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Chapter 3 Part 1
Chapter 3 Part 1
Chapter 3 Part 1
AND
CELL STRUCTURES
Chapter 3
In fact, Hooke also was the first to coin the term, cell
Robert Hooke described the image he saw as being made up of small units that
resembles a honeycomb (Figure 15.1 on pg. 69)
These honeycomb units were the cells of the cork that was being viewed
Cytoplasm
This is the all the cellular material within the cell, excluding the nucleus
It is made of cytosol, which is a watery substance that resembles jelly
It also contains other organelles, such as ribosomes
Ribosomes
A cellular structure found in the cell that is the site for the production of proteins
DNA
A nucleic acid, found within the cell, that contains the genetic information needed
to make proteins
The reason that this cellular structure was not listed in the prior is due to the fact
that many cells possess this structures, while others do not
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
3.3 VIRUSES
In this section, we will discuss:
1. What a virus is?
2. If a virus is alive or not?
3. How a virus works?
4. Types of virus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KXHwhTghWI
3.3 VIRUSES
What is a virus?
A virus is microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that
cannot grow or reproduce apart from a living cell
Unlike cells, viruses do not possess some basic features, such as
plasma membranes, cytoplasm or ribosomes
In fact, viruses only contain nucleic acids that are surrounded
by a protein coat called capsid
Due to this extremely simple molecular make-up, viruses cannot be
categorized as cells
3.3 VIRUSES
Viral Reproduction
Nevertheless, some of these
harmful and infectious viruses
can be found replicating in
bacterium
These types of viruses are called
bacteriophages or phages
There are 2 different modes of
replication that these phages
can complete
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
3.3 VIRUSES
Lytic Cycle
This is the reproductive cycle that
results in the bursting of the hosting
bacterium, or a lysis
Once the cell bursts, it will release a
set of replicated viruses that now
will roam freely
These newly replicated viruses will
now attempt to infect other cells
3.3 VIRUSES
Lysogenic Cycle
This is when the viral DNA replication
in a host cell does not result in the
destruction of the host cell.
This replication involves the virus
mixing its genetic information with
that of the bacterium
When this is accomplished, the
bacterium is now called a
prophage
3.3 VIRUSES
Types of Viruses
Due to their modes of replication, viruses can vary in several different ways
This variety can cause an outbreak of emerging viruses
Emerging viruses are viruses that appear suddenly and are relatively new in terms of
their discovery
These types of viruses can come about by mutations, contact between species
and the spread from populations
3.3 VIRUSES
Types of Viruses
Along with viruses, there are other infectious molecules that trigger a host cell for
replication
One of these molecules is a small circular RNA molecule called a viroid
These molecules infect plants, through the use of cellular enzymes, causing
abnormal or stunted growth