Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Storm Drainage Systems
Storm Drainage Systems
Overview
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
Introduction
Inlet Definition
Criteria
,
5.2 Symbols and Definitions
5.3 Concept Definitions
5.4 Pavement Drainage
5.4.1
Introduction
5.4.2
Storm Drain Location
5.4.3
Inlet Types and Spacing
5.4.4
Longitudinal Slope
5.4.5
Cross Slope
5.4.6
Curb and Gutter
5.4.7
Median Ditches
5.4.8
Roadside Ditches
Bridge Decks
5.4.9
5.4.10 Median Barriers
5.5 Gutter Flow Calculations
5.5.1
Formula
5.5.2
Procedure
5.6 Grate Inlet Design
5.6.1
Grate Inlets on Grade
5.6.2
Grate Inlets in Sump
5.7 Combination Inlets
5. 7.1
Combination Inlets on Grade
5.7.2
Combination Inlets in Sump
5.8 Hydraulic Gradient
Friction Losses
5.8.1
5.8.2
Velocity Head Losses
5.8.3
Entrance Losses
5.8.4
Junction Losses
5.8.5
Summary
5.9 Storm Drains
5.9.1
Introduction
5.9.2
Design Criteria
5.9.3
Capacity
5.9.4
Nomographs and Table
5.9.5
Hydraulic Grade Lines
5.9.6
Minimum Grade
5.9.7
Design Procedures
5.9.8
Rational Method Example
5.10 Computer Programs
References
5-1
2
2
2
2
3
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
11
11
14
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
20
23
23
23
24
24
29
31
31
34
36
37
5.1 Overview
Introduction
5.1. 1
Inlet
Definition
In this chapter, guidelines are given for calculating gutter and inlet hydraulics and
storm drainage design. Procedures for performing gutter flow calculations are based
on a modification of Manning's Equation. Inlet capacity calculations for grate and
combination inlets are based on information contained in HEC-12 (USDOT, FHWA,
1984). Storm drain design is based on the use of the rational formula.
5.1 2
combination inlets
multiple inlets
Criteria
5.1 .3
Ihor<nl~1ares
il.1i00f ~dwaiS
io~slhour;
. For a str~t ~ a ~alley ~r. anoth~ f~t tOi the gutter iS afiow~rl wftha
total maximum spread of7 feet.
. . . .. .
.
.
For a str.eet wffil a standard 2 feet 6 ifl<=it curb
.gutter.. an ~ditional2 h~~
is allowed wrth a totahriaximum spread of SfMt from th(ttaee oi.th& curb.
In a stimp condition (a vertical sag with no available overflow} inlet Capacity
andstorm drains must oo ~gned tor the 2S:..Y"Jar stbrm~
arnt
5-2
To provide consistency within this chapter as well as through-out this manual the
following symbols will be used. These symbols were selected because of their wide
use in storm drainage publications. In some cases the same symbol is used in
existing publications for more than one definition. Where this occurs in this
chapter, the symbol will be defined where it occurs in the text or equations.
Table 5-1
SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
~y:mQ.QI
DefinitiQn
A
d or D
g
H
L
n
0
s
s,
T
v
z
1L!JiU
5-3
ftZ
ft
ftlsz
ft
ft
cfs
ft
ftjft
ft/ft
ft
ft/s
ftjft
Bypass
Row which bypasses an inlet on grade and is carried in the street or channel to the
next inlet downgrade.
Combination
Inlet
Curb-Opening
Inlet
Drop Inlet
Equivalent
Cross Slope
Flanking
Inlets
Inlets placed upstream and on either side of an inlet at the low point in a sag vertical
curve. The purpose of these inlets is to intercept debris as the slope decreases and
to act in relief of the inlet at the low point.
Frontal Flow
The portion of the gutter flow which passes over the upstream side of a grate.
Gutter
That portion of the roadway section adjacent to the curb which is utilized to convey
storm water runoff.
Hydraulic
Grade line
The hydraulic grade line is the set of elevations to which the water would rise in
successive piezometer tubes if the tubes were installed along a pipe run.
Inlet
Efficiency
Grate
Perimeter
The sum of the lengths of all sides of a grate, except that any side adjacent to a
curb is not considered a part of the perimeter in weir flow computations.
Pressure Head
Pressure head is the height of a column of water that would exert a unit pressure
equal to the pressure of the water.
This is a Charlotte-
5-4
Scupper
A vertical hole through a bridge deck for the purpose of deck drainage. Sometimes,
a horizontal opening in the curb or barrier is called a scupper.
Side-Flow
Interception
Row which is intercepted along the side of a grate inlet, as opposed to frontal
interception.
Splash-Over
Portion of the frontal flow at a orate which skips or splashes over the grate and is
not intercepted.
Spread
The width of flow measured perpendicularly from the roadway pavement edge or
the lip of the guner.
Velocity Head
For a more complete discussion of these concepts and others related to storm drain
design, the reader is referred to - Drainage of Highway Pavements, Federal Highway
Administration, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 12, March 1 984.
5-5
5.4.1
Storm Drain
Location
Retum period
Spread
Storm drain location
Inlet types and spacing
Longitudinal Slope
Shoulder gutter
Cross slope
Curb and gutter sections
Roadside and median ditches
Bridge decks
Median barriers
For standards related to storm drain location refer to the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Land
Development Standards Manual.
5.4.2
5.4.3
Longitudinal
Slope
5.4.4
Inlet Types
and Spacing
c;u(~~. ~f:?.~.?.~tb~~.~~:~.~t:J:2##~rt[.t~InN.i..ii?ft!~E~rf.Qls
percent~
Minimum grades can be maintained in very flat terrain by use of a
sa..Mooth profile. For long vertical curves, cross slope may be varied slightly to
achieve 0.5 percent minimum gutter grade.
Cross Slope
5.4.5
5.4.6
Median Ditches
5.4.7
Refer to the design standards for pavement cross slopes as shown in the CharlotteMecklenburg Land Development Standards Manual.
Curb and gutter installation shall be designed in accordance with the CharlotteMecklenburg Land Development Standards Manual. North Carolina Department of
Transportation standards are also acceptable.
Large median areas and inside shoulders should be sloped to a center swale,
preventing drainage from the median area from running across the pavement. This
is particularly important for high-speed facilities. and for facilities with more than
two lanes of traHic in each direction.
5-6
Roadside
Ditches
5.4.8
Roadside ditches (when allowed) will be required behind the shoulder of roadways
without curb and gutter to convey stonm drainage away from the pavement to a
discharge point. The ditch shall be a minimum of 18 inches deep and shall provide
the capacity designed for a 10 year storm. The 25 year storm should be checked
to prevent inundation of the pavement. The minimum side slope allowed is 3:1
(horizontal to vertical) on the roadside of the ditch and 2:1 on the side closest to
the right-of-way line. The ditch shall be graded to a minimum longitudinal slope of
1 percent and a maximum velocity of 4 ft/sec. For grass lined channels with
discharge up to 7 cftlsec, permanent matting may be approved on a case by case
basis. For discharge greater than 7 cft/sec, a concrete lined ditch will be required.
Riprap will not be allowed for stabilization within the street right-of-way (except as
outlet protection on culverts).
In addition to the design of roadside ditches, a design shall be provided for driveway
culverts for each individual lot on the plan. The driveway and culvert shall be
designed such that the flow from a 25 year storm shall not inundate the roadway
pavement. The use of a small driveway culvert, 1 5 inches minimum, in conjunction
with overtopping of the driveway itself will be allowed. Sizes for all driveway
culverts shall be shown in a tabular form on the plans, and each culvert shall be
designed for the highest ditch flow applicable for the lot.
Bridge Decks
5.4.9
Median
Barriers
5.4. 10
Weep holes are ohen used to prevent pending of water against median barriers
(especially on superelevated curves). In order to minimize flow across traveled
lanes, it is preferable to collect the water into a subsurface system connected to the
main storm drain system.
5-7
5.5.1
The following form of Manning's Equation should be used to evaluate gutter flow
hydraulics:
Q
Where: Q
Sr513
~ 112 ~
Sr
(5.1)
Procedure
= [0.56/n]
5.5.2
1.
2.
3.
Where:
C
A
4.
5.
Long. Slope- Longitudinal gutter slope at "Inlet #" (in feet per foot). This is
equivalent to the roadway centerline profile.
6.
Trans. Slope - Transverse slope at "Inlet #" (in feet per foot). This is
equivalent to the roadway cross-slope.
7.
5-8
Procedure
(continued)
8.
. Where:
0.25 ft.
9.
10.
Bypass 0
11.
Surface
otO! .. -
Inlet
oc..,
Note: Computer programming for gutter flow analysis is acceptable. The computer
printout should contain the same information that is shown in Table 5-2.
5-9
COMPUTED BY
CHECKED BY
DATE
--l
OJ
v-
CD
Ul
REMARKS
5.6.1
Following is a discussion of the procedure for the design of grate inlets on grade.
Figure 5-1 is used for the design of grate inlets on grade using type 'F' and 'G'
grates.
Design Steps
1.
Grate Inlets
on Grade
5. 6.1. 1
2.
D is the depth of water (or head) in the gutter immediately upstream of the
grate (in feet).
However, before this depth can be calculated, certain
parameters must be set. In the case of street design, it is undesirable to have
the street inundated and impassable due to the amount of runoff drainage down
a given street. Therefore, the maximum allowable top width of water flow, or
spread. T, in the gutter and street must be regulated such that flooding does
not occur.
3.
With the discharge rate, 0. known, T can be solved by applying the modified
Manning Equation:
(5.2)
(5.3)
and
S1
:::
1/Z,
(5.4)
T can be derived:
(5.5)
Where: T
0
z
n
s.
5-11
,~
...
1~11
- . . _.....
60
[\
"K" vs. ST
\
50
40
" "'
r\.
r\.
" "'
"
t - f.-
!! ..
""
'
!""'- r-...
r--..
b-,.
.........
~0
~ c,
i'-.
.......
r---..-
t'-.
I'- r--.. s
f',.
......
......
......
t"-....,
...... ~"--
.........
1"--
""
['.,.
r--..,
-.....
zo
'r--
b- r--..,
r---.
r- b
r-.... r--..,
b-.
r-- r--
r- r---
r---. t--....
--- r-
r- r-
r- t- P--
- t-
r-- rr-- 1- ~
r-- r-- ~
t::::::
rr- t--
10
r- I--
.Ol
.OZ
.01
Q =
GIU TE
D
0
IHLE T COEFFICIENT
5-12
= discharge intercepted
Figure 5-1
.06
SLOPE
SL
Kif!
Where:
Note:
sl
T
ST TAAHSVER!lE GUTTER
.0~
.0-4
Design Steps
(continued)
4.
{5.6)
D = T/Z
Where:
5. The inlet capacity of the grate, 0;, can then be determined by using Figure 51.
If 100% interception is not achieved, the overflow must be included in the next
system.
Example
5.6.1.2
A 10-year discharge of 4 cfs (3 cfs off-site and 1 cfs additional roadway drainage)
drains to a residential street, with standard curb and gutter, in sheet flow and is to
be intercepted in a catch basin midway down the street.
Given:
SL == 4% = 0.04 h!h
Sr = 3.125% = 0.03125 hlh
Tmu allowable = 8h
Type G grate
Find:
Solution:
1.
1/Sr = 1/0.03125 = 32
J/8
0.56(0.04) 112
0 = T !Z = 7 . 1 /3 2
0.22 h
3.
28.5
obyp-=
= 4.0- 2.3
(5.7)
2.3 cfs
1.7 cfs
Thus, the grate will intercept 2.3 cfs and 1. 7 cfs will continue
downstream to another structure. If the next downstream structure
can handle this 1 . 7 cfs in addition to any additional runoff that
reaches this structure, then the design is adequate. If this additional
1. 7 cfs will overload the next downstream structure, additional storm
drainage structure can be added upstream.
5-13
'''
Grate Inlets
in Sump
5.6.2
Type 'E'
Grate
5.6.2.1
For a type 'E' grate, the weir equation will control to a depth (D) of 0.69 feet.
Refer to Figure 5-2. Because a depth of 0.69 feet could never be reached without
flooding the street, only the weir equation will be used for the analysis of a street
sag condition.
1.
Q,"")
D = ( Surface
3.3P
(5.8)
P
P
2.
213
.Q..
s,
5-14
ll
0.9
OB
.a
c
07
;;:;
(Jl
0.6
-i
U1
-<
D
ro
m
C>
}>
.,..
ili
ro
(/)
.....
"..__
'-..../
0
-<J::
w
I
0.4
(ij
:J
0.
"'....
Q_
0.3
0
0
IV
0.2
0 1
v
=----i'
~~
v
v
0.5
r
r;?
/~
v1
/"
.l
rr
v~
FLOW
0
orifice flow
10
(cfs)
weir flow
12
14
./
1 .5
1 .4
1.3
::n
<0
1 .2
J~
ro
<.J1
Ul
1 .0
CJ
:::>
0.
CJ
0.9
0.
<.J1
......
0.8
ro
0
-<i
0.7
Cl
en
r-\
..__
...__,
:J
ri
~
CJ
.-+
)
0.5
(l)
Ul
c;;
::J
0.
(l)
~
~r
J~~
0.5
0.4
0.
N
v-
1 .1
0.3
.(>.
0.2
0.1
0.0
~
.._.
V""
=..J: ~
,....,
j:~ ~
r~
~~-
f--r
10
8
FLOW
r/ ~ ~
..J..-""'
r-'
)?'
;;:r
)(
orifice flow
(cfs)
12
14
weir flow
15
18
Drop Inlet
(Std. 20. 14)
For drop inlet STD.20.14, both the weir and orifice equation should be analyzed:
5.6.2 2
(orifice)
=[ Surface
0,""
(0.6) A (64.4)
112
(5.9)
(weir)
=[ Surface
0,.,,.. ]
3.3P
213
(5.8)
Solve both equations 5.8 and 5.9 for D, or refer to Figure 5-3.
controls.
Example 2
5.6.2.3
The larger D
Using the data given for Example 1 in 5.6.1.2, calculate the flow intercepted by type
'E' grate in a sag location.
Given:
Find:
Determine the depth of flow that can be intercepted by a type 'E' grade
in a sag location
Solution:
1.
2.
D = [
4 cfs
2n
4 cfs
= 0.31 h
3.3 (6.94 h)
3.
s,
4.
-coo-.o-3-,-2-5::---:-tt-/tt-
9.9 h
D =[
4 cfs
]
3.3 (9.92 ft)
213
= 0. 2 5 h
s,
0.25 ft
0.03125 ft/ft
7.9 ft
5-16
5. 7.1
5-17
Energy losses from pipe friction may be determined by rewriting the Manning
Equation.
(5.8)
Then the head losses due to friction may be determined by the formula:
(5 9)
Where: H,
s,
L
Velocity Head
Losses
5 8.2
From the time storm water first enters the storm drainage system at the inlet until
it discharges at the outlet, it will encounter a variety of hydraulic structures such
as inlets. manholes, junctions, bends, contractions, enlargements and transitions,
which will cause velocity head losses. Velocity losses may be expressed in a
general form derived from the Bernoulli and Darcy-We1sbach Equations
(5.10)
Where: H
K
v
g
Entrance
Losses
5.8.3
Following are the equations used for entrance losses for beginning flows.
(5.11)
(5.12)
terminal (beginning of run) loss (ttl
entrance loss for outlet structure (ft)
0.5 (assuming square-edge)
(Other terms defined above.)
Where: H,,
He
K
Junct1on
Losses
5 8
The head loss at a Junction. H,, for two almost equal and opposing flows meet1ng
head on w1th the outlet directiOn perpendicular to both incommg directions, head
loss 1S cons1dered as the total veloc1ty head of outgo1ng flow.
H,,
(5.13)
(V/) (outflow)/2g
5-18
Junction
Losses
(continued)
Where: H;,
junction losses (ttl
(Other terms are defined above.)
Changes in Direction of Flow
When main storm drain pipes or lateral lines meet in a junction, velocity is reduced
within the chamber and specific head increases to develop the velocity needed in
the outlet pipe. The sharper the bend (approaching 90) the more severe this
energy loss becomes. When the outlet conduit is sized, determine the velocity and
compute head loss in the chamber by the formula:
(5.14)
Where: Hb
K
Table 5.3 below lists the values of K for various junction angles.
Table 5-3
Values of K for Change in Direction of Flow in Lateral
Degrees of Turn (In Junction)
0. 19
15
0.35
0.47
0.56
0.64
0. 70
30
45
60
75
90 and greater
K values for other degree of turns can be obtained by interpolating between values.
5-19
Junction
Losses
(continued)
(5.15)
Where: H;.z
v
g
Hb
= K(V, 2 )/2g
No velocity head of an incoming line is greater than the velocity head of the
outgoing line.
The water surface of inflow and outflow pipes in junction are level.
When losses are computed for any junction condition for the same or a lesser
number of 1nflows, the above equation will be used with zero quantities for those
conditions not present.
If more directions or quantities are at the junction,
additional terms will be inserted with consideration given to the relative magnitudes
of flow and the coefficient of velocity head for directions other than straight
through.
Summary
s:s.s
The final step in designing a storm drain system is to check the hydraulic grade line
(HGU as described in the next section of this chapter. Computing the HGL will
determine the elevation, under design conditions, to which water will rise in various
inlets, manholes, junctions, and etc.
In Figure 5-4 on the next page is a summary of energy losses which should be
considered. Following this in Figure 5-5 is a sketch showing the proper and
improper use of energy losses in developin.g a storm drain system.
5-20
SUMMARY
OF ENE~GY
LCSSES
yZ.
~q
TERMINAL
Where
ENTRANCE
JUNCTION LOSSES
t>eqinn1nq of run)
(ot
~::
~2
Ht : 0.5
2Q
Htm=
9fOVI1cttonol
32.2
per
(for
con!ltont,
feet per
sacond.
LOSS::S
structure ot Oeqmnmq
As.sum1nq SQuare- eoqe
of run)
,acond
l:itrDI
....__
Lo1aral
I
..:. I
6:::1
~(Outflow)
2Q
JUNCTION
UH
only
iaentoccl
use
Hjz.
LOSSE3
where
to
o,.v~ 2 -
JUNCTION
flows
(AI 1 or
ere
7otcl
aoove, otherwise
losses
lor cnonqes
( Hb).
E~u011on.
Where
LCSSC:S
F H W L)
to
include
Hj2
in
d1rect1on
of
0,
lo~ses
;>Ius
less
lhon 9C
from
on
V1
t.ssumed to be zero
F~JCTION
K Y, Z
~CSS
(Htl
2Q
SEND LCSSC:S
(chonQeS 1n orectlon
of
Oeqree
Where
Turn
~5
0. t.7
45
0. 56
60
75
0.
0.64
0. 70
Kt :
St
= 1nc ~ton
_,
EACH
Hjz. '- Hb
521
discharge
?.
':'QT.lL ENE:1GY LOSSC:S
>+-;-: Ktm +He ..;.. Hp or
slooe
lenqth of conouit
Where
90
St
JunCTion
15
30
0. 19
Where
of flow)
of ::mdu1t
Mcnn1n<;~
C::leffic1en1 ~~
rcu<;hnes~ (use 0. 013
~or R. C. Pioes)
creo of conouit
h:--aroulic rcdius of :::nou1t
( C)t4 for round po oe)
JUNCTION
.;.. Hf
IMPROPER
Condol>cm
0,
0-z 0"!>
v1
v2
DESIGN
~l.
v2' v"!>
4 ' Sz ' s~
Groat
\_H,!
HE:AO LCSS
AT 0Un...!:7
Water
.RaCIIYII"'q
~l
Ele
Sltaom
Oullel
VelocliJ
...,"
\1.
VQ t 0
NOTe:-
bt:
rtYIIt-d.
PROPO:::? CES I GN
(OndlfiOI'U;
a.,
C2.: ~
v 1 v , "-t:;
2
HE: iO L..:SS A7
~J ~
HSAO LOSS AT
JUNCTION NC.Z.
Nol\JfOI
v,
v,.
0
9'1 it\C:Tt031nq tiH 'lUI of DIOt
2. B.~
ii'll
TOP
...,
v
Of
..Jet.
Of\6
Jc~.
3..
5.9.1
After the tentative locations of inlets, drain pipes, and outfalls with tailwaters have
been determined and the inlets have been sized, the next logical step is the
computation of the rate of discharge to be carried by each drain pipe and the
determination of the size and gradient of pipe required to convey this discharge.
This is done by proceeding in steps from upstream of a line to downstream to the
point at which the line connects with other lines or 'the outfall, whichever is
applicable. The discharge for a run is calculated, the drain pipe serving that
discharge is sized, and the process is repeated for the next run downstream. It
should be recognized that the rate of discharge to be carried by any particular
section of drain pipe is not necessarily the sum of the inlet design discharge rates
of all inlets above that section of pipe, but as a general rule is somewhat less than
this total. It is useful to understand that the time of concentration is most
influential and as the time of concentration grows larger, the proper rainfall intensity
to be used in the design grows smaller.
For ordinary conditions, drain pipes should be sized on the assumption that they will
flow full or practically full under the design discharge but will not be placed under
pressure head. The Manning Formula is recommended for capacity calculations.
Design
Criteria
5.9.2
The standard
foUowing criteria:
..
The
m~xi:rirn. velocrt'f shaJ~::~ot~~~e<f ~~i~t ~J~~d~d~l~i1;t~~t~~t
second in cOrrugated metal prpe.
}. t
5-23
Capacity
5.9.3
The most widely used formula for determining the hydraulic capacity of storm drain
pipes for gravity and pressure flows is the Manning Formula and it is expressed by
the following equation:
(5.16)
Where: V
= mean
R = The hydraulic radius (ft) - defined as the area of flow divided by the
S
n
Where: 0
A
(5. 17)
(5.181
(5. 19)
Where: D
= diameter
of pipe (h)
The Manning's equation can be wrinen to determine friction losses for storm drain
pipes as:
(5.201
(5.21)
Where: H,
L
g
Nornographs
and Table
5.9.4
The nomograph solution of Manning's formula for full flow in circular storm drain
pipes is shown on Figures 5-6. 5-7, and 5-8. Figure 5-9 has been provided to solve
the Manning's equation for part full flow in storm drains.
5-24
;!400
0.4
:!000
1~00
0.2
1000
800
0. I
0. 08
0. 06
600
~00
400
0. 04
:1,40
300
200
180
t:o
0. 0 I
100
108
0.008
0. 006
80
84
T2
60
~0
0. 004
60
54
40
)0
0. 02
"'
0.002.
4-8
20
::
::
10
36
)0
0. 001
o. OC08
24
o.
21
O.OC0-4
18
15
o.ocoz
_........
12
10
cx:x::l6
0.0001
0.00006
o.oooo ...
I. 0
o. a
0.00002
Q 6
0.5
0. 00001
Q4
Q3
0. 000006
0.2
0. 0 00004
5-25
&00
700
E xornole :- G/ven
000
d/schorge
;=i"r.,d
.oiOO
JOO
200
oo
t...:
z
w
lJ
~ oo
::['.0001
100
.....
"'0
r ::10
c::
20
-<
00
0-4
.OOOJ ~.0002
70
.000-4 y.000:3
V11'2
w 00
00
f~
r 3
.OOCJ.'l :
..1.2
30
t.....
J.J
-( JO
.0010
,.
.D0-40 ~.o
3 3o
/
/,.....
6 .ooeo =:;:-.oo6o
21
__
c: /
.00)0 ; .0020
.....
0
t.....
.....1/.'oloo
c- .ooeo ~
ill
.=f=.OIOO
..._
.....!
V)
.0200-:;..
CJOO :-.0200
>
.0-400-%-..oJoo
~
.0600~..0-400
_..._
..oeoo j;-.oeoo
Jooo ;:::..oeoo
t:-JOOO
,r
r
~~
~~
c.....w
5-26
r:J ~
.0006
t.OOIO
.00.20
~.0006 ~
w .006~.000
c:::. 27
t.....
.0006-t.()00-4
c:
.)g
c.
I(')
>
2-4
If)
.000.2-:;..
r~o
rE
.00011
120
'il6
-70
c. f. .s.
or
~00
100
90
q 4. 4.
C..
/_x-r
l-4
~
f-
~
\.....
r- ~
~
>-
r-
f- su
w
6
r-7
r-
E
- e
t
c
~q
>
~.I
.0001
r
r
-::-
t~
.0002
c:
==-
.6
'
.8
.9
c...
C::l
I
21
18
15
E:::
12
~eooo
C:.. IC,OOO
rx
j, )...f
p '~
sooo
'
'
Ul
'3
'.
GIVEN:
t-
10
i-
r
t
tIS
10
5-27
~--~----"~.
~
:::=
--
'"=:.= g
-
~CCTJON
100
so
a....::.;_-
- - o-
, . f- ..-
0
. '.,..
1;....-__,;____:.___;__.;____;____;,_,...-----,r---...,.-,.:--~--'-::--~
801
70--------~--~--~-------
u
~
60i----~--~------~--~--~~~~--~--~------~~~--~
<..J
c..
)1:
50i----~--~--~--~--~~~~----~--~--~--~--~~~--~
'
l ,c.
'
\;
o0-0
\;
I;
------~~~---~------~---~~~~~~~------------~~--~
+"'o .
'
10
20
oO
-..~~~
70
90
ICO
HYDRAULIC EL::MENTS
V
Q
S
~Average
I~ I
110
CZ:l
Hydraulic
Grarle Lines
5.9.5
In calculating the hydraulic grade line within a closed storm sewer system, all head
. losses shall be computed to determine the water surface elevation within various
structures.
The calculations are begun at the upstream or downstream opening, dependent
upon whether the pipe is in inlet or outlet control. If it is inlet control the hydraulic
grade line is the headwater elevation minus the entrance Joss and the difference in
velocity head. If the outlet controls, the tail water surface elevation or 0.8 times
the diameter of the pipe, whichever is higher, is the outlet hydraulic grade line.
Hydraulic grade lines will be required only as requested on a case by case basis.
Design
Procedure
5.9.5.1
The head losses are calculated beginning from the control point to the first junction
and the procedure is repeated for the next junction. The computation for outlet
control may be tabulated using Figure 5-1 0 and the following procedure:
1.
Enter in Column 1 the station for the junction immediately upstream of the
outflow pipe. Hydraulic grade line computations begin at the outfall and are
worked upstream taking each junction into consideration.
2.
Enter in Column 2 the outlet water surface elevation or 0.8 diameter plus
invert out elevation of the outflow pipe whichever is greater.
3.
4.
Enter in Column 4 the design discharge (Q) for the outflow pipe.
5.
6.
Enter in Column 6 the friction slope (S,) in ft/ft of the outflow pipe. This can
be determined from the following formula:
(5.22)
7.
8.
9.
in Column.5 and
(5.23)
Where g = 32.2 ft/s 2
1 0.
Enter in Column 10 the design discharge {0,) for each pipe flowing into the
junction. Neglect lateral pipes with inflows of less than ten percent of the
mainline outflow. Inflow must he adjusted to the mainline outflow duration
:1me before a comparison is made.
5-29
Design
Procedures
(continued)
11 .
Enter in Column 11 the velocity of flow (VJ for each pipe flowing into
the junction (for exception see Step 1 0).
12.
Enter in Column 12 the product of (0; x V) for each inflowing pipe. When
several pipes inflow into a junction, the line producing the greatest (0; x V)
product is the line which will produce the greatest expansion loss (H;). (For
exception, see Step 1 0).
13.
Enter in Column 13 the controlling expansion loss (H;l using the formula H; =
Enter in Column 14 the angle of skew of each inflowing pipe to the outflow
JJipe (for exception, see Step 1 0).
1 5.
Enter in Column 15 the greatest bend loss (Hi.) calculated by using the
formula:
(5.24)
Where K = the bend loss coefficient corresponding to the various angles of
skew of the inflowing pipes.
1 6.
Enter in Column 16 the total head loss (1-1,) by summing the values in Column
9 (H), Column 13 (H,). and Column 15 (Hi.).
1 7.
1 8.
in Column 1 8.
19.
Enter in Column 19 the FINAL H, the sum of H, and H,, where H, is the final
adjusted value of the H,.
20.
Enter in Column 20 the sum of the elevation in Column 2 and the final H in
Column 1 9. This elevation is the potential water surface elevation for the
junction under design conditions.
21.
Enter in Column 21 the rim elevation or the guner flow line, whichever is
lowest, of the junction under consideration in Column 20. If the potential
water surface elevation exceeds the rim elevation or the guner flow line,
whichever is lowest, adjustments are needed in the system to reduce the
elevation of the H.G.L.
22.
Repeat the procedure starting with Step 1 for the next junction upstream.
5-30
Minimum
Grade
5.9.6
The minimum slopes are calculated by the modified Manning formula:
(5.251
Design
Procedures
The design of storm drain systems is generally divided into the following operations:
5.9.7
1.
The first step is the determination of inlet location and spacing as outlined
earlier in this chapter.
2.
The second step is the preparation of a plan layout of the storm sewer
drainage system establishing the following design data:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
4.
The storm drain design computation sheet (Figure 5-11) can be used to
summarize the design computations.
531
Project -------------~~
Outlet
Water
Stelion
Surface D Q L
Elev.
Junction Loss
Inlet
Final
Rim
Water
Q v vz H Angle H H H H
Elev
Surface
t t l
H
l l I-)_ I
1.3
0.0
Elev
2g
12
10 11
13
14
15 18 17 18
19
20
21
:!!
c
<()
a;
(.J1
-<
Q_
cu
(l
C)
(.J1
w
N
cu
Q_
<D
c:
::J
n
0
3
;;;
~.
::J
..,
0
..,
H1
0.35 (V
11
I
/2&)
0.2ti (V
1 j2g)
so
II
H. -
I(
(VI
/2)
Hl Hl + H0
K - o.7o
70 K 0.6-4
ao
K - o.~
.c5 K O.C7
ao K o.:u;
11~ K OJS
St>S
WJO:J UO!H:~lndwo) ;aMas WJOlS
L LS amB':J
'-"
Y'rom
2
0
I=
To
1-en.,ttll
(red)
>-
lncn::m10nt
~d
"1 ..
:
~I
;J
.c.
~>"'
oQ
!oW
Ruoot!
Co<:rlfkltmi c"
.
.
lncrern.,nt
>,
>(
ToW
<"\
(.1)
~
0
'"1
a
(I)
To Upper
l:nd
:!
:l;j
ln
SecUon
"'
ToW Ru.not!
(ct.)
(1)
(1)
'"1
"0
c::
.0>
c:
0
::l
en
::::;
(1)
(b
1'ul.l Capacity
(da)
no win&:
..<
Tull
.;;-
-~....
Dee:lgn
F10Y
Upper l:od
.5'
.c
;1
Lover l::od
!:!
~
W:ao.hole
[nTert
Slope
Drop
of~
(tt/tt)
L--L--L--
.-
Rational
Method
Example
5.9.8
The following example will illustrate the hydrologic calculations needed for storm
drain design using the rational formula (see Hydrology Chapter for Rational Method
description and procedures). Figure 5-1 2 shows a hypothetical storm drain system
that will be used in this example. Following is a tabulation of the data needed to
use the rational equation to calculate inlet flow rate for the seven inlets shown in
the system layout.
Table 5-4
Hydrologic Data
Inlet"
Drainage
Area
{acres)
Time of
Concentration
{minutes)
2.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Rainfall
Intensity
{inches/hr)
.9
.9
.9
6.26
5.84
6.04
6.04
6.26
6.04
6.26
8
10
9
8
9
8
Inlet
RowRateb
{cfsl
Runoff
Coefficient
11.3
15.8
13.6
13.6
11.3
13.6
11.3
.9
.9
.9
.9
Inlet and storm drain system configuration are shown in Figure 5-1 2
Calculated using the Rational Equation (see Chapter 3, Hydrology)
The following table shows the data and results of the calculation needed to
determine the design flow rate in each segment of the hypothetical storm drain
system.
Table 5-5
Storm Drain System Calculations
Storm Drain
Segment
1,-M'
12-M,
M,-M 2
11 -M 2
1,-M 2
M2 -M 1
15 -M 3
I5 -M 1
MJ-MA
1,-M,
M,-0
Tributary
Area
(acres}
2.0
3.0
5.0
2.5
2.5
10.0
2.0
2.5
14.5
2.0
16.5
Time of
Rainfall
Concentration Intensity
(inches(hr}
(minute!?L
8
10
10.5
9
9
1 1 .5
8
9
13.5
8
14.7
5-34
6.26
5.84
5.76
6.04
6.04
5.60
6.26
6.04
5.27
6.26
5.08
Runoff
Coefficient
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
Design
Flow Rate
(cfs}
11 .3
15.8
25 9
13.6
13.6
50.4
11.3
13.6
68.8
11.3
75.4
5o7
II ~-v--~4~1t~/ s_e_c~
360'
Mt
~~~========~1~50~~----------~
r
5 ftjsec
Iz
v
5 fl/sec
j
Mt
[iJ
150'
v
500'
5 ft sec
4.2 It/sec
j
M,
- - - - - - - 150'
v = 5 ft/sec
290'
4 ft/sec
l
v = 4 ft/sec
5-35
QJ
5-36
References
5-37