Class XI Mathematics NCERT Solutions

PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

Exercise 4.1
Answers

1.

Let P ( n ) = 1 + 3 + 3 + .......... + 3

P (1) = 1 =

For n = 1

(3
=

1)

n 1

( 3 1)

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P ( k ) = 1 + 3 + 32 + .......... + 3k 1 =

For n = k + 1

1=1

(3

1)

.(i)

(3
=

P ( k + 1) = 1 + 3 + 3 + .......... + 3

k 1

+3

1)
2

+ 3k

[Using eq. (i)]

3k 1 + 2.3k 3.3k 1 3k +1 1
=
=
2
2
2
P ( k + 1) is true.
P ( k + 1) =

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

2.

n ( n + 1)
Let P ( n ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n =

2
3

1(1 + 1)
P (1) = 1 =

For n = 1

1=1

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

k ( k + 1)
P ( k ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k =

2
3

.(i)

k ( k + 1)
3
P ( k + 1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) =
+ ( k + 1)
2
2

For n = k + 1

2
k2

( k + 1) ( k + 2 )
2 k + 4k + 4
P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1) + k + 1 = ( k + 1)
=

4
4
4

( k + 1)( k + 2 )
P ( k + 1) =

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P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

3.

Let P ( n ) = 1 +

1
1
1
2n
+
+ .......... +
=
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n ) ( n + 1)
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3)
P (1) = 1 =

For n = 1

2 1
1+1

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P (k ) = 1+

For n = k + 1

1=1

1
1
1
2k
+
+ .......... +
=
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k ) ( k + 1)

P ( k + 1) = 1 +

.(i)

1
1
1
+
+ .......... +
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k )
+

1
2k
1
[Using (i)]
=
+
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k + 1) ( k + 1) (1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k + 1)

2
2k
1
2k
2
2 ( k + 1) 2 ( k + 1)
+
P ( k + 1) =
=
+
=

=
k + 1 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
k +2
k + 1 ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) k + 1 k + 2
2

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

4.

Let P ( n ) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + .......... + n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) =

P (1) = 1 2 3 =

For n = 1

1 2 3 4
4

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P ( k ) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + .......... + k ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) =

n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3)
4

6=6

k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
4

(i)

For n = k + 1

P ( k + 1) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + .......... + k ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) + ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)

k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
+ ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
4
k
k +4
P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3) + 1 = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)

4
4
=

[Using eq. (i)]

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P ( k + 1) =

( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)( k + 4 )
4

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

5.

Let P ( n ) = 1.3 + 2.3 + 3.3 + .......... + n.3

2

P (1) = 1 3 =

For n = 1

2n 1) 3n +1 + 3
(
=
4

( 2 1 1) 3

1+1

+3

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P ( k ) = 1.3 + 2.3 + 3.3 + .......... + k .3

2

2k 1) 3k +1 + 3
(
=
4

For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = 1.3 + 2.3 + 3.3 + .......... + k .3 + ( k + 1) 3
2

P ( k + 1) =

( 2k 1) 3
4

k +1

k +1

2k 1) 3k +1 + 3
(
=
+
4

( k + 1) 3k +1

3
2k 1
3
+ ( k + 1) 3k +1 = 3k +1
+ k + 1 +
4
4
4

2k 1 + 4k + 4 3
6k + 3 3
P ( k + 1) = 3k +1
+ = 3k +1
+

4
4 4

P ( k + 1) =

3=3

3k +1.3 ( 2k + 1) 3 ( 2k + 1) 3k + 2 + 3
+ =
4
4
4
P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

6.

n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
Let P ( n ) = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + .......... + n ( n + 1) =

1(1 + 1)(1 + 2 )
P (1) = 1(1 + 1) =
For n = 1

P (1) is true.
Now,

2=2

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P ( k ) = 1.2. + 2.3. + .......... + k ( k + 1) =

k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
3

(i)

For n = k + 1

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k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
+ ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
3
k
k + 3 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) + 1 = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
=
3
3
3
P ( k + 1) = 1.2 + 2.3 + .......... + k ( k + 1) + ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) ==

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

7.

Let P ( n ) = 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + .......... + ( 2n 1)( 2n + 1) =

n ( 4n 2 + 6n 1)
3

1 4 (1) + 6 1 1

P (1) = ( 2 1 1)( 2 1 + 1) =
3
P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

For n = 1

P ( k ) = 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + .......... + ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1) =

3=3

k ( 4k 2 + 6k 1)
3

For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + .......... + ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1) + 2 ( k + 1) 1 2 ( k + 1) + 1

k ( 4k 2 + 6k 1)
3

+ 2 ( k + 1) 1 2 ( k + 1) + 1

4k 3 + 6k 2 k + 3 ( 4k 2 + 8k + 3)
4k 3 + 6k 2 k
P ( k + 1) =
+ ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) =
3
3

2
4k 3 + 6k 2 k + 12k 2 + 24k + 9 4k 3 + 18k 2 + 23k + 9 ( k + 1) ( 4k + 14k + 9 )
P ( k + 1) =
=
=
3
3
3
P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

8.

Let P ( n ) = 1.2 + 2.22 + 3.23 + .......... + n.2n = ( n 1) 2n +1 + 2

P (1) = 1 21 = (1 1) 21+1 + 2

For n = 1

2=2

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P ( k ) = 1.2 + 2.22 + 3.23 + .......... + k .2k = ( k 1) 2k +1 + 2

For n = k + 1

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P ( k + 1) = 1.2 + 2.22 + 3.23 + .......... + k .2k + ( k + 1) .2k +1 = ( k 1) 2k +1 + 2 + ( k + 1) .2k +1

P ( k + 1) = ( k 1) .2k +1 + 2 + ( k + 1) .2k +1 = 2k +1 ( k 1 + k + 1) + 2 = 2 k +1 2k + 2 = k .2 k + 2 + 2

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

9.

Let P ( n ) =
For n = 1

1 1 1
1
1
+ + + .......... + n = 1 n
2 4 8
2
2
1
1
P (1) = 1 = 1 1
2
2

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P (k ) =

1 1
=
2 2

1 1 1
1
1
+ + + .......... + k = 1 k
2 4 8
2
2

For n = k + 1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
+ + + .......... + k + k +1 = 1 k + k +1
2 4 8
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
2 1
P ( k + 1) = 1 k k +1 = 1 k +1 = 1 k +1
2
2 2
2
P ( k + 1) =

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

10. Let P ( n ) =

1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .......... +
=
2.5 5.8 8.11
( 3n 1)( 3n + 2 ) ( 6n + 4 )
P (1) =

For n = 1

( 3 1 1)( 3 1 + 2 )

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P(k ) =

1
( 6 1 + 4 )

1
1
=
10 10

1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ .......... +
=
2.5 5.8 8.11
( 3k 1)( 3k + 2 ) ( 6k + 4 )

For n = k + 1

P ( k + 1) =

1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .......... +
+
2.5 5.8 8.11
( 3k 1)( 3k + 2 ) 3 ( k + 1) 1 3 ( k + 1) + 2
=

k +1
1
+
6 ( k + 1) + 4 3 ( k + 1) 1 3 ( k + 1) + 2

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P ( k + 1) =

3k 2 + 5k + 2
( k + 1)( 3k + 2 )
1
1
1
1
k
+
=
=

( 3k + 2 ) 2 3k + 5 ( 3k + 2 ) 2 ( 3k + 5) ( 3k + 2 ) 2 ( 3k + 5)

P ( k + 1) =

k +1
6k + 10

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

11. Let P ( n ) =

n ( n + 3)
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) 4 ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
P (1) =

For n = 1

1(1 + 3)
1
=
1(1 + 1)(1 + 2 ) 4 (1 + 1)(1 + 2 )

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P(k ) =

1 1
=
6 6

k ( k + 3)
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
k ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) 4 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )

For n = k + 1

R.H.S. =

And

L.H.S. =

( k + 1)( k + 4 )
4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3)
k ( k + 3)
1
+
4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3) ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)

.(i)

[Using eq. (i)]

k 3 + 6k 2 + 9k + 4
k 2 + 3k
1
1
+
=

4 ( k + 3)
k + 3 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) 4

( k + 1) 2 ( k + 4 )
( k + 1)( k + 4 )
=

=
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) 4 ( k + 3) 4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3)
1

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

12. Let P ( n ) = a + ar + ar 2 + .......... + ar n 1 =
For n = 1

P (1) = ar11 =

a ( r 1)

a ( r n 1)
r 1

r 1

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

a=a

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P ( k ) = a + ar + ar + .......... + ar
2

k 1

a ( r k 1)

For n = k + 1
R.H.S.

L.H.S.

a ( r k +1 1)

r 1

.(i)

r 1

L.H.S. =

a ( r k +1 1)
r 1

+ ar k

[Using eq. (i)]

ar k
a
a
a
1

+ ar k = ar k
= ar k
+ 1

r 1 r 1
r 1 r 1
r 1 r 1

k +1
ar k +1
a
ar k +1 a a ( r 1)

=
=
r 1 r 1
r 1
r 1
P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

2
3 5 7
2n + 1
13. Let P ( n ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + .......... 1 + 2 = ( n + 1)
n
1 4 9

( 2 1 + 1) = 1 + 1 2
P (1) = 1 +
For n = 1
4=4
( )
12

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

2
3 5 7
2k + 1
P ( k ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + .......... 1 + 2 = ( k + 1)
k
1 4 9

For n = k + 1

R.H.S.

= ( k + 2)

2k + 3
2
L.H.S. = ( k + 1) 1 +

( k + 1)2

.(i)

[Using eq. (i)]

( k + 1)2 + 2k + 3
2
L.H.S. = ( k + 1)
= k 2 + 4k + 4 = ( k + 2 )
2

( k + 1)

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

1 1 1
1
14. Let P ( n ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + .......... 1 + = ( n + 1)
1 2 3
n
1
For n = 1

P (1) = 1 + = 1 + 1
2=2
1

P (1) is true.

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Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

1 1 1
1
P ( k ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + .......... 1 + = ( k + 1)
1 2 3
k
R.H.S. = k + 2
For n = k + 1
1

L.H.S. = ( k + 1) 1 +
[Using eq. (i)]

k +1
k +1+1
L.H.S. = ( k + 1)
= ( k + 2)
k +1

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

n ( 2n 1)( 2n + 1)
3
1( 2 1 1)( 2 1 + 1)
2
P (1) = ( 2 1 1) =
For n = 1
3

P (1) is true.

15. Let P ( n ) = 12 + 32 + 52 + .......... + ( 2n 1) =

2

Now,

1=1

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

k ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1)
3
( k + 1)( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)
For n = k + 1
R.H.S. =
3
k ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1)
2
+ ( 2k + 1)

L.H.S. =
[Using eq. (i)]
3
P ( k ) = 12 + 32 + 52 + .......... + ( 2k 1) =
2

.(i)

2
k ( 2k + 1)

k 2 k + 6k + 3 ( 2k + 1) ( 2k + 5k + 3)
+ ( 2k + 1) = ( 2k + 1)
= ( 2k + 1)
=
3
3
3

( 2k + 1)( k + 1)( 2k + 3) = ( k + 1)( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)

=
3
3
P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

16. Let P ( n ) =
For n = 1

1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3n 2 )( 3n + 1) ( 3n + 1)
P (1) =

( 3 1 2 )( 3 1 + 1)

1
( 3 1 + 1)

1 1
=
4 4

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P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P(k ) =

1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3k 2 )( 3k + 1) ( 3k + 1)

For n = k + 1
L.H.S. =

R.H.S. =

k +1
3k + 1

.(i)

L.H.S. =

k
1
+
3k + 1 ( 3k + 1)( 3k + 4 )

1 3k 2 + 4k + 1
1 ( 3k + 1)( k + 1) k + 1
1
1
=
=
k
+

3k + 4
3k + 1
3k + 4 3k + 1 3k + 4 3k + 1
3k + 4
P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

17. Let P ( n ) =

1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .......... +
=
3.5 5.7 7.9
( 2n + 1)( 2n + 3) 3 ( 2n + 3)
P (1) =

For n = 1

( 2 1 + 1)( 2 1 + 3)

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

P(k ) =

1
3 ( 2 1 + 3)

1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ .......... +
=
3.5 5.7 7.9
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 3 ( 2k + 3)

For n = k + 1
L.H.S. =

R.H.S. =

k +1
3 ( 2k + 5 )

1
1
=
15 15

.(i)

L.H.S. =

k
1
+
3 ( 2k + 3) ( 2k + 3)( 2k + 5)

2k 2 + 5k + 3
( k + 1)( 2k + 3)
1
1
1
1
k
+
=

( 2 k + 3 ) 3 2 k + 5 ( 2 k + 3 ) 3 ( 2 k + 5 ) ( 2k + 3 ) 3 ( 2k + 5 )
=

k +1
3 ( 2k + 5 )

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

18. Let P ( n ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n <
For n = 1

P (1) = 1 <

1
2
( 2n + 1)
8

1
2
( 2 1 + 1)
8

P (1) is true.

Now,

let P ( n ) be true for n = k

1<

9
8

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P ( k ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k <

For n = k + 1 ,

1
2
( 2k + 1)
8

.(i)

P ( k + 1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) <

1
2
( 2k + 1) + ( k + 1)
8

Now, adding ( k + 1) on both sides of eq. (i), we have

1
2
( 2k + 1) + ( k + 1)
8
1
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) < ( 4k 2 + 4k + 1 + 8k + 8 )
8
1
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) < ( 4k 2 + 12k + 9 )
8
1
2
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) < ( 2k + 3 )
8
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) < 1 2k + 3 2

4 ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) < 4k 2 + 9 + 6k
(
)
2
8
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) <

4 ( k 2 + 3k + 2 ) < 4k 2 + 9 + 6k

8<9

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

4 k 2 + 12 k + 8 < 4k 2 + 9 + 6 k

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

19. Let P ( n ) = n ( n + 1)( n + 5 ) is a multiple of 3.

P (1) = 1 (1 + 1) (1 + 5) is a multiple of 3 = 12 is a multiple of 3

For n = 1,

P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,

k ( k + 1)( k + 5) = 3

For n = k + 1 ,

P ( k ) = k ( k + 1)( k + 5) is a multiple of 3.

k 3 + 6 k 2 + 5k = 3

k 3 = 3 6 k 2 5k

P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 6 ) is a multiple of 3

( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 6 ) = k 3 + 9k 2 + 20k + 12 = 3 6k 2 5k + 9k 2 + 20k + 12 [Using (i)]

= 3 + 3k 2 + 15k + 12 = 3 ( + k 2 + 5k + 4 ) = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 6 ) is a multiple of 3

P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.
Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.
Let P ( n ) = 102 n 1 + 1 is divisible by 11.
For n = 1,
P (1) = 10211 + 1 is divisible by 11 = 11 is divisible by 11
Now,

20.

.(i)

P (1) is true.

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Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,

P ( k ) = 102 k 1 + 1 is divisible by 11 = 10 2 k 1 + 1 = 11

10 2 k 1 = 11 1

.(i)

P ( k + 1) = 10

For n = k + 1,

2( k +1) 1

+ 1 is divisible by 11

P ( k + 1) = 102 k +1 + 1 is divisible by 11

Now,

10 2 k +1 + 1 = 10 2 k 1.10 2 + 1 = (11 1) .102 + 1 = 1100 100 + 1 = 11(100 9 )

102( k +1)1 + 1 is divisible by 11

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

21. Let P ( n ) = x 2 n y 2 n is divisible by ( x + y )

P (1) = x 21 y 21 is divisible by ( x + y ) = ( x + y )( x y ) is divisible by ( x + y )

For n = 1,

P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,

P ( k ) = x 2 k y 2 k is divisible by ( x + y ) = x 2 k y 2 k = ( x + y )

x 2 k y 2k = ( x + y )

.(i)

P ( k + 1) = x

For n = k + 1,

2( k +1)

2( k +1)

is divisible by ( x + y )

x 2 k + 2 y 2 k 2 = x 2 k + 2 x 2 k y 2 + x 2 k y 2 y 2 k 2 = x 2 k .x 2 x 2 k y 2 + x 2 k y 2 y 2 k . y 2

Now,

= x 2 k ( x 2 y 2 ) + y 2 ( x 2 k y 2 k ) = x 2 k ( x 2 y 2 ) + y 2 . ( x + y )

[From eq. (i)]

= ( x + y ) x 2 k ( x y ) + y 2
2( k +1)

2( k +1)

is divisible by ( x + y )

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

22. Let P ( n ) = 32 n + 2 8n 9 is divisible by 8.

P (1) = 321+ 2 8 1 9 is divisible by 8 = 64 is divisible by 8

For n = 1,

P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,

P ( k ) = 32 k + 2 8k 9 is divisible by 8 = 32 k + 2 8k 9 = 8

32 k + 2 = 8 + 8k + 9

For n = k + 1,

.(i)

P ( k + 1) = 3

2( k +1) + 2

8 ( k + 1) 9 is divisible by 8

P ( k + 1) = 32 k + 2.32 8k 8 9 is divisible by 8

Now,

32 k + 2.9 8k 17 = ( 8 + 8k + 9 ) .9 8k 17

[From eq. (i)]

= 72 + 72k + 81 8k 17 = 72 + 64k + 64 = 8 ( 9 + 8k + 8 )
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2 k +1) + 2

8 ( k + 1) 9 is divisible by 8

3(

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

23. Let P ( n ) = 41n 14n is a multiple of 27.

P (1) = 411 141 is a multiple of 27 = 27 is a multiple of 27

For n = 1,

P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,

P ( k ) = 41k 14k is a multiple of 27 = 41k 14 k = 27

For n = k + 1,

P ( k + 1) = 41k +1 14k +1 is a multiple of 27

Now,

41k +1 14 k +1 = 41k +1 41k .14 + 41k .14 14 k +1

= 41k ( 41 14 ) + 14 ( 41k 14 k )
= 41k 27 + 14 27

[From eq. (i)]

= 27 ( 41k + 14 )

41k +1 14 k +1 is a multiple of 27
P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

24. Let P ( n ) = ( 2n + 7 ) < ( n + 3)

For n = 1,
P (1) = ( 2 1 + 7 ) < (1 + 3)

9 < 16
P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k
P ( k ) = ( 2k + 7 ) < ( k + 3)

.(i)

For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = 2 ( k + 1) + 7 < ( k + 1 + 3) = 2 ( k + 1) + 7 < ( k + 4 )
2

Now, adding 2 on both sides in eq. (i),

( 2k + 7 ) + 2 < ( k + 3) + 2
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 9 + 6k + 2
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 6k + 11
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 6k + 11
2

..(i)

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Also

2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 6k + 11 < ( k + 4 )

2 ( k + 1) + 7 < ( k + 4 )

P ( k + 1) is true.

Therefore, P ( k ) is true.

P ( k + 1) is true.

Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.

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