The Method of Characteristics

TheMethodofCharacteristics

2D Isentropic Compressible Flow

2DIsentropicCompressibleFlow
IRROT.

v u

0
x y
ORGANIZESOAS
TOSOLVEFOR
THEVELOCITY
DERIVATIVES
DERIVATIVES

MASS+MOMENTUM

u 2 u
v 2 v 2uv v
(1 2 ) (1 2 ) 2
0
a x
a y a x

Partial
Differential
ff
l
Eqns.?
q

TOMATRIXSOLVEFORVELOCITYDERIVATIVES

u 2 u
(1 2 )
a x

dx

u
x

v 2 v
(1 2 )
a y
v
dy
y

y,v

x,u

2uv v
2
a x
v
dx
x
v
dy
x

Mach2NozzleFlow

0
dv
du

Matrix Solution (CramerssRule)

MatrixSolution(Cramer
Rule)
(1 u 2 / a 2 ) (1 v 2 / a 2 ) 2uv / a 2 u / x 0

0
dy
dx v / y dv

v / x du

dx
0
dy

(1 u 2 / a 2 ) (1 v 2 / a 2 )
SOLVING
FOR
v/x
v/x

v / x

0
dx

dy
0

0
dv
du

(1 u 2 / a 2 ) (1 v 2 / a 2 ) 2uv / a 2
0

dy

dx

dx

dy

N
D

y,v

x,u

Denominator
CHARACTERISTICEQUATIONS

(1 u 2 / a 2 ) (1 v 2 / a 2 ) 2uv / a 2
0
dyy
dx
D
dx
0
dy

Characteristic Lines
CharacteristicLines
dy
tan( )
dx
dy
tan( )
dx

M>1

y,v

x,u

Numerator

COMPATABILITYRELATIONS

(1 u 2 / a 2 ) (1 v 2 / a 2 ) 0
0
dy
dv
dx
0
du
(1 u 2 / a 2 ) (1 v 2 / a 2 ) 2uv / a 2
0
dy
dx
dx
0
dy

N
D

Characteristics Summary
Characteristics
C+(leftrunning)
C
(left running)
=const.

Streamline

C (rightrunning)
+ =const.

C+

ReflectedExpansionFan

M1

/2

b c

C+

ReflectedExpansionFan

SOLVINGFORFLOWPROPERTIESINTHEUNIFORMANDSIMPLEREGIONS

1
2
3
1

Given M1=2
andso1 =26.38o
and1 =30o
andgeometry
a

5
5o

b c

3
l

h
f

b
c
d
e
f

2
k

10
10o
j

g
h
i

C+

ReflectedExpansionFan
SOLVINGFORFLOWPROPERTIESINTHECOMPLEXREGION

1
2
3

Given M1=2
andso1 =26.38o
and1 =30o
andgeometry
a

5
5o

b c

3
l

h
f

b
c
d
e
f

2
k

10
10o
j

g
h
i

C+

ReflectedExpansionFan
SOLVINGFORTHEWAVEGEOMETRY

P
PowerPointSolution
P i t S l ti
1

Given M1=2
andso1 =26.38o
and1 =30o
andgeometry
a

5
5o

b c

3
l

h
f

2
k

10
10o
j

26.4

30

10

36.4

24.8

46.4

20.5

26.4

30

5
5

31.4

27.2

10

36.4

24.8

26.4

30

36.4

24.8

10

36.4

24.8

36.4

24.8

41.4

22.6

46.4

20.5

C+

Variation

1.Waveoriginatesatasuddenturn

Given M1=2
andso1 =26.38o
and1 =30o
andgeometry

d
e

3
l

h
f

C+

Variation

2.Wavereflectsfromajetedge

Given M1=2
andso1 =26.38o
and1 =30o
andgeometry

g
e
f

3
O

10
10o
PowerPointSolution

C+

Variation

3.Wavecancelationatawall

a
g

Given M1=2
andso1 =26.38o
and1 =30o

b
c

e
f

d
2

= 10o

Design Applications
DesignApplications
1. ConstantMachnumberturn
1
Constant Mach number turn
2. WindTunnelTypeNozzle
3 RocketTypeNozzle
3.
k
l

1.ConstantMachnumberturn
a.
b.

c.

Chooseinitialturngeometryabc of
angle/2
Computereflectionofwaveasthough
f
fromajetedgeofconstantMachM
j t d
f
t t M h M1.
Shapeofjetedgegivesshapeof
upperwall.
Chooselowerwallshapetocancel
reflectedwaveatjkl
1

Given M1

g
e
f

i
3

a bc

/2
j k l

2.WindTunnelTypeNozzle
StraighteningSection
ExpansionSection
Subsonic
Me

3.RocketEngineTypeNozzle
i

Me

PowerPointExample

MatlabCodesandScriptsforthe
MethodofCharacterisics
h d f h

ComputingandPlottingSimplewaves
Computing
and Plotting Simple waves
ComputingandPlottingComplexRegions
Oh f
Otherfunctions
i
ApplicationExamples

Basic Simple Wave

BasicSimpleWave
function [a,n,x,y]=simple(ai,ni,xi,yi,le,g)

2
3

Terminating
characteristic

l
le
Flow
N

1 2

Incomingwave
boundary

Other Simple Wave Functions

OtherSimpleWaveFunctions
function [a,n,x,y]= simpleCancel(ai,ni,xi,yi,c,x0,y0,a0,g)

Outgoing
wave
boundary
2

function simpleplot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)
1
(x0 y0)
(x0,y0)
a0

Flow

1 2

N
3

Incomingwave
boundary

Basic Complex Wave

BasicComplexWave
function [a,n,x,y]=complex3(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)

(N,N)
(1,1)
bc

((1,2)
, )

(2,2)

Other Complex Wave Functions

OtherComplexWaveFunctions
function [a,n,x,y]=complex3curve(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)

function [a,n,x,y]=complex3free(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)

function [a,n,x,y]=complex4(ap,np,xp,yp,an,nn,xn,yn,g)

function complex3plot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)
function complex4plot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)

Extras
function uniformplot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)

function n=nu(m,g)

function m=m_nu(n,g)

function [x,y]=intercept(x1,y1,t1,x2,y2,t2)

function [x,y,a]=interceptCurve(x1,y1,t1,cf)
[ ,y, ]
p
( ,y , , )

Example:RocketEngineNozzle
i (M e ) / 2

Me

function [a,n,x,y]=simple(ai,ni,xi,yi,le,g)

function [a,n,x,y]=complex3(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)

function [a,n,x,y]= simpleCancel(ai,ni,xi,yi,c,x0,y0,a0,g)

ArocketEngineNozzle.m

Matlab Demo

Example:Rocket
EngineNozzle
l

Me

c ea a
clear
all
%Mach
%
ac 2 minimum
u length
e gt nozzle,
o
e, initial
t a tu
turn a
angle
g e a
ai=0.23
0. 3 radians
ad a s
g=1.4;
ai=[.00001 .0001 .001 .005 .01:.01:.23]; %28 waves
xi=zeros(size(ai));yi=ones(size(ai));ni=ai;
le=-1;
figure(1);clf(1);cl=1;ch=2;
[a1,n1,x1,y1]=simple(ai,ni,xi,yi,le,g);
simpleplot(a1,n1,x1,y1,g,cl,ch);
[a2,n2,x2,y2]=complex3(a1(end,:),n1(end,:),x1(end,:),y1(end,:),0,g);
complex3plot(a2 n2 x2 y2 g cl ch);
complex3plot(a2,n2,x2,y2,g,cl,ch);

%complex wave reflection

[a3,n3,x3,y3]=simpleCancel(a2(:,end),n2(:,end),x2(:,end),y2(:,end),1,xi(end),yi(end),ai(end),g);
simpleplot(a3,n3,x3,y3,g,cl,ch);
uniformplot([a1(1,1)
p
([ ( , ) a1(2,1)
( , ) 0],[n1(1,1)
],[ ( , ) n1(2,1)
( , ) 0],[x1(1,1)
],[ ( , ) x1(2,1)
( , ) x1(1,1)],
( , )],
uniformplot([a1(1,end) a1(2,end) a3(2,1)],[n1(1,end) n1(2,end) n3(2,1)],
uniformplot([a3(1,end) a3(2,end) a3(1,end)],[n3(1,end) n3(2,end) n3(1,end)],
hold off;caxis([cl ch]);colorbar;axis image

PrePackaged
Pre
PackagedScripts
Scripts

ConstantMachNumberTurn
Minimumlengthnozzle
Wave interaction
Waveinteraction
Underexpandedjet
Windtunnelnozzle
3

4
3

2.5

1.5

10

15

20

25