, waxaynu og nahay in uu
ahaa in haysashada image Darmstadt laakiin ka Leblon in Marie Faransiis Queen ka
de Medicis doonaa intii ay ku jirtay Belgium, ka iibiyey. Sidaas ma doonayaan in ay
sii macnaha guud ee string hore ee xogta. Maria de 'Medici ahaa in xaqiiqda sabab u
ah isku dhacyada la wiilkeeda Louis XIII. isaga iyo midiidinkiisii Richelieu cararay
on July 18, 1631 si ay Netherlands iyo ku noolaa xaalad aan sugnayn ee Brussels, ilaa
ay u tageen inay England ee 1638 iyo ugu dambeyntii in 1642dii ku dhintay
Cologne. Laga soo bilaabo biyaha qasan ee khilaaf hadda u dhexeeya Fesch iyo
Sandrart in mid ka mid in Leblon yimid gacmaha image gashay in Mary Queen ah,
iibin kartaa kale si Lssert xisaabiye, aad rabay kalluunka soo baxay muran ka
dhanka ah siidaayay of dhaw image, hadda bilowday, oo aan hadda haysanno dhaw si
ay u eegaan.
Inta aad ogtihiin ka soo xareeyo waxaa dooneen mana mucaaradka oon ku xaliyo in
Lssert ayaa u dhaqmeen kaliya sida wakiilka ah Queen marka Ankaufe for
this. Laakiin ka dib markii daahfurtay Woltmann ee baray in ka Lssert image
iibsaday ku hadhay qoyskiisa, Woltmann iyo Kinkel ka dhacay oo la socda, hoos u
duubay by Crowe, aragtida, ku dheehan la mid ah, laakiin ka dib markii la ogaaday
Woltmann ee kiis kasta xoogaa ka duwan sidii dhamaadka kale, u aragto Wornum ee
waxa loo arki karaa qadiimo. 4)
4)

ka dib by beddelaad ah oo qayb ka mid ah u aragto Woltmann'schen Meyer br..

nuqul runta ah waxa yimid gacmaha Basel ee Leblon ayaa labanlaab hoos
gacmihiisa, wuxuu ka dhigi kartaa nuqul ka mid ah image dhabta ah ka dibna waxaa

lagu iibiyey nuqul ah; kuwaasu waa laba nuqul. Haddaba qireen ku weyddiiyo oo
hore: Haddii u yimaadeen inay Lssert Darmstadt ama u yimaadeen inay Mary,
voraussetzlich dhaw, dhab ah. Woltmann muuqatay bilowgaba, ugu horeysay by
daahfurtay in uu sii xaqiijiyey, waayo, laakiin Kinkel ayaa horay dooday ka dhanka
ah xaqiiqada ah in, ka Gaarna taariikhi ah, oo kaliya sidoo kale in ay noqon kartaa
ugu dambeeya, kaliya by tashiga ee mudnaanta dooran reasons'll for Darmstadt
ah. Haa Fesch hufan beddeli karo hooyo ee image Basel ee Leblon halkii u tag Mary
sida in Lssert; si uu doonaynin this, ka Darmstadt, halkii nuqul soodaynaya.Laakiin
kaydka Woltmann lagu muransan yahay in arrinta si dhibcood qaar ka mid ah
xaq. Basel ayaa ku yimaadaan Leblon gacmaha ku image runtii waa Darmstadt, ma
noqon dhaw ah; oo in kastoo si tani ma aha abuur ah, weli waxaan ku khasbannahay
in uu sharciga ku xusan oo dhan image Darmstadt ah, oo looga shakisan yahay in ay
soo baxdo ka dhaw inay ka baxaan in muddo ah si loo xoojiyo haa daal ee counterdoodaha in tiro ka mid ah dhibcood la siiyo. Magac ahaan:
1) weligiisba uu ahaa mid ka mid ah labada asalka iyo nuqul kale, sidaas oo keliya
loo erstgemalte kartaa asalka ah; laakiin sababaha gudaha badan, mid ka mid ah oo
looga wadahadli doono in qaybaha soo socda, image Darmstadt ee erstgemalte sii.
2) Fesch sheegay runtii in Basel'sche image ayaa lagu iibin ka Leblon si Queen
Mary, halkaas oo laga yaabo in aan la iman in Lssert Darmstadt. Laakiin Sandrart
lahaa ogaada wanaagsan sida Fesch, kan Leblon, sawirka dhabta ah waxaa lagu
iibiyey. Waayo, ma aqbali karo waa in Leblon khiyaanay saaxiibkiis iyo ina adeerkiis
Sandrart la tilmaan ah ee iibka ah ee koobi halkii asalka ah si Lssert waa. By la
barbardhigo Fesch hufan garan kari waayay iyo sidoo, Ruuxaan Leblon ee
Amsterdam asalka iyo in uu ka soo iibiyey nuqul, sida in uu warbixin guud waa mid
aad sax ahayn in Basel.
3) In qaaddeen haboonayn in Leblon ha ka nuqul ka mid ah sawirka dhabta
ah. images Holbein'sche ahaayeen sida labada in qoraallada Fesch ee muuqata ka
faahfaahinta sida Sainsbury ee Waraaqaha, mar marka gadashada iyo iibinta images
ciyaari, aad u doonayay, oo waa dabeecadda Leblon ee aan si xor ah looga shakisan
yahay. Waayo, haddii Sandrart aadka u maleeyo isaga, oo wuxuu u bixiyey, iyo
waxyaabo kale ee "Maecenas of wanaaggiisa," ayuu yiri gacanta kale ee this
Maecenas of wanaaggiisa in Sainsbury ee Waraaqaha (p. 296) waxa loo yaqaan
beenaala ah calooshiis farshaxanka arrimaha ganacsiga iyo diray a "qaadee
Amsterdam Like" muuqataa eedeeyay kaas oo ah in Amsterdam ahaa abid ragaadiyey
fiisa suuqa farshaxanka. Sidoo kale Kinkel doodaysaa waa in ay noqon ka hawl
Leblon ee Brussels Boqorad deggan sudhan yihiin nuqul ka mid ah, sida iibsadaha ah
in meesha.
4) faahfaahinta The Fesch in ka celinta Iselin ee soo Leblon image ayaa qiyaasay
labada by width badan height "3 Ulnas Basilienses" Sidaa darteed waa in ay halkii ay
laba jibbaaran, inkastoo run ma for kaliya hal ama tijaabooyinka kale, laakiin si fiican
u Darmstadt sida dhaw. Magac ahaan sida ay (halkan on Pr. Foot hoos) cabbir v. Zahn
ka cidhiidhi balastar la'aantiis giigiijiyo width ee nuqul Darmstadt ee Lichten 3,109,
sare 3.392 feet, width ah ee dhaw 3 , 170, sare 3.770 feet. hore, ma ratio dambe

Keliya qiyaastii Haleela badan in sinnaanta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dabcan, mid waa
Ulnas halkan turjumi by cagta halkii Ellen.
5) Kinkel sii gudbiyaa in fariimaha ugu da'da weyn ee Fesch iyo Sandrart ogahay
of kaliya hal nuqul run, iyo xataa aqoonta qoyska muujiyey dhexdeeda laga badiyay
at dhaw.
Saas waxaa ugu wacan xadiidka arrinta of our dhaw Madonna gebi ahaanba laga
badiyay. Hadda waxaan raadinayso iyaga talaabo talaabo si ay dib.
Iskusoo wada duuboo, waa in aynu iloobin in haddii aad rabto inuu ku soo shirtagi
in macluumaadka si toos ah Fesch ee, oo laga keenay qoyska aasaasay, halkan si
kasta oo dhab ah, image aan of Leblon in Lssert laakiin Leblon lagu baahiyay u
image Queen Maria, sidaas daraaddeed dhaw yahay, haddii ay taasi tahay Darmstadt
ah. Laakiin haddii aad hadda u ku qanci waayaan warbixin toos ah Fesch ee arrintan
la xiriira, waxaan leenahay oo aan ka yarayn kaliya keeni in siyaabo kale, oo
saasaynu ku yimaadaan si dhibcood, taas oo ka dhigi view ee soo horjeeda ee
xasaasiga ah.
Haddii aan dib u fiirin, si muran ugu weyn ee soo horjeeda Eeboo in ay iibin nuqul
ka mid ah our image at Lssert, mid kalena Mary of Medicis ka dib isugu soo
ururayeen of Fesch iyo Sandrart ee News Leblon, waa in sidaas awgeed la jirtay oo
haysta laba koobi, mid ka mid ah taas oo oo kaliya laakiin mid loo dhici karta in sida
dhab ah, in aan lagu salayn on fikrad aad u haboonayn in uu hantiyo laba tijaabo dhab
ah. laakiin kaliya erstgemalte ah waxa loo aqoonsaday Darmstadt ah, ayaa laga
yaabaa dhabta ah.
Laakiin waxa haddii faahfaahinta oo dhan masaakiinta meel kasta baray Fesch in
Queen ee Holland iibsaday mid ka mid ah nuqulada Leblon, noqon lahaa taariikh
ahaan aan la aqbali karin; dhici lahaa aasaaska oo dhan fikrad ah in image ku hoos
gacmaha Leblon ay ku labanlaabmay, wada, oo waxay qaadan doonaan fursado kale,
haa itimaalka meeshii oo jiritaanka laba koobi run weli u dul qaadasho si
fiican. Laakiin sida ay tahay. Queen ayaa dhab ahaan sida nuqul ka mid ah, kaliya
andersher sida Leblon iyo mararkii hore oo kale, sida, waxay ahayd in Netherlands,
iibsaday, sababtoo ah in ay isku mid u ahayn sababo dhinaca xun ama fiican
oo. Waxa kuwaas waa:
Queen Mary ayaa waxaa si nuugo ay ka soo cararayeen ka France inta ay joogaan
oo dhan ee Netherlands, halkaas oo ay ku iibsaday by Fesch image 3000 guilders, ee
noocan oo kale ah dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale badan oo ay intrigues siyaasadeed ee
ahaa in aan si fiican in la xasuusto waa, waxay leeyihiin si ay u iibsadaan sawir si a
muddo in qiimaha si aan jecel hab iyo danta lahaa horaantii ah Schafer muujiyey, oo
taariikhi ah in aan khuseeya ii by la xigasho oo ka Biography ah Queen ah sida ka
Sainsbury ee Waraaqaha of Rubens degan xaalad taas oo si fudud iska indho by
horjeeda ee ay fikrad.
Isla markii iyada ka dhacay July 1631 baxsado France ayaa jahaadaan xoolahooda
iyo naftooda ay jointure kuwaas (by hardamaya de Marie par T. Arconville III 355th)
wareegeen; durba September 1631 ayay ku jawaabay (sida Sainsb Waraaqaha p

161st.) dahabkeedii in ay keenaan hab dagaalka ka dhanka ah France wada,

waayo, waxaa (Ibid 168th) doonaa warqad ku taariikhaysan July 1632, "maalin kasta
sii kordhaya gobolka naxo" of a ku hadlay; ee 1633 waxay lahaayeen la'aanta diri dib
qayb ka mid ah domestics ay, kuwaas oo iyada ka soo raacay France, tag, oo ay ugu
dambeyntii ma sii ogaa sida loo sii Netherlands, ayay ka hor tagtay in 1638 in
England uu ina-Charles waxaan la'aan in ay degdeg ah sii dhinmaan, oo ku dhintay
1642dii ee Cologne ee hoog oo weyn. Ilaa iyo inta arrimahan aan taariikh disproved,
waa waxa ka mid ah erayada Fesch ee Queen ee Holland iibsaday sawirka qaaliga ah
ee Leblon, waa la garaacaa si qalad kale Fesch ee, kaas oo dhab ahaan soo horjeeda
ku leeyihiin in ay soo wac marka waxay ka sameeyeen ku aasaasay qoyska image soo
jeeda, war express lid Fesch ee, iibin karaan Leblon halkii inay Lssert badan in
Mary. Sidaas darteed haddii aad rabto in aad daliil u tahay in xitaa nuqul ka mid ah
our image si Queen yimid, uma hanato qaarkiin oo dhan abuurtay waxa ay u badan
tahay in aan weli dhalan, sidaa darteed waa in ay yimaadaan iyaga ka hor
duulimaadka, halkaas oo ay dhab ahaantii si fiican tahay iyo danta ay leeyihiin ayaa
laga yaabaa inuu Ankaufe sababtoo ah mid ka mid ah oo akhrinaya (in P. Sainsb.), in,
sidaas sanadkii la soo hor carar, doonayay inuu bixiyo 15,000 pounds Sanamyadiinna
weli 1630th
Sidaas kiis kasta wareer ah in farriimo Fesch ee ka dhacay. Fesch ogaa bayaan
wanaagsan oo kaliya jiritaanka a, dhaxlo ee qoyska ka mid ah uu image
awowayaashood, iyo tan iyo waxba this la hubo, laakiin u malayn laba wax ka ah in
ee Leblon, waxay kale oo ka mid ah Mary Queen maqlay iman, oo hadda wada
tuuray laba by ee Leblon dhex maray this ha tago Maryan, kuwaas oo uu ku ogaa,
waxay ahayd ee Netherlands, halkaas oo uu untriftigerweise; - Caddayn kale oo ay
la'aanta sax - xataa dila. Sidaas halkii labanlaabka ah ee image ah by Leblon wada
tuuray laba images Fesch. korsasho ee noocan oo kale ah co-tuuro, laakiin waxaa
lagu taageeray in Fesch in muujinaysa qiimaha iibinta la mid ah sida Sandrart for sale
in Lssert for sale in ay Maria.
Sidoo kale ma aha in la iska fududaysto in Boqorad noolaa markii jooga
Netherlands ma aha in Amsterdam, laakiin in Brussels, Sidaas nuqul ku lahaa in la
iibiyo si Brussels, laakiin sawir dhaw ka, waxa ay tahay in la damacsan nuqul in,
ayaa u yimid inuu Venice halkii Amsterdam, sidaas daraaddeed baaqaysaa fikrad ah
ee ka soo horjeeda, fikrad cusub in nuqul ka dib ahayd soo gaaray ka Brussels si
Amsterdam, laakiin fikrad ah u lumiya dheeraad ah si ay u joojiyaan, ayaa in ka
badan waxay u baahan yihiin mala cusub ee taageero. Oo haddii Kinkel ku dooday ",
waxay ahayd hawl Leblon ee Amsterdam, ku soo lifaaq nuqul ka mid ah [wixii uu
arko Picture dhaw ah] saaraysaa degan Brussels Queen, sida reer Holland ah oo ku
noolaa Amsterdam, si baxeen meeshii laftiisa," ayuu yiri jirsado tacliiq waxan keliya
oo ay guushu ku dhaw image markuu u hadhay isla Darmstadt ayaa sidoo kale ku
Amsterdam. Dhab ahaantii, waxay lahayd si adag u noqon, sidaas nuqul kala duwan
ee qof meel isku mid ah halkaas oo asalka ah waxa uu ahaa in laga lalmiyaa sida
asalka ah.
Aan ku filan, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa, hore unconsidered haray, note in wararka
Fesch ee (note ah in yarna ka tirsan) sidoo kale na siinayaa sabab fiican jaaniska

baaxad weyn oo gacanta in ka imaanaya sawirka qoyska aasaasay in xilliga uu joogo

ay boqoraddu samaysay in ka hor Netherlands, sidaa darteed ma iman dhex Leblon
iyaga, sidaas diiday iyagoo aan Laab by this. Tani waa inta badan si fudud u cad
marka aan ka fiirsan note this ee la xidhiidha ee halkan saamayn Hagidda ka wararka
Fesch ee isha, taas oo ujeedada waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in qaar ka mid ah
recapitulate horay Xigashooyinka.
text ugu weyn ee The Fesch ee caleemaha ka mid ah in jilba aasaasay Meier qoyska
oo ka kooban, kadis ah guddi aan sax ahayn ku tilmaamay in 163 carmalka oo dhaxla
Lucas Iselin ee Leblon oo ah tani waxay noqon sidaan idhi iibiyey Mary, ayaa la
sheegay aan xitaa ku xusan by Fesch in guddi this ee ahayd haysashada uu
awoowe. "Waxay leeyihiin waxa ay Iselin ka dib markii ay shaac (UTI ferebat) ee
safiirka of France oo ku saabsan 1606dii qiimaha of 100 saarnaa taajaj dahab ah
helay" qoraalada The indisputably ka dib helay by dambe by metalaa daray, note in
yarna sheegay oo kaliya, guddi taas maqleen uu awoowe, , [S. text Latin ee kor ku
xusan]. Halkan waxaan ku leenahay faahfaahinta gaar Iselin ee oo war Fesch ee
qoraalka ugu weyn waa ka soo horjeeda haddii image Iselin of Iselin ahaa laftiisa
hore u gaadhnay in uu noolaa ku saabsan 1606dii for ergooyinkii France, si kastaba
ha ahaatee, waxaa jira ka dib markii qoraalka ugu weyn keliya ka estate Fesch ee
Iselin ee si ay u yimaadeen inay 163 at Leblon. Iselin laakiin waxaa ku guuleystay
laga yaabaa cayimista gadaal ka waraaqaha, lahaa ka wanaagsan yahay nin kasta oo
ah in la ogaado, waayo, kii uu helay image ah; iyo haddii Fesch by Anfhrungsweise
isku mid ah ( "UTI ferebat") aamin dhexdeeda daliil, waxa uu ahaa isaga kooras sida
aad u dabiiciga ah si hufan sababta oo ah khilaaf in isagoo horaantii tilmaan
andersher guuleystay.Haddaba in kasta oo xal ugu fudud ee is khilaaf tani waxay u
muuqataa in ay noqon, - oo waxaan u leeyihiin si degdeg ah, maadaama ay weli
dhacaya by horjeeda, waxay doonayeen xitaa la Daawashada af badan ka yar, - in
sheyga iibin by awoowe u Fesch at Iselin image ma aha in ergayga ee France , maxaa
yeelay, waxay si dhab ah u iman, laakiin dhex maray Qoysku Iselin ee la helay ka
Iselin, ka dib helay waxaa Leblon. Laakiin sida ay u badan tahay waxaa laga yaabaa
in view this u muuqdaan kuwo la arko marka hore, - iyo in ay weli suurtagal tahay,
waan ku dafiri maayo - sidaa darteed uma badna waa sababahan soo socda. Haddii ay
ahaayeen in la isticmaalo sida Fesch jeclaan lahaa in isaga bixisey diiwaanka kaamil
ah laga helay munaasabadda lahayn, erayga muhiim "impetravit per legato"; haa
lahaa note oo dhan in sanamkii on Safiirka reer France waa ay ka yimaadeen, laakiin
weli uma uu iman, gudbay sida danaynayn, ama waxay leeyihiin war dambe u
horeysay si cad daray ha ka jira khilaaf ma leh text ugu muhiimsan, halkii isagoo ee
lagu daro fudud looks "UTI ferebat", isna wuxuu lahaa mucaaradka dareemay 5) ,
isaga oo aan laakiin waxa ay u kala diray. Waxa aad u leeyihiin in ay rumaysan
Iselin've cayimista runtii ka dhigay, oo waxay Fesch kaliya lama yaqaan in ay
midoobaan oo wata qoraal hore. war Si Fesch ee aqoonta la hubin xaqiiqda sida hadal
ah oo fikrad ah si dabiici ah translucent ka dib markii la yaabin haddii uu qabtay in ay
163 ku cusub xafiiska Leblon image for isku mid ah, sida in uu ogaa in ay ka
yimaadeen uu awoowe ee Iselin, iyo iibsadaan sanamyadii Holbein'scher ee Basel by
Leblon in 163 ka mid ah kooxda kale note lahaa [s. kor ku xusan], maxaa yeelay,

wuxuu this ka dibna ma gelin kara naftooda la qabsadaan, sida in lagu iibsaday image
ee Leblon, ka estate ee dhintay ee 1626 Iselin duwan. Taasi waa sababta ay sidoo kale
awood xaqiiqda ah in wakhtiga ugu Leblon ee Shopping ee Basel la waqtiga
dhimashada Iselin ee heysta [s dhow. haddii.] ma caddeyn ansaxnimada bayaanka in
Leblon lahaa uu nuqul ka celinta Iselin ayaa helay codsan.
5)

Waxaa sidoo kale dhulka caadi hooyo diin ah khilaaf this ayaa ka war, oo sidaas daraaddeed karaa marka la

isticmaalayo tixraaca qoraaladii Fesch'schen in Iselin arrin ku leexan.

halkan Fiiro gaar ah: gabaynayo ee fikrad ah in ay leeyihiin sanam hoos gacmaha
Leblon ayaa labanlaabmay, ma ku salaysan oo keliya on xujada awood of Queen ah,
markii jooga Netherlands ka iibsan isaga baxay nuqul qiimaha qaaliga ah, halka mid
ka mid ah xitaa dhihi kara "si fiican, Boqorad ma uu karin inuu soo iibsan screen
qaali ah, laakiin dheegto iyo isku iloowsiiyo qabatimo sida, waxay ahayd, ayay weli
iibsaday," laakiin sidoo kale in la yiri: "qof taxadar la'aan khasaariyey laakiin kaliya
waa haddii ay jiraan wax si ayaa qashinka, iyo awood walaac duug ah oo ku saabsan
adigoo awood leh in ay ku dhacaan cusub "; haysata weyn ee Ankaufes in mar walba
sii joogi doonaa. Laakiin incompleteness ee beenaynta dhaliyay darina keliya ku
salaysan, waxay midba midka kale la dhamaystiro by racfaan ay ka sooca gaar Iselin
ee, ceebta, taas oo caddayn u tilmaan u ah isla qiimaha iibinta laba iibsadaan loo
maleeyay oo kala duwan, oo asal ahaan reer nuqul Dresden ee Amsterdam halkii
Brussels, maxaa yeelay, wax kasta oo aan ku haboonayn fikrad ah.
Ma hadda By taageero hore muujiyay of Fesch ee qoraalka ugu weyn in ay u
Leblon, indisputably Darmstadt yimid, nuqul ka image ka Iselin ee dhimista qabiilka,
la siiyaa ugu yaraan in shaki aad u xoogan, ma jiraan warar kale oo si toos ah ay asal
ahaan ka soo qoyska aasaasay more ka hor, oo sidaas daraaddeed, laga sifaynayo
taariikhiga ah, asal ahaan, kuwaas oo raqiis ah midna Shakiyeen, haddii aan ka
dhanka kale laakiin vorlge note [comp ah. o.] in Leblon runtii Holbein'sche photo
shopped ee Basel, ka mid ah Darmstadt ah ayaa laga yaabaa, iyo mudnaanta tayadiisa
oo ah dartood, siidaayay of nuqul Darmstadt ka dhibcood kale ee view. Xaqiiqada ah
in ay calaamad u ah ee saamiga arrin sanamkii ee qoraalka ugu weyn ee Fesch ee
wanaagsan xaq u Darmstadt sida koobi dhaw,, ka sax yar yahay marka laga reebo,
aan ku ool iman karo tixgelin, sababtoo ah macluumaadka ku jira qoraalka ugu weyn
news wax ka Belgium koobbantahay ku saabsan gaaray Leblon gacmaha ku image oo
itaal Fesch by Ludi helay nuqulo ka mid ah laba characters ka image ah, kuwaas oo
uu ka hadlayo.
Ugu dambeyntii, sidaas darteed, kuwa soo socda laba views ugu weyn ee xiriirka
taariikhiga ah ee u dhexeeya labada images yihiin marka la barbar dhigo. In opinion
ee Woltmann iyo Kinkel 6) kaas oo laga dhaxlaa Meier qoyska in ay awoowe u Fesch
ah, sidaas si toos ah loo soo celiyo sawirka aasaasay qoyska Darmstadt ku ogan; oo
intaasu waxay ahayd Iselin Fesch ku iibsaday oo ku saabsan 1606dii for ergooyinkii
France, laakiin uma iman in this, laakiin markii dambe si l63. ka estate Iselin ayaa si
Amsterdam Leblon, mar kale, kuwaas oo u iibin jireen inay Lssert xisaabiyaha, oo

soo baxday ka dib 1709 at ah haayaha xaraashka Amsterdam oo rag iyo Cromhout
Loskart, kuwaas oo la soo dhaafay sida farac in ay arkaan in Lssert. The image
dhaw, laakiin waxa uu la soo saaray in gacmaha Leblon ee sida nuqul ka mid ah
Darmstadt, iyo Queen Marie de Medicis, kaas oo waxaa la horey u goostay hore
iibiyey intii ay ku jirtay ee Netherlands, laakiin tan iyo markii danbe loo wareejiyay
Venice. wareer Fesch ee waa uun xaqiiqada ah in uu iska iibiyo karaa Leblon Maryan
halkii nuqul ka mid ah keenay ka qoyska asaasiga ah ee image of this.
6)

Laga soo bilaabo view of C. ee (Crowe ayaa) aanan u hadli karin kiiskan, tan iyo markii ay si cad waa
khalad marka uu leeyahay: "image Lssert waa in of dhaw Gallery ah"; bixiyo ama halkii image Darmstadt ah
by Loskart magacayga Amsterdam buugga xaraashka ku xidhan yahay iibsadaha hore Lssert.

Sida laga soo xigtay kale, ma aha sida tii qaarkood laakiin wakiil ka tahay halkan
View waxa laga dhaxlaa aasaasay Meier qoyska ee Fesch, iibin by dambe in ay Iselin,
image halkii dhaw ah. Tani waxay hore u saabsan 1606dii ahaa Wasiirka Faransiis ee
Iselin Maryan Queen ku saabsan halka ayay weli joogay France, kaas oo si ay
Amsterdam iyo in Venice inay halkaas ka ka dib, oo aan la garaneyn guuraan.kale, oo
aan ka yarayn in la arkaa nuqul dhab ah, Darmstadt, ayaa helay dhawr sano ka hor
1630 ka Amsterdam Leblon mararka qaarkood ay u sameeyey (horay u dilay ee 1626)
Duke of Buckingham iibsadaan images Holbein'scher ka la garanayn oo hanti
Basel'schen, iyo in ay iibin Lssert, ka dibna sida view hore. wareer Fesch ee been in
xaqiiqda ah in ay u gudbin karaan ka dhaxlaa qoyska asaasiga ah ee uu awoowe
image halkii si toos ah by Iselin iyo Safiirka Faransiiska, balse kaliya ka estate iyo
Leblon Iselin ee Mary Queen waqti ah meesha ma aha sidoo kale in ka wuxuu ahaa
awood u iibsadaan.
Anigu waxaan iyada u tago sida wax, sida uu waraaqaha loo soo gudbiyey sida
dhamaystiran sida ugu macquulsan halkan si ay u qiimeeyaan ratio suurtagalnimada
of labada views isaga qudhiisu isku mid ah; Ku rid on my qayb, in hab aan u aragto
laga yaabaa in sheeko taariikhi ah, laakiin qaban soo horjeeda ee a sheeko aan
taariikhiga ah.
Haddaba, dabcan waa xaqiiqda ah in Maria malaha ma yeelan karto iibsaday nuqul
ka mid ah suuradda Leblon, ma laga saaray in ay Leblon ama Abkufer Lssert nuqul
abaabulay, kuwaas oo gacmaha kale mareen, iyo ugu dambayntii ka Amsterdam in
Venice; oo qirtay in wax soo saarka ee ah asalka runta ah iyo nuqul ka dib sameeyey
oo ka mid ah meelaha la mid ah (Amsterdam) qof kale oo aan ahayn meelaha caanka
ah ee asal ahaan uu leeyahay suurtagalnimada of xiriir sababaha, si kastaba ha
ahaatee, wax soo saarka ee labo nuqul dhab ah oo kaliya suurtogal ah ee hal mar ka
dhacay suuqa ugu duqeeda, iyo xaggeeda qorani looga shakisan yahay sababta waa
inaan la dhayalsan. Gaar ahaan, arrintan la xiriira waa fikrad ah in la tixgeliyo, taas
oo ah aqoon horey nuqul Darmstadt meesha aad weli u maleeyeen karaa waxa uu
ahaa Dresden ee nuqul waxa ku yimaadeen gacmaha Lssert ee, kooxda kaalinta ee la
xiriirta in Hubner ka dibna la aqbalay by Woltmann, laakiin hadda qaaday by Bruno
Meyer hab soo socda marka la eego koobiga Darmstadt mar kale. Kaasu wuxuu dhab
iibsaday by Lssert for boqoradda, laakiin marka ay dalka ku hadhay 1638 oo ahaa in

1643 dhintay, dhawray isaga ka naftoodiiba. Taasi in ay Fesch iyo Sandrart qiimaha
iibka isku mid ah waxaa la bixiyaa marka qaraabo ku iibiseen by Maryan iyo in
Lssert image, tan iyo markii labada iibka isku mid ah loola jeedaa asal ahaan, iyo
waxaan aad u baahan tahay nuqul samaynta been abuur sanamkii by Leblon, mana
abid Horumarinta ee IDEA oo ku saabsan bartamihii qarnigii 17aad inay aqbalaan.
inuu halkii by sifooyinka gudaha (faham la'aan naqshadaha ee dhaw image teedu
laftiisa muhim in madaxa dareen Madonna ee macaan, dabeecad midab qof) ee
labaad ay u decennium afraad ee qarnigii 18-dhigay.
si aanu u saxno in muddo ah ka dib markii la ballamay soo kor ku xusan
xaqiiqooyinka taariikheed fikrad ah taasoo la micno ah in Lssert ayaa lagu qabtay
image laftiisa, aan maxaa yeelay Boqorad tagay Netherlands, laakiin maxaa yeelay,
Queen isaga ma bixin karo waxa laakiin waxba arrimaha badan, waa in la qiray in
calaamad u ah ee qiimaha isku iibsiga qaybta Fesch iyo Sandrart by Meyer ayaa
fikrad ilaa xad sida wanaagsan sida lagu soo sharxay in xaqiiqda by our, weligaaba
fikrad this la diido by jirin go'aan counter-doodaha inay dhacaan, u badan tahay in ay
jiifay laakiin by la taaban karo sababo itimaalka miisaan ku yaal.
Waa arrin aan suurtagal in Lssert abid iibsaday sawirka for Queen ah: In meesha
ugu horeysa Dhawa ayaa rabto in ay awoodaan in ay kaas oo waxa ay ku taallay
Netherlands kaliya ee ka iibsadaan; marka labaadna sheegay Sandrart in Lssert waxa
uu ahaa "in salaadda kulul" ee Leblon, taas oo u baahan kartaa xiiso gaar ah Lssert
suuradda; markii saddexaadna qaar, Mary Queen uusan fakarin in wararka Sandrart
ee; laakiin waa in Leblon, kaas oo Sandrart helay uu macluumaadka, ayaa loo yaqaan
iibiyaha ah sawirka aan fiicneyn sida wanaagsan sida Fesch iibi aad u fog in Lssert
image of Queen ka iibsaday marka si dhab ah laga soo iibsaday ama macaariif
Sandrart uu u halkii ay gudbiyo sida wax iibsadaa dhabta ah ee sawirka wakiilka
heshiiska waxiibsashada, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii uu lahaa in ay ogaadaan in
Sandrart muujiyey intii uu joogo Amsterdam kulan xaflad of Mary Queen ee ah
farshaxankiisa taariikhi ah oo waaweyn, sida ku iibsadaa xiiso dhab ahaan ka badan
lahaa sida in wakiilka.
Against statuierte Meyer taariikhda soo daahay ee dhaw image beenisay labada
tilmaan ka Algarotti ee [s. haddii.], sida warbixinta Wright ayaa, kaas oo durba 1723
in Venice arkay image sida a Holbein'sches dhaqanka sawirtaa wixii khuseeya
taariikhiga barbardhigaan.
Haddii aan la yareeyo dambeyntii fikrad ka soo horjeeda on dhibic ugu guud ee
view in la sameeyo kaliya ee Amsterdam nuqul ka mid ah image dhabta ah, soo socda
waa in la tixgeliyaa ka dhanka ah: ha noqoto kadis ah in kaliya labo nuqul oo run ah
image ee Amsterdam waxaa la kulmay, si aad u akhriyi kartaa waxaa macquul ah in
shilka uu u yimid, oo aan xataa tatschlicherseits yar ka gees; halkii, waxa uu ahaa in
sida farshaxan-jecel oo taagan magaalo gaadiidka tahay noole, sida Amsterdam u
muuqataa in ay ahayd wakhtigaas, u badan tahay in ay dhacaan.
Malaha labada images muddo dheer wada ahaa ee Amsterdam, maxaa yeelay, Darmstadt waa haa
163 by Leblon in Amsterdam oo weli laga helay 1709 hanti Loskart ee Amsterdam mar kale; laakiin
in Dresden ahayd in 1690 by Amsterdam ka kacday ee bangiga ah in Venice badan. Qiimaha laakiin

images yihiin helay ma ahan oo keliya ka hor kacday a, laakiin xaaladaha ubax, Sidaas sawir dhaw
ka ahaa muddo dheer ka hor 1690 ee Amsterdam.

Next: Ugu yaraan si siman tahay sida soo bixitaanka of laba koobi sida nuqul ee
asalka ah iyo been-abuurka ah waa soo bixitaanka of laba koobi dhabta ah ee
dhinacyada soo socda. Our image waa in qof hordhigaya ah waxa ay ujeedada waayo
kiniisadda, waqti isku mid ah sawirka qoyska ka mid ah, taas oo qaadataa go'aan ay
guriga si uu u dhameystiro. Wax dheeraad ah oo dabiici ah, ka dibna, ka badan in
nuqul ka mid ah kiniisadda, la amray guriga si kale, oo waxba ma dheeraad ah oo ku
cad ahayn in labada fanaan isku wareejiyay. Holbein ahaa ee 1526 ay sabab u tahay
la'aanta kaalmo ka Basel in England,Caddayn ku filan in ay (1520-1530) la siiyaa
markii ugu taas oo la itimaalka lagu dhibciyo ah ee labada nuqul ma shaqo aad u
badan, mana muuqata in ay kuwii isaga, sababta uu ka tegi lahaa tan iyo celceliyay
koobiyeeyay ah. Sidoo kale waxay noqon kartaa qaar ka mid ah kala duwanaansho u
dhexeeya laba koobi fududee ka malo ee bixinta oo kala duwan oo laba nuqul dhab
ah sida ka fikrad ah in hal nuqul oo been abuur ah ee kale waa, sharax. - Laga soo
bilaabo dhanka kale u malayn lahayd halkii ay go'aan labalaab ah kaniisadda iyo
guriga bixinta ah ee laba laamood kala duwan ee qoyska; sidoo kale waxay leedahay
labadaba sida xusuusnaan in, iyo in ay door bidayaan in view dambe soo socda
waxay xooga: Xitaa L516, ka hor soo bixitaanka of our laba images, Holbein rinji
image a double ah aasaasaha iyo xaaskiisa, kaas oo laga heli karaa Basel'schen
Museum, kaas oo "isku mar" (Hubner, warqad) ama "bayaan aan wax badan ka dib"
nuqul (Woltmann) ee matxafka waxaa in asalka ah ka ururinta Fesch ka billowda
isku, iyo siiyaan qolka beeniyo, in ay loogu talagalay laba laamood qoyska; oo keliya
in weydiin lahaa, dabcan, waxa ay leedahay laakiin markaas darsadeen ururinta
isku. Ka dibna waxaad u rumaysan kartaan, sida u yimaadeen inay nuqul Duqa Fesch
waxaa Dhaxli soo bandhigay in gabadhiisa sawirka Anna Meier ee waa laga tegi
doonaa oo aan nuqul ka mid ah image qoyska yar Scion ku gegenberkniende lab
qoyska.
Haddaba si kastaba ha ahaatee in aragtiyo kala duwan sida ay u malayn kartaa in
nuqulka labaad markii dambe rinji uu go'aan labaad ee kale, sida Holbein ee laga
yaabo in aan hadda, Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha at ardayda Holbein ama kale artist
Basel'scher yaqaan in ay la aamini, nuqul ka, si xaqna noocan oo kale ah ayaa weli
madhan.
aqoon Taasi shaaca ka qaaday fariin ugu da'da weyn ee Fesch kaliya by nuqul run,
ma aha la yaab leh, xitaa haddii ay jiraan waxay ahaayeen laba. Fesch qoray oo ku
saabsan qarni ka dib, markii sanamyadii, ugu yaraan noocooda ah, waxaa la soo
saaray; mid ka mid ah oo kaliya ka dhaxashay uu awoowe, iyo sidaas ma aha la yaab
leh in uu u baahnaydeen aqoonta wanaagsan ee jiritaanka kale ah.Ama halkii,
wuxuuna lahaa labada aqoonta, iyo farriimaha kaliya isku dhafan ee labada.
Marka Kinkel doodaya siidaayay of sawir dhaw ka, xitaa aqoonta saxda ah ee ku
dhex qoyska muujiyey lumay in Venice, sidaas anigu ma aan garanaynin sababta ay u
of a iyada oo gacmaha kala duwan sawirka dhabta maray way ka adag tahay by koobi
haboon soo saaray waa in laga badiyay ,

VII. Su'aasha ah siidaayay ee la xiriirta insbesondre naqil Darmstadt.

Taasi siidaayay of Darmstadt nuqul ugu yaraan ay maalgashi oo ay ugu muhiimsan
Bestande in hadda loo arki karaa guud ahaan qirtay, waxaa hore u wada hadleen
qaybta saddexaad. Laakiin waxa jira sababo ku saabsan taas oo ku salaysan yahay iyo
oggolaanshaha waa in lagu saleeyaa?
First of dhan, waxaa jira taariikhiga ah, in kastoo qaaddeen in sababo gebi ahaanba
leeyihiin min. Maxaa yeelay, recycle toos ah Darmstadt image on qoyska aasaasay,
kaas oo la rumeysan yahay inay gaari by shirkadda la xoojiyey ee daahfurtay
Woltmann ee faahfaahinta hore ee Fesch iyo Sandrart, weli waa mid aad u dhibaato
iyo kara nafteeda u gudbaayo nuqul dhaw ah, waxaan aaminsanahay in si ay
muujiyeen qaybaha hore, waqti isku mid ah, laakiin sidoo kale in xitaa ka yar
dhimista kala iibsiga xitaa qoraallada taariikhiga ah sii, oo ku hadli for iibka ah ee
image Darmstadt ah by Leblon ee Basel laftiisa. [Cutubka. VI.] Xataa item Darmstadt
ayaa laga yaabaa Caabudayn ka yar Dresden ee xeerkii, haddii ay ku qoran ee
haayaha xaraashka Amsterdam ka 1709 Holbein'sches image.
Marka labaad ku hadla intooda badan iyo qaalib codad khabiir (Hirt, Kugler, qolfo
leh, Zahn v., Woltmann Wornum., E. Forster) ee ku dhaqan rinjiyeynta ee Darmstadt
image la rinjiyeynta sanamyadii runtii Holbein'scher, iyo haddii a xaalado gaar ah
dhowr codad (K. Grder. Forster) ayaa muujiyay khilaafsan, [cutubka. IV.],
Markaasaa waxaa u kala jiifsan ee allwrts dhibaatooyin hubaa filan hore iftiimiyay
oo aan ku qiimeeyo codsi in la baaro su'aasha ka dhibic this view of mar kale si fiican
aan kula laakiin walaac, taas oo ka dhan ah ansaxnimada votes ka dhanka ah la sara
kicin laga yaabaa [Cutubka. in V.], ka filan karto la itimaalka ahayn natiijada fog
intooda badan oo dhanba.
On durchschlagendsten for siidaayay of nuqul Darmstadt laakiin muuqan sababaha
ay mudnaan isu by. Under siyaabo badan, waxa ama itimaalka weli waa nugul yihiin
doodi saaraysa, laakiin alaabtii wanaagsan helaa waxa a ogolaansho gabagabo
quruxsan ammaan
First of dhan, kuwa qirayaa mudnaanta ee dhaw ka hor Darmstadt qof ugu weyn,
taas oo aan ku dhinacyada oo dhan inuu runtii yahay kiiska, mar hore, taasina heli
sabab jaaniska la taaban karo mudnaanta ee nuqul Darmstadt ah. Sababta oo ah waxa
u muuqatay In kasta oo ay u noqon oo kaliya sidoo odhan, si ay u sameeyaan nuqul
Darmstadt in ay nuqul: koobiyeeyay ayaa aan awoodin in ay gaaraan in faa'iido
Darmstadt ee dhaw, sida uu soo sara kacay in Dresden hagaajinta on asalka
ah. Laakiin dhab ahaantii waxaa ka hawl yar in ay aqbalaan la soo dhaafay sidii hore
oo kale, tan iyo faa'iidooyinka ka mid ah muujinaya Madonna Dresden ee Darmstadt
ka hor, qaybo ka nasan ee tareenada assignable, taas oo aan la seegay karo by
qadan; sida for keenta mashaqada noocan oo kale ah caddayn karaan haddii kale
image.
Dhanka kale, wax qancin waayo mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt kala ah in heshiis
iyo Joogaba dhexeeya labada sawirada bixiyo laabto in in ay u Niemeeyo lacagta ah
Dresden Darmstadt ka hor. Ha na soo galaan kuwa asalka ah, ama la hadal oo kaliya

in sawir ah in si fiican ku filan la barbardhigo tan, waxaan arki ka Darmstadt in

nuqulo dhaw ku meel gaar ah, Madonna inay hadlaan of Gemache badanu ku saqafka
buux dhowaad taajka, in mid ka mid ah la xor ah oo heer sare ah si ay u dhacaan
ferjiga buste u taliyey, iyo deeq bixiyayaasha iyo deeq, jilba joogsaday, gargaartay
cabsi ugu kacsiga ugu yar ee dhagaxyada taageero (corbels, qaansada) si adag u
bilaabi madaxooda ka. Madonna ayaa haatan labada hubka meel of Misbaax sii
noqday, si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyagu ma ay soo dhaweyneynaa yaabaa in horay
gacanta iyo sidaas riixay in block taageeraya tiirkii ku soo socda. Her tiradaasi waa
slimmer iyo sidaas sii quruxsan, iyo madaxdii reer binu tirooyinka tirooyinka
ekeeyey; duqa Crouching hore ka badan ayaa qeybtii sara kacay, oo iftiimiyay inuu
gacmihiisa ku qaylyi dambe ee jilba ka hor isaga dhalinyarada ka danbeeya, iyo
dhogorta iyo timaha of ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa oo wada ordeen ka hor, ayaa noqday
ka go'ay midba midka kale. In dhan ', laakiin faa'iido ah waa wax badan oo ku
saabsan qayb ka mid ah nuqul dhaw oo la maleeyay in adkaan kartaa, artist ama
koobiyeeyay leedahay xidhiidhka ay la leeyihiin kuwa Darmstadt koobi kala baxday
inay si wadi in si fiican ugu daran. Sidoo kale, isbedelka noocan ah sharixi lahaa wax
badan ka yar isbadalada qof ugu weyn ee ka la'aan ah xirfad.
Dabcan, waxaan halkan u timid in khilaafka hanti la Woltmann iyo Meyer, taas oo
soo koobaan isbadalada Joogaba, ku dhaw image halkii horumar halkii sii daraysa,
iyo weli barbaro muran ka dhan ah mudnaan iyo xaqiiq ekaanta dhaw waxba ka yar
ka, haddii aan dooneynin koobiyeeyay ah horumar la galay soo horjeeda u soo
jeestay. Laakiin iyagu waa ka dib waxa Cape ah. V. ayaa la sheegay in ay ku saabsan,
si fudud looma heli iskaashi dhexdeeda, halkii ay ku shaqeeyaan mid ka mid ah
dhulka ee mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt taas oo haddii kale palpably muuqan
waayo dunida oo dhan, isla markoodii soo horjeeda ee kaliya ee ka soo
horjeeda. Laakiin diidmo kale macquul tahay in lagu xusayey.
Waxaan in ujeedadii Gaarna farshaxanka hore ee go'aamada ka hor-beddelid soo
fadhiistay; Laakiin mid la yaabi karaan in artist ama ay ahayd Kopist qalaad, kuwa
arrin gaar ah oo keliya. ma Halkaan hoose halkii markaas in dhinacyada dibadda iyo
Joogaba, ekaanta ayaa modified la Joogaba, gudaha of content image ah 1) , darana
soo jeedisay in sababihii dibadda ayaa ugu yaraan ku ool leh. Dhab ahaantii, si
kastaba ha ahaatee, marka hore waa soo gudubtaa isu soo bandhiga maleeyay in
rinjiile kor sawir dhaw sida labaad-rinji si loo abuuro meel ay Joogaba wanaagsan ka
badan, doorasho ka gees kale, uu image Darmstadt waa la dhimay si la mid ah sida
labaad rinji on dhibic dheeraad ah oo kooban si fiican u ama ka xun, in la abuuro
meel. Ahaa in sawir ah kiniisadda, midda kalena qoyska goostay si dhab si fudud geli
karin baahida noocan oo kale ah xaalada badan oo kala duwan oo meel. Hadda waxa
laga yaabaa inay ka dhigan tahay in ujeedada ayaa lagu gaari karaayey iyadoo aan la
haybsooco in Joogaba, ee ay hoos u qalanta oo dhan qeybo ka mid ah content image
ah; laakiin haddii v. ilkaha looga shakisan yahay artist ku lahaa si dhaw image weli
doonaya in ay ka faa'iidaystaan baakado duug ah ee guurka ka Darmstadt, sidaas
dabcan, lagu ogaan karo sabab ah sahlo sida, xitaa marka gudbayo jihada
dambe. Sidoo kale, hoos u uniform ma oofin jiho oo dhan, maxaa yeelay, image
Darmstadt ah, waxaana suurto gal ka tixgelin bannaan, sida ay lacagta badan waxaa

mar kale hoos u dhigay width ka dhanka ah Dresden. Oo haddii ay jiraan waa artist
ma jeer casriga ah waa la waayay, ka Woltmann iyo saamiyada Meyer ee br. Dhadhan
ay guushu ku dhow co-dukumiintiyo tirooyinka ku qoran Darmstadt image, si la mid
ah, laakiin waa sida ay waxa durba Cutubka. V. la xusay in aanay sheegan ka artist
kasta oo jirka ah sida dhow ula riixay tirooyinka ka dhacaan sawiro badan oo jirka ah,
si kastaba ha ahaatee ma ay haddii kale ay dhici Madonnas in Holbein ee.
1)

. Sida laga soo xigtay xaddi qodobada von Zahn ee Darmstadt image width 1,01 mitir, sarajooggiisuna in
dhamaystirka siman iyo 1.12 taajka saafi arc semicircular 1.44, halka sawirka dhaw dhinacyada u dhiganta
1,03; 1,245 oo 1,59, siday u kala horreeyaan.

Haddii aynu eegno saaraysa mar kale in ay naga image sida No. barbaro la
xiriira 65 dhabarka (Basel), taas oo aan ku Cape ah. V. khayaali ah, waa ay adag
tahay, dhab ahaantii, in ay isu difaacaan of shaki ka dhanka ah image Darmstadt ah,
oo aan waqti isku mid ah si aad u hesho caawimaad image dhaw ku dhex. Maxaa
yeelay, waxaannu xusuusan nahay: sare sida ku dhaw image taliso qubbad ah taajka
Madonna iyo Misbaax waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay qaataan width buuxa, iyada oo
tiradaasi, wada jir ah ula rays waxaa gebi ahaanba ku wareegsan. Free, nuur yahay
Madonna waxaa, xataa slimmer badan sawir dhaw ka, laga yaabee ku xiran model ah,
kuwaas oo weli u muuqataa unterzuliegen sawirka. Xitaa Knights ama muwaadin
leeyahay caasimadda ah ee tiirkii, ka hor inta uu jirkeeda, isaga sare ku xusan.Sidaas
waa runtii adag tahay in la yidhaahdo sida Holbein waa in ay u soo baxaan si ay
sheegayaan in sida ee Joogaba ay qabsatay image Darmstadt u dhexeeya labada
images la Joogaba, si aad uga xorsan, di ka dib Woltmann xitaa gelin sawiro hore iyo
image dhaw xiga , iyo awoodo, sidii hore u xusay in V., si fudud u heli fikradda,
koobiyeeyay duug ah dareenka wanaagsan ee arrintan la xiriira Holbein ee aan la
lahaa, ayaa no qalbi la sameeyo waxaa ka mid ah, oo sideeda oo sawiri oo dhan dhaw
image ka Darmstadt. Against waxa aan dooneyno, laakiin sidoo kale sheegay in
kaliya ma ahan muhiimadda lambarka aan la aasaasay ka hor image Darmstadt
ah; laakiin in Holbein qudhiisu hore Joogaba, gaaban, ugu yaraan in characters, iyo
inuu sii jeclaaday dheeraad ah ay u muuqataa badan ka dib, inkastoo ay noqon lahayd
suurad wacan in shuqullada Hubi in taariikhda la barbardhigo gaar ah fuliyay in
arrintan la xiriira, sida horay u joogo.
Anyway, waxaan doonayaa in aan ka heli farqiga u dhexeeya u dhexeeya Joogaba
image Darmstadt iyo Dresden laftiisa aan aad u awood mudnaanta ee Darmstadt on
hore. Like macquul ka gees ah ayaa sidoo kale been ka iyo ka yar tahay in laga helo
in ilaa iyo haatan sida ay tahay in kiis kasta, oo waxaa loo tixgelin doonaa qiimeyn
buuxda oo ka mid ah faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha. Laakiin si aanan u ahay qofka kaliya
ee weli waa ay awoodaan in ay qarka u lahayn kalsooni buuxda ku sababaha
mudnaanta hore loo arkaa nuqul Darmstadt ah, laftiisa daliil by socda, ka dib
booqasho uu ku image Darmstadt ee in 1861 QABTAY ku yidhi Hubner ee: "fikrad
ah in Holbein this ayaa [Darmstadt ah] sawirka ugu horeeya rinji, in baaritaan ah oo
dhexdhexaad ah wax badan ayaa iska, ... laakiin waa inaan qirto in waxaas oo dhan in
jaaniska qaar ka mid ah wax fikrad this been in waxa gabi ahaanba ma habboon aan

dareen ah xaqiiqooyinka ".

Inkasta oo waxa uu ku yaalaa hore ee ilaa haatan ah iska indho saaraysa, weli wax
yar oo aad u cajiib ah taas oo u muuqata in ay muhiim mid ka mid ah mudnaan ee
image Darmstadt ah. Isbarbardhigga nidaamka of Kiisaska madaxa cad juquraafi
jiidda naag ugu da'da weyn oo celcelis ahaan in Darmstadt iyo Dresden image. qolof
The madaxa naagta ugu da'da weyn ayaa la kordhiyay ilaa iyo haatan in Darmstadt
image gadaal, in presupposes maanka weyn naag iyo laba haween ah madax kiisaska
by Samo falku inaad ah oo qulo tareen ku dhow joogto ah la yareeyo si ay a mass
kuusan misshapen wada. In dhaw image inkastoo qolof madaxa weli ballaaran of jir
ah ayaa weli hoos u heer maamuli karo, iyo ku fadhiya dhaafa ka dhanka ah qolof ah
madaxa naagta deriska ka. Tani ma noqon kartaa of baahida loo qabo in si loo
badbaadiyo meel bannaan oo ku Darmstadt image, laakiin uma muuqato in lagu
sharaxay si ka duwan in ka badan in artist ka lahaa in nuqulka labaad ee
unnaturalness ee la fahmi karin iyo Stilwidrigkeit muujinaya sidan ugu horeysay soo
hagaagtay.
Dhab ahaantii, waxaan waqti dheer waxaa la dhigin, waxan wax yar, sida ma
fasiraad kale oo awood u leh si ay u degaan miisaan weyn in arrinta mudnaanta, sida
khilaafaadka hore taabtay dhexeeya laba sawir. Laakiin kuwa incomprehensibility
aad - waxaad ka arki kartaa oo kaliya madaxa jir ninka - weli bixin kartaa fikrado aad
u kala duwan.
Sida haddii rinjiile isagoo isku dayaya inuu u soo jiidi design ee ku sugan oo dhan
ayaa cidhiidhi aagga of surta of hore ku abuuray lahaa wax qalad ah in faahfaahinta
Architecture, waa waxa loogu yeero Pentimento a ayaa la kulmay 2) iyo, oo isna si
kooban u Nacaabuda sidoo kale iyada oo loo marayo kordhin ee gashi ku doonayay
in lagu daboolo. Haddii mid ka mid ah ayaa aaminsan laakiin xitaa in sawirka (ka dib
markii Felsing) oo hadda uun u barbardhigo waa ii qubo, mana jir ah, iyadoo dhaw ah
arrin habboon, dusha dhanba waa inay dhex aagga si isku mid ah u arkaan, oo
dheeraad ah oo kaliya sida a hadhka by a Baaragaraafka raaciyay hab kala
duwan. Sidoo kale, by goynta ah ee dheeraad ah ee gashi ee dhagaxa taageeraya
saabsan dhabanada ku wata madaxii kii reer duqa ah ka gees ah, taas oo weli wax yar
hoos dhagax ku taageeraya, at khasaaro ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa in beeniyay baaritaan
faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee halkan ka taagay aragto Zudeckung ku qalad
by dheeraad ah ee surta; ka dibna waxaan hoos u jeclaan; waayo, haatan waa fursad
ay weli, oo waxaa lagu taageeray in in ay si dhab ah u muuqataa in la siiyo meel isla
agagaarka Pentimenti ee kale, inkasta oo wali wac xakameeyo waxa durba
Cutubka. Ma hadlay II ..
2)

Waxaa laga yaabaa in Pentimento labaad oo Wollmann cutubka. . II dooni inuu halkan lagu saleeyo; laakiin

ma aha arrin cad by sharaxaad ka oo aan aragtida ah image ah.

Laakiin hadda waxaad ka arki kartaa at mar ka kor ku xusan in si ay u sameeyaan

of Pentimenti ee laga heli karo ee image Darmstadt ee dhan keligeed ma gunaanad
ammaan ah sida in ay mudnaanta oo isla, maxaa yeelay, waa sidaas tahay faintly in

koobiyeeyay ah in tijaabo uu, ayaa content ee image ka wada riixaan in la beddelo

Joogaba, ee waafaqsan, ama xitaa in ay wax ka qaban in dareen gaar ah, oo cusub oo
ka mid ah sawirka, waxaa markii hore la siiyaa oo markaas doonayay in la hagaajiyo,
sida in ka mid ah fanaaniinta asalka isu ayaa isu saxo. Sida a (aan weli dhow loo
qoondeeyey meel Pentimento ka dib Hubner sidoo kale ay [Cutubka.. II. Comp]
gacanta dhalinyarada semi-jilba ee dhaw image, Oo sidaas waa inaad doonayeen oo
kaliya waxaa laga yaabaa in sidoo kale ku dhow inay mudnaanta ee image dhaw
waxaa ka mid ah. Laakiin nooca gaarka ah ee Pentimento ah weli ogolaan karin
gabagabo ku qabanaya. Oo saaraysa ila eg tahay, hadalkii ka Felsing in dhacaya in
sawir ah in gabar timaheeduna ay caddaadeen timo cad oo dhanba in image
Darmstadt ee rinjiyeynta u sarreeyey midab weli sida guduud by shahaadooyinka
[comp. iI. ], muhiimad gaar ah leh, oo waxay u baahan doonaan kaliya guud
Konstatierung a unequivocality ku Pentimento this, waayo, waan ogahay aan loo
eegayn sida daahfurtay khasabka in la mid ah ka codsan lahaa in uu iska Holbein
duwan iyo haddii kale sharaxay badan by xaaladda mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt
ah . Haddii wax, laakiin jidka ku tiradaasi beddelin ilmaha ayaa sidoo kale aad u
qasbay, mid qiyaasi laga yaabaa in farta lixaad ee hal gacan ilmo qaawan hoose
[comp. II.] Halkii filaan ah qayb ka mid ah koobiyeeyay ah oo ka mid ah xoriyada
kale wuxuu qaaday joojiyay, ayaa sidoo kale doonayay inuu markii hore bedesho
gacanta Knbchens, markii qayb ka mid ah qoraaga asalka qudhiisu. Taageerada ugu
weyn ee mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt uu had iyo jeer Doono uu aqoonsado.
Weli ayaa lagu tiriyaa mid ah sababaha mudnaanta image Darmstadt ee ah in wakiil
u sii cad ah oo dheeraad ah sifo dhowr characters yar ee Darmstadt image, gaar ahaan
Duqa Magaalada, dhexe iyo tirada dumar ka yar, aragti cusub ayaa muujinaya sida ay
la filayaa in image a erstgemalten, iyo muuqashadii ka kaamilsan, oo ka mid ah rooga
iyo waxyaalaha yar yar ee Darmstadt image waa ay fududahay in fasiro si aan
jeclahay qof qaadataa dadaal laba jeer ka version ugu Caddaynta wax dhinac, sidoo
kale inta badan waxay ku xiran tahay, ama koobiyeeyay ninkii aan u gaari
karo. Waxaa laga yaabaa in aad xaq ku sugan tahay, laakiin weli view kale dhaqaaqi
weyday. Gaar ahaan, waxaan u leeyihiin in ay hor imanayaan kuwii odhan tirooyinka
kor ku xusan ee Darmstadt sawirtaa sawir ama sawiro inaad wax ka barato Holbein
ee gacanta u gaar ah, kaas oo weli laga heli karaa Museum Basel ee, waa in ka badan
Cad badan sawirka dhaw ah. In labada ay la qurxiyey in dareen, in Darmstadt laakiin
weli badan ee dhaw.Oo mid ka mid sidoo kale u malaynayso in artist ama
koobiyeeyay waxa laga soo qaatay oo keliya sawirka labaad saaraysa xorriyad badan
ay muujinayso ugu horeysay. Qaab ka kaamilsan, oo ah wax amarro laakiin laga
yaabaa yabban sare la xidhiidha go'aanka kala duwan ee labada koobi xiriir, ama wax
ka qoraan in koobiyeeyay ahaa xoog hufan ee xiriirka this.
Ugu dambeyntii waxaa laga yaabaa in ay qirtay in mid kasta oo halkan lagu soo
bandhigay for siidaayay of Darmstadt naqil qaaday sababaha taariikhiga ah,
farshaxanka iyo mudnaanta, mana dhiman in qiimaha buuxda caddaymaha in la runtii
ka heli kartaa ma fududa at kale oo dhan ka badan in maragga taariikhiga ah si toos
ah iyo bedelno ; by laakiin ka kasta oo ka mid ah saddex dhinac gaar ahaan iyada
horay waxaa jira siday suuragal u weyn ee miisaankaaga iyo ixtimaalka oo isku jiho

ah xitaa la xoojiyo wax ka badan kaliya isu geeyn ah, si aad u sii heli karaa siidaayay
of Darmstadt ee nuqul oo dhan kalsooni weyn ayaa sidoo kale la aasaasay, iyo, aad
lagu eedeeyay gaarka ah ee Grder iyo Karl Forster ka dhanka ah siidaayay of fulinta
coloristic ah Ernst Forster ka dhanka ah siidaayay of qaybo ka mid ah image ah, ka
dibna ka dhigi boos kor u xeel dheer ee isku duwidda mustaqbalka.
VIII. Su'aasha ah siidaayay of Dresden ee nuqul gaar ah.
The diidmo ugu weyn ee ka dhanka ah oo siidaayay of dhaw image la soo qaadi
karaa, dhigay aqoonsiga of siidaayay of horay nuqul Darmstadt by ay la diyaariyey
karaa sida soo socota: Ma Taasaa runtii sidaas ma aha waqti isku mid ah tani waxay
noqon kartaa dhab ah. Ma habboon tahay in hadda sidoo kale siidaayay of nuqul
Darmstadt ah in dhammaan ka dib markii la sheegay in qaybaha hore ee kor ku
xusan, ama mid kasta oo shaki la hoos gelin, oo ahaan ay nabadgelyo buuxda run
ahaantii aan ku lifaaqan, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu weli daciif doonaynin iyo difaaca
yar ku ool ah oo nuqul dhaw ka ahaan isu riixaya in ay ku tiirsanaadaan dubiousness
ee siidaayay of nuqul Darmstadt ah. Its siidaayay halkii hadda waa in la arkaa guud
ahaan qirtay, oo sidaas oo kale waxaan la mid ah la siin kuwa soo socda waxa aan
diidmo qaar ka mid ah gool miisaan meel, waxa ay leedahay ma jirto si kale oo
ixtiraam ku taabato view of nuqul Darmstadt waxaa ka mid ah inaan la filayaa lumin
lahaa. Dhacdo, ma aha runtii, laakiin ka badan tahay siidaayay of Dresden ee nuqul in
aan isku dayno in ay xoogga saaraan oo tixgelinaysa doodaha soo socda iyo
counterarguments.
wadahadalo Historischerseits bilowgaba xeerkii ay guushu ku nuqul dhaw
ah; kaliya waa dhaqan Xujo lahayn; Halkii weli historischerseits ay kala hadashay in
qaybaha diidmo 6-dii ka kooban in Dresden Picture ee kaliya jidka Amsterdam
Darmstadt iman, oo waxaa ka hawl yar in la qiyaaso in asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee
Amsterdam sida nuqul ka mid ah Darmstadt ee dhab ah, sida in mar qalad ah laba
tijaabo dhab ah tan iyo markii uu la kulmay. Dhanka kale, waxaan sidoo kale ku jirtay
ayaa dhanka kale sheegay in shil noocan oo kale ah, laakiin wax aad aan awoodi karo
in soo bixitaanka of labo nuqul dhab ah ayaa ugu yaraan fursad sida ugu badan ee ka
mid ah in nuqul ka mid been abuur ah oo kale oo ay tahay, iyo in dooda faahfaahsan
oo dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah xog taariikheed, a warshadaynta si toos ah Dresden
image baxo on qoyska aasaasay muuqan badan tahay in of Darmstadt, oo aan halkan
ma soo laabtaan. On qayb ka mid ah sababaha taariikhiga ah sidaas darteed waa sawir
dhaw ka ma aha oo kaliya ma sii joogo khasaaro ah ka gees ah Darmstadt ah, laakiin
uu doonaynin oo aan Mitzuziehung sababaha mudnaanta kaas oo ku siin sababaha
taariikhiga for Darmstadt ilaa joogsiga, in faa'iido la barbardhigo ah.
rinjiyeynta ee dhaw image Taabashada, oo sidaas daraaddeed ma aan ogayn waxa
ka hooseeya qiimeynta burinaya hore [ isku. 4] dhamaadka Dielectric la helay
dhanka ah siidaayay of dhaw image. Ilaa ogaysiis dambe, waxaad ka heli kartaa oo
kaliya oo ku saabsan su'aal in heerka wax, farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya rinjiyeynta
labada images u muuqataa in ay dhacaan hadii aan raaci xukummadii qolfo leh,
Grder, Woltmann, Wornum, Karl Foerster, Bruno Meyer, oo weydii Aakhiro, in
Dresden image weli gacanta artist isku loo saarin karaa, sida Darmstadt ah. Laakiin

marka hore, qaar ka mid ah farqiga u muuqata kaliya, jiritaanka VARNISH on image
Darmstadt ku tiirsan, kaalinta labaad Grosse, artist xirfadle, sida xaqiiqada ah ma
jecla in ay xukun ku yar yahay, technology midab aan si kala duwan u dhexeeya
labada sanamyadii, maadaama ay yihiin kuwa waa in qorayaasha, markii
saddexaadna wuxuu noqon karaa kala duwanaanshaha midabka impastierter badan
iyo daaweyn dheeraad ah caadi in Darmstadt image dhinaca, daaweynta xorsan
fududee ee dhaw, kaas oo sida xaqiiqada ah ma soo kicin doonaa, ka fudaydkii ka
weyn, kuwaas oo kasbaday artist ee bareeg u dhexeeya formation of labada images
laga yaabee caadi ku filan si ay u sharxaan, iyo xataa go'aan ka duwan labada images
for Church oo guriga ku guuleysan karaa on saamayn daaweynta. Haddii la filayo at
baaritaan bandhig Holbein ku dhow of saamiga midabka, waxay walaac ku xusan
laakiin lama xoojin ama wiiqi doonto xitaa dheeraad ah, natiijada waa in uu baro.
In this waxbarasho, dawo, isbarbardhigga sanamyadooda kale Holbein'schen waqtiga kaas oo
nuqul ugu horeysay waxaa la abuuray, iyo bareeg u dhexeeya formation of labada images noqon
lahayd Hubi in, muhiim ah in aad si sax ah u ogaadaan; laakiin durba IV ah. Cutubka. waxaa loogu
talagalay is burinaya ka jira ee u dhexeeya qorayaasha ku saabsan halkan, oo aan xataa la guda
jirtay go'aan suurtogal ah. 1) Mir laftiisa u muuqataa saaraysa talo muhiim ah in la barbardhigo ah
da'da hore ee duqa magaalada ee sawirka Holbein'schen ama barbaro in 1516 la muuqaalka kore ee
da'da ah ee la mid ah ee sawirka si aad noo image (oo dhan weli) si ay samatabbixin Basel, oo
waxaan jeclaan Wornurn wakhti ama wax yar ka hor 1526, halkaas oo Holbein markii ugu horeysay
in ay England tegey 2) , sida markii ugu badan tahay in lagu soo jeedo ee nuqul qabtay ugu
horeysay. jeer Hadda Holbein ka dib dhowr dheeraad ah si ay u sii joogo waqti dheer ama gaaban,
gaar ahaan 1529 (tan iyo bilowgii September 1529 ilaa October 1531), iyo (waqti badan tahay
gaaban) ee 1538, ku soo laabtay Basel, si uu awood lagu jiro mid ka mid ah xilliyada ay degan
yihiin ee Basel si aad u wanaagsan labaad ayaa sawir rinji ka dib Dhanka kale, caadadiisu lahaa
waqti in la beddelo.
1)

duwidda A oo ka mid ah views oo ka mid ah qorayaasha leh oo naqshado

Waxaan haystaa in aan khuseeya taariikhiga ah ee Weigel ee halka. XII. Marka
la eego 247 (Separatabdr. 56).
2)

Haddii kuwaas oo ka dhanka ah Woltmann Grimm, kuwaas oo in 1524

juunyeerka sharci.

Iyada oo kala ah sida sawirka ku jira sawirka ninkii of 1516

ee fiiqan sifooyinka wajiga go'an weli muuqaalka xooggooda a
xooggan, ninkii sawir ah in sawirka of Madonna Ilaaheenna horeyba
in ay ka badan isku darsamay qoreysa stamp ee ah da 'weyn
sidoo 3) , sidaa darteed intii aan qiimayn nin oo ka mid ah sawir
iyo rinjiyeynta ee 1516 in 46 ilaa 50 sano, ma doonayo in la
qiyaaso at 58 ilaa 60 sano ninka ay barbaro galeen in ay naga
image, kaas oo jiifay lahaa asal ahaan hore ee our image dhexeeya
l524 iyo 1530, kuwaas oo xuduudaha waa in la tixgeliyaa yaabo
camalka dhinacada ka dib. Ka dib markii ay soo bandhigeen ee duqa
magaalada ee naga image laftiisa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ay
dhacdo in this ma xukumi sida kafado sameeyo, halkii ay sawir ka
dabiiciga ah waxaa laga yaabaa in halkan factor kaliya ee go'aan
ka, kuwaasoo ninkii sawirka muuqataa loo ka yar, iyo dhab, iyo tan

iyo xukun baan ku ridi kartaa , in Darmstadt wax yar ka badan ku

dhaw.
3)

Tani waa in la qiimeeyaa si fiican xitaa ka dib markii sawirrada ku ray

cathode oo u muuqdaan in ay soo saari ka dib ah ee Basel laftiisa iga shaqeeya
la sawiro barbardhigo, shuruudaha da'da.

Haddii hadda farqiga u dhexeeya rinjiyeynta labada images ee la xiriirta Dhanka ay

asal ahaan ka badan tahay sugayo, laakiin ogaaday in ay si fudud u sabab labada
images artist aad u badan oo la mid ah, sidaas darteed waxaan ku sheeg si loo yareeyo
shaki ah sidaas darteed in la qaado ee (i dealer tahay Mr Brner at gacanta siiyey)
ogow in Albrecht Drer isbedeshay xaradhka uu dhowr sano gudahood, daaweynta si
buuxda u sheegay in mid ka mid ma rumaysan kari waayeen wax damaanad ah oo
taariikhi ah iyo sawiro ku lammaan in ay ka sayidkii isku soo jeedaan, oo sidaas
HWS yaabaa Holbein, meel si abid versatilen iyo iyada oo xaaladda nololeed si
beddelo maray, ayaa sidoo kale qaaday saabsanaa rinjiyeynta ee wax artist ku filan.
First Kugler leeyahay ee jirka ilmaha iyo in ka Madonna of dhaw image mararka
socda halftones meelo godgodan oo ah in aysan dhicin in Darmstadt image marka aan
kaga xanaajiyey Holbein, ku tilmaamay. Dhanka kale, mid ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin
lahaa oo kaliya in la qeexo in oo farshaxan waxay si fiican u heshiin, ka hor mid ka
mid ah ka gees ah ku dooday Holbein Xaggeeda. Yaa ogaan kara haddii Holbein aan
xitaa si gaar ah saamayn gaar ah oo sidaas daraaddeed doonayay in ay soo
saaraan. Sidoo kale qolfo leh ma la mid ah, oo aan muran ka dhan ah Holbein
Xaggeeda.
Shepherd ayaa sheegay, "waa inaan la Halmaameen in Carnationsschatten ee asal ahaan loogu
kalsoonaan karo rinjiyeeyay tempera image laga yaabaa in kaliya ay heshay ka dib yeedhay
varnishes biilka dhammeeystiran ah, oo iyagu ma ay asal ahaan lahaayeen .... Xitaa caddaan ah,
qayb ahaan linnenen qayb schleiertuchenen qaybo dhar iyo dhogorta hodan loola dhaqmo waxaa
laga yaabaa in sidoo kale ku lug lahaa tallaabada, oo lagu edbiyey u saameeyeen Kugler "" kulan
guduudan oo iftiin qabow ee dhir caraf ah "" marka hore asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ".
Maxaa yeelay, hadda Shepherd ayaa View of sawir dhaw ayaa laga helay sida tempera taaggu
abid by v ilkaha, iyo no mid ka mid kale ayaa doonayay sabab ka raters hore kor ku dhegyadii in
isbedel by VARNISH, -. Naftayda ka maqan xukunka wax kasta oo arrintan la xiriira - sidaas rabto
in views Schaefer ee this heer sare ah dhibaato, laakiin laakiin doonayay gabaynayo ah si cad faray.

Sida u Joogaba of content image iyo daaweynta ee naqshadaha aan rumeynin

(qaybta 5aad.) Ma muujisay in ee Woltmann iyo Meyer br. Ka diidmo ku guuleystay
miisaan ma lahayn in la Wadaajiyey Aaway, si la barbardhigo la Holbein'schen
Madonnas kale , gaar ahaan ka, noo analog image, gacanta Holbein'schen barbaro
lahayn. 65 of Basel'schen ururinta, view of siidaayay of nuqul dhaw uu ka yimaado
halkii meeshiisii ka soo horjeedda. Holbein jecel oo dhammu ha Madonnas uu
xaaladaha niyad ma aan arko sida dhaw image in Darmstadt; iyo marka iyo in
bandhigan kara naqshadaha ee sawir dhaw ka, sidaas siin images kale sara kaco
Holbein ee, xataa ka dulmi la.
In view of Madonna Dresden ee Kugler seegay "firfircoon" Dabeecada iyo

Wornum ee "xoog Dabiiciga ah" in mid ka mid ah Holbein in wakiil ah isku ayaa la
filayay, ee la soo dhaafay-magacaabay helo "daciif qurxiyey" iyo Woltmann dhawaan
"xoogaa effeminate".
Dhanka kale, waxaad u baahan tahay in aad eegto kaliya ee Madonnas Holbein kale
ee si aad u hesho isu yaabay by ay xaaladdu sugnaatay in inkastoo Children Christian
ah Holbein ee guud ahaan tusi eegno farxad iyo waxa u dhexecya firfircoon, ee
Holbein ee Madonna ayaa dhanka kale, inkastoo wax oo dhan, laakiin ma yaraan,
murugo ah , dadkuba ku dhowaad dayso, waxa siyaabo waxaan by aan waayoaragnimo u gaar ah oo ku saabsan Basel sawir asalka u ah (hadda overpainted) baal
Organ (Basel No. 76. Brown No. 32. 23), gacanta Basel ee barbaro lahayn 30 (Brown
58)., bogga horyaalka tixraac xuquuqda magaalada Freiburg iyo labada Madonnas on
image ah double of katedraalka.
More socda marka loo eego "casriga ah" qaadataa nimcadii idealistic, oo muujinaya
Madonna dhaw ah, ma ilaa xad in qof Wakiilada Holbein'scher, haa Kugler ee,
aqbalay by Woltmann iyo Meyer, naqshada. Dhab ahaantii, hal kulan dabeecadda
quruxda quruxsan haddii kale naadir ku Holbein; ayuu laakiin muujinta waxaa ka mid
ah ma ahaa, laakiin aan awoodi karin daliil sawir ku jecel yahay, oo sida sawirka of
Mrs. Meier of 1516 (Basel No. 6. 14. Brown 46. 132), kaas oo loo yaqaan Venus la
Cupid, by Tolmada Weber ayaa si qurux badan soo saari sawirka of Offenburgerin ka
1526 (Basel No. 23 Brown No. 135 4) ), taas oo ka dhigaysa dambe ilig sidoo kale v.
saaraysa sheegay waxa kor eega comments uu ku files ah. Xaaladahan, wakiil ka ahaa
hoos shakhsiyaad dhab ah; laakiin sidoo kale soo bandhigidda of our Madonna yeelan
doonaan nool a, of Holbein kaliya la qurxiyey, model u dhinteen. Waxa uu xitaa la
soo jeediyay in ka badan hal jeer, xaqna oo aan dhab ahaan ma wadaagno oo aan
qayb ka ah in Offenburgerin ahaa model laftiisa.
4)

in aan la xukumi ka dib sawir Braun, si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga reebo ma ku filan oo halkan

wanaagsan.

Erayga sida aragti ah ee casriga weligiisba waa mid aad u caddayn inay soo
dhaamiso soo gunaanaday af badan ee naga su'aal. In intaa ku daray in madaxa
Madonna dhaw runtii qof oo dheeraad ah oo casri ah oo xiran sida Darmstadt,
laakiinse bal yaa u sheegi kara in aad u casri ah wax badan soo food Holbein. Iyada
oo aan weli Dulmiyey wiiqay kaliya diidmo ah, ma si fudud kor u fiirso, ilaa iyo
haatan sida mid ka mid laakiin dareen, ayaa inuu xisaab la-marka laga reebo of
Holbein jidka Madonna dhaw ah.
Against dhigaan v. Ilkaha [s. files ah] xooga saaraysaa xaqiiqada ah in in Madonna
dhaw ah, waayo, kii uu statuiert model kale oo aan ahayn waayo Darmstadt, taasaa ka
sii wanaagsan in faa'iidooyinka ugu muhiimsan Darmstadt ee m arko "ayuu sifooyin
organic ah Schdelbaues iyo sifooyinka wajiga codkar", taas oo Holbein tegey ka
baxsan ka horreeyay iyo saffarro, weheliso helo a Jarmal sifo in la tagay by inuu,
waxaa haysta hadha noocyada dheeraad ah Talyaani, iyo mid ka mid ma "ilaa iyo inta
casriga ah waxaa loogu yeedhi karo, waxaan kuwa heerka sare farshaxanka loo tiirin

karaa xaq ayan qoray Holbein ee sawir dhaw ka, weli door bidaan dambe ka hor
sawir dhaw ka diidi ".
Ma hadda in wax walba oo wax hore weli bartey dhamaadka burburka in siidaayay
of sawir dhaw ka, sidaas oo kale ayaa laga yaabaa in la dooneen si faahfaahsan soo
socda in dhab ahaantii ku dooday Woltmann ogolaanshaha ee Meyer ku dareen this.
dharka ee Madonna Darmstadt ahaa asal ahaan iftiin buluug ah, laakiin noqon
cagaaran buluug dhex varnish jaalaha. Dhaw ayaa sidoo kale ka dib markii xoraynta
ka varnish jir cagaaran (by Celinta ee 1840). Sidee ayaa laga yaabaa this "oo dhan
dhaqan diidani" midabka ah ee dharka Madonna ayaa kacay, haddii aan koobiyeeyay
ee ismaandhaaf dhigay midabka cagaarka ah ee dharka ka asalka ah ee uu nuqul ka
badan. Oo caqabad lahayn si ay u qabaa, maxaa yeelay, at Leblon ee dhererka
waqtiga, haddii aan ka dambayn, nuqul laga yaabaa galay; di qiyaastii 100 sano ka
dib ah ee archetype ah, VARNISH waa in horey u soo maray uu isbedel. Si kastaba ha
ahaatee, waxa uu mararka qaar xitaa by Prof. Hubner iga gees ah waxaan Malo ahayn
warka badan iyo dano, in dharka ee Madonna dhaw ahaa asal ahaan meelo godgodan
oo ah buluug iyo noqon oo keliya isbeddel ah oo cagaaran dheeh saafi ah wuxuu
leeyahay, ka dib markii uu ogeysiis ku xiga ee la mid ah ay baaritaan dhawaan
faahfaahsan sida taaggu cadaato. [S. Hubner filed under].
Ha na galiyo in diidmo ay miisaanka, iyo in la aqoonsado xariif ku Woltmann ee
sheegashada in ay kaalinta isaga, laakiin sidoo kale ku siin Aakhiro counter-tixgelin
xaqa ay u leeyihiin.
First, dharka ee Madonna Darmstadt ah waa ku cagaar buluug xad iftiin, dhaw,
laakiin gabi ahaanba saafi madow cagaaran, Sidaas koobiyeeyay ku yeelan lahaa
midabka halkii aan la soo guuriyeen, oo sidaas ula socdaan diidmo oo dhan
bilowgaba muuq beelayo laftiisa in. Halkaan hoose Against waxa aragto in gudcur ee
cagaaran ee dhaw image loo horumariyo karaa oo keliya by madoobaato, iyo
koobiyeeyay karin ayaa weli laga helay cagaaran buluug ah sababta asalka ah oo
dhan in ay rinji dharka qoyan, hadda laakiin, tan iyo markii uu waa ma si adag qabtay
inay asalka ah, waxay leeyihiin cagaaran isla rinji saafi ah. Laakiin sababta, marka
Kopist mar kale aan si adag sii asalka ah, ma uusan u sameeyo halkii ay kaliya si
buuxda buluug ah, maxaa yeelay, artist sida tababaran ah, midabka caadiga ah ee
dharka Madonna ah, kaas oo noqon kara 100 sano ka dib Holbein laga yaabaa in loo
arkaa go'an, laakiin aan la garanayn waxay noqon kartaa. War sow ma aha inta badan
u badan tahay in artist asalka lahaa sabab laftiisa, mar kale dharka buluug ah,
wakhtiyada kale si rinjiga cagaaran, sidoo kale matali doonaa sida fudud kuwaad ka
badan waqti Holbein ee Heshiiska la xiriira midabka ah ee dharka Madonna waa ma
ahan oo keliya taagan si adag. Waayo fog in ay had iyo jeer la rinji buluug ah, waxaa
la helay in images tan iyo wakhtigaas ayaa sidoo kale casaan, iyo caddaan, oo dahab
brokaten 5) , iyo in Green ayaa laga saaray midabada dharka Madonna ah, istaagay
arrin weli in la caddeeyo. Ka dib markii kormeerka kaliya mid xitaa ka heli kartaa
Madonnas dhar cagaar ah oo ku filan ka mudadaas, hal booqasho oo keliya saaraysa,
qolalka Jarmal Old in dhaw iyo Leipzig Museum; haa in image ah oo ka mid ah
Holbein isaga qudhiisa, Freiburg image labanlaab, xataa xiran labada Madonna

dharka ah oo qoyan, marka laga reebo in dabcan lacag la'aan ah si looga shakiyay in
ay cagaaran ee kiisaska oo dhan, kuwaas oo sidoo kale kacay oo kaliya ka buluug
dhex varnish a yellowed ama isbedel iskaa wax u qabso ee midabka, taas oo la xusay
awoodo gaar ahaan, in cagaaran, ugu yaraan inta badan (oo dhan ma aha ) 6) kiisaska,
weli muujinaya galyadeena buluug ah; laakiin baaritaan buuxa oo ku saabsan
(halkaas oo in ay qaataan gaar ah midabka cirka ee view), waxaan kama heshid of
Woltmann ama meel kale ka soo, oo kaliya in ay sida, muran la salaysan yaabaa.
5)

taageeraya waraaqaha, waxaad tusaale ahaan waxaa laga heli karaa taxadiri Ranger ee. Iyadoo in a nonbuluug u gelisaa jubbadda weli inta badan buluug ah, sidoo kale, laakiin had iyo jeer ma. Sidaas Virgin ee Rose
ah by Martin Schongauer fadhiya in Colmar sida in jaakad cas iyo dharka iftiinka-cas. Si hagaagsan, Sidaa
darteed, ku darayaa xidh in ay Studies Jarmal Art (p.245) si tusaalayaal (meesha allabariga Bosweiler Speyer),
halkaas oo Madonna la xirto dharka dahab ah huwanaa cagaaran waxa ka badan, tacliiq ah: "oo halkan aan mar
kale oo cusub ah leeyihiin caddayn in xad-dhaaf ah horaantii in sayid jir rinji iyada dareen farshaxanka, laakiin
ma aha sida ay xeerarka kaniisadda loo aabo yeelin ".

6) Waxaan soo xusuustaa sanam ah sayid jir oo aan la garaneyn Jarmal ee geeska a of dhaw Gallery (No.
1830), halkaas oo Madonna ay kaa baxayaan oo dhan dhar cagaaran madow oo aan wax raad ah oo buluug.

Anyway, waxay ahayd Holbein sida Woltmann xitaa jeclahay in aan galin, sida
runta ah miyaannan in ninka la ha Convention xidho by, ugu yaraan in uu waqti yar
ku qabanaya weli markuu waa ayaa sabab gaar ah, cagaaran halkii buluug ah si ay u
saar Mary codsatay in labada images, oo waxaan idhi ha isu maleeyo of sida.
Xaqiijiyay kuwaas oo Holbein ayaa marar badan wakiil tirooyinka in uu Madonnas
iyo Quduuska ah Dumarka, taas oo aad wax kale in ay da 'weyn, physiognomy iyo
cilmaani ah (ugu yaraan in hal tusaale ahaan) dharka sida naagood ama gabdhaha reer
iibsaday ama aasaasayaasha image (sida Madonna ah, Basel ka arki kartaa No. 41,
No. 64. Brown iyo St. Elizabeth, Basel No. 35); Brown No. 63); oo waxay u badan
tahay in kiiska la mid ah ayaa sidoo kale ku jiraa isagoo our sawirka Meier'schen ee
Madonna ka badan galay dhacdaa mid ka mid ah, ay u badan tahay sababo kale, View
fasiraadda. Fiiri laakiin sawirka-la mid ah mana by sifooyinka of our Madonna by,
iyo dhowr jeer iftiimiyay la mid ah isla hoose ee jilba wiilka da'da yar ama
wiilasha 7) sidoo kale xaqiiqada ah in xubin ka mid ah dumar qoyska waxaa la
qurxiyey wadahadalo ay. Halkan, laakiin waa mid aad u hubaal in Holbein in mid ka
mid ah, gaar ah ee kaniisadda, image of Madonna in kiis kasta dharka buluug more
caadiga ah, ee kale ee, guriga image, iyo khamiiska cagaaran ee gobolka siiyey waxa
qaato qofka ka walaacsan. Dhab ahaantii, in kastoo, waxay ahayd ka dib markii
characters dhar Basel Holbein ee (Basel No. 49-34, Brown 27 -32, sidoo kale in de
Mechel) dhar parallelfaltige dhalaa ka Madonna, a time Basel'sches Damenkostm
ee 8) , halka ugu yaraan in joogta ah la mid ah haddii kale ma in Holbein ee Madonna
iyo dumarkii quduuska laga heli karaa.
7)

In maqaalka hore (Naum. Weig. 19) halka. XII. Waxaan dareemay in la mid ah ee su'aasha ka sii

weerarka ka dhaw muuqday sawir ee Darmstadt. Tani waxay, ku salaysan dareen ah sawir
xasilooneyn asalka ah ee Darmstadt image, waxaan jeclaa xukunka laakiin by dareen of laftiisa

asalka waxaa mar dambe wakiil.

8) Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dharka ee dhar tirooyinka Holbein'schen guud muuqan ee qalabka lagu
shido, jidka oo dhan in laalaabka ah, in halkan arrimaha yahay, gaar ahaan mid ka mid ah Basel
Ladies muhiimad la mid ah sida in our image.

Waa in ka Fogtahay oo dhan ', sidaas weli waa fikrad aad u fudud oo aad
amarradayda Holbein sameeyey ka dib markii ugu horeysay ee uu isku dayay cas ee
qoofalan umgrtenden on dhar buluug ah, loogu tala galay in Dresden, casaan noqon
lahaa xataa si fiican cagaaran on a (kiiskan aan vorzustellenden madoobaato ay) rid
ka reeban, ka dibna weli lahaa wax cabsi ah oo ka mid ah reebay ee qadiimiga ah
tahay maanta.
Waxaan hadda ma dhihi karaa in By hore diidmo ka duwanyihiin Woltmann ayaa
murugaysan sababtoo ah intii suurtogal ah inuu sii joogi doono weli ka jiraan, weli
waxaan aaminsanahay in aan ku odhan kartaa in aan mar dambe la oran karo waa
leeyihiin min a intaas ka dib. Markaasaa ninkii hadda ma sheegi karo, sida ay
yidhaahdaan, si ay u beddeli miisaskii oo waxaad ku tidhaahdaa, Holbein lahaa uu
sabab wanaagsan, Madonna, taas oo waa in aan qiyaasi Diintooda Madonna ah in la
siiyo dhar cagaar ah: koobiyeeyay ah, laakiin waxa uu macnaheedu yahay sayidkiisa
saxda ah karaan, iyo sida uu soo qaatay ilmaha Gaariisa ee Madonna, oo ay ku jiraan
Holbein sidoo kale sabab wanaagsan oo ah dhoola ilmaha Masiix, maxaa yeelay,
wuxuu u maleeyey in kale ma dhimatay si Madonna ah, iyada oo sabab la mid ah,
waayo, dharka cagaarka ah ee asalka ah, buluug ah siiyey. Marka la soo koobo,
ismaandhaaf ah oo saafi ah oo qasdigiisu yahay artist ah.
Waxaan dhihi lahaa, in fact, sida haddii aan ku dagan yihiin sababaha wanaagsan
ay guushu ku siidaayay of image Darmstadt ah. Laakiin xitaa marka la eego dhaw ka
cuslaanaya kuwa.
Si aad u buuxiso taxanaha ah ee diidmo la kiciyey ka dhanka ah nuqul dhaw ah,
waa in la soo xusuusto, mana soo socda,. Br ee Meyer sabab isaga oo ag Dr. Julius
Lessing (qoraa ee Berlin on art) sheegay tacliiq kiciyo.
"Rooga dhaw waxay muujinaysaa hannaankii Faaris ubucda la nidaamyada fekrado in waxba
kuma laha dabeecadda oo dhan ay leeyihiin, halkii ay ka tirsan tahay Renaissance ah oo ka dhacay
foomkan ilaa qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 16aad. The image Darmstadt, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ku
jira ee replica runtii aamin adag ee ah rooga dhab ah reer Faaris iyo caddaymo cusub dhab ahaan la
yaab leh in Madonna Dresden ee dareen ka ah arrimaha taxadar la'aan iyo stylistic iyo copyists aan
caqli lahayn sabab.

Oo haatan anigu waan sababtoo ah waxaan ma taagnaan karo ha hore ee asalka ah,
by la barbardhigo ku cad ee rooga, arko sawirrada labada images aan sharci Garaaci
farqiga in baahsanaanta soo koobay astaamo u dhexeeya labada, laakiin farqiga
waxaa laga yaabaa in ka badan muuqata in asalka ah ama kuwa kale muuqata in ay si
cad, iyo sida tacliiq Lessing ee mudan lahaa dareenka, haddii mid ka mid ogaa in
qoraallada isbarbardhigga katiifadaha waqtiga ka hor, ku dhawaad iyo waqtiga

Holbein ayaa nasasiiyay uu tacliiq ka dib; laakiin waxa aad sameyn leh sida tacliiq ah
kacsan taas oo ah wax damaanad ah in baaritaanka ma ahaa arrin sida kacsan sida
tacliiq ah, kaas oo diiradda baaritaanka abid ka tirsanaan doonaan si ay u sameeyaan
diidmo ayaa si buuxda u xooggan, hadduu yahay mid hore u qirtay in sahan ku
wareegsan oo kale weli waa si aad u hesho xataa in qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 16aad,
si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo bixitaanka of dhaw image loo maleeyo in ay xaqiiq tahay
in qeybtii hore ee qarnigii this waa in la dooneen. Sidaas daraaddeed aynu sugnaa oo
aan aragnaa haddii diidmo ah waa inay awoodaan inay isu adkeeyo xitaa ka fiican
sidii hore.
By hore waxaan u malaynayaa oo dhan counter-doodaha, si ay yeesheen account
dibadda iyo gudaha, kuwaas oo la dhigay ka dhanka ah siidaayay of sawir dhaw
galay, iyo natiijada ay tani tahay: Waxaad lahaa sababo dhowr for xaqiiq tahay oo
dhan shaki, laakiin ma ay zulnglichen tartanka. Haddii ay jiraan sida, si ay u
leeyihiin in ay helaan, iyo marka br. Meyer ayaa sheegay in sawir dhaw ahaa
"khaaliska ka dib nuqul aan dumisaan ah gacanta Holbein ee", sida uu leeyahay oo
kaliya baahida waxba ka dib markii siyaabo badan, waxa in su'aasha.
aynu ku dari jaaniska ah sababaha in uu noqon karaa in horay tixgelin hore ee
counter-doodaha ku doodeen waayo la mid ah ka gees ah siidaayay of sawir dhaw ka,
qaar ka mid ah caan ah, in kastoo ay naftooda ma si buuxda u qas, sababaha.
laga bilaabo tan iyo bilowgii waa qolfo leh oo miisaankeedu yahay, Zahn, v. ahayd
Hubner xataa Woltmann, ka dhanka ah waxaa macquul ah oo ay u arkaan in Dresden
image nuqul ka mid ah Darmstadt, diiday in koobiyeeyay lahayn ayaa loo ogol yahay
in isbedel weyn oo, sida dhaw ka nuqul ka dhanka ah Darmstadt
muujinaysaa. Haddaba, dabcan, sabab this ma fudud sida qabanaya waa
Ranjiilayaasha sida jir labadaba sida wax xardha badanaa isbedel aad u weyn si ay u
images ku nuqul ay is geliyey, ogol yahay, sida la og yahay, baniadamka by
Rubens, waana ugu yaraan aan lagu fekeri karin in artist muhiim ah oo qof asalka ah,
ee diidan, ka welwelina ay u hoggaansamaan asalka ah, isku dayeen in ay wax ka
dhigi soo baxay salaysan Holbein'schen in uu jeclaa waxa uu ka sii jeclaaday. Dhanka
kale, waxaa indisputably ahaa ma marka laga reebo at dhan halkan iska leh
tusaalooyin on khiyaamo - oo doonaya in uu ku qaataan a Billet lacag caddaan ah oo
been ah, waxa aanu si ula kac ah khalad ah - oo si ruthlessness ee khatarta ku dhacdaa
dhanka ah asalka ah, oo isbedelka ka dhacay ekaanta dhaw, si kastaba ha ahaatee,
jidka ka dhanka aragtida ah in nuqul dhaw la ah marti by a ganacsada tahay been
abuur nuqul insbesondre laakiin ka dib markii horaantii sameeyey ka dhan ah
Haupthypotese soo horjeeda in nuqul ee Amsterdam ayaa la soo saaray. Waayo, tan
iyo sawir dhaw la Darmstadt ah isku mar Amsterdam, inkastoo ay u muuqato ayaa ku
hadhay by waqti dheer. [Cf. VI. Cutubka.], Sidaas khiyaamada ama hore ma dhici
karto ama ha la ogaan. Ever laakiin isbedelka ka dhexeeya image Darmstadt iyo
Dresden ee nooca in korsaday halkii danta madax banaan iyo jacaylka artist ah oo
doonaya in ay isu dhaafo sida ujeedada calooshiis of dealer tahay ama in dib ee
hawsha la mid ah u muuqdaan in ay ka wakiil ah artist qalaad hadlo. Ka hor inta artist
ajnabi ah ka dhigaysa isbedel sida, ayuu halkii midabeeyo image cusub. Sidoo kale
Woltmann laftiisa ayaa hore si kale loo qaaday.

Laakiin haddii sawirka weli ka dhigay in Copy Netherlands ee Darmstadt, sidaas

oo kale artist a Dutch waa in la helay, halkaas oo la aamini waa, maxaa yeelay,
halkaas oo ay ka dhaafa sida kaliya ee wax kasta oo taas oo la mid ah Darmstadt,
asalka ah ee gaaray a fanaaniinta muhiim ah oo madax banaan size xaqiijinayaa in
aan laga yaabaa in si fudud u ku sugnaa gudaha dalka ku dhuunto, laakiin waxa uu
baaqi ku dhuunto. Sida yar ee Basel noqon kartaa in Netherlands ama waxay noqon
kartaa artist kasta oo kale Holbein isku arkaan, on account oo waxaad u qori kartaa
sawir dhaw la itimaalka kasta; wax soo horjeeda waxay leeyihiin isku mid ah oo dhan
hoolalka of taariikhda tahay ka dib markii wax fiiriyeen, oo haddana uu yahay mid
aad u xun si ay u ilaaliyaan saamayn weyn, oo aan awoodin in la helo waxaa
simaha. gabax The kuwaas oo soo horjeeda waxaa arrintan la xiriira, waxaa ugu
fiican soo bandhigay by xaqiiqada ah in Wornum, mid ka mid ah ma diidi karaan
aqoon dhamaystiran of art, in mid kale ma jiro in uu u maleynayaa in ay ku
guulaysteen marka kuwa Ludi ama Lodi, kaasoo in ka dib markii la cayimay
Fesch'schen gacmeedyada laba ka mid image ee Fesch tirooyinka soo guuriyeen,
sababtoo ah waxaa weli joogay Holland; iyo sababta ay tahay in aan Wornum markii
uu qabtay sawirka xataa abuur ah, ka dhigi malee ah, kuwaas oo ay xaaladdu dibadda
ah? Sidoo kale baaray Wornum Ludi uu meel taariikhda tahay inay u garsoori (s.
Wornum hoos gudbiyay). Laakiin ii qoro Rabbiga-Heusler, malo oo intaasu waxay
ahayd "doqonimo", nuqulada Ludi kuwa weli joogay ee Basel, laakiin "gabal aad u
yar oo shaqo", sida ay sidoo kale Woltmann (Holbein II. 393) la mid ah sida a "nuqul
aad xumo" dooni. Iyada oo ay tani ma noqon karto qalad ah, laakiin halkii ay ku
dhiiri Wornum, sidoo kale tan iyo markii uu sharaxay Picture dhaw kaliya ee
kaahiniin ee koobiyeeyay a of darajo hoose, laakiin waxa ay weli noqon lahaa qalad
kale. Woltmann isu laakiin si cad u qirtay in "in aynaan haysan raad mid ka mid ah
copyists, kuwaas oo ay awoodaan in ay rinji pastiche ah haybaddii in
dhageystayaasha leeyihiin sano, niyad ilaa maantadan la joogo".
Ugu dambeyntii labada more faahfaahinta in mid ka mid ah kuwa cajiib ah, kan
kalena u muuqataa in ay muhiim ah.
Garka Madonna Darmstadt yahay in sawir dhaw ka a double xasilloon, garka a
double, hadalkiisa raaciyay. Maxay keeni kartaa koobiyeeyay ah loo sameeyo? From
Holbein laftiisa, laakiin waxay yeelan karaan laba Madonnas la garka double, mar
Madonna Solothurn iyo marka labaad, ka Madonna oo ka mid ah Sawiridda Basel
Hand No. 64 Brown 81, labada kiisaska daanka hoose ayaa ka model ku nool
matalaad ah ee Madonna ah; sababtoo ah ee Madonna Solothurn lagu arki karaa by
Holbein ee afadiisa tacliiq cogent Woltmann ayaa mar kale, iyo Maya gacantasawiraya 64 Eebana waa adag, saaxiibtinimo, awoodin xataa naag of qaar ka mid ah
60 sano Gaarna sawirka sida Madonna oo Child waa. Hadda waxaad sidoo kale ka
fekeri karo, ayaa sidoo kale ka Madonna of dhaw image leeyihiin model la garka
hoose u dhinteen 9) , ama in model ah geysanayo Holbein oo kaliya in la muujiyo
dabeecadda hooyada ee Madonna ayaa in ka badan sidaas. Laakiin in shisheeye
Kopist ah waa in la kulmay u laabnayd in this kala sooc lahayn la Holbein, ugu
yaraan waa lagama yaabo. Waxa ay noqon doontaa ka sii badna, haddii ay u
baahnaydeen Madonna la jowl Holbein abid laga reebo, Bal eeg hareeraha dheer

laakiin waxaan helay sida Rubens ah iyo kuwa Albrecht Drer. Ka dib oo dhan,
waxaa sii rarities.
9)

In dareen this, ka dhigaysa Tooth v. In uu ku qoran Badhida (files SD) garka hoose ku qanacsan tahay.

Waxa kale oo yar in aan u yeelaan miisaan weyn, tani waa:

ilmaha ee Darmstadt Madonna dhoola, Dresden ka dhigayaa u fool
qulubsan. Maxaa adduunka wuxuu keeni karaa koobiyeeyay si Infant ku dhoola
Masiix xumida, ilmo eegaya xitaa jiran. Wornum sheegay in lagu sameeyo ka qadan
of copyists. Tani waa wax aan macquul aheyn, sababtoo ah farqiga u ah muuqaalka
ma ku xiran ee kadhex jira in dembi tareenada. Ugu muhiimsan waa in afka ilmaha
Darmstadt ee upwardly faray hooseeya ee dhaw, haddii aayar kaliya laakiin si
adag; sidoo kale in uu leeyahay ee dabiiciga ah, tani waa barrar a pathologically
qaybiyey; sidoo kale u muuqdaan kuwo ka badan indhaha ilmahaaga Darmstadt furo.
v. Ilkaha ogaaday dabcan, in su'aasha ah ee sida wayn uu jiro farqi ah asalka ah ee midabayn
madaxa sida jidhka ilmaha in laba koobi, ka tago ee gobolka jooga ee Darmstadt nuqul tixgelin
varnish madawga, ma go'aansan iyo shakiyey in sida in la aqbalo. Laakiin qaybinta kala duwan ee
barrar, sida aan aaminsanahay, waxaan u leeyihiin sida laga helay, waxaa lagu xukumi karaa iyada
oon loo eegin varnish madawga.
Magac ahaan, halka ilmaha Darmstadt ku soo bandhigayaa aragti ah ee Wangenrte ilmo
caafimaad qaba, wejiga samaynta ilmaha in nuqul dhaw ee la arko marka hore aragti ah ee
Rotfleckigen. Waxaan isku dayay inaan xaqiijiyo dhow, taas oo ku xiran aragti this, iyo ogaaday in
casaan ah ayaa qaar ka mid ah oo dheeraad ah agagaarka indhaha mararka qaarkood in ka badan in
ay ka dhinac oo ka mid ah daamankiisa iyo dhaf ugu weyn ee daamanka waxay noqon kartaa lacag
la'aan ah. Oo aan qaldo ma ihi ku saabsan this qaybinta aan caadi ahayn ee barrar, si oon ku
caddaynaya in dhakhtar, Dr. br., Me eegin tacliiq isla Afguduud calaamad muuqaalka lahaa waayoekaanta si sax ah u arkaan la'aan laakiin gaar ahaan on this ka hor ogaaday ii by calaamadee in la
sameeyo ka war ii of. Halkan, ka dibna, sidaas in la yidhaahdo cudurka caafimaad ee gobolka
xanuunsan in ay u muuqataa oo dhan more duwanyihiin markii mid ka mid ah ku soo xareeyaan isla
sidaas barbardhigay Wangenrte caafimaadka ilmaha hoose. - Dhanka kale, sida ku saabsan farqiga
u ahaa reer top labada nuqul in arrintan la xiriira, ay gacanta by la barbardhigo toos ah iyo qayb ka
mid ah oo kale ah, kaas oo aan si cad kaga xanaajiyeen halkan weli maqan, oo ka mid ah wuxuu isu
kaliya aad si fudud u arko, waxa ay u arkaan, si gelin waxaan ilaa xaqiijinta suurto gal by dadka
kale ee ay calaamaddu this miisaan yar. Waxaa laga yaabaa in aan ku la ii khaldami of farqiga u
dhexeeya laba koobi saaraysa. Farqiga u dhexeeya ilmaha sare iyo hoose ee nuqul dhaw, laakiin ku
saabsan oo aan ma i khiyaaneeyey karo, si kastaba, weli sidii taageero ah view ka soo cunuga jiran
muhiimadda ku filan, oo waxaan idiinku yeedhi on mucaaradka in view this, xisaabtii loo maleeyo
in ay siin in artist halkii fudud ilmaha Christian leeyihiin waxay doonayaan in ay matalaan.
Dhowr leh kii aan si madax-bannaan ka hadlay kasta oo kale oo, rabto in aad ka heli tareen
wistful joogto ah by wajiga dhoola ah weli ilmo Darmstadt ah; - Macquulka ah oo kaliya in aan si
yar si ay u fududayso ku filan si xukummadaada qaban karo arrintan la xiriira oo kaliya naftayda
maxaa yeelay yiqiin vorgngiger la view ka ilmaha buka. Waxaa ka codsan lahaa arrin unprejudiced
weydiinaya sababta.

Haddaba bungler ma seegi karo jihada of geeska afkiisa, iskaba daa sayidkiinna ah
oo ayaa ka play ilmaha hoose ee aaminnimo noocan oo kale ah oo kaamil ah. Sidaas
ujeeddo gaar ah oo la beddelo hadal waa in dhab ahaan ay u dhinteen. Qof kasta

unprejudiced galin in. Noocan oo kale ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa fudud ahayn in
la helay a copyists shisheeye, si kastaba ha ahaatee waa ay fududahay in la helo la
artist asalka, haddii aadan rabin in si ula kac ah ay xirto marka aad ka raadin kaliya
indhaha. Sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay Wornum waxa uu ku qoray, sida hoos ku
qoran, maxaa yeelay, waxba ma fiican ayuu yiqiin iyo nooca isbedel baaro
cayimin. laakiin aqoonta ku saabsan ka soo horjeeda kale, Woltmann, Kinkel, Crowe,
Meyer codsan wax fiican? Waxaan waxbana kama uu helin. Mararka qaarkood waxay
ku siin view Wornum ee, in si kale loo dhigo mar kale, mararka qaar ay iska indha
diidmo ah. Laakiin haddii uu sidaas daraaddeed waxaa laga heli karaa wax ka yar?
Haddii abid mid ka mid ah laba images waa nuqul by gacanta kale, waxaa Aakhiro
waxaa laga yaabaa in kaliya Darmstadt waxay noqon nuqul this sababtoo ah mid ka
mid ka ah ee ku saabsan copyists beddelka aad u wanaagsan ilmaha Madonna dhaw
in ay Afguduud ilmo Christian, laakiin aan ilmaha ee Madonna Darmstadt ah muuqan
lahaa inaan wax yar Afguduud ilmo Christian. Haa, waxaan halkan lahaa ku dhawaad
adag, ka image ah [sidaas darteed] oo keliya arki caddayn kordhaya ee mudnaanta ee
dhaw image mid ag Mitrcksicht ku beddelo midabka ah ee dharka Madonna ah,
haddii aan sababo kale sida fasiraadda tahay ilmaha sida ilmaha buka in doorka dual
u taagan sidii ilmo oo Christian iyo ilmo buka in dalab, kaas oo waxaa laga yaabaa in
ay aqbalaan yar sida wakiilada qaar ka mid ah siidaayay of sawir dhaw ka soo
horjeeda dabcan, laakiin waxa ay ka codsan lahaa in aan wax Xusuusan in ay ku
Sugno xadgudbay awood u leh inay qabsadaan mudnaanta ee Darmstadt image, ha
diidmo ugu adag sameeyey oo siin shaki ugu adag ka dhanka ah karana, ee
meel. Against this laga yaabaa in lagu sheegay in isbedelka saamayn ku muujinta
caddaynta ilmaha sidoo kale siidaayay of dhaw image iyo kuwa Fasiraadda, maxaa
yeelay, ku siin karaan account ah loo xannibo waxaa ka mid ah oo kaliya of midnimo
iyadoo labada.
Dhab ahaantii, haddii sawirka waa hordhigaya ah daawo ilmaha buka by Madonna
iyo Carruurta ee hubka iyada ilmahan buka, halkii labada se, ama xitaa, ka dib markii
Holbein ee u janjeera haddii kale xaqiijiyey in ay rollers double, Child Masiixa la
tareenada ee buka ilmaha, maxaa yeelay waxa ay la deeqay image ayaa lagu
muujiyay, anigu waxaan kala taasoo ka tago doorashada, sida Holbein laga yaabaa
aad u wanaagsan mar hadal daryeelka bogsiinta Farax ee Madonna ee dhoola, jidka
xitaa sawirka Darmstadt weli murugaysan oo niyad filan-raadinta ilmaha, mar labaad
muujinta caafimaad darro-ilmaha ka badan printouts qosol of hoose ka saaray sida
ilmaha la daaweyn door bidaan, iyo tan iyo artist ma labada taagan waqti isku mid ah
in sawir la mid ah, waa inuu sii daayo labada images waa kaabaha in ay.Sidoo kale
waxay noqon qaadan kari lahaa haddii loo maleeyo in doorka dual in artist mar halkii
qof ee Child Masiix, kaas oo keenay jeer kale ee ilmaha buka si qaalib ah; halka,
markuu la siidaayay of dhaw image ama uu doonayo in uu taabto tafsiiro kuwa u
aragto xisaab la'aan isbedelka ee dhoola ilmaha Christian waa in lagu rakibaa in
ilmaha buka oo dhan.
view ka ilmaha buka (by dadka kale qaaday halkii qofka dhintey) dhacdaa beddelka kala
duwan. Qaar ka mid ah hadal keliya ka ilmaha top sida ilmo buka oo dhan waxa loo sameeyo
tixraac, halkan waa ku filan asal ahaan, laakiin waxa kale oo aad samayn kartaa malo gaarka ah in

ay tahay in sawirka u dhibta ka Madonna ku bogsiinaya gacanta buka yar oo ah laba jeer waa
ilmaha muujiyay sida hubka bidix isla, kaas oo xataa Ragooda baroor waa la soo gaabiyey ilmaha
top iyaga la awday, ekaanta dhaw fidiyey (oo dhan fasiraadda caadiga ah sida gacanta barako
horjeedda) ka hoose lagu qabtay iftiinka isla ahaaneed, isla dhashay, loo siman yahay kuweygamadax, degay isla, si siman of Aura laakiin wax garad ilmo caafimaad qaba oo si buuxda u-raadinta
la go'an dul Ragooda qosol waa fidsan. Tan waxaa lagu dhisay ugu yaraan qayb ahaan saddex jeer si
madax-bannaan ka mid ah oo kale, kuwaas oo ay Mrs. Jameson, ee Blake iyo Jacobi, fasiraadda
naftayda u aragto sida ay u badan tahay - ayaa wakiil oo keliya bedelidii - sababtoo ah si yaqiin ah
waa in aan la hadli waxyaalahan ku saabsan , 10) inaan, calaamadahaas in tusaalooyin le'eg oo ka
mid ah labada doorka fanka qadiimiga ah iyo Holbein gaar ahaan, waxaa macquul ah ee door dual
ilmaha Christian iyo ilmo buka (ilmaha Masiix oo ah qaab ilmaha buka, ayaa ugu deeqay sababta
oo ah bogsiin image ah) iyo Madonna oo ilmaha hooyadii 11) , laakiin dhigay. Xaqiiqada ah in
cutubka shanaad. Holbein'schen No. ay barbaro galeen si kooban u tilmaamay 65 12) , by Madonna
ah ee Misbaax ku leh qolof suunka mucjiso caafimaad on hubka bidix ee ilmaha raadinaya
xumaaday waa dhibta, ay taageerayaan inay dhinaca kale u malayn in uu ahaa sawir bilow ah ee
aannu image, in kastoo aan, sida horay u xusay , ka dibna ku riday badan oo miisaan. Laakiin
rafcaanka waa in farshaxanka hore, xataa meel fog ku yaal, si ay u jiifay Madonna ilmaha jirran ee
hubka iyada, hubaal waa disproved, tan iyo xataa tusaale ka mid ah gacanta Holbein ee xitaa
joogo 13) ; iyo marka la barbardhigo ilmaha sare, sidoo kale in dhaw ama Darmstadt image
carruurta kale Holbein'schen Christian kuwaas oo Woltmann qudhiisa ayaa ugu yeedhay wiilasha
yar baaxaa, waxaa si buuxda u murug, fududahay in la arko ilmaha Christian waa in. Qofkaas isla
muuqataa jeer sawirka isla, waa mid caadi ah in fanka qadiimiga ah iyo Holbein laftiisa xitaa waxay
bixisaa qaar ka mid ah tusaalayaal kale.Taasi ilmaha hoose u muuqataa wax yar ka badan hogaanka,
dalban kartaa waqtigaas bogsiinta sida hadal macquul ah oo stylistic.
10) Eeg.

ku saabsan Naum.-Weig. Halka. XII. 1. XIV. 71. XVI. S. 35 iyo v.

Boqolkiiba Zahn ee. Sano 1aad dhalashada. 1868dii p 142. 156th
11) Waa

maxay waxa la yiri o., Heshiis. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu doonayay inuu
arko Madonna ah gabadh Meier ka guur hore, - waxaa Meier ahaa guursaday
dhowr jeer by cusub Ermittelungen uu Heusler ayaa, - in ilmaha sidaas ah
awoowe Meier ee.
12) Tani

barbaro (at No. 34 oo ka mid ah sawiro Braun Collection Basel'scher)

waxaan ku weydiin in bandhig soo socda Holbein laakiin si aad u daawato, intii
ay sii, ka hor dhigay sheegashooyinka ka aragtiyo kale ee danaynaya.
13) fasiraadda

ayaa run ahaantii la yaab leh ee sawirka, taas oo ka duwan

Woltmann dejiya oo in Holbein II. 446 s., Waxaan u malaynayaa in aan u
sameeyey in ku filan 1868dii boqolkiiba 139 v. Zahn ee ..

Mararka qaarkood tacliiq ah oo aan taas oo aan la wadaagi

aragtida ah in taageero su'aal fasiraadda at dhan, waayo, wax
dareen ah oo ku saabsan qiimaynta bilicsanaanta-farshaxanka ee
image ah. Haddii ilmuhu sare ilmo buka, sidaas awgeed waa in la
eego in dabeecadihiisa hufan masterpiece ah lagu naalloon karo, oo
ay jidka u gaar ah oo kaliya sida ugu cadcad ka soo horjeeda
siisaa ilmahaaga ee Chapel Sistine ah caaraddeeda, waa wax ka
badan inuu yahay ilmo Christian iyo sida, waa arrin is burinaya ee

la xiriira in ay aad u seegay, oo lagu daray sifooyinka of

sifooyinka rumaan Christian Children Holbein si taariikh gedisan
sida isla Christkind naxo warshad daciif ah. Oo kanu waa ka
ilmahaaga Darmstadt inkastoo uu dhoola tixgelin uu habitus dhan
iyo niyad isagoo qoom aan ka yarayn ka dhaw, taas oo ay difaacan
doonto ugu yaraan faa'iido ah ee fulinta uniform of seegay sifo oo
dhan isaga ka hor. Haa, xukunka ka kooban tahay oo dhan image ah
waa in la bedelaa sida uu fasiraadda. Sida laga soo xigtay view
hore lagu qabtay by horjeeda kaliya adag kartaan, cadho iyo aan la
fahmi karin, ka dib markii hore ee la xiriira xaqiiqda ah in
wakiil ka double ee qofka la mid ah sawirka isku waqti Holbein ee
toosay weli dembi lahayn, helidda abuurtay xariif ah iyo qalab
dhamaadka macneeyeen. qaaday Indes kuwa si gaar ah loogu talagalay
Behaben ee sawirka, waxay caddayn ugu cajiib ah oo gezwungensten
in codsigaaga, waxa ay u muuqataa this lagu rakibay ereydaas.Haa
noqon lahaa fasiraadda dambe aan sax - iyo in kastoo aad ugu
dhaaran aan caddayn taariikhiga ah si toos ah waxa on - si uu
doonaynin Mrs. Jameson, Blake oo Jacobi, taas oo ay ku fashilantay
ka kooban (kuwaas oo, kadis ah, oo kaliya Blake xanuun ilmaha si
cad in ay hubka ka waxaa loola jeedaa) wittier badan Holbein
qudhiisu ahaa. Sidaas daraaddeed ugu yaraan waxay ila eg tahay,
iyo waa in u muuqdaan in ay kuwo kale oo doonaya in ay soo fiirin
ah eex at isbarbardhigga of Halabuurka tagaan sida uu labo
tafsiir.
Dabcan, waa in aan u diidi ii, halkan soo socda si ay u soo noqdaan su'aasha fasiraadda oo
dhan, oo waa ka yar lagama maarmaan ah, si, sida ay dayasho, had iyo hadhaagii fekeri karin isla on
fasiraad oo sida dhaw waa muhiim halkii loogu talagalay siidaayay nuqul Darmstadt ah in qaar ka
mid ah karraanigii la garanayn kii waddaa dhoola Christkind nuqul ka Darmstadt by sifooyinka
caan ku xun ah waa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tareenka dambe aad hubaal. Waxaan Kaliya ma caawin
kartaa, laakiin muujiyaan oo ku beegnaa this aan wax laga yaabo, in ay soo horjeeda ee siidaayay of
dhaw image, oo dhan ee ka soo horjeeda isla Fasiraadda on ilmo buka (Wornum, Woltmann, Kinkel,
Crowe, Meyer 14) ), oo dhan sidii nin keliya u heli Triumph wada qaarka fasiraadda this ee dhoola
ilmaha Darmstadt ah, lid ku ah muujinta xumida of dhaw - iyo sidaas wada leeyahay eego at weli taageerada bindendste fasiraadda tani waa sababta oo ah waxa labada dhinacba wada sharaxay
kaliya lagu fasiray this ,
14) Waxaa

ka mid ah wakiilo ka siidaayay views ee ka gees ah iyo ilmaha jirran

ama dhintay kala qaybsan yihiin.

Dabcan, aad ka arki kartaa on waxba Laakiin wejiga dhoola

ilmaha Darmstadt - iyo dhab arki cadowga halkan on waxba - sida ay
noqon waa in aad awood u walaac ku saabsan ilmo buka.Laakiin mid
ka mid ah ayaa weli ma marka laga reebo ay horey u leeyihiin min
laftiisa ilmo dhaw si aad u aragto more, ma in jirka intiisa kale
ah iyo inta kale Behaben ilmaha, ma ay xiriirka ilmaha hoose, ma
ay xiriir kale la barbar dhigo carruurta Christian Holbein'schen,
aan si gaar ah ay xiriirka ilmaha in kuwa Holbein'schen xiriira
barbaro No. 65. Dhab ahaantii, waxaan leeyahay - waa in mar wax si
dhamaystiran u jeestay su'aasha - rumeysan fasiraadda u arkaan
image ku saabsan oo dhan "in ay taageero ka, laakiin mid ka mid ah

uu leeyahay qayb ka mid ah soo horjeeda ee laga helay aad u daalin

oo xanibayo inuu qaato, oo sidaas oo kale ayaan ahay, tan
rafcaanka xeerkii hore uusan rabin in uu sii mindi dheeraad ah,
kaliya maaraysay fudud ee view iyo matalaad sida "qaabdarro", sida
"qaab jir" markuu "brained daahfurtay" sida "weitspurigen" hadalka
ee marka "versudelten warqad ee" kulanka, laakiin tani waa mid
fudud ku filan oo aad u nixiyay ii sida la socotay kale ee
aragtida ah, oo aan laakiin gabaynayo weli ka maqnaan ilaa
xad. fikirrada kale My oo arrintan ku saabsan daaweynta, sababta
oo su'aal waxaan gees u tago.

In wax yar inta badan waa shuruudaha ugu darnayd, oo sidaas daraaddeed waan ku
qiran in, sida sababo fursad badan haddii kale jira siidaayay of dhaw image oo lagu
muujiyey nafsaddayda, waxaan ogaan lahaa inay kacaan oo kaliya in ay xoog ku
qabanaya of Qoomaan this diidmo lahayn. Laakiin anigu ma doonayo in aan ka dhigo
sida tip a ganaax darnaanta oo dhan su'aasha. Xitaa soo horjeeda unbefangenere of
siidaayay of sawir dhaw ka aan arko i hor ay u badan tahay in la yidhaahdo, "laakiin
ma ogaan kartid," iyo waxaan uun sheegay in sidoo kale ahaa By hore, in uu wax
cadaawad Qoomaan tani ma yaqaan; laakiin waqti isku mid ah la xasuusto in. gees ah
wax yar oo u muuqdaan in ay u muujiyaan muhiimadda oo sidaas daraaddeed
siidaayay of Darmstadt nuqul ugu darnayd, farta lixaad, iyo dhoobada guduud ah, oo.
Cape II hadalka wuxuu ahaa in wax la mid ah waxay noqon kartaa: ". laakiin ma
ogaan kartid"
Close aan ka, waxaan ka heli qaar ka mid ah sabab shaki ka dhanka ah karana, ee
nuqul dhaw ah (laga soo qaatay oo dhanba asalka ah ee Amsterdam, kaas oo ka dib
markii dhowr qorayaasha kala duwanaanta badan ee ay rinjiyeynta ka Darmstadt
image,
laamid
ahla traducci
sida xilli casri ah loo qoondeeyey ee Madonna iyo dharka
Contribuu
millorar
cagaaran ), ma si buuxda u degeen hore, laakiin ku filan la dhimay si aanay u la arkaa
a sababo leeyihiin min iyo suurtagalnimada fiican siidaayay loo dagan yihiin. Mid ka
mid ah, in la filayo in isku duwidda mustaqbalka dhow baaritaan ah rinjiyeynta
gaarka ah ee image la rajeynayay kartaa in go'aanka ammaanka dhow doono.

Text original

IX. Arjiga.
Sida fariimaha ugu da'da weyn oo weligood galaan our su'aal, sida ku Fesch iyo
Sandrart, waxay leeyihiin wax soo saarka ah oo ka qoyska aasaasay Meier
Holbein'sches Madonna oo aan taam on image kale oo loo yaqaan naga laba koobi,
waa mid ka mid at this taariikhi ah asal ahaan ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah laba wax,
marka hore in shaki, sida dhab ah, di u Holbein keenay ka yar, dalban. Laakiin waxaa
kale oo labada ayaa laga yaabaa inuu si dhab ah keligeed keeni kartaa go'aan
labanlaabka ah ee image sida hordhigaya ah kiniisadda sida image qoyska guriga ah,
ama kaliya sida image qoyska laba laamood oo kala duwan oo qoyska ah ee macquul
ah iyo xitaa ixtimaal ah asal ahaan dhabta ah double a [Cutubka. VI]. halka dhinaca
kale waa in la fekero suuragalnimada in mid ka mid ah nuqul been abuur kale, by
dealer a tahay hunguri [Cutubka abaabulay. VI.], Ama qof kasta by iibsadaha
qudhiisu ama milkiilaha ka dib in ay u hoggaansamaan koobiga go'aanka double by
gacanta kale oo aan ku doonayso in ay ku khiyaanayn waa magacaabay.

Haddaba awoodo dabiicadda kala daadsan oo is burinaya celisa dokumentiyadii

taariikhiga ahaa [Cutubka. VI.], Ayaa dhib hore Qolol, inta badan ma dareentay, si ay
u qiimeeyaan dib markii rinjiyeynta labada images siidaayay [Cutubka. V.], qodan
untriftige si caadiga ah ee su'aasha quruxda leh su'aasha ah siidaayay [Cutubka. III.],
Ugu danbeyn meel ka go'ay, ku tiirsan oo keliya on doorashada digtoonaan shakhsi
ahaan u dhexeeya saamayn halkan soo horjeeda fikradaha ama fikrado [Cutubka. IV.],
Ka dhacaday The dhexdhexaad mana shaki siman oo ku saabsan in go'aan gebi
ahaanba ammaan ka mid ah ama wax kale oo ka dhisan waa in la gooyaa hareeraha
su'aasha mar hore, laakiin waxaa la hor by duwidda ugu dhameystiran oo
dhexdhexaad ah iyo tixgelin sababaha oo dhan, waayo, iyo jaaniska daad siidaayay
baxay labada koobi. [Cutubka. VII. Oo VIII.]
cinwaanka gaar ah sababaha soo socda for siidaayay of nuqul Darmstadt ah:
1) isku dayeen in ay ka heleen dib u The toos ah Darmstadt image on qoyska
aasaasay, taas oo ahayd on darka ee daahfurtay taariikhiga Woltmann ee la news of
Fesch iyo Sandrart, inkastoo waa mid aad u dhibaato ay sabab u tahay nooca diidani
xogta, iyo xitaa muuqataa in ay u badan tahay si ay u gudbiyaan dhaw nuqul
[Cutubka ah. VI]. laakiin weli ka sii macluumaad kale oo taariikhi ah ka tagay, kaas
oo lagu gawraco kartaa asalka ah ee image Darmstadt ka Basel. [Cutubka. VI.] Oo
haddii Aakhiro ayaa weli loo maleeyay of macquul kor ku taabtay in image ee Basel
waxaa xitaa abuuray sida nuqul ka mid ah archetype dhabta ah by gacmaha
shisheeye, weli waa itimaalka waxaa ka mid ah ma aha oo kaliya ma helin wax
caddeyn taariikhiga ah, laakiin ma noqon karo artist ah ee Basel ama haddii kale ay
leeyihiin, kuwaas oo mid ka mid aamini karin image sida nuqul ka mid ah, haddii aan
isaga qudhiisu Holbein. dhaqan a ee asalka ah ee Holbein laguma doodi karo
Darmstadt yar sida image dhaw [Cutubka. VII.].
2) Waxaa jira sababo gudaha mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt ku jirta; laakiin ka
mudnaanta socota siidaayay [Cutubka ah. VII.]. Waxa xusid mudan muuqataa adag
tahay in la mideeyo oo la xaaladda mudnaanta ee dhaw image in Joogaba, ee ku jira
ka badan faa'iidada badan in of Darmstadt [Cutubka yihiin. VII]; in ay tani tahay
laakiin run ahaantii, waa ka gees Woltmann iyo Meyer, arka xumaatay by
koobiyeeyay ee, u badan tahay in ay ilaaliyaan [Cutubka. V.]. Inkastoo haatan kaydka
suurtagalnimada in la dhimay oo kaliya ka tixgelin dibadda bannaan, ee dhinacyada
image Darmstadt ka dhanka dhaw iyo waxyaabaha oo dhan si la haybsooco ee
Joogaba, waxaa wada riixay, sidoo kale sida kartaa in Cape ah. . VII aflagaada
sameeyey ma noqon gabi ahaanba beeniyay suurtogalnimada oo dhan; laakiin xajisto
ugu horeysay u arko faa'iido ah itimaalka weyn. Ujeedada this, inkastoo qaar ka mid
ah Pentimenti ee tago in Darmstadt image in aad loogu talagalay faa'iido u ah
mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt ah, sida laga soo xigtay cutubka. . Xiriir VII dhinaca
kale, laakiin waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah wax yar (lixaad farta gacanta ilmaha; hoose,
dhoobo cas ee raacidda ku yiil khamiiska darafkiisa naagta celcelis ahaan), kuwaas
oo in cutubka. waa loogu tala galay. II, bidix, taas oo u muuqdaan oo kaliya in
dareenka mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt in lagu fasiray, halkani waa daliilka ugu
weyn ee this, halka marka la barbardhigo ah ee Madonna oo characters yar ee labada
images in Cape. VII. Yar ogolaan gunaanad la hubo arrintan la xiriira.

3) Inta badan iyo miisaanka oo dheeraad ah oo codad ah khabiir helaa rinjiyeynta

ah by qof Holbein iyo wanaagga ee Darmstadt image doortay mar kale
[Cutubka. VII]; dadka qaar Grder, K. Forster laakiin sara kiciyey dhanka ah khilaaf
si Cape. V. shaki ah, in aan la nasan on waxyaabaha saxda ah, ma burin, oo marka
hore jeclaan lahaa in la caddeeyo in duwidda mustaqbalka ee labada images leh kasta
oo kale oo la images kale Holbein'schen by awgeed ilaa haatan ka dega Kenner
Urteiles inay is miisaan sheegasho si ay u sameeyaan.
4) Retouchen in Darmstadt image lid Woltmann iyo Meyer, si Cape. II. Inkastoo,
ugu yaraan la aqoonsado in Darmstadt image, laakiin in dhammaan qaybaha image
waa in la rinji by gacanta ah oo aan la garaneyn in fastness of content ugu weyn, ayaa
ilaa hadda keliya xukunka hal cod E. Forster naftooda u [comp. faylasha].
Waayo, siidaayay of dhaw image, qaraabo u tuhun la mid yihiin sababaha soo
socda.
1) Historischerseits guuleystay sawir dhaw ka ma aha oo kaliya dhaqan xitaa
verjhrtere nafteeda, sida nuqul Darmstadt ah, laakiin waxa ay sidoo kale u muuqataa
in ay baaritaan adag xog taariikheed, warshadaynta si toos ah Dresden ee nuqul
qoyska aasaasay weli badan tahay Darmstadt ee nuqul haddii aqoonsan arrinta waa in
ay la il daran sababta oo ah nooca is burinaya oo ka mid ah fariimaha jirka la hubin
badan ayaa weli ah (Cutubka. VI.).
2) ayaa dhawaan la aasaasay by Woltmann, Kinkel, Crowe daahfurtay in image
Darmstadt u leeyihiin in ay noqon oo keliya gacmaha Laab dhab ah hoos
ganacsadaha tahay hunguri Leblon, oo dhaw sida nuqul ka mid been abuur ah oo ka
mid ah Queen Marie de Medicis markii jooga Netherlands iibsaday in, si kastaba ha
ahaatee, dhab ah, Darmstadt, TGS Lssert, in uu noqon in Mary Queen ah, intii ay ku
jirtay Netherlands, ma aha at dhan u awoodin inay soo iibsadaan image qaali ah in
jahwareer ah warbixin on kuwaas oo fikrad ku salaysan waa, ayaa la caddeeyey, iyo
in sawir dhaw ma ka Brussels, halkaasoo boqoraddu samaysay daganaa, laakiin
Amsterdam ayaa u yimid inuu Venice. More tahay in image dhab ah labanlaabantay
hoos gacmaha Leblon ee, waa in labada tijaabooyinka dhab ah waxaa u dhisnayd
wareer in wararka Fesch ee, iyo sawir dhaw si toos ah waa laga Basel, Gaaray Queen
halka ayay weli joogay France [ Cutubka. VI.]. la qadariyo in bedelidii oo Meyer
ayaa dhismay lagaga shakiyey kor ku arko [Cutubka. VI.], Dhibaatooyin Faro kicisaa
la mid ah, halka dhibaatooyin kale oo ay ku sii taagan horjeeda.
3) shaki The in ay soo baxdo ka Dresden ee nuqul in weli dhamaan qiimaha sida
dhab ah Darmstadt ka meel ka mid ah Amsterdam yimid, in kastoo mudnaanta aan la
dafiri karin laftiisa in, Skokkelund mid mudnaan iyo xaqiiq tahay of Darmstadt koobi
cadaato ayaa in la tixgeliyo, laakiin waxaa la fahamsan yahay inay noqon caqabad ku
jirin in labada tijaabooyinka dhabta ah waxa ay kulmeen mar magaalada art-jecel sida
[Cape. VI.].
4) Just yar sida Darmstadt ayaa laga heli karaa dhaw ka nuqul ka artist ah, taas oo
la aamini sida nuqul ka mid ah, oo ka dhigay in arrintan la xiriira oo gebi ahaanba
waa shil tijaabo [Cutubka. VIII.]

5) An codsatay on nuqul khiyaamo uu doonaynin badan tahay halkii slavishly sii

asalka ah, sida ay si ansixiyay isbedel la taaban karo, sida sawir dhaw ka dhanka ah
Darmstadt ee muujinaya sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin sida in Amsterdam, halkaas oo in
la eego ay asal ahaan, laga yaabaa in aan daahfurka ka koobnaan kartaa
khiyaameeyay la asalka Darmstadt ah waqti isku mid ah [Cutubka. VI., VIII.].
6) Sida su'aasha in rinjiyeynta ee dhaw ama Darmstadt image fiican heshiin
Holbein, sidaas darteed waxaa jira is burinaya foosha xun ee u dhexeeya khubaro ah
in dhaansato ma natiijada Ujeedada ammaan ah, ilaa hadda. Waxaa hubaal ah in ka
hor inta dhacdo ee image Darmstadt waxaa ka mid ma xusuusan tahay in la helo
rinjiyeynta ee dhaw image la Holbein leheyn. Mid ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha u
dhexeeya labada rinjiyeynta images at dhan iyo semitones meelo godgodan oo
Madonna oo Child ee dhaw image gaar guuleystay shaki waa in la qirtay, oo aan
awoodin in aad dalbato sidii duwanyihiin. xukun A ammaan waxaa weli la rajeynayay
of baaritaan buuxa ee bandhiga socda Holbein.
7) waxay dhibaatooyin oo laga doondoonay in xaqiiqda ah in qof ka mid ah
bandhigga Madonna ee koobi dhaw ee la filayo tamar Holbein garad casriga ahayd
inuu aad dhali stamp nimcada jilicsan, ka maqan qaar ka mid ah sababo la
[Cutubka. VIII]. maxaa yeelay, iyagu laakiin si ay u aqoonsadaan laakiin sida oo
dhan hore ciidanka carqalad waa uu maqan yahay, iyo J. Lessing ka barbardhigo ah
katiifadaha ee labada images barbaro shaki [Cutubka. VIII.] Miyuu ma bari ay
sababaynta.
8) Sababaha taas oo barbaro isla Woltmann ah oo waxaa isaga la Meyer ka
isbeddelka ka dhacay Joogaba, iyo naqshadda dhismaha ee dhaw image ka dhanka ah
siidaayay, noqon lahayd in Cape. V. waligoodba si fiican unaufgestellt; Taas lidkeeda,
sawir dhaw ka mid ah in xaaladaha ay ka yar niyadjab ku hayo Holbein'schen
Madonnas iyo gaar ahaan mid ka mid ah, in qaar ka mid ah siyaabaha le'eg oo,
gacanta Holbein'schen indisputably dhabta barbaro (oo xitaa suurto gal noqon karaa
sawir a first to our image) dheeraad ah, sida Darmstadt ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka
isbedel naqshadda si Cape. V. waxba muhim xataa soo gunaanadi karo.
9) oo ay u arkaan in Woltmann buluug asalka, ayaa la tirtiray by varnish dharka
buluug-cagaaran Darmstadt Madonna ku dhaw image waxaa lagu soo guuriyeen by
fahan koobiyeeyay cagaaran, inkasta oo uu leeyahay la arko marka hore jaaniska ah
ku kalifay, laakiin laftiisa by Dhinaca kale, la heli karo si ay u sababaha si jilciyaa in
ay si buuxda u lumiya ciidanka duwanyihiin taas oo ay degeen by Woltmann
[Cutubka. VIII.].
10) Waxaa jira laba wax yar ku dhaw image heli karo, kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah,
daanka hoose, taas oo ah Madonna ku daray, sida laga soo xigtay cutubka. VIII.
Xaqiiq tahay ee dhaw ka nuqul ka hooseeyo, ka. Kale, isbedelka ku dhacay hadal
ilmaha top ka dhanka image Darmstadt ah, ku dhowaad garaacid ay u muuqataa, ayaa
ugu yaraan weli la filayaa qaarkood sharaxaad kale oo aan ahayn ujeedooyinka
siidaayay of dhaw image
11) view The multi-qabtay in qaybo ka mid ah ugu yaraan qaar, gaar ahaan
characters yar iyo wax yar oo ah nuqul dhaw gacangelinayaa gacanta wakiilka ah, oo

aan la beeniyay karaa laakiin ma aha sida la xaqiijiyay in loo arko by caddaynta ee
arrintan la xiriira, qaar ka mid ah sababaha guud [Cape , V.], afeef qayb gaar ah
[Cutubka. IV.] Joogsanayn.
12) Ugu dambeyntii, mid ka mid ah uu leeyahay in la yidhaahdo in aan dhan
salaysan shaki ka dhanka ah karana, ee dhaw ee nuqul gebi ahaanba daalay, laakiin
waxaa laga yaabaa in intabadan ay ixtimaalka ka gees ah iyo sababaha wanaagsan.
Qaybta Labaad.
A n cts.
l) Aloys Ludwig Hirt
Professor ee Berlin (1830).
In uu buugga: "Comments Art Safar ah iyada oo loo marayo Wittenberg iyo
Meissen si dhaw iyo Prague, Berlin 1830", Hirt ku xusan bogga note 16 ah oo ku
beegnaa tixgelin ee dhaw ee labada Darmstadt, nuqul ka waqti in Berlin, ereyada soo
socda: " image aad u la mid ah ayaa dhawr sano ka hor ka France keenay Berlin for
sale, halkaas oo uu Royal. Sarreeyayaal, Prince William, boqorka walaalkiis, waxaa
kacay. " Intaas ka dib macno horay cutubka. I. indhaynta soo bandhigay by qoraaga.
2) Franz Theodor Kugler
Professor ee Berlin (1845 1847).
Qoraaga ahaa ee 1844 booqasho kooban oo si dhaw, oo intuu dhaqsaday "isla
markiiba ka dib waxaa ka soo laabtay, la aragti ah oo cusub image maxalliga ah ka
hor tijaabada Berlin". Natiijada la barbardhigo this waa in maqaalka gaar
ah Cotta 'xeerka Kunstblatt 1845. No. 8 oo mar kale daabacay Kugler 's "qoraallada
yar iyo cilmiga of History Art" L853 1) sida soo socota, halkaas oo:
"Ugu dheer raagayn hore ee [dhaw] image waxaan sababtoo kari dhibcood qaar ka
mid ah aragtida iyo gaar ahaan daaweynta farsamo in xitaa ka hor i siman haddii aan
go'aansaday, ayaa ogaaday dareen aan lagu cabudhinayo. Madaxa Madonna dhaw uu
leeyahay a soo jiidashada gaar ah, sida aynu si dhib leh waa mar kale ka heli in image
kale Jarmal, laakiin waa echo jidka casriga ah ee dareen - waxaan doonayaa in aan
wax ka idhaahdo in dumar ah ee fikrad ka dhigan in waxa ay u badan tahay in ay u
muuqdaan in caynkaas ah sayidkooda hal abuur firfircoon sida Holbein, ku dhawaad
ku beereysa . Markaas in ay ka qayb dhir caraf ah inay tagaan, gaar ahaan jirka ah ee
ilmaha Masiix iyo sidoo kale at Madonna ah, semitones meelo godgodan oo noqotay,
sidii ay si dhib helay noocan meelo kale oo Holbein, ku xiran kulamada guduudan oo
iftiin qabow ee qaybo ka mid ah samaysyada dhir caraf ah ee hab this daaweynta
aragti ah taas oo hore u xusuusinayaa in siyaabo qaar ka mid ah si ay ku dayda
Talyaaniga ee qarnigii 16aad .. -. , , Waxaan arkay aniga oo hadda si weyn ula yaabay
ee muunada Berlin gabi ahaanba waxba loo garto waxa la ii soo horjeeda ee dhaw ee
nuqul shisheeye. The image Berlin u muuqataa in ilaa xad buuxa oo dhan ka bir ah ee
kabka ah. Daaweyntu waxay meel kasta waa mid ka mid oo isku mid ah; halkii ay
kuwa codadka hooskii meelo godgodan oo ah kulan iftiin guduudan oo caddaan
halkan ayey ka muuqan si joogto ah ee dhir caraf ah, in isbedelkii xitaa ka dib markii

qof ka mid ah tirooyinka shaqsi, kaliya, midabo qoto dheer hodan in ay qaataan ee
hooska ah qof brownish kulul oo la og yahay in muddo ah ka mid ah hawlaha
farshaxanka Holbein ' s, taas oo dil ee Halabuurka this dhaco, - muddo ku wareegsan
sanadkii la soo 1529 - si sifo. Si xadka jidka dareen ku fida image ee hoos ku
dadkuna wuxuu matalayay hadal xagga ruuxa waa wada uniform; gaar ahaan,
madaxa Madonna ah, halkii nimcada kuwa jilicsan, wax la yaab leh, sharaf Fuller,
taas oo u muuqata in ay u dhigmaan ahaantii qof guud ee image iyo xataa xoogga
Master ka badan. [Oran comments on codsiga oo dahab ah ee Darmstadt image ka
mid ah hanti aan la la'yahay, laakiin sidoo kale in Dresden.] On oo dhan iyo in si
faahfaahsan, sawirka Berlin keligiis ayaa stamp ee horyaalka ugu dhiso oo uu
leeyahay oon sidoo kale mudnaanta weyn in ilaa hadda sida aan arki karin, ugu
yaraan in ay formation hadda, waa la helay ka khayroon daahirnimo gebi ahaanba
inay cabsiiyaan. "
1)

Halkan habeenkii Rage in Prof. Felsing wadaagaan view of mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt ah; halka Prof.
Felsing mararka qaarkood in warqad ii soo diray (June 8, 1866) "mudnaanta of view on asalnimada ee image
Darmstadt ah, ku salaysan Kontourvernderungen ee labaad, Dresden ee" qabsadeen; isaga oo kale ah,
sababtoo ah isku mid ah la siiyey warqad ah "qolfo leh, Kugler, Hubner".

"Waxaan si indhaynta iyo in dhan aragti ah masterpiece farshaxan keentaa noo

kartaan, laakiin taas oo si adag u ciyaaro, ka dibna kaliya caddaynayaa in sawirka
Berlin ee nuqul ee asalka iyo sida mid ka mid ah masterpieces ugu sareeya ee
German weyn waa farshaxaniiste. sida waa inay hadda u dhaqmaan leh sawir dhaw
ka, hadda waxaan ku dhiirran oo aan go'aan wanaagsan. si yar si Holbein ee la mid ah
ay u muuqataa in la diido gacanta ku tirooyinka sawirka jilba joogsaday, sidaa
darteed waxaan doonayaa inaan u laakiin daruuri ma aha aqoonsado Madonna iyo
ilmahaaga . markii ugu qabka ay u badan tahay waxay ku saabsan tahay Haddaba
Holbein sameeyey celceliyay in ay qaataan keenaya gargaarka kale, -. geedi socodka,
kaas oo noqon lahaa kaliya arrin dabiici ah ee sida horyaalka mashquul " In Burckhardt J. ka walaacsan edition 2aad ee. Kugler 's Handbuch d d G. M. 1847
282 helay wadaraha wayn isku xukun, taas oo dhigayaa: ... "Laakiin laga yaabaa in
tani ay tahay [ku dhaw] koobi oo kaliya ka dib, inkasta oo soo noq-shakhsi ah nuqul
kale [ee Berlin]. "
3) Ernst Joachim Forster,
rinjiile, Professor ee Munich (1852 1859 1869).
Qoraaga carrabaabay in note ah in ay ganacsi. d. K. (1852. 235 II.), image
Darmstadt fudud "celceliyay" ee dhaw, iyo in taxadiri ay (1859 Vol V.) "a nuqul aad u
wanaagsan jir ah" Dresden aan dhiiri fekerkiisa.
Ka dib markii bandhig ee image Darmstadt ee Munich, si kastaba ha ahaatee,
wuxuu faaska. Augsb. Z. Time. Gen. 1869. No. 29. Aug. 241. S. 3729 (weli aan
saxiixa magaca a) on labada koobi halka xusay in isku duwidda xogta ka mid ah
labada images in Dresden ahaa in shuqullada, laabanayo soo socda:
"Waxa ay noqon doontaa lama huraan in sida noocyo kala duwan ah in my opinion,

waa dhawrid ah in aragti guud ee dhaw image free, soo jiidasho leh, qurux badan,
halka buux cadaadis culus on sawirka Darmstadt ah. Laakiin in Darmstadt image jira
meelo in kale no Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay rinji sida Holbein, dabcan, isla markiiba ku
xiga si ay kuwii isaga hoos waxaa laga yaabaa in aan macquul aheyn in ay ku shuban.
dhaw image duwan yahay kor ilaa hoos ah gabal, ee aragti buuxda u habboonaanta,
taas oo lacag la'aan ah, fudud oo ammaan ah ee daaweynta halka Darmstadt image
feejignaan iyo dil dadaala ayaa sii baahaya. " [Yaqaan waxay ku saabsan farqiga u
soo waajahay ee labada images.]
"Haddaba haddii heshiis oo dhan in sawir dhaw waa la aqoonsado gabi ahaanba
sida quruxda badan iyo suugaan muhiim ah, oo sidaas hooska on image Darmstadt uu
hoos u dhaco, sidaa darteed, laakiin dhibcood go'aansaday by quruxda aan caadi
ahayn sida iyo xad sare oo ah sida Holbein qof 'Sheem in ugu gacanta kale ma aha in
aad ka fikirto meesha aan ku tirinayaa kooxda oo dhan ah haweenka ;. madaxdii,
khamiisyo ah, dahabka ah, wax kasta, iyo technology ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo
kale (halkaas oo ay ku istaagi kara soo baxay) shucuur, oo wiil weynaa isagoo layna
qaawiyo walaalkiis halkan iyo halkaas ayaa beeniyay Holbein tahay 's, sida., sida in
badan oo aad u weyn ee ilmaha this gacanta bidix, taas oo sidoo kale inta badan aad u
badan iyo suulka haddii kale la duubay oo gacantiisa midig (si in lix farood u
muuqataa in ay leedahay) . diiwaanka munaasab ahayn oo aad u Full ayaa sidoo kale
labada gacmood cunuga jiran in gacmaha Madonna ah, iyo cagtiisa midig dhow
yahay clubfoot ah. xadgudubyada Kuwanu, kuwaas oo aan macquul aheyn
in Holbein 's gelin karaa account, ma in la helay sawir dhaw ka. Wejiga Madonna
waa labada images quruxda soulful ahaatay iyo daahirnimo, iyo weli waa dhaw ah
(oo aniga qudhayduna waxaan mar guuriyeen ee saliidda oo sidaas daraaddeed loo
arkaa mid aad sax) qalbigiisa ku guuleystay in aan xasuusta la Shukaansiga qoto
dheer oo dheeraad ah oo aamin ah printouts. Farqiga ugu weyn soobixi at sawirka ee
maayarka iyo ilmaha buka. Arintaan ayaa hadal ah wistful umusho in afka iyo
indhaha breaking, sawirka Darmstadt indhaha u furan oo af dhoola.Duqa on dambe
tareenada iyo foomamka dhowaad kale ee dhaw waa badan buuxda ee dhabanka iyo
qooyay daaweynta picturesque by kharash badan oo lacag u noqosho si aad
ah Holbein xog weyn 's oofiyo ka, mid ka fiiriyaana ay u baahan kaliya ee madaxda
ka haweenka ee ka dhanka ah (ama on madaxa patrician ee St. Anna ee Augsburg,
kaas oo ku dhawaad dhigay) si ay u aqoonsadaan farqiga aasaasiga ah ".
"Waxa hadda lagu soo gabagabeeyey karaa xogta kuwanu? Mid noqon karaa nuqul
ka mid ah laba sawir? Ma labada asalka ah? Waa kuwee waa hore? ... [Qoraalada
Historical on Picture dhaw ah by Hubner] ... dhaw ka heli karaa nuqul ka mid ah ?
waxaan aaminsanahay in, haddii aan shaqo dhab ah rinjiile ah la ogaan, taas oo
caddayn u noqon gebi ahaanba loo siman yahay, ama waxaa la helay in waraaqaha
kaas oo koobiyeeyay la irrefutably muujiyeen, waa in aan ka jawaabo su'aasha la No
ugu dhiso, shaqada waxa ka fiican badan ee Darmstadt image, kaliya isaga qudhiisa u
yaqaaniin, ama by artist ah oo asal ahaan ka badan isaga oo taagan. oo wuxuu
weligiis ah oo aan xitaa sheekada. waa image Darmstadt naqil? Midkoodna
karto! Holbein 's gacanta waa maslaxadda ummadda! Sidaas waxay u Dhawdahay
inay soo noq-a? this, sidoo kale, waa in la jawaabay in negative ah, maxaa yeelay, in

celis ah Master ma keeni lahaa qaladaad sida kuwa loogu talagalay ii by. Sidaas waa
fekerkeyga kaliya tagay in ay qaataan image Darmstadt ah. , , [Iwm Cutubka
dood. III.] Weydaarsi. Aniga xiriirka labadan masterpieces u muuqdaan in ay midba
midka kale, labadaas arrimood oo ay tahay in la tiriyo mid ah khasnadaha weyn tahay
Jarmal ".
article hore ayaa weerar qaybta Woltmann in Beil. Augsb. Z. gen. contemp. 9 Sept.
1869 No. 352 S. 3894-aragnimo. Woltmann ku eedeysay iska indha-tiray inuu
daahfurtay taariikheed cusub iyo sharaxaad ku saabsan Madonna Darmstadt ah,
timaado embodiments kuwaas oo sida ay u kala duwan ee Joogaba, iyo naqshadaha
dib labada images, naqdiyay this tilmaan khalad F Isticmaalka naqshadda dhismaha
ee dhaw image. Oo by qaniinyada of image la sameeyo, laakiin kuma haboona in
asalka ah, oo ku eedeeyay isaga in uu si qalad ah u qori madaxa patrician of Mrz on
Holbein, weli la mid ah sida ay ku qorraa ee 1533 on dhabarka, halkaas
oo Holbein ahaa caan ah ee England, iyo ka dib rinjiyeynta ah, halkii
on Amberger tusaale ahaan, ma by Holbein sara.
Against hirgalin Forster (saxiix magacaaga) waliba dhiifoon ee No.
Supplement 261 si ay u Augsb. Time. Gen. 1869 18 Sept. 4035 S. by Woltmann lagu
eedeeyay kalsoonaan is kibriya oo ku adkeystay on fekerkiisa ku saabsan siidaayay of
our xiriirka sawirada sii gehends, laakiin aan daqiiqado cusub oon la kiciyey.
4) Gustav Friedrich Waagen,
rinjiile, agaasimaha gallery, iwm ee Berlin (1853 1858 1866).
Si aad ah, Prof. Felsing in Darmstadt faray i ogeysiin of this, la soco oo ka J. 1853,
ku darayaa on gadashada ee Darmstadt image ee Berlin qoraaga: "ka, waxaan aad ugu
faraxsanahay in ay belaayaysan yihiin oo aan aniga igu saabsan xiriirka ka ahay
image uu sameeyay on the ku dhaw, sida kala qaybiyey, si aad u aragto oo dhan
qeybo ka mid ah ah fannaaniinta si fiican. Oo aan leeyihiin ugu horrayn ku saleysan
xaqiiqda ah in aan si degdeg ah ka dib markii aan ka dhaw soo laabtay, markan qolka
fadhiga naagtii Princess ah ayaa sakhiray sugnaa image ilaa xeel dheer. "
"Waa ka sii sifo ee daaweynta ee Holbein in cashar balaadhan oo markigeren oo
dhab ahaan ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah laba, oo asal ahaan laga helo kaniisad ku
Basel."
Intaas ka dib, weli raacdo qaar ka mid ah qoraalada by Fiorillo iyo Hegner si ay u
taageeraan aragtida ah in nuqul dhaw ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay ahayd in
hantida qoyska.
Soo socda waa maqaalka by qoraaga ee uu buugga: ".. hadaladiisa qaarkood on
cusub line-up, nalalka iyo liiska of sawirka gallery boqorkuna dhaw Berlin 1858" ka
wada hadleen. Taasi this [Darmstadt ah] asal ahaan kasoo jeeda duqa Meyer ee "First
uu sheegay in" xukun "ee Holbein quduus ka dhigay sida hordhigaya ah ayaa
kiniisaddii Virgin Mary ama goobta cibaadaysiga la Bixiyey laakiin Master ayaa
sababay, la mid ah ee guriga duqa magaalada ee, la doorbidayo in ay muhiimadda
sida sawirka qoys, si ay u soo celiyaan, "ayuu dhiiriyo xukun this iyada oo loo
marayo soo galaya ee sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda ah aasaasaha of qayb ka mid

ah, iyo qof ee image sida sawirka qoyska dhinaca kale ah, oo ku sii socda,"
peculiarity ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah laba images dhiganta malo this weyn. sawirka
ee Darmstadt waa in impasto aad u adag iyadoo u ageegi wiilal weyn aad u siman in
muddo ah in tirooyinka shaqsi casilay, laakiin midab joogto ah kulul brownish oo ka
mid ah oo gogo 'oo hilib horyaalka aan caadi ahayn, laakiin marka la eego ee dhaw
gaar ah width ee la xiriirta fuliyay. madaxa Mary in ay ku dhaw image wax ka sii
daran, haa Herberes. kala duwanaansho kala duwan, sida. Sida hooska dhibic xoog a
on dhexe ee hooyada Meyer wejigiisa u dhow qof kasta oo marka la barbar dhigo
sawirada si taxadar leh, aqbalaada of Mr Hubner in la mid ah waa nuqul ka dib nuqul
ku dhaw, si buuxda u soo baxay.Wax walba waxaa loo xisaabiyaa in Darmstadt image
on saamayn xoog badan oo meel fog ka gaar ah, maadaama ay tani meesha allabariga
ugu dul iyaga la keenaa. Halkan iska leh ayaa sidoo kale muujiyey by codsiga Kugler
oo dahab ah khamiisyo ah. Dhinaca kale waxaa laga heli karaa sawir dhaw isbedelka
sida, taas oo ka dhigi waxaa gaar ahaan ku haboon dhawrid ku dhow ku haboon sida
ay qaadanayso meel qol. Madaxa Mary waa in hadal macaan iyo fudud ee daaweynta,
waayo socday impasto yar, curdan tahay iyo aad u badan galay faahfaahinta. la mid
ah ayaa sidoo kale waxay noqon kartaa in tirooyinka kale, marka laga reebo duqa
magaalada, taasoo xoogaa madhan oo adag wax garta. madaxa haweeneyda ayaa
halkan jooga, malaha ay wakiil, tan iyo dumarka inta badan isu ekaanshaha ay u
jeclaataa sida hadh yar, qaaday in nuurka buuxa. Haddaba inkastoo Kugler waa wax
xaq markii uu sheegay in semitones meelo godgodan oo jidhka ee
sanamyadii Holbein waa 's mid aan caadi aheyn, weli waxaan hayaa Xukuntay in
sawirka weyn sidoo kale joogto ah ka qaaday gacantii Holbein sabab. "
Ugu dambeyntii: "kaliya Futeppich ah [ee dhaw image] mawduuca xoogaa halis
ah, ila eg tahay mid aad u kacsan oo mashiin lagu daweeyey, sidoo kale culus qarsan
ee isaga u [Holbein], waxaana laga yaabaa ayaa la tagay isaga oo isku ah."
Marka ay suurtogal tahay diidmo inuu view keenaysaa Cabirka (p.46) on, "in
fannaaniinta si weyn sida Holbein lahaa ayaa la jirin iyo sidoo kale-ka go'an in ay soo
noq-ekaanta ah si ansehnlichem baaxadda". Diidmo noocan oo kale ah, laakiin heli
karaa oo keliya marka meel bannaan oo markii la safraya Hegner iyo Kugler fulinta
dhaw image la Holbein aqbalayaan dhici 's booqasho Basel ka England ee J. 1529,
halka uu ka dhigaa sababo kala duwan dibadda iyo gudaha ee rafcaanka. "Aad kala
duwan laakiin - uu sii wado - waa marka Holbein rinji sawirka in ka hor inta uusan ku
dhicin in 1526 ka tagay England ka warqad extant oo waxay isagii u gargaare,
Erasmus ee Rotterdam, in saaxiibkiis, Peter Aegydius. in Antwerp, la siiyey, kuwaas
oo cad cad in Holbein lagu xalin la'aan gargaar safar this Yaa laakiin ka yar duruufaha
;. Shakiyeen in uu shaqada ka mid ah sida qof la qaderiyo sida in Duqa Meyer, soo
noq-a ee image ka dhigi karaa , ayaa laga qaadi doonaa ka badan .... kuwa ka
dhaadhiciyay in Holbein rinji sawir dhaw ee 1526, inta badan ku xiran isku mid weyn
ee rimidda iyo midabayn la 1519 sawirka loo qoondeeyey ee Bonifacius Amerbach in
museum ee Basel, oo iscelin farqiga da'da ee Meyer iyo xaaskiisa in image dhaw la
kuwa on the 1516 qandhicilka loo qoondeeyey, taas waxaa sidoo kale ku yaal
matxafka ee Basel. "
Tan iyo markii aan ku sumaddeedii ahayd ee (1866 p 181) muujinaysa Schasler 's

helay waxa qolfo leh ayaa muujiyay kulan oo ka mid ah Association of Art of
qarniyadii dhexe iyo Zaman casriga ah ee 20 May 1866, "aad tegi maayo khalad ah
haddii aan in image Darmstadt u arkaan altarpiece ah, in [dhaw] kale si kastaba ha
ahaatee, a saari ardayda iyo loogu talagalay decoration of view qol presupposes ", oo
tan iyo markii aan ma macluumaadkan la views ku jira hore ugu midoobaan yaabaa,
waxaan warqad u soo jeestay la a codsigaaga caddaynta sidaas daraaddeed on qolfo
leh , kuwaas oo aan u jawaabta farxiya helay (on 18 Febr 1868.): "waxa ay marna ka
dhacay isagii, hadal sida ay sameeyaan a" sida isaga Dr. Schasler yeelaa, laakiin isku
mid ah waa uun a " been abuurtay ". Si taas loo gaaro, soo socda comments:
"Waxaan mar walba halkii aragtida ku hadhay in labada images of khusuusan
by Holbein kici duwan Wehbe Haddii xataa uu leeyahay dabeecad qaniga ah iyo in ka
badan ku habboon in Dresden ee naqilkii Maria, sida ay yihiin kuwa ku Darmstadt ee
nuqul ka iyo rabto in qaar ka mid ah. taasoo keentay in gacanta ku xigeenka ah, sidii
aan haysan aawadeed, sidii aad tixraacaan xitaa laga helay madaxa duqa xoogaa
qalalan dheer ka hor. Laakiin xataa qaybo ka mid ah sawirrada, taas oo
ka Holbein keentay 's gacanta, la fahmi karo waa sida koobiyada, ma . si cad ah iyo
digtoonaan ka badan kuwa asalka ah ammaan laakiin waxa uu leeyihiin xubnaha
qoyska sannadaha 1529-1830, kaas oo dhaco sawir dhaw ka, ma haddana fadhiistay,
oo waxay u sii hadhay isaga, waayo, fursad kale oo aan ka ahayn in ay iyaga soo saari
sidii uu ku Darmstadt ah u muuqatay nuqul halka uu haystay loolka a xorsan in
Maria. My tari jirtay mar walba ku qanacsanahay in nuqul Darmstadt waxaa loogu
tala galay kaniisadda, laakiin waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan ogaado si faahfaahsan oo
dheeraad ah ilaa iyo haatan, aan, iyadoo Dr. Woltmann , waayo, qabtay epitaph
ah. Sidoo kale, waxaan awood ah sababaha by wixii aan ku dhaw ee nuqul sawirka
qoyska oo la rinjiyeeyay for kasayaan guriga ah, ma laalaadin. "
Mid ka mid ah aan ku caawin kartaa kiiskan, si aad u hesho khilaaf ah oo male ah
waqtiga ka soo jeedo ee dhaw image 1529-1530 iyadoo ku jira malo kor ku xusan
"1526", oo waxa laga yaabaa inay ku saleysan tahay oo kaliya on Degenaansho.
5) Dr. Julius Hubner
Agaasimaha rinjiile, Prof. u. Gallery ee dhaw
(1856. 1861. 1869. 1870. 1871).
Qoraaga loola jeedaa in note ah in ay liiska dhaw Gallery (ed 1aad., 1856. 16. ed
2aad., 1862. p.19) image Darmstadt sida "ah celcelin isku mar u fiican" ee dhaw, iyo
isu muujinayaa si hufan sababta oo ah sida soo socota ka dhanka ah Kugler 's view of
mudnaanta ee sawirka: "Marka la eego oo dhan, waayo, taariikhyahan ah oo caan ah
tahay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo aynaan ka heli karo sababo ku filan in ay sheegan in
uu." Waayo, maadooyinka ee buugga dabcan ma ahayn meel. Intaas ka dib, si kastaba
ha ahaatee, waxaa jira kuwa soo socda "ee 1861 ka dib markii tixgelin cusboonaaday
ee image Darmstadt ah" hoos ku qoran note of Hubner gacanta 's gaadhsiiyo in Zahn
ee v. Qoraalkan p l 4.
"The image Darmstadt hubaal ah ma aha nuqul, laakiin Waayo haysta gacanta
sayidkii isla, maxaa yeelay, in isbedel weyn ay leeyihiin lahaa koobiyeeyay lahayn,
xitaa dhicin nuqul kale ee midkood. Intaa waxaa dheer, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu

doonayay in dhamaystirka meelahaas oo Darmstadt image ku dileen, sida ku dhaw,

ma u leeyihiin in ay sii badan sayidkii ".
"Daahfurtay in Holbein this hore rinji, ayaa baaritaan ah oo dhexdhexaad ah Qaar
ka mid ah u gaar ah marka ay isku mar ka yar, nuqul ugu horeysay ogayn
sida Kugler , ayaa sidoo kale ku wanaagsan laba garatay, sababtoo ah in aan la
go'aansaday. Runtaa, halkii ay u muuqataa qof ugu weyn ee Maria ma ku dhowaad
sidii kaamil ah sida dhaw, ma si loo hubiyo in oo doortay seefteedii oo Joogaba, ay, in
kastoo laga yaabo in ku dhowaad dhameystirtay caadi ah. Holbein ayaa laga yaabaa
inay sidaas daraaddeed sameeyey kaliya ee horumar sawir dhaw, laakiin waa inaan
qirto in this oo dhan, in la itimaalka qaar ka mid ah fikrad tani waa wax in waxa aan
gabi ahaanba habboon aan dareen ah xaqiiqooyinka. "
"Waxa ay u badan tahay samayn doonaa sida ugu fiican in la sameeyo xujo this
meel aan la xalin, iyo raadinta kaliya sifooyinka labada sawirada si kasta oo kale oo
ka gaar ah iyo unprejudiced in la sheego. Ujeedada this kaliya iska hor imaad u
dhexeeya laba images doonaynin hadda si kastaba ha ahaatee marka la soo dhaafay
ku xiga xerogelin iyo haddii kale dan ugu sareeya. faa'iidooyin muhiim ah sawir
dhaw ka, in my opinion, ma lumin iyo Darmstadt ee had iyo jeer cadayn doono inuu
yahay tartame khatar ah in qaar ka mid ah siyaabo kale, sida iwm ee ilaalinta ee
khamiiska midab Marie, in ay muhiim ah. "
Ugu dambayntii, waxaan leeyahay qoraaga soo socda qoraalada epistolary marmar:
Laga soo bilaabo 25 April 1869 "In reading maqaalo aad ayaan ku xusuustay,
sababta laakiin ilaa hadda, ilaa hadda sida aan ogahay, qofna socoshada ayaa ku
dooday in ay ku Wehbe xunxun ee Meyer iyo replicas haweenka isku mar ah oo
wanaagsan (Hubner jira, sidaas daraaddeed? waayo jiritaanka isku mar ah laba
images badan waa in ay ahaadaan sabab ahayd vorbanden laba laamood qoyska
qallafsan. nuqul ka, haddii aad rabto in aad u yeedhaan kuwa, ka Wehbe xunxun
yihiin si aan mid ka mid ah booqashooyin aan Basel Agaasinka Museum ku saabsan
si taxadar leh uga dhigay, sida mid ka mid ah sida asalka ah iyo qeybsanaan ku
xigeenka tiriyeen. waxaa la yidhaahdaa, waxaa Ambros H.. laakiin waxay yihiin
wakhtigaas in 1516, laakiin malaha ammaan sarkhaansan toos ah HH XALLIYO. "
April 13, 1870 dhawaaqay of xaqna in midabka cagaarka ah ee dharka ee Madonna
dhaw ee ay la beddelo si ay u Holbein 'hoos s waqtiga isticmaalka, aan qaali ahayn
ultramarine dhab bedel laga yaabaa in asalkiisu ka soo jeedo, oo ay la socdaan
comment soo socda: "Haddaba, waxaan u leeyihiin in ay our [dhaw] sameynta
Pentimento aad u dhiso iyo cad ee wiilka on xabadka ilmaha taagan, kuwaas oo aan
aqoon cidna ogaaday gacanta midig oo weli. "
Laga soo bilaabo 9 February 1871. noqoshada kor ku malo by note soo socda :.
"Laakiinse weliba waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan xuso in ka dib markii dadaal buu ku
sameeyey nadiifinta xagaagii lasoo dhaafay of our image, mar hawada laga qaaday
varnish aad u yellowed, isku mid ah, ammaan fudud, laakiin si ka badan hal adayg
buluug ayaa la siiyey midab, ka luxluxmay run in naqshadda dhismaha oo dhan iyo
beautifies gaadhay oo dhan sawirka cajiib ah. Marka la barbardhigo, si kastaba ha
ahaatee, midab cagaaran ee dharka Madonna ayaa cadeeyay inuu yahay gebi ahaanba

dhab ah oo si rinji, ma aha sida tii nachgegelbt ama way madoobaatay, sida in aan isu
koobbantahay isticmaalo. sidoo kale wuxuu jecel yahay cagaaran, ayaa, wax way
madoobaatay sidii oo kale, sida ugu macquulsan ee la midabka la mid ah in
Morrethintergrunde tan iyo haatan waa codadka ugu awooda badan ee labada images.
ayaa noo sawir aan la arkin tan, sidaa noqon doono kan cusub marka la eego
muuqaalka midab leh arki Raaxada. "
Xadadka 1858 s. No. . 4
6) Dr. Wilhelm Schafer
ee dhaw 1860
Qoraaga khilaafta qayb saddexaad oo shaqo saddex-mugga: "Royal Picture Gallery
ee dhaw" 1860. S. 787 faahfaahsan ka dhanka ah Kugler 's iyo kafado ' s view of
mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt, laakiin isagoo aan arkay waxa uu mucaaradka
qudhiisu dambaysta ah ayaa in ka badan weightless ka dhigaysa markii uu si qalad ah
u samayn ah tacliiq qolfo 's on hirgelinta rooga on sawir dhaw ku Darmstadt la
xidhiidha iyo waxa ay xukun ku salaysan yahay la. Waxa uu arko waxa ay tahay "in
walaalkiis ka Ambrosius Holbein , image Darmstadt ka dib
markii Hans Holbein 'ayaa rinji s Weggange ee Basel ee 1526", oo waxaa loola
jeedaa xukunka rinjiile Grder oo wada Woltmann ' s mucaaradka dhanka kale mar
hore in cutubka. IV. Oo wargeliyay.
Taasi waxay Queen Marie de Medicis markii jooga Netherlands la nuqul ka mid ah
our image way awoodeen inay soo iibsadaan, waxaa horey u soo horjeestay Schafer
sabab u tixraacayo ee taladooda inay sidaa sameeyaan.
Hubner 1861 s No.. . 5
7) Dr. Albert v. Ilkaha
Degaanka ee dhaw (1865 1867).
From 1865th sanadka
v. Ilkaha aqbaleen in 1865 la barbardhigo ah oo ka mid ah laba koobi, natiijada soo
bandhigidda ugu faahfaahsan oo dhamaystiran ee ratio of labada waa in aan ilaa
hadda leeyihiin, in maqaalka ah Naum.-Weig. Archive 1865. XI. S. 42; Waxa kale oo
cinwaan looga dhigay "nuqul Darmstadt ee Holbein ee Lpz Madonna.. 1865" gaar
ahaan ka daabacan. Ujeedada this formation gaar ah image Darmstadt ee iftiin
wanaagsan iyo aqbalaada uu la oggolaaday by raadinaa, ka dib markii taas oo uu
buugga diyaarisey la dulmar ah Dresden sawirka image dulmar laga sameeyey oo
dhanba. Isla markiiba ka hor iyo ka dib baaritaanka image Darmstadt ee booqasho uu
ku dhaw iyo baaritaan dhow la sameeyey isku waslad.
Iyada oo dan ugu ka faahfaahsan sharaxaad fog sida su'aasha ah siidaayay waxaa
taabtay kaliya jidka guud ama fog waxaa ka mid ah, aan weli xoogga saaraan
qodobbada soo socda.
S. 3. "isla kartoonka u muuqataa in ay u adeegeen si ay u qoraan labada images,
tirooyinka shaqsi dhaqaaqay, bedelay naqshadaha iyo sawir la gehends modified; -

waxay u baahan tahay in dhab ahaantii kaliya aragti maqaar saar, garta in Dresden ee
waxaa nuqul la wacyi buuxa aragtida wanaagsan badan oo ku saabsan qayb ka ahaa. "
5. 'Natiijada of this faray in ay heshiis iyo Joogaba, baaritaanka tirooyinka lagu soo
koobi karaa macnaha in Darmstadt ee la xirrira ah iyada oo loo marayo gehends
gedrckteres ratio of kooban joogo, markii hore ay sabab u tahay aqalka hoose,
laakiin markaas ay u janjeera ee artist ah oo dhan. "
5. 'Midabka of image Darmstadt waa adag tahay in la qiimeeyo sababta oo ah
varnish mugdiga huruud daahan nalalka ifka ku rid gabadha jilba waa tawny xoog,
iyo dhammaan hadh cad -. Marka laga reebo hal dhibic on shaadhkaaga Vorstoe of
Mary - in brownish metrik qaabeeyey - xaaladooda asalka ah, sida waa la arki karo in
qaar ka mid ah ka varnish dhibco yar ka Faydatay, ayaa taagnaa oo codadka ganaax
ah cirradiisa image dhaw badan Dhawyahay waxa ay haatan u muuqataa ".
"Miyuu hufan daahan varnish this u badan tahay in hab la mid ah in codadka jidhka
iftiinka soo baxdey waxaa lagu qabtay on sawir dhaw shantii characters yar yar oo
midab dhalaalaya leh nalalka weilichrtlichen, codadka meelo godgodan oo KMG
ah oo hadh diiran iftiin baana aad u badan oo kala duwan oo ka mid guduudan oo ku
brown Incarnat saddex waayeelka in kala duwanaanshaha saarmay midabada codadka
ee midabaynta asalka iyo deymin oo dhan aragti ah ee uniform a, Tusaale fiican
diiran brownish. "
S. 6. Detail 7. tago oo ka mid ah tirooyinka qofka iyo qaybaha kale eryadeen kala
duwanaanshaha midabka u dhaxeeya laba images la soo gunaanaday soo socda:
"Waxaa iska cad ka muujinaya sida fal gebi ahaanba ka duwan labada images in
aragti midabka ay, halkaas oo wax ku ool ah waxa uu kala mugdi ah oo qoto dheer. ,
tacsida badan oo drapery, taas oo model ah la arki karo ku dhowaad, laakiin iftiinka
aad soohdinteeda, si adag ka dhanka ah waxa midabo kala midabo kala duwan ee
hilibka iyo dharkii dhalaalaya, halkan aragti badan ka aamusan oo dheeraad ah oo
joogto ah oo hore saamayn laga yaabaa in lagu soo bandhigay dhibaatooyinka ee ka
dhacaday ah, kuwaas oo aragti guud waa aad u dhow in ay saamayn midab
by Holbein isku xira ee shuqulladiisii hore ee Augsburg iyo Munich, halka sawirka
dhaw ah oo gebi ahaanba ku waani, malaha la ma yaqaan sawir koox Jarmal ah 15-kii
iyo qarniyo 16th si doo- in line midabyo fulyo saamaynteeda, oo kaliya
in Holbein sawirka 's dambe images of facooda uu leeyahay ".
S. 7 u 8 faraqa u dhaxeeya laba sawiro ku saabsan matalaada ee Madonna, iyadoo
adkaynaya mudnaanta dhaw, iyo ka dib Abschlusse xukunka la eego Darmstadt ah :.
"Waayo, sharafta oo dhan iyo hadal ilaa xad ah oo dheeraad ah oo ku haboon inuu ku
wejiga Madonna sanamkii ka maqan yahay" "nimcaysan" ", oo ma aynu ku arki
dareen ah ka hor hal abuurka kasta oo sayidkiisii u weyn si ay u istaagaan."
S. 8. kala duwan ee labada images sida ilmaha top waxa saamayn ku halkan dersika
iyo in wadahadal [Cutubka ah. akhri II, IV iyo VIII], la soo gunaanaday soo socda: ....
"ka kooban gooya noqon lahaa yaabee beeniyay Master ah, labada madaxdii [ah
Madonna oo ilmaha in nuqulo Darmstadt], oo ku saabsan kormeerka dhow, iyo marka
la barbardhigo ka kale qaybo ka mid ah image noqon kartaa at fulinta gacan aan
shaki, iyo sidoo kale dusha sare ee midabka uma muuqato in ay caddeeyaan shakigii

yar baxaya dhaawaca ;. iyo si kasta, oo u dhow arkaa, labada madaxdii aad ku
guuleystay "
S. 8 u. 9. Khilaaf labada images sida u hadalka iyo fulinta madaxdii characters sare,
dharka iyo incidentals (ku xirtaan, rooga), kuna waari dhexdeeda image Darmstadt ee
guud ahaan doorashada ay u dhaw waxaa laga dhaliyay.
Ugu dambeyntii, qoraaga soo gebogebeeyay S. 9-41: "Marka la eego faahfaahin la
soo sharxay hadda waa in ay ahaadaan for xukun gaar ah, taas oo hore u ogol
isbarbardhigga of heshiis iyo Joogaba, soo jeedin sida laga yaabo in Darmstadt ee
nuqul image asal ah oo ay Holbein iyo in hore Dresden image ayaa dhexdeenna ka. "
"Hand The Holbein 's ee fulinta cajiib ah qaybo badan oo u badan tahay inuu fahmi
Qofna kan eegno dhow at image Darmstadt iyo haddii innaba dhaqan magaca midna
ka dhigan tahay caddayn dokumeenti soo caawisaan, kormeerka waa sabab u ah
aragtida ah ka muujiyay in this wakiil kiiska sida aan shaki ku jirin xisbiyadii. laakiin
stamp ee asalnimada in ratio ee ku waani heshiis wanaagsan yar iyo isku dhiganka la
eego nuqulka labaad, ma nabdoonaan lagu soo gabagabeeyey karaa in macnaha ka
duwan nahay in in dhaw image celcelin hagaagtay nuqul Darmstadt ina hor ka badan
kuwaas oo, kuwaas oo guryaha ku dhowaad oo gebi ahaanba laga dheefay karaa
geedi socod miyir muhiim ah farshaxanka. Waa maxay horumarka gudaha ee
sayidkiisa, kuwaas oo shaaca ka qaaday shuruudaha gaar ahaan faham afaysteen of
laxanka, taalaa sida sabab ah dhiirrigelin ay u sabab, in hadday suurtowdo taabashada
ah ee Talyaaniga farshaxan ama shuqullada tahay ayaa saameyn isaga, in
saboolnimada ka badan kartaa Holbein 's Baseler joogo fariimaha joogo dhab ah hana
laga yaabaa in la sheego sida waqtiga gaarka ah ee fulinta. Laakiin, taasina ma been
ah oo ku saabsan khasaare weyn in taariikhda fanka, taas oo aan ku Dabcan sayidkii
ee horumarinta on dhan mugdi ah. From mabda'a rasmiga ah ee Renaissance ay horey
u taabtay waqtiga ay hore shaqada dhalinyarada Augsburger, waxa uu ku tilmaamay
in ay dhamaystirka sawir dhaw ka sarreysa on kaas oo farshaxanka Jarmal heli karo
hoos saamaynta kor u qaadida isku, iyo waxaa jira ugu yaraan suurtagalnimada of
sharaxaad lagu qanco replica si jacayl fuliyay in ay xaaladdu sugnaatay in Holbein by
laaluush kasta oo ugu baaqay in ay ku soo celiyaan uu image (laakiin malaha ma in
rinjiga mid ka mid ah kiniisadda, mid guriga), la miyir gaar ah waxa uu ahaa in ay
awoodaan in laftiisa dhaafo , Waxaa dareemi doonaa xitaa marka la barbardhigo ee
dulmar yar, sida kor ku yiilleen, tukanayay Up aabbihiis dib, kor u sexy boos Maria
iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa lahaa si loo cusboonaysiiyo sayidkii farxad u ah abuurista, sida ay
u yimaadeen oo ku saabsan inuu haatan in - waxaa laga yaabaa in aragti ah ee
utiwizing ah shakhsiyad gaar ah - marka hore in maanka Mary rumayeeyayna
hodannimo a saxda, oo waxaa la kaliya sidoo fahamsanahay in celceliyay oo ka mid
ah hore u mar oo dhan ay u ageegi wiilal, iyo daryeelka dabeecada leydin madaxdii
sawirka wax yar hadda isaga soo jiidan yar oo laga yaabaa in ay u abaari foosha of ka
caawinta ciidamada (walaalkiis Ambrosius ?) uu keeni karo. "
From l sano 867th
Weerarka Wornum 's on siidaayay of Madonna dhaw ahaa (1867); qaadataa
meel. Inkasta oo isagoo wada hadal ku saabsan la v Tooth.. sharxay in la'aanta ah ee

qoraalada taariikhiga muhim muuqaalada gudaha ekeysiiyey inay wax ku filan in ay

ku hadlaan, waayo, siidaayay of nuqul dhaw ee ay ugu weyn Bestande inay halkan
dejiyaan, iyo in la horumariyo ka codsigayga views uu on xog (18 June 1867) waxaan
soo koobay by dhibcaha ugu weyn, iyo sababta aan wax yeellayn folgends ee
naqshado ugu weyn oo aan awoodin inay si buuxda ay laysan maalka aflagaada
barbardhig xeeldheer oo ku saabsan sayid jir waxaan ka shalaayi.
Qoraaga bilaabmaa: "Wixii qoray ee Holbein 's ee Madonna dhaw, waxaan u
maleynayaa ma aha oo kaliya hagaajinta aadkan ee Joogaba, ekaanta, laakiin gaar
ahaan isbedelada in madaxa Madonna ee caddaynaya oo sababahan soo socda."
"Madaxa Madonnas ee nuqul Darmstadt ayaa ii dhigaysa, oo u badan tahay in ay
observer kasta unprejudiced aragti ah ee muuqaalka caadiga ah iyo charmless. Size
The aan caadi ahayn oo ka mid ah qaybaha wajiga ku xiran Tusaale fiican ee aad uga
jaray madow, gaar ahaan hooska qoto dheer oo ka hooseeya sunnayaasha adag-gal la
siin qowlka wejiga a qaan shuqul iyo cayn kasta oo naag dareen oo dhoola ku qaxri
ka hormariyaan maslaxadda ummadda ee tareenada ma farqiga u wacan. Waxaan
leenahay dareen ah in Master kama haboon caadiga ah wejiga Marie xitaa
shakhsiyadda ah ayaa dul heehaabayeen of captivating xiisaha, waa wadidda, sidaas
inta xukun baan ku ridi karaa, waxba in, sida ay u kala duwan ka quduusiinta kale
xad-dhaaf ah dumar kala duwan Epoch isla kaliya is barbar madaxa ma la qurxiyey
ganaax naag yaraa la -. Dabcan, sidoo kale by ratio ee size buuxda dhibi tareenada ee
Madonna! Bedka agagaarka indhaha la dhaqdhaqaaqin, sanaan unmistakably adag, in
a garka lab tababaran - samayno sifooyin ay ahaanteed by aragti ah ee shakhsiyadda
ka leheyn ka madaxda sare ee nolosha caadiga ah, daacad ah, habsami leh oo si fiican
"sidii qayb sichs" barbaro iyo rinji, laakiin aan raad kasta oo ka baxsan fikrad this ".
"Waxa hubaal ah rinjiile ee image Dresden ee tareenada, kuwaas ayaa wax abuuray
gebi cusub, kaas oo waa in aan taas ma beeninayo mudnaanta quruxda weyn, haddii
aan abid doonayaan inay keenaan isticmaalka la saadaalin karo this ee farshaxanka
muuqaalka."
"Si ay u ogaadaan halka ay ku salaysan yihiin, waxaan ognahay ku dhegyadii
of Holbein 's rimidda ee dabiiciga ah".
"Taasi at Holbein 's iyo Drer xiriirka' s magaca warkiisii, ka dib markii taxane ah
oo mudan laakiin, lagugu ma Epoch qaadashada sayid marxaladda cusub ee
horumarinta tahay in lagu qeexo ay meel ugu horeysay ee xaqiiqda ah in ay jirka ka
mid ah xejisto keeno nooca in shuqulladooda of tahay in ay muujiyaan, si ay, sida ay
kaliya ma ahan Eyck ' uu hore u sameeyey oo uu ku dhameeyo sare s, image
muraayad sida haddii iftiinka midab wanaajiyey oo la soo jiidashada ah ee arrinta oo
dhan sida runtii ciyaaray eedeymaha picturesque in ay dusha ka go'an laakiin
midnimada qaybaha sensualize by muujinayo xiriirka of noolaha laxanka sare iyo
Joogaba, oo ay ku jiraan aqoonta miyir qabo ama maqleyn muhiim u image ee qaabdhismeedka caag-jidh tahay, sharciyada dabiiciga ah ma guurto ah, sifooyinka
cuntada waxaa ka mid ah, iwm - oo dhan iyadoo la kaashanayo keligeed habka
muuqaal suugaan aan waxtar lahayn si sax ah la saadaaliyey gal dusha sare. Laakiin
halka Drer kuwaas oo daqiiqado of-soo-saarka iyo farshaxanka loo isticmaalo si

weyn ay u soo kordhay ee ra'yi dhiibashada nolosha-sida iyo foomamka ay dhiiri by

sawirka kaliya qaar ka mid ah ciidanka nolosha daad ka dibna atRubens by dhexgalka
oo ka mid ah sawiro ugu dhaqaaqaan la midab juice ugu dunida ka mid ah foomamka
ee kordhay Xoolo xoog jidheed waxaa la gaari, waa content Holbein (ayaannu ku
hadalnaa kaliya oo ka mid ah Wakiilada ul sawirka) la ekaanta picturesque ah qabtay
in muujinta caan ku sifooyin ay muuqaalka guud si uu u hubiyo in, la kaliyeeli weyn
dabeecadda khaas ah oo haya, oo dhawrid badan unbefangenerer ah - sida caadiga ah
soo saari in iftiiminta dabacsan - midabaynta gaysteen. Wuxuu haddaba ugu waa
weyn ee Holland (I sawirrada ee Eyck 's iyo ardayda ugu fiican, kaas oo ka mid ah
kuwa ugu fiican saaraysa Antonello da Messina , in dareenka) aad ugu dhow, haa waa
uu dhaafay oo kaliya in uu ka midtahay organic ah Schdelbaues iyo qaybaha ugu
sheegistii wejiga; kuwaas oo ah kuwa waayeelka yihiin garashada iyo xagga
dabiicadda had iyo jeer wax sawir cabsi ka tegid track ka adag ka, isagoo aan la
karrikieren abid, this uu siinayaa markii ugu horeysay mar kale ku salaysan
daawashada ee habdhaqanka midtones qabow (ekaysiinta of saamaynta
milaratigooda, ma this laftiisa), malaha waxay Eyck 's iyo Antonello , laakiin ma
leeyihiin ardayda kale, oo ay ka faanaa in si gaar ah oo keliya awoodo. "
"Dhamaan faa'iidooyinka kuwan, sida aan soo socda Holbein ogaa appropriating
dadka kale wax, waxaan hadda wuxuu heli madaxa Madonna dhaw isku dhafan si ay
u matalaan shakhsiyadda ah oo sifooyin, in la barbardhigo warheynta ee Darmstadt
Maria, iyo kuwa sidooda ee ugu (? V. ilkaha) kale Holbein 'Arkaa u talin karaa
Madonnas ama quduusiinta dhaddig, formation miyir ah qaababka wejiga quruxsanqurxoon sida side of dabiicadda Ilaah Mary ee. "
Qoraaga horumariyo. Sii, sida in farshaxanka hor eyck 'xeerka Dhexe Da'da
iyo Eyck ' dugsiga xeerka laftiisa doondooneen oo Holland ilaa wakhtiga danbe galay
badbaadinta quruxsan-Beautiful wajiga dumar waxbarashada tirooyin fiican sida on
Connections a si gaar ah nooc ku salaysan, kaliya lahaa in kuwa sayidkooda ugu
badiyay, kuwaas oo intooda badan si dhab ah u qaatay -ga ah ee u shaqeeyo dabiiciga
ah, ee koonfurta Jarmalka, tag Drer iyo Holbein Naftiisa, Sidaa darteed waxa
"nooca-kiisii ugu fiican magacda wejiga Big, soo koobay wejiga, iyo dulalka jilicsan
iyo bushimo la foomka dhireedku aagga badan oo agagaarka indhaha, inta u dhaxaysa
taas buundada guri sanka dheeraad ah ee midnimada ka qaybinaya muuqataa" aan si
kale lagu qeexay markii Holbein heli, oo waa in si gaar ah Darmstadt Madonna
"iyaga fog fog sida ay suurtagal tahay". Waxa uu qirtay in this sida diidmo ah in
qoray ee Holbein Caabudayn karaa 's at dhaw Madonna ah, taas oo ha ahaatee "nooca
ah oo si dhow ula xiriira formation of shaqsi caadi ahayn u koraya liiska qof
show". Laakiin waxa uu haatan waxaa loola jeedaa in wakhtiga ay dhismaha (1526)
sida ay u badan tahay ee ku saabsan dhaw Madonna sawirka ah isku mar ah
Offenburgerin ee waajibka qof ee quruxda quruxsan sidaas oo kale go'aansaday inuu
yidhaahdaa, Ninkanu. Sida tilmaame, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in la siiyo xitaa model
quruxsan oo qurux badan oo xaqiiqada ka Madonna Dresden ee caddeyn ah ee uu
faafin macquul ah, wuxuu ku (ku maqan Darmstadt Madonna) ma garka hoostiisa, oo
ah Madonna dhaw ku qanacsan tahay in dhab ahaan ma artist aan model ah sida
Madonna u amaahannay lahaa.

Ugu dambeyntii waxa uu weli keentaa dabeecadda German oo ka mid ah

bandhigga dhaw Madonna ereyada soo socda galay iyaga u gaar ah:
"Oo dabiiciga ah sida a ay u abuuraan sawir ah salaysan Madonna ah, taas oo dhan
quruxsan-Nice waxbarashada Germanic fiican waa soo noolaaday la iskood u
shaqaysta oo kale, xataa ma tareenka yar ee Holbein laakiin malaha loo yaqaan
quruxda Talyaani dhaddig oo Umbrian ama toscanisch Lombard dugsiga galay
codadka, taasoo ay iila muuqataa mid ka mid ahaa Holbein saffarro 's awood, iskaba
daa koobiyeeyay ah qarnigii 17aad, sida Wornum hadaaqid. "
Weli hadal Dr. ayaa v. Tooth iga gees ah ayaa muujiyey sida ay ugu Artists Jarmal
by Holbein u quruxsan-Beautiful doonayay inuu gaaro by socda noocyada Talyaani 's
waqti in view of Madonnas ay, si kale oo aan u tiigsanaya mid, taas oo ka mid ah
wakiil sida, sida dhaw, ka image muujinayso qof Gaarna Jarmal gudahood aamini
karin.
8) Dr. Alfred Woltmann
Professor ee Karlsruhe (1866, 1868, 1869).
booska hore ee Woltmann 's, halkaas oo uu weli uu ugu weyn Bestande ka dib
nuqul Dresden ee dhab ah, waxaa laga heli karaa keenay ka yimid qoraal
in qubeysan ' xeerka Holbein album ee 1866, oo faahfaahsan ee meelaha ugu
hooseeya ee uu Holbein - allifaadda ( Holbein iyo waqtigiisii 1866 S. 315ff.) wakiil.
From habkaani.
Holbein 317: "Dr . A. ilig v ayaa baadhitaan aad u balaadhan oo ah nuqul
Darmstadt dhawaan oo ku wargeliyay natiijooyinka la yaab leh, oo uu ku yimid inta
badan oo qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee aan isaga si fiican u soo biiri karaan, sababtoo
ah mararka qaar isku raacaan fikradaha aan. iyadoo kulankaan uu, qayb ahaan uu
baaritaan taxadir igu leeyahay meesha aan is afgaranwaa, kalsooni. "
"Waa maxay, wuxuu leeyahay waa in su'aasha ah go'aan uu cadeeyay
waxa. Kugler iyo qolfo lahayn , Ninkanu sida waxaan Malo ahayn in nuqul
Darmstadt waa asalka ah -. Marka aan ka hor istaagtay naftayda, waxaan ogaaday
waxa sheegay cilmibaadhe laba farshaxanka caanka ah ee ku saabsan lahaa, oo waxaa
sidaas daraaddeed ma iman oo aan filayo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aragti ahayd arrin la
yaab leh soo socda ii. cusub ka Basel, waxaan halkan ugu fiican oo ka mid ah images
maxaliga ah, ciyaartii ugu oo dhan iyo dadka, taas oo sawir dhaw ka dhaqaaqi
weyday in sida laga helay shows fasalka. "
[Kuwan waxaa ku xiga faahfaahin ah oo ku saabsan farqiga u dhexeeya labada
images, la aqoonsado horumarinta ee Joogaba, oo sawir dhaw ka, waxa is barbar in
wadahadal, iyo sidoo kale muujinayo hadal ka kaamilsan in maskaxda group hoose
iyo waxqabadka ka kaamilsan, oo ah wax amarro ah ee Darmstadt image.]
"Aan isku dayaan in ay hadda ka dhaansado ka waxa la sheegay tiriya si go'aamiyo
ka dib markii ay sabab u tahay ammaan ah"
"Marka hore innaba nuqul waa nuqul ka qof kale, beddelid si weyn ay u ogolaani
lahaayeen koobiyeeyay lahayn."

"Second: nuqul dhaw waa sida muuqata ka dib ah, kala duwanaanshaha ee
Joogaba, ku, gaar ahaan marka la eego la tukado ee naqshadda si cad u soo jeedaan
xaqiiqda ah in artist ku lahaa sawir Darmstadt ee maskaxdaada, si xor ah lagu soo
bandhigay oo la il muhiim ah waxa ka weyn oo si cad u dareemay in waxa siyaabo
kala ahaa in la hagaajiyo ".
"Marka saddexaad: Sida image Darmstadt waxaa si joogto ah rinji by Holbein isaga
qudhiisa, halka ugu dhaw oo dhan koox hoose oo soo baxay oo dhan accessories
shaqada kaaliyayaashooda, inkastoo mid ka mid ah ayaa weli si ammaan leh oo si
fiican u tababaran, iyo Holbein 's sayidkiisii u gaar ah gacanta kaliya ee Madonna
ilmaha ayaa labaduba si weyn u bedelay, shaaca ".
"Mar afraadka: Inta lagu guda jiro daawaynta image Darmstadt ka hor inta sano aad
u danbeeyay Holbein 's oo u dhiganta ugu horeysay u safraya England, oo hooskii
cirro tilmaamaya markii Mary iyo ilmaha Masiix ee dhaw image dib ugu muddo ka
dib 1529, si soo noq-this sannadaha ka hor inta uu safarka labaad Ingiriisi, 1529-1531
ama 32, waa dhici ".
"Waxaa hubaal ah wax aan awoodi karo in Holbein markaas qaaday on doorka
celcelin sida. Inkastoo amarada qaar ka Golaha, waxaa laga yaabaa in sannadaha in
raaceen iconoclasm duurka of 1529, waxaan soo dhugtay arrin xun, waayo Arts ah.
Waa dhib in uu lahaa haddii kale sidoo kale guriga ka baxdo markii labaad. "
"Waxa uu haatan sidoo kale ku daray inta lagu jiro oo dhan soo noqnoqda, sida
aynu u leeyihiin in ay ka filayaan isaga ka. Dhowr jeer waxaan arkay in taasu isaga
xiiseynaya, marka la dhameystiro shaqada muhiimka ah u dhaqmaan xagga
abuurkiisa u gaar ah si ay ugaaraan waxa laga yaabaa inuu ka fiican oo hadda oo
xoog bisil in ay mar kale u xalliyaan hawl isku mid ah. wuxuu halkan si wanaagsan
ayuu falaa, markii hore ee Joogaba beddelo. ee width iyo compactness nuqul ugu
horeysay si kastaba ha ahaatee ahaa malaha wali sabab gaar ah ka hor in. Tani waxaa
laga yaabaa in labaad qalcaddii ku dhacay, ka dib markii wakhtiga iconoclasm, la
rinji oo keliya, waayo, guriga, waxa uu ahaa ka hor, ay ka kooban tahay iyo size ka
dib, wuxuu doortay image kaniisad oo laga yaabaa in loogu talagalay meel sare Sida
albaabada xubin tirooyinka halkan ku jira aragti ka hoos ku soo aragnay
- .. Holbein ka dibna abuuray in image labaad ee wax cusub meelahaas joogtay
darteed; taas oo ahayd oo dhan ay suurtagal tahay, uu bedelay ee Madonna oo
ilmaheediina, oo halkan bedelay ka hor muuqaalka ay size adag oo halis ah Weynaha
by saafi ah oo sweetest of hooyooyinka. ayaa abid arko isha ".
"Laakiin waxa ay si hufan waa in noocan ah shuqullada, waa ma aha oo kaliya la
fahmi karo, laakiin is-cad in uu halkaas oo uu lahaa in ay si adag u hoggaansamaan
ka farshaxankiisa hore, in maskaxda ee qoyska, wuxuu taas oo dhowr sano mar kale
ha u daba nolosha ka dib rinjiga laga yaabaa, laakiin xusay in nooca iyo da'da daafaca
markaas oo lahaa in aad nuqulka in uu image u gaar ah, ma u janjeera in version
qoray dareemay, laakiin waxay ka tageen kaaliyaha ah, inkasta oo sida, uu xaqiijiyay,
in kastoo. hoos line isqabqabsi, ay "
324. 333. aflagaada ah oo ku saabsan, marka hore, in labada koobi ayaa lagu
go'aamiyey in laba laamood qoyska, dheeraad ah, in sanamkii waxaa laga yaabaa in

Epitaphbild a abid oo aan khilaaf ka dhex jira labada views, waxaa dhex
dhexaadin. 2)
2)

Ka dib markii isbedel ah ka dib fuliyay in uu aragtida labada views yihiin si dadban ka noqday, ugu horeysay
by xaqiiqada ah in image Dresden ee nuqul daahay uu sharaxayaa labaad [ka dib markii 16] xaqiiqo ah in qof
dumar ugu da'da weyn ee image ah sida ka gees ah ujeedka hore waxaa loo tixgeliyaa ka dib in image ka soo
gaaray tiradaasi.

view The Woltmann 's xiriirka bilicsanaanta oo ka mid ah jilayaasha ugu

muhiimsan ee labada images on booskiisa hore waxaa laga heli karaa Holbein album
ee 1866. 28 iyo Holbein 1866 I. 319, kaas oo u mooyee horeba 26 27 ku qoran
keywords jaceylka ee Madonna dhaw ku filan waxaa laga yaabaa in uu ordo xukunka
gebogebaynta soo socda: "si kastaba ha ahaatee, anigu ma aan daruuri jeclaan
lahaa ilkaha. siin wejigiisa dhaw Madonna waxay door bidaan xukunka cajiib ah oo
madaxa ah waa ku dhowaad sida fiican oo u fiicneyn sida uu xaq u leeyahay sida la
jeclaysto, quruxda soulful kale."
Intaas ka dib, sii: ". In madaxdiisa oo dhan soo group hoose, si kastaba ha ahaatee,
image Darmstadt waa si cad u xoogbadan ayaa arkay markan, Wajiyada nuqul dhaw
uu ogaado oo dhan Noolayn iyo adag in la barbardhigo." [. Waayo, version this]
Kaliya raacay madaxdii warshad Darmstadt u dhigma cas ah, ka sawir nolosha, oo
waa sii raagayaan ee Museum Basel ee, in macaamiloon ay weerarka iyo fineness
barbaro, Aabbaha iyo hooyada iyo gabadheeda. , , , Ebenceser, sida madaxdii ugu jira
in sidoo kale image Darmstadt gacmahayga hadlaya live buuxa. Daaweyntu waxay
gacmaha waa baaritaan ee abid mar walba Holbein . Waayo, kanu, dooda horey u
hoos siiyey dil.
"Its faa'iidooyin gaar ah, Fanaaniin, ku waani ay, mid kasta [labada images].
Laakiin sida sawirka Dresden ee Joogaba sare uu jiro horumar la arki karo, sida
Marie oo dhan cusub wejigiisa, in kastoo aan qurux badan, oo weliba inoo muuqda
halkan farshaxan sida bisil muuqan, ugu dambeyntii u qalmaa laakiin Darmstadt ay
daruuri tahay qiimaha. waa ka yar kuwa asalka ah ee asalka ah, waxa uu muujinayaa
iyada oo gehends gacanta sayidkii ee u gaarka ah, waa oo weli qashin ugu horeysay
cusub. Sidaa darteed oo keliya ayaa midnimo buuxda oo Sixira ka buuxa midabaynta,
kaas oo ay u taagan sida wax ugu quruxda badan waannu qabsan of rinjiyeynta
Jarmal ah oo dhan. "
The daahfurtay taariikhiga Woltmann 's oo ku saabsan nuqul Darmstadt waxaa laga
heli karaa in Supplement in ay qayb ka mid ah 2-aad ee uu Holbein ogeysiiyo sida
soo socota ee 1868 452nd S.
"Mudane B. Suermondt in Aachen akhri qoraaga tago ka dib markii note: .. Hoet,
Catalogus van Schilderyen, Hague, 1752, waxaa ku jira in Bi, p 133ff ah" Catalogus
van Schilderyen van Yacquub Cromhout, en van Jasper Loskart, verkogt 7 & . 8 May
1709, in Amsterdam "halkan dhacaya:
24 qotontay Een Kapitaal, kulmay twee Deuren, verbeeldende Mary kulmay Ciise

gacanta timaha op, kulmay verscheyde knielende Bulden 3) nait Leeven van Hans
Holbein. , , . Fl 2000. Ka dib markii tilmaamay qofna shaki doonaa in tani ay ahayd
mid ka mid ah nuqulada Meyer ee Madonna, oo halkan ka tegey qiimo sare; a gogo
'allabariga badan oo Rubens keenay in xaraashka isla a 1000 guilders. Sidoo kale ma
aha in aad ku diidi doonaa in magaca mid ka mid ah labada milkiilayaasha, Loskart la
Lssert waa isku mid, oo sidaas daraaddeed in 1710 ay wali ku yaalla in ay
Amsterdam oo nuqul ka iibiyey waa isku mid, wixii, sida laga soo xigtay diiwaanka
of Dr. Fesch , Remigius Fesch, Haweenay ka mid ah maayso Yacquub Meyer ayaa
100 saarnaa taajaj dahab ah inay Lucas Iselin iyo this 1000 Imperial (Reich
Gulden) 4) ee soddon jirka ahayd ee 7. Century iibiyey Le Blon in Amsterdam, sii Le
Blon ugu dhakhsaha badan 5) desisted in 3000 guilders Lssert sida Sandrart
muujinaysaa ".
3)

D. h. berde.

4) Ma Reichsthaler. Eeg Fechner, Archive. For z. K. XII. S. 223rd

5) "Long ka hor," ayuu yidhi Sandrart, in ka hor inta uu ka tagay Amsterdam, kuwaas oo, sida aa Fechner 0. S.
210f. socda, si dhaco 1645th

"Hadda runtii ha lahaa ee u qaadan sida laga yaabo in ay tani sidoo kale wuxuu
ahaa mar dambe soo baxaya in Venice oo waxaa helay by Algarotti for dhaw image
Laakiin arrin marka laga reebo note ugu horeysay noo waa mid kale si :. Heraldiker
fiican The, og Dielitz, Xoghayaha Guud ee boqornimada Matxafka ee Berlin, nagu
wargeliyay in mid ka mid ah labada ku yaalla geeska of Darmstadt image Coat
qoyska reer Holland Cromhout ahaa Oo Cromhout waa Loskaert ah milkiilaha
wadajirka ah ee ururinta, kuwaas oo rinjiyeynta waa 1710 xaraashka - .. ah Dejinta
image Darmstadt ee style hodan Baroque, hubaal waa in asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ka hor
1718 ku beereysa weli kaliya note ee buugga. "la laba albaab," "at qaabka la joogo
sida aan ka heli kartaa halka noqon arrin laga yaabo in markii hore Albaabyo lahaa ,
waxay ahayd xidhitaanka joogo of rinjiyeynta iyo qurxiyey jubbado gacmaha iyo
fariimihii. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ka mid ah ayaa si gaar ah u qabtay waqtiga
xaraashka iyo iibin. "
Intaas ka dib, ee qalloocinaya of Woltmann xukun 's. In Supplement in
ay Holbein (1868. 453: "In kasta oo natiijooyinka sheegay dhigi asal ahaan hal mar si
ammaan ah lagu qabtay ee [dhaw] rinjiyeynta in a heer sare shaki, qoraaga habase
yeeshee isla markiiba go'aan ku gaadhi kartaa, shuqul kasta oo ah nuqul ka dib by
gacanta kale haynta. Madonna ayaa lafteedu gaar ahaan waa mid aad u wanaagsan in,
laakiin hadda waa baaritaan cusub oo waa ka af lagama maarmaan. "
Waraaq uu u Kinkel ka March 1, 1869 (. Ltzow ee Zeitschrift, 1869. S. 173), taas
oo bilaa micne ah marmar Woltmann wayn u dhigma 'ahaan in warqad ii qorin 13
March 1869 "Waxaan si gaar ah sawir dhaw mar kale ( ) qaaday in Sept. 1868 ee uu
saftay, oo madax iyo gacmo hoose qaraabo qalalan oo adag, madaxa Madonna ku
fiican, weli maaisaaniyadda xoogaa effeminate ah (oo dhan dhaqanka iyo caadada)

dharka cagaaran soo baxay oo kaliya iyada oo loo marayo is fahan ah koobiyeeyay
ah, in Darmstadt. image waa dharka buluug Madonna, kaliya by varnish jaalaha
waxaa shimmers buluug-cagaaran, sida badan jeeda asal ahaan buluug ah. waxaa laga
yaabaa in Algarotti 's note si sax ah, nuqul dhaw ayaa sidoo kale waxay ka timaadaa
Holland, ka dibna halkaas, ka hor dhamaadka 7. qarnigii. dhigay nuqul ... korodhka
Misbaax ee sawir dhaw ma aha ... horumar laakiin sii xumaaneysa ee xiriirka. in
Darmstadt, oo sideeda oo ku haboon si yaab leh oo ku yiilleen si dhow la jaarka
ah. In goobo nuskeed sare halkan waa uun isku dhaceen ee Madonna galay kooban
halka sawirka dhaw dhexroor u taliya oo arc soo baxdo, kaliya garka jeexan filan fool
xun. "
In Press Sddeutsche ah, 1869. No. 181 185. 6. iyo 11 August, waxaa ka mid ahaa
in qiimeyn of bandhig Munich ee sawirada Jarmal jir ah oo 21 July, oo aad la mid ah
1869. ee No. Zeitung Qaranka 357. August 4.
Ka dib markii ay ka hor dhimatay Kung qoraalada taariikhiga ah, "aragti koowaad
ee image Darmstadt waa laga yaabaa in aan u fiicneyn sida uu u hooseeyo, sida mid
ka fili lahayd, by VARNISH culus hurdi birqayso oo ku daboola, laakiin markii
gacanta sooceliye xirfad la mid ah laga saaray, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ka shaqayn
jiray. arkaan in ay ammaan jir ah, sababta oo ah in baaritaan ugu sax ah ma aannu
ogaaday retouching ugu yar. xaalad u san yahay. waa in Mid ka mid baari la
weyneyso ah in Lahjadda ugu adag ee dhammaan haybta ee lagu qabto oo dhan
quruxda ay. dhex mara waxbarashada, joogto ah qaybo dhan, waa wax kasta oo
kaamil ah, saamayn caag ah waqti isku mid ah dareen quaint dhab ah oo la dareen ah
dabeecadda, oo Wehbe ugu quruxda badan ee Holbein yihiin isla la gaaray 's gacanta.
fiirsan kuwii madaxda u ahaa kuwii oo dhan halkan marka loo eego sawir dhaw ka
muuqan gacmaha qalalan iyo alwaax, kuwaas oo ah Virgin, laba Kinderkrperchen
ah, gaar ahaan cagaha ilmaha Masiix, siday Maria ee hubka iyada. Ka hor inta
Darmstadt image marnaba isku day kuwa fasiraadda ayaa ka soo baxay in ay u
dhegaysanayay sawir dhaw ka. Wiilkan yar ayaa la rinji ma ah qaabka ugu fiican,
laakiin gabi ahaanba ka dib markii nolosha, laakiin meel fog ka kaamilsan
qaab. Sababta No noqon lahaa halkan jooga, inay ka fekeraan ilmo buka. Wax macno
ah ma in wajiga dayso laakiin dhoola fudud, childlike iyo saaxiibtinimo. Laakiin sida
weyn waa Fadilmo ee nuqul Darmstadt ee dhammaan qaybaha durugsan. "(Halkan
waxaa ku qoran a comments yar ee macnaha loo yaqaan.)
"Waxaan arkay oo baaray kasta oo ka mid ah laba shuqullada joogta ah, oo wuxuu
igu waxa uu ugu danbeyn noqday xaqiiq ahaan, sawir Darmstadt ma ahaa oo dhan
muuqaalada dhaw asal ah."
"Tani waxay muujinaysaa ma aha oo kaliya farqiga in daaweynta iyo dil, laakiin
sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha ee ka kooban. Waxay dhan tahay sida
in mid ka mid oggaatay in isbedel ku dhaw ayaa la sameeyey ujeedka lagu doonayo
in kor loogu qaado ka kooban."
Ujeedada this, xusuusta reer si fiican u yaqaan kala duwan dhabta ah ee u dhexeeya
labada images, iyo gaar ahaan qiimeynta cusub ee Joogaba of content image ah, taas
oo hore loo ogeysiiyo in dooda.

"Waxaan gacanta dheer ii duwanayd in ay eegaan image Dresden ee nuqul ka mid

ah dhinaca kale, gaar ahaa racfaanka ee madaxa Madonna, taas oo aan wax fiican,
laakiin jilicsan oo ka fudud ka badan madaxa ku koobi kale si cajiib ah. Laakiin
madaxa this aad waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah in sano ka hor Kugler sameeyey aragti
casri ah. imtixaanka kama dambeysta ah sawir dhaw in iga dhigay dayrta la soo
dhaafay, waxay daliil la ii sheegay in aan Holbein isaga qudhiisa ayaa soo noqnoqda
nuqul dhaw iyo in asalkiisu ka soo jeedo waqti dambe. waayo, dhammaan sababaha,
kaas oo bixiya daaweynta, weli waa mid aad u leeyihiin min daray, ka kale ku
dhawaad cad. dharka ee Virgin ee nuqul Darmstadt waa buluug. Kaliya by isbedelka,
oo Smalteblau waxaa si joogto ah qaawan, oo ay ka varnish hurdi waxa ay leedahay
cado a cagaar, taas oo aan kala duwan laakiin asalka hawada-buluug asalka, aqbalay.
Kaliya by ismaandhaaf ee koobbi goor dambe laga yaabaa in ay asal ahaan ka saar
Madonna dhaw cagaarka ah dhinacooda iyo go'aansaday, taas oo soo horjeedda
markan dhaqan oo dhan . "
"Markii Darmstadt sameynta Pentimento xiiso leh ayaa sidoo kale laga helay ...
[iwm Diskuss. Cutubka. II .... qaba.]"
"Wax kasta oo Kopist ahaa artist ah oo aragti weyn iyo xirfad weyn. 6) In
daaweynta uu condescended qaabkii la aaminnimo ugu macquulsan oo dhacay tan iyo
meesha uu wax ka beddeli mayso ka doorka. Waxa xiiso leh si aad u weydiiso, waxa
mar ah oo ku saabsan-image ka dib markii lagu abuuri karo. yimid sawir dhaw ee
xaqiiqda dhammaadkii qarnigii 17aad ka Amsterdam, sidaas oo kale waa sababaha
wanaagsan in ay aaminsan yihiin in ay asal ahaan inta lagu jiro waqtiga kaas oo
rinjiyeynta ahaa ee Holland. waxaa la soo jeediyay in note ah ee taariikhda
Meier'schen Madonna joogo taas oo u muuqata in ay ku hadlaan samaynta nuqul,
xitaa khiyaano miidhan ah, marka hore in qarnigii 17-ka. ka dib markii Sandrart Le
Blon iibin Madonna ee Lssert, ka dib markii a Journal of Remigius Fesch laakiin
sidoo kale ku wargeliyay in ay de Queen Marie ku Medici. ahayd Fesch, sidaas
darteed si hanti ahaan lahaa in Le Blon ayaa sawirka laban. Waxaan ognahay ka
bilaabata iyo tan shaqeeya sida sawirada gallery ee David Teniers , taas oo uu ka
dhigan Saale ah, Matxaf Rinjiyeynta iyo in mid kasta oo ka mid ah images ganaax
looga golleeyahay in lagu siiyo nuqul ka mid ah hoos u aaminnimo aan caadi
ahayn. Laakiin ma waxaan ku raad mid ka mid ah copyists, kuwaas oo ay awoodaan
in ay rinji pastiche ah wanaagan in dadweynaha ayaa qarniyo ilaa maalintii la joogo,
khiyaanayn. "
6)

Sida laga soo xigtay mar Dhalashada ah. "Buuxay ruuxa, dhadhanka iyo fahamka tusaalahaa".

" Holbein 's Darmstadt Madonna waa shaqo ah oo aan ninna dhamaadka
daraasadda iyo jaceylka ka heli kartaa. Inta badan oo inta badan aad ku arki karo
sawirka, qabaa inay ogaadaan oo dhan, oo haddana mid nasakhay in tixgelin quruxda
cusboonaaday in aad Ilaa hadda tagay dareemo, qaadanaya qoto dheer galo
faa'iidooyinka cusub sawir dhaw runta ah. waxaan joogi jirtay dhawr maalmood ka
hor la saaxiib in [br Meyer.], taas oo uu qaatay in ka badan [oo raacsan ka bandhiga
ah farshaxankiisa jir] bandhig International Art this baxo warqada ku saabsan , ka hor
rinjiyeynta .. .. Marka ay barbar la soo saaray dhar cunug Steinla 'xeerka xardho iyo

sawir by Schurig ' sawir xiirid ka dhaw image aan ka soo baxay, isbedel ku sameeyey
naqshadaha ee Misbaax ku isha eray keentay in kale rumaysan, oo isku mar dhibic
waxaa caddaatay noo, at taas oo aan aan hore u maleeyay of, iyo taas oo ka mid oofin
karin isbarbardhigga of sawir dhaw ka, xitaa iyada oo aan in, waa khalad, sababtoo ah
labadiisii daacad oo si fiican u tallaabadaas udaabacida ku filan. weecasho ee
Architectural - tani waa natiijada cusub - ha wakiil koorso kasta in ay ka ismaandhaaf
ah asalka kac ".
"Dhab ahaan baan u arkay ... [iwm Diskuss. Cutubka. V.) ... Waxay leeyihiin."
Mid ka mid ah jawaab Woltmann 's dhanka ah E. Ranger waa in la eego image sidii
No. 3 fikirka.
9) Dr. Fechner.
Professor in Leipzig (1866 1868 1870).
Waxaan naftayda ku f in, in saddex meelood in archive Naumann Weigel.
Sawiridda. K. 1866 XII. 58. 193 oo 1868 149 XIV. (Amarka Dheeriga ah.
Corrigendum 1869 97 XV daabacay.) Warqad, kaas oo la gaaban xusay in dooda sida
khuseeya taariikhi ah, wada qaaday su'aasha ah siidaayay ku saabsan, iyo ka dib,
bishii April ee 1870 ee Kunstverein Leipziger ah muxaadarooyin qabtay, khuseeya a
resmierende on su'aashan in Grenzboten 1870. 41 II. daabacay. From khuseeya
taariikheed ee N.-W. Keydka ugu horeysay laba qaybood oo lagu daabacay in qorid
gaar ah. The ugu horeysay (halka. XII. 58), taas oo marka hore buuxa daabacay xogta
taariikhiga ah ee Fesch, wada jir ah ula su'aal la xidhiidha on khuseeya fasiraadda on
gacanta Baselsche sawiraya No. 65 (halka XII 1..) Under horyaalka: Si aad u fasiro
iyo su'aasha taariikhda Holbein xukunka 'Madonna. Lpz. R. Weigel, 1866; labaad
(193aad halka XII.), taas oo ah ilo kale oo taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan naga image by
sanadka l866 macno dhab ahaan xaq u leedahay: Ilaha taariikhiga ah iyo wada
xaajoodka ku saabsan Holbein 'sche Madonna. Lpz. R. Weigel, 1866. The saddexaad
(XIV halka.. 149), oo dheeraad ku ah hore laba qaybood, oo cusub Woltmann'xeerka
daahfurtay Wornum ' xeerka ku jira weeraro iwm waxaa si gaar ah ma u muuqday.
Imaatinka adeegyada vorstehends content kor ku treatises faahfaahsan halkan ku
xusan dib, muhiim ma aha in, tan iyo wixii ka dhacaa in our su'aal, si wayn u
kordhiyay oo kaliya ka dib markii xiriirka ka yar ku ool ah modified Qorniinka
waxaa soo maray. socda oo keliya in la xuso.
The Woltmann xukunka helay taariikhi ah 'waxaan isticmaalaa (halka. XIV. 152)
xitaa loo arkaa more qanci waayo, warshadaynta ee nuqul Darmstadt qoyska
aasaasay, markii aan ka raadsan kartaa af imminka Daawashada, laakiin sidoo kale si
ay u daahfurtay waa ka badan tahay sii (raba, in la yidhaahdo oo aan xaqiiq a)
siidaayay of nuqul dhaw ka, qaaday wayn sababaha la mid ah sida ay yihiin daayey
mar kale dokumentigan, ee ilaalinta. In maqaalka ee Grenzboten weli ka arki kartaa
tixgelin ah, on Bruno Meyer la'yahay in la keentay inay warqad aan note marmar
epistolary by Mr Woltmann lagugu leeyahay. Aan (ka dib markii gaaban tixgelin hore
ee dhaw) Darmstadt-sawirka ugu horeeya ee August 1867 in studio ee
Professor Felsing ; markii uu dawo sawir, Photographierung oo dhan, ka dibna laba
jeer, in August iyo September 1869 u wareegay bandhig Munich ee, ka fiirsaneysa.

Xadadka 1866 s. No. . 4

10) Ralph Nicholson Wornum
kormeere Gallery ee London (1867).
Qoraaga qaadataa shuqulkiisa "account Qaar ka mid ah nolosha iyo shuqullada
Hans Holbein. London 1867" ka p. 164 si ay u hadlaan si ay nuqulo Darmstadt iyo sii
wadaan in ay dhawrid ku sharaxayaa, waayo,
"Sawir Tan waxaa sida caadiga ah la qabtaa si loo noqon masterpiece Holbein ee,
laakiin dunida ayaa lagu qasbay in ay u xukumaan ka celceliyay liita ama halkii
nuqul ka, ee dhaw Gallery ah, wellknown baxay Germany dhex lithograph
wanaagsan ka sameeyey by Hanfstaengl."
"Hadda oo aan fursad u leeyihiin (iyada oo mid ka mid xun, waayo, sawirka waxaa
disavantageously sudhay) ee baarista this tusaale Darmstadt, aan aragti thatthat ee
dhaw Gallery ahaa nuqul la xaqiijiyay. Waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu soo guuriyeen oo
ku saabsan 1530, suurto gal by ardayga ah rinjiile ee, waayo, laan ka mid ah qoyska,
inkastoo 1 arki jirin sabab ma tahay in ay asal ahaan ka dib Under xaalad kasta waxa
ay u muuqataa ii sida nuqul ka mid ah, ma soo noq-a ama replica by Holbein qudhiisu
;. waxaa jira qaybo in u sameeyey Holbein dhib ayaa rinji karaa. The kala duwan ee
laba waa weyn, ee ra'yi dhiibashada, in midabaynta, iyo oofiyo. waxaa jira qof ka
badan ee madaxda u ahaa Virgin iyo ilmaha ee hubka iyada, oo runtii oo dhan
madaxdii sawirka Darmstadt, oo ay midabaynta waa browner, iyo faahfaahinta waa
kasta-meesha kaliya fahmayaan, jacayl gaar ahaan madax-dharka gabadhiisii, iyo in
rooga: dhab ahaantii waxa ay leedahay awood sare ee caadiga ah ee asalka ah by
sayidkiisa weyn , in ka badan naqilkii by in rinjiile liita, qayb ka ugu liita ee tusaale
dhaw la madaxa iyo qoorta of Madonna iyo hadal ilmaha ee hubka iyada. Madonna
ayaa, in qaar ka mid ah isku day in ay iyada ku qurxiyo, ayaa u diiday ciidamada
dabiiciga ah, iyo kuwo daciif la qurxiyey, oo ilmaha ku faraxsan yahay asalka ah, uu
leeyahay, iyada oo awood badan wax kasta oo kale, la buriyay si uu madhan yahay
qowlka childlike, sida in havebeen dhawaaqaa buka ama xataa kuwii dhintay, qaar ka
mid ah, in kastoo tani in kasta oo ay gacanta dheereeyey waa caqli ku filan. "
p. 167. "dheeraad ah, ee Joogaba, oo ka mid ah faahfaahinta dib-dhulka waxaa
bedelay in nuqul ah, sawir Darmstadt ku Dhab leedahay saamayn xoogaa hawadu
ama stumpy, Misbaax ku riixay sidoo kale si dhow ula on madaxa Virgin ah, oo iin
waxaa lagu saxayo ee sawir dhaw ka. [Raac saamiga cabbir] Of sha laba sawir
sameeyey at dhaw lagu muujiyay in ay faa'ido ugu sareeya, halka sameeyey at
Darmstadt waxaa loo arkaa in ay disavantage darafkeeda. "
"Sawirka at dhaw hasnt midabaynta khaas ah oo Holbein lime dieser, halka
sameeyey at Darmstadt waa mid ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan oo ugu dabeecad ahaan
midab dhan shuqulladiisa, ma uu hagaajin in midabayn in sano ka dib" iwm
p. 169. tala Wornum faahfaahinta wareer ku saabsan xaaladaha sale of image by
Fesch iyo Sandrart ah, 24 ka xusay in dood S. gartiisa -inaanu ah, iyo sii intaas ka
dib:
"Waxaan warsan kartaa oo keliya, waayo, wareer this by loo maleeyo yeeleen

markaan in hantidii iibsaduhu asalka John Loessert, sawirka oo soo guuriyeen ka

horreeyey oo u iibin jireen inay boqoraddii hooyadiis ahayd, ama suurto gal, waayo,
Le Blon isaga qudhiisa, ka dib markii uu si cagajiid ah ku kala qaybsamay la waxaa,
nuqul this maraya ka dib si Loesserts, oo sameeyey, halka nuqulka ay u Venice helay
soo socdo sida aynu haveseen, asalka ahaa helay soo socdo in Paris, halkaas jiifsaday
ee mugdiga ilaa kaas oo helay by isha khabiir ee M. Delahante ah , Marka loo diray
Germany for sale, oo ku soo orday sidaasay ugu dambayntii wuxuu yimid dalkii
hantida u ahaa qoyska reer boqor ee Prussia waa arrin dhacdo aan caadi ahayn in
madaxdii la taag daran qoysaska in ay oggolaadaan in laamaha yar in ay iska qaataan
mararka qaarkood sawirka qoyska. badalaa nuqul meeshii asalka ah, iyo sidaas u
ordeen inay asalka lagu lumin karaa ama quudhsaday, halka substituiertem nuqul,
waxaa ka la aamusnaan urursan sida ee asalka ah, 1 hadda kiisas in dhibic, iyo 1
rumaysan yahay "Meyer Madonna " taariikhda waa dabiiciga ah oo aad u la mid
ah; iyo in ay natiijo isku mid ah. "
p. 170. "From warqad ka socota Hague ku qoran, ee June 1621, by Sir Dudley
Carleton Rabbiga Arundel (ururiyaha caan ah oo admiror of shuqullada Holbein),
waxaan ka baranaynaa thatthere ahaa sawir by Holbein at Amsterdam kuwee Earl la
doonayo laakiin . Waa kuwee Sir Dudley ma guulaysan kari in iibinta wuxuu
leeyahay - "Iyadoo waayadan waytet on y e K. iyo Q. of Bohemia in Amsterdam
halkaas waxaan arkay y e sawirka of Holbein ee L yor p hawadooda, laakiin aan weli
waxaa obtayne karaa, in kastoo aan indeavours wavte waxa on, Sida Waxay
aamusnaan ah nayl doonaa. " 7)
7)

Eeg oraah A dheeraad ah oo warqaddan in XV Ch.. Waxaa la daabacay Waraaqaha Sainsbury ee PAG

Rubens. 290th

"Dhab ahaantii ma jirto sabab gaar ah sababta soosaaray ku xusan shoulderstand

tixraac ah" Meyer Madonna ", kuma jirto sabab kasta aad u wanaagsan sababta aan
shoulderstand, haddii la muujin karo thal Labada tusaalooyin aamuseen ee Basel ee
1621, waxa aan awoodo, KASTABA HA AHAATEE, laga soo xaqiijiyaa xitaa mid ka
mid ah, waxaa jiray waqti sameeyey; nuqul Iselin ayaa laga yaabaa in havebeen
iibiyey in uu noolaa u gaar ah, inkasta oo aanu ku raacsanayn xeerkii aan ".
p. 171. Ka dib xiganaya meesha uu qoraal gacmeedka Fesch'schen, taas waxaa
loola jeedaa in ay naga image:
"Marinka An xiiso leh ee caanka ku ah [of Fesch] waa sameeyey oo ku saabsan
rinjiile John Ludi ama Giovanni Lodi kuwa soo guuriyeen laba tirooyinka Fesch ee
kooxda, Marka sawirka waxa ku Nederlands, Isagu uma ay si koobiyeyn karaa sawir
oo dhan, ee sametime? akhristaha doono leeyihiin arkay-sameeyey cabbirka la siiyo
by Fesch waa sax ahayn, iyo sharaxaad yahay xasilooneyn, qoraaga muuqata marna
arkeen. Marka la eegayo Giovanni Battista Lodi, waxa uu ka hadlay by Antonio
Campi sida sayidkiisa aad u fiican, oo xaqiiqa isagu wuu magiciisa la kale oo yar
sheegaye sida muujinaysa perfetione della colmo in ay taas tahay ayaa gaadhay in uu

waqti. Lodi uu ku dhashay ee jeelka ku saabsan 1580, iyo kiniisadda reer SS Egidio
of Omobuone da magaalada waa meel allabari-piece rinji isaga by ee 1611, ay
matalayeen Virgin iyo Child ee ammaanta, iyadoo Saints Carlo iyo Antonio Abate
hoose '. Lodi ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu gaadhsiiyo si Fesch xaqiiqda ah ee iibka ah ee
sawirka si Maria de' Medici. "
V. ilig 1867. s No.. 7.
Fechner 1868dii s No. . 9
11) Liphardt Carl v.
Florence. 1868
v. Liphardt , a connoisseurs gaar ah ee aadka loo ixtiraamo, ma ayaa si cad u hadlay
su'aasha siidaayay ku saabsan, laakiin v. Ilkaha igu wargeliyay in la mid ah ayaa isku
raacay in la ah booqashooyin hore soo Dagdagaysa in Darmstadt in siidaayay of
Darmstadt; sida ay jeeg dhawaan image laakiin isla garan, sida uu leeyahay tuducdan
soo socda ka warqad v. Liphardt ee in v. Tooth (January 1868) qabsadeen.
"Iyadoo la tixgelinayo Darmstadt ee Holbein 'ayaa sidoo kale haatan waxaan ahay
gebi ahaanba ku qanacsan ee ay asalnimada ka dib markii mar kale waxaan arkay
hoos shuruudaha ugu fiican. Waxa uu soo qaaday dagaalka, ka hor inta aan beddeli
kartaa my view, laakiin mar horeba waa sababaha magaabo dibadda s (mangelhaftere
badan isutagga oo musuqmaasuq hab copyists si yiqiin sinkage ma laga yaabaa verstandeneres badan faahfaahsan: rooga laab 8) , iwm) garaacid, ka dibna waxaan ku
qanacsanahay noqday in waxa i wareeriyay maan, gaar ahaan in duqa magaalada,
sabab u ah retouching saboolka ah waa. "
8)

Ma cadda ii meesha daboolida this waxaa halkan loogu tala galay. F.

12) Dr. Herman Grimm

ee Berlin (1869).
Marka akhriska Wornum 's iyo Woltmann caqabadaha Grimm' s in Madonna dhaw
ka muujiyay in warqad si aad ii qorin 3 1869th April
"Sidee u yeelaan karaan qof dhaw Picture ahayn Holbein, line waa la fahmi karin ii.
Waxaan ahaa ee ugu danbeysay ee Darmstadt dhici saddex jeer, saacadood ka hor
saldhigyada maxaliga ah. Waxaan u lahaa sawir a of Madonna Dresden ee gacanta
inay is barbar dhigaan line inay line. on line noqon kartaa in qofka soo bandhigay
sida horumarka group u sare, dhaheen aqoonsan haboon dheeraad ah oo keliya baa la
samayn karaa sayidkiisii isaga qudhiisa, hagaajinta waxaa inta badan dareemay si aad
u wanaagsan oo jilicsan in mid ka mid degdeg badan in kasta oo ugu badnaa ee
shaqsi. daryeel yaabeen. Holbein jeclaa wax oo dhan in nafta ka qaaday in ay si ay u
soo saaraan mar kale. "
"Marka la barbardhigo, waxaan leeyahay guga la soo dhaafay Madonna dhaw ayaa
sidoo kale si dhow ula bartay wiederholentlich. Shaqadan karo, waxa rinjiyeynta waa

uu ka walaacsan, gabi ahaanba meelo badan ma, Ha odhan ma soo jeedaan Holbein,
laakiin by sayidkii, goobaha kale sabuuradda aad isku . rinji ansaxinta ku meel gaarka
ah waa in sidaas darteed in la kadibna la diyaariyey, waxay ila eg tahay: Holbein soo
jiideen sanduuq cusub, shaqada ayaa qayb ahaan rinji by ardayda iyo qudhiisu wax
badan waxaa ka mid ah sida uu u baahnaa duchte ".
13) Gottfried Kinkel
Professor ee Zurich (1869).
Qoraaga ayaa ku soo bandhigay ka mid ah Wornum 'xeerka iyo Woltmann ' xeerka
Holbein -Monographie, ee Zeitschrift Lutzow-Seemann'schen. . F Fine Arts 1869.
Issue 6. S. 167 weheliso su'aasha siidaayay of image our hab soo socda ee isha,
wuxuuna u horreeya oo dhan waxay keenaysaa ka yar 5 lambarada in faahfaahinta
taariikhiga ah ee Fesch iyo Sandrart in Section 6 loo dhici karta in sida hoos Anhalt
halkan loo yaqaan Wornum 's iyo Woltmann sii daayo' s, iyo guuro ka dib markii uu
muujiyey khilaaf in Fesch image naga of Leblon Maryan of Medicis, kaas oo hore
lahaa (ku saabsan 1606dii) by danjirayaasha ay doonayaan inay soo iibsadaan,
Sandrart laakiin iibin kartaa in Lssert, sidaas on:
6) "hooyo diin oo nolosha Holbein 's hortiisa dheecaankii Mahad Erasmus ee
Nacasnimadu 1676 muuqday, ogaa labada leeyihiin qoraal gacmeedka ee Fesch uu
yaqaan iyo xayaysiiyo aadka; .. mugga ugu horeysay Sandrart ayaa waxaa la
daabacay sanad ka hor Patin, kuwaas oo shaqo waa been abuur dayasho aan
mucaaradka, bartay [arko?] kala labada fariimaha ee Fesch iyo Sandrart, iyo
furfuraya kala this isbadelka, oo wuxuu ku yidhi, Le degay iibin sawirka 1,000 florins
in Lssert 9) , taas oo ku dhawaad 3000 Maryan Medici. yaa arki ma aha in tani ay
tahay caawimo ku meel gaadh ah? Le degay, speculator ah ee images, image ee Basel
iibsaday 1,000 florins, iyo inay u leeyihiin u dhiibay qiimaha isku Lssert, si ay
timaado saddex jeer cadadka Maryan of iibin karaan Medici! "
9)

Comp. tixraac qoraal ah ee p dooda. 24

"Waa iska cadahay: Iyadoo Le degay waa in haysashada image ah, waxaa laban
dealer sawirka iibiyo laba koobi, mid si Lssert, mid soo saaray Marie de Medici
shaki The time in nuqul ka mid ah la sameeyo, laakiin - oo halkan ... fadhiya farqiga
ee iskugu - oo helay labo ka mid ah asalka ah, Lssert ama Medici, taas oo aan la
go'aamin karaa ka alaabta dibadda ah ".
"Oo kuwaas oo ahaa karraanigii ahaa? Wornum , arkay ay ugu darnayd indhaha u
fidiyay oo dhan documentary ah, shaki ku aaddan kuwa John Ludi, kuwaas oo kaliya
ka dibna soo guuriyeen laba tirooyinka ka soo baxay sawir ee Remigius ku Fesch yar.
Waxaa markaas doonayay inay u badan tahay Giovanni Battista Lodi ka waxaa
jeelka, kaas oo jeelka loo meel altarpiece kale ( Wornum S. 171) ku qaadeen, laakiin
waxa uu sheegay in laba koobi amartay Fesch Ludi this, taas oo weli ku jira Basel, si
ay u noqon shuqullada arrin xumo. ".
"Waxa kale oo cad in hadda iskugu soo dheeraad ah su'aasha ah siidaayay of

sawirka waa wax aan waxtar haddii. Woltmann in mugga labaad (p 452, furnishes
caddeyn ah buugga xaraashka Amsterdam ee 1709 iyo mid ka mid ah jubbadda hubka
on jir Darmstadt ah kii wax ka iibin Lssert image la Darmstadt waa isku mid, oo
sidaas daraaddeed uuna noqdo mid xiiso leh laakiin ma aha mar dambe muhiim ah.
Maxaa yeelay, haddii Lssert ama Maria sawirka dhabta ah ee Le degay iibsaday,
taasina waa waxa sawiri kartaa geed qoyska waa xaq. "
"Laakiin haddii, in xukunka oo dhan connoisseurs sababo gudaha image Darmstadt
waa asalka ah, sidoo kale haddii caddayn karaan in ka timaado qoyska Lssert ee,
sidaas darteed waxaan odhan doonaa, ayaa uu hoggaaminayo Le nuqul Bland of this
iibiyey Marie de Medici . this sidoo kale waa in ay u badan tahay, taasi way ii
fududaatay in lifaaq nuqul ka mid ah laga saaray ee Brussels, Boqorad degan, sida
reer Holland ah, si Amsterdam, si baxeen meeshii laftiisa, ku noolaa iyo mar this
abuurtaa shaki xoogan oo sawir dhaw ka. taas oo iibsaday L743 ah Elector ee Saxony
iyo King of Poland xagga hantida qoyska Delfino ee Venice, oo ay iskugu soo joogay
oo aan la garaneyn, haddii kale mid ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin in ay ogaadaan cidda
u uuraysatay, laakiin xitaa in 1741, laba sano ka hor iibka, waxaad arkay waxaa
milkiilaha ku saabsan indhaha u image qoyska ee Thomas More furay, oo u badan
tahay in uu leeyahay oo kaliya Walpole (Walpole at Wornum ), S. 174f. Sidaas waxa
ay u muuqataa in sawir dhaw ka hufan oo uu hogaaminayo Le degay oo u iibin jireen
inay nuqul Medici ah waa. "
"Against kuwan by Wornum isla markiiba xukun helay aaabheeda Woltmann xitaa
markii uu buugga of Holbein 's daabacay shuqullada, oo haatan waxaa uu sheegay in
ka dib baaritaan labaad ee sidoo kale nuqul Dresden ee xaqiiqda ah in ka dib nuqul oo
aan hoos Holbein ' waxaa toogasho s kormeerka . " 10)
10)

Ujeedada this, hoos No. 8 daliishaday maris ah Woltmann.

"The kubado fasiraadda caanka '" waxaa sidaas oo kale ku sameeyey Darmstadt,
ilmuhu arko on gacanta of Madonna ma jiran. Laakiin caafimaad ka, haa, waxa ay
dhoola, iyo cunuga jiran ama kala maqan, siday Madonna oo ku saabsan hubka,
awood sidaas Holbein mar dambe la hadal 's opinion. "
14) William Schmidt
ee Munich (1869).
In a "End Munich. Of August" oo taariikhdiisu tahay shirka of bandhig Munich ee
sawirada jirka ee Zeitschrift Lutzow-Seemann'schen. 1829. Issue l 2. S. 388 qoraaga
ugu horreeya oo dhan view more dhawaan Woltmann 's of inauthenticity ee nuqul
dhaw ah, ayaa sidoo kale farta lixaad gacantiisa midig Knableins qaawan waxa uu
tacliiq waxaa horey u soo wargeliyey in dooda, ka dibna on sii: "ka [Darmstadt]
sawirka waxaa rinji impasto ugu adag, iyo uniform arrin, design ee timaha, dahabka
dahabka, rooga aad si taxadar leh, inkasta oo aan la taxadir Dutch. beeniyay laga
yaabaa kadis ah ma noqon in cashar waa duller iyo digtoonaan ka yar on
Wehbe Holbein 's (ka sano ah 1533 u. 1541), taas oo Mr. Suermondt ayaa soo
bandhigay noo. marka lagu daro, VARNISH aadka huruud hadda ka dibna a godad
yar ayaa lagu shidan sirgaxan dhaawacdaa, laakiin in aysan daciifin saamaynta.

Saddex cusub si waafi ah siisaa Woltmann ee qoraalkan in, laba, waxaan qabaa in si
hagaagsan, saddexaad oo xaqdarro la. dabadiisa naagtii duqa magaalada, Anna
Tschekaprlin, Knieende si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay u muuqataa sida W. ogaaday in
a xaaskiisa hore dhintay noqon. Waxa uu xaq u leh caddaynta ah in qof ka mid ah
naqshadda dhismaha ee Darmstadt ee nuqul ka badan fahamsan yahay iyo
Renaissance waafaqsan yahay. Laakiin in marxuumiinta ka dib weli. , , [Iwm
Cutubka dood. II.] Siiyaa. "
15) Theodor Grosse
rinjiile iyo professor ee dhaw (1869).
The dhaw artist Big, oo loggia ah Museum Leipzig ku leedahay frescoes ay u qurux
badan, waxay leedahay, ka dib markii uu si dhow ula baaro image Darmstadt ee
bandhig Munich, oo isla markiiba ka dib markii uu ka soo laabtay sidoo kale sakhiray
u dhaw of a waxbarasho cusub barbardhig, aan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax yar uun
todobaad ka dib ka hadlay isaga in ay ka farxiyaan i (27 Sept. 1869) soo socda waxa
la duubay.
"Marka hore, waa in aan lagu xusey in sawir dhaw ka muuqataa in ay ii noqon
macaan. The farqiga duwanyihiin marka hore waa midabka oo u muuqata mid aad u
jaalaha ah ee Darmstadt-sameynta hoos varnish hore, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa in
qaar ka dhibcood exfoliated dhar cad ah oo u jilba joogsaday weeraryahanka . gabar,
mid ka mid ah Dresden arkay midabka la mid ah maxay sida kordhin la xiriira oo
naqshadda dhismaha ee la xidhiidha tirada sare ee Madonna ee sawir dhaw iyo dadka
kale, sidaas sameeya . v ilkaha ayaa sheegay in ku saabsan dhamaystiran ah -. socday
shakhsiga, sidaas dhicistu in Darmstadt image gaar ahaan in ilaa hadda weli madaxa
Madonna ee foomka qumman oo hadal ka dib dhaw ah, in xataa seegay muuqashadii
jireed ee tareenada, oo la mid ah a khusaysaa ka ilmahaaga ee hubka iyada Madonna
in laakiin aan muujinta wistful of dhaw uu leeyahay. Farsamo, labada madaxooda,
Yimaadeen tirada ilmaha fog ammaan yar, ilaa hadda sida aan loogu yeeri in ay isku
mid yihiin wasakheeyey xoogaa wada arag isku darsan. Darana mid daciif ah oo
madhan tahay gacanta Madonna ah. Wax kasta oo kale waa laga dhigay ku dhowaad
technology la mid ah sida sawir dhaw ka.Dharkooduna iyo sharraxdid kaliya si
kaamil ah. madaxdii sawirka ka muuqda sawirka Darmstadt Waxaan qabaa in ay
eegaan in la mid yihiin, mararka qaarkood ma rinji ka dabiiciga ah iyada oo aan
dhibaato, madaxa aabbihiis jira meelo taas oo iyana sida madaxa Madonnas waa
madhnaa, waxa ay u muuqataa gacanta sida shisheeye in ay u soo ku saabsan. In
dhaw image dhan sawirka kuwan madax ammaan, aamusan, laakiin sidoo kale
xoogaa qabow oo macaan sameeyey wixii aad u wanaagsan in ilig 'ku haboon s
korsato. Sidaas Madonna dhaw ka gaari celcelin shaqsi ah la dareen gereifterem
quruxda, in Madonna iyo ilmaha ee hubka iyada, oo kaliya sababtoo ah ujeedka
rinjiile ee. Isku soo xooriyoo, ii ka sii fiican muuqashada Dresdenerin ah. "
Qaar ka mid ah bilaa micne ah Big ee afka hore u la rumeysan yahay S. 34 iyo
36aad
16) Yuusuf Archer Crowe
rinjiile iyo Qunsulka Guud ee 1869th Leipzig

In Grenzboten 1869 No. simistarka 2aad 40 waxaa la saxiixay C. Qodobka, xaq: ".
Bandhiga ah farshaxankiisa by sayid jir Munich Holbein iyo Drer ", sida qoraaga of
connoisseur kor ku tilmaamay qiimeeyo ayaa lagu yaqaan. Markaasaa waxaa aad
halkan dhamaadka wadidda ka mid ah.
"Xaqiiqda ah in aan sawirka Darmstadt halkan muujiyey leeyihiin asalka ah, kaas
oo uu si wanaagsan u abuuray ka hor dhaw ah, waa in hadda laga yaabaa in mar
dambe loo tixgeliyo muranka. Su'aalo The, kuwaas oo weli ka adkaan kala duwan
badan ee opinion, waa 1) in image ee Darmstadt ee sawir, heshiis iyo noocyada waa
ka xoogbadan, in dhigiisa ee dhaw iyo 2) in sawir dhaw ka replica ah Holbein waa 's
gacanta u gaar ah ama mid ka mid ah ardayda ama ugu danbeyn xitaa nuqul ka dib? "
"Laga soo bilaabo dhowr kooxood waxaa ku adkeeyay in khadadka Isboortiga iyo
sidoo kale Wajiyada ka Madonna iyo ilmaha, kuwaas oo kala duwan oo ku saabsan
laba koobi, si ay u dhaw ku lahaa ka qiima badan tihiin on Darmstadt ah. Waxaan on
our qayb yihiin opinion ka soo horjeeda iyo dandaansi a images in uu ballan qaaday,
oo ka mid ah taas oo aan ku qanacsanahay in ay caddayn doonaa noo midig. barta oo
erheischt ugu digtoon halka Tecknik ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan xukunka, kaas oo halkan
ka heli on, waxay u taagan tahay ama dhicida caddaynta in Holbein waa in ay ahaataa
sayidkii labada farshaxanka. Laakiin halkan, waxaad samayn doonaa sida ugu fiican
si ay u sugto isbarbardhigga toos ah. "
Intaas ka dib, hadaladiisa kala duwan oo ku saabsan ka kooban of image Darmstadt
wixii aannu su'aal xoogaa fog 11) oo horaantii [Dood Cape. II.] Xigtay maris ka badan
dhowr retouching in image this.Markaasay sii:
"Waxaan u aragnaa in this masterpieces tahay Johann ee van Eyck hagaagaan
sarkhaansan yihiin horumarka oo ka mid ah 15-kii iyo qarniyo 16aad. Waxay isku
daraa xaqiiqo ah oo ka mid ah Services Home jir la midnimada habboonaanta ee
qaab-dhismeedka iyo midabka, taas oo ah fanaaniinta ka dib leedahay. Drer ' s qaxri
ba'an iyo aqoon qoto dheer ayaa Holbein , laakiin waxa uu noo farxo dhex
quduuskadhigidda aamusan ah shakhsiyaad ay iyo hadal debecsan, by debecsanaanta
ee ay lagula socdo, iyo. Inkasta oo uu u qabata tirada buuxda oo dhawaaqa ay
shahaado oo si dhib leh u ogolaanaya kordhinta wax , weli xajisto oo dhan mass jirka,
.. iftiinka iyo hooska yihiin faafinta wax ku ool ah, keenay wax oo dhan iyada oo si
hodan ah iyo nadaafad aan caadi ahayn ku ridaya qorraxda ee Italy waxaa sawirka,
waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay ka hor masterpiece ee labaad Leonardo u laabnayd in
yar oo taagan Sidaa darteed waa dhan in ka badan garaaci waa sawirka ma fiirin, oo
aan xirfad u leh oo yaraynta gacmaha oo waxaa barbaro, iyo si ay u bogi jecel dhex
Waxbarashada. habase yeeshee 5 farood halkii 4 waa la arki karo ee Handchen, kaas
oo dhigaya jilba joogsaday isaga ka dambaysa wiil on shaadhkaaga sii taagan on
ilmaha rooga qaawan, awood. Haddii kale daaweynta waa caadi. "
11)

Waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda, qoraaga hanti? "Waxaa laga yaabaa ayaa la oggol yahay by dhaleecayn
badan malo in ilmuhu qaawan hoose waa in ay soo bandhigaan Scion ugu dambeeyey guriga Meyer ayaa,
runtii Us adkaysan muuqataa halkan ka gees ah ku doodi kartaa badan, gaar ahaan su'aasha sababta in la
fasiraadda dhow macaamilo si aan ninna kale laakiin Baabtiisaha dhallinyarada waa in laga doondoonay in
Knbchen this?, hubaal waa in aan la illoobi doonin in, ay ka maqan yihiin haloes tirooyinka fiican ma aha sida
la garan karo halkan sida meelo kale. "

"Ku saabsan asalka iyo taariikhda ah image iyo dib-u-kulan ee dhaw ayaa si fiican
u janjeedha ee muddooyinkii dhowaa. Xaqiiqooyinka ayaa sida lagu qeexay ooHeusler , v. Ilkaha , Woltmann , Fechnerwaxaa la baraa, ayaa Gottfried
Kinkel midaysan ee arjiga soo socda, aan ka tago in haatan ku salaysan yahay waa [.
this socota arjiga oo dhalmo waa dispensable dhex No. 13, kuna waari dhexdeeda
faa'iidada ah ee Kinkel sheegay jiidatay inay S. 65 dhibic ku saabsan Leblon qof ee ka
Sainsbury ayaa shaki Waraaqaha anti Leblon macno Tani dhigayaa :. dheeraad ah]
"Waxaan hore u sheegay in aan dooneyno in dib loo dhigo go'aanka ku saabsan in
Dresden image nuqul ama asalka ah waa, isku ilaa hor imaad ah la Darmstadt ah Qaar
ka mid ah ciyaartoyda sida dhabta ah, laakiin hadda waxaa la helay. Nuqul dhaw waa
ka yar yahay ka kale, Gesamton waa luuqa iyo waxa uu muujinayaa wax Anfacayn
Xoolo ee midabaynta, midna ma u leeyihiin oo dhan midabada la mid ah sida
dhigiisa. dharka ee Madonna dhaw yahay cagaaran, gacmo ma qabto wax nalalka
dahab, wejigaaga si heer sare ah u bogi muujinaysaa muuqaalada aad u kala duwan
iyo noocyada in tiradaasi hoos baa laga xabadka oo dherer ah, kuwaas oo si ilmaha
Masiix ma nastay ee jirka iyo misigta hooyada, laakiin sida muuqata waa halis qiime
hoos ka danbeeya gacmaha. sidoo kale, jubbadda ku faafaa imperceptibly kaliya oo
ku saabsan duqa ,. iyo laftiisa this gacmihiisa ayaa dhigay on garabka wiilka dheeraad
ah ma ugu horeysay ee Maria Haboonayn tiradaasi dumar iyo jilbajooggii hooska
quduusiinta, laakiin on profile helo iftiin buuxa. consoles'ka Misbaax The bilaabi a
inches yar kor ku xusan madax iyo sheet laftiisa waxaa si weyn u fidiyey hawada,
sidaa darteed waxa ay qaab goobo nuskeed lahayn, rooga waa gacantii badan gaaban
oo uu leeyahay midabo kala yar. weecasho ugu weyn laakiin waxa uu wajihi doonaa
Ciise Carruurta. Waxa uu leeyahay in Dresden midabka si Afguduud oo aussehn si
Walbahaar u badan tahay in aad aynan garan karin asalka ah ee halyeeyga ah aqoonsi
aan waxtar lahayn oo ilmaha Madonna ee u gaarka ah ku fadhiistay dhulka oo waa in
ay Yeesheen Meyer buka ugu yaraa ee gacanta.Haddaan image Darmstadt kaliya mid
mudnaan Fasiraadda this ka kooban yahay in ay dhammeeyaan, si uu noqon doono
guul ah taariikhda tahay. "
17) Karl Foerster
Ducal. Golaha ee Meiningen, iwm (1869).
waxyaabaha waraaqaha ah AV. On bandhig Munich ee sawirada jirka ee
Schasler'schen Dioskuren 1869 No. 35. S. 272 waxaa ku jira kuwa soo socda marka
la eego su'aasha ah:
"Marka aad isku deyeyso in ay innaba nabadu jirin dagaalamaan ... [iwm dooda
cutubka. IV]."
"Mid ka mid kale waa in su'aasha Darmstadt sawirka, maxaa yeelay halkaan ayaan
karo, sida ku xusan, kaliya inaan qirto in qabyo hore iyo underpainting
ku Holbein ahaa 's shaqada, halka haddii kale meel ay tahay in la arkay in gacantiisa
isku sawir ah. halkan waa mid daciif ah, ma sayidkii weyn istaahila, oo sideeda oo la
cadaadiyo, oo ahaa madaxdii fikrad aad wax, aan ah hannaanka wanaagsan Holbein 's

oo aan garashadiisii farshaxanka ee fulinta jihada macquul ah odayga u muuqataa in

sawir dhaw iyada in. . tababarka Naara, gaar ahaan qaabka ay horey more ugu fiican
oo ka mid ah "bikrad" sifooyinka wajiga waxaa ka mid ah macaan oo waaweyn,
sharaf dumar ah oo khafiif ah, iyo tirada uu leeyahay shaambadda of a aamusan,
sharci fudud, oo noole iyo shaqsi ahaan soo saari madaxdii ee booska iyo jilbajooggii
iyaga tirooyinka raaciyaa leeyihiin hadal macno leh ee runta ah, iyo cibaadada
tiiraanyo leh. sawir Darmstadt waxay bixisaa waxba Allen ah. "
"Xitaa ka sii badan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, daciifnimo cad iyo qaladaad in sawir oo
kooban waa ii farsamo midabka qanci, tani waa waxa aan soo wici Ruuxa Master ah,
halkan Waxaan doondoonayaa qaababka ay sifo, halkan waa inaan in ay peculiarity
garto aan micne lahayn. ma waxaad ka heli kari lahaa nuurka, ku dhowaad xeelad
toogasho Touche Holbein ee , uu dazzlingly dhalaalaya, midab cad ah ka impasto ugu
fiicnaa, kaas oo uu ahaatee gaari by habka ugu fudud ee uu horyaalka saamaynta ugu
weyn. halkan waa midabka culus, xanuunsanaya, impastierte si xoog leh sida aan
innaba Holbein mana runtii helay muddada hore ee farshaxanka, halkii waxaa leh
muddo badan ka dib. xaaladdan ayaa ii keentay in Xukuntay ammaan ah in this,
inkasta oo loogu talagalay by Holbein, laakiin kaliya laga yaabaa 80-100 ayaa lagu
fuliyay sano ka dib by a fanaaniin badan ka yar. The culus, midabka impastierte xoog
caddayn aad u miisaan weyn. "
"Waxaan u aragnaa sida rinjiile guulaysan isku dayaya Holbein jidka tahay
tuso.Tasu 's si uu u qabto jilicsan, contours ay cajiib iyo dhalid foomamka garashada
in Holbein ay gaareen sida shahaado sare ee tababarka." "Haddii mid ka mid ahaayeen in ay ku doodayaan in a varnish turbid qaro qarin
doonaa quruxda iyo luster sanamkii, si ay leedahay in la ogaadaa on gacanta kale in,
xataa haddii mid ka mid ah xaqiiqda la xisaabtamaa, laakiin waxa aan ku adag tahay
dhab ah, iyo sidoo kale aqoon u leh connoisseur farshaxanka waa in la qiimeeyo
heerka kaas oo magdhow varnish image ee sawirka ka. "
"Caddayn kale oo aan muran kala duwani ee isticmaalka farsamada ee midabada,
Sayidka, tusaale ahaan, ilmaha cagta midig, siday Maria ee hubka iyada, masterfully
rinji, gacanta bidix aadka u yari, sidaas raggedly sawirka. iyo dil, iyo sidoo kale afka
ilmaha iyo bikrad ah. dhibic gacmaha mana dareenka verisimilitude mana ganaaxa
dhex waxbarashada Holbein 'sidoo kale s madaxa iyo jilbajooggii xaq in image ee
tiradaasi dhaddig. madaxa duqa laakiin ka maqan gebi ahaanba fahanka farshaxanka
ee la xiriira ee Tusaale fiican. waxaan tixraac taageerada aan view on laba ku yaalla
in ay sawiro Basel, waxaa jira baaritaano madaxda, mid ka mid ah taas oo uu intaais
ee duqa Meier ka en wejiga yihiin, ka kale, intii ka raadinaya waa sida halkan sawirka
boqornimada.. copperplate Golaha Wasiirada ee Munich ayaa laba ka mid ah arrin
run, sawirrada aad u qurux badan. "
"Xitaa haddii ay dhacdo in aan la ii caddaynta istaagay gabi ahaanba go'doon,
waxaan wariyaasha ay samayn lahaa adkeyso sababtoo ah waxaan ahay in aad u qoto
dheer, gadaya oo sax ah ee aan dareen iyo xoogga dood aan, si ay xataa ku kala
duwan yihiin in mudo ah. Maxaa dhaw ah Qisoon image, weli waxaan ogaaday in
aan la mid ah leeyihiin intaan joogo laba iyo toban sano waxaa jihada kasta oo si

fiican u bartay soo baxay. "

"Si taas waa in ay ahaadaan xukummadayda ku saabsan kale qaar ka mid ah, in tiro
ka socda ee sumaddeedii Holbein waxaa loogu aaneeyay images of bandhig isla, kaas
oo V Cutubka. ..
E. Forster, 1869, s. No. 3.
F. Hubner, 1869, s. No. . 5
18) Bruno Meyer
qoraa tahay in Berlin (1870).
In article ah Hildburghausener Ergnzungsbltter ogow joogitaanka ee 1870 H. 1 u.
2, oo ku nool iyo shuqullada our Holbein ka hadlaysaa oo dhan, waxaa laga heli karaa
ka dib markii qaar ka mid comments taariikhi ah iyo sharaxaad ku saabsan laba koobi
of our image kuwaas oo ah natiijo lahayn, ee soo socda marka ay timaado dhow noo.
qoraaga waxa uu ka dhigayaa. First of dhan ayaa sheegay in ka dib
markii Woltmann natiijooyinka 's, warshadaynta ee dhaw image on qoyska aasaasay
ma qaban Tolmada dheeraad ah, Fadilmo ee hirgelinta image Darmstadt ee "Allen"
kuwaas oo arkay waxa la sheegay, hooska on the caddayn wajiga of jir ah iyada oo
sababtu tahay by underpainting u korsan iyo farta lixaad ee hal gacan ilmo qaawan
hoose, mudnaanta ee Darmstadt image, oo aad hadda ka codsan kartaa si dhab ah u
leeyihiin, "in sawir dhaw abid ee Holbein waajibo yaabaa 's Atelier" waxa "muhiim
ah oo muuqata oo ansax ah oo keliya u hormarsataan, koobiyeeyay a khaldama sida
uma aanan oggolaan lahaa, oo ah madaxa dhaw Madonna waa mid aad u qurux
badan, waa abuuridda asal ah iyo Holbein 's istaahila oo keliya". gabaynayo ee
tigidhka la joogo waxaa lagu soo bandhigay by qoraaga sida soo socota:
"Waa in la ogol yahay markan fahmo ah, gudbiyaan aragtidooda iyo ra'yigaaga ku
saabsan arrintan uu aaminsan in la xaq u leeyihiin inay sameeyaan, waa tan iyo
labada meelaha, iyadoo ay kaalmo ka mid ah connoisseur farshaxanka caanka ah -. In
Munich Woltmann maanta labada images si degdeg ah - 's is, inta iyo inta badan la
siiyaa xaalad wanaagsan sida iyo Xoolo ah oo la arkay ay qofka iyo qoraalada sida,
ayaa baaray sida fursad loo sadqeeyey mid ka mid ma ka hor samayn. "
shaki First markaas ka dhigaysa qoraaga. First tilmaamay by Wollmann arrintan la
xiriira hoosta ka cagaaran image Madonna labistaan dhaw soo gudbiyeen this image
Darmstadt ee "si yaab leh dhawrsan" sharxayaa iyo, habase yeeshee hal meel kasta oo
kale oo [sidoo kale xitaa of Woltmann ] dharka meesha loo yaqaan "cagaaran buluug"
Madonna Darmstadt ah, ayaa sheegay in dharka arko iyada oo ay saameyn ku
leeyihiin rinjiga ka "sidaas go'aansatay cagaaran in si fiican loo og Munich waxa ay
fanaaniinta sida cagaaran reconnoitred". "Green sidaas - uu sii wado, sida ay weli u
muuqda, mid si fiican u qaadan laga yaabaa, haystaha copyright ekaanta ku dhaw
arkay dharka oo sidaas daraaddeed waxay rinji kaliya sidii uu ku
sameeyey." Markaasay sii: "Haddaba su'aashu waxay tahay, waxa ku saabsan kuwii
laba diidmo."
"Sawir Darmstadt ee tirooyinka xoogaa cadaadiyey, oo sideeda oo waxaa loogu tala

galay iyo iyada qolka, laakiin dadka, gaar ahaan duqa qudhiisa waa in xaaladaha meel
bannaan oo ku sujuudi A isha guudo oo casri ah si fudud u qaadan karto dembi iyo
koobiyeeyay ay u. siiyo si loo abuuro meel dheeraad ah ku celceliyay in si fiican oo
dhan ama ma qabanayaan, ma noo ;. sidoo saabsan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii
isbedel joogta ah gacangeliyey waxba a artist guudo iyo Been yar Madonna
Darmstadt kor u taagan si ay garbaha.! iyo ka mid noqoshada ee madaxa ilmaha ee
Misbaax conch semicircular ah, ee feeraha ee shellfish waa sida rays madaxeeda ku
wareegsan, waxa buuxiyo meesha bannaan ee, goobo wareega daray saarayso lahaa
gacmahooda iyo ilmaha oo dhan. dhaw weli xitaa taagan iyada madaxa oo dhan ee
fool-xun oo aan loo baahnayn ku dhowaad hal-kow iyo tobnaad oo dhexroorka of
dhaf-dhaafka ah ee ilmaha ka baxsan joogo, qolka madhan tahay, xiriir la leh qaab
qolof ah waa laga badiyay, wareega daray saarayso lahaa a sawir lahayn. Iyada oo
wixii badnaa ee ahaa meel oo dhan laakiin koobiyeeyay waxay ahayd in ay ku tiirsan
yihiin ay abuurtay gaar ah sababtoo ah waxa uu lahaa si ay u muujiyaan xubno
naqshadda in aan isaga matalayay Holbein. Inkasta oo hadda u maleeyeen xaq halkii
irreproachable this All in consoles'ka umuuruhu cantilevered, warqada cover a hinlaufend sidoo asalka on consoles'ka ah - dhismeedka caddeeyay xirtey, koraan
faahfaahin ah ee qaab-dhismeedka si cad loo aqoonsan, wax walba waa Dresden ee
image si duurjoogta ah, sidaas oo dhan caafimaad style naqshadda dareen lid by
sameeyay, ka dhigi karta wax aan macquul ahayn Holbein mas'uul ka fahamsan
Architecture, ka khayr badan dhisay wadajira ee Germany. oo wuxuu lahaa oo
waxaas oo kale ma dhici kartaa hoos indhihiisii ah; oo waxa uu xitaa suurto gal ahayd
oo kaliya waqti aad halkaas ma ay awoodaan in ay si fudud iyo curinta naqshadda
badan, laakiin ugu DC, frizzy, ku Been indhaha tiray faahfaahsan layli ah. Sidaasay u
sii waxba u kordha oo dhan qolka helay, laakiin in duqa fadhiisan kartaa wax yar ka
badan si xor ah, ayaa dhanka kale laga badiyay badan, iyo wax ka badan lagama
maarmaan, laakiin in dhab ahaan waa in aan gabal adag tahay koobiyeeyay ah.
. "Si aad noo sheeg eeg haatan diidmo labaad ayaa image dhaw waxaa soo gaaray
marka laga reebo si tartiib ah ilaa iyo haatan, ka soo hoos whacked, loo oggol yahay
oo keliya in la wado rooga runtii murugaysan qaybshay iyaga oo aan, ka dibna
qabow, caajis iyo qalalan rinji tirooyinka jilba u yimid laakiin hadalka ugu dhakhsaha
badan gacmaha iyo madaxana waxaa ay wax ka badan iyaga u gaar ahHolbein .
'shaqo sche in khamiiska Our Lady badbaadiyo, waxaan Been abuurtay quraafaad ah
ee marnaba overpainting ka dhacay a, Architecture hoobto bulshada madaxooda kor
ku xusan si wadajir ah, iyo ilmaha Masiix ma noqon karo nasiib ku filan in lagu
takhaluso ;. yaqaan waxa ay leedahay a murugaysan, sumcad Afguduud oo ah whiny,
wejigaaga u qulubsan, halka ilmaha Darmstadt waa xaalad wanaagsan jirka iyo
friendliest iyo Mogadishu oo dhoola in ilmo fool xun ee madaxa laakiin fikrad ah
inane siin ay asal ahaan, in ilmaha in hubka ee Madonna ah xubin ka buka ee qoyska
waa, fikrad ah aawadiis u badan oo khad oo warqad u leeyihiin in ay versudelt, iyo
waxa ay dhab ahaan had iyo jeer ahaa, hadda in ugu yaraan ay daruuri tahay sida
image Darmstadt ah waa in ay ahaadaan ka hor iyo in ka badan asalka qiray sida
xaqiiqada ah kaliya doqonimo, sababtoo ah ayaa laga badiyay ay ujeeddada. Sidaas
daraaddeed waxaa dhab ahaan hadda waa sawirka waxba oo dhan dhaw laakiin

madaxa Madonna ka tegey, oo weli waxaa haboon inta dadaal la hadlo. fahmo ayaa
ku guuleystay iyada oo soo noqnoqda qoto-dheer tixgelin iyo taageero, in lagu daro
qalabka dibadda suurto gal, by xasuusta oo la tababbaray oo lagu kalsoonaan karo,
waayo, qaababka wejiga iyo wejiga dhegeysiga badan iyo xukunka oo dheeraad ah
kaas oo, in uu ra'yi, oo u qalma si degdeg ah labada images kasta riteen baqidda iyo
Isreebreebka xukun ugu dhakhsaha badan ku soo rogi doono sida in madaxa dhaw
Madonna oo kaliya ma asalka ah [iwm dood Cutubka. III ma. Of]. xukummo
Hadalladaasu ma aha kuwa sida dulmiga sida xaqiiqada ah in la yimid qodobada hore
tixgelin, oo sidaas daraaddeed iyagu waa ku meel gaar, gaar ahaan kuwa ku jira sawir
Darmstadt ma ogaan ama innaba nabadu jirin oo keliya, shakiyey oo laga yaabo in
lagu qoslay,laakiin markii laga arki doono shaki ah. "
"Waxaa weli inoo kaliya labo ka tagay ;. Si odhan waxa aan qaban, sababtoo ah
haatan wanaagsan ee sawir dhaw ka, iyo si ay u sharxaan sida la mid ah in uu ku sii
amar inta sawir dhaw ka, First, khaaliska waa dambe nuqul aan dumisaan
ah Holbein gacanta 's, iyo, waxa aan ku daray, xitaa nuqul aad u dhexdhexaad ah.
foomamka leeyihiin buuxinta lahayn, go'yaha waxaa rinji cadda oo aan barbaro,
madaxdii ka maqan nolosha iyo waxaa coarsened gacmaha xasaasi yihiin alwaax iyo
sirgaxan. midabada aan xoogga lahayn, ay boodhka, tamaashiir, oo dhan ka dhigaysa
aragti ah Matt daciif ah image pastel a, wada noolaanshaha ka maqan yahay, taas oo
calaamad u asalka ah. fahan la'aanta Isboortiga ah, in madaxa laftiisa imaging yaqaan
dareen ah petite iyo qof ee habdhaqanka midabka waxaa ka baxo daqiiqad u
muuqdaan kuwo shaki in sawirka ma aha wax badan ka weyn yahay ay taariikhda
shahaado, iyo in aan arko isaga shaqada ka labaadna wuxuu u decennium afaraad ee
qarnigii 18aad ka hor oo inaga mid ah. "[Sida laga soo xigtay this, Kap.V. ah fikrad
ku xusan; ka dibna sii:] ayaa helay in Venice dhaw image waa in la aqbalay waxaana
lookala bixinta tusaysa Avogadro sida ay ku maadsaday nin duq ah oo
Amsterdam. Sida taariikh note this uu qiimo lahayn, laakiin sidoo kale si fiican u
dhaqmaan sida in halyeeyada oo dhan sii daqiiqado ay run, sidaas halkan xasuusta
asal ahaan reer Holland ee image ah. Ka dib markii si maldahan this, iyo ka dib qaab
bixitaanka oo dhan u badan tahay waxay ku xiran tahay si fiican ula dhacdo in wada,
oo sida xaqiiqada ah dad badan ka yaabsaday iyo jiideen in asalka ah dareenka, la
iibiyey dambe ee 1700 qiimaha weyn ee 2,000 florins in Amsterdam ee xaraashka
taas oo ah meesha allabariga gogo 'weyn by Rubens kasbadeen 1000 guilders. "
"Its guusha hadda, marka labaad, waa wax ka yar la yaab leh: maqan laftiisa asalka
hadhay muddo qarni, Holbein laakiin 's Madonna waa mid ka mid ah tiirarkii in aan
si wada baabbi'in, ka qof, xataa dhalmo ugu xumaa fulinta nalalka ku size iyo xooggii
asalka soo rimidda. sidaas oo kale qaaday sawir dhaw oo dhan maskaxda, oo waxaa
loo amaanay sida epitome ee kaamil ah, waayo, waxay lahaayeen ma jirto sabab
shaki siidaayay, iyo fursad u lahayn in ay u barbar xataa si fiican. xataa Madonna
isbarbardhigga culus leh sawirka hadda iilata laalaaday ee Morett of Holbein gudaha
ururinta dhaw qalcadaha dhacay, maadaama ay tani sidii shaqo ah da Vinci
Leonardo ahaa, iyo inta kale ee Holbein 's gaaray dhaw, sida halkii aan qiimo lahayn,
oo aan ka bixin. image ayaa runtii sidoo kale kaliya wax lahaa in la siiyo galo. waxaa
la dhaqaajin imperceptibly dhaw iyada oo uu casriyeynta of dareen, waxaa halkan

kula kulmay image a isslaamka qadiimiga ah ee ilaa xad aan caadi ahayn dhadhan
cusub "
"Haddii imaad labada Madonnas in this ahaa dayrta ula kac ah, sida la rajaynayaa,
in sannadka hadda ku dhaw gelin jiritaanka, dhaw yahay" Holbein 'sche "Madonna
taariikhda tahay markaas ka on kaliya sidii taallo u xiiso badan baadi dheer u
noolaadaan. "
Ugu dambeyntii, ee Kap.VIII. dood ku xusan note saabsan rooga.

J. Hubner, April 13-1870s. No. 5.

Fechner, April 1870 s No.. . 9
19) Yacquub Felsing
wax xardha iyo professor in Darmstadt (1870).
Note epistolary ayaa muhiim ah ee ku saabsan Pentimento in Darmstadt image ah
(ka dib markii xidhiidhka epistolary ee 15 April 1870), kaas oo, haddii si weyn loo
aqbalay, laga yaabee caddayn ugu muhim ah mudnaanta ee image Darmstadt waxay
bixin doontaa si ay u awoodaan, waa in cutubka. II. Hogaaminayaan. qoraaga
qudhiisu loola jeedaa macnaha this of Pentimento, dheeriga ah ee tacliiq ah: "aniga
oo kale ugu horeeyay wuxuu ahaa kii u yeedhay Joogaba, isbedel ah tirada iyo
Rabbi ilig V. jiideen dareenka, taasoo keentay in ay daruuri tahay sharxi mudnaanta of
caleemo image our oo aan sidaas daraaddeed doonaya ilaa hadda sida Woltmann
dhammaatay tagaan. " [Comp. note ah p. 115.]
20) Otto Heyden
rinjiile maxkamadda ee Berlin (1870).
oo keliya ayaa OH qoraaga saxiixay qeexayaa in Berl ah. MSG. Of State oo ka
bartay waxyaabo 1870 No. 271 booqasho uu ku sawir Darmstadt ee Darmstadt,
halkaas oo uu views horaantii badanWoltmann 's weli ay Holbein ku jira, soo saari on
siidaayay of xiriirka ka dhexeeya labada images, ka dib markii taas image Darmstadt
ee ma aha oo kaliya la soo dhaafay, laakiin sidoo kale oo dhan byHolbein 's
gacantiisu rinji, halka "dhibaatooyin iyo sinaan badan oo maskaxda iyo gacmaha" soo
jeedinaya "in Dresden ee aan si joogto ah by Holbein isaga qudhiisa, inkastoo ay
gacanta aad u yaqaanna waxaa la sameeyaa ay kormeer". Waxa uu sidoo kale helay
"ma retouching ugu yar" sawirka Darmstadt ah. Si taas waa in ay ku Cape ah. II.
Tacliiq Automatic in la rinji on maro iyo dhegaan kaliya on alwaax.
Hubner. 1869 s No.. . 5