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M4 7-Unified09 PDF
M4 7-Unified09 PDF
004
Spring, 2009
Unit M4.7
The Column and Buckling
Readings:
CDL 9.1 - 9.4
CDL 9.5, 9.6
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Unit M4-7 p. 2
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Unit M4-7 p. 3
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
System
Stiffness Deflection
Load
EA
du
dx1
Beam
EI
d2 w
dx 2
Shaft
GJ
d
dx
Rod
General
dF
:
= k
dx
Unit M4-7 p. 4
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Examples
String (stiffening)
frequency changes with load and frequency is a
function of stiffness
Ruler/pointer (destiffening)
x3
u1
x1
P
u3
Unit M4-7 p. 5
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
--> Physically, the more you push it, it gives even more and can build
on itself!
Lets make a simple model to consider such phenomenon.
--> Consider a rigid rod with torsional spring with a load along the rod and
perpendicular to the rod
Figure M4.7-1 Rigid rod attached to wall with torsional spring
P2
P1
x2
x1
spring stiffness = kT
Unit M4-7 p. 6
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
x2
u 1 = L
P1
HA
MA
x1
VA
M(origin)
Paul A. Lagace 2009
= 0
+ P1 L P2 Lsin + kT = 0
= - MA
Unit M4-7 p. 7
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
kT P2 L
get:
= P1
L
effective torsional stiffness
i.e., k eff = P
Note: load affects stiffness: as P2 increases, keff decreases
*Important value: if P2 L = kT
k ett = 0
keff = 0
Point of static instability or buckling
P2 =
kT
L
Unit M4-7 p. 8
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Figure M4.7-3
Spring, 2009
P2
x2
x1
kT
P2 L sin + kT
(proportional to change in )
P2 L)
is
is CCW
CCW (restoring)
(restoring)
Note: +
(kT
is CW
CW (unstable)
(unstable)
+ is
Unit M4-7 p. 9
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
stable
if P2 L kT
kT/L
C
B
P2
goes to +
Unit M4-7 p. 10
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
P1
kT / L
Unit M4-7 p. 11
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Figure M4.7-6
asymptotes
P2 = kT/L
(P1 = 0)
P2
P1
actual behavior
P1 increasing
initial deflection
due to P1 :
= P1/(kT/L)
Angular Deflection,
Unit M4-7 p. 12
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Well touch on these later, but lets first develop the basic model and thus
look at the.
Definition/Model of a Column
(Note: we include stiffness of continuous
structure here. Will need to think about
what is relevant structural stiffness here.)
a) Geometry - The basic geometry does not change from a rod/beam
Figure M4.7-7 Basic geometry of column
GENERAL SYMMETRIC
CROSS-SECTION
x3
x3
x1
P
L
x2
b
Unit M4-7 p. 13
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
d 2 u3
M
=
dx1 2
EI
(u3 = w)
Unit M4-7 p. 14
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Figure M4.7-8
Spring, 2009
undeflected:
x1
L
x3
Free Body Diagram
HA = P
x1
deflected:
u3(x1)
P
~V =0
B
~ VA = 0
L
Unit M4-7 p. 15
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Figure M4.7-9
Spring, 2009
x3
u (x )
F(x1)
x1
S(x1)
P + F ( x1 ) = 0
F ( x1 ) = P
S( x1 ) = 0
M( x1 ) F( x1 ) u3 ( x1 ) = 0
M( x1 ) + Pu3 ( x1 ) = 0
= 0
M
Paul A. Lagace 2009
= 0
F ( x1 ) = P
Unit M4-7 p. 16
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
d u3
EI
2 + Pu3 = 0
dx1
always stabilizing
(restoring)--basic beam:
basic bending stiffness
of structure resists
deflection (pushes back)
governing differential
equation for Euler
buckling (2nd order
differential equation)
Note: + P is compressive
Unit M4-7 p. 17
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
d2 w
+ kw = 0 )
2
dx
From Differential Equations (18.03), can recognize this as an
eigenvalue problem. Thus use:
u3 = ex1
Write the governing equation as:
d 2 u3
P
+
u3 = 0
2
dx1
EI
Unit M4-7 p. 18
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
d 2 d 2u3
d2
2 EI
2 +
2 (Pu3 ) = 0
dx1 dx1
dx1
This is more general but reduces to our current form if EI
and P do not vary in x1
d 2 u3
P
u3 = 0
Returning to:
2 +
dx1
EI
P x1
We end up with:
2e x1 +
e
= 0
EI
P
2
=
EI
P
i
EI
where: i =
Paul A. Lagace 2009
1
Unit M4-7 p. 19
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
u3 = A sin
P
x1 + B cos
EI
P
x1 + C + Dx1
EI
u3
u3
@ x1 = 0
@ x1 = 0 M
M
= 0
= 0
u3
u3
@ x1 = L
@ x1 = L M
M
= 0
= 0
d 22 u3
= EI d u23 = 0
= EI dx12 = 0
dx1
d 22 u3
= EI d u23 = 0
= EI dx12 = 0
dx1
d 22 u3
d u23 = 0
dx12 = 0
dx1
d 22u3
d u23 = 0
dx12 = 0
dx1
Unit M4-7 p. 20
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
d 2 u3
P
=
A sin
Note:
2
dx1
EI
P
P
x1
B cos
EI
EI
P
x1
EI
u3 ( x1 = 0 ) = 0
d 2 u3
x = 0) = 0
2 ( 1
dx1
B + C = 0
B = 0
B = 0
C= 0
P
u3 ( x1 = L) = 0 A sin
L + DL = 0
EI
D = 0
2
d u3
P
x = L) = 0 A sin
L = 0
2 ( 1
dx1
EI
A sin
Paul A. Lagace 2009
P
L = 0
EI
Unit M4-7 p. 21
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
P
L = 0
EI
sin
P
L = n
EI
integer
n2 2 EI
P =
L2
eigenvalues
n x
u3 = A sin
L
Paul A. Lagace 2009
eigenmodes
Unit M4-7 p. 22
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
P
P3 = 92EI/L2
n=3
P2 = 42EI/L2
n=2
P1 = 2EI/L2
n=1
3rd mode
2nd mode
1st mode
u3
Unit M4-7 p. 23
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
2 EI
Pcr =
2
L
Unit M4-7 p. 24
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
(roller)
~~
~~
~~
~~
(pinned)
~~
--> simply-supported
u3 = 0
d 2 u3
= 0
M = EI
2
dx1
d 2 u3
= 0
2
dx1
u3 = 0
du3
= 0
dx1
d 2 u3
M = EI
= 0
2
dx1
dM
d
=
EI
S = 0 =
dx1
dx1
d 2u3
= 0
2
dx1
d 2 u3
dx12
d 3u3
= 0
3
dx1
Unit M4-7 p. 25
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
--> sliding
~~
du3
= 0
dx1
S = 0
d 3 u3
= 0
3
dx1
du3
dx1
~~
M = 0
du3
S
=
0
dx1
Unit M4-7 p. 26
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
u3
(vertical)
~~
--> springs
~~
(torsional)
kT
M = 0
S = k f u3
u3 = 0
du3
M
=
T
dx1
u3 = A sin
P
x1 + B cos
EI
P
x1 + C + Dx1
EI
Unit M4-7 p. 27
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
B
= 0
C
D
homogeneous
equation
4 x 4 matrix
set determinant of matrix to zero ( = 0) and find roots
(solve resulting equation)
roots = eigenvalues = buckling loads
also get associated
eigenmodes = buckling shapes
--> will find that for homogeneous case, the critical buckling load has
the generic form:
c 2 EI
Pcr =
2
L
where:
Paul A. Lagace 2009
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
c=1
c=4
1<c<4
(depends on kT)
Unit M4-7 p. 29
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
u3o(x1)
x1
L
Paul A. Lagace 2009
Unit M4-7 p. 30
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Figure M4.7-12
Define: e = eccentricity (
downwards)
e
L
x1
(a beam-column)
moment Pe plus axial load P
The two cases are basically handled the same way, but lets
consider Type 2 to illustrate
Unit M4-7 p. 31
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
d 2 u3
P
u3 = 0
2 +
dx1
EI
Take a cut and equilibrium gives the same equations except
there is an additional moment due to the eccentricity at the
support: M = Pe
Use the same basic solution:
u3 = A sin
P
x1 + B cos
EI
P
x1 + C + Dx1
EI
u3 = 0 B + C = 0
@ x1 = 0
d 2 u3
= Pe PB = Pe
M = EI
2
dx1
Unit M4-7 p. 32
MIT - 16.003/16.004
= 0
Spring, 2009
B = e
C = e
= Pe PB = Pe
u3 = 0 ....
@ x1 = L
d 2 u3
= Pe ....
M = EI
2
dx1
B + C = 0
d 2 u3
= EI
dx12
D = 0
P
e 1 cos
L
EI
A =
P
sin
L
EI
Unit M4-7 p. 33
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
P
1 cos
L
EI
u3 = e
sin
P
sin
L
EI
Notes:
P
x1 + cos
EI
P
x1 1
EI
2 EI
As P Pcr =
2 , still find
L
u3 becomes unbounded (u3 )
Unit M4-7 p. 34
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Figure M4.7-13
increasing e/L
u3
Unit M4-7 p. 35
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Failure of Columns
Clearly, in the perfect case, a column will fail if it buckles
material fails!
c 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
with:
1 1 =
P
A
cr
c 2 EI
=
L2 A
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
P
= cu
A
failure by squashing
--> Behavior of columns of various geometries characterized
via:
effective length: L =
radius of gyration: =
L
c
I
(ratio of moment of inertia to area)
A
Unit M4-7 p. 37
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
cr
2E
=
2
L
(
)
L
using: = slenderness ratio
Figure M4.7-14
transition
cy
squashing
cu
less slender
Paul A. Lagace 2009
cr
2E
=
2
( L / )
actual behavior
where:
cy = compressive
yield stress
buckling
more slender
(L'/)
Unit M4-7 p. 38
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Notes:
L
for large, column fails by buckling
L
for small, column squashes
cy < < cu
Lets look at all this via an
Figure M4.7-15
x3
x3
x1
x2
0.25"
48"
Paul A. Lagace 2009
0.25"
Unit M4-7 p. 39
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Material properties:
(Basswood)
E = 1.4 x 106 psi
cu 4800 psi
--> Find maximum load P
Step 1: Find pertinent cross-section properties:
A = b x h = (0.25 in) x (0.25 in) = 0.0625 in2
I = bh3/12 = (0.25 in)(0.25 in)3/12 = 3.25 x 10-4 in4
Step 2: Check for buckling
use:
c 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
simply-supported c = 1
Unit M4-7 p. 40
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
So: Pcr =
( 48 in )2
cr
Pcr
1.96 lbs
=
=
= 31.4 psi
2
A
0.0625 in
So: cr < cu BUCKLING!
--> Variations
cr = cu
Paul A. Lagace 2009
Unit M4-7 p. 41
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
cr
Pcr
=
= 4800 psi
A
Pcr = (4800 lbs / in 2 )( 0.0625 in 2 )
2 EI
Pcr =
L2
where L is the variable, gives:
2 EI
L =
Pcr
2
2
2 (1.4 1046 lbs
4 / in )(
(1.4 10
lbs
/=in )(3.26 10 in )
L
2
4
4
L =
300
lbs
2 (1.4 10 6 lbs
/
in
3.26
10
in
)
(
)
300 lbs
L =
L 300
= lbs
15.01 in 2
2
L = 15.01 in 2
L = 3.87 in
15.01
LL== 3.87
in in
L = 3.87 in
Unit M4-7 p. 42
2
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Finally.
If L > 3.87 in buckling
If L < 3.87 in squashing
Note transition around 3.87 in due to yielding
(basswood relatively brittle)
Figure M4.7-16
transition
sq
ua
sh
ing
300
buckling
3.87
Paul A. Lagace 2009
L [in]
Unit M4-7 p. 43
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
0.5"
0.25"
--> x2 - axis
x2
Unit M4-7 p. 44
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
= 0.0026 in4
= 2.60 x 103 in4
x3
--> x3 - axis
= 0.00065 in4
= 0.65 x 103 in4
then use:
2 EI
Pcr =
2
L
Paul A. Lagace 2009
Unit M4-7 p. 45
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
and find:
I3 < I2
Pcr smaller for buckling about x3 - axis.
Important
Unit M4-7 p. 46
MIT - 16.003/16.004
Spring, 2009
Unit M4-7 p. 47