Ak'b

mom
(odrhk [kw)f

om;&JwMhkd um;u awmrJo

U m;aumif
trSww
f & "r'ge
odYk
---------------------------rS
----------------------------

tdE,
d Edik if \
H bmoma&;ESihf bmoma&;qdik &f m
ouf & S d o uf r J h r sm;taMumif ; ud k ajym&vQ i f Ak '
bmomudk csef&pfxm;vdkY r&paumif;/ EdkifiHhOaoQmif
uae atmufajcvlwef;pm;txd vdu
k ef musio
hf ;kH Mu
aom Ak'bmomonf trdajray:rS MuufaysmufiSuaf ysmufqo
kd vdk aysmufu,
G cf &hJ onf/ rsuaf rSmuf
acwf&dS tcdik t
f rm wnf&adS eaom tjcm;bmoma&;
qdkif&mrsm;udk wpfpdwfwpfa'o wifjyjcif;jzifh Ak'
bmom\ twdwu
f jzpf&yfreS rf sm;udk rSe;f qMunfEh ikd f
rnf[k ,lqrdonf/ ZmwdzGm;csif;wlaomfvnf;
wpfcu
k ]wnf}Ny;D wpfcu
k ]ysu}f &onfh ywf0ef;usif

t&SifOwrmeE

udk qifjcifo;kH oyf&ef jzpfonf/ Ak'\

tqH;k trwdik ;f
rNraJ omocFgujkd rif oHa0*,lEikd o
f vd?k tzsuq
f ;D cH
b0udk jrif& ocFe;f pmvnf; ,lEikd yf gonf/
tdEd,EdkifiH\ bmoma&;udk ajc&maumuf
aomtcg a0'? jA[P? tm&nuESihf OyedoQ'f wdu
Yk kd
awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jrifomatmif rlv
tpESihf tapmqH;k jzpfaom bmomudjk y&vQif [dEL
jzpfonf/ jAm[PykPm;awG BuD;pdk; jA[P0g'
tjzpf pmayrsm;wGifxif&Sm;ovdk vlodvnf; rsm;
onf/ usev
f w
l ef;pm;rsm;u ud;k uG,o
f rl sm; aemuf
vdu
k rf sm;tjzpfom tNrjJ zpf&onf/ 4if;0g'udk rBuKd uf
orP0g' ay:vm&onf/ odkYjzpf t"dutm;jzifh
orPESifhjAm[P0g'ESpfckudkom tvG,frSwfom;
Edkifonf/

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

orPqdkonfrSm tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlwdkY

abmifrS cGmvQuf awmawmifxJ vSnv
fh nfum opfO?
opfzk? opfoD;rsm; pm;oHk;NyD; b0\'kutaygif;rS
vGwfNidrf;&mudk &SmMujcif;jzpf NcdK;NcHaomtusifh
(wy) &Sdolrsm; tvdkenf;olrsm;tjzpf azmfjyMu
onf/ jA[Pwdu
Yk rl om;r,m;ESihf pnf;pdrt
f jynfh
jzifh aexdik Nf y;D vGwaf jrmufrq
I o
kd nfukd rlyikd v
f yk u
f m
a&mif;csorl sm;jzpf vlrY vdik rf sm; a&ay:qD vlwef;
pm;rsm;tjzpf ordik ;f aMumif;wpfavQmuf todtrSwf
jyK cHMu&onf/ odkY&mwGif tdEd, jA[PwdkYudk
,aeYtcsed x
f d bmoma&;-vlraI &;t&jzpfap? pD;yGm;
a&;-ynma&;t&jzpfap tzufzufu ausmv
f eG Ef ikd f
jcif; r&Sad o;yg/ Ak'y iG x
hf eG ;f &mtcsed Ef iS hf taomurif;
vufxufwdkYwGif acwrQ arS;rSdefcJhHkom&SdaMumif;
ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& odEdkifygonf/

t&SifOwrmeE

orPtkypf w
k iG f &aohrsm;vdk wpfu,
kd af wmf
awmaysmfrsm; &SdouJhodkY Ak'ESifh acwfNydKif *dkPf;q&m
Bu;D rsm;yrm tkypf v
k u
kd f aexdik o
f rl sm;vnf; &So
d nf/
jA[Zmvokwf? omrnzvokwfESifh auorkwd
(umvmr)okww
f w
Ykd iG f 4if;wdt
Yk cef;u@udk txif
t&Sm; jrifawGUEikd o
f nf/ Ak'x
ufapmNy;D orPtkypf k
udk OD;aqmifcJholrSm ed*@em#ykw-jzpfonf/ *sdef;
(Jain or Jina) [k vlord sm;onf/ Jina-rSm ygVdou w bmomwd k Y t wG u f toH k ; jyKaom d k r ef
(Roman) pmvH;k aygi;f jzpfNy;D Edik if w
H um toHxu
G f
rSm *sed -jzpfonf/ *sed -udk *sed ;f jzifv
h nf;aumif;? 4if;
bmomudk *sdef;efZif(Jainism)jzifhvnf;aumif;
xif&Sm;ygonf/ jrefrmtoHxGuf&m Zde-jzpfNyD;
]]atmifEdkifol}} ]]bk&m;}} qdkonfh t"dyg,f&Sdonf/
*sed ;f bke;f Bu;D rsm;onf t0wfAvm ud,
k w
f ;kH vH;k jzifh

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

aexdkifusifhBuHolrsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;um tdEd,EdkifiH

ae&ma'o tawmf r sm;rsm;wG i f ,aeY t csd e f x d
awGUEdkifao;onf/
*sd e f ; bmomES i f h y wf o uf N yD ; twk , l p &m
aumif;onfrmS olwb
Ykd momtay: xm;&So
d nfh o'g
w&m;jzpfonf/ tcsuu
f trSew
f &m;[k qdv
k jkd cif;
r&Syd g/ ud,
k ,
f MkH unf&mudk r,dr;f r,dik f cdik cf ikd rf wfrwf
avQmufvrS ;f onfh pdw"f mwfuo
kd m wifjyjcif; jzpfyg
onf/ ud,
k ,
f MkH unf&m vrf;aMumif;ay:rS rnfonfh
taMumif;aMumifhrQ twdrf;tapmif;r&SdbJ cdkifrmpGm
&yfwnfaejcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/
2012-ckESpf Edkif0ifbmvxJ tdEd,EdkifiHwGif
urmvH;k qdik &f mtqifh bmomaygi;f pHk nDvmcHwpfck
usif;ycJhonf/ OD;aqmifolrsm;u *sdef;bkef;BuD;rsm;
tm; Edik if \
H txifu& bmomwpfct
k aejzifh tqdyk g

t&SifOwrmeE

yJu
G w
kd ufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;cJ&h m tpydik ;f u vufcH
cJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;usrS pDpOfolrsm;\ oabm
xm;rSwcf suaf Mumifh nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef jiif;qef
cJjh cif; jzpfonf/ tqdyk gyo
GJ Ykd Edik if w
H umrS oHwref
rsm;? ynm&Sifrsm;? aiGaMu;wwfEdkif 0wfaumif;
pm;vS0wfaom olwdkYtac: *kPfoa&&Sd vlBuD;
vlaumif;rsm; polwYkd wufa&mufMurnf/ odjYk zpf&m
yJGpDpOfolrsm;u *sdef;bkef;BuD;rsm;tm; tcrf;tem;
umvtwGif; t0wftpm;0wfNyD; wufa&mufzdkY
yefMum;cJhonf[k qdkygonf/ ,if;tcsufu *sdef;
bkef;BuD;rsm;udk urmvHk;qdkif&m bmomaygif;pHk
nDvmcHBuD;odkY rwufjzpfapcJhjcif;yif/
txufazmfjyyg taMumif;t&mrSm taotcsm
pOf;pm;Munfhxdkufaom tcsufjzpfygonf/ *sdef;
bkef;BuD; *sdef;bmom[k odMujcif;rSm tusifhrsm;

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

tqH;k rrsm;xuf t0wfrygbJ rdarG;wdik ;f zarG;wdik ;f

aexdkifjcif; (Naked) aMumifhom jzpfygonf/
wpf e nf ; tm;jzif h ud a vomacgif ; yg;atmif [ k
,lqumusiahf om t0wfr0wfjcif;onfyif 4if;wd\
Yk
tusifhtjzpf rSwf,lvdku rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
tcsuf u d k *sd e f ; bmom0if r sm;ES i f h bk e f ; BuD ; rsm;
udk,fwdkifu owdxm;rdNyD;jzpfonfudk oHo,jzpf
zG,f r&Syd g/ 4if;wdYk todtrSwjf yKc&H Ny;D ud,
k w
f ikd v
f nf;
todtrSwjf yKaom t0wftpm; r0wfbaJ e&muae
0wfNyD;awmhwuf&vQif olwdkY\ udk,fydkifoauFw
(Identity) aysmufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ nDvmcH
wufa&muforl sm;udk 'g[m *sed ;f bke;f Bu;D awGygy[
J k
rdwq
f ufvQiyf if twkrsm;tjzpfom awGU&awmhrnf
om/ rjrifzl;p&m &SdEdkifaomfvnf; Mum;zl;em;0&SdNyD;
om; vlrsm;taejzifh ,HMk unf&ef cufcaJ yvdrrfh nf/

10

t&SifOwrmeE

,aeYvkd enf;ynmacwf rjrifz;l bl;olyif &Sm;ay

vdrhfrnf/ odkYjzpf om,mem;olrsm;tjzpfvnf;
rSwf,loGm;Edkifygonf/
avmuoabmonf taumif;xuf tqd;k udk
jrifv,
G o
f nf/ trSex
f m; trSm;udk vG,v
f ,
G v
f ufcH
onf/ acwftqufqufrS ynm&SiftoD;oD;wdkYu
[kwo
f nf rSeo
f nf[k 0efcx
H m;aom Ak'b
momudyk if
r&ru tjypf & S m Muonf / rS e f o nf rS m ;onf
tyxm;? *sed ;f bke;f Bu;D wdu
Yk o
hJ aYkd om ,HMk unfcsurf sm;
udk,fhbmomtay: cH,lcsuftay: xm;EdkifMuNyD
vm;[k ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd ar;cGe;f xkwo
f ifyh gonf/
orPtkypf w
k iG f jrwfpmG bk&m;ESihf oHCmawmf
rsm;udv
k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f xm;onf/ od&Yk mwGif toGif
wl a omf v nf ; trl t &m rwl ? tusif h rwl y g/
&aomtusKd;ESifh yef;wdkifvnf; awmifESifhajrmuf?

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

11

ta&SUEiS t
hf aemufvkd uGmjcm;ygonf/ t"du uGmjcm;
csufrSm tpGef;vGwfusifhpOf (rZdry#dy'g)ESifh tpGef;
a&mufusifhpOf (tE)wdkY jzpfygonf/
txuf a zmf j yygtcsuf w d k Y j zif h td E d , rS
tapmydkif; bmoma&;rsm;udk orPESifh jAm[P
[l tkyfpktm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;om&SdaMumif; awGU&ygrnf/
jAm[PykPm ;wdo
Yk nf tdE,
d \ oufwrf;t&ifq
h ;kH
bmomjzpfaom [dEL0g'udk OD;aqmifolrsm; jzpf
onf/ jAm[Ptkypf o
k nf awmNrKd i&f yd rf ;DS olrsm;xuf
NrdKU&Gmrsm;ay:u aMu;&wwfrsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;yg
onf/ orPtkypf w
k iG rf l Ak'E iS hf oHCmawmfrsm;vdk
wpfrsK;d ? *sed ;f wdv
Yk kd t0wfu,
kd rf uyfaom tkypf u
k
wpfoG,f? tZdw auo urvESifh ZrKu-wdkYvdk
qHyif? opf&u
G pf ojzifh xl;xl;qef;0wfqifow
l u
Ykd
wpfzkH pHv
k aS yonf/

12

t&SifOwrmeE

w&m;OD;"rpMumwGif tpGef;w&m;ESpfyg;udk
azmfjyxm;onf/ cEmud,
k u
f ,
kd u
f kd nO;f yef;ESyd pf uf
onfh ]]twuv
d rx}}ESihf umr*kPu
f kd &orQ tqH;k
r&Sd cHpm;aom ]]umrokcvu
d Eka,m*}} usiphf OfwYkd
jzpfonf/ ,if;usifhpOfrsm;t& Ak'acwfrwdkifcif
orPtkyfpkonf trsm;tm;jzifh twudvrxxJyg0ifNyD; erlemtm;jzifh *sdef;tkyfpk? uy&aoh
nDaemif &Siw
f pfaxmif? ZrKu wu;'Ge;f polwu
Ykd kd
MunfhEdkifonf/ Ak'\vrf;pOfrSm tqdkyg tpGef;ESpf
bufrS vGwaf om tv,ftvwfusiphf Of rZrd y#dy'g
jzpfonf/ r*if 8-yg;tjzpfvnf; xif&Sm;onf/
touf 16-ESpaf emufyikd ;f awmrxGucf if 29ESpft&G,ftxd od'rif;om;\ eef;awmfxJu b0
udk jAm[Pvrf;pOft& umr*kPcf pH m;onfh umr
okcvu
d Eka,m* tpGe;f a&mufusiphf OfwiG f awGU&yg

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

13

rnf/ awmxGuNf y;D w&m;usio

hf ;kH onfh bk&m;tjzpf
ra&mufcif ajcmufESpfwmumvudkrl cEmudk,fudk
tjyif;txef ESyd pf ufum vGwaf jrmufjcif; 0drw
k u
d kd
&Sm twudvrx-tpGef;xJusa&mufonfudk
awGU&ygrnf/ ,if;aemufrS tpGef;vGwfvrf;pOf
tv,ftvwfusifhpOfjzifh tEdryef;wdkifa&muf
bk&m;jzpfcNhJ y;D a0ae,swt
Ykd m;vnf; tqdyk g vrf;pOf
twdik ;f a[mMum;awmfrcl jhJ cif; jzpfonf/
tdEd,onf Ak'bmom\ pwifaygufzGm;&m
rlvae&mjzpfonf/ ZmwdajrwGif at'D-12 &mpktxd
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmMumatmif edrchf snw
f pfcg omcsnw
f pf
vSnfh jzpfaomfvnf; cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnfEikd cf o
hJ nf/
Ak'y iG ahf wmfr&l mumvudk bDpaD jcmuf&mpk[k ynm&Sif
toD;oD;wdYk todtrSwf jyKxm;onf/ bDpo
D ;kH &mpk
wGif taomurif;onf olv
Y ufxufrwdik rf D Mum;

14

t&SifOwrmeE

umvu Ak'bmom\ zdkr&JjzpfrIrsm;udk jyefvnf

tzwfqnf wnfrh wfatmif taxmuftyHah y;Edik cf hJ
onf/
Ak ' r suf a rS m uf aumov? Ad r d o m&ES i f h
rv m rif ; wd k Y v d k &S i f b k & if r sm;? Ak ' y &d e d A m ef p H N yD ;
tapmydik ;f umv tZmwowf? od&"D rmaomuwdv
Yk kd
rif;rsm;? aemufyikd ;f omoemudk tqufrjywfatmif
usm;uefay;cJo
h nfh a'0geyH ,
d wdESihf 'k|*grPdwdkYvdk oD[kdVfbk&ifrsm; pojzifh acwftqufquf
tpdk;&toD;oD;tay: Ak'bmomonf rlwnfcJh&
aMumif; ordkif;aMumif;u jyoaeygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh ajym&vQif taemf&xmuJo
h aYkd om bk&ifrsm;
jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif Ak'b
momonf vufatmufcH
taejzifh r[kwfovdk? tkyfcsKyfoltaejzifhvnf;

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

15

r[kwfyg/ vrf;aumif;Tefjy oGefoifjyoolrsm;

(Mentor) tjzpfom awGU&ygrnf/
tkyfcsKyfol &Sifbk&ifrsm;u omoemawmfudk
taxmuftyHhjyKolrsm;om jzpfonf/ rlvuyif
]]&mZ}}ESifh ]]"r}}oD;jcm;pDjzpfaMumif; awGU&ygrnf/
od&Yk mwGif &mZm-udk "rm-jzifh xde;f ay;&aMumif;udk
,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdyg/ ESpfckudk enf;rSefvrf;rSefjzifh
aygif;EdkifrSomvQif avmutwGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifNyD;
tqdkyg a0g[m&ESpfckudk udk,fpm;jyKolrsm;twGuf
vnf; &nfreS ;f &m yef;wdik t
f oD;oD;udk a&mufEikd rf nf
jzpfonf/ a&jrifhvQif Mumwifh&onfh oabmudk
erlemjyKEikd o
f nf/ a&onf Edik if t
H yk cf sKyo
f rl sm;ESiw
hf Nl y;D
Mumonf omoemESifhwlonf/
oD&v
d uFm rdrEd iS t
hf wl wuov
kd w
f pfcw
k nf;
rSm ynmoif,laepOf &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqG&[ef;

16

t&SifOwrmeE

wpfyg;u ]]omoemESihf Edik if H b,f[mu txufrmS

&SdovJ}}[k wpfcgu ar;zl;onf/ ]]omoem}}
(Teaching) qdo
k nfukd bmoma&; (Religion)
tjzpf a&S;OD;pGm em;vnfxm;&ygrnf/ bmomw&m;
onf qkay;'Pfay;pepf (The System of Reward
and Punishment) jzifh tjypfay;cGifh csD;ajrmufcGifh
&Sad om tpd;k &r[kwo
f vd?k ,if;odv
Yk yk &f ef vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
tmPmvnf;r&Syd g/ vrf;Tejf yo qH;k rHrk Qom jzpf
onf/ rvdkufem tjypfray;Edkifovdk? vdkufemvdkY
vnf; qkray;Edkifyg/ odkYjzpf&m ]]bmom}}udk EdkifiH
(Country or Common) ESihf EIid ;f ,SOv
f u
kd v
f Qirf l
bmomonf 4if;rSDcdk&mEdkifiH\ tpdwfydkif;wpfckrQudk
om awGU&ygrnf/ txufatmufpum;jzifah jym&vQif
bmomonf EdkifiH\atmufrSm &Sdygonf/ trSefrSm
txuf-atmufqdkonfxuf tpdwftydkif;qdkonf

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

17

u ydkNyD; oifhavQmfygonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;

(Individual) taejzifrh l &Sib
f &k ifrmS jzpfap olawmif;
pm;rSmjzpfap bmomonf eHygwf-1 jzpfonf/ yk*dKvf
wpfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f pD\ ,HMk unfrt
I & bmoma&;
onf txufrmS &So
d nf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ud,
k rhf b
d rsm;onf tpd;k &H;k wpfck
wGif omref0efxrf; tedrq
hf ;kH 0efxrf;av;rQyif jzpf
apumrl udk,fhtwGufawmh Hk;rSmtBuD;tuJqdkol
xufvnf;aumif;? tBuD;tuJwdkY\ tBuD;tuJ
tqifhqifhxufvnf;aumif;? tqHk;pGefajym&vQif
orwxufyif ta&;ygonf/ tNrJwrf; eHygwf-1
rSm &So
d nf/ teaEm-teEig;yg;wGif rdbudx
k nfx
h m;
jcif;rSm ud,
k t
hf wGuf ud,
k rhf b
d jzpfonf/ tvm;wl
yif tjcm;olrsm;twGuf oufqdkif&m rdbwdkYjzpf
onf/ udk,fhtwGuf teEyk*dKvfonf olYtwGuf

18

t&SifOwrmeE

tvkyform;wpfa,mufrQom jzpfEdkifovdk? olY

twGuf teEy*k Kd vu
f vnf; ud,
k t
hf wGuf ta&;ryg
ol jzpfEdkifygonf/
EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfolrsm;udkvnf; txufygtwkdif;
em;vnf&ygrnf/ orwonf ol\yk*dKvfa&;t&
ol,MkH unf&m bmomonf eHygw-f 1 jzpfNy;D ? oltyk f
csKyaf om Edik if zH UGJ pnf;yHpk epft& bmomonf tpdwf
ydik ;f rsm;pGmxJu wpfcrk Qom jzpfygonf/ tuefo
Y wf
r&Sad om trsm;qdik f (Universal) t&rl bmomonf
odrYk [kwf Ak'o
moemonf Edik if t
hH xufrmS &Syd gonf/
Edik if o
H nf oufqikd &f m ydik ef ufa'oudo
k m ud,
k pf m;
jyKEdkifNyD; omoemonf pMu0VmBuD;wpfckvHk;udkyif
udk,fpm;jyKygonf/ olYae&mESifh cJGjcm;em;vnfrSom
qDavsmfrI vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfrI &Sdygrnf/ tzJGU

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

19

tpnf; odkYr[kwf trsm;qdkifESifh wpfoD;yk*v

oabmudk cGJjcm;em;vnfzdkY &nf&G,fygonf/
bmomw&m;onf ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;ESihf opm
w&m;udo
k m ud,
k pf m;jyKvQif vlwikd ;f twGuf bmom
w&m;xuf ta&;ygaom? xdyw
f ef;usaom? tjrifh
qHk;aomt&m r&SdEdkifawmhyg/ Ak'bmomtaejzifh
ajym&vQif ud,
k v
hf w
G af jrmufrt
I wGuf ud,
k w
f ikd f tm;
xkwf&rnfjzpf wpfOD;csif;ta&;ygrIudk A[kdjyKyg
onf/ wpfOD;csif;aumif;&mrS tm;vHk;aumif;zdkY
jzpfygonf/ vlnv
D Ykd -udu
k RzJ wfaom ,aeYacwf
trsm;BudKuf EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;jzifh toGifrwl
yef;wdkifrwljcif;wdkYaMumifh csdefxdk;MunfhzdkY tqifh
twef;nzd Ykd vrf;aMumif;rwlyg/ od&Yk mwGif ]]vlwikd ;f
onf Ak'bmomtwGuf rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; Ak'
bmomurl vlwikd ;f twGujf zpfonf}}qdak ompum;

20

t&SifOwrmeE

udrk l tav;xm;&ygrnf/ tar&dueforwa[mif;

atA&m[ifvifueG ;f u ]]aumif;wmvkyv
f Ykd aysm&f iT f
&NyD;? raumif;wmvkyfvdkY pdwfqif;&JrIudk cHpm;&
onfrmS ol\bmoma&;jzpfonf}} [k qdck yhJ gonf/
txufyg t,ltqudk tEdropmtaejzifh
wifjyjcif; r[kwyf g/ avmutrSeu
f kd uk,
d jf rifonfh
twdkif; wifjyjcif;rQomjzpfonf/ rZdredum,f? Oy&d
yPomygVd? 0db*F0*f? t&P0db*Fokwf bk&m;&Sif
udk,fwdkifuyif avmuESifh tjiif;tckefrvkyfzdkY
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qH;k rxm;ygonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS
avmutrSet
f & vlwpfa,muf\ trSeo
f nf tjcm;
wpfa,muftwGuf trSefjzpfcsifrS jzpfygvdrhfrnf/
vlwpfa,muf\tpmonf tjcm;olwpfa,muf
twGuf tqdyjf zpfonfqo
kd nfh pum;twdik ;f jzpfyg
onf/ jiif;ckefjcif;jzifh tusKd;r&SdEdkifyg/ aqG;aEG;jcif;

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

21

jzifo
h m tajz&SmEdik f &Edik yf gonf/ &Si;f atmifajym&vQif
Ak'bmom&[ef;awmfwpfyg;twGuf opmav;yg;
onf y&rwtaejzifh &SNd y;D om; jzpfygonf/ odonfh
twdik ;f tukev
f u
kd rf usiEhf ikd w
f muvJNG y;D todazmuf
jyefoGm;rnf r[kwfyg/ trSef[k,lqonfhtwdkif;
ajym&rnfhwm0ef-0w&m;&Sd ajym&jcif;om jzpf
onf/
aMumif ; -usKd ; quf o abm (Cause and
Effect) udk ajym&mrSm taMumif;wpfcw
k nf;aMumifh
tusKd;wpfck jzpf&onf[k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg/
taMumif;awG trsm;Bu;D aygi;f rS odrYk [kwf taMumif;
aygif;pHk tusKd;wpfck jzpfvm&onfhoabmjzpfNyD;
t"dutaMumif;wpfcu
k o
kd m ,lNy;D taMumif;aMumifh
tusK;d jzpf[k qdv
k jkd cif;omjzpfonf/ wpfcsKUd u udp
wpfcak jymqdak omtcg ud,
k t
hf ,ltqESihf rwdu
k q
f ikd f

22

t&SifOwrmeE

vQif jzpfpOfay: taMumif;t&may: a0zefjcif;r&SdbJ

bk&m;a[m r[kwf y,fcsiMf uonf/ bk&m;a[mudk
rnfrQ vdkufemEdkifNyDvJ[k qef;ppfoifhygonf/
]]omoem-onf wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfolwdkY\
cs;D jri ahf xmufyrhH t
I ay: rlwnfonf}} (omoeH emr
&mZm y"meH) [k qdak om pum;udk ]]bk&m;a[m
r[kwf q&mawmfhvufcsufBuD; xifygw,f}}[k
y,fcsifMuonf/ ajymvdkuf&if taMumif;t&mudk
ra0zefbJ ud,
k ef rYJ udu
k w
f ikd ;f ]]q&mawmfv
h ufjzpf?
aemufjzpf}}awGjzifh t|uxm #Dumrsm;yg vTiyhf pf
csifaeNyDxifonf/ q&mawmhfvufjzpf aemufjzpfrdkY
y,fcsif&if udk,fawGyif &Sif&[ef; jzpfvmEdkifp&m
&Sdrnfrxifyg/ ]]ax&0g'}}qdkonfh pum;uyif
xif&Sm;NyD; jzpfonf/ tpOftvmudk trSeftjzpf

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

23

vufcHjcif;r[kwfbJ? trSefudk tpOftvmtjzpf

vufcHjcif;jzpfonf/
q&mrsm; t,l0g'rsm; axGjym; a00g;ae
aom umvmrrif ; wd k Y t m; jrwf p G m bk & m;u
taMumif;t&mwpfckESifhywfoufNyD; oHk;oyfqHk;
jzwfEdkifatmif auorkwdokwf tBuHay;cJhonf/
tvkyfwpfck jyKrl-ajymqdk-BuHpnfrIESifhywfouf
(1) raumif;rI[k odvQif (2) tjypf&Sdonf[k odvQif
(3) ynm&SdwdkY uJh&JUtyfaom t&m[kodvQifESifh
(4) ,if;tvkyu
f v
kd yk f tusK;d rJjh zpfum qif;&J 'ku
a&mufrnf[k odvQif 4if;udk a&SmifMunf&rnf jzpf
onf/ taMumif;t&mudk ra0zefroHk;oyfbJ ykwf
cwfvkd rkH QMunfv
h Qif jrm;'Pf&mudk aq;ukzYkd rBuKd ;
pm;bJ jrm;ypfol jzLovm; rJovm;? &Snfovm;
wdo
k vm;? qif;&Jom;vm; vlcsr;f omvm; pojzifh

24

t&SifOwrmeE

t&ifppkH rf;onfh Oyrmvdk jzpfaeonf/ wdu

k q
f ikd f
1
xyfajym&vQif ]]rEkwbma0g 'kvabm}} wdv
Yk kd
xif&mS ;Ny;D trsm;oH;k aeaom ygVpd mom;onfyifvQif
rl&if;ygVad wmfjzpfaom edum,fig;&yf? yd#uwfo;kH yHk
1 t|uxmrsm; tqdkyg ygVdpmom;ESifh t"dyg,fwlNyD; azmfjyyHk
tenf;i,fuJGNyD; awGU&onf/ 'kvabm rEkwy#dvmabm ('D?|?1?47/
oH?|?1?225/ tH?|?1?49) ESifh ck'uedum,ft|uxmrsm; awGU&aom
]]rEky#dvmabm 'kva bm}} (okw- ed?|?1?121/ Zm?|?1?404/ 4if;?5?221)
wdYk jzpfonf/ ]]vlt
Y jzpfukd &jcif;onf cJ,Of;\}}[k awGU&ygonf/ t|uxm?
#Dumrsm;yif txufygtoHk;twdkif; wdkufdkufr&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf yOedygwftyg0if ygVdawmfrsm; tjcm;aom 'kvbv
w&m;rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
"ry'ygVdawmf *gxmeHygwf-182 t"dyg,fwlwpfck awGU&onf/
]]udam
p rEky#dvmabm? udH
p rpme ZD0w
d /H udH
p o'r
0eH? udam
p
Ak'g erkyg a'g}} ("ry'?yg?40)/ ]]vlt
Y jzpfukd &jcif;onf cJ,Of;\/ ow0gw\
Ykd
touf&n
S jf cif;onf cJ,Of;\/ olawmfaumif;w&m;udk Mum;em&jcif;onf
cJ,Of;\/ bk&m;&Siw
f Ykd yGix
hf eG ;f ay:aygujf cif;onf cJ,Of;\/}} 4if; t|uxm
vnf; rEkwy#dvmabm emr udam
p 'kvabm ("ry'?|?2?
152) [kom awGU&onf/

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

25

xJ wdkufdkufrawGU&yg (pma&;ol rawGU jcif;rQ

omvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonf/ wwfodvdrm
ukeaf om ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;wdYk Tejf yawmfrMl u
yguek )f / oabmwl t"dyg ,w
f rl sm;om &So
d nf/
tm;vHk;odMuwJhonfhtwdkif; 0denf;aMumif;
t& ajym&vQif omoemhO;D aqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;
taejzifh ypn;f av;yg;udk ud,
k [
hf meJu
Y ,
kd f axmufyhH
vdrYk &yg/ o*Fg,emwifawmh rif;awG taxmuftyHh
,l & onf / t"r 0 g'rsm; jzpf y G m ;vmawmh v nf ;
&mZu tultyHah y;&onf/ wpfpw
kH pfcu
k kd 0dik ;f 0ef;
xrf;Mu o,fy;kd Mu&mrSm t&if;ESihf tzsm;oabmu
awmh &Sdaernfom jzpfonf/ t&if;ESifhqdkifvQif
t&if;u y"mejzpfovdk? tzsm;ESifhqdkifvQifvnf;
tzsm;u y"mejzpfonf/

26

t&SifOwrmeE

ra[mo"m rif;om;i,fb0u ]]tzxuf

om;ujrwfonf}}[k rif;om;tajymudk bk&ifyh nm&Sd
rsm;u 0d k i f ; [m;NyD ; avS m if M u ajymif M uonf /
rdbaus;Zl; rodwwfot
l jzpf uJ&h UJ jypfwifMuonf/
aemufvu
kd af wGuvnf; q&mBu;D qdo
k rl sm; aemuf
vdu
k Nf y;D bkrod brod vdu
k u
f &hJ UJ Muonf/ &Sib
f &k if
uvnf; ckepfESpft&G,fjzifh tod-mPfynmt&m
ausmfMum;aeaom ra[mo"mrif;om;udk awmf
aumufvdkpdwf r&SdovdkjzpfoGm;onf/ wdkif;jynf
twGuf toHk;cszdkY ynm&Sda&G;wJhudprSm ]]tazu
om;xufjrwfvQif tazudk a&G;zdkY? om;u taz
xufjrwfvQif om;udak &G;zd}Yk } wifavQmufvu
kd af wmh
rS bk&if auseyfoabmusoGm;NyD; ra[mo"m
rif;om;i,fudk ynm&Sdtjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf/
tcsuf j zif h ra[mo"mud k tjypf q d k v d k Y r &Ed k i f

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

27

bk&m;avmif;r[kwfbl;[k rajymEdkif/ zciftay:

aus;Zl;uef;ol[lvnf; rqdkEdkifyg/ rwlnDwJh
tajctaeESpcf u
k kd wpfypkH w
H nf;xm;Ny;D tajzrnb
d J
oD;jcm;pDydkifqdkifaeaom t&nftaoG;rsm;udk jrif
atmif MunfhzdkYvdkygonf/
avmu jyemudk tajz&Sm&mrSm avSe"H m;
xpf wxpfcs rSwf,lvdkYr&EdkifwmawG rsm;pGm&Sdyg
onf/ ]]ighpum; EGm;&}}jzihf tEdkif,lvdkjcif;xuf
tajzrSef&&Sda&;twGuf aqG;aEG;ndEIdif;MuzdkY? rdvdE
rif;udk em*aoerax&f rdeaYf wmfro
l uJo
h Ykd rSm;vQif
rSm;onfhtwdkif; 0efcH? rSefvQif rSefonfhtwdkif;
axmufcH&ef qdkonfh ynm&SdwdkY\ aqG;aEG;enf;udk
vdkufemEdkif&ef xyfrH wifjyygonf/ txl;ojzifh
'D C ed u m,f ? aomP'@ok w f jrwf p G m bk & m;
rdefYawmfrlonfhtwdkif; ynmwwfHkjzifh rjynfhpHk?

28

t&SifOwrmeE

ud,
k u
f siv
hf rkH S jynfph o
kH nf qdo
k nft
h csuu
f kd txl;
tav;*kjyKMu&ef jzpfonf/
Ak'bmomonf avmuom;tm;vHk;twGuf
raumif;rIrSa&SmifzdkY oGefoifNyD;? aumif;rIaqmif
atmif vrf;jyonf/ pdwfudkjzLpifatmif usifhoHk;zkdY
wdu
k w
f eG ;f onf/ rnfonft
h csuu
f rsm; raumif;yg
vdrhf/ atb&m[ifvifuGef;onf oabmw&m;
udk rodaomfvnf; twdkif;yif wifjycJhonf/
odjYk zpf&m taomurif;vdrk sK;d Ak'b
momudk Edik if aH wmf
\ t"dutpdwftydkif;tjzpf toHk;csEdkifygonf/
[dEL ? *sed ;f ESihf Ak'b
momwd\
Yk Zmwdcsuaf MuG
arG;&yfajr [dELESifh *sdef;bmomwdkYudk ,aeYrsuf
arSmuftxd awGUEikd af o;onf/ Ak'b
momudrk l tkwyf kH
tkwcf rJ sm; t<uif;tuserf sm;tjzpf jywdu
k x
f J om
awGU&awmhonf/

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

29

omoemudk oDv&SdolwdkYom apmifha&SmufEdkif

rnfjzpfaMumif; a&S;olawmfaumif;wdYk rSwcf sujf yKchJ
onf/ onfrmS twGi;f pnf; jzpfygonf/ twGi;f
pnf;azmuforl mS bmoma&;OD;aqmiforl sm;xJrS jzpf
Edik Nf y;D ? 4if;wdYk aemufvu
kd rf sm;vnf; jzpfEikd yf gonf/
Ak'y&dedAmefjyKNyD; rMumrDrSmyif ay:vmaom okb'
&[ef;BuD;wdkYvdkrsKd; jzpfonf/ aemufwpfcsufrSm
vnf; bmoma&;OD;aqmifolrsm;u rrSefuefaom
enf;jzifh vmbf&vdrk I (vmb)? q&mBu;D wpfqjl zpfNy;D
tyltaZmfcv
H rkd I (oum&)ESihf xifay:ausmMf um;vdrk I
(odavmu) wdaYk Mumifh jzpfonf/ wpfyg;olrsm;tay:
rDScdk toufarG;olrsm; tjzpfrsm;wwf txl;
owdcsyfp&m jzpfygonf/ tjcm;taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm
twuakd &SUwef;wifrI rmefrmeaxmifvmT ; 0g<um;vdrk I

30

t&SifOwrmeE

wdaYk Mumifh jzpfonf/ twGi;f pnf;ausmo

f l odrYk [kwf
twGif;&efolrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
tjyifpnf;taejzifh Ak'bmomonf tMurf;
zufNzKd ciG ;f cH& zsuq
f ;D cH&aMumif; ordik ;f rSww
f rf;rsm;
cdkifcdkifrmrm &Sdygonf/ Ak'yGifhawmfrl&m rlvr[m
aAm"dyif? emvEmwuov
kd af [mif; ponfwYkd jzpf
onf/ tjyifpnf;wGif bmomtcsi;f csi;f tEkenf;jzifh
ESdyfuGyfcHcJh&ovdk? tMurf;zufowfjzwfcH&jcif;rsm;
txdr;f trSwf taqmuftOD;rSeo
f rQ vufpazsmuf
cH&jcif;rsm;? bmomudk;uG,f axmufyHholrsm;udk
touftE&m,fjyK Ncrd ;f ajcmufrrI sm; yg0ifonf/ Ak'-
*,mudyk if [dEL r[efw
Y v
Ykd ufxrJ S jyef,El ikd cf o
hJ nfrmS
rMumvSao;/ oD[dkVfom; tem*g&du"rygv\
OD;aqmiftm;xkwfrIaMumifhom jyef&jcif;jzpfonf/
tdEd,ajr Ak'bmom uG,faysmuf&jcif;udk NcHKiHk

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

31

aumufcsucf s&aomf nyyf ;l nyyf w

d f twdu
k t
f cdu
k cf H
&aom twGif;tjyif &efolrsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
bmomw&m;tay: *sdef;bkef;BuD;wdkYvdk pdwf
xm;Edik v
f Qi?f ud,
k x
f m;Edik cf ahJ omf ud,
k rhf sK;d qufopf
udv
k nf; xm;Edik af tmif vufqifu
h rf;ay;Edik cf v
hJ Qif
Ak'b
momonf tE,
d tqufjywfomG ;p&m r&Sb
d J
qufvufwnfp&m &SdEdkifajcrsm;ygonf/ tckawmh
ud,
k o
hf rdik ;f udk ud,
k rf od ud,
k u
f yif tpGe;f a&muf
oa,mif xifMujrifMu ajymqdkjcif; cHMu&onf/
emvnf;emao; eHvnf;eHao;qdkovdk jzpfonf/
ud,
k u
f cH&Ny;D ud,
k yf iftjypfzYkd cH&jyefonf/ ]]ordik ;f
oifwm rtatmifv}Ykd }[kqakd om q&mBu;D a'guw
f m
oef;xGef;\ pum;jzifh tvSefajym&vQif ]]ordkif;
roifvYkd twJo
h al wG}}jzpfaeMuonf/ ydq
k ;kd onfrmS

32

t&SifOwrmeE

wm0ef,v
l pkd w
d rf &SMd ujcif;? wpf0rf;wpfcg;udk wefz;kd
xm;Mujcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/
avmuNidrf;csrf;zdkY&ef avmuom;tm;vHk;
wm0ef&ydS gonf/ olawmfaumif;w&m; wnf&adS ejcif;
onf wpfcw
k nf;aom avmuNird ;f csr;f aMumif; jzpfyg
onf/ Ak'b
momonf tarSmifciG ;f tvif;aqmif
ay;ygonf/ owfjzwfnOf;qJjcif;? Edkifvdkrif;xuf
jyKrljcif; paom raumif;rIrsm;udk wm;jrpfNyD; tcsif;
csi;f tay:omru avmuwGi;f &Sd ow0grsm;tm;vH;k
tay: arwmxm;&ef oifjyonfh ppfreS af om Nird ;f
csr;f a&;twGuf tajccHtw
k jf rpf jzpfygonf/ rSeu
f ef
aom touf a rG ; rI w d k Y j zif h rd r d u d k v nf ; aumif ; ?
avmuudkvnf;aumif; wefzdk;xm;&ef oGefoif
onf/ oufrJhavmutay: av;pm;rI&Sd&efvnf;
tav;teuf x m;onf / Ak ' b mom tqH k ; r

Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf) om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif

33

(omoem)rsm; wnf&Sdatmif rdrdwdkYpGrf;&mzufu

BudK;pm;Edkifjcif;onf avmuNidrf;csrf;zdkY taumif
txnfazmfjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
"rtqHk;rrsm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk Nidrf;csrf;atmif
wnfaqmuf rdrd&&Sdaom tNidrf;"mwfrsm;jzifh
avmutay: jzefYusufvTrf;NcHKEdkifjcif; &Sdygap[k
qEjyKygonf/
2015-ck? 'DZifbmv? twG-J 4? trSw-f 4? xdik ;f Edik if x
H w
k f
]]wuov
kd &f [ef;ysK"d rpmapmif}} azmfjycJah om
aqmif;yg;jzpfonf/

arwmjzifht&SifOwrmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)
acw-em*Zkewuodkvf?
*Gew
f ;l NrKd U? tE&my&ma'h&jfS ynfe,f? tdE,
d Edik if /H
Monday, November 02, 2015

34

t&SifOwrmeE

Ref;

.
1. Chat.t.ha Sanga-.yana- Tipit.aka 4.0. Software. 2008.
Igatapuri: VipaQana Research Institute.

2. tw0g'rS tew0g'odkY c&D;pOf? OD;a&Tatmif? &mjynfh

pmtkyw
f u
kd ?f &efuek ?f 1998/
3. Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and
Caste, By Gail Omvedt, Sage Publication, New
Delhi, 2003.
4. Constituting Communities; Theravada Buddhism
and Religious Cultures of South and Southeast
Asia, ed., By John Clifford Holt, Jacob N.
Kinnard & Jonathan S. Walters., State University
of New York PreQ, Albany, 2003.
5. 2500 Years of Buddhism, By P.V. Bapat, The
Government of India PreQ, New Delhi, 1956.
6. http://www.upf.org/interfaith-programs/4766national-conference-on-interreligious-harmonyto-take-place-in-india
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagarika_
Dharmapala
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism

35

t&S i f O w r meE ( ay&ma'ed , wu o d k v f ) \

xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;
1/ pHjyKxu
kd af omESv;kH om;
2/ Essential Knowledge of English
(uGeyf sLwmrl? oifwef;oH;k )
3/ olwdkYavQmufaomvrf;
4/ Exam Guide For MA (uGefysLwmrl? t*Fvdyf)
5/ pepfwusrmS ;
6/ 0efEiS *hf P
k f
7/ Ak'pmayvm acgif;aqmifrIynmESifh
oabmw&m;rsm;
8/ Ak'bmomESifhacwfopfurm (vufurf;pmtkyf)
9/ aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyem
("r okw &o pmpkrsm;)
10/ yk*Hudk a&mufcJhw,f
11/ wwd,&wem (odkYr[kwf) avmu\jynfhpHkjcif;
(vufurf;pmtky)f
12/ Ak'b
momESiEhf ikd if aH &;
13/ rdk;udkqGwf EGHrSmepfol (vufurf;pmtkyf)
14/ NrD (odkYr[kwf) rNyD;qHk;aom &,ljcif;
15/ vl? jyemESifh tajz (vufurf;pmtkyf)

2009
2009
2010
2010
2011
2012
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2015

36
16/ rwlx;l jcm;"avhrsm;ESib
hf 0&orsm;
17/ Ak'bmom (odkYr[kwf)
om;&JwdkYMum;u awmrJhom;aumif
(vufurf;pmtkyf)
qufvufxw
k af 0rnfph mpOfrsm;
1/ aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyem-2

2015

2016(,ck)

2016