Professional Documents
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Myth Magic and Morals
Myth Magic and Morals
A STUDY
A ND
MO RA LS
O F C H RI S T IA N O RI G I NS
ll c l
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ta n ng an d system a t s ng
a ts
T he
e s v e sup er or ty o f th e
C op er n a n theor y ov er th e to em a
es, n o t i n i ts sup er or ease i n
w o r n g, b ut i n i ts g r ea ter u t ty for p ur p oses o f system an d p roph e y
tho ut i t t her e w ou
hav e een n o p r ospe t o f th e g r ea t a van es
i n a stron o m a theory wh h h a v e s n e ee n m a e, o r of our g r ea t y
t ng a st ron o m a ph en o m en a
i n r ease a ura y i n p r e
R esu ts
o f th s
n
a r e n o t to b e e pe te
b y a th n er w h o m sr epr esen ts h i s
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MA G I C
MYT H
A ND
MO RA LS
A S TUDY O F CHRIS TI AN O RI G I NS
t?
FR E D C O RN W A LLI S C O NYBE A RE ,
.
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W A TT S
r 55
or
MA
KC
S Y NO PS I S
O F C O NT E NT S
I NTRO DUC T I O N
ON
M E TH O D
C H A PTER I
P A UL
P AG E
ra
s o
N
R
m
A
s a on
s on a
an
11
ra
12
IS
th ese
opp on ents
Paul s vi sions
Messi ah
th e
rst
stage
in
th e deica ti on
of
the
Jewi sh
HA PTER II
T H E G O S P E LS CO M PI LA TIO N S
T he Four th G ospel d evelop s th e P a ul in e vi ew o f C hri st
eleva tes hi m i n to th e Di vi n e Lo gos
Dep en dence on Mar k of M a tth w an d Luk e
P lagiar ism no r epr oach i an c ient an d m ed ie l l ite tu e
Mod i c ati ons of M a k s t xt m d e b y M tth w a d Luk e
T he N on M ar c an sou c e used b y M a tth ew an d Luk e
T he Fi rst and Thi r d G osp el s c o m p i l t ion
:6
r8
va
ra
an d
z r
22
23
24
26
vi
S Y N O PS I S
C
OF
C ON T E N T S
H A PTE R I I I
MA RK
PA
if
li
c
M
M
M
i d
ar
C h e ep so es n a r r a te b y
H i s tera ry m eth o
e v e o p m en t i n th e
H e en a es us to tra e a
sm a s r
o n s ousn ess o f esus ; th e eso ter
In
bl
c
M i n c s lf
ci
J
i ci
c i b d t J sus by
k
k th d isc i p l o ly g d ually cog i e J su to b e th
i h d J sus ly g d u ll y
ls h im self as uch
d
t t th e J ews i n g ener l
l y t h i i tim t
d th t
M e iah i the t d itio l J ewi sh
ecog i ti on of J esu
ess a
ess a
an
on
on
an
s as
J esus s gur e of th e S on
of
no
a es, a n
s n
Man
cfl
M essi
b li f
J
M i
cd d
ci i
M k
35
na
ra
ss
u b ut tr um pha n t
p resag es of a p ea e
ss
a
h
s r eturn
e
T h e e e i n th e
W hy w a s esus sen ten e to ea th ?
o s
r evea
ra
33
n s
re
ra
es
sense
ar
r s r
P hi l
32
ar
P ete
28
M k
d l
39
ah
4o
43
45
C H A PTER I V
ST RU CTU R E O F M A RK S G O S P E L
E x m pl s fd oubl
x p l nati o fthem
ti e i n M a k
M k com p i l d hi s G p l f m p e x i ti ng w i tt s u ces
m ti m e c o i c id ed w i th th e N o M c an so u c e of
w h i ch
M atth ew d Luk e
e n arra
os e
ar
so
ro
n o
en
ar
an
C H A PTE R V
M AT T H E W AND L U K E
M k suppli s th e e g l ists w ith th i ge l outl ine an d
f m w k fJ esus s h isto y
ct M k s G reek n d om i t hi A m i c i d i m s
T hey c
t it
ela t d b y M
k of J esu uch
T hey l o obl i te at h um
j ecti b y hi s ow fellow tow m en hi s in b il i ty
s J esus
th p ti
ts b el i e ed i n hi m h i s p oh i b i tion to
to c u e u l
to ca ll h i m go d
oth
ti c i p te the f u th
I
l l th i s th rst and th i d e
gel i st
f ced i n M tthew an d
a m p l es of h um an t a i ts f J esus ef
O th e
e
ar
ra
or
s re
e r
an
ra
s r
ra
er s
ar
ns
en
on
n ess
n era
ar
a s
orre
van
es
s, s
a
n a
va n
ec
i li
u e
s an
c ib
b y th e S r es, th at h e ha d
an d , b y hi s m oth er an d
reth r en , th at h e w as m a d
a dev i l
T he p o us ra u s o f th e E n gl i sh Rev se Ver s o n
s n arra t v e pr epa r e th e w a y f
or the
o u r th
ar
os e
p
B ut the tw en ty rst h apter of th e our th osp e en sh r n es so m e
T he
M k
ns
f d
x
ly t d iti
P ph eti c gn os :
ea r
ra
on s
'
ro
in
a ga nst
Matth e
esus
i d
L k
51
57
S Y NO P S I S
v ii
O F C O NT E N TS
C H A P TER V I
L U KE
PA
Luke f e ly a dj usts M ar k s na ti es to hi w n d m ti c id l s
H e m nuf ctu
th e s
n ty
se en ty two d i sc i p l s out of
d oubl et i n hi s ou ces
Later Ch i sti n l i te atu e fu n ish e biog phi s of th ese d isc ipl es
w h o yet
l y ex i ted i Luk f cy
Ex m p l s of how Luke c uld i n e t n d t a esty h i s s u ces
H i s cc un t of th e g ift o f S pe k ing w i th t ngues i s p o d fro m
Paul s l ette s t b e f l
Hi
cc unt of th e r esu ec ti on bold m i pul ati n of M k s
text
H rn ck n Luke p etensi ns t b e an ccu t h ist i n
B ut Luk e
cco d ing t n c ie t t d d f l i t ry p op iety
h d a r igh t t us
st ay d o c um en t as h e ch
r
eve
res
'
s a
86
90
91
an
e a
an
rr
ea
ve
92
a se
ra
ra
e s
or
s o
on
r ra
s an
ar
ar
ra e
or a
er a
s o
I0 2
ose
10 0
C HA P T ER V I I
T H E NO N M A R C A N D O C U M E N T
ce M tth w b st prese es the l ngu g n d Luk
10 4
O f th s
th e
sour
or
er
P rofessor H a
an d
rn a
e,
ar r a n gem en t
ck s ec
rv
7
10 8
10
cti o
n ofi t
o n str u
C HA PTER VII I
T H E NO N M A R C A N D O C U M E N T ( Co ti n u d)
i t ign es th e d ath
Reasons for rega r d in g i t as a v e y ol d sou c
cti on of J esus
d esu
d G l il
I ts hor i z on w ho lly J ew ish
I t c n ta i ns featu e a l ien an d bh ren t exc ept to th e m t p im i
ti e ag e
I t ignores the m i a cl es of J esus
J ew ish i w of th Messiah
It t k
I t ign es ch u ch o g n isati o
Do es i t pre ve th s y in gs of J esus w h i ch a cc r d in g t Pap i s
coll ected b y M a tth w ?
w
th e sayi gs p e e v d i th i s d oc um en t b e r gar ded
H ow f
as a uth en ti c ?
n
r e
an
or
rr e
an
ean
os
or
v e
es a
or
ser
x c tly c
e a
ar can
er a
o n tem porar e
s a
32
I 33
I 34
13 5
I
36
37
C HA P T ER I X
T H E T RUE J E SUS
l i fe f J esus
t i l fo w i ti ng
J esu n d J h the B ptist w e e l m o
i s im p ob ble
ma
th a t
s r
31
a ,
ere
Luk e
12 7
I 39
st
I 41
S YNO PS I S
viii
O F CO N T E N T S
PA
J esus s
ctivity
x c i t i llu tra t d
as an e or
J ewish
by para l
l ls f o m
r
T he
Th e
p agan , an d o th er so ur es
as an a
as
or
er
en
4S
v s o
as
I 42
as
se
e r
co n
c
ccusation that h e w
g t of B el zeb ub
i con vi ction tha t he w th p r m i d w ish Messm h w
f hi d i sci p l es th e p y ch log i c l b is
their i i ns o fh i m
ft his dea th and of th i b l i f i hi s S econ d A dve t
tem p o ra ry
C HA PT ER X
J E S US S M O RA L T EA C H I N G
S m e f hi s prec epts inapp l i c bl t c i i l so c i ety
T h i s m i ng un i vers l i ty due p tl y to th e fa c t tha t i n hi
ge
o J ew ish S tate ex i sted an d p
tly to hi s ex p ec t ti on of th e
i m m ed iate a dven t ofth e Ki ngd m f G od
S im ilar p r ecepts a dd r essed b y Ph i lo t G n til e p roselyt es cut ff
b y th ir chan ge offa i th f m f m i ly t i s
Wi d d ption of the Jewish S bba th
Ph il s testi m ony to the tr ial s of J w i h prosel yte
Jesu d i d not a dd ress hi s pr c pt to such p oselytes b ut e e y
wh e e assum es h is h
s t
b e J ews an d m o nothei sts
H e l ook ed for wa rd l i ke P h i l t
dy b ut p e ceful em ei
sp
p ati n o fthe J ews fr o m th e R m
y ke
The l of
ty i n transigen ce of hi s tea ch i g
I 49
e r
ee
ar
e a
ro
e e
earer
o a
ee
an
OF
16 2
J d
b
l bi
J u p
x
e
d
d i i
i
B i
i c
166
16 7
16 8
1 69
17 1
i id
f
P
P li
i
L i
16 1
16 4
H i ll lP i
1 60
J ES U S
Th e a th K0 1
Th e pa ra e of
e
h l o o n th e a th Ko l
ar a e
r o m th e T esta m en t o f
ev
T h e gh t o n th e wa ter s o f or an
I ea o f th e a ti sma r e r th o f es s ex l a in S h is tit e o f t he
p
ea
t
r
s
h
g
T h s ea w as e pl oi t
b y th e A op t o n sts
T he east of th e E p phany or o f th e a p t sm
W hy was the age of th r ty h osen as t ha t of J c us a t Ba 15 m ?
P
a r a e of Zor oaster
a u ne v ew th at Jesus
e a m e S on O
f G od thr O
ugh hi s r sun elg
t o n , a n d not a t
a pt sm
T h e E on tes ns ste on th e
a p t sm , b ut
no t
eif
y th e
ll l
ll l f
li
1 58
XI
es en
1 56
an
C HA P T ER
T H E B A PT I S M
T he p y cho l g y of conversi on
T h d c t o f th e S pi r i t as a d o e
I 54
v r
o,
1 53
1 52
s a
ar
ll l
i
bi i
bc
B i
i i d
'
B i
d id
P ba b i l ity that the earl y Rom n C hur ch h eld Eb ion ite views
Mm uci us Fel ix Lac tan ti us
d A ph
tes a d m it
go d h oo d
Jesus Ch ri st in cata ch esti c se se n ly
ro
an
raa
of
18 1
S Y N O PS I S
OF
ix
CO NT E N T S
C HA PTER XI I
B I RT H L E G E N D S
J seph begat J u
T h e l egen d th t J us w
b
t B eth l h m un k no w n to M ar k
a n d th e uth
f th e Four th G osp el
C r i ti cism of Luk s stor ies of th e Bi th
T h e st
of th e M
gi
P ll l s t M tth w s B i th l gen d
Vi gi b i r th f Pl to
Vi g i n b i ths m ong
im l s ; Vi gi b i th f J ul ius C sar of
A l ex an d e
f P e seus
Vi g i l s fou th E cl ogu
Ph i l o o i gi bi th s
Li t ry m ethod f Luke i
a t i g th e b i r ths fJ oh
an d J sus
H i tex t i t p l ted f om th e P o tevan g l
Th
i gi m oth er i n Re el ti n
M k s Gospel d th E bi on i te ch u ches of Pa l stin e de i ed the
v i gi
b i th f J esus
J ud s Th m as th e tw i b oth r f J sus
A qu i l a n d T h e d ti
c ct d v i g i to m i de i th i r G k
ve si
s
f I s i h i i 14
T h e l g d w s du t th
n c at i sm of th e ea r ly C hu ch
A d e p c ia lly to th e i sti tuti n o f sp i i tu l m
i ge vid en ced
b y P au l l et t
E n c ati m f Re el tio ofA c t of P ul d T hekl
Due to th e bel i ef i n th e i m m inen ce of th e S eco d A dven t n d
en d o f thi s w o ld
S p i r itu l w i es i n the P stor of H m s i n C yp i
s lette s i n
G egory of Nyssa in th e S yr i c d Cel ti c Chu ches
S u vi l of th i ti tuti n i th e M i ddl e Ag es
Harr i d O liphan t
Ch i lry
Mur tori on spir i tua l w ives
T h e l ge d f th e i gi due to e c ti t i u n ce
D c ti c i uen ces w o k ed ven t a d en i l th t J esus was e er
born t al l
The d ogm
fth e I m m cul a te C o c pti on fe stsof the Vi igi
B l i ef th t the Vi gi n co c ived th ough he a s
M ophysite b l i f about Ch i st e h the P e l
M e i g of P ul s p ecept tha t wo m e m ust ei l their h ea ds
an n
ar
es s
es
an
r, o
v r
n er
e v r
on
en
on
a a
or r e
e e
n,
arr a
es
an
er
va
ns
r an
an
I 93
I 94
I QS
19 6
1 98
I
99
2 00
20 2
204
206
20 7
208
2 10
2 11
2 15
2 16
2 17
2 19
2 20
va
222
223
o e
v r
on
a m es
th e n a
o f pow er
or e
n
a
ar
2 24
r e r
C HA PT ER
folkl
an n
ra
a o
19 1
s an
In
19 0
1 88
18 7
ree
ers
18 6
ae
n n arr
an
o a
era
ar
ar
or n a
or o
a ra
as
PA
2 26
2 29
2 3o
2
32
2 33
XIII
M A G I C US E O F N A M E S
m e em b o d i es th e p e son l i ty
r
2 35
2 36
S Y NO PS I S O F C O N T E N T S
PA
c c ations
B in d ing an d loosi g
M gi c u of k ys
T h c u i g ofth e f
ig t
In
x c ism s
2 39
e or
2 43
on se r
2 45
se
2 48
rs n
im i l
r ee s
to R om an
ar
Fa scz n a tzo
'
2 49
C HA P T ER XI V
T H E EU C H A RI S T
P aul cc un t c om m un i cated to hi m i a n ecst sy
d J ew i sh s c i c e
ked the an l gy of Pag
Hei
H i s i d l i m cl a sh d w i th feti sh ism
Ki nsh ip d com m un io i n food
i ng ofth d in k ing o fthe bl ood ofCh i t
Th e m
B l o d broth e hood s
C om m u i n wi th d e i ls an d w i th Ch i t
We th b ea d n d w i e i n P aul sa c am en ts m gi c l substi tut s
f Chri st s b od y
d bl ood ?
Paul iew ed the sac m en t as a reh e s l of the s c i fi c e of C h ist
o
the Cross
A cc et io s o f feti h b l i ef r oun d th e sa cram en t
T he ccoun ts of th e l ast supp r i n F i st an d S c d G osp els
i u n c ed b y P ul i n e E pi stl e
Th t i Luke d ir ec tly i ter pol ated th erefrom H i s or i g ina l tex t
was f ee fr om P u l i ne i n ue ce
n d m er l y asc i b ed to J
us
p esag e o f th e i m m i n ent K i g d o m ofG d
The Essen e d ai ly
c m ent of b e d an d wa ter an d that of th e
T hera peutae i u ced Ch i sti
p r cti ce
T h e cl n si n g o f si n b y bl ood e p ec i ll y b y hum an bl ood
W ine s a sub ti tut for bl ood
P g n nal ogies
s a
an
ea n
an an
a o
ea
n vo
r s
n o
re
r s
or
ra
ar a
sa r a
en
ea
C HA P TER XV
T H E EN D
tr i l of J esus c o l
a re
a n an a
a e
e r n
o o
surr e
ri
ve
an e e
er
en
ov er
ar
es
rr e
r ee
an
2 63
2 65
2 66
2 67
2 68
27 1
2 74
75
277
2
e t en
'
es
es en
ro
ro
s e
2 59
T he
2 58
es
an
332
2 53
e on
2 52
2 51
an
238
Ra s se ret nam e
'
Use o f J esus s na m e in
2 79
2 80
28 1
2 83
2 84
2 86
87
288
2 93
2 94
2
2 96
S Y NO P S I S
OF
xi
G
C O N TE N TS
PA
The G o spel
J ews
sto r es o f
x i
the
em p ty
b in
to m
ci
M k
i
v en te
c o fut
to
d P
l
di
i
l i c i
cc
M k G
c
Pi l
l
G lil
ci
C HA P TER
th e
2 98
Reason s for
n g th e r esurr e t on on S un a
m orn ng
y
a tth ew s a m
a
t
o
n
o
f
a
r
s ta e
p
T he a pp earan e o n th e m oun ta n i n
a
ee
seu o
o un t o f th e r esurr e t on
eter s a
ro a
onser
p
y
ost en
n g of
ar
s
osp e
Narrat ve of th e A ts of ate
b bl c
v
es the
30 0
30 1
30 4
30 8
3 12
XVI
BA PT I S M
O r ig i n o f ish o ps
T h e r i te of n am e giv i n g on th e eigh th da y r o m
hur h i ng o f th e h i
on th e or ti eth da y
r
l
l
T e tu i a n s o n em n ati o n o f th e ap ti si ng of h i r en
ee i ng of th e en ti r e ea r y C h ur h
T he r i te o f sea i ng w i th th e S p i r i t surv i ve as th e
f l
: ol d m m
c ld
c d
c ld
i l
d l b i
c
d l b
i i
i l i
i
li i
l
l
i x i bl b i
df b i
il
i
P
lix
l i
i
c
i
i
ii
i
Mi i
f lkl
i
i d
i i c c
b i
J
ic
i i f
l id
l
c
r th
the
ects th
re
C ath
tu m
bi
3 13
3 14
e
3 15
ar
con
b li f
Hl
d
i
b i
ii
c
c
ii
c d c ib d
bc d
b i
c i i
b
n s a
r
C i l
e,
re
n v
v n
e,
es
320
32 1
322
324
32 5
32 7
329
3 19
l i
C HA PT ER XVI I
M A RC I O N
Char les Dar w in on Jewish or igin ofC h isti n i ty
Mar c io
tt m p t t
d ny th t o igin ; h e ej ec ted r th r th n
llego is th e J ewish S cr ip tu s n d d n ied them to b e
in sp i ed b y th e good G od
D em i
H e asc i b ed th e c e ti n f th e u i e se n d of m n to
u g
w h o m b e i d en t i ed w i th t he i d i c ti e G d ofth e J ews
H e d e i ed th t J esus uph eld th e J w i h Law
H e was the sp i i tu l fath r of th W te n M i c h e s
P og e sive r evelation n im p l i c i t d e i l of th e cl ai m s of Chri sti
on e tr ue rel i g i on
a mi ty to b e th
r
3 16
3 17
3 17
3 18
an
an
3 3
332
3 33
3 34
n a
3 36
OF
S Y NO P S I S
xii
C O N T E N TS
PA
er
G od
con t di c ts
ea
rs
an
a or
r son
se
se
ra
3 4o
34 1
342
3 43
C HA P T ER XVI II
D EV E LO P M E N T
L
ii
N ewm an
ci c
i
i
i l ic l di
B ll d i
l C c
J
lf b l i d
ld
cl
d
li c b i f
i
i
J
c di i d
q
b li f
c dc i
C c
ii
c d d
ic
ne
r o ccu ed
G r ow th fC hristo logy i n the st two c n turi es
C r i ti c ism of the i d ea o f C hosen P eop l e
C osm g o y of th e C hu ch who lly m ythi c l an d a ti q ua ted
I n I tal y nd S p ai n th e i ngrai n ed f ti sh ism of th e poor
gr eater
o b st cl e t
in tell ec tu l em an cipati on tha n of c i l C ath l i ci sm
T im i d i ty of A ng l i c an d i i nes
ve
rr
DD I TI O N A L NOTE S
I NDE X O F S UBJ ECTS
3 47
3 48
3 49
3 5
3 52
3 54
3 55
3 56
3 57
36 1
3 63
3 75
P R E FA C E
TO
S E C O ND
TH E
E D IT I O N
r epr
c, a n
ra
an
nn
z,
x iii
xi v
P R E FA C E
ch m p i o n s of
d p ted oth e ta c t c s
o r th o d oxy so m ewh a t c h a ste ed h ave
B oth in side the An glic C h u ch an d o u t i de i tin No n
confo m i st ci cl esth y o longe l ead a f o t l attack up o n
o f New T est m en t
i tici sm an d
th e d o m a i
o e wh o i
ea l y C h u ch H i sto y el e t l es l y u se th e h i to ic l m eth o d s
vogue Th ey p efe to m eet h i m wi th a
eve ywh e e el e i
conspi acy O f silence They l ck th e obust c o vic tion s of
T h e m o st th ey ven tu e
aw y
u
a B u go
a d t hey
u po i s sed ul usly to fo m e t am o ng th e la d i es O f thei
c o g eg ti o th opini o that i t i s b ad fo m an d a b e ch
O f so ci l d eco um to qu e ti o n o p en l y a d in p i t th e t u th
T O O r ea dy a e
f eeds o th i m p o t ce O f sa c a m e ts
non s o on e O f m y m o st O p en
we to sub m i t to such
m i ded c i tics (i th e H zb t f n a l ) wo ul d n o t h ve fel t
ot tell a bi sh op to
i t e dfu l to em in d m e th t you a
h i s f ce th t h e i s a wor ker o f m agi c
I wo ul d li k e to k o w
Why n o t ? A s fo m ysel f m y c m pa a ti e stu d y f eligi o n s
h as c o nvinc ed m e th t th e s c a m e ts s d m i i ste ed a n d
u derstoo d o l ess b y ou m o d er n sacerdotali st cl ergym e
tha b y Lati G eek an d oth e p i ests a e noth ing el se bu t
a
u viv l f th e m ost p i m i ti ve if pu ri ed m agic ; an d
the ef e sh oul d o casi o n ise I sh oul d ot sc r up le w i th
due cou tesy to i fo m th e A ch bi sh o p O f C a te b ur y o
th e P ope h i m self th at such w s m
A m zcus P l to
y O p ini o n
Temp or a
n,
r an
ca
r n
cr
ns
cr
n a
an
m o d ern
th e
an d
m n ta n tur ,
'
n,
or
a r
ar
s r
nn
rn
er
'
'
m ag zs
'
a m zca
'
ver z ta s
an
a r c on
rr
ar
rr n
xv
P R E FA C E
rre
w
r
e
r
m
a
L
inco c t
ot H e
ot e to regard physical evil as
som ething accessory an d acci denta l I t does not com e inte
m i tte tl y 3 bu t on th e con t a y th e wh ol e ani m a l cr eati o n
is system atically based on th e exterm ination of on e creature
b y a no th er and on a c r u el ty typ i ed in th ei r instinc ts 1
I t m i gh t b e argu ed that evil a m ong m en is their own fau l t
B u t l et Pr ofessor S anday beco m e a biologist an d stu dy the
a tu ral h is tory o f in sec ts an d p a asi tic o rganis m s ; an d I
qu estion if hi s bel i ef in th e l v d goo d ness of an om ni
p oten t au thor o f natur e w ill o t b e r u d el y put to th e test
I
B u t i f we rej ec t the r st ar ti l e o f the cr eed s wh ich r uns
believe in one G od th e F th e A l m ighty m ak er of h e ven
the we
an d ea r th an d o f al l th i gs vi sibl e an d invisibl e
Th e e i s as I was c areful to p i t
rej ec t m oni s t ic t h eis m
ou t pl nty of roo m l eft i the u iverse for loving spi i ts
but not for om nipotent ones
For the rest P rofesso S an day took m e to task for accu i g
a m es
O f a wa nt o f c an d o u
o
th e cl ergyI m ent ioned
I d o not expect th em o f cour se to accept m y antithei stic
i dea lism Few of them h ave h a d th e philosophical tr ai ni g
B ut I m u st
whi ch woul d ren d er i t intelligibl e to th em
certai nly con dem n a wi desp ea d d isposition am ong th em
n o t onl y t o sh u t th eir own eyes bu t to clos e th os e o f o th e s
to th e results of h ist or ica l c i t i ci sm as br ought to bear up o n
Many of the cl e gy
th e B ibl e an d eccl esi ast ic a l in sti tutions
ar e l ear n ed even to th e p o in t o f p ed a ntry a n d pro fess th em
ot
sel ves t o b e cr i tica l t o th ei r ger t i p s 3 an d yet you do
long enj oy th eir books o co nve sation before you n d a
lim ited liability cl au se i thei r m e tal associ ation T oo
O ften th ey ar e a c tu ally ter r o i ed b y th e fan atic al l ay l ea d ers
Dr S an d ay wr i tes a s i f I
o f th e E n glish C hu c h U ni o n
s
rr
nn
e an
o n
s n
r s
Lond on
18 9 2 ,
140
P R E FA C E
x vi
cha ge
wer e the r st to
Dr
then , wh at
ea r,
sa y o f
h ad to
wer e th en
hi s o wn
caste
Magee
twen ty v e year s
so m e
a go .
cl e gy hi words ar e as t ue n ow as th ey
S p e k i g of th ose wh o c l u g to t h e b el i ef i
i n p ir ti on of th B i bl e th i s go o d B i sh op wrote
th e
r un o f
O f th e
cl e gy wi th a wan t o f ca do u
th e l ate B i sh o p o fPete b o o ugh
the
th e l teral
fol l ows
as
They 'were
i t, fo rc
tr ea ted
for
ing
tr ea t
ev er
J ews
ca ba l istic i n ter preta
stran ge a n d
it
on
B i bl e
th e
ng
ii
som e m ea i n g
ivi e Wo d th an
wh i h eem ed to th em m o e
th e su fa c e o f th a t pa ticu l a
th e si m p l e t u th th a t l a y o
po ti on they we e e d in g th ey we e for ever tu r i ng
i si i to h i story poetry i to h a dest
h eto ic i n to l ogic
d m ost l i te a l p oseth at i to sa y th ey wer e fo ever
fo getti g th a t G od i n th i s R evel a ti on was usi g h um a
h earts h um a th ough t h u m an k n o wl edge h u m an p ecul i ar
i ties of cha ac te i n o de that i n an d th ough th em H i s
Word m ight b e c on veyed to us
t on s,
c
on
an
i t, g v n g i t
wo r th y o f the D
a l l egor s n g
i i
th e
as
r,
s,
nc
as
n sn
ar
W C Mg
.
ee,
T he G osp el
an d
tlze Ag e ;
1 8 8 4,
p 32 1
.
PR E FA C E
v iii
to use
eith er
n ot
have
th em s el ves
an d
ch ed the wi der experi en ce or will ot to
Negati on s m ean an d are
oth ers ad m it an d em b rac e i t
rec o struc ti ons
Thus the st step in h i stor ical co str uction i s to d en y
r eal i t y to sto i es an d ta l es o f wh ic h th e gen esi s an d em er
n ed b ut wh ich
ll
x
a
i
i
u
p
l
i
l
a
n
a
t
ra
a
r
e
a
d
en
e
n
d
ee
d
e
y
y
g
co n t adict o e an other an d con ict with what we h ave com e
Dr S an da y s o wn wr i ti gs a e fu ll
to k n o w ab ou t r ea li ty
For exa m pl e i f I m istak e h i m n ot h e
of su h negati on s
de ie that th e deaf an d d u m b b oy h ea l ed b y J esu s was
H e even
r eall y p oss essed b y a d eaf a d d u m b dem o
fec ted b y J esus
adm i t that m o st of th e m i r cul o us cu es ef
wo ul d h ave b een r epor ted quite oth er wi se than a s th e
G ospel s r epo t them i f a m od ern m ed ica l m an had been
presen t at th em an d tran sm itted to us hi s ac oun t
H e e th en Dr S an day den i es what he n ds i n h is sa c ed
text but onl y by way of su gges tin g a tru e
an d m o e
rati on al vi ew of what occu r ed
Wh o woul d accus e h i m
o n th is acco u n t o f m er e d estr uc ti o n ?
A n d yet I am sa i d
to b e su rr o un d i ng m ysel f wi th r ui n s b eca us e on ever y pa e
g
of m y b oo k I cr it ici e th e New Testam en t i n th e s m e
spi iti n th e S p iri t of m odern an d i m parti a l hi sto ica l
esea ch
T he truth i s th e e a r e two C hr i sts
There is C h is t as
he ea ll y was to who m the sec on d G o sp e l br i gs us cl o sest
from whom th e fou rth G osp el l ea ds us farth est
O n th is
r ea l h istor ic al C h i st th e th eo l o i an
b egi n n i g with Paul
g
have superp o se d a o th er C h i st of the ir o wn theo
y an d
i m agin in gs Dr S a day would al low you as D Mart in ea u 1
a
s i d to ecover th e h i stor ical Jesus n co di ti n that you
do no t r es t th ere but pass o to the etern al S o
I fyo u do
n ot
pass on an d al so i n dul ge i m or e o l ess rh eto ic
a b ou t
th e h i gh er na tu re o f C hr i st
a s i f th er e c oul d b e
n
rea
n.
r ,
s,
f A utm
n.
S ea t
ty i n Rel ig i on , p
574
PR E FA C E
x ix
been
ta k en to m an , n ot the
c i
i
r el
i i
c ss
il
F
.
ju ne 1 st
1 91 0 .
Martineau
ci t
p 57 5
.
C C
.
I NT R O D U CT I O N T O
FI RS T
THE
E D IT I O N
great gu r es wh ich l o ok down u pon
gulf a n d vo i d of ti m e, J esus o f Na zar eth is
O F al l
th e
gra ci o u s
was
us a r oss
th e m o st
an d
of
soo n a
n ess,
th e
b een
h i s n a m e h as ever
n e erth el ess
for th e
an d
c om m an d for r e l i i n g th em
ec ted wi th h i s
a m e o ig i n
how th e great i n sti tuti o s c o
This I h ve tr ied to do i n the foll ow
d gr ew u p
ated
i n g pages i n as si m pl e an d st a igh tforward a m an e as I
co ul d withou t am b i gui ty b ut al so without s c m or
For th es e qu al ities of styl e c oul d on l y en l i st m e
m o ck e y
d
r ea der s i n ci r cl es wh e e I wo u l d ra ther n ot n d th em
such a discussi on
ar e i n a y c as e in app ro p i ate i
T h e orth od ox r eader wi ll pr ob ab l y here exc l a i m :
Th en wh y ch oose such a ti tl e for your book ? C an i t
do oth er wis e than wou n d an d sho ck C hr isti an sen ti m e t ?
I do n ot thi nk i t sh oul d do so an d ca n on l y en t ea t
such r ead ers to b e pati en t a d hear m e out ; esp ecial l y i f
l ik e m ost C h r isti an s th ey can a l l ege n o b etter easo for
hold in g th e fa i th th ey p ofes than th ey ca n for th e c ol o ur
For i t i s u n d en iab l e th t
ha i r b e i ng wh at i t i s
o f th ei
an d
i dea s
wh at th e m ean s a t h i s
an
nn
ar
as
an
s
.
xxi
xx
I N T R O D UC T I O N
ii
v r
n,
or
ns
an
n,
ar
s n
cr
r
an
ra
r ea
an
an
I N T RO D UC T I O N
sub stan ce
every r i gh t
xx
iii
i t what i t is n am el y, a
m yth
I f i t b e an swer ed th a t th e stor y of C hr ists b i r th i s
i n th e B i bl e, wh il e th at of D an a e is n ot, I sh ou l d an swer
that in m o dern C h urch C o n gr esses cl ergym en con stan tl y
stan d u p an d declare the co n ten ts o f the rst chapter s o f
have
c al l
to
G en esi s n ot
on l y
to
b e m yth ica l
b ut to have
Y et Paul atta ch ed
fr o m older A ssyri a n m yth s
wei gh t to th e stor y o f the Tem ptati on an d Fall
an d E ve as to m ak e i t th e b asis o f hi s do ctr i n e
.
an d of Ch r
H ere
o f o u r r a e.
so
uch
o f A da m
of
C h r i st
th en , i s m yth
i c
l
u
i c
s i
l
uc
cc
b eca u se th ey d er i ved their fa i th di rect or al m ost dir ect f o m
Jesus Ch i st I sh oul d repl y tha t m oral ly gifted as J us
w s a b ove hi s c on tem p ora i es h e n ever thel ess sha ed w i th
A n d I wi l l a dd
them th e ch i ef su per sti ti o n s o f h i s age
wha t wi l l b e n ew to th os e wh o a e n ot ver se d in th e l i tera tur e
a l y C h u r ch th a t t he C h i ti an s of th e st th ee o r
o f th e
f ur cen t ur i es though th ey e o u n c ed the r el igio u s u ses
a d r i tes of th e p agan so ci eti es am o n g wh om th ey we e
They
wer e far fr om e o un ci n g pagan b eliefs
r ec r ui ted
ceas d to offer sacr ic e to th e old gods but they c n ti ued
T hey m e el y chan ged their na m es d
to b el i eve i n th em
titl es an d c a ll ed th em wick ed dem on s i n stead o f go ds
Th ey c on ti n u ed to b el i eve th at Zeu s an d A p oll o Ma s
a d V en u s M i th ra s an d C yb el e wer e su per natu r al b ei n gs
a cul ti es an d k n owl edge ; an d the
i
i
su
p
erh u m an f
t
h
w
f
t
e
d
g
ar gu m en t add uc ed b y C h r isti an h om i l i sts again st
m i
sa cri cing to the an cie t gods w s ever this that th ey we e
d eek
hun gr y gh o ul s cl a m o ur i g to b e fed wi th the b l ood
S top th e sa c i ces th ey
of vic ti m s sla i n i n th eir h o o u
d th e dem on s th t m a squera de as go ds will b e
a gu ed
st ved out an d reduced to weakn ess an d i m pote ce
I n tel l ctual l y th en co nve sion to C hr istian i ty co un ted ror
,
es
e r
r s
an
a n
an
an
ar
xx
iv
I NT R O D U C T I O N
s
d
cc
p
b
i
th e f i th d l i e ed to th e s a i n ts
to a e t l dl y
a ke
T h e pr esen t
we e i f l l i b l e a uth or i ti es
a s i f th e l atte
D ean of Can te b u y has grav l y p p osed th at th e E n gl i sh
C hu ch sh o ul d et i o evive a s a n or m for m odern
was ca th ol ic o r
A ngl ican b el ief a d u age wh a te e
u n ive sally r eceived du i g th e t six c en tur ies ; as if
li
to m o dern th o ugh t an d
a l on g w ith m uch el se tha t i
m an n er s tha t woul d ot in cl ude th e p a ct ice o f sa cr i cin g
tur i es i n C hr is ti an
or c
or th i s co tin u ed f
an i m al victi m s f
th e c h u c h e s o fS yr ia an d th e
sh i nes an d sti l l o u i sh e i
Ca ucasus
I pass on to sac am en ts I sh oul d b e the la st to d en y
f om th ese a gr ea t d eal o f m or al
that C h is ti an s d e i v
c om fo t an d edi catio
No e th e l es s wh en a pr i est
u ndertak es by c e ta in m vem e ts of hi s h an ds b y use of
m es an d for m s o f wor d s
c ertain invocatio s of c e t i
c ou t be va i ed to i m pa t to bread
wh ich m u st on n o
oi l
sal t
b ell s o r what n ot c er ta i n
an d wi n e to wate
al ues wh ich th ey h d n ot b ef
o ccu l t q u al i ti es an d
or e an d
coul d n ot other wise g in he m ove i th e real m o f pure
That such i te a e tten ded with exhor tation s
m agic
to r ep entan c e f om si n a d p u i ca t i o n o f th e will an d
cha racter is in deed fo tu ate an d a m a tter u pon which we
m ay well con gr atul ate th ose wh o a ssi st ; b ut i t doe s n ot
a l ter th e c hara c ter o f such c e em o i es an d th er e is n o
use i n n ot r ec ogn i i g that the a tm o ph er e of a ch ur ch
wh er e a im is tic b el i f i al l owed to co l ou r an d sha p e th e
wh e e th e w o m en c om e fasti n
r ite o f c o m m u n i o n
g an d
ciati n g cl ergy wea whi te gl o es i n han d li n
th e of
g the
el em en ts wh er e a b i t o f b ea d i s carr i ed a bo u t i n p r o c essi on
th e d o ti o
ul
an d exp osed or el evated f
o f th e f
a i thf
is an atm o sph ere wh ich i f we e cou te ed i t am ong the
m edici n e m en o f th e C o go w e h o ul d
ot sc r u p l e to sa
y
was i m pr egnated wi th
b el i ef i feti sh an d tab o o I f then
we ar e too fr an k an d c d i d to u ph o l d o e set o fwei hts an d
g
l tt
an
ro
a n
v r
rs
r n
s a
en
en
v r
n a
r a n
na
ac
s n
r,
or
an
ra
xx
vi
I N T ROD UC T I O N
bac k
H o w far
m ay
do
we
go,
th e A ra m a
r eda
i nd
est
i m ti
a
i b ei
r
th e r
ng
an t
n ot
c oll
age,
i qu i a
ar
ec ted
an d
m u st h a ve wa ted
th e wo r l d
so,
x pl o i ted b y Ma rk
th a t i t wa s
th at l ed to th e
b een
it
in m
ar
n er est
In
s be
i ical i t
cted H ad
h sto r
or
ii
tra d t on s e
k n ow
not
h owev er , we m u t
ic
c
fo few o
o e w e e i te ested to k o w
b u t th e b i ef m i i st y fa M essi h wh was ex p ec ted to
T h e eyes o f b el i ve s we e
a d th at h or tl y
om e g i
th e fu tu r e an d
up to the e d o f th e st c en tu y xe d o
n o t on th e p ast ; a n d th e a i m o f th e ec o d e a n gel i st w s
tha t
th
t o p ove
ag i st th e J ews wh o d en i ed i t
Jesu was Messi ah n d S o o f G od th n to set on reco d
I t i s th e efore
fo poste i ty th e fa ts o f h i s e thl y c ee
m e el y i ci d en tall y th t h e suppl i es u wi th an o u tl i n e o f
P i m a i l y hi w o k w s
pa ty pa m phl et
tha t c a ee
T h e sa yi gs o f J esu s m u st h ave b ee w i tte d own a t a
st ge b ec a u se th y w
ted as a m an u l o f
e l ie
e w
Th ey w e e ul e wh ich e ery c a di da te
m o al te ch i n g
fo r th e k i gd o m of G od o on to b e m an i fested h d to l a y
d ob se ve
I h ul d n o t th e ef e b e ur p i sed
to h ea t
th t th e A m ic t ex t o f th ese sa yi ngs wa s c ur
to l ea
t
fter th e d ea th o fJ e u s
with i a sh o t ge e ti o
O f the E p istl es o f Pa ul ve y few a e n o w d isp u ted b y
com pete t c i tics I m d i sposed to acc ept s a uth en tic
a l l o f th em n o t exc ep ti
g t he o es a dd ressed to T i m othy
Fo th e la tte fo m a g o up o f wh ich i t is
a d Ti tu
cul t to a cc pt on e m em b e an d o t th e o th e s
d if
No w i t
is qui te i co n ceiv bl e th t a forge of Pa ul i ne E pi stl es
wi sh i g i f not to h on o u P u l a t l ea st n o t to b i
g hi m
i n to di s epute would att i bute to h i s pen th e statem en ts
that we d i n th e S ec on d E p i stl e to T i m o th n a m el
y
y
th t
ll th e b el i eve s i
A sia h d tu n ed w
y fr o m
h i m a d th at at th e ve y t h ea i g o f h i s app eal to th e
i
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Ro m e o o e to ok m y pa t b u t al l f soo k m e
a n,
er
as
ar
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ra
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s.
an
s o
ra
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rn
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r n
ar
rs
r n
or
I N T ROD UC T I ON
xx
v ii
wo l d
e er
have di sp uted th e
n.
of
every p age
my
b ook
xx
v iii
I N T ROD UC T I O N
ich woul d fa i
i e n o qu esti o s d th e xp o e ts o f
wh i h a e a cc usto m ed to pl ea d th t i t i s o m u c h si m pl e to
t k e e e y tatem e t i n th B i bl e a t i t f c e a l u e
ai
i th e p sen t da y wh en
S uch exh o tati on
e i
wi del y
h as b e
l i e ge e a t i o
th e dogm atic ep ose f
We m u st
I t c an ot b e e to ed
a d u thl ess l y d i tu b ed
wh ic h
fa ce th e p ob l em s of o u age a d a do p t th e so l uti o
vi des Tho s wh o dec l i e to
an e l igh ten ed c i ti i sm p
do so a d t y to m i ta i i th ei m i ds wh at h as a ptl y
b een c ll ed a wate tigh t c m pa tm e t f th ei r el igi o us
co vi ti o s a e i d ge o f ui i g them sel ves s well
Fo a m a s c h a c ter i s all o f a p i ec e
a s th ei r f
el l ows
ot b u k e a wk w
an d w e c a
d qu esti on s th u st o u hea ds
in to th e s d a d p actise soph i st y a d m ak e bel i eve i n
so in ti m ate
c on c e n a el igi ou bel i ef wi th out o o er o
l ater fo feit i g
ll
ou n d
th o s
qu al iti es of m a l i ess
ho e ty
d p i n stak i g th o o ugh ess wh ich al n e c n
e a bl e E gl i sh m en i n th ese da ys o f k een c om p et i ti on to
hol d th ei o w
wh
ra s
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s ar
an
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an
an
or
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ra
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ar
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ro
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ear
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.
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an
l r t, 1 90 9
C C
.
C H A P T ER
PA U L
M a s te r
a
l ad y
J o w ett o n c e
w ro te t o
w h o s o u g h t hi s o p i n i o n th a t the
G o s p e ls a re fr a g m e n t s o f u n k n o w n a g e full o f
i n c r ed i b l e th i n gs ; a n d few w ill to d ay m a i n ta i n the
n a r r a t i ve s
w h ic h
su r v i v e d
a m ong
th e C h r i st i an s
o f th e li f
e o f th e f
o u n d er
J e sus o f N a z a r eth to b e as
full a ccu r a te a n d a u th en t ic a s th e S u pp o s ed i m p o r t
a n c e o f t h e i r su bj e c t
m a tter d e m a n d s
O f S o c ra tes
P l a to A r is to t l e a n d m a n y o th er tea c her s o f an t iqui ty
n o t to m en t i o n g r ea t m ili t a r y a n d p o li t ic a l l ea d er s
w e c a n o ut o f th e r e c o r d s b equ ea th e d to us c o n st r uc t
li feli k e p ic t u r es c a n t r a c e w i th c er ta i n ty the gr a d ua l
d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i r m i n d s a n d c h a r a c te r s a n d
O ften w e h a ve th e i r
ex h i b i t i n d eta il t h e i r c a r eer s
ver y l etter s a n d w r i ti n g s ; a n d c o i n s a n d scul p t u res
p r es e r ve to us the li n ea m e n ts o f the i r c o u n ten a n c es
Y et o fJ esus w h o s e b i r th i s su pp o s e d t o h a v e o p e n e d
o r t h is ea r th b u t f
o
th e en t i re
a n ew er a n o t o n l y f
u n i verse w e k n ow a ll to o l i tt l e ; a n d w e h a ve n o t
e o fh i m i n t h e s en s e i n
en o u gh m a ter i a l to w r i te a li f
w h ic h w e w r i te li v e s o f Julius C a s a r o f C ic er o o f
A u g us t u s a n d o f m a n y o th er s w h o w ere n ear l y h i s
c o n t em p o r a r i e s
B ut th e G o s p els a re n o t the e a r li es t C h r is t i a n
d o cu m e n t s w h ic h w e p o ss e ss fo r th e ea r li es t o fthe m
th at o f M a r k is n ear l y a g en er at i on l ater than the
E p is t l e s o f P a ul o fwh ic h seve r a l w e re wr i tte n w i thi n
l a te
T HE
of
B a lli o l , B en j a m i n
PA U L
n ot all
is
J
P a ul w as i n p er s o n a l r e l a t i o n s o fte n s tr a i n e d i t is
t r u e y et n on e th e l e ss a c tu a l w i th P et e r a n d J oh n
t he i m m ed i a te d i sci p l e s o f J esus a n d w i t h J a m e s
hi s b ro ther an d r s t p r e si d en t o f t he Ch u r c h o f
J er us a l e m A n x i o u s to a sce r ta i n the fa c t s o fJ esus s
li fe i t is to th es e E p i st l e s t ha t w e n a t u ra lly t u r n W e
do so i n v a i n ! P a ul h a d u n i q u e o pp o rt u n i t i e s o f
i n fo r m i n g h i m s e l f a bo u t the ea rth ly c a re e r o f J e sus
o r m a t i o n to hi s c o n v e r t s
o f h a n d i n g on th is i n f
; b ut
o fset p u r p o s e h e d e cli n e d t o d o a ny th i n g o f th e s o r t
a
g e n e ra ti o n
of
d ea th
esus s
A n d th is
h
r
f
s
u
s
s
e
a
t
li
e
l
s
s
e
ss
e
n a m el y o n h i s c r uci x i o n
J
y
The few s h e w r i te s t o th e s a m e c o n v e r ts
a sk for
si gn s th a t is
to sa y fo r m i r a cl e s w or k e d b e f
or e
th ei r ey es
the G r eek s seek after w i sdom
th a t is
to say a ft e r a s y ste m o f eth ic a l p h il o so h
p y a nd a
r a t i o n a l s y n th e sis o f r ea li t
J e sus th e M e ssi a h or
y
C h r is t so h e h i n t s c o ul d su p p l y n e i th e r o f th e s e
n ee d s
We h e c o n t i n u es p r ea ch Chr ist cr uci ed
u n to
ew s a stu m bl i n
n ess
m en ,
g bl ock ,
-
a n d u n to
G en ti l es fool i sh
I n the r e a l J esus , i n th e h u m b l e t e a c h e r o f
th e h e a l er o f t h e i r s o uls a n d b o d i e s Pa ul w a
s
,
C or
v.
16 .
Cor
2 3.
PA UL
a
i
d
a
n
d
w
a
s
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
l
a
w
i n o th e r w or d s
seed o
D
v
f
th a t he s h a r e d w i th us
tha t h e w a s an o rth o d o x J ew
th a t h e
a l l the w ea k n e ss a n d i n r m i t i es o f th e e s h
w a s obedi en t u n to dea th an d d i e d o n th e c ro ss su ffer i n g
fer a n d d i e
a s o r d i n ar y m en su f
B ut th is ea r th ly li fe o f J e sus b eg i n n i n g w i th b i r th
a n d en d i n g w i th c r uci x i o n w as a cc o r d i n g to P a ul a
m e re i n ci d en t i n a l a rger d i v i n e li fe a n d e x is ten c e
A n d a t th is p o i n t i t is i m p o r ta n t to n o t ice th a t P a ul
w a s p re e m i n e nt l y a m a n o f v isi o n s a n d d r ea m s
p r i z in g w hat i n m o m en t s o f e cs ta s y h e b ehe l d m o r e
T h e c r uci e d J e sus
h i gh l y th an w a k i n g rea li ti e s
w h o h ad b e en ra is e d fr o m th e d e a d n o t i n the
c or r u p ti b l e esh b ut w i t h such a s p i r i tu a l a n d i n
c o rr u p t i b le b o d y a s a cc or d i n g to P a ul co ul d a l o n e
i n h er i t i n c or r u pti o n ha d b een s een a fter d ea th b y a
m ul t i t u d e o fh i s fo ll o w er s a n d l a s t o f a l l h ad a pp ea r e d
a n d s p o k en to h i m s e l f d u r i n g h i s j o u r n ey to D a m a scu s
H e even re l a te s h o w o n th is o r p er h a p s s o m e o the r
h e w a s ca ug h t up i n to th e thi r d hea v en
o cc a si o n
n ot
T hus
ca ug h t
or
s ho ul d
he
the
p i n to pa r a di se
s ea k a bl e w or ds, w h i ch
Lest
ou t o
be
body he k n ew n ot 1
h e h a d h ea r d n u
i t i s n ot l a wful for
m a n to u tter
by the ex ceedi ng
h a d b een g i v en to
ex a l ted over m u ch
hi m
f S a ta n
to
bu et
O fth is he h a d p r ay e d to b e d e li v e red b ut th e L o r d
l
C or
x ii
fo l l
B 2
PA U L
s a i d My g r a ce i s sui ci en t for
T he a f ic t i o n i n q u est i o n w a s u n d o u b te d l y th e
thee
ten a tte n d s suc h t e m p e r a m en t s
e p il e p s y w h ic h o f
F r o m suc h i n ci d en ts a s the a b o ve w e c a n u n d e r
s ta n d the ch a r a c ter o f P a ul s go s p e l H e w a s li k e
m a n y a l a te r sa i n t o f a te m p e ra m e n t n a t u r a lly
a n d p er p et u a ll y sa w C h r i st a n d c o n v e r s e d
ec sta t ic
w i th h i m i n v isi o n s ; h i s w o r d s a n d a c t i o n s e v e n h i s
m is si o n a r y m o ve m e n ts a s h e is c a r e ful to i n fo r m us
by
w ere i n s p i r e d a n d d i r e c te d n o t b y r e e c t i o n b u t
r ev e l a t i o n
W h a t wa s the p r ev i o us h i sto r y o f th is e n th usi a s t ?
H e w as so h e te ll s u s a J e w o f t h e J e w s a n d a
P ha r is ee a s w ell A s suc h h e h a d d u r i n g h i s ea r l y
m a n h o o d s ou g h t to w i n th e a pp r o v a l o f a j ea l o us G o d
b y m et icul o u s o b s er v a n c e o ft h e t a b oo s a n d p r esc r i p
A t T ar sus h i s n a t i ve p l a c e
t i o n s o f th e M o s a ic l a w
h e l ea rn ed to ta l k a n d w r i t e G r ee k w i th o u t h o w e v er
fo r fe i t i n g hi s ow n A r a m a ic d i a l e c t a s d i d m o s t o fth e
J ew s w hen o n c e they w er e G r ecised I n th a t p a r t o f
A si a a n en o r m o us n u m b er o fp a g an s w i th o u t a d o p t i n g
a ll th e p r a c t ic e s o f Ju d a is m
h a d y e t a ssi m il a t ed
J ew i sh m o n o th ei sm a n d hi s k n o w l ed g e o f t h is o u te r
fr i n ge o f h i s r e li g i on t a u gh t P a ul l a ter o n t o r e m i t fo r
hi s c on ver t s th e h ea vy y o k e o fth e J ew is h l a w
A fter th e d ea th o f J esus P a ul e ver z ea l o us w h a t
e ve r p a r ty h e es p o us ed th r ew h i m s el f i n to th e p er sec u
t i on o f th e fo ll o wer s o f t h e n ew M e ssi a h
; y et n o t
fo r l o n g
S tr uc k w i th the for t i t u d e w i th w h ic h h i s
v ic t i m s m et the i r d eath he b eg a n to en te r ta i n m i s
C h r is t i a n
g i v i n g s o f th e r i g hteo us ne ss o f h i s c a us e
I n quisi to r s ha ve e a sily s t i ed such m i sg i v i n g s i fthey
ha d
pp ea re d
to h i m
an d
C or
x ii
PA U L
G o d, s e c on d on l y to the d i v i n e fa th e r , a n un co r
r u ted i m a g e o f G o d an i d ea l ty p e o fh u m an i ty , suc h
p
o re h e clu t c h e d a t e qu a li ty w i t h G o d
a s w a s A d a m b ef
of
fell
i m m ed i a te fo ll o w er s o f J es us e n ter
He
t a i n ed n o suc h l o fty c on c e p t i o n o f th e M e ssi a h
w a s to th e m a m a n s en t fr o m G o d w h o ha d m et w i th
b ut w as still a li ve a n d w a s t o a pp ea r
a te
a c ru el f
a g a i n w i th i n th e i r g e n er a t i o n a n d r estor e th e k i n g d o m
B u t t o P a ul h e w a s a n i d e a l a n d e te r n a l
o f D av id
b e i n g w h o h a d c o n d e sc e n d ed t o q ui t the r i g ht h a n d
o u n d o n e a r th i n th e li k en e ss
o f G o d a n d to b e f
ul esh a n d a s the m a n J esus to d i e o n the
o f si n f
c r o ss the d ea th o f a m a l e fa c tor i n o r d er th a t h e m i g h t
e c t v ic t i m c o n cili a te th e w r a th o f a n a n g r y
a s a p er f
G o d a n d m ed i a te th e s a l va t i on n o t o f J e w s a l o n e
b ut o f a ll m a n k i n d
T h us P a ul s C h r is t is a n a p r i or i c o n s t r uc t i o n o fh i s
o w n o w i n g to th e h is tor ic a l m an o f N a z a r e th a n d to
t h o s e wh o k n ew t h a t m a n a n d c h e r is h e d h i s m e m o r y
li tt l e ex c ep t the b a r e n a m e o f J e sus Pa ul s J esus
i s a n i d ea l su p er h u m a n S a v i o u r d e s t i n e d fr o m th e
b eg i n n i n g o f th e w o r l d to p l ay a n ecu m e n ic r ol e
R a is ed b y the sp i r i t o f G od fr o m t he d ea d th e
s a v i o u r h a s l eft b eh i n d i n the g r a v e to g eth er w i th the
esh n ow g i ve n o ve r to c o r r u p t i on a l l h i s J ew i sh
e x clusi veness
a l l hi s h u m a n t r i t s
e v e n h i s sex
a
Ye a r e a ll
r
w i te s P a ul to the G a l a t i an s
sons o
f
and
Th e
Ther e
fr ee ther e
,
on e
ca n
i n Ch r i st
be
jesus
c o ul d o b v i o usly
m ale
no
Fr o m
be
a nd
G al
iii
fem a l e for
such
n o r ea o n
wh y
26
n ei th er
fa l l .
ca n
bon d
ye
ll
be
n or
are
d p o i n t th e r e
G en tile s c o n ver ted
sta n
PA U L
e ssi an ic Ju d a is m s ho ul d a cc e p t th e J ewis h l a w
an d u n d e rg o ci r cu m cisi o n
w hy th ey s houl d k ee p
s abb ath s or ob s e r v e th e m an y r i tu a l tab oo s wh ich
h e dge d i n th e d i n n er t a b l e o f th e J ew s a n d pr e v e n te d
th e i r e at i n g i n th e c o m p a n y o f G en til e s
I t w as j us t
he r e that Pa ul c o ul d n o t fa il t o c o m e i nt o c on ic t
w i th Pe t e r a n d J a m e s a n d J ohn an d othe r p e r s ona l
fo ll ow e r s o f J e sus
T h e l a t ter h a d i n d ee d k n own
h ow t o i n te r p r et i n a r a t i o n a l m a n n e r the ru l e o f
t he s ab b ath b ut h a d n e ver d rea m e d o f r e p e a li n g i t
an y m o r e th a n o f r e p u d i a t i n g ci r cu m cisi o n o r t he
J ewish s a c r i ci a l sy s tem H i s fo ll ow er s a cc o rd i n g l y
c oul d b ut r e s en t Pa ul s d en i a l th a t the l aw w as
b i n d i n g for hi s c on ver ts h i s a ll o w i n g th e m to
p ar t ici p ate i n th e m e a ls o f G en t il e s h i s c o n t e m p t for
T h ey d en o u n c e d the s ho r t cut to
tab oo s i n g e n e r a l
s a l va ti on which h e h a d i n ven ted for G e ntil e s a n d
i n siste d tha t the re w a s n o w a y i n to the i m pen d i n g
m e ssi an ic k i n g d o m e x c e p t th ro u g h t he v e r y w o r k s
an d ob s e rv a n c e o f th e l a w w h ic h Pa ul r e c k on e d u n
n e c e ss a ry
The M e ssi ah t hey a r g u e d w as a M e ssi a h ,
or wh o m t he
o fth e J ew s a l o n e n o t o f th e G e n t il e s f
d i v i n e p rom is e s w er e n e ve r m a d e a n d
T he
a n d J eho va h n o c o ve n an t e v er ex is t e d
a G en t il e w ho d e si r e d t o en ter th e k i n gd o m m us t
e n te r i t th ro u gh th e n a r r ow ga te o f Ju d a is m Th ey
a s k e d wh at r i gh t h a d P a ul t o cl oa k h i s r e vo l t a g a i n s t
to
the l aw w th th e
n a m e of
J esus
w ho h a d, w th h i s
li p s d e cl a r e d th at h e ca m e n ot to ab o lish the l aw
b ut to ful l i t
B y w h a t r i gh t th ey a s k e d d i d Pa ul
a n ci e s to a Ch r is t
attr i b u t e h i s o w n d r e a m s a n d f
o wn
w h o m he ha d
n ot
an d
k n ow n ,
e v e r re c e i ve d a n y a p os to lic
fed at hi s r ev e l at i o n s a n d
sc of
fr o m who m he h ad
c o m m issi on ? T hey
i n the heat
o f the
PA U L
c o n ic t eve n w e n t so fa r a s to i d e nt i fy h i m w i th the
a n t i C h r is ti
T h e o n l y a n s w er P a ul c o ul d m a k e w a s t o s n ee r a t
th e e x clusi ve p r eten si on s o f th e t w e l ve a p o s t l e s a n d
H e h a d h e a r g u ed
t o fa ll b a c k o n h i s o w n v isi o n s
and
th e r is en C h r is t
a n y h o w seen C h r is t n a m e l y
h a d b een c o m m issi o ne d b y h i m t o p r e a c h th e g o s p e l
I t w a s n o t P a ul th a t sp o k e a n d
t o th e G e n t il e s
a c ted b u t th e s p i r i t o f C h r is t d w e lli n g w i th i n hi m a n d
c o n s ti tu t i n g hi m i ts v eh icl e a n d m o u th p i ec e H e r e
w a s a q u ar r e l t o o d eep to b e h ea l ed u n t il th e g en er a
t i on o f P a l es t i n i a n C h r i st i a n s w h o h a d rea ll y k n o w n
J esu s sh o ul d p a s s a w a y Fo r the p re s en t th a n k s to
P a ul s ta c t a tr uc e w a s p a tc he d u p b y the ter m s o f
w h ic h hi s G en t il e c o n ver t s w ere t o b e r e c o g n is e d a s
b r e th r e n i f the y w o ul d ea t n o n e b u t k osher m ea t
fo r t he sus te n a n c e o f t h e
a n d su b sc r i b e li b e ra ll y
b r eth ren i n J er us a l em w ho s e em to h a ve b een m uc h
i m p o ver is hed ei th er by p er s ecu ti o n o r b y thei r a tte m p ts
t o li v e c o m m u n is t ic a ll y o r b y b o th
O n l y i n P a l es t i n e c o ul d the J e ws o f th a t a ge p r a c tis e
th e l a w w i th a n y str ic tn e ss
i n t h e G reek a n d L a t i n
ci t ies a ll r o u n d th e M ed i ter r a n ea n th ey co ul d n o t
m a i n t a i n i t e ven a m o n g th e m s e l v e s m uc h l e ss a m o n g
t he i r c o n ve r ts H en c e w h a t h a s b e en t er m e d Ju d a isi n
g
C h r is ti a n i ty th a t i s t h e C h r i st i a n i ty w h ic h i n sis te d o n
ci r cu m cisi on s a bb a th s d i eta r y ta boo s a n d o th er r ul es
o f th e M o s a ic l a ws oo n p er is h e d a n d w a s l o s t t o v i e w
ex c e p t w i t h i n th e n a r ro w li m i t s o f P a l e s t i n e
E ven
t h er e i t h a r d l y su r v i v e d th e fa ll o f J er us a l e m i n A D
70
T h e ter m s o f th e t r uc e w er e t h u s to s o m e e x t en t
i m p o se d b y h a r d fa c ts o n P eter a n d J o h n a n d J a m e s
I t h a s b een n ec ess a r y t o d w e ll so l o n g o n a n ea r l
y
qu a r r e l w h ic h n ea r l y str a n gl e d the new re li gi on i n i t s
,
PA U L
PA U L
10
Fo r e x a m p l e
o n o ne o
h i m s el f
cc a si o n
A n ti o ch ,
at
P a ul
fo u n d
l a tter h a d
T he
P eter to the fa ce
b ee n si t ti n g d o w n a t t a b l e w i th G en t il e c o n v er t s ,
B e fo re l o n g
reg ar d l e s s o f M o sa ic c o m m en s a l t a b o o s
t h er e a r r i ve d s p i e s fr o m J e r us a l e m se n t b y J a m e s , th e
r esi sti ng
'
r o th er o f
r i v i ly
ha v e
in
J esu
s,
br oug h t i n to spy
Ch r i st jesus
50
ou t
c on ti n u es P a ul
br eth r en
a l se
P a ul c a lls
l i ber ty w hi ch w e
ou r
w h en
A nd
th e m
they
ca m e,
[ o r C e p h a s ]d r ew ba ck a n d
se
p a r a ted hi m sel fea r i ng them th a t w er e of the ci r cu m
H er e i f a n y w h e r e o n e w o ul d e x p e c t P a ul
ci si on
pp
l
s
i
o
a
n
t
ea to th e a y
g : N ot tha t w h i ch en ter eth the
.
P eter
p r oceed
hea r t ;
a nd
out o
they
the m ou th com e
.
for th ev il
ti on s thefts fa l se w i tn ess
com e
w h i ch de l e the m a n
deyi l eth
Y et,
not
of
ten
qu est i o n
the
the m a n
as
o ff
oo
r a il i ng s
bu t to
these
w i th
ea t
are
the th i ng s
u n w a shen
h a n ds
P a ul
t a b o o s,
fr ee d o m wh ic h h e
e cu r s
E p is t l e s to th is
h e n e ve r a ll e ges i n d efen c e o f
cl a i m e d i n C hr is t t he a c tu a l
T h e n e a r e s t a pp r o a c h is i n
c i n g o f th e l a tt e r
t h e L e tter t o th e R o m a n s
t ea h
x iv
i n h is
I k now
r4 :
n oth i ng
is
a nd a m
u n cl ea n
s ty l e
w ill i n ter p r e t th is a s a n a pp e a l t o s p e ci a l p r e c e p t s
u tte red b y J esus a n d tr an s m i tte d to Pa ul by th o s e
w h o lis ten e d thereto
O n t h e c o n t r a r y i n th e
p a r t icul a r c o n tex t ( G a l a ti a n s ii ) w he r e h e r e l a te s
th is qu a rre l w i th P e ter a n d J a m e s h e is c a r efu l t o
e m p h a sis e th e c o m p l ete i n d e p en d en c e o f h i s
gos p e l
r
m
h
e
o
r
H is w rd s a e th e s e : After the spa ce
f o t i rs
i tself
.
B ut
no
one
fa m ili a r w i th th e Pa uli n e
PA UL
I I
ffou r teen y ea r s
I w en t up ag a i n to jer usa l em
by
a n d I l a i d be or e them the
r evel a ti on
f
g osp el w hi ch I
B u t fr om those w h o
p r ea ch a m ong the G en ti l es
o
w er e
m a k eth
r e u te
er son
no
) th y
e
n othi ng
say ,
w ho w er e
r e u te,
i mp a r ted
to m e
B a r n a ba s the
a nd
sh oul d
ci si on
p oor
ri
gh t ha n ds offel l ow sh ip
tha t w e
un to the
w hi ch v ery th i ng I w a s a l so z ea l ous to do
go
si t u at i o n is cl ea r T he r ea l c o m p a n i o n s o f
J esus J a m e s a n d Pe te r a n d J ohn ob e d i en t to th e i r
M a s ter s tr a d i t i on ob s ti n a te ly r e fus e t he m s e l ve s to
p rea c h the go s p e l to u n ci r cu m cise d G e n t il e s P a u l
i n sis ts o n d o i n g so a n d a ll eges i n j us t i c a ti o n h i s
o w n s p e ci a l r e v e l a t i o n s o f J e sus
T h ey o n t he i r si d e
c on s en t to a ll ow hi m to go h i s w ay a n d to d iss e m i n a te
o u tsi d e th e J ew ish w or l d th e
g o s p e l w h ic h w as h i s
y et n o t th e i r s n o r th e i r M a s t e r s o n on e c o n d i t i o n
t ha t h e a n d h i s c o n v e r ts s e n d p l e n ty o f m o n ey t o
su pp o r t th e s a i n t s o f J e r us a l e m
T he
p ill a r s o f
t he C h u r c h th e r e a r e cl e a r l y an x i o us to b e r id o fPa ul
a n d w i th t r ul y J e w is h p r a c t ic a li ty t h e y n a m e th ei r
ter m s
T h ey w ill l ea v e h i m a l o n e w i th h i s Gen tile s
b ut he m us t n ot fo r get the b a c k s h ee sh
No r d i d
P a ul fo r ge t i t for i n h i s s e c o n d L e tte r to the
C o r i n th i an s t wo e n ti r e c h a p te r s a re g i ve n u p to the
to p ic
I n t h e s e h e e m p l o y s e ve ry a r t o f r h eto r ic
a tte r y a n d ed i c at i o n i n o r d e r to i n d uc e hi s c on ver ts
to su b sc r i b e a n d th a t h a n d s o m e l y
H is an x i e ty ab o u 1
the m a tte r is e ver un d is guis e d a n d we d isc er n c l ea r l y
T he
PA U L
12
h e a vy su b si d y , o ft
o f b ei n g a b l e t o k ee p o n
t hat i n
ho pe
re
p ea te d
an y
lay hi s
s o r t o f ter m s
on
ly
W i th
i s o f J er us a l em
P a ul e l a b o r a te d hi s go s p el i n the sil e n c e a n d s o li t u d e
o fA r a b i a
H e d e cli n e d fr o m th e ver y r s t m o m en t
o f h i s c on v er si o n t o re s o r t t o t h e b ret h r e n o fJ er us a l e m
r o m t h e i r li p s w h a t h a d
a n d G a lil ee i n o r d er t o l ea n f
b een the i r M a s ter s li fe a n d t ea c h i n g T h us he w r i tes
a k e k n ow n to
or
I
m
l
i
s
i
I
I
F
n
to th e G a a t a
(
)
th e
sa n t
T h i s m ea n s th a t h e h a d n o h u m an t ea c h er n o r
d ep en d e d o n a n y h u m a n l y tr a n s m i tted r ep o r ts o fw h o
,
J esu s
For
was
an d
n ei ther
w h a t h e t a gh t
di d I
r ecei v e
it
S o he
fr anc
m a n,
c on ti n u e5
n or
w as i
f r ev el a ti on on the p a r t offesus
ta ug h t i t, excep t by w ay
Chr i st
T h is i n d ic a tes th a t P a u l g o t hi s go s p el thr o u gh
v isi o n s a n d p r i va te r e vel a ti o n s o f h i s o w n I t h a d
n o th i n g to d o w i th w h a t t h e c o m p a n i on s a n d a p o s t l e s
e a n d co n
o f J esus r em e m b er e d o f t he i r M a s t er s li f
I n th e i m m e d i a te s equ e l h e r em i n d s t h e
v e rsa t i o n s
G a l a t i a n s o f h o w h e h a d b eg u n li fe a s a n o b s e r v i n g
o
h
e
er
s
t
e
h
r
n
s
For
J ew a n d f o w h p e cu d t e C h is t i a
y e ha ve hea r d of my m a n ner of l ife i n t i m e p a st i n th e
jew s r el ig i on how tha t bey on d m ea sur e per secuted
the Ch u r ch of G od a n d m a de ha v oc of i t ; a n d
a dv a n ced i n the jew s r el ig i on bey on d m a ny of m i n e
ow n ag e a m ong my cou n try m en bei ng m or e ex ceedi n
g ly
z ea l ou s for th e tr a di ti on s o
f my fa ther s
A n d th en o n c e m o r e h e e m p h a sis e s t he fa c t t h a t
h i s t e a ch i n g h a d n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n n o c o n n e c t i o n
w i th th e t ea c h i n g o f t h e h is to r ic a l J esus a s r e p o r te d
PA U L
14
to hi s c o n v er t s h e a d d s : N o w touchi ng the th i ng s
the a
w hi ch I w r i te
u n to
W e s ee
i l
i
l s
c
s
i n G a l at i a s h o ul d su p p o s e t h a t he ow e d a ny p a r t o f
hi s g os p e l to m en o f es h a n d b l oo d i n s te a d o f t o
d i re c t r e ve l a ti o n A n d he d r i v e s the p o i n t ho m e by
re l ati n g th a t a t th is t i m e th r ee y e a r s a fte r h i s co n
v e r si o n h e w a s stil l u n k n ow n by fa ce
p e r s on
a ll y ]un to the chu r ches of u da a w h i ch w er e i n Chr i st
j
;
.
they g l or ied G od i n m e
I t i s cl e a r fr o m the a b o v e
th at Pa ul r ath e r sh u n n e d th e m th an th ey hi m
W h at
r e as on c o ul d he h a v e for d o i n g so e x c e p t th is , tha t he
k n ew th e m to b e o ut o f sy m p a thy w i th h i m o n v i ta l
po i n t s ?
Fo u rteen fre sh y ea r s s eem to ha v e e l ap s e d b e fo r e
Pa ul , a cc o rd i ng to th e p a ss a ge a l r ea d y qu ote d , a g a i n
w e nt up to J er us al em , a l wa y s by r evel a ti on a nd
;
,
G al
19
PA U L
G en ti l es
Th is go s p e l h e h a d e vo l v e d out o fh i s o w n
.
su r pr is e d to l e ar n
h e o n l y l a i d i t p r i va tely
befor e them w ho w er e of r ep u te
I t w as cl e a r l y so
r e m o te f
ro m the go s p e l w i th w h ic h the m a ss o fb e li eve r s
w e r e fa m ili a r i n the v e ry h o m e an d d i oc e s e o f C h r i s t
h i m s e l f th at i t w as e x p e d i e n t n ot to c o m m u n ic a te i t
to t h e m
W e i n fe r th a t i f he ha d b roa ch e d i t to the m
ther e w o ul d h a v e b ee n suc h a g e n e r a l o u t c ry a ga i n s t
hi m as w o ul d h a v e d e p r i ve d hi m o f th e l i ber ty i n
jesus Ch r i st wh ic h h e a n d hi s c o n ve rts e nj oy ed ;
a n d he
w oul d be r un n i ng
i n th e fu t u r e a n d ha ve
r un
i n t he p a s t
H e r e l at e s w i th m uc h
i n va i n
c o m p l a c e n cy h o w i n the co u r s e o fthis s e c on d v isi t to
J er us a l e m he fo u n d n o th i n g to l ear n e ve n fr om th ose
,
a re n ot
w ho w er e
"
T h ey
f the chur ch
i mp a r ted n othi ng
to hi m
A ft e r so m any y e ar s i t
A n d h o w d e li ght fully i r o n ic a l
w a s r ath e r l a t e t o try
i s P a ul a t th e ex pe n s e o f t h e o l d e r a po s t l e s a n d
k i n s m e n o fJ e sus
Wha tsoev er he a dd s they w er e
r e u ted to
be p i l l a r s
m a tter s
n ot
G od
to m e
p teth
a cce
n ot
m a n s per son
P a ul succ ee d ed w h en i n J e r us a l e m i n w i th
ho l d i n g the c ha r a c t e r o f h i s g o s p e l fr o m the m ass o f
th e b e li e v e r s th e r e h e c o ul d n o t p r e v e n t Pa l e s t i n i an
m issi ona r i e s fr o m p e n etr a t i n g i n to G a l at i a an d o th er
d is tr ic ts w h ic h h e cl a i m e d for hi s o wn a n d there
l et us
a n n o u n ci n g a n othe r go s p e l
m o r e a u th e n t ic
n o t sc r u l e to o wn i t
th an th a t w h ic h he ha d e vo l ve d
p
o ut o f hi s o w n e cs ta t ic c o n sci o us n e ss th o u gh l e ss
w ho n at ura ll y p r e fe rr e d to
attra c t i v e to G e n t il e s
b e liev e th at th e J e sus i n w ho s e n a m e Pa ul a pp ea l e d
to th e m was j ust a m o noth e is t ic te a c h e r w i th a S pe ci a l
B ut if
PA U L
16
ss a ge fo r G en tiles W e k n o w ex a c tly w h a t w a s
P a ul s a tti t u d e to the m o r e gen ui n e ex p o n e n t s o f
C hr is ti an t r a d i t i o n H e h a s h i m se l f se t i t o n r ec o r d
I
i n the sa m e E p is t l e to t h e G a l a t i a n s e h i 6 fo ll
me
m a r v el tha t y e
a r e so
P a ul ]tha t ca l l ed y ou
d iffer en t g osp el ; w h i ch
som e
tha t tr ou bl e y ou ,
Ch r i st
p r ea ch
u n to y ou
p r ea ched
u n to
A s w e ha v e
p r ea cheth
shi
n ot a n oth er
w ou l d
on ly
ther e
are
p er v er t the g osp el Of
or a n a ng el
fr om hea v en shoul d
,
a ny
y ou ,
sa i d
by
is
a nd
B u t thoug h w e
fti ng fr om h i m [ G o d
the g r a ce of Ch r i st u n to a
q u i ck ly
or
befor e,
so say
n ow ag a i n ,
if a ny m a n
l et h i m be a n a them a
fr o m P a ul ]
,
un to y ou a ny
r ecei v ed
s e w e c a n see h ow su re
P a ul fel t o f hi s o w n r e ve l a t i o n s a n d h o w r e m ote i t
w a s fr o m hi s p u r p os e to l ea r n fr o m th o s e w h o h a d
k n o w n J esus p er so n a ll y
H e h a d h i s o w n i d ea s o f
w h a t p a r t a M e s si a h m us t p l a y i n h e a v en a n d o n ea r th
a n d h e w a s n o t g o i n g t o a b a n d on t h em f
or a n y o n e
A cco rd i n g l y h e w r i tes tr iu m p h a n t l y o f th e r e sul t s o f
hi s v i si t a fter fo u r tee n y ea r s to J er us a l em a s fo ll o w s :
D i d w e g i ve w ay so a s to su bm i t [ t o the fa ls e b r eth r en
p r i v ily b r o u gh t i n w h o c a m e i n p r i v il y t o sp y o ut o ur
li ber ty ]? N o n ot for on e hour
W a s th er e then n o c o m m o n p o si t i o n a n d g r o u n d
n o th i n g i n w h ic h P a ul c o ul d a g r ee w i th t h e o l d e r
d isci p l es ? T h er e w a s i n d eed suc h a p o si t i on ; b u t
c h ara c ter ist ic a lly e n o u gh i t is n o e p is o d e o r fa c t
b el o n g i n g t o th e e a r th l y li fe a n d c a re er o f J e sus
n o th i n g th e c og n is a n c e o f w h ic h c a n b e d e sc r i b ed a s
a k n o w l ed ge o f C h r is t after the
esh H e s ha r ed w i th
th e m the b eli ef th a t J esus h a d b ee n r a is e d fr o m the
d ea d an d p ro m oted to a r s t thr o n e i n h e a v e n w he n c e
Fr o m
such
w ord
th e
as
PA U L
h e w o ul d i n
s p a c e r etu r n o n the cl o u d s o f
h ea v e n to e a r th to j u dg e al l m en
I n th e r s t L e tte r to t he C o r i n th i a n s (c h x v ) P a ul
e n u m e ra te s the a pp e a r a n c e s o f the r is e n J e sus th us
a
br ie f
,
Now I
m a k e k now n
w hi ch
a l so
u n to
I p r ea ched un to
For I del i v er ed u n to y ou r st of a ll tha t w hi ch
I r ecei v ed, how tha t Ch r i st di ed for our si n s
.
a ccor di n
to
r em a i n un ti l
but
on ce,
pp ea r ed
a bove
to
fi ve
som e
pp ea r ed tofum es
a n d l a st o
fa l l
f due t i m e he app ea r ed to m e a l so
S uc h tes ti m o n y a s the a b o ve sta n d s o r fa lls w i th a
n u m b er o f o ther e qu a ll y w e ll a u th e n t ic a ted gh o s t
s to r i e s T ha t the a pp ea r an ces re c o r d e d by P a ul w e r e
su bj e ct i v e i n the s en s e th at J e sus on l y a p p ea r ed to
th o s e w h o a l r e a d y b e li e v e d i n h i m is d e cl a re d t o h a ve
b e en the c a s e i n th e A c ts o f the A p o s t l es
I t is i m
p o ssi b l e to c o ll a t e a pp a r i t i o n s a n d w e k now n o t i n
w h a t g uis e J e sus a pp e a r e d t o P a ul w h o h a d n e ver
e nj oye d h is p e r s on a l a cqu a i n ta n c e a n d i n wh o s e c a s e
th e r e f
o r e w e re ab s en t th o s e p s y c ho l o g ic a l m a ter i a ls
a n d c on d i t i on s o f a n a
pp a r i t i o n w h ic h w e re a m p l y
p r e s e n t i n the c a s e o fthe o th e r s w ho m he e n u m e ra t e s
H o wev e r thes e c o n si d e ra t io n s are a li e n t o o ur p res e n t
p u r p o s e w h ic h is to p o i n t o ut ho w i m p or ta n t a p a r t
th e s e v isi on s o f C h r is t p l a y e d i n th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
P a ul s C h r is to l ogy I t w a s on l y to o e a s y to cl othe a
p han ta s m w i th su b li m e s t a ttr i b u tes to p ro m o te i t to
t he d i g n i ty o fP ow er a n d Wi sdom of G od
T h at the
a s u n to on e
bor n
on
then h e
hundr ed br eth r en
n ow ,
h e w a s bu r i ed ;
to the scr ip tu r es
then
a n d th a t
ou t o
PA UL
18
Rom
ii
Fo wh en G en ti l s w h ich ha e
th in g s of the l a w th es
h in g n o l a w
14 16 :
la w do
b y na ture the
e,
av
,
, ar e a l a w to
them sel ves, i n th a t th ey sh ow th e w or k o f th e l a w w r i tt en i n th eir
h ear ts, th ei r consci en ce b ear ing w i tn ess th er ew i th, and thei r th oug h ts
one w i th a n oth er a ccusi n g o r el se ex cusi n g th em ; i n th e da
y w hen
G o d shal l judge the secr ets of m en , accor di ng to my gospel , b y esus
no t a
PA UL
19
b e c a m e a u n i v e r s a lis t tea c h e r , b e a r e r o f a n a m e
o fp o w e r b e f
o r e w h ic h a ll a n g e ls a n d d e m on s , b o th i n
h e a v e n a nd h e ll , m us t p r o s tra t e th em s e l ve s
H e d ie d
a h u m a n b e i n g , h e w as r a is ed a d i v i n e li f
e givin g a n d
a nd
C H A P T ER I I
T H E G O S P E L S C O M P I LA T I O N S
T HE New T es ta m en t o f th e C h r i st i an s c o n ta i n s fo u r
G o s p el s n a m e d r e s p e c ti ve l y a ccor di ng to M a tth ew
1
Lu
J
n
d
h
n
o f w h ic h t he r s t t h ree a s
o
r
k
k
e
a
Ma
m uc h a g r e e w i th o n e a n o th er i n s ty l e a n d c o n te n ts
d i ffer fro m the fo u r th
T h ey a r e p a r ty
a s t h ey
d o cu m e n t s so far a s the i r m a n i fe s t a i m is to s h o w
t h a t J e sus w a s w h a t the m aj or i ty o f J e w s d e n i e d hi m
to b e th e M e ssi a h ; n e v e r th e l e ss th e y a r e o n the
w ho l e tr a n s p aren t l y si n c er e d o cu m en t s e m b o d y i n g
r o m th e m o u th s o f
n ai v e t r a d i t i o n s m o s t l y c o ll ec te d f
t h e p eo p l e o f th e d is t r ic t s a b o u t w h ic h h e h a d
w a n d er ed a n d t au gh t o fhi s w o n d e r w o r k i n g s t ea ch i n g
a n d d e a th
T he fou r th G o s pe l a s w e h a v e r e m a r k e d
c o n tr a st s w i th these three i n sty l e a n d a tti t ud e ; i t
i n ver t s the s eq u en c e o f the c h i e f e v e n t s o f J esus s
m i n is t r y a s n a r r a te d i n th e m t r a n s fo r m s h i s t e a c h i n g
b ey o n d a ll r ec o g n i t i o n t u r n s h i m i n to the L o go s o r
D i v i n e R ea son a n d i n o th er r esp e c ts s h ow s i t s e l f t o
b e a r eli gi o us r o m a n c e e m b o d y i n g s p ecul a t i o n s a b o u t
hi m l a t er m uch th a n P a ul b ut o f w h ic h P a u l s
ecs ta t ic th i n k i n g w a s th e fons et or i o
T h is fo u r th
g
G o s p e l en s h r i n es n o d o u b t m an y n o b l e t ho u gh t s
b ut is o n th e wh o l e fr i g i d i n si n c e r e a n d full o f
e x a gg e ra t i o n s
W e m a y s a fel y n eg l ec t i t i n a n y
a tte m p t to g et b a c k t o th e ea r li es t t r a d i t i o n s o f J e sus
,
r ef
er
as
Mt Mc
,
L c,
Jo
T H E G O S P E L S C O M P I L A T I O NS
22
Je
B ut b e, ha v i ng
ha v e
a
sai d, T he
h
e
a
r
a
t
o
s
a
r
d
s
t
n
t
a
r
e
av
n
e
y
no
eed
t a
,
,
y
are
o
w
h
t
n eed
n
o
v
e
no
t
T
e
a
m
h
s
i
c
i
a
n
t
e
ea t y q
a
,
,
y
f py
of str ong q
bu t
a r e need wh o a r e stron
they
tha t
f a p hy si ci a n ,
a r e badly
a
ys c a n , b ut t ey bu t t hey w h o
B
ut go ye on
13
I
ad l y
I
ca m e
e
t
a
t
a
r
e
2
av
n
o
t
c
o
m
e
3
ear n
w ay a n d
th e j
ust, yo ur
to ca l l the ju st, bu t n o t to c a
w a t t i s m ea ns ;
b ut s n ner s
si n n er s, to r e en ta n c e
av e m er cy a n d
w
For I
not sacr ice
to ca l l the
ca m e n ot
just, but si n n er s
to
t hem ,
h ave
They
h lh
17
h i g h
h
h
12
s u s,
ph i i
i
ll
h
h
ill h
G O S P E L S CO M P I L A T I O NS
THE
23
w o rk s
T hus a m e d i e va l b i o grap h e r w riting a l i fe of
Ch ar l em agn e w o u l d co py o ut the pi c tur e of an an c i e nt
C ae sar d ra w n by S u e t o nius e igh t c e nturi e s b e for e an d
m a k e it d o d uty fo r hi s h e r o e v e n as t h e l at e r
E ph e sians wh e n th ey de sir e d t o h o n o ur the patri o ts
of th e ir age w o u l d ch is e l the na m e of an an c i e nt
c e l eb rity o ffhi s statu e in th e pu bl i c s q uar e an d r ep l a c e
it w it h th e na m e of the m o r e m o d e rn t o w n c o un c i llo r
W e m ust n o t th e n co n de m n the autho rs of the rst
a n d t h ir d G o s p e l s fo r appr o priating th e t e x t a n d m att e r
of the s e co n d fo r in d o ing so t hey m e r e l y fo llow e d
th e l it e rary c ust o m as of t h e ir o w n s o of pr e c e d ing
I t is m o r e i m p o rtant t o r em ar k
a n d su b s e q u e nt age s
th at h aving b e fo r e us in Me th e m ain auth o rity us ed
b y the t w o l at e r evange l ists we c an j u d g e o f the ir
l ite rary m e th o d s a n d dis c e rn h ow they us ed th e ir
s o u r c e s B y wa y of e x a m p l e l e t us ta k e the s e c tio n
of trip l e t e x t trans c rib ed a b ov e an d v e rs e by v e rs e
c o m par e Mt an d L e w ith Me th e ir co m m o n s o ur c e
I n v e rs e I 3 of Me the itin erary of J e sus is giv e n h e
we nt fo rth un to the sea T h e c o py ists s k ip th is de tai l
as th ey d o th e p o int th at t h e p e o p l e we r e o ck ing t o
J e sus t o h e ar h i s t e a ch ing Lo a d o pts the ph ras e
t h at he w en t for th Mt the o th e r a s he passed a l ong
I n v e rs e I 4 bo th o m it the na m e of the o i cer s
fath e r A lp hz us a nd Mt su b stitute s Ma tthew fo r L ev ei s
(o r L evi ) Lo i m pr o v e s o n h i s s o ur c e by e x p l aining
t h at L ev e is l eft ev ery thi ng w ith pr o p e r ap o st ol i c re
I t d o e s n ot app ear
n un c i a t i on of t h is w o r l d s g o o ds
h o we ve r th at he gav e up h i s h o us e an d cook
I n v e rs e 16 fo r M c s scr i bes of the P ha r i sees L c su b
st i tutes Pha r i sees a n d thei r scr i bes Mt the Pha r i sees
si m p l y o mitting scr ibes I n Lo it is the d is c ip l e s wh o
ar e r epr ov e d in th e s e co n d p e rs o n pl ura l fo r e ating
.
THE
24
G O S P E LS
C O M P I L A T I O NS
G O S PE L S
THE
MATTH EW
Th en J E S U S
M A RK
f
f
H E H UN G ERED
25
L U KE
I B ut J ES U S full of
h l
i r i t retu n ed
.
12 .
r
y sp
r om th e
or dan , an d
w ern ess
was LE D In th e sp i r i t
I 3 A n d he was in i n
w ildern ess,
th e
the wi dern ess
orty ( 2 ) for ty
day s be n
days b e n tem te by tem ed B Y T H E DE VI L ;
S atan , an d h e was an h e ate not n i n
wt
the w d b easts, t o se days, and w en
an d the an e s m n s
t ey w er e com eted
ter ed un to h i m
U G R
TH E
g
D EV I L
A nd
i mm edi
ately th e spir i t sends
hi m
for th into the
was
LE D up i n to the w i l der
n ess b y th e s
p i r i t, to
b e tern ted BY
2 ) an d h avi n
,
fasted fty day s an d
orty n i h ts, a ter war ds
g
I
C O M PI L A T I O NS
i ld
i g
i g
p d
hi g
ih
il
h
h
gl i i h
pl
H E H N E ED
MATTH EW
L U KE
3 An d the tem pter ca m e up
3 B ut TH E DE V I L S A I D T o H I M
an d S A I D T o H I M I FTH OU A RT S O N I F TH O U A RT S O N O F G O D S P E A K
O F G O D S P E A K THAT th ese STO NE S to this STO NE THAT I T B ECOM E A
B EC O M E LO AV E S
L O AF
4 B ut h e AN S W ERED A N D sa id
4 A n d J esus M A DE A N SW ER t o
I T I s W R I T TEN NO T BY A L O A F hi m I T I s W R I TT EN THAT NOT B Y
AL ONE S HALL M A N L I V E b ut b y L O AF ALO NE S HALL M AN L I V E
ev ery wor d i ssui n g forth by m o uth
5 A nd havi n g l ed hi m up he
ofG od
S H O WED H I M A LL TH E KI N G D O M S
5 T hen th e devi l tak eth H I M O F TH E W or l d i n m om en t ofti m e
a l on
6 And th e dev i l S A I D TO H I M
g into the h ol y ci ty AN D S TOO D
H I M U PO N TH E W I N G O F TH E T o TH EE W I LL I GI V E al l this au
T E MPLE (6 ) A N D says To H I M I F thority AND TH E G LO RY O F TH E M
THO U A RT S O N O F G O D C AS T TH Y for to m e i t h ath b een given over
S EL F DOW N FO R I T I s W R I TT EN a nd to w hom ever I will I give i t
THAT H E S HALL G I V E H IS A N G ELS 7 T hou then I F TH O U W I LT
C HA R G E CO NCERN I N G TH EE an d WOR S H I P b efor e M E i t sha ll al l b e
ON HAND S TH E Y S HALL B E A R TH EE th in e (8 ) An d JE S U S an swer in g
U P LE S T E V ER TH O U D A S H TH Y said To H I M I T I s W R I TT EN T H O U
FOOT AG A I N ST A STO NE
S HAL T WO R S H I P TH E LO RD TH Y
7 J E S U S sa id To H I M Aga i n i t G O D A N D H I M A LO NE S HAL T TH O U
i s wr i tt en TH O U S HAL T NOT T E MPT S ER V E
(9) B ut h e l ed H I M i n to
TH E LO RD TH Y G O D (8 ) Agai n J er usalem A N D S TOO D H I M ON TH E
th e dev il tak et h h i m a l on g on to W I N G O F TH E T E M P LE A N D sa id T o
H I M I F TH O U A RT S O N O F G O D
a m o un ta in hig h exceed in gl y an d
S H OW S H I M ALL TH E KI N GDO M S O F CA ST THYSEL F D OW N hence ( I o )
TH E un iv erse AN D TH E G LO RY O F FO R IT Is W R I TT EN th at H E S HALL
THE M (9) An d he said to h i m GI V E H I S A N G ELS C HA RG E CO N
T h ese thin gs al l w i ll I GI V E thee CERN I N G TH EE to guard thee ( I I )
I F THO U W I LT fall down a n d an d th at 0 N HA N D S TH E Y S HALL
W O R S H I P M E ( I O ) T h en sai th to B E A R TH EE UP LE ST E V ER THO U
hi m J esus B eg on e S a ta n ! For D A S H TH Y FOOT AG A I N ST A STO NE
I T I S W R I TTEN TH E LO RD TH Y G O D ( 12 ) A nd J E S U S answering H I M
S HA LT THO U WO R S H I P AN D H I M SA I D I t hath been said TH O U
ALO NE S HA LT TH O U S ERV E ( 1 1) S HAL T NOT T E M P T TH E LO RD TH Y
T h en TH E DE V I L l etteth hi m g o
G OD
( I 3 ) A n d hav ing com pl eted
THE
DE V I L
an d
Lo angel s cam e up an d every tem p ta ti o n
m i n i ster ed un to hi m
q ui tted hi m for a season
.
26
THE
G O S P E L S CO M P I L A T I O N S
H e r e we s ee th at M t a n d L e h av e c o pi e d o ut fr o m
a doc u m e nt w h i ch is l o st t o us a l o nge r fo r m o f th e
st o ry tha n M c supp l i e d t h e m w ith I n t h is lo n g e r
fo r m of th e l e g e n d J e sus is t e m pt e d b y h ung e r a nd
t he r e is a cr escen do o f t e m ptatio ns m o r e cl e ar l y
b ro ugh t o ut b y M t t h a n b y L e w h o inv e rts th e s e c o n d
I n L c v e rs e 6 t h e w o rd s of them r e fe r
a n d th ir d
b a c k to k i ng dom s w h i ch he o m its su b stituting a l l th i s
H e r e again th e n M t h a s b e st pr e s e rve d
a u th or i ty
M t h a s a th o ugh t in h i s
t h e un de r l y ing s o ur c e
v e rs e 4 wh i ch L o o m its a n d L C in h i s v e rs e 6 is
c are fu l to in fo r m us th at a ll t e m p o ra l p o we r b e lo ngs
I n M t v e rs e 8 th e d evi l ta k e s J e sus up
to th e d evi l
into a m o untain a n d in v e rs e I O th e w o rd s B eg one
I n v e rs e I I M t
S a ta n ar e p e c u l iar t o t h is e vang e l ist
b rings the e pis od e t o an en d in th e sa m e w a y as MC
wh e r e as L c s e n d s t h e devi l a w ay fo r a ti m e o n l y as i f
h e w as t o co m e b a c k again
W h e n w e h av e d e d u c te d fr o m M t a n d L c a ll th e
m att e r w h i c h t h e y b o rr o w in c o m m o n fro m th e s e t wo
S o ur c e s t h e r e is l e ft v e ry l itt l e p e c u l iar t o th e G o sp e l
o f e it h e r
T h ey h av e in fa c t bo t h c o m pi l ed t h eir
G o sp e l s a ll e xc e pt a n insigni c an t p or ti o n fro m tw o
o l d e r G r ee k do c u m e nts o f w h i c h t h e o n e r e m ains t o
us a n d is c a ll e d M c s G o sp e l w h i l e the o th e r h as
p e rish ed T h is s e c o n d d o c u m e nt co ntain ed the sto ri e s
o f th e B apti s m a n d T e m ptati o n a n d s o m e f
ew o t h e r
e piso de s b ut it m ain l y c o n tain e d m o ra l say ings a n d
ap ho ris m s O ut o f it c a m e th e S O c a ll e d L o r d s
P ray e r a n d th e S e r m o n o n th e M o unt M an y Of the
aph o ris m s m ust h av e b ee n l o o s e l y strung t o ge th e r in
it fo r M t as we S h a ll s ee l ater o n m o r e in d e tai l
oft e n s e ts a say ing in o n e c o nt e x t o r b a c k gr o un d L c
in an o th e r I t is p o ssi bl e a l so th at Mt in cl u d e d
,
GO S P E LS C O M P I LA T I O N S
THE
27
fr o m t h is l ast s o ur c e wh i ch L c l e ft o ut an d
v i ce v er sd j ust as the o n e of t h e m s o m e ti m e s k ee ps
fr o m M c m att e r wh i ch the o th e r o m its I t is pr oba bl e
a l s o th at Lc h a d a th ird s o ur c e fro m wh i ch he t oo k a
few stri k in g para bl e s p e c u l iar t o h i m s e l f W h y L c
w h o at th e b e ginning O f h i s G o sp e l assur e s us th at
m an y ha d tak e n in h an d t o d ra w up a narrativ e
(of Ch rist s m in istry ) sh o u l d h av e us ed j ust th e tw o
e ar l i e r d oc u m e nts us e d b y th e aut h o r o f th e rst
G o sp e l we do n o t k n o w I f we h a d n o t h i s assuran c e
w e S h o u l d natura ll y pr e su m e t h at o n l y th o s e tw o w e r e
in c ir c u l atio n in th e d istri c ts o r d istri c t in wh i ch th ey
m ov e d
I t follo w s th at the rst an d th ird G o sp e l s ar e n ot
o rigina l w o r k s b ut m e r e c o m pi l ati o ns o fe ar l i e r b oo k s
and
t h e co m pi l e rs h av e c e rtain l y co m pr e ss e d o r
e x pan de d o n e of th e ir s o u r c e s v i z M c as th ey
p l eas e d a n d in n o t a few c as e s h av e tri e d to i m pro v e
up o n it by o m itting traits o f si m p l e h u m an ity wh i c h
sti ll r e m ain t h e r e in b ut w h i c h o ffe n d e d a l a t e r
ge n e rati o n as b e ing o ut o f k ee pin g w ith th e gro w ing
l e ge n d o f th e d ivinity o f J e sus T he o l d tra d itio na l
V i e w t h at th e G o sp e l s ar e o rigina l d oc u m e nts in d e
pe n de nt l y th r o w n O ff b y th e ir auth o rs in the h e at o f
in spirati o n m ust b e giv e n up ; n o r is it a n y l ong e r
h e l d ev e n b y d i v in e s a cc o unt e d o rt h od ox
m att e r
"
III
C HAP T E R
M A RK
be fo r e n o ti c ing in d e tai l th e m o d i c ati o ns of
Mar k s narrativ e in d u l ged in by the tw o o the r
e vange l ists it is we ll to e x a m in e a l itt l e m o r e in
d e tai l t h is G o sp e l its e lf t h e e ar l i e st S k e t ch o f the
in c i d e nts of J esus s m inistry w h i ch we p o ss ess
I t b egins w ith a n o ti c e of J o h n a J ew is h as c e ti c
w ho s e a c tivity is in d e p e n d e nt l y att e st e d b y the J ew is h
h ist o rian J o s e ph us a n d w h o s o m e ti m e in th e t h ird
d e c a de o f th e Ch risti a n e ra
b aptis e d in the w i l de r
n ess an d pr ea ch e d the baptis m O f r e p e ntan c e fo r the
r e m issi o n of sins
I t w a s w i de l y be l i e v e d that t he
M e ssiah w as a bo ut to app e ar a n d r e sto r e in P a l e stin e
t he g ol de n ag e o f t he J ew s
T h o s e w h o ha d n o t
r e p e nt ed a n d w ash ed aw ay t he ir O ffe n c e s against the
M o sai c l a w w o u l d b e e xcl u d e d fr o m t he r e st o r ed
k ingdo m of Davi d M ar k r e l ate s t h at p e nite nts
ock e d t o he ar J oh n s pr e a ch in g fr o m a ll o v e r J uda a
an d fr o m J e rusa l e m
t h at th ey co n fe ss e d th e ir S ins
an d w ash ed th e m s e l ve s in th e cl e ansing w at e rs of
J o rdan
A m o ng th o s e who th us c a m e t o b e b aptis e d w as o n e
J e sus fr o m N a z ar e th of G a l i l ee A S he we nt up o ut
of the w at e r he sa w th e h e av e ns r e nt asun d e r a n d
the S pirit as a d o v e d e s c e n d u p o n h i m
a nd a v o i c e
"
M A RK
3O
thou
com e
holy
on e o
destr oy
to
us
f G od
J e sus
T he l it e rary m o tiv e of t he w rit e r is cl e ar
ha d b ee n a ccl ai m e d as th e S o n a n d M e ssiah at h i s
b aptis m by a v o i c e w h i c h w a s o n l y he ard b y h i m s e lf ;
n o w h e is r e co gnis e d as su c h by the de vi l s o r e vi l
spirits who he n c e fo rt h ar e array e d against hi m as a
r ou n d a bout
h n ew hi m
S o an x io us w a s he to h ide the fa c t that
h e w as the pro m is ed M e ssiah
W h e n c e this r e ti c e n c e o n the part of J e sus ? W e
ar e n o t t ol d ; b ut d uring the n e x t few c hapt e rs in
wh i ch the ty pi c a l t e a ch ing O f J e sus an d a nu m be r o f
c ure s an d m ira cl e s ar e giv e n t he sa m e si l e n c e is
e n fo rc e d
S ee thou say n oth i ng to a ny m a n he say s
t o the l e p e r he h ad h e a l e d ( Mar k i
A n d t he n
.
M A RK
31
h i m s e lf, he a dd s bu t g o
thy w ay , a n d shew thy self to the p r i est, a n d qer for thy
cl ea nsi ng
the thi ng s w hi ch Moses com m a n ded for a
in
p e n co ntra di c ti o n Of
an
sto r m o n
the l a k e o f G a l i l ee a n d th e sa m e m ira cl e is re p e at e d
at the cl o s e o f ch Vi T h e int e rva l b e tw ee n t he s e
t w o gr e at natur e m ira cl e s wh i c h w e s h a ll pre s e nt l y
d is c uss m o r e i n d e tai l is ll ed up w ith tw o sto ri e s
t he o n e o f t h e m t e ll ing o f t h e gr o t e s q u e m ira cl e o f th e
G a dar e n e s w in e the o th e r o f the raising fro m th e
T he s e m ira cl e s ar e the
d e a d o f J a i r us s d augh te r
c h i e f th au m aturgi c fe a ts o f J e sus during hi s G a l i l e an
Y e t h e w is h e s t h e m to b e k e pt q ui e t a n d
m inistry
we r e a d as b e fo re th at he cha rg ed them m uch tha t n o
N e ve rth e l e ss w h en i n the
m a n sh oul d h n aw th i s
n e x t c h apt e r he r e turns w ith h i s d is c ip l e s to hi s o w n
c o untr y we ar e to l d th at hi s fa m e ha d spr e a d th ithe r
S O t h at m an y we r e ast o nis h e d an d as k e d h ow he c a m e
t o w o r k su c h m igh ty w o r k s
S o re gu l ar l y d o e s o ur
autho r stu l ti fy h i m s e l f
T h e c ur e O f a w o m an w it h a b l o o dy ux is t h rust
into th e m i dst of the Jairus sto ry wh i c h is fo ll ow e d in
c h vi b y a visit Of J e sus t o h i s o w n h o m e w h e r e hi s
lo u t h i m T h e r e fo ll o w s rst th e giving
o w n fa m i l y f
o f a co m m issi o n to t he t we l v e ap o st l e s a l r e a dy na m ed
in ch iii 1419 ; th e n the sto ry Of J oh n s b eh e a da l
.
"
"
M A RK
32
o n O f H e r o d an d o f
in
c
i
e
nta
ll
su
g
e
st
e
a
e
nti
d
b
m
d
(
y
g
y
h i s attitu de to w ard s J e sus ) a n d t h e n a rst e d iti o n o f
t he m ira cl e o f fee ding th o usan d s O f p e o p l e o n n o th ing
at a ll M ar k thu s c ro w ds in c i d e nt o n in c id e nt
m ira cl e o n m ira cl e int o t h is rst sa bb at h d a y at
C a p e rnau m b ut is si l e nt a bo ut t he ev e nts of t he
n ex t f
sp e nt in t he sa m e
ew m p n th s w h i c h J e s u s
r e gi o n I t w o u l d s ee m as i f h e o n l y c ar e d to S k e t c h
a few stri k ing s c e n e s appr o priate to th e d e l ive ry b y
J e sus o fc e rtain ap h o ris m s m o stl y d ir e c t e d a gainst th e
P h aris ee s a nd s c ri be s S u c h ar e t he fo llo w ing
Th e S on o f Ma n
a n y m an Whatever
]h ath
power on ear th to forgive S in s
They th at are Wh ol e have n o n eed O f a p h ysi c ian
b ut th ey th at ar e si ck : I cam e n ot to call the righteou s
b ut si nn ers
T h e sab b ath wa s m ade for m an an d n ot m an for
th e sab b ath : so th at th e S on O f Ma n
an y m an
what ev er]i s l or d even o f th e sa bb ath
A p roph et is n ot with o ut h on our sav e i n hi s own
c oun try an d a m ong hi s o wn k i n an d in hi s own
h ous e
W e hav e n o ti c ed a b ov e ho w c o nstant l y in th is
G o sp e l J e sus e nj o ins tho s e h e c ur ed to l e t n o m an
h ear t h e r e of an d it is pr ob a bl y h ist o ri c a ll y tru e t h at
h e b e gan hi s c ar ee r b y m e r e l y pr ocl ai m ing t he
k ingdo m o f h eav e n to b e at h an d a n d th e M e ssiah
a b o ut to app ear I t w o u l d s ee m as i f h e o n ly
gra dua ll y a c q uire d c o n de n c e in h i m s e lf an d na lly
a cc e pte d the c o nvi c ti o n th at he w as h i m s e l f t h e
M e ssiah o n l y w he n h i s d is c ip l e s an d fo ll o we rs fo r c e d
th e r ol e up o n h i m
I f th e re is a n y truth in th e
pi c tur e giv e n in a ll th r ee G o sp e l s of J o h n th e B aptist
and it is in a m ann e r atte sted by J os e phu sth en
,
,
,
MA RK
he, t oo h a d s o m e tr o u bl e
33
'
a ll
thi ng s
are
ag a i n , a n
The
B ook
of
J onah
G ospel s took sh ap e
AS
was
fa vour ite
ding
r ea
i n the
days w h en
to hi s
gen
th e
er a
MA RK
34
g r ea t m ul ti tude a n d
ha d compa ssi on on them , beca use they w er e as sheep n ot
h a v i ng a shep her d : a n d he beg a n to tea ch them m a ny
th i ng s
a n d in c h iv 3 3 it is i n d i c at e d th at m an y
o r su c h is th e s e ns e of th e w o rd s ,
u n d e rst oo d h i m , f
sa w
w i th m a ny su ch p a r a bl es sp a k e he the w or d un to
a n d w i thou t a
them , as they w er e a bl e to hea r i t
pa r a bl e spak e he
ow n di scip l es he
n ot
th em
un to
p l a i ned
all
ex
B ut p r i va tely to h i s
th i ng s
pr e t e n c e of e so t e ri c m y st e ry as c ri b ed t o J e sus
in the rst q u o t ed passag e is sur e l y as stupi d as it is
un wo rthy o f a t e a ch e r w ho i f h e us e d parabl e at a ll
un d o u b t edly us e d it as th e b e st w a y of g e tting at the
h earts an d un de rstan d ings o f th e p oo r an d ign o rant
T he a d d iti o na l e x p l anati o n t h at it w as t o pr e v e nt hi s
he ar e rs fr o m turni n g agai n a n d b e ing sav e d b e tok e ns
o n the part o ft he narrato r an a l m o st in c r e d i bl e s m a ll
n e ss of m in d I t is wo rthy Of Mar k w ho e l s ewhe r e
w o u l d fain p e rsuad e h i s re a d e rs that the w ithe ring of
I he
i
h
J
li
ll
a n d, a s
on a
w as i n the b e y of the sh
t on , so was t at of esus
ts, so fo r a k e s ace o f t m e esus l a i n th e
t r ee days an d t ree n i
tom b
I t m a y b e on e o f th e S cr tur es to w i c Pau a ppea l e w en ,
in
Cor xv 4, he dec a r es t a t esus w as bu r i ed a n d r a i sed on the
Th e say n t a t the S on o
thi r d day accor di ng to the S cr ip tu r es
f an
m ust be ki ll ed a n d after thr ee day s r i se aga i n , w i c Mar k v
1
gh
ip
h h
i g h
M
h h
iii 3
puts into the l ips O fJ esu prob ab ly had the sam e ori gin I t is there
fore probab l e that Ma k s grotesq ue fa ncy tha t J esus taught i n
p arab l es not i n or der to b e un derstood of the J ews b ut in or der that
h e m i gh t n ot b e un derstoo d w as par tly suggested b y th e l egen d of
J onah w hose story w as b ri ey as fo ll ows Jon ah i i i I foll A nd
the w o rd of the Lor d ca m e un to J on a h
sa y in g Ar i se
g o unto
Ni neveh that gr eat c ity an d prea ch un to i t th e p reac hing tha t I bi d
an d b egan to en ter i n to t he c i t
thee
S o J on a h a r ose
y
an d sa id Y et for ty da ys an d N i n ev eh sh all be ov er
an d h e cr i ed
A nd th e peo pl e of Ni n ev eh b el ieved G o d an d they proc lai m ed
thr o wn
An d G o d sa w th eir w or k s th at
a
fa st and ut on sack clo th
a n d G od r e p en ted o f th e ev il w hic h
t hey turned r om th ei r ev i l w a y
a n d h e di d i t n ot
leased
h e sa id h e w oul d do un to th em
B ut i t disp
A n d the Lor d sai d Doest
J onah exceedingl y an d h e was a n gry
S hould I not have pi ty on N ineveh
th ou well to b e angry ?
that gr ea t ci ty ?
.
s,
MA R K
hg
35
tr ee in co ns e q u e n c e of c urs e s h ur l e d at it b y
J e sus fo r n o t b e aring fruit o ut o f s e as o n (M ar k x i I 3 )
is a pa l m ary e x a m p l e of pray e r ans w e r e d a n d faith in
G od r ewar de d
H e r e we h av e jarring n o te s vu l gar
d iss onan ce s in the narrativ e t h at m a y o r m ay n o t
h av e m a rr ed it in its o rigina l fo r m
Fo r as it stan d s
the G o sp e l o f M a r k is a r e da c ti o n o n l y a n d a rath e r
cl u m s y o ne too o f e ar l i e r n arrativ e s ta k e n w itho u t
a c k n ow l e dg m e nt fr o m s o m e e ar l i e r w rite rs j ust as th e
rst an d t hir d e van ge l ists took fro m M ar k
T h e c risis a n d turning p o int in th e c aree r o f J e sus
is supp o s e d b y M ar k t o h av e b ee n r e a che d w h e n
P et e r in ans we r to J esus s q u e sti o n
Whom do m en
f hi m
S o m u c h is cl e ar a b o ut th e int e nti o ns o ft h is w rite r :
h e w is h e s to c o nvin c e h i s r e a d e rs t h at J e s u s w as
M e ssiah a n d S o n Of G o d First th e v o i c e fr o m
h e av e n at the b aptis m assur e s J e su s h i m s e lf o f t h is
the n th e de m o ns r e c o gnis e hi m as su c h H is w o r k s
H is tea ch ings as
o f p o we r e q ua ll y m a n i fe st hi m
e x p l ain e d to the inn e r c ir cl e o f h i s d is c ip l e s pre pare
the ir m in ds for the gr e at truth T he n P e te r as
sp ok e s m an o f h i s fe ll o w s a f r m s it ; a n d the cy cl e
o f e vi de n c e is c o m p l e t e d a t t h e T ra n s gurati o n (in
wh e n the th ree fav o ured ap o st l e s P et e r
ch
s ee h i m in a ni m b us o f g l o ry c o n
a h ig h m oun ta i n
v e rsing w ith E l ij a h a n d M os e s S upr e m e ass uran c e
or
o f th e gr e at trut h is n o w vo u c h sa fe d t o t h e m a l s o f
a vo i c e fr o m h e av e n (th is ti m e a dd re ss e d to the m )
no
man
'
d ec l a reS
'
B ut h e r e
H ea r y e hi m
Thi s i s my bel oved S on
o n c e m o r e the a cc usto m ed c auti o n is en
.
D2
MA RK
36
o
f Ma n shoul d ha ve r i sen ag a i n fr om the dea d
M ar k w o u l d h av e us d is c e r n i n J e s u s fr o m the
fo r c e d
by
J e sus th us :
M ar k s ans we r is in e ffe c t as
he c a m e d e n y it ?
fo ll o w s : T he v o i c e in J o rdan pro cl ai m e d h i m M e ssia h
b ut o n l y t o h i m s e l f T he d e m o n s t h r o ugh t h e ir
sup e rnatural insigh t de t e c te d h i m b ut he su r ed
MA R K
38
r e ected
scr i bes,
a n d be k i ll ed, a n d after th r ee da s r i se a a i n
y
g
.
fter
th r ee
Th e se
day s he sha ll
r i se ag a i n
p e c i c pr o ph e c i e s we r e n ot o fc o urs e utt e r ed
b y J e sus b ut ar e p u t int o h i s m o ut h a ft e r t he e v e nt
T h at th e
b y th e auth o r o r aut h o rs o f o ur d o c u m e nt
fo ll o we rs Of J e s u s w h e n e v e r th e y rst a ccl ai m e d hi m
S
M A RK
39
o
o
I
whe r e i n (c h vii 1 3 ) w e r e ad as f ll w s
,
sa w
i n the
n ig h t v i si on s, a n d
f hea ven
cl ouds o
ev en
on e
to the A n ci en t
befor e h i m
g l ory , a n d
l i ke
ca m e w
f man
u n to a son o
f day s
behold, ther e
a nd
a nd
they br oug h t
i th the
h e ca m e
hi m
n ea r
A n d ther e w a s g i v en h i m dom i n i on a n d
a ki ng dom , th a t a ll the p eop l es a n d n a ti on s
hi s dom i n i on i s a n
a n d l a ng uag es sh oul d ser ve hi m
ev er l a sti ng dom i n i on , w h i ch sha ll not p a ss a w ay , a n d
.
h i s k i ng dom tha t w hi ch
sha ll
not
be destr oy ed
h
e
A r t thou the
c h a ll e nge s h i m to d e cl are wh o
is
A n d jesus sa i d I
Ch r i st the son of the bl essed on e
a m ; a n d y e sha l l see th e S on o
f Ma n si tti ng a t the
f pow er
(Mar k x iv
ig ht ha n d
hea ven
a nd
com i ng
w i th the
c ouds o
MA RK
4o
w here Ma r k is
in a n ear li er p a ss a ge (xiii
d esc r ibin g in w o r d s bo rr o w ed fr o m a los t J ew ish
a poc a l y ps e w ha t is t o occu r a t the end o f th e w o r l d
w e r ead w h at the S o n o f Ma n i s t o a c h i ev e wh en he
co m es aga in B u t i n those day s after tha t tr z ha l a tzon
the sa n sha ll he a a r h en ea a n a the m oon sh a ll not g i v e
her l ig h t a n d the sta r s sha ll fa ll fr om hea ven a n a the
pow er s tha t a r e i n the h eav e ns sha ll he sha h en A n a
then sha ll they see th e S on of Ma n com i ng i n clo u ds
w i th g r ea t p ow er a n d g l ory A n d then sha ll he sena
for th the a ng el s a n d sha ll g a ther tog ether hi s elect fr om
A nd
'
'
a tter rn ost
utter m os t p a r t of the
p a r t of h eav en
ea r th
to
De E x seer a tzom us
'
'
MA RK
t in e
4r
M A RK
42
hi s e
Ifth ere b e b ut on e su h m an i n a
ty, h e w
tower a ove
ty ;
th a t
th e en t r e
ty b e equa y g o o
w th hi m , i t w
sta n
out a m on g the n ha
tan ts o f th e a n aroun ; b ut,
a ra e e h
ts
su h v r tue, i t w
ove r to p a l l o th er r a es, as th e hea
over to s th e
p
o y to the eye ofth e eh o
er , an d w
n o t m er e y en j o
a
o m m an
y
P i l
'
c i
lif
ci
ll
c
b d
if
i ll
i ci
bi
f ll
ll
l d
ci
l l
d i
d
ill
if
i ll
d
c x i bi
b ld
i ll
l
c
i
i ll b
i
k
c cl
l c d
d
c ic
i ll i l
di
c
x l
f
li l
f ll i
i i c
d
c ld i l b i
ld f
l
d
c
d
f
ld i
l c
c
i
i ll i c
l
l l
b
c
l
l
i
l
i
il b
b ck f
ckl
i
l i
di i c l l c
c
b li f
fi fl
i c l l
d
i l d
'
i
f
ic
MA RK
43
MA RK
44
wh en
MARK
46
MARK
Ca per nau m (i v 3 5
v
per so ns a re sel do m giv en
in
ong the d m t
prop er l y speaks
Am
N am es of
even J a i r u s b eing o m i tted
Tha t
ra
47
'
a zs
is
al l
p er sona J esu s i s th e
nly
cts H i s oppon e ts
m er el y d a w h i m o ut ;
h i s d isci pl es are sup e
n um era i es
B ut of h i s co m ings in an d go ings fo th
ho w he su pp o ted h i m self how h e li ed a te an d
d ank of hi s i te c ou se wi th h i s inti m ates we lea rn
noth i g I t i s elated that he taught on th e sabbath
in the synagogu e but we a e not a llowed to for m a n
i dea ofwh t h e taught ; we o nly get a h i t ofwh t h e
iew o f som e
sa i d ou tsi de th e syn agogu e ge e all y in
p ar ticular i ci d e t wh ich equi ed hi m to say so m e
th ing
O d ina y even ts a re o t r ecor d ed o l y a few
Th i s c annot b e wholly exp la ined
extraor d ina y o nes
b y supposing that M a k was not w i ting fo
the
instruction of future generations an d the efor e left
u sa i d inci d ents wi th wh ich
as bei g a l m ost con
tem porary h i s st e d ers were well a c q ua inted
E e
i f we a ll ow fo thi s th e m eagr eness o f th e
t a di ti o n i
em
kable From ou e dict that the
G o pel of Mar k a s a wh ole la cks the character i stic s
of a genui e h i sto y we c a nnot exem p t th e sto y
o f the Passio
O u cu io si ty i s l eft u sati sed
Noth in g i s m otived in it nothi ng exp la ined s ar i sing
o ut of wh a t go es b efo e
Th e e is no ba ckground o
causal con e ti o n of on e i ci dent with a noth er O f
h ono logy th e e i s o t a ce ; o whe e i s a xed da te
C le geog ph ica l ind ic tio s it i s t ue a e
gi en
supp li ed an d the sc en e i s a s a r ul e d ep ic ted th ou h
g
too often in a loo se way as t k ing pl a ce in so m e
h ou se o oth e o
i a lo e p l a ce
B ut
m o unta i
th er e i
as li ttl e a ttem pt to t a c e o ut wha t h ap pen ed
f om plac e to pl a c e to supply an i tin erary a s there i s
on e
wh o
or
v n
s r
ar
v r
ar
br i dge un ci al codex
The C am
n,
r,
ra
wh
i ch b elonged to B eza
MA RK
48
'
'
'
s,
r,
r,
'
'
z a
rt a
a,
M A RK
49
as s
n,
r ef
err ed
to
them
H ow
can
P eter
have
b een
E
th e
M A RK
a
utho ity
sudden
for th e
of
c al l
the fo
ur
sh er s
of
h e h ave test ed to th e wa lk n g on
th e water , o r to th e dr v n g of th e ev l sp r ts n to
the sw n e, to the h eal n g o f a wo m an w th an s e o f
bl o o d by th e po wer atta h n g to a gar m en t, o f d m b
A n d wh y
an d b l n d p eopl e b y a ppl a t on o f sp ttl e ?
m en ?
H ow
c an
c i
ic i
m o e d eta i l s
do we
n ot
i i
l ea rn
ii i
i su
u
credi bl e
d i scipl es ?
th ose m or e
an d
tell i n g an d to
m ost a m on g th e l asses fro m
d aw
wh ich C h i ti an i ty was c h i ey ec ui ted
M a k took
up what t adi ti o p ovided h im wi th ; b ut th e
a a n gem en t o f th e m ate ia l i n th r ee m a i
sec ti on s i s
h i work an d o fc o u se in vol ed
p o c ess of edi ti ng
T o th i s m a y b e
i bed th e i t o ducti o s d co
cl usi o s
th
t n si ti on s sh o t su m m a i es l i sts
as
w ell s the am es n d d esc i pti on s o f pers o s to wh o m
J esu s is m ade to addr ess hi s sayin gs
of
th e
a ra
ar
an
r,
an
r s
rr
a scr
ra
n r
an
C H A P TER
OF
STRU CTURE
T H ERE
eye a
a re
seen
M A RK S GO S PEL
s ta r s i n t he
si n g l e b ut w h ic h
r m a m en t w h ic h to
m a ny
are
th e
IV
pp e ar
to b e
not o ne
sta r ,
ifw e
b ut t w o ,
use a
or
te
l esco p e
ven
th ree
S o , i f w e t u r n t he te l esc o p e o f c r i t ic a l a n a l y sis o n to
M a r k s G o s p el , i t c an b e r es o l ved li k e a c o m p o u n d
sta r ,
i n to
tw o
or
ve n
m o re
d o cu m en ta ry l a yer s
In
ci en t d o u m en t s c o m p iled fro m ea r li er s o u r c e s w e
r eg ul a r l y m eet w i th w h a t c r i t ics c a ll ed tex tu a l d o u b l ets
th a t is p a r a ll e l n a rr at i ve s o f th e sa m e i n ci d en t
Tha t
w h ic h h a ve b een c o p i ed o ut o n e a fter th e o the r
the sa m e even t o r g r o u p o f even t s sh o ul d h a pp en
tw ic e o ve r is a n y h o w i m p r ob a b l e ; a n d i f the t w o
n a r r a t i v e s a r e to a n y ex ten t i n v er b a l ag r eem e n t w e
or e us n o t t wo
c a n b e q ui te su re th a t w e h a v e g o t b e f
d is t i n c t s to r ies b ut tw o t ex t u a l va r i an ts o f o n e a n d
ter the
the s a m e s to ry n ai ve l y c o p i e d o ut o n e a f
a il ed to see th a t h i s s o u r c e s o ver
o th e r b y o n e w h o f
l a pp ed
M a r k s G o s p e l c o n ta i n s s e vera l suc h d o u b l ets ; w e
a re su r e theref
o re th a t h e w as a c o m p il er w h o us e d
u p pre ex is ti n g d o cu m en ts w h ich h e h a d so m eh ow
c o m e a c r o ss Let us t a k e a n ex a m p l e setti ng i n
p a r a ll e l n a r r a ti ves a n d
o pp o si te c o lu m n s t h e t wo
i ta licisi n g the tw o tex ts w her e ve r i n the G reek t hey
ver b a ll y a gr ee
an
51
E 2
S T RU CT UR E O F M A R K S G O S PE L
52
MA R K
vi .
30
45
MA R K
ii
i i
'
i i
r3
f br ohen
p i eces th a t r em a n ed ov er , sev en
bashets A n d they w er e a out four
th ousan d : a n d he sen t them a w ay
A nd str a ig htw ay he en ter ed i n to
the boa t w th h i s di scip l es, an d
n to
ca m e
the p a rts o f D a l m a
n uth a
An d h e l eft th em ,
a n d ag a n enter i ng i n to (th e
oa t)
depar ted to the other si de
i i
i i
B eth s a i d a
I n the
M A R K S G O S PE L
OF
S T R U CT U R E
54
he fee d s
o ne
oth
i n the
er
r
a
t
h
or
a
r
k
o r w h o e v e r r e d a c te d
A
s
ill
l
e
u
M
a
t
t
4
th is G o s p e l i n i ts p re s e n t fo r m co p i e d o ut the two
fo l d na rr at i v e a n d a dd ed t h e d i a l o g u e i n w h ich J e sus
i n si st s o n th e s ep ara ten e ss o f t he tw o m i ra cl es I t is
a g oo d e x a m p l e o f h o w c o n ver s a t i on s w e r e i n v e n te d
I t ha s b ee n a rg u e d th at
fo r J e sus an d hi sd isci p l es
for a d o cu m e n t t o d e ve l o p th ro u g h so m an y s t a g e s a
l o n g t i m e p erha p s a s m a n y g en e r at i on s a s th e r e ar e
s ta ge s w oul d b e n ec ess ary B ut n o o ne w o ul d so
a r g u e w h o h a s s t u d i ed t he t r an s m issi o n o f p o p ul a r
t a l e s i n th e ages w h ic h p r e c e d e d p r i n t i n g
Fo u r
y e a r s wo ul d b e qui te en o u gh fo r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
a b o v e tr a c e d i n th e n a r r a t i v e o f M a r k
fo r a l l d ep e n d s
o n h o w m an y w e r e rea d i n g a n d c o p y i n g o u t th e b oo k
i n a wo rd o n the a m o u n t o fvog u e i t enj oy e d ; an d
t ha t i t w a s w i d e l y d i sp er s e d m ay b e i n fe rr e d fr o m the
fa c t o ft wo e v an ge lis ts i n d e p en den t l y u si n g i t
I t s ho ul d b e r e m a r k e d a ls o t ha t t he o ve r l ap p i n g
i n th is p a r t o f M a r k is n o t c o n n e d t o th is m i r a cl e
b ut a ffe c t s o the r i n ci d en t s a s w e ll a s the fo ll ow i n g
t ab l e o f d o u b l et s s ho w s :
v iii 1
v i 30 3 4 Feedin g ofthe
9 F edi g of
Passage over l ak e t
v iii 9
1 3 Pa ssage o ve
vi
l ak e to
J esus wal k s o
D al m utha C p i v 3 5 4 1
B ethsai da
3
37 C
dum
an
th e wa ter
31
dea f an d
b y use of sp ttl e
ur e of a
b per son
v ii ,
iii
C ur e of a bl ind man
b y use O f Sp ittl e
.
22
26
s et s o f even t s w h ich a re p a ra ll e l a n d
foll ow i n t h e s a m e o r d e r t ho ugh i n t he p a ss a g e t o
Da l m an u tha t he r e is no m i ra cl e o f w a l k i n g o n the
H e re
a re
t wo
S T R U CT UR E O F M A R K S G OS PE L
vi
55
At
iii
ii
d i ffer e n t m i ra cl e to
3 1 3 7 w h er e i t is a d e af an d d u m b p e r so n w h o is
rea l ed ; b ut i f t h e two p a ss a g e s a re set si d e b
y si d e
hey a re s ee n to b e m e r e v ar i a n ts o fo n e an d th e s a m e
r i g i n al
Let us so set t h e m i ta licisi n g th e m w her e
hey p r e s e n t a li te r a ry c on n e c t i on w i th ea c h o the r
22
w o ul d
to b e
a pp a r
MARK
3 1 36
A n d again h e w en t out fro m th e
or ders o fTyr e a n d ca m e thr ough
i don unto th e sea of G al il ee
i r ough th e m i dst of th e border s
f D ecapo l i s A n d they br i ng to
-
im
one
had
an
i n hi s sp eech ; a n d
tey beseech hi m to l ay h is ha n d
v
hi m
A n d he took hi m as de
i
c m th e m ul t tude pr va tel y, an d
at h i s n ger s n to h i s ear s, an d
e sp a t an d tou ched hi s tongue ;
n d he l ooked up to h eav en , an d
gh ed , an d sa th unt o hi m , E ph
An d
ha tha, th at is, B e o p en ed
is ear s wer e open ed, an d the spel l
n hi s tong ue w as l oo sed, an d h e
A nd h e ch a r ged them
J ak e p l a n
n o m an ;
ra t th ey sh oul d tel l
at th e m or e h e char ged them ,
m uch th e m or e a gr ea t deal they
ub l ish ed i t
npedi m en t
MA R K v iii
2 2 26
I
.
v er b a l i d e n ti t i e s wh ic h c o n n e c t the ab o ve n a rr a
ve s a n d p ro v e th e m to b e m e r e va r i a n t s o f a si n g l e
r i g in a l are m ore o b v io us i n the G r ee k tha n i n a
B ut ev e n i n i t w e r ea lis e the i d e n ti ty i n
:an sl a ti on
or
n e a n d l o c a li ty ; f
e t wo i n ci d e n t s o f m i se en sce
m
i don a s W ell h a usen h as s h o w n is a n e rr o r for
I n b oth p l a c e s th ey b r i n g
:a i d a n
B e th s a i d a
me pa t i e n t to J e sus an d b e s eec h h i m to l ay h i s h an d
he
S T R U CT U R E O F M A R K S G O S P E L
56
B oth s to r i e s en d w i th t h e s a m e i nj u n c t i on o f s e c r e cy
S uc h d o u b l ets a s the a b o ve m us t p e r p l e x ha l f
e d uc ate d p eo p l e w h o h a v e bee n b r o u gh t up to b e li e v e
.
G o s p els a re d o cu m e n t s s p e ci a lly i n sp i r e d
e ss en t i a ll y tr u e i n w ha t th ey r el at e i n c a pab l e o f e rr or
an d n o t t o b e cl a ss ed w i t h t h e r e s t o f a n ci e n t b i o
gr a ph ic a l li te r at u re Fo r th ey s h o w that the Go s p e ls
h a ve g ro wn u p ver y m uc h i n th e s a m e m a n n e r as
o th e r h a l f l e g en d a ry h is t or i es o f p o p ul a r h e r o e s
In
the A l e x a n d e r r o m a n c e i n a n y li fe o fa p o p ul a r s a i n t
i n a n y c o ll e c t i on o f fo l k l o r e t a l e s w e a r e su r e t o n d
o n e o r i g i n a l s to ry t o l d i n t w o o r m o r e d i f
fe r en t w ay s
T he t wo v a r i an ts gen er a ll y a r is e th r o u gh o r al r ep e t i
ti on o f the t a l e b ut th ey m a y b e en gen d e r e d a l m os t
a s e a sil y i n si d e o f th e w r i tten t r a d i t i o n
I n e i the r
c a s e a l a te r s to ry te ller e s p eci a lly o n e who li k e the
c o m p il er o f t he n a r ra ti ve s b efo re us is a n x i o us to
r e l ate a s m any m i r a cl e s o fhi s her o a s h e ca nis su r e
s oon e r or l ater to i n co r por a t e i n h i s b o o k b oth fo r m s
o f the one s to ry a s i f th ey w er e s e p a r at e s to r i e s o f
d is ti n c t ep iso d e s
W e h a ve s e l e cted a s illus tra t i o n s th e two m o s t
str i k i ng ex a m p l e s to b e fo u n d i n M ar k ofo v er l app i n g
n a rra ti v e s ; b ut o th er s e x is t
Th us i n i x 3 6 J e sus
th a t the
sha ll
r ecei ve one o
such
l i ttl e ch il dr en i n my
n a m e,
S T R U CT U R E O F M A R K S G OS PE L
57
A no th e r fo r m o f the s a m e sto r y
m ee ts us i n th e v e r y n e x t c h a pt e r x 1 3
A nd they
br oug h t un to hi m l i ttl e childr en
A n d he took them
i n h i s a r m s an d s a i d ,
Whosoever sha ll n ot r ecei v e
the k i ng dom of G od a s a l i ttl e chil
etc
An d i n a n oth e r w ay i t ca n b e s h own th at M a r k s
r ecei v eth
m e,
etc.
Go s pel is n ot a n o r i g i n a l d o cu m e n t b ut o n e c o m p il ed
fro m e a r li e r s o u r c es
Just a s i n si d e o f i t t here a re
n a r r a t i v e s wh ic h o v er l a p e a c h o th e r so th e r e a re a r ts
p
o f i t w h ic h o v e r l a p an d a r e i n li t e r a r y a g ree m e n t
w i th p ar t s o fth e n o n M a r c a n d o cu m en t a s i t m ay b e
r o m th e r s t a n d th i rd G o s e ls
re c on s t r uc ted f
Let
p
us con si d e r a n e x a m p l e
,
MA R K x ii
MATTHEW x xiii
3 8 40
fol l
A n d i n hi s
he
teach ng,
sa d, B ew are o f
th e
scr
es,
wh ch des re to
w a lk
in
l ong
r ob es, an d sa l u
the
ta ti an s i n
m a r ket
p l aces,
chi
an d
e
f sea ts
in
the
sy n a
gogu es, a n d ch ef
pl aces a t feasts :
th ey wh o devour
d
w ows h ouses,
an d f
or
a pr e
ten ce m ak e l on g
th ese
prayer s ;
sha l l
r ece v e
gr ea ter condem
ib
n at on .
Th en
spak e
e
an
s,
e r
th ey
do
seen
of
m en
for th ey
m ak e
br oa d
th e r
phyl acte
r es, a n d en l ar ge
th e b or ders (of
the r garm en ts) ,
and
l ove
th e
ch ef p la ces a t
feasts, an d th e
ch efsea ts i n th e
synagogues, an d
sal uta t ons i n the
m ar k et
pl aces
i
i
W oe
un to
you, S cr b es a n d
h a r sees, for ye
a re
l k e unto
Now
sp ak e,
L U K E xx 45
47
37,
he
as
P ha i
And
in
the
h ear n g of a ll
see
a sk ed
h i m th e p eo pl e h e
to b r eakfa st w th sa d
un to
hi s
him ,
an d
h e d sc pl es,
BE
w en t i n an d sat W
OF
dow n to m ea t
IB , W H O
.
W oe
w or k s
to b e
fol l
J esus to th
m ul ti tudes
d
to hi s discipl e
say in g
Th
sc i b es an d th
Pha isees si t on
M oses eat
B ut
ll
th i
L U K E xi
un to
i i
A RE
THE
S C R ES
D ES I RE T O W A L K
I N LO N G R OB ES
A ND L O V E S A L U
h a r sees !
you
,
fo r ye l ov e the
chi e
IN
f seats i n the T AT I O NS
s
M
y nagog u es, a n d
the
sa l u ta ti on s P
A ND
,
i n the m a r k et
I F
Y
pl aces W oe un
to you ! for ye C O G
A ND
,
ar e as th e tom b s
I F P
wh ch
a pp ear
F
;
n o t, a n d th e m en
D V
W I
th at wa l k ov er w rn ow s
HOU
k now i t not
, A ND FO R
THE
A R K ET
LAC ES
CH E
SEATS
I N THE S N A
U ES
CH E
LA C ES
AT
EA STS
H CH E O U R
SES
PR ET E NC E
MA KE
LO N G P RAY ERS
THESE SH A LL
RE C E I VE G REA T
ER CO NDE MNA
TION
.
OF
S T R UC T UR E
58
MA RK S GO S PE L
sepul
wh ted
ch r es, wh ch o ut
a pp ea r
w ar dl y
b ut
b eaut ful ,
ul l
n w a r d ly ar e f
n
me s
of dea d
b on es, an d o f
al l
un cl ean n ess
ye o ut
a pp ea r
v en so
w ar dly
r
ight
m en
un to
eo us
ve n ot ic e tha t Lu k e i n x x 4 547 c o p i e s
i n teg ra ll y M a r k x ii 3 8 40 a n d set s th e s a y i n g i n
B ut i n x i 43 h e h as
th e s a m e b a c k g r o u n d a s M a r k
a l r e a d y h a d t h e s a y i n g a b o u t c h i e f s ea ts a n d s a lu ta
t i o n s a pp en d i n g t o i t th e s ay i n g a b o u t to m b s w h ic h
M atth ew tho u gh c h a n g i n g s o m ew ha t i ts p u r p or t a ls o
I t h ar d l y a d m i t s o f d o u b t th a t
a s so ci a t e s th ere w i th
Lu k e fo u n d t he s a y i n g a b o u t c h i ef s ea t s a n d s a lu ta
t i on s tw ice i n h i s S o u r c e so n c e i n M a r k a n d a ga i n i n
a n d c o p i e s b o th p a ss a e s
t h e n on M a r c an d o cu m en t
g
M a tth ew a ls o fo u n d t he s ay i n g t w ic e b ut r o lls
o ut
u p i n t o o n e the tw o s o u r ces w h ich her e o ver l a p p ed
B u t i f so t her e m us t h a v e b een so m e
o n e a n o th er
c o m m o n d o cu m en t u n d e r ly i n g b o th M a r k a n d the
T h e tw o o ver l a p i n th e sa m e
n o n M a r c an s o u r c e
w ay i n t he stor y o f t h e B a p t i sm o f th e T em p t at i o n
su n d r y
o th er
a nd in
p a ss a ges t wo o f w h ic h w e
c on si d ered a b ove ( pp 54 55
E n o u gh h as b een s a i d M a r k th e m a i n s o u r ce o f
t h e r s t a n d t h i r d e va n g e lis t s i s h i m s e l f n o o r i g i n a l
w r i te r b ut a c o m p il e r w h o p i e c e s t o geth er a n d e d i ts
e ar lier d ocu m en t s i n w h ic h h i s p red e c e ss o r s h a d
w r i tten d o w n p o p ul a r t r a d i t i on s o f t he m i r a cl e s an d
p a ssi o n o f J esus Th ei r i n te r e s t h a d l a i n m ore i n t he
w on d er s w o r k e d b y J e sus t h an i n hi s t ea c h i n g o f
I n th e
a bo
S T R U CT U R E
OF
M A R K S G O S PE L
wh i c h
59
M ar k pr e s e rv e s b ut li tt l e T he tr ad i t i o ns t hus
c oll ec te d w e re at r s t fr a m e d i n the A r a m a ic tong u e
for J e sus an d h i s r s t fo ll o w e r s b e i n g G a lil e an s s p o k e
tha t d ia l e c t a n d M a r k s G r e ek is so full o f A r a m a ic
ph r as e s n a m e s an d i d i o m s a s t o j us t i fy the c on te n ti on
o f W ell ha usen a n d o th e r c o m p et en t Se m i t ic sch o l a r s
that th e d o cu m en t s w h ich h e i n h er i te d w e r e t ran sl a
a n d t h e s am e r e m a r k
t i on s o f A r am a ic o r i g i n a ls
ho l d s goo d of m o st o f th e m ate r i a l c on ta i n e d i n the
non M a r c a n s o u r c e
.
C HA P T E R V
MA TT H EW
WE
LUK E
A ND
s e en i n th e p r e vi o us c ha p t er h ow sl e n d e r
a n d a l s o h o w u n c r i t ic a l a n d p o p ul a r w ere th e t r a d i
t i on s o f J e sus w h ic h u n d e r l ay th e G o s p e l o f M a r k ;
r a m e wo r k
an d y et t h is G o s p e l su pp li e d th e h is t or ic a l f
o f t h e l o n g e r G o s p els a ss o ci a te d w i th the n a m e s o f
M a tth ew th e a p os t l e a n d o f Lu k e t h e c o m p a n i o n o f
P a ul T o the o r d e r i n w h ic h the c h i e f e ven t s o f the
m i n is try p a ssi o n a n d d ea t h o f J e sus fo ll o we d o n e
a n o th e r
th es e l ater e v a n ge lis t s h a d n o clu e e x c e p t
su ch a s M ar k su pp li ed ; fo r th e n on M a r c an d o cu
ro m i ts a cc o u n t o f J esu s s b a p t is m a n d
m en t
a p a rt f
tem p ta t i on w a s not a h is t o ry b ut a c o ll e c t i o n o f
Fo r the
a p ho r is m s a n d p a r a b l e s u tter e d b y J e sus
w he r e a n d w h en a n d w h at o f J esus s a c t i o n s th es e
l a ter w r i ter s d ep en d e d on M ar k ; a n d fro m hi m is
d er i ve d the h is to r ic a l p l a n o f th e i r G o s p e ls T h e y
fo r s a k e i t o cc a si o n a ll y th o u gh n ev er i n u n is on ; a n d
T hat
w h e n e ver th ey do so th e y s o on r e t u r n to i t
t h is is so is a pp ar e n t if we set o u t i n p a ra ll e l co l um n s
th e s e c t i o n s o fM a r k w h ic h e a c h r e p r o d uc e s p r e s e r v i n g
H e r e is the ta b l e
the o rd er i n w h ic h t hey do so
I N M A TTHEW
I N LU K E
M k i
i 4
M k i
i
i
4
5 iii 3
iii
i
i
i 9
35
35
hav e
ar
ii
21
ii
ar
i
34
ix
x I
I 4
vi
x ii
x ii I 3 x iii
xvi 8
I
vi
v.
1 2 2,
23
v.
i n.
13
vi
ao,
32
xi v
i v.
50
60
v.
3 5 43 , v i
1 3 52
.
21
iii
xvi
xi I
7 44 ,
27
ix
,
.
M A TT H E W
62
LUKE
A ND
p a r ticul a r r e v ea ls c o m p l e te i g n o r a n c e o f P a l es t i n i a n
geog ra p hy m a k i ng G a lil ee p a r t o fJ udm a a n d b r i n g i n g
in
M A TT H E W
A ND
LU KE
63
C hr is t a w ea k va p i d l a n g ui d S y r i an A s a m an o f
es h a n d b l oo d a s o n e w h o is goo d b e c a us e h e h a d i t
i n hi m t o b e b a d th e y a r e n o t a t li b er t to p ic tur e
y
him
as G od
t h ey o b v i o usl y c a n n o t
T he i n si p i d
gu r e t hey a r e l eft w i th is t he C hr is t o f the fo u r th
Go s p el
T h is p r o c ess o f em a scul at i on t he n h a s
a l r e a d y b e u n i n M a tth e w a n d Lu k e a n d w e f
o r th w i t h
g
g i v e e x a m p l es o f i t
M a r k v i 16 c o n t a i n s the fo ll o w i n g tex t : ( I ) A n d
h e w en t out fr om th en ce
a n d h e com eth i n to h i s ow n
cou n tr
a n d hi s d i sci l es ol l ow h i m
y
p f
( 2 ) A n d w hen
,
the
w r oug h t by h i s ha n ds ?
the son
f Ma ry
(3 )
br other
a nd
s n ot
thi s th e ca rp en ter ,
f fum es
a nd
joses
a nd
hon ou r ,
k in,
p t i n hi s
ex ce
and
p erfor m
i n hi s
no
ow n coun try , a n d a
ow n
h ouse
m ig h ty w or k ,
sa v e tha
few
H ere
J esus s
at
h a ve
d o i n gs i n
we
a nd
v ill a ge
(6 )
ther e
hi s ha n d
on ct
A n d he m a r v ell ed
T he fa m e o f
g r a p h ic p ic t u re
C a p er n a u m ha s r ea c h e d hi s o w n
a
k no w h i s m o th e r
and
b r eed s c o n te m p t
u p s ta r t an d m ak e
a r i ty
an
t he l a id
coul d
ow n
H e g o es t he r e, b ut n d s e ven h i s
H is m i ra cl es a r e sc o ffed
fa m il y u n s y m p a th et ic
T h ey h a ve k n o w n hi m fr o m c h il d hoo d th ey
hom e
o wn
A n d he
( 5)
m ong hi s
li gh t
of
hi m
and
his w o r k s
r s t c o n d i t i on o ffa i th h ea li n g is w a n ti n g w i th the
r esul t th a t h e is u n a b l e t o do a n y m i g h ty w o r k th e re
T he
MATT H E W
64
H ere is
fr a n k
A ND
d m issi o n
LU KE
i
cu r es
th a t fa th
th e p a r t
as it
e
on
of
o f J sus
sic k w as a s essen ti a l to the
is
B ut suc h a n a d m issi o n s ee m e d
to th o s e o f L0 u rd e s
s or el y to d er oga te fr o m the d i gn i ty o f J es us i n a
l a t er g en era ti o n w hen he w as b ec o m i n g m or e d i v i ne
th an h u m a n
Lu k e a cc o rd i n g l y o m i ts the p a ss a ge
a l t o ge th er u n l e ss h i s c h i v 1 6
3 0 b e a n ec h o o f i t
M a tth ew a s usu a l is m o r e fa i thful to h i s s o u r c e b ut
he is c o m p ell e d to m i n i m is e th e fo r c e o f M a r k s w o r d s
a n d a cc or d i n g l y f
o r v er s e 5 su b s t i t u te s t h is (x iii
the
A n d h e di d
thei r u n bel i e
f
not
su
ssi
H e a ls o
su b s t i tu tes the w or d s
son
fo r
Is
thi s the
n ot
is
m or eo v e r , to b e
n ot
p ro b ab ly
a tt r i b u te so
p en ter P
ca r
b ec a us e he d ee m e d i t d er og a to r y t o
h u m b l e a c a lli n g to so e x a l te d a p er s o n
It
ic ed
th a t
e ven
as
J esus
t h e tex t
of
uc he d i n th is p a ss a g e ; for h ow
th e s a m e p er s o n s b e a s to n is h e d i n ve r se 2 W h o
a re o f
fen d ed a t hi m i n v er s e 3 a n d h a v e n o h on o u r o r
r es pe c t f
o r hi m i n v er s e 4 n o f
a i th i n h i m i n v e r s e 6 ?
I t is cl ea r fr o m t h e c o n te x t th a t fa r fr o m a d m i r i n g
h i s tea c h i n g a n d r ep u ted m i r a cl e s th ey m a d e li gh t o f
the m a n d w e r e o u t ra ge d a t the cl a i m s m a d e i n h i s
b eha l f I t fo ll o ws th a t s o m e suc h w o r d s a s sco ffed
or
at him
m o c k e d m us t h a v e o r i g i n a ll y s to o d i n
th e tex t a n d h a v e b e e n c h an g ed to w er e a ston i shed
A g a i n i n M a r k x I 7 1 8 w e r ea d th a t
th er e r u n
M ar k
co ul d
h a s b ee n
r eto
one
to
hi m
a nd
k n eel ed to h i m ,
a n d a sked
h i m , G ood
i s g ood sa ve
G od
the m a nusc r i p ts
one, even
in
H e re
e d
Why ca ll est thou
we r
m e g ood !
M a rk s G o s p e l
i n stea d o f the d o wn
of
M A TT H E W
r
i gh t
p r o h ibi t ion
LU KE
A ND
Ca l l th o u m e
g ood
n ot
65
B ut t h e
Ma ster
sa i d
w ha t g ood
sh a ll
I do,
tha t
I m ay
ha v e eter n a l life 9 A n d h e sa i d u n to h i m , Why a shest
tho u m e a bo ut tha t whi ch i s g ood P O n e ther e w ho i s
,
sinl ess
H ere is a no ther e x a m p l e : M ar k i 3 2 r el a te s h ow
they hr oug h t u n to hi m a ll tha t
a t C a p er n a u m a t e v e n
the
M A TT H EW
66
si ck
w er e
a nd
those
ossessed
m a ny dev i l s
and
by dev i l s,
h ea l ed m a ny tha t w er e a i cted w i th
cast out
LU KE
A ND
v a r i ou s
he
di sea ses, a n d
fr o m h i s ow n s t o r e th e d e ta il tha t J esus h ea l ed
t he sic k b y m er e w o r d o f m ou t h b ec a us e h e d o e s no t
w is h h i s r ea d e r s to su p p o se t h a t so e x a l te d a b ein g
A n d t h is is
p o ll u t ed hi s h a n d s b y t ouch in g th e sic k
p r ob abl y wh y h e o m i t s t o co p y ou t the t w o cu r e s b y
co m bin ed use o f t ouc h an d s p i tt le w h ich M a r k r eco r d s
v
ii
1
a n d w h ic h a r e c r i t icis e d
(
3
3 7 a n d v iii 2 2
a b o ve ( p
P er h a p s h o w e ver i t w a s r a th er t he
m a g ic u se b y J e su s o f sp i tt l e t h a n th e a c t u a l t ouc h in g
t h a t sh oc k e d h i m ; for h e s eem s t o h a ve r ega r d ed
t ouch in g the sic k a s a m a g ic a l p r a c t i c e d i ffer en t fr o m
th e a c t o f l ay in g h a n d s on t h e m ; a n d w her e M a r k
h
s
a
s
a
x I 3 y t t they br oug h t to fesus l i ttl e chi l dr en
subs t i t u tes (xix I 3 ) tha t
tha t h e shoul d to u ch them
,
he
shoul d
l ay hi s h a n ds
on
them
a nd
p r ay
In
th e
M A TT H E W A ND L U K E
67
or
hnow y e tha t
he i s n ig h even a t th e door s Ver i ly I say un to y ou th i s
g ener a ti on sha ll n ot p a ss a w ay , un ti l a l l these th i ng s be
a ccomp l i shed
B u t of tha t day or th a t hou r h n ow eth
,
n o on e n ot
on ly
but
ev en the a ng el s
the
Fa ther
i n hea ven ,
nei ther
Ta he y e heed, w a tch
th e
a nd
S on ,
p r ay
th at c a ll ed hi m g oo d l ov ed h i m , M atthew m er ely
s ay s jesus sa id un to hi m
S o in xii 1 3 M atthew
su ppresses the d em ons t ra t ion o f hu m a n feelin g
H ere th e J ew s in the
r e co rd ed
b y M a r k iii 5
sy n ag og u e h ave bl am ed J esus fo r hea ling on the
.
M A TTH E W
68
sa
bb ath
a nd
A ND L U K E
w hen he ha d l oohed
r ou n d a bout on
th em
etc
sa i th
u n to
the m a n, S tr etch for th t hy h a n d,
M a tthew subs t i t u tes :
Th en sa i th he to th e m a n ,
S o in M a r k i 43 J esus
S tr etch for th thy ha n d
o n e w h o m h e hea l ed t o sa y n o th in g
stern ly cha rg ed
bu t Matth ew t on es d o w n the tex t t o
o fi t t o a n y m a n
t h is : fesus sa i th u n to hi m , S ee th o u tel l n o m a n
A n d th e p eda n try o f su pp r essin g m er e ly h u m a n t r a i t s
in J esu s seem s in so m e c a se s t o e x te n d e ve n t o the
l ea s t d et a ils T h u s ( Ma r k x 2 4) J esus , add r essin g
"
"
T h is s ee m ed t oo
h i s d isci p l es , b eg ins
Ch i ld r en
fa m ili a r t o Matth ew a n d in the co r resp on d in g p a ss ages
C on ver s e l y , in M a tthew
( xix 2 4) h e o m i t s chi l dr en
a n d Lu k e the d isci p l es a r e m ad e t o a dd r ess J esus b y
T h us in M ar k i v 3 8
g ra n d e r t i t l es th a n in M a r k
they say d u r in g the s t o r m w he n th ey h ave w a k ed hi m
w i th
a ng er ,
fr o m sleep
cer n ed l est
Tea cher
w e p er i sh P
( di da sk al o s)
art
thou
n ot con
(epi sta t s) w e a r e p er i sh
s eem ed t oo fa m ili ar t o h i m
tea cher
i ng ; fo r
M a tthew t r a nsc r ibing t he p a ss a g e s t ill fu rther
i m p r o ves on i t a n d sub st i t u tes 0 L or d ( Ky r i e)
S i m il a r ly in M a r k ix 5
sa ve us w e a r e p en ishi ng
i
a
s
a
:
R
b
bi
t
i
o
P eter s y s
g od for us to be her e
B ut Lu k e a l r ead y r eg ard e d J esu s a s b e tte r t h a n
a
m er e R abbi so h e subs t i t u tes a s b e for e the
w o rd ep i sta tes w h ich m ea ns m a s t er o r o v er lo r d ;
M a tthew a s b efo r e subs t i t u tes Lo r d
and
S uch
bu t t o the c are
a l terat ions m a y s eem insi g ni c a n t
ful s t u d en t they a r e a s s t ra w s w h ic h s h o w w h ich
w a y the w in d is blo w in g a n d in the l a s t t wo d e c ad e s
o f the rs t cen t u ry w hen th e G os pels o f Matt hew a n d
L u k e w ere co m p il e d i t wa s blo w in g ha r d t o w a r d s the
m aster
M A TTH E W
7o
A ND L U K E
he
com eth
tog ether
br ea d
o ut to
f hi s
i n to
ag a i n , so
h ouse
tha t th ey
A n d the m ul i tu de
cou l d
n ot so
A n d w hen hi s fa m i ly h ea r d
ta he
a n d r estr a i n
m i nd
hi m
for
m u ch
com eth
a s ea t
i t, they w en t
they sa i d, H e i s ou t
M A TT H E W
A N D L U KE
7!
ta ke hi m a s follo w s ( iii
A n d ther e com e h i s
,
a nd
a n sw er eth
br eth r en
a bou t
them ,
a n d sa i th :
A n d l ook i ng
h i m , he
sa i th
Who i s my
r ou n d on
B eh old,
m other
them w hi ch
my
a nd
my
sa t r ou n d
and
m other
my
M A TT H E W
72
on
A ND L U K E
c t ion a ccor d ed
the
in
h im
r e ep
hi s
v ill a ge :
o wn
A p r op h et i s n ot w i thou t h on ou r sa v e i n h i s o w n
h
r
a
s
a
d
m
i
t
s
o
f
no
o
t
h
r
in
t
e
r
t
t
ion
t
n
th os e
e
e
e
a
h
a
p
p
o f h i s o w n fa m il y
an d w ea k l y s eek s t o p a lli a t e t h e
con d uc t o f th e m o th er o f J esus b y su pp osin g t h a t on
th i s occ a sion sh e a llo w ed h er s el f t o b e o ver p er su ad ed
b y h i s b ret h r en
A fter su pp r ession o f v er s e 2 1 the subs equ e n t
M a r k iii 3 13 5 coul d b e r e l a te d w i th l ess
e p iso d e
the
a rr o
M A TT H E W
74
LU K E
A ND
o ther m a tte r s a re s p o k e n o f a n d h e c a us es t h e
P h a r is ees t o a dd uc e thei r c a lu m n y in tw o p a ss a ges
w h ic h r ea ll y d u p lic a te o n e a no t h e r r s t o n th e occ a
sion o f J esu s s h ea lin g a d ea f a n d d u m b m a n t h us
Then w a s br oug h t un to hi m on e
( M a tth ew xii
a nd
p ossessed
w i th
a nd
dev i l bl i n d
du m b
and
h e hea l ed
h i m , i n som u ch th a t th e d u m b m a n sp a he a n d sa w
B ut w h en th e Pha r i sees h ea r d i t, they sa i d, T h i s m a n
.
doth
n ot ca st ou t
a li er bu t si m il a r
occ a sion c h ix 3 2 3 4 w h ere h e seem s t o r ep r o
d uc e th e non M a r c a n sou r c e w h ic h h e sh a re s w i th
Lu ke
L u k e h o w e ver w h oll y sep a r a t e s th e v i si t o f th e
m o t he r a n d b r e th r e n ( M a r k iii 3 1
3 5) fr o m t h e
p a s sa ge a bou t B ee l z ebub a n d b r in g s i t in a s a so r t o f
a p e n d ix t o M ar k i v 1
2 5 so in ve r t in g M a r k s o r d er
p
fo r M a r k iii 3 1
L u k e v iii 19 t o e n d a n d
35
M a r k i v 12 5
Lu ke v iii 4 1 8 L u k e b r in g s
in the a ccu sa t ion s a bou t B eel z ebub l a t er on i n
2 6 a n d d o es no t li k e M a tth ew
c h xi 14
d u p lic a te
t hem ; he in e ffec t co m bin e s M a tth ew ix 3 2 3 4
M
a
tt
h
e
w
xii
2
2
2
w
i
t
h
M
a
tt
h
xii
2
e
w
4)
(
5 2 9 and
xii 4 3 4 5 in a w a y th a t sh o w s th a t h e h ad a co m m on
sou r c e w i t h
M a tth ew w h ic h r ecoun ted th e w h ol e
ep i so d e so m e w h a t a s M a r k d o es a n d so o v er l a pp ed
M a r k T h e cor r esp o n d enc e s o f the th r ee G os pels
m a y b e r epr e s e n t e d a s fo llo w s :
dev i l s,
etc
and
aga
in on
e r
an
M
M
a tth ew
(n i l )
ix 3 2 34
M tthew x ii 2 2 2 4
M tthew x ii 2 4
29
M tth ew x ii 3 0 ( o
M cn uc)
M tth w x ii 3 1 3 2
a tth ew
a
ar
so
.
M k iii
M k iii
M k iii
Nil
M k 1
ar
ar
ar
ar
20 , 2 1
22
23
L uke ( i l )
Luk e x i 14
n
27
Lu ke x i
Luke x i
23
1 1
28
30
Luk x ii
e
Io
15
M A TT H E W
x ii
M
a tth ew
43 4 5
-
LU KE
Ni l
c a 11
sour c )
M atthew x ii 46
M k iii
50
(11 o
A ND
Luk e x i
a r
ar
75
24 26
-
L uke viii 19
21
Luke x i 2 7
P
c
n
M
so ur c e)
3 1 35
n o
a r
28,
a 11
cl ea r th a t
L u k e h a s p r eser ve d in i ts r i g h t
p l a c e the p ar a gr a ph in w h ic h th e non Ma r c a n sou r c e
th rew J esus s r ep u d i a t ion o f th e p hy sic a l m o th er w h o
h a d v o t ed h i m t o b e in sa n e
I t is a s follow s ( L u k e
I t is
xi
2 7,
thi ng s,
her
A nd i t
cer ta i n
w om a n
v oi ce, a n d sa i d u n to
ba r e th ee,
a nd
ca m e
th e
to
p a ss
f the
ou t o
as
he
these
m ul ti tu de l ifted
hi m , B l essed i s t he w om b tha t
he sa i d, N ay , r a ther bl essed
o
f G od, a n d heep i t
,
sa i d
ar e
such
B ut
they t ha t h ea r the w or d
M A TT H E W
76
LUKE
A ND
T h at is a ll th at
h ig h p r i est a n d str u ch of hi s ea r
M a r k h a d t o te ll o ft h e ep iso d e B ut M atth ew c a nno t
l et i t en d th er e a n d in ve n t s th e follow in g s peec h fo r
J esus a s a pp ro p r i a te t o t he o cc a sion : Then sa i th
fesus un to hi m P u t up ag a i n thy sw or d i n to i ts p l a ce
for a l l they tha t ta he the sw or d sha l l p er i sh by the sw or d
0 r thi n k est tho u tha t I ca n n ot beseech my Fa ther a n d
he sh a ll even n ow sen d m e m or e tha n tw el ve l eg i on s of
H ow th en sh oul d the S cr ip tu r es befull l ed
a ng el s
,
a s we a r e conc er n ed w i th th is ep iso d e we m a y
no t ic e th at Lu k e equ a ll y w i th M a tt hew fel t h i m s el f
c a ll e d u pon t o i m p r o ve on the sto r y a n d so he m akes
a nd
hea l ed hi m
m
m
t
h
s
ission
o
f
J
sus
t
o
co
i
t
a
s
ul
t
e
e
a
:
L or d sha l l
m
a p u r e in ve n t ion o f h i s
w e sm i te w i th the sw or d P
T h e G r ee k
own
We
M A TT H E W
78
LU K E
A ND
cr i ed out, say i ng ,
sa ve
me
G os p el a c h a p ter
d d e d l a t er th a n the r es t by so m e
ea r l y e d i t o rw h ic h see m s t o con t a in t he ge r m o f t h is
I t i s th i s : S i m on P eter sa i th un to
m i r a culous s t o r y
They say
them [ the o th er d isci p l e s ] I g o a shi ng
They w en t for th a n d
un to h i m We a l so com e w i th thee
a
en ter ed
th a t n ig h t th ey ca ug ht n oth i ng
a nd
i n to the boa t
the boa t) a n d dr ew th e n et to l a n d
T he a bo ve
M atthew xi v
s t o r y co rr esp on d s t oo clos el y w i t h
2 2
3 3 fo r us t o su pp os e t h a t i t is o f
in d epen d en t o r i gin I n bo th th e d isci p l es are in a
bo a t on the S ea o f G a lilee J esu s a pp r o a c h es a n d at
r s t t hey fa il t o r ecog nis e h i m ; bu t w h en they d o
P et er j u m p s in t o th e sea B ut in th e Joh a nnin e fo r m
the p art icul ar m i ra culous e l em e n t d is a pp ea r s w h ich
c h ara c ter ises M atthew T h e bo a t is clos e t o s h o re
a n d P eter j u m p s in w i th the in t en t ion o f w ad in g
th r ou gh the s h a llow w a t er H a d h e m ea n t t o s wi m
h e w oul d no t h ave p ut on h i s co at
N o r d o es J esus
w a l k on th e sea bu t s ta n d s on th e s h o re
I t is
d a n g er ous t o t r y t o r a t ion a lis e a n y o f the w on d e rful
.
M A TT H E W
A ND L U K E
79
s t o r i es w h ic h th e S y no p t is ts r el a te ; w e m a y r a ther
m a rvel th at in n a r r at i ve s w h ic h a r os e in so c r ed ulou s
a n a g e a n d coun t r
y m i ra cl es a r e no t m o r e p l e n t i ful
N ever thel ess i t rea ll y loo k s a s i f t h e a u th o r o f t h is
a dd i t ion a l c h a t er o f th e fou r t h G os el h a d
p
p
go t h ol d
o f a t a l e w h ich is th e p r i us o f M a tt hew s s t or y I f in
th e G r ee k t e x t o f M a r k w e c h a n ge t he r ep o si t ion ep i
p
in t o p a r a w e s houl d g et the m ea nin g t ha t J esus c a m e
w a l k in g a l ong th e sh o r e o f th e sea a n d no t on th e sea
A s t h e w in d w as a ga ins t t h em h e m i g h t w ell c a t c h
th em up a n d ou td i sta nc e t he m a n d P e ter s obj ec t in
j u m p in g ou t w oul d b e t o j oin J esus on t he l a n d w h ic h
m u st h a ve b ee n clos e a t h a n d fo r t h e m t o d isc er n th e
g u r e o f J esus d u r in g th e ni gh t P er h a p s p r a w a s
th e o r i g in a l r ea d in g
T h er e c a n b e no d oub t h o w
ev er th a t M a tth e w w is h ed t o e n ha nc e the m i r a cl e a s
h e foun d i t r e l a t e d in M a r k
I n a no ther p a s sa ge Matthew a ccu m ul a t es stupe n
d ous m i r a cl es w h ere h i s sou r c e M a r k is co m p a r a t i vel y
m o d es t
T h e l a tter r e l a te s (x v 3 8 ) t ha t w h e n J esu s
b rea thed hi s l a s t on th e c r o ss the v ei l [or sc r ee n ]of
,
the
temp l e
w as
r en t
a su n der
fr om
top
to bottom
out of
the holy
fa l l en
a sl ee
the tom bs
ci t
y
p w er e
fter hi s
pp ea r ed
a nd a
r a i sed
a n d com i ng
r esu r r ecti on
u n to
O f th i s g r ou p o f m i r a cl es
n o r Lu k e t h ou g h th ey a r e a s
m a ny
they
for th
en ter ed
i n to
M a r k h a d n ever h ea r d
a dd ic t ed t o w on d er s a s
M a tthew E ven fr o m th e a u th o r o fthe fou r th G os p e l
b re a k th e r eco r d in suc h m atte rs
w ho is inclin e d t o
i t w a s s t ill h i dd e n w hen he w r o te in the l a s t dec a d e
,
M A TT H E W
8o
LUKE
A ND
o f the rs t c en t u ry o r in the r s t d e c a d e o f th e
s econ d
O n e fea t u re o f Matthew s n arrat i ve r e m a ins t o b e
no t ic ed n a m ely wh at h a s b een c a lled h i s p r o phet i c
see in w h a t
nosis
t
at
r
t
u
l
att
m
t
t
o
e
a
e
i
s
t
h
e
e
h
p
;
g
p p
J e sus d i d o sa i d o r su ffer ed the ful l m en t o f ol d
J ew is h p r o ph eci es o f the M essi ah T h is s ty l e o f
a r g u m en t is o f cou r s e add r e ss e d t o J ew s w h o h esi tat e d
t o a cc ep t J esus a s th e Chr is t o r M essi a h W e d o no t
e ncoun ter in M a r k t h is a r g u m e n t fr o m p r o p hecy a s
i t is c a ll ed bu t Matthew c a p s a l m os t e very inci d e n t
wh ic h h e co p i e s fr o m M a r k w i t h so m e O ld T es ta m e n t
tex t o r o t her a l w ay s m a n g l ed m isun d er s t oo d a n d
I n a few
m is a pp li ed in o r d er t o m a k e i t s eem t o t
c a s es th is l ea d s t o the s t r a n ges t r esul t s Let us t a k e
a s a n ex a m p l e th e tr iu m p h a l en t r y o f J esus in t o J er u
s a l em s ho r t l y b efo r e h i s c r uci xion fo r h i s a ccoun t o f
w h ic h M att h ew h a d no sou r c e o t h er t h a n M a r k :
.
7
7
A n d wh en th y d rew n i gh u to
( I ) A n d wh en they d ra w n igh
u to er usal em
h e sen d eth tw o J usa lem
J
sus sen t tw o dis
J
f h s d i sc ip l es
d sa i th u to c i p l es sayi g u to them G o i t
wa y in to the th e v i ll age th t i s over aga i nst
th em
G o you
i ll ag e th t i s o er against y u ; you an d straigh tw y ye shall n d
n d stra i gh tw y
s ye en ter i t y
d
c olt wi th her ;
n a ss t ied
sh ll nd
c ol t tied whereo
l oose (th em ) d br ing (th em )
m n e er yet s t
l ose hi m d unto m e A nd if anyone y
br ing him A n d i f anyone say ught to y u y sha ll say T he
u to you
W h y do ye thi s ? s y Lo d ha th e d o f them ;
nd
The L or d h th n eed of h i m ; st ightway h e w i ll sen d them
y
d str ightw y h w i ll sen d hi m
No w th i i s c m e to ass th t
b ck hi ther A d th y went aw y i t m ight b e fulll ed w i ch w s
an d foun d a c ol t ti d at the d or spok en by th e
p ophet sayi ng
w i thout i n th e
d
T ell ye the d augh ter o fS i on
p en street ;
th ey l oose hi m
A n d c ertai n
f
Behold the k i g com eth to th e
them tha t stoo d th ere sa i d u t
M eek and i d in g on a n ass
th m
W ha t do ye l oosi ng th
A nd upon
co l t the foa l f a
c ol t ? And th y i d unto th em
ass
e en as J esus h d s i d
an d th y A n d the d i sc i l es wen t
an d d i d
p
l et them go
A d they b i ng the even a s J esus ap p oi nted for them
c ol t to J esus d they c st on nd they br ough t the ass and th e
h i m thei r ga rm en ts ; an d he s t c o l t
a nd
pu t on th em th ei
MA R K xi
MATTH E W xx i
er
an
no
an
an
him
e,
sa
up on
n o
an
ra
sa
an
an
n o
e,
an
ga m
en ts ; an d
he
sa t u on
p
them
M A TT H E W
82
LU K E
A ND
n eed s them bo th T he i r o w n er
w ill s e n d them
T he d isci p l es l ea d b a c k th e sh e a ss
a n d h er col t t h ey l a y t h e i r g a r m e n ts on bo t h o f t h e m
a n d m oun te d on bo t h o f t h em
a cco r d in g t o M a tt h ew
J es us m a k es hi s e n tr y in to J er us a l em
T h e re v is e d ver sion r en d er s t he l a s t o f the G r ee k
ep a n o a u ton b y ther eon a s i f i t
w o r d s in t h is p a s sa ge
w a s on th e clo t hes a n d no t o n b o t h a n i m a ls th a t
J esus sat B ut h ere M a r k h a s
on
hi m
e
a u ton
p
i
i e on th e ass
I t fol l o w s that M a tt h ew s phr a se
m ea ns on th e a ss e s
I n a n y c a s e the clo thes h a d
b ee n l a i d on bo t h a ni m a ls so t h a t i f J esus sa t on th e
cl o thes he sa t on the a ss es a s w e ll H ere a s o fte n
these r ev i ser s w er e b a re ly h on es t
w i th her
T he L o rd
C H A P TE R V I
L UK E
r
Th e sp i r i t of the L or d i s up on m e
th e w o d s :
IT
r em a
83
G 2
LUKE
84
beca use he ha th
d me
a n o n te
to
To day ha th th i s S cr ip tu r e been fu l l l ed i n y ou r ea r s
T h e sequ e l o f t h i s n ar r a t i ve r ev ea ls b y i t s se l f con
t ra di c ti o n s a n d incon se qu enc e s t h e fa nci fuln ess o ft he
ba r e h i m w i tn ess
e n t i r e inci d en t
A ll so w e re a d
th e p oor ,
etc
T he n
to p r ea ch g ood ti di ng s
he
a nd
w on der ed
at
f g r a ce w hi ch p r oceeded ou t
th e w or ds
W ha t
o r e in the w a y o f a ck n ow l edg
m e n t coul d J esu s d esi re e ve n t h o u gh t h ey d i d a dd th e
w or d s
I s not thi s joseph s son ?
B u t J e sus i s no t
s a t is ed w i th th ei r uni ver sa l a pp r o va l a n d l a unc hes
h i m se l f a t onc e in t o th e fo llo w in g ou t bu r s t a s p et ul a n t
a s i t i s un d er t h e ci r cu m st a nc es
in ep t : D ou btl ess
f hi s m ou t
y e w i ll
sa
w ha tsoev er w e
a l so
un to
her e i n th i n e
own
cou n try
A n d he
Ver i ly I
sa i d,
say u n to y ou ,
LU K E
86
fo r c erta in sc h ol a r s a n d a r c h aeolog i st s t o ex t ol h i m a s
a Chr is t i a n Th ucy d i d es T h is sin g l e ex a m p l e o f h i s
m eth o d s er ves t o p u t us o n o u r g u a r d a ga ins t ex trava
a
n
t
ulo
iu
s
H
e sh a r es w i t h T h uc y d i d es a g oo d
m
e
g
g
s ty l e a n d the fa cul ty o f in ve n t in g s p eec hes bu t no th
B ut l et us p r oc ee d t o fu rth er ex a m p l es o f
i n g e lse
h i s s k ill in in ve n t in g inci d e n t s a n d ev en ins t i t u t ions
1 3 h o w J esus
M a r k r el a te s in iii 1 3 19 an d v i 5
c h os e ou t tw el ve a p os t l es a n d l a i d d o w n c erta in
p r ec ep t s w h ich th ey w er e to follo w in t h ei r m ission ary
j ou r n ey s T he non M a r c a n sou r c e us e d by Matthew
a n d Lu k e a lso re l a t ed th e s a m e ep iso d e Now
M a tthew w h en h e foun d t he s a m e inci d en t d esc r ib ed
in bo th his sou r c es w a s a ccus t o m e d t o weave t hem
t ogether in t o a sin g l e n a r r at i ve a n d w e c a n usu a ll y
th a n k s to ou r p oss ession o f M a r k a n d Lu k e s ep arate
cul ty fr o m o n e a no th er t he sou r c es
w i t h ou t m uc h d i f
used by Matthew in suc h co m p oun d n a r rat i ves W e
c a n d o so here Lu k e on th e o ther h a n d was p r on e t o
k eep the M a rc a n a n d the non M a r c a n a ccoun t s a p art ;
a n d i f he coul d t o t u r n them in t o s ep arate h is t or i es
o f d is t inc t even ts Th is he d oes h ere bu t how coul d
tw el ve a p os t les b e c h os e n a n d ins t r uc ted a bou t thei r
m issions t w ic e o ver ? L u k e g e ts ou t o f th is d i f
cul ty
in th is w ay H e k eep s the M a r c a n reco r d o f the
a pp oin t m en t o f t we l ve a p os t l e s bu t t u r ns the non
Mar c a n r eco rd o f t he s a m e inci d e n t in t o the s t o ry o f
a c a ll a n d app oin t in g o f s e ven ty d isci p l es who wer e
t o m issionis e the s even ty t r ib es in t o wh o m the w h ol e
w o r l d o f G en t il es w a s p o p ul a r l y su p p os ed t o b e
d i v i d ed j us t a s th e t we l v e w er e t o m issionis e the
t wel ve t r ib es o f I s ra el I f w e con fr on t the t ex t s o f
the thr ee G os pels we s ee a t onc e t h a t t he m ission o f
the s even ty was o r i gin a lly no m o re th a n a t ex t u a l
.
LUKE
37
ve ,
e v
or
an
or
na
os
na
MATTH E W
tell
MA R K
postl es ar e
t h ese
T h ese
twel v e esus sen tfor th,
a nd
cha r ged
them ,
sa y in g ,
G o no t in to
an
y w ay o f the G en
t i l es, an d
not
en ter
in to a ny c ity of the
S a m a r i ta ns ; b ut go
ra th er
lost
to
th e
S h eep of th e h o use o f
I sr ael
An d as ye go ,
P REA C H , saying, T H E
twe
ve
y ou r
bel ts ;
no
wal l et
13
c lled
le
LU K
E ix
A nd h e ca l l ed the
v ,
an d tw el ve to eth er ,
and
g
ega n
t o sen d them G
M pow er a n d
or th t w o b y tw o
an d a uthor i ty
all
ov er
he gav e th em a uth or ty
ev s an d t o
ov er
un ea n S
An d he sen t
p r ts ; DI
an d h e
har ge
th em th em for th to P
C
to ta e n o th ng for T H E K I G O
of G o d ,
the r j ourney, sa ve a an d to
ur e th e s
sta f on y ; n o
r ea ,
A n d he sa un to th em ,
n o wa et, n o
r ass i n
Tahe nothi ng for y ou r
th ei r
e t, b u t (to go )
jour n ey , n ei ther
sh o
w th
san a s : n or wa ll et, n or br ea d,
an d (sa
h e ), p ut n o t NO R I
; n ei ther
tw o
on
oa ts
A nd have two coats
An d
he sa
un to
W
O
th em , i n to
her eso ever ye en ter house y e en ter , th er e
a
h o use, th ere a bi de, an d thence de
n to
e ti l l
a
epa r t pa r t
A n d a s m a ny
ye
A nd w ha tso as r ecei ve y ou n ot,
th en e
YE
D P
ever p a e sh a
not W
C I Y,
re e v e you , a n d th ey FRO M
DU
h ea r you n ot, a s ye go shah: O R
or th t hen e, sh a e o
ro m y ou r feet for a
the ust th a t i s un er testi m ony aga i n st them
An d they epar te a nd
your eet for a test
m ony un to th em A nd went thr ough out th e
th ey w en t o ut, an d v ag es, prea h n g th e
an d
hea n g
tha t
m en
ospe ,
p rea he
r epen t
A n d everywher e
sh ou
m any
th ey
ast out
cl
c
W
i
b id
N G D O M O F H EA V EN
I S N IG H
H E AL T H E f
S I CK
r i se th e d ea d
cl ea nse th e le er s c ast
o ut d e i ls
r eely ye
r ecei ed
freely gi ve
G et you no go ld NO R
SI LV ER n or b ass i n
KI
An d h e a
h i m th e t we
AV E THE M b
f
c
H EAL
S EAS E
i ck
.
vi
ll
bl
i
id
id
d il
S E A SE S
dl
H E AL
RE A H
N D M
c
id
i ck
S L V ER
HAT S E V ER
.
l c
ci
AV E TH E
ii
d
i
b
un to
ll
c d
ld
c
H EN
E A RT
THAT
T
THE
ST
.
i ll
G
c i
li
L U KE
88
your
12
L U K E x 1
.
A ND
E V ER
YE
sear
f d
H A TS O
i ll g
E N TER
of
w or thy
hi s
W
I NT O
TY
S HALL
CI
ch
o ut
oo
or v
i s w or thy ; an d Mor e
a bi de t i l l y e g o for t lz
A n d as ye en ter n to
th e h ouse, sa ute i t
A N D I F th e h o use B E
w or th y,
l et
Y O UR
I
om e
O
B UT
IF
i t b e n ot
w o r th y, l et yo ur p ea e
T o YO U A n d
w hosoev er slz d l l n ot r e
cezw
y ou , n or lzed r y om
w or s, A S
G O for t/
z
out of th at h ouse o r
th a t
sh a ke o
,
f
.
P E ACE c
UP N T
R ETU R N
'
TH E
YE
C I TY
D U ST fy
o
il
Ver y
IT
"
ou r
eet
M O RE
BE
TO L ER A B L E FO R the
l d f S O DO M d
G m o h i th da y
f j dgm
t
THA N
FO R TH A T C I TY
BE
H O L D I S EN D YO U
F O RTH A S S H EE P I N
THE
MI DS I
0F
W O LVES
an
o
an
r ra
en
i gs th L d
i n ted e n ty th
n
po
a nd
or
s ve
ap
ers,
them tw o an d
sen t
b fo e hi f c i t
d p l ce
y c i ty
wh i t her h e h i m el f w s
bout to c m
And
H E S A I D UN T O th em
H A RV E S T I s
TH E
P LEN T EO U S B UT THE
LABO U R ER S A RE F E W
P RAY Y E THERE FO R E
THE L O R D O F THE
HA RV ES T THAT HE
S EN D FO RTH L A B O U R
E RS
I N TO
H IS H A R
V E ST G y u w ys ;
BE H O L D I S EN D Y O U
FO R TH A S L AMB S I N
TH E
M I D ST O F
W O L VES
C
y
p u se N O W A LL ET N O
S HO E S d s lute
tw o
an
n o
an
m an
I
on
no
th e w a y
And
W HAT S O E V ER
Y E S HA LL E N
N TO
h ouse
TER
,
P E A CE
r st sa ,
y
b e to th
if
no
arr
S A Y T o YO U ,
S HALL
th
th ese
a ter
ev er
w ho i n i t
No w
'
is h ou
se
A nd
e be
c
th e
YO U R P E A CE
h ll
st U P O N H I M
B U T I F NO T
i t sh ll
T U RN T o YO U AG A I N
a
of
son
er
p ea
s a
re
A nd
in
house
i
d i n k i ng
r em a n ,
an d
th
for
th a t
sa m e
ea t n g
n gs
th ey
as
th e
w or thy
su
l ab
o ur er
of
ch
ve
is
h is h r e
G O n o t r om house t o
ho use
And
I N TO
W HATS O E V ER C I T Y Y E
EN TER a d th ey e
c i ve
at
such
you
th i n gs s ar e et b efo e
d H E AL T H E
yo u
S I C K th at e the in
.
an
ar
and
TH E
say
un to
re
them ,
KI N G D O M
L UKE
90
Chr is t i a n w r i t er s
los t inclu d in g P a p i a s a n d
si g ni c a n t l y
H egesi p p us w r i t in g a bou t A D
30 0
o f th e s even t y d isci p l es no lis t w h a t
r em a r k s th a t
an d
ev er is a n y w h er e t o b e foun d in ci r cul a t ion
th is sta tem en t a cco r d s w on d er full y w e ll w i th th e
r esul t s o f m o d er n t ex t u a l c r i t ici sm
T h ere w er e m a n y a n a log i es t o su ggest t o Lu k e th e
st o r y
S eve n ty o r m o re st r ic t l y s e ve n ty t w o t ra ns
l a t o r s w er e sa i d t o h a ve r e n d er ed t he O l d T e s t a m en t
in t o G r eek fo r G en t il e r ea d er s a n d G r ee k J ew s a n d
T y ph on c h os e h i m s e l f seven ty tw o a ssoci a te s in hi s
con sp i r a cy a g a ins t O si r i s I n th e S a nhed r i m th er e
w er e s e ven ty J ew is h e l d er s ; t o b a l a nc e w h o m Lu k e
p er h a p s in v e n t e d h i s s e ve n t y d i sci p l es
A l t h ou gh i t d o es no t d i r e c t l y b e l o n g t o the t o p ic
b efo r e us t o d o so i t i s w o r t h re m a r k in g th a t th e
l a cu n a o r ga p in C h r i st i a n t r a d i t i o n w h ic h E us ebius
t h us no t ic ed w a s ll ed u p ve ry soon a fter h i s a ge ;
fo r o n e o f t h e m o s t w i d e l y d is p er s e d d ocu m en t s o f
t he fou r th a n d fth c e n t u r y is a lis t o f t h e s eve n ty
d isci p l es a tt r ibu ted t o a n o th e r w i se un k no w n a u t h o r
Do si th eus I n t h i s li st no t onl y t h e i r n a m e s a n d
th ei r p a r e n t a ge a r e g i ven bu t b r i e f h i st o r i es o f th ei r
W e l ea r n t o w h a t r a c e ea c h o f th e m
m is sions
c a r r i ed th e gos p el a n d ho w they d i ed m a ny o f t he m
a s m a r ty r s o f th e fa i t h
T h u s in p r op o r t ion a s w e
a re r em o v ed in t i m e fu r th er an d fur t h er fr o m t he fi r s t
a ge o f th e r e li g i o n t he v olu m e O f in fo r m a t ion a bou t
i t g r o w s a n d s w ells B eli ever s w a n ted t o h ea r w ha t
b ec a m e o f eve ry on e w h os e n a m e w a s fu r ni sh ed o r
w h os e m er e e xi ste nc e w a s h in t ed a t in th e Ne w
T es t a m en t a n d sui t a bl e biogr a phi es w er e soon
su p p lied t o o r d er Nor w a s t h is li ter ar y sup er fe
t a t io n o f th e s econ d t h i r d a n d follo w in g c e n t u r i es
con n ed t o biography T esta m en t s o r w ills o f J esus
n ow
LU KE
91
'
MARK
xi i
28
LU K E x
34
scri b es
-
am e ,
An d one of th e
a n d h ea r
th em q uest on n g to
n ow ng th at h e h ad
and
g eth er
hi m ,
an sw er e
th em we , as e
r st
h a t omm an m en t i s th e
Jesus an swer e , T h e r st
of al l ?
or
our
i s,
ear , O I sr ae , th e
i s one : a n d th o u
G o d, th e
or
or
thy G od w th
sha t
ove th e
a l l thy
a ll thy h ear t, a n d w th
so u , an d w th a ll th y m i n , an d
T h e se on
wi th al l thy strength
i s th s, Th ou sha t ove thy n e gh
Th er e i s n on e
our as thyse
oth er
om m a n m en t gr ea ter th an
u n to
th ese
An d th e s r e sa
hi m , O f a truth ,
aster , th ou h as t
we
tha t he i s on e ; an d
sa
,
there i s none other b ut h e
A n d wh en J esus saw tha t h e
un to
an sw er e
d s reet y, h e sa
hi m , T h ou ar t n o t fa r r o m th e
A nd n o m an
n g om of G od
h i m a ny
a ter
a re
ask
that
d
c
ll
L d
L d
lf
d
l l
L d
c ib
M
id
d ic
ll
k d
l l
i i
id
id
c d
i
37
A n d b eh o ld a c er ta i n la wyer
sto o d u
p tem pting hi m , sa yi n g,
a ster ,
b y d oi ng wha t sh a ll I
i n h er i t eterna l l i e ? B ut he sa i d
un to
h im , I n th e l aw w h a t i s
w r i tten , h ow
r ea d est
thou i t ?
A n d h e answ er ed an d sa i d , T h ou
sh a l t l o v e th e L or d th y G o d w i th
a l l thy h ear t an d i n a l l th
y so ul
a n d i n a l l thy stren gth an d i n a ll
25
i d
i b
th y m n , an d thy n e gh our a s
thyse f
B ut h e sa to h i m , Th ou
h ast we an sw ere
Th s d o , an d
ll
id
l l i e But he w i h i g
t p
e h i m sel f j
ust sa i d t J us
A d w h o i s m y n igh b ou
T ki g
h i m up J esus sa i d a c e t i m
w
f om J u l m
g i n g d ow
to J e i ch o an d fell m on g r bb
(The e fo ll ow th e p bl f
th e G oo d S a m ar i tan
tho u sh a t
o
r ov
as
er
es
r a n
ara
an
sa e
er s
e O
Ki d
f
d d
q uestion
H ere we no t e ( I ) tha t th is d i a logu e o f J esus w i th
th e S c r ib es a s r e l a t ed in Mark t oo k p l a ce in
J er us al em j us t b efo r e the c ruci xion Lu ke h o w
e ve r s et s i t on the w a y u p t o J er us a l em in S a m ar i a
.
LUKE
92
wher e S c r ib es w er e fa r
t h a n in the H ol y C i ty
Mark
s
t
s
t
h
e su m m a r y o f t he l a w in the
2
e
( )
m ou th o f J esus ; L u k e t r a n sfe r s i t t o th e li p s o f t he
l awyer
(3 ) I n M a r k J esu s a ssu r e s th e S c r ibe th at h e is
G od b ec a us e h e h a s
n ot fa r fr o m the k i ng dom 0]
L u k e on th e con trary r el ates
a nsw er ed di scr eetly
th e inci d en t a s i f th e l a wy er w er e a c t u ated by m ere
t o draw
h os t ili ty : he stood up to temp t /em s
J esus in t o m a k ing so m e a n sw er w h ic h w oul d co m
Lu k e a l so a pp en d s qui te art i ci ally
p r o m is e h i m
th e p a ra bl e o f th e G oo d S a m ar i t a n a n d so t u r ns h i s
a nsw er t o the qu est i o n : l o i s my n ezg koour ? in t o
a b a c k h a n d er a ga ins t the J e w s in gen era l a n d t his
l a wyer in p ar t icul a r
O u r n ex t ex a m p l e o f L u k e s un reli a bili ty o f h i s
ten d enc y t o in ve n t m a r vellou s ep iso d es ou t o f no th in g
sh all b e tak e n fr o m h i s secon d bo o k add r ess ed t o
T h eoph ilus usu a ll y c a ll ed the A c ts O f th e A p os t l es
I n Pa ul s E p is t l es w e h a ve w h ol e c h a pter s d ev o ted
t o the them e o f sp ea k in g w i th t on g u e s
R eli g ious
li ke o t he r e m o t ion s i f i t r ea c h a c er ta in
e m o t ion
in tensi ty d is m a n t les th e in telli g e nc e a n d o verp ower s
T h e p a t i en t fa lls a s i t
th e l ary nx a n d v oc a l o rga ns
w er e in t o a t ra nc e o r e cst a sy los es con t r ol o f h i s
v oice a n d b r ea k s ou t in t o a s er i es o f in a rt icul ate o r
h a l f a r t icul ate soun d s a n d m ea nin g l ess excl a m at ions
I n m a ny anci en t cul t s d r u g s w er e ad m inis t ered
t o m a k e them p r o phesy in
es peci a ll y t o w o m en
th is w ay a n d the p r i es t s w h o r an the s h r in es in ter
p r eted th e m y s ter ious o ra cl e s th us de li ver ed in suc h
a m a nn er a s t o p l ea se the su per s t i t ious p ilg r i m a n d
ll t hei r ow n p oc k et s
S uc h s pea k in g w i th t on gu es
.
L U KE
94
S uc h
do
a ll s ea k
w i th tongu es ? do
a ll
A nd
i n terp r et ?
in ver s e I O o f th e s a m e c ha p t er he h a s a l rea d y m a d e
si m il ar e nu m era t ion o f
t h e g i ft s o f t h e sp i r i t
a
m e n t ionin g r s t t h os e w h ic h h a v e a n in te ll e c t u a l
a s p ec t
th e w or d of w i sdom t h e w or d of k n ow
l edg e fa i tk , a n d t h e n t h e m e re l y p a t h olo g ic a l a ffec
t ions as w e s h oul d c a ll th e m t o d a y b et w een w h ic h a n d
th e in t elli ge nc e fa i th su p p li es th e b r i d g e o f t r a nsi t i o n
T h e l a tt er a re a s follo w s g ifts of nea l i ng w or k i ng s of
,
an
L U KE
95
os t l es h i p a n d revel a t ions o f J e su s C h r is t a n d t u r n
t hem a ga ins t th e ol d er a p o st l es a n d Ju d a i z e r s w ho
r ej e c t e d h i s ne w
gos p e l A cco r d in g l y in a subs equ e n t
h e b eg s h i s r e a d er s t o b ea r in m in d th at
c h a p te r
ap
G od ;
u n to
for
no
tong ue sp ea k eth
p i r i t he sp ea k eth my ster i es
con t r a sts p r op hecy w her eby
a nd
ca ti on
for t
com
a nd
W i th suc h
on e
s ea k eth
con sol a
m en , hu t
man
edi
n ot u n to
g i ft
P a ul
u n to
m en
p r esu m a bl y
s t i m ul a te t he i r
ti on ,
con
h o pe s a n d e n t h usi a s m
B u t n ow hr eth r en
if I com e u n to y ou sp ea k i ng w i th tong ues
t i n ues P a ul
w ay
[ p r o t y ou , u n l ess [ sp ea k to y ou ei ther hy
r ev el a ti on , or o
f k n ow l edg e, or ofp r op hesy i ng , or
sha ll
w ha t
S o a lso y e,
hy the tong ue
thi ng s easy to he u n der stood, h ow sha l l i t he k n ow n w ha t
If then I k n ow n ot th e m ea n i ng of the
i s sp ok en P
9
n
e
c
hi
t
a
f
g
u n l ess y e u tter
I sh a l l he to hi m th a t sp ea k eth a
h e tha t sp ea keth w i l l he a ha r ha r i a n u n to m e
nd
k
I tha n
ha r ha r i a n ,
v oi ce,
he
a ssem hl ed
tog ether ,
i n m en w i thou t g ifts
they n ot say tha t y e a r e m a d P
A n d in th e sequ e l Pa ul t r i es
ther e
com e
or
to
u n hel i ev i ng ,
w i ll
d o w n so m e
r ul e s f
o r the r eg u l a t ion o f t h is d a n g er ous g i ft w h ic h
th r ea ten ed t o t u r n the a ss em bl y o f th e sa in t s in t o a
1
s sign i es one wh o spok e an un i n tell ig i bl
The G reek w o d ha h
l ay
ton gue
aro
LUK E
96
p a n d e m oniu m , a s follo w s
tong ue, [l et i t b e]hy tw o or
[tha t]i n
a nd
a nd
tur n
If a ny m a n sp ea k eth i n a
a t th e m ost th r ee [ a t a t i m e]
,
l et
on e
For
ll p r ophesy on e hy
one, th a t a l l m ay l ea r n , a n d a ll m ay he comfor ted ;
for G od i s n ot [a g o d]of confusi on , hu t ofp eace as i n
the
all
k eep
r st
si l en ce
ye
f th e sa i n ts
ca n
si l en ce i n
to
the ch u r ches
it is
hut l et them he i n
s ea k
law
for
n ot
p er m i tted
un to them
su h ecti on , as a so sa
i th the
g oo d fo r so m eth in g
h u m a n i s th e d ocu m e n t w e
H ow
S O the l a w w as,
in tense l y n aIve a n d
S i n ce y e
con ver ts
al l ,
a r e z ea l ou s o
f sp i r i ts
seek
fter
tha t y e m ay
quo te
w r i te s Pa ul t o hi s
.
a houn d u n to
the edif
y i ng of
fe w f th e e e ver
T h is i m p lies th a t n o t a
o
b li
s
wer e o ver a dd ic te d t o t he u se o f t h e i r s p i r i t u a l g i ft s
a n d a s lon g a s th ey coul d sh o w O ff w er e no t t oo
solici t ous o f o rd er a n d d ece ncy
If a ny m a n thi nk eth
a m ed iu m ]
h i m self to he a p r op h et or a p n eum a ti c
the chur c
L UKE
98
to
w i th
s ea k
tong ues,
A n d w hen thi s
u tter a n ce
ti tude
oth er
ca m e
tog ether ,
the
as
p i r i t g a ve th em
w a s hea r d , the m ul
sou n d
a nd
ev ery
A nd
i n hi s ow n l a ng u ag e
they w er e a ll a m a z ed a n d m a r vel l ed, say i ng , B eh ol d, a r e
n ot a ll th ese w hi ch sp ea k G a l i l ea n s P A n d h ow h ea r w e
m a n hea r d them
every
m an in
P a r th i a ns
s ea ki ng
ou r ow n
l a ng u ag e, w h er ei n w e w er e hor n 9
.
Medes a n d E l a m i tes a nd
i n judma a n d Capp a doci a
a nd
M esop ota m i a
the dw el l er s i n
i n P on tus a n d
p a r ts of L i hy a
P a mp hy l i a , i n E gyp t a n d th e
a hou t Cy r ene, a n d so
jou r n er s fr om R om e,
hoth few s
A si a , i n P h ryg i a
a nd
a nd
a nd
A r a hi a ns, w e do
Wha t ca n thi s m ea n 9
L u k e is a d eli gh tful s t o r y t e ll e r a n d is qui te w as t ed
on t he d ull p eo p l e w h o m is ta ke h i m for a g r ave
W h at w a s the use
a ccu ra t e a n d d ili g en t h is t o r i a n
o f t on g u es wh ich w ere unin te lli g ibl e exc ep t t o G o d o f
ins p i red u tter a nces w h ic h yet h a d no m ea nin g a n d
d i d bu t r en d er hi m th a t sp o k e a b a r ba r i a n t o hi s
h ea r er s a n d th em in t u r n b ar b a r i a ns t o hi m ? S u r e l y
th i s coul d no t h a ve b ee n th e g i ft o f a h ol y s p i r i t wh ic h
w a s t o illu m in a t e th e s e ve n ty d i ffer e n t r a c es o f the
G e n t il es ? W ha t w a s n ee d ed a m on g th e i m m ed i a t e
follo w er s o f J esus w a s r a t her a m i r a culous a bili ty t o
t a l k th ei r s even ty l a n g u age s S uc h a fa cul ty w oul d
A cco r d in g l y Lu k e
r ea ll y b e a sig n to the u n hel i ev i ng
t u r ns th e tr u th u p si d e d o w n a n d insi d e ou t n eve r
sus p ec t in g t ha t ep is t l es o f h i s m a s ter Pa ul w oul d
su r v i ve a n d con t r a d ic t h i s p retty s t o r y ei ghteen
ce n t u r i es l a ter
A t r u er a r t is t in c t ion w oul d h ave nis hed h i s
s t or y a t th is p oin t ; bu t Lu k e in h i s s ear ch for
the
one
to th e
other :
LU K E
p ic t u r e squ e
t h e en d o f
follo ws :
w i th
99
n ew
w i ne
A n d th is
th e
a r e n ot
G od, I w i ll p ou r for th of my sp i r i t on a ll
A nd y ou r sons a n d y ou r da ug hter s sha ll p r o
p hesy , A n d y our y oung m en sha ll see v i si ons, A n d y ou r
etc
old m en sha l l dr ea m dr ea m s,
A ll th is con ic t s w i th w h a t p r ec ed es, fo r a su dd e n
day s,
esh
sa i th
a nd
al l
w i thout
are
mad
S ub st i t u t e dr u nk
fo r
H 2
LU KE
I OO
O f the t on g u es o f r ea fa m ili a r fa nc y in p a g a n
s t o r i es I n the ol d es t S y r i a c v er sions o f the p a ss age
i t is added that a s wee t o d ou r p er va d ed the h ous e a n d
this fea t u re w a s p erh a p s e li m in a t e d b y th e G r ee k
a fa m ili ar
ed i t o r s o f Lu k e s t e x t ; i t w a s h o w eve r
i d ea a m on g a nci en t p a ga ns th a t the ep i ph a n y o f a
w
as atte n d e d w i th a s w ee t s m e ll a n d th at h e l e ft
d
o
g
beh in d a n o d ou r o f s a nc t i ty H e nce the line o f
An
O v i d : Ma n si t odor P osses sci r e fui sse dea m
o d ou r rem a in ed Y ou coul d te ll th a t a g o dd ess h ad
appeared
Let us t a ke o ne m or e ex a m p l e o f h o w Lu k e h a n d l es
hi s ev i d enc e A t th e clos e o f h i s G os p el Mark r el at es
ho w c e rta in w o m en w h e n th e s a bb ath w a s o v er
hr oug h t spi ces in o r d er t o a n oi n t t he co r p s e o f J esus
A n d they ca m e v ery ea r ly on the r st day of the w eek
to the tom h a t sun r i se a n d th ey sa i d to them sel v es Who
sha l l r oll a w ay for us the ston e fr om the door of the
,
av n
on
ar
ar e
a n
ar
LU KE
I oz
l m os t every ca s e in w h ic h w e ca n th us co m p a r e Lu k e
w i t h Ma r k w e n d t h e sa m e loos e t r ea t m e n t o f h i s
ev i d e nc e
H e i s a p ic t ur e squ e s t o r y te ll e r w h o d o e s
no t un d er s t a n d o r d esi re h i sto r ic a l a ccu r a cy W e
m us t no t bl a m e hi m ; for h i s m a i n conc e r n is t o e d i fy
a n d v er y f
ew w r i ter s o f t h a t a g e e v e n a m on g p a g a ns
h a d a n y i d ea O f wh a t t r u t h a n d a ccu r a cy in n a r r a t i v e
m ea n
I f a n y on e is t o bl a m e i t i s the o r th o d o x
d i v in e w h o i m a g in e s t h at b ec a us e L u k e w a s a n
ev a n g e lis t h e w a s e x e m p t fr o m t h e o r d in a r y fa ul t s O f
h i s a ge
S O l o w w a s h i s s t a n d a r d O f h i st o r ic a l t r u t h
t ha t he s e t s up p r ete nsions t o b ein g m o r e t r us t w or thy
th a n h i s p red ec esso r s in the p r e fa c e t o h i s G o sp e l a s
follo w s I t seem ed g ood to m e l so ha v i ng tr a ced the
a
all
cou r se o
u n to
th ee i n
ly fr om
thi ng s
or der ,
m i gh test k n ow th e
a ccu r a te
m ost
ex cell en t
the
r st
to w r i te
th e th i ng s w hi ch
I n h i s G osp e l
w h e re h e p u t s fo r w a r d t h es e cl a i m s o f su p er io r i ty
w e c a n con t r o l h i s s t a t e m e n t s b e c a us e w e h a v e g o t
h i s sou r c es b e fo r e u s
I f w e h a d no t t h e m a l m os t
en t i r e w e coul d n e v e r h a v e d i v in e d t h a t a w r i t er w h o
t a l k s in t h is w ay a b o u t c e t a in ty w a s a m er e co m p il e r
a n d in e x a c t a t t h a t
I n the B oo k o f A c t s w e c a n un fo r t un a te l y bu t
r a r el y c o n t r o l h i s n a r r a t i v e a n d m us t t h e r e fo r e u se
T h e w e ll k no w n G er m a n
g r ea t c a u t ion in rea d in g i t
sc h o l a r A d o l f H a r n a c k P r o fesso r o f C h u r ch H i st o r y
in th e U ni ver si ty o f B er lin in h i s m inu te s t u d y L u k e
th e Phy si ci a n 1 fo r m s a li k e e s t i m a t e fo r h e w r i t e s as
follow s p I 12
th ou w a st ta ug h t hy w or d
m ou t
S t Lu k e i s an
.
au
Wi ll i am s an d No g
r
a te,
1 90 7 ;
E ngl ish
tr an s
L UKE
I03
LU K E
10 4
'
Here J esu s
l a y s d o wn n o x ed fo rm ul a bu t onl y ge n era l r ul e s fo r
pray er A s J W ell ha usen r emark s i t w oul d app e ar
that Mark k n ew o f th e pray er a s i t w a s l i t u rg ic a lly
us ed in h is t o ry bu t d i d no t ve n t u r e t o attr ibu te i t t o
J esus a s a wh ol e a s d o M a tth ew a n d L u ke A s
o ften so h ere the s e tw o e va n g elis t s a ssi g n d i ffe ren t
occ a sions fo r the co mm u n ic at ion t o th e ap os t l e s o f
th is pray er ; fo r Matth ew (v i 9 ) in tr o d uc e s i t in t he
S erm on on the M oun t wh ere a s L u ke a ssi g ns i t to a
l ater p er io d in the m inis try afte r the app oin tme n t o f
"
LU KE
10 6
C HAPT E R
VI I
T H E NO N MARCAN DO C U M ENT
-
10
10
T H E NO N MARCAN DO CU M EN T
12
L
c
iii
Mt
iii
;
5 7
3 7 9 16
(
A ll t he region r ou n d a bou t Jo rda n
Jo h n s aw
c o m in g t o b apt i sm a n d
ma n y (or the m ul t i t u d es )
sa i d o f th em Offspr i n g o f v i p er s w h o w ar n e d y o u t o
e e fr o m th e i mpe n d in g wrath ? Pr o d uc e th ere fo r e
fr ui t w o rthy o f repe n ta nce A n d th in k (P b eg in ) n o t
to sa y in y ou r s el ves W e hav e a s father A b raham
Fo r I t ell y o u that G o d i s a bl e o ut o f the s e s t on es t o
ra is e u p c h il dre n t o A b r a ha m A n d al r ead y the a x e
is l a i d at the r oo t o f th e tr ees Every tree th e n no t
pr o d uc in g goo d fr ui t is cu t d ow n a n d thr o w n in t o the
I in d eed b a pt i se y o u i n w ater un t o rep en ta n ce
r e
bu t he that co m es aft er m e i s s tr on ger tha n 1 wh o se
sh oes I am no t w o rth y t o c arr
H e s ha ll b apt is e
y
y o u i n [sp i r i t h ol y a n d]r e wh os e w in no w in g fa n
i s in h is ha n d a n d he s h a ll p u rge ou t h is th r esh in g
oo r a n d shall gath er h is gra in in t o h is b ar n ; bu t
th e c ha ff h e w ill bu r n n o in re unqu enc ha bl e
.
I
Mt
i
v
I
I
i
v
L
c
I
I3 )
(
J esus wa s l ed u p in t o th e d es ert by the S p i r i t t o b e
tempted b y th e d ev il ; a n d hav in g fas ted fo rty day s
a n d fo rty ni ghts he afterward s h un ger ed A n d t he
t empter s a i d t o h i m A n th ou art S on o f G od bi d
thes e s t on es t o b e co me b re ad A n d he a ns w e red I t
is wr i tte n N o t u p on b read a lon e s ha ll ma n li ve S o
he taketh h i m w i th hi m t o J er us a l e m a n d h e s too d
h i m o n the p inn a cl e of the temp l e ; a n d s a i th he t o
.
1 10
THE
NO N
MA RCA N D O C U ME NT
5
( Mt
v 4 : Lc v i
T o on e w h o a s k s o f t he e g i v e ; a n d fr o m on e
woul d bo rr o w o f thee t u r n no t away
.
(Mt v
44 4 8
w ho
Lc
vi
27, 2
8 ssh.
3 s 36
( Mt v ii
vi
A ll th in g s what so ever y e de si re that
un t o you eve n so d o y e un t o them
.
12
; Le
m en
s h o u l d do
Mt
v
ii
1
5 ; Lc v i
(
38 4 1
J u dge no t that ye b e no t j u dged fo r w i t h what so
e v er j u dgm e n t
y e j u dg e s ha ll y e b e j ud ged ; a n d
w i th that measu re w herew i th y e mea s u re s ha ll i t b e
mea su red un t o you A n d w hy marke s t th o u the m ote
in th y b r o ther s ey e bu t per c ei v es t no t the b eam in
th in e o w n ey e ? o r h o w s ha l t th ou say to th y b r o ther
L et me c a s t the m o te ou t o f th in e ey e wh il e the b eam
is in th in e o w n eye ? H y p oc r i te r s t c a s t the b e am
.
TH E
NO N
MARCAN D O C UM ENT
1 11
o f th in e o w n ey e a n d th e n s ha l t th ou see c l early
h o w t o c a s t the m o te ou t o f thy b r o ther s eye
o ut
( Mt x v 14 ; Le v i
I f a blin d ma n l ead a blin d they w ill bo th fa ll in t o
a d it ch
.
10
Mt
x
2
4 2 5 Lc v i
(
A d isci p l e i s no t abo ve h is teac h er no r a s ervan t
a bo ve hi s ma s ter L et i t su f c e fo r the d isci p l e t o b e
a s h is te a c her a n d fo r the s erva n t t o be a s h is ma s te r
.
11
( Mt v ii 16 4 8 xii 3 3 ; L e v i 4 3
The y su rel y do
B y i t s fr ui t the tr ee is k no w n
n o t gather gr ape s o ff th o r n s o r g s o f
fth is t l es ? Even
so e ve ry g oo d tree pr o d uc e s g oo d fr u i t bu t th e r o tt e n
tree pr o d uc e s b ad fr uit A g oo d tree c a nno t b ear b ad
fr ui t no r a ro tte n tree pr o d uc e goo d fr ui t
.
12
Mt
v
ii
2
1
2
4 2 7 Lc v i 46
(
N o t eve ryon e wh o s a i th t o m e L o rd L o rd sh a ll
e n te r the k in gd o m o f G o d bu t he wh o d o eth the w ill
o f m y father Everyon e then that lis te ns to th e se
w o rd s a n d d o eth them s ha ll b e li ke n ed t o a m a n w h o
buil d ed h i s h ous e on the r oc k A n d the r a in c a me
d o w n a n d the r i ver s c am e a n d the w in d s bl ew a n d
fell u p on that h ous e a n d i t fe ll no t fo r i t wa s foun d ed
A n d ever yon e w h o lis te ns t o th e s e m y
o n th e r oc k
w o rd s bu t d o eth them n o t s hall b e l i ke n ed t o a ma n
wh o buil ded h is h o u s e on the s a n d A n d the ra in
.
TH E
1 12
NO N
MARCA N D O C U M EN T
c a m e d o w n a n d th e r i ve r s c am e a n d the w in d s bl ew
a n d s m o te u p on that h ous e a n d i t fell a n d gre at w a s
t h e fa ll th ere o f
,
13
Mt
v
ii
2
v
iii
8
5 10 ; L c v ii 1
(
H e e n te re d C a p er n a u m a n d th e re appr o a c h ed h i m
a c en t u r ion c allin g o n h i m a n d say i n g Ma s t er m y
c h il d li es a t h o m e s tr uc k d o w n b y par a l y sis su ffe r in g
dre adfull y H e sa i d t o h i m I w ill co m e a n d he a l
hi m
B ut the c en t u r ion a ns we re d a n d s a i d L o r d I
am no t w o rthy that y o u s h oul d e n te r u n d e r m y r oo f ;
bu t onl y sa y a w o rd a n d m y c h il d w ill b e h e a l e d
F o r I am a m a n i n a u th o r i ty havi n g un d er m e
sol d i er s ; a n d I sa y to th is o n e G o a n d h e go eth a n d
t o a no ther C o m e a n d h e c o m eth a n d to m y serva n t
D o th i s a n d h e d oeth i t B ut J esus heard a n d
w o n d er e d a n d s a i d to th e m wh o follo we d V er il y I
tell y o u n o t eve n i n I s ra el have I foun d so m uc h
fa i th [ A n d J esus s a i d to the c e n t u r ion G o A s
th ou h a s t b eli e ve d b e i t un t o th ee A n d the c h il d
w a s h e a l ed i n th a t h ou r ]
.
( Mt xi
1 1
14
Lo
v ii
18
TH E
1 14
MA RCAN D OC U M ENT
NO N
18
( Mt ix 3 7 3 8 L e x
H e s a i th t o h i s d isci p l es T h e harve s t is a bun da n t
bu t th e w o rk er s fe w B es e ec h th en th e lo rd o f th e
harves t to s e n d fo rth w o rker s fo r h is harve s t
.
19
( Mt
B eh ol d ,
I send
16 a
; Le
y ou
20
Le x 5
( Mt x
B ut wh e n y e e n te r in t o th e h ous e g i ve i t gr eet in g
A n d i f the h ous e b e w o rthy l et y ou r p ea c e d esc e n d
u p on i t B ut i f i t b e no t w o rth y l et y ou r p ea c e
ret u r n un t o y o u [ Carry n o t a p u r s e no r wa ll et no r
s h o es a n d on the way s a lu te n o o n e ]
.
2 1
( Mt x
l ob
; Le
7b
22
( Mt x 1 5 ; L c x 1 2 )
Ver il y I tell y o u i t sha ll b e m o r e t ol era bl e fo r the
l a n d o f S o d o m a n d G o m o rrah in that day (or in the
day o f j u dgme n t ) tha n fo r that ci ty
I
n
L
e
x
8
1 I the a bo ve is pre c eded b
(
y the foll o w
i n g : I n to whatever ci ty y e en ter a n d th ey we lco me
.
is s et be fo re y o u a n d say t o them
T h e k in gd o m o f G o d is at ha n d
B ut in t o whatever
ci ty y e e n ter a n d th ey rec e i ve y o u no t go ye o ut
in t o the s tre et s th ereo f a n d sa y Eve n the d us t wh ic h
cl eave s u n t o us fr o m y ou r ci t y on o ur feet we w i pe o ff
on y o u )
ea t
y ou,
y e w hat
1 15
Mt
xi
2
1
2 3 ; Le x 1 3
(
W oe t o t h ee Ch o raz in w o e t o thee B eth s a i da
F o r had the w o rk s o f p o wer w h ic h have b een w r ou ght
in y o u b ee n wr ou ght i n T y r e a n d S i d on th ey w oul d
lon g ag o have re pe n t ed i n sa c k clo th a n d a s h es B u t
I t ell y o u i t s ha ll b e m o r e t ol era bl e fo r T y re a n d
S i d on in t he da y o f j u dgm en t th a n fo r y o u
A nd
th ou Cape r n a u m ins tead o f b e in g ex a l ted t o heave n
s ha ll g o d o w n u n t o h ell
.
24
( Mt x 40 ; L e x
[ H e that w elco m es y o u welco m es me a n d he that
welco me s m e welco m es h i m that s e n t me ]
.
Mt
xi
2
5 2 7 ; Le x 2 1
(
I n that s e a son he s a i d I g i ve th ee tha n k s F a th er
L o rd o f heaven a n d earth that th ou ha s t h i dd en
thes e th in gs fr o m the w is e a n d c l ever a n d h as t
r evea l ed th em t o in fa n ts Y ea O Fa ther fo r so i t w a s
A ll th in g s have b ee n
th y g oo d w ill b e fo r e th ee
made o ver t o m e by the fath er a n d no o n e hath
k now n [the son exce pt the father no r] the father
[ hath a ny on e k no w n ]e xc ept the so n a n d t o wh o m
so ever the son w ills t o revea l
.
I 2
T HE NON MA RCAN DO CU M EN T
1 16
26
(Mt xiii 16 17 ; L e x 2 3 b
B l ess e d a r e y ou r ey es b ec a u se th ey see a n d y ou r
Fo r v er il y I sa y t o y o u
e ars b ec a u se th ey h ea r
that ma ny pr o ph ets a n d k i n gs d esi red to s ee what y e
a n d t o h ear what you h ear a n d
see a n d sa w no t
h eard no t
.
27
L c xi 2
M
t
v
i
9 13
(
Fath er gi ve us th i s da y ou r d a il y b read a n d fo rg i ve
us ou r d eb t s even a s w e have fo rg i ve n ou r de b t o r s
a n d l ead us n o t in t o te mptat ion
.
28
Mt
v
ii
7 1 1 L c xi 9
(
A s k a n d i t s hall b e g i ve n t o y o u ; s eek a n d y e
s ha ll n d ; k noc k a n d i t s ha ll b e o p e n ed to y o u
F o r eve ry on e w h o a s k s r ec e i veth ; a n d w h o s eek s
n d s a n d to the k noc k er i t s ha ll b e o p en ed Or is
there a n y o n e o f y o u o f w h o m h is son s ha ll a s k fo r
b read he w ill su r el y n o t g i ve hi m a s t on e
Or i f he
a s k fo r a s h he w ill su re l y n ot t en der h i m a v i pe r P
I f th e n y e b ei n g sinn er s k no w h o w t o g i ve g oo d g i ft s
t o y ou r c h il dr e n h o w m uc h m o r e s ha l l y ou r fath e r
fr o m h e ave n g i ve g oo d th in g s to the m that a s k h i m
.
( Mt xii
29
.
2 2 , 2 3 , 2 5, 2 7 , 2 8 ,
30 43
45 ; Lc
3 6 9
,
xi
1 4,
1 18
32
(Mt v i 2 2 2 3 ; L e xi 3 4
The li ght o f the bo d y is th in e ey e ; i f the n th in e
ey e b e si m p l e th in e w h ol e bo d y w ill b e full o f li ght :
B ut i f th in e ey e b e w i c ke d t hy wh ol e bo d y w ill b e
dark I f th en the li ght w i th i n thee is dark n e ss ho w
great the dark n ess
.
33
(Mt X x iii
4:
32)
3: 5
LC XL 4 6 ) 52 4 2 ) 3 9 ) 44) 47
bin d u p h eavy bu rd en s, a n d l ay them
13: 2
2 7 : 2 9:
30
Th ey
o n the
s h oul der s o f m e n ; bu t th ey th e m s e l ve s w oul d no t
m o ve them w i th th e i r li tt l e n ger
W oe t o y ou P h ar is ees b ec a us e y e s h u t u p the
k in gd o m o f G o d b efo re m e n s fa c e s F o r y e e n ter
no t you r s e l ve s no r p erm i t th e m t o e n ter wh o w oul d
d o so
W oe t o you Phar is ees fo r y e t i the m in t a n d a nis e
a n d cum m in bu t h a ve l eft u n d on e th e we i ght i er part s
o f the l aw j u dgm e n t a n d m er cy
No w y e Phar is ee s y e cl ea ns e t he ou t si de of the
cu p a n d p l atter bu t w i th i n they a r e full o f r obb ery
a n d l ic e nc e
W oe t o you fo r y e are li k e grave s uns ee n a n d me n
wh o wa l k o ver them re co g nis e them n o t
[ W oe t o y o u Phar is ees fo r y e are t o b e li ke n ed t o
wh i tewa s hed graves wh ic h ou t si d e appear b ea u t i ful
bu t w i th in are full o f d e ad bon e s a n d a ll u ncl ea n
n ess ]
W o e t o you b e c a us e y e buil d the t o m bs o f the
pr o phet s a n d s ay : Had we b ee n i n the days of our
father s we w oul d not have b ee n s harer s w i th them in
the bloo d o f the pr o ph et s S o that y e b ear w i t n e ss
.
1 19
3 4A
Mt
x
2
6
(
3 3 L c xii 2
N o th in g i s h i dd e n wh ic h s hall no t b e reveal ed o r
s e c ret wh ic h s ha ll no t b e k no w n W hat I s peak to
you in dark n e s s d o y e s peak in t he li ght a n d what
y e h ear in a wh is p er pr ocl a i m y e on the h ous et o p s
A n d fear y e n ot the m that sl ay the bo dy bu t have no
p o wer t o sl ay the soul B ut fe ar rath er h i m that is
a bl e to d es tr oy soul a n d bo d y i n G ehe nn a Are no t
t wo (or v e) s parr o w s sol d fo r o n e (or t w o ) p e nni es ?
A n d one o f them s hall no t fa ll to the gr oun d w i th ou t
G o d s w ill
A n d o f y ou r head s the very ha i r s a r e
nu m b ered Fear no t th en Y e a r e o f far m o r e
a ccoun t tha n s parr o w s Eve ry on e th en wh o s ha ll
mak e con fession o f m e b efo re m en s ha ll th e Son o f
Ma n (or s ha ll I ) a lso m ake con fession o f b e fo re th e
a n gels o f G o d B ut wh osoever d e nies m e b efo r e m en
I a lso w ill d e ny h i m b efo re the a n ge ls of G o d
.
3 4B
( Mt xii 3 2 ; L c xii
A n d wh o ever s peaketh ill o f th e S on o f M a n i t
s ha ll b e fo rg i ve n h i m ; bu t wh o ever s p eaketh ill o f
the H oly S p i r i t i t s hall no t b e fo rg i ve n h i m
.
TH E N ON MARCAN DOC UM EN T
12 0
35
( Mt v i
; Lc
5 33
xii
22
36
( Mt v i
19
2 1
Lc
x ii
33,
12 2
s ha l t
T HE NON MARCA N DO C U M E NT
-
n ot
farth in g
d ep a rt thenc e un t il th ou ha s t pa i d
,
the
l ast
40
L c xiii 1 8
Mt
xiii
1
33
3
(
A n d aga in he s a i d T o w h a t s ha ll I li k e n the
k in gd o m o f G o d ? I t is li k e l ea ve n wh ic h a w o ma n
too k a n d h i d in thr ee m e a su r es o f m ea l un t il the
wh ol e w a s l eave n ed
(T h e a bo ve w a s pr ob a bl y prec e d ed b y the follow in g
U n t o w hat is the k in gd o m o f G od li k e a n d t o what
s ha ll I li k en i t ? I t i s li k e a gra in o f m us tard seed
wh ic h a ma n t oo k a n d so wed in h is el d a n d i t grew
a n d b e c am e a tree a n d the bi rd s o f heave n n e s t in i t s
b ra nc h es )
.
41
( Mt v ii 1 3 I 4 ; L c xiii
E n t er y e thr ou gh th e n arr o w gate F o r w i d e [ is
th e g a t e]a n d b r o ad the r o ad wh ic h l ead s to r uin
a n d ma n y are th ey that pa ss in a lon g i t Fo r n arr ow
i s th e gate a n d w o r n t h e r o ad wh i c h l ead s un t o li fe
a n d few a r e they w ho n d i t
.
42
( Mt v iii 1 1 1 2 ; L c xiii 2 8
I t el l y ou that fr o m E a s t a n d W e s t they s ha ll co m e
a n d l i e d o w n w i th A b r a ham a n d I s aa c a n d J a cob in
the k i n gd o m o f G o d bu t t he c h il dr en o fthe k in gd o m
Ther e s ha ll b e wa ilin g
sha ll b e c a s t ou t (or g o fo rth )
a n d g n a s h in g o f t ee th
.
43
Mt
xxiii
3 7 3 9 ; L c x iii 3 4
(
J er u sa l e m J er us a l em th ou that k ill es t the pr o phet s
a n d s t on e s t them that have b e en s e n t un t o thee !
.
T H E N ON MARCA N DO C U M ENT
-
12 3
44
( Mt xxiii 1 2 ; Lc xi v I I )
W h o so ever s ha ll li ft h i m sel f u p s ha ll b e ab a sed
a n d wh osoever s ha ll ab a s e h i m s e l f s ha ll b e li fted u p
.
45
(Mt x 3 7 L c xi v
[ H e wh o lo ve s fath e r o r m o ther m o r e tha n me is
a n d he wh o lo ve s son o r da u ghter
no t w o rth y o f m e
m o re tha n me is no t w o rthy o f me ]
.
(Mt x 3 8
He that takes no t u p
no t w o rthy o f me
.
xi v 2 7 )
c r oss a n d follo w s me is
; Lc
his
47
( Mt v 1 3 L c xi v 3 4
Y e a re th e s a l t [ o f t he e arth ]; bu t i f the s a l t b e
s p oil ed wh erew i t h sha ll i t b e s a l t ed ? I t i s u se ful
fo r n oth in g a n y m o r e e xc ept t o b e c a s t ou t si d e a n d
tr o dden un d er foot b y m en
.
48
( Mt x v iii 1 2 1 3 Lc x v 4
W hat th in k y e ? I f a ma n s h oul d have a h u n dred
s he ep a n d on e o f them los e i t s way woul d he no t
.
12 4
49
( Mt v i 2 4 ; L e x v i
N o o ne c a n s erve tw o ma ster s F o r eithe r he w ill
hat e t he o n e a n d lo ve th e o th er o r he w ill adh ere t o
Y e c a nno t serve G o d
t h e o n e a n d d esp i se th e o th e r
a n d m a mm on
.
50
(Mt x i 1 2 1 3 ; L e x v i
T h e pr o ph et s a n d t h e l a w l a s t e d u n t il J o h n
Fr o m
th en t ill no w t he k in gd o m o f Go d i s b ein g wr es ted by
fo r ce a n d m en o f v iol e nc e sn at ch at i t
.
51
( Mt v 1 8 ; Le x v i I 7 )
V er il y I t ell y ou un t il heaven a n d earth pa ss awa y
no t on e j o t o r t i tt l e s ha ll pa ss away o f th e l aw
.
52
(Mt v 3 2 L c x v i
I t ell y o u eve ryon e wh o d i v o r c es h i s w i fe c a us es
h er to c o mm i t ad ul tery ; a n d wh o eve r s ha ll marr y a
d i v o r c ed wo ma n co mm i t s ad ul tery
.
53
( Mt x v iii 7 ; L o x v ii
I t m us t b e that sc a n da ls co m e bu t
throu gh wh o m the sc a n dal co me s
.
w o e to
the ma n
126
T HE NO N MAR CA N DO CU MEN T
-
57
( Mt x 3 9 L c x v ii
H e that n d s h i s li fe s ha ll los e i t a n d
los e s h is li fe s ha ll n d i t
.
he
that
58
( Mt xx v 2 9 L c xix
T o e very on e wh o ha s s ha ll b e g i ve n a n d in
a nce bu t fr o m h i m w h o ha s no t e ve n what
s ha ll b e tak e n fr o m h i m
.
a b un d
he
ha s
59
( Mt xix 2 8 ; L c xxii 2 8 3 0 )
Y e w ho have follo w ed m e sha ll si t u p on twe l ve
thr on e s j u dg in g the twe l ve tr ibe s o f I s rae l
.
VI I I
C H A PTE R
th r ee day s
r i se ag a i n
'
12
12
Fr o m th is p oin t o n o f Mark s G os pe l th is is th e
ma in the m e o f J esus s d iscou rsesh i s g os p el pr o pe r
a n d a bou t the l as t fou rth o f Mark s G ospel is g i ve n
u p t o th e inci d e n t s o f t he d eath a n d re su rre c t ion
T h e sam e i s tr u e o f t h e o the r thr ee G o sp e l s a n d t he
l at el y reco ver ed fra gm e n t o f the so c a ll e d G os p el o f
Pete r p i c t u r es th ese even t s w i th n o l ess d eta il tha n
Matth ew s G os p el in part icul ar
th e c a nonic a l sou r c es
e x e mp li es h o w m u c h t h e m in d s o f Chr is t i a ns w e re
p r e occu p i e d t o w ard s th e en d o f t h e r st c e n t u r y w i th
I n t he n o n M ar c a n
th e d e ath a n d r esu rr ec t ion
sou rc e (see above p 1 17
h er e re pr o d uc ed m o re
fa i thfully by L u k e tha n b y Matthew s t oo d the s ayin g
that a l th ou gh tha t ev il a n d ad ul te r ou s gen erat ion
sou ght a si g n th ey y et sh oul d b e g i ve n non e e xc ept
that o f J on a h A s Jon ah w a s a si g n t o the N in ev i tes
so w a s th e S o n o f Ma n t o t h e l at e r g en erat ion
In
o th er w o rd s J esu s w a s a so rt o f m o d e r n Jon ah w h o se
adve n t h er a l d ed d estr uc t ion t o the J ews unl es s they
r ep en ted even a s th e N in ev i tes o f ol d had r ep e n ted
at th e prea c h i n g o f the ol d er pr o ph et
I n a ll th i s th er e i s no re fer e nce t o the d e ath a n d
resu rrec t io n o f J esus B ut Matth ew w i th pass age s
r i n g i n g in h i s e ar s li ke the o n e fr o m Mark wh ic h ha s
j us t b ee n c i ted sa w in t h is s ay in g a bou t Jon ah a n
o c c a sion fo r p u tt in g in t o th e li p s o f J esus a pr o ph e c y
o f h is d eath a n d r e su rr e t io n aft e r three da s
H ad
y
n o t Jon ah b een s w a llo w ed b
y a wha l e a n d after thr ee
day s c on n e m en t in i ts e n tr a il s v o m i te d u p afre sh
in t o the li ght o f h ea ve n ? H ere w a s a c ha nc e fo r th is
eva n ge li st w h o e xc el s a ll t h e o th e r s in
th e a r t o f
d i sc o ver i n g in th e J ewi sh sc r i pt u res fo r ety p es a n d
pr o pheci es o f Chr is t A cc ord in gl y he r e wr i te s h is
sou r c e a s foll ows : Then cer ta i n of the scr i bes a n d
TH E
13 0
NO N
MA RCA N D O CU M ENT
f a n d ta he up h i s cr oss a n d fol l ow m e
W a s th is s ayin g p u t in t o the li p s o f J e sus
sel
fa cto after
even t
ex
p ost
a s t o in v ol ve a hy ster on
p r oter on ? Or c a n w e l et i t s ta n d a n d in terpr et i t
apart fr o m the c r uci xio n ? There are gr oun d s to
j us t i fy the l atter cou r s e Fi r s t l y i t is c erta in a s
M S a lo m on Re in a c h ha s p oin ted ou t that c r uci xio n
w as lon g a n te c ede n t ly t o J esus regarded a s th e t y p ic a l
d e ath wh ic h the j us t ma n m us t e x pe c t at the han d s o f
m a l e fa c t o r s a n d o ppr esso r s
I t i s so represen t e d in
a n eloq u en t pa ss age o f P l a t o i n wh ic h the Chr is t i a ns
l ate r on d isc er n ed a paga n pr o phe cy o f Chr is t J esus
o f cou rse d i d no t rea d P l at o bu t the i dea m ay v er y
well h a ve b ee n cu rr e n t in the Gre cis ed part s o f
G a lil ee a n d i t s eem s t o be g l a nc ed at in the H eb re w
p sa l m x x ii 16 w i th wh ic h o f cou r s e J esu s w a s
fam ili ar The a ssem bly of ev il doer s ha ve i n cl osed m e
t he
so
they
p i er ced my ha n ds a n d my feet
THE
NO N
MAR CAN D O C UM EN T
13 1
K 2
TH E
13 2
NO N
MA R CA N DOC U M ENT
B u t john w ould ha ve
a s he c ame to b e b a pt is ed
,
the holy
pi ri
thi s i s the S on
f G od
Th is the n is th e fo rm in wh ic h the l ege n d wa s
x ed we ll b efo re th e en d o f the rs t c e n t u ry I t coul d
no t b e adm i tted that Jo h n fel t eve n a m o me n t s he si
t a ti on in re co g n isin g J e sus a s the Me ssi ah
H ow
d i ffere n t is the re co rd o f th is non Mar c a n sou r c e !
,
134
Ver i ly I
u n to y ou , n ot ev en
say
i n I sr a el ha v e I fou n d
conclu d in g c l a us e o f th i s sec t io n
a tte s t i n g a c u r e at a d is ta n c e see m s t o b e Matth e w s
w a y o fr oun d in g o ff the st o ry L u k e s e n d in g a lso wh ic h
ha s no th in g i n co mm on w i th Matthew i s pr ob abl y a n
add i t ion o f h is o w n Th e i r co mm on sou r c e s ee m s
t o h a ve s t o pp e d s h o rt w i th th e de li vera nc e o f the
ap o phth egm
( 5) T he w r i t er o r co mp il er o f th is d ocu m en t h i m
s el f e n terta ins no d oub t bu t th a t J esus b e c am e th e
M essi ah at h is b apt is m H e t ells the s t o ry of J oh n
a n d he t ell s t he st o ry o f th e t emptat ion H e a l m os t
c e rta inl y r e l at e d t he b apt is m o f J e sus a s w ell th ou gh
Matth ew a n d L u ke a r e co n te n t t o tra n sc r ibe Mark s
H e w is h e s h is re ad e r s t o b ear in m in d
a c coun t o f i t
a ll t h r ou gh tha t th e p erson wh o se t ea c h in g h e r epr o
d u ces w a s he wh o had i n th e Jo rda n b ee n sp i r i t u all y
a noi n ted a n d pr o m o ted to b e Son o f G o d a n d M essi ah
I an d
B ut a s Har n a c k r e mark s i f w e th i n k a way
2 J esu s a ddre s ses u s i n m os t o f t h ese s a y in g s si mp l y
a s a t e a c h e r a s a pr o ph et o r a s o n e gr eat e r tha n a
pr o phet a s the l as t a n d n a l e m i ssa r y o f G od H e
m u ch fa i th
T he
THE
NO N
135
Th us h e s ay s i n 4 3 : Ye sha ll n ot see m e g a i n
u n ti l
ye
say
B l essed i s h e tha t
h i n th e n a m e
L or d
S o in
com et
p o w e r a n d person a li ty ] of the
56 h e co mpar es h is fu t u re a dven t t o the d elu ge t h a t
non e fo res aw except N o ah a n d hi s fa i thful o n es A n d
h o wsin g ul ar l y n a i v e a n d J ew i sh is hi s con c ept ion o f
t h e K in gd o m o f G o d w h i c h h is s econ d adven t sh a ll
sh a ll si t
in a u gu rat e : Ye w ho h v e foll ow ed m e
.
p on
tw el ve th r on es a n djudg e th e tw el v e tr i bes
fI sr a el
fa i thful aga i n i n 4 2 a r e t o c o m e fr o m e a st a n d
west a n d t o l i e d ow n at a b a n q u et w i th A b rah a m a n d
I sa a c a n d J a cob in the K in gd o m o f G o d T h e so n s
o f t h e K i n gd o m
J ew s b y bi rtha r e i n deed to
b e c a s t ou t ; bu t t h a t d o es no t m ea n that th e g u est s
a dm i tt e d a r e n o t J ew s b y fa i th
Pr os el y tes c erta i n l y
are m ea n t w ho h a ve ad o pt ed t he l a w fo r i n 5 1 w e
l ear n that a s lon g a s h eaven a n d ea rth l ast n o t a j o t
o r t i ttl e o f the l a w i s t o b e a llo w ed t o l ap se
(6 ) T h e prece pt s i n th is d ocu m e n t a r e a ddr es se d t o
th e i mm ed i at e d is c i p l es o f J esu s a n d h a v e no r e fe r en c e
t o o rga ni sa t ion a n d c h u rc h d isci p li n e Th i s is in
i t sel f a si g n that th ey b elon g to a n a ge a n t er io r t o that
o rga n i se d Ch u rc h o f J er us a l e m o f w h i c h w e a l r eady
g et g li mp ses i n th e Ep is t l e s o f Pa ul esp e ci a lly i n the
T he
1 36
MARCAN DO C UM EN T
NO N
THE
e xi st i n g
G os pel a cco rd in g to Matthe w is ob viou sl y
no t the w o rk o f that a p os t l e ; fo r rs t l y i t is wr i tte n
in G reek a n d no t in H eb r ew o r Arama ic ; a n d
s econ d l y o n e wh o w a s a n ap o st l e a n d ey e w i t n ess o f
th e m ini stry o f J e sus w oul d n o t h ave g on e on the
o n e h a n d t o M ark w h o w a s n e i th e r
fo r h is k no w
l edge o f th e fa c t s a n d h is arra n geme n t o f th e m ; o r
o n th e o th e r
to a G r ee k d ocu m e n t li k e Q fo r th e
t eac h in g o f h is mas ter H e w oul d have k no w n r s t
ha n d the inci d en ts o fJ esus s li fe a n d in what s equ e nce
th ey oc c u rred a n d a lso h o w a n d w hat J esus ta u ght
Th e so c a ll ed G os p el o f Matth ew there fo r e is the
w o rk o f a n un k no w n wr i te r p ossibl y o f a J ew is h
Chr is t i a n in Pal est in e wh o h a n d l es in the ma in th e
s ame mater i a ls a s Lu k e I t wa s pr ob a bl y co mp il ed
b etwe en A D 8 0 a n d 10 0 bu t un d erwe n t s evera l
reda c t ions b efo r e i t r ea c hed the fo rm in wh ic h we
h ave i t in t h e ear li es t m a n usc r i pt s a n d v e r sions
W hat the n is the c ha nc e that J esu s o f Nazar eth
,
138
C HAPT E R
IX
T RU E J E S U S
THE
W E c a n wr i te a li fe o f J ulius C aes ar o r o f C ic er o
b ec a u se w e hav e in the r s t lin e l ett er s c o m m en
tar i es a n d o t h er a u th en t ic d oc u m en t s wr i tten b y
th e m an d the i r fr i en d s ; in th e sec on d l i ves w r i tten
b y P l utar c h a n d o th er s wh o had i n th ei r h a n d s
m onu m e n t s o f t h e m no w los t ; a n d i n the th i rd
ma s ses o f con t e mp o rary coins a n d insc r i pt ions
C on tra st w i th th i s w ea l th o f sou r c es t he sc a n ty
mater i a l wh i c h r e m a in s after t he e x a m i n at io n o f th e
prec ed in g c h a pte r s fo r a p o rtra i t o f J e su s o f Nazareth
S o sl e n d e r is i t i n d ee d th a t i t see m s n o t a bsu rd t o
so m e c r i t ic s t o d a y t o d e n
T he
y that h e e ve r li ve d
tr u th i s that the Ch u r c h b y fe ncin g r oun d th is co r n er
o f h i st o r
y b y re fu si n g t o a pp l y w i th i n i t th e c a no n s
b y w h i c h i n o th er el d s tr u t h i s d i sc e r n e d fr o m fa l se
h oo d b y b ea t i fy i n g c r e d ulou s i g no ra n c e a n d a n a the
m a ti si n g sc h ol a r sh i p a n d co mm on se ns e h a s su r
r oun d ed the w h ol e w i th suc h a n i m bu s o f i m prob a
b i l i ty th a t a n y c l e ve r sc h oolbo y o f t h e t w e n t i e th
ce n t u r
y i s incli n e d to d i sm i ss t h e e n t i re Ne w T est a
m en t a s a fo rgery a n d c o n c o c t ion o f th e pr i e s t
A
c h il d o f m y o w n at th e a ge O f t w el ve w a s set to do a s
h is S un day ta s k a map o f the m i ssion ary tra vel s o f
Pa ul a n d hav in g co mp l eted i t b r ou ght i t t o m e fo r
m y ap pr o va l b e fo re he sh o we d i t u p t o h i s ma s t er
W he n I had a ppr o ved i t h e sa i d t o m e in h i s m os t
,
39
T HE TRU E J E S U S
140
T RU E J E S US
THE
142
i n m a ny e ar l y repr es en tat io n s on s t on e o r in i v o r y o f
ee d ee p in t h e
b
apt
is
m
I
n
th
s
h
s
ta
n
d
s
k
n
s
e
e
e
es
u
s
J
w at e r a b e ard l ess str i p lin g w h il e Jo h n a b eard e d
m a n o f gr eat er h ei ght a n d a g e p ou r s water o v e r h is
h ea d o r sett in g h is ha n d th er eon a c t u a ll y o rda ins
h im
I t w oul d se em the n a s i f a c erta in in terva l o f t i m e
m ust h a v e se p a r a t e d Jo h n a n d J e sus in t he p l en i t u de
n
n
t
h
e
o
o f th e i r a c t i v i t i es ; a n d
o
f
Marc a n
0
5
d o c u m e n t th ou gh ob scu re y et fav ou r s su c h a v i ew
F o r i n th is pa ss age J esus u se s th es e w o rd s o r si m il a r
T H E TRU E J E S U S
14 3
TH E
144
T RU E J E S U S
,
.
146
T R U E J ES US
TH E
h
o
m
h
l
d
w
h e ea e
Thy fa i th h a th m a de th ee w hol e
Th e i mp e r i a l cu r e s w h i c h T a ci t us h e r e r e l at e s on
th e t e s t i m o n y o f m en w h o w i t n ess e d th e m w h o w e re
s t ill a l i ve in h i s d ay a n d wh o had n o th in g t o ga in b y
att er i n g Vespasi a n n ow that an o th er d y n a sty o c c u
p i ed th e thr on e resem bl e th e fa i th h eali n gs c o mm on
at L ou rd es a nd n o t un h ea r d o f in E n g li sh M eth o d i st
ci r cl es That the c u res e ffe c t e d b y J esus w ere O ften
d ue t o what i n sc i en t i c phra s e w e t o d a y te rm a u t o
su gges t io n is c e rt a in fr o m the n ai ve adm ission made
i n Mark s G o sp e l th a t in h is o w n c oun try w h e re th ey
k n ew h i m a n d hi s k in sfol k to o w ell to a c c l a i m h i m at
o n ce a s a pr o ph et he coul d do n o m i gh ty w or h beca use
o
T h e m os t he coul d e ffe c t in the
f thei r un bel i ef
m i d st o f the s e c r i t i c a l su rr oun d i n g s wa s t o l ay hi s
h a n ds on a few si ch fol h a n d hea l them
( Mark v i
Th er e is n o r ea so n t o d oub t that J esu s e ffec ted
m a n y cu r es o f th i s k in d b ey on d th os e wh i c h Mark
r eco rd s W h en h e h a d succeed ed in e ffec t in g a few
su c h cu res a ll w oul d fo rget the fa ilu res a n d hi s
fam e a s a h e a l er w oul d g a t h er volu m e li k e a sn ow b all
a n d prec ede h i m w h er eve r h e w en t W e c a n no t
d oub t t h at Mark s de sc r i pt ion o f h i s tr iu mph a l c a r eer
th ou gh gathered lon g after t h e eve n t fr o m th e li p s o f
t h e c oun tr y fol k am on g w h o m h is fam e l in g er ed is
subs ta n t i a ll y co rrec t
I t is a s follo w s ( M ark v i
cr ossed ov er
to the l a n d, th ey
ca m e u n to
G en n esa r et,
a nd
A n d w h en th ey w er e com e ou t o]
th e boa t, str a i gh tw ay th e p eop l e r ecog n i sed h i m , a n d r a n
r ou n d a bou t tha t w hol e r e i on a n d be a n to ca r r
,
g
g
y a bout
on thei r beds those tha t w er e si ch w her ev er the hea r d he
,
y
.
T RU E J E S US
TH E
was
A n d w her esoev er he
ci t i es, or
p l a ces
i n to the
cou n try ,
en ter ed,
i n to
147
v i ll ag es or
i n to
a nd
bu t th e
hi m w er e m a de w h ol e
A n d , si m il ar l y , in c h a p iii
ha d hea l ed m a ny , i n som u ch th a t
.
r essed
w oul
u on
d have
r ea d that
10
we
as
m a ny
as
he
ha dp l ag u es
J e sus
h i m tha t they m ig h t touch h i m
b een m o re th a n h u m a n i f h e h a d n o t
.
a sk e d
b ec a use he
Who tou ched my g a r m en ts ?
,
Th i s o f c ou rse i s a t ou c h o f
e x a gg er a t ion on t h e part o f t h e st o r y t e ll e r
bu t i t
n eve rth el ess e x h ibi t s to us the so rt o f b eli e f w h i c h
a c co mp a ni ed fa i th h ea lin g a n d s t ill a cco mpa ni es i t
T h e p o we r O f h ea lin g w h ic h a m on g th e p ea sa n t s o f
G a lil ee marked ou t a m a n a s t he M essi a h is co m
parabl e t o the m ys ter ious p ow er w h ic h i n ou r o w n
gen erat ion is ve s te d in t h e M i kad o o f J apa n w h o
in the b eli ef o f h i s h u m bl er subj ec t s c a n b arel y
no d h i s h ead w i th ou t s hak in g th e e n t i re l a n d T he
C h i e fta i n s o f pr i m i t i ve p eo p l es a r e a ll e n d ow ed w i th
si m il ar mag ic p o w er s w h ic h r e n de r t h em so da n g er ou s
th at th ei r n am es per son s h ead h a i r a n d even n a il
par i n gs a r e t aboo t hat i s sa c r o san c t a n d da n ger
ous Mr J G Frazer i n hi s G ol de B oug h g i ves
e x amp l es o f c h i e fs a n d pr i n c e s h e l d to b e so h ol y o r
ta boo that a s e rv i t o r wa l k s b eh in d the m w i th a
s p i tt oon re s er ved s pe ci a lly fo r the r oy a l S p i tt l e fo r
ha d g one
for t
TH E TRUE J E S U S
14 8
seco n d p l a c e he de cl ar es that
a ll thei r si n s sha ll be
.
forg i ven
a nd
to m en ,
a l so a l l
thei r
bl a sphem i es
p i r i t h a th
bu t
n ev er
M o h a m m ed
a s w e s a i d a bo v e d efe n d e d h i m se l f m uc h i n t h e sa m e
ma nn er a n d w i th e qu a l v i gou r a ga ins t th ose w h o s a i d
o f h i m H e hath a n uncl e a n s p i r i t
W e have s e en that in Mark s G os pe l there w a s no
i mm ed i ate reco g ni t ion o f J e sus by h is d isci p l e s a s the
forg i v en ess
but i sg ui l ty
f an
eter n a l si n
TH E
1 50
TR UE J ES U S
d eath
to co me aga in at onc e
a n d r estor e the hi n dom to
g
I sr a e
He d i d no t c o m e a n d ha s not co m e y et ;
a n d after n ear ly t w en ty cen t u r i e s O f w a i t in g Chr is t i a n
b e li ef in the s e con d co m in g i s gr ow n fa in t a n d te n u ous
At the s ame t i m e th e fu t u re k in gd o m ha s b ee n s p i r i t
ua l i sed
a n d the m ill e n ni a l co r n a n d v in e w i th the i r
phe no me n a l ou tp u t o f b rea d a n d w i n e no lon ger o at
b efo re the i mag in at ion s o f th e p ious a s they d i d
b efo re the m in d s o f the e ar ly ge n erat ions o f b e li ever s
F ill ed w i th suc h dre am s o f the fu t u re J esus s i mme
d i ate follo wer s coul d no t bu t have c on rmat o r y v isions
o f h i m wh o wa s t o co m e ag a in
L i ke S tephe n the y
saw h i m u p in h eave n wher e he wa s rep osin g on a
thr on e at the r i ght han d o f a G o d w ho ha s a l e ft a n d
r i ght only wa i t in g un t il h i s follo we r s o n earth had
go t th in gs read y fo r h is s e con d adve n t
.
T H E TRUE J E S U S
1 51
e qui v a l e n t o f
I t w a s th is
Ma y the L o rd c o m e
b eli ef that the Chr i st w a s w a i t in g u p in h ea ven fo r
th e se a son t o ful l i t s e l f o f h i s sec o n d a d ven t in g lo ry
that ge n erat ed th e ta l es o f h i s r esu rrec t io n ou t o f th e
t o m b a n d a sc ension in t o h e ave n a fter fo rty day sthe
stat u t o r y a n d con v en t io n a l p e r io d x e d am on g th e
J e w s fo r a ll unli k el y a n d l ege n dary ep i so d es
,
C HA P TE R X
J E S U S S M ORA L TEA C H I NG
1 52
J E S US
1 54
M OR A L T E A C H I N G
the
J E S U S S M O RAL TEAC H I NG
1 55
J E S US S
1 56
M OR A L T E A C H I N G
th e
J E S U S S M O RA L T E A C H I N G
1 58
n
s
h
A d i n h i d esc r i pt ion o f t e Th er ap eu tce o r
w or
sh i pp er s
o f G o d a soci et y o f a sc et ic J ew s a n d
pr o se l y tes ma l e a n d fe ma l e w h ic h had i ts head
qu arter s n ear A l e x a n dr i a bu t r a m ied a ll r oun d the
th e
as
na
n,
n s,
an
an
cas
an
en
n s
an
an
s a
or
on
ne
so
an
n s
rs
n,
ns
rn
ns
an
ca
J E S US S M O R A L T E A C H I N G
1 59
an
an
an
a n on
an
an
s,
an
s,
ar
or
J E S US
6o
M ORA L TEAC H I N G
T hi n k
l aw
a i n st
her m o th er i a l a w an d a m an s fo es sh a l b e th ey of hi s
o w n househ o d
H e th a t o eth fa ther a n d m oth er m or e th an m e i s
not w or th y o f m e
an d h e t h a t o eth son o r da u h ter m or e th a n m e
i s n ot w or thy ofm e ( Ma tth ew x 3 4
lv
lv
.
ll
b
l
l l
J E S US S MO RA L TEAC H I N G
16 2
J E S US
M ORA L TEAC H I N G
16 3
C H AP T E R XI
T HE
OF J E S U S
B APT I S M
1 64
166
B APT I S M
THE
JES US
OF
c erta in n am el y that no th in g i s m o re co mm on i n
c erta in ex a l t e d a n d a bno rma l t e mp eram en t s than the
h ear in g o fsu dd en in t e r n al c a lls a n d voi c es I t w oul d
s ee m a s i f i d ea l s w e h a ve l on g b roo d e d o v er in t e ns e
a s p i r a t io n s w h i c h have lo n g pr eoccu p i e d u s coul d
su dd e nl y i f a n o c c a sion pr ese n t s i t sel f gat h e r fo r c e
a s i t w e re a h i gh e r
a n d tr a n sfo rm th e m sel v es in t o
p erso n ali ty a n d c on s t i t u te a n o ther b ein g w i th in us
coul d so a d dres s a n d sp ea k t o us ev en c o n fr o n t us
fa c e t o fa c e S o m e o f us m o re o ve r s ee m t o p oss ess
a se co n d p e r so n a li t y n o t tra c e a bl e i n ou r c o n scious
li fe no r c on n ec t ed w i t h i t b y the t i e o f m em o ry bu t
c apabl e un de r c e rta in a b n o rm a l m e n t a l con d i t ions
a k in
t o bu t no t i d e n t i ca l w i th th e m o r bi d state
o f m a d n ess wh at eve r m ad n ess m ea n so f tak in g
p os ses sion o f ou r o rga n i sm T h e e xci t e m en t n a t u ra l
t o th e oc c a sion o f h i s b apt is m m ay w ell h a ve i n d u c ed
i n J e sus s c a se s uch a m e n t a l c r i si s a n d par ox y sm
H e su dd en l y b eca m e a w ar e i n h i m s el f th a t h e w a s t h e
c h os en M es si a h
H is o w n a g e a l m o st h i s o w n c o n
te m po ra ry so c iety su pp l y th e e l e m en t s o i h i s v i sio n
a n d w e n ee d n o t s ee k t h e m b ey on d
T h e H ol y S p i r i t
t o hi s ex c i ted i m a gin at ion app eared a s a d o ve W hy ?
B ec a u se in S y r i a a n d P a l est i n e i n t h a t a g e th e d o v e
w a s a sa c re d bi rd n e ve r m ol est ed o r k ill e d b e in g
pr o t ec ted b y a n c i en t a n d w i d espr ea d r el i g ious t a boo s
Ph ilo in h i s drea m y a ll ego r ic a l w a y s ee k s t o a ccou n t
fo r t he bi rd s sa c r os a n c t i ty A s t he b es t o f a n i m a l s
h e say s t h e l am b i s a sy m bol o f th e p u r i c at io n o f
w h a t i s b e s t in u sn am el y ou r m in d a n d i n t elli g en c e
so a lso bi rd s li ght a n d w in ge d sy m boli se the w o rd o r
l og os wh ic h m o ve s m o re sw i ft l y th a n a n arr o w a n d
pen etrates every where ; a n d b ec a use l og os o r s p o ke n
w o rd is tw o fol d fa ls e o r tr ue i t i s s y m bolis e d b y a
,
B A PT I S M
THE
yo ke
JESUS
OF
16 7
'
De m uta ti one N om i n u m , ch 42
.
E g , o fS era pi on o fT h m ui s, ci r ca A D 33 o
s9
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r
v
i
n
a
r
u
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e
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i
s
r
e
r
u
m
D
i
Q
2 5 an d 48 , an d Phi o , ed Man ey, i 50 6
.
chs.
ofd1v1ne th1ngs ?
THE
16 8
B A PT I S M O F
JESUS
"
B APT I S M
THE
17 0
tem pl e
A n d fro m th e
of
OF J E S U S
r
gl o y
sh a
ll
upon
c om e
h im
r tion
With th e Father s v oi ce as from Abraham to I saac
A n d th e gl ory f th e Most H i gh sh all b e u ttered o v er
c on sec a
hi m ,
p i ri t
of
are a
Ch
r i sti an a ddi ti on .
THE
B APT I S M
OF J E S U S
17 1
sh on e a r ou n d
fr om
the w a ter ,
so
th a t
a ll
cong r eg a te
T he i d ea
w r i t e s R ob ert son S m i th ( Rel ig i on of th e
p
that the go dhe a d
S em i tes L ec t u re V
conse c rat es wat er s b y d esc en d in g i n t o th e m app ear s
at Aphac a (in S y r i a ) i n a p eculi ar fo rm a ssoci ated
th er e w er e afr a i d
B APT I S M O F
THE
17 2
JESUS
iii
m an
1
Rob er tson
p
an d
8,
17 1
S m i th
es s
S ee b e ow, p
18 0
Rel igi on
the S em i tes,
THE
17 4
BAPT I S M
OF J E S U S
THE
B APT I S M
OF J E S U S
17 5
have th e n o rda in ed h i m by l ay in g h is ha n d on h is
head an d i mpart in g t o h i m the tr i p l e d i gni ty o r gra c e
o f k in g h i gh pr i es t a n d pro ph et
I n th e sy no pt ic G os pe ls w e d o n o t meet w i th th is
i dea that J e sus wa s r e bo r n in b apt is m bu t in a ll o f
the m J esus is regard ed a s hav in g b egu n h i s h i gher
s p i r i tu a l li fe h is M essi a nic a n d q ua si d i v in e c areer
fr o m th e m o m e n t w he n the S p i r i t too k p oss e ssion O f
h i m Th u s L u ke repre s en t s h i m a s e n ter in g a l m o st
i mmed i at el y h is h o m e sy n ag o g u e o f Na zar eth a n d
appr o pr i at in g t o h i m sel f the w o rd s o f I s a i ah
Th e
to
f sig ht
r ecovery o
esus
w en t i n
a nd
w en t
ou t
a m ong
us,
beg i n n i ng
fr om
fjohn
I t is th en n at u r a l that th e ea r l i es t o f the a n n u a l
fea s t s o f th e Chr i st i a n C h u r c h n o t d i rec t l y co n t inu e d
a n d tak en o ve r fr o m the par e n t J u da is m s h oul d have
co mm e m o rat ed th e b apt is m I t wa s x e d by th e
follo wer s o f th e Egypt i a n G nos t ic B a sil i des ear ly in
th e s econ d c e n t u ry on J a nu ar y 6 th w h ic h wa s i t
s eem s the d ay on wh ich the Egy pt i a ns sol em nly
bl ess ed the Nil e a n d th en ll ed t h ei r c is ter n s fr o m i t
G a ll ey s we re w a i t in g in th e har bou r o f A l ex a n dr i a t o
c on v ey th e w at e r t h us bl ess ed t o th e s hr in e s o f I sis
the bap ti sm
,
B A PT I S M
TH E
17 6
OF
J ES US
'
'
B A PT I S M
TH E
17 8
OF
J ES US
f G od s tr u th so a s to
g i ve eect to the pr om i ses m a de of old to G od s p eopl e
W h en h e a dds th at h e k n ew no t sin
( Ro m x v
h e su r e ly m ea n s t h at h e e n t i rely
( 2 Co r v
ful ll ed th e l a w th e tra n sgression o f wh ic h a lon e con
s t i t u te d si n t o th e m in d o f a J ew
P erh ap s h o w ev er t he Ch r i st olo g y w h ic h m ade the
b apt is m the m o m en t o f J esus s pr o m o t ion t o the r ole
a n d t i t l e o f A noin t ed M essi a h a n d S on o f G o d w as
l at er t ha n th at wh ic h w e c a n tra c e in the l etter s o f
Pa ul an d a l so in th e A c t s o f th e A p o st l es (see a bove
p I
fo r a cco r d in g t o these J esus w a s in v es ted
w i t h t he S on sh i p t h at i s t o sa y th e r ole o f son o r
s erv a n t o f J ahv eh no t at b apt i sm b u t in a n d th r o ugh
hi s re s u rr ec t ion
T h u s i n R o m a ns i 3 Pa u l a sse rts
th at he w as hor n of the seed of D a v i d a ccor di ng to the
esh a n d w a s con sti tu ted S on of G od w i th p ow er
a ccor di ng to th e S p i r i t o
f hol i n ess th r oug h r esur r ecti on
ci r cu m ci si on
for
th e sa k e
'
B A PT I S M
TH E
JESUS
OF
17 9
'
N 2
18 0
TH E
B A PT I S M
OF JESUS
s
a
w
h
i
s
t
h
to y
at
F o r he a dd s
e m o r e pr ob a bl e
w e a ll e x p ec t th e C h r i st t o b e bo r n a m a n o f m en
a n d t h at E li a s w ill a noin t h i m
w h e n h e co m es
J ust in s a n sw er t o th i s c r i t ici sm i s a s follow s
It i
q ui t e t r ue th t so m e peop l e o f u k i d
ckn owl edg h i m to b e C h r ist b ut t the sam e t i m e
dec la r e h i m to h ve b ee a m a o f m e
I h owev er
cann o t agree wi t h th em an d wi ll ot do so even i fth e
m aj or i ty (o f C hr i st i an s) i n si st o n t h i s op i n ion
d
i m par t i t t o m e ; for by C h r i st h i m sel f we h ve b een
co m m an ded t o b ase o u co l usio s n ot o h um a
teach i ngs but upon predic t io s set for th by th e bl essed
p rophets an d i m parted i n h i s o w tea ch i ng
W e gath er fr o m the a bov e that the m ajo r i t y o f
,
"
an
nc
B A PT I S M
THE
18 2
OF
JESUS
I n th is d i a lo g ue t h e h o st il e in t er locu t o r a ss a il s the
Ch r is t i a ns fo r p a yi n g d i v in e h onou rs t o a c r uci ed
c r i m in a l T he ap olo gi st a n sw er s th at hi s o pp on en t is
far fr o m the tr u t h w he n h e su pp o ses th at a c r i m in a l
des er ved t o b e b eli eve d t o b e d i v in e o r t h at a n eart h ly
ma n coul d b e be li ev ed t o b e su c h by th e C h r is ti a ns
A n d he h u r l s b a c k th e c h a rge o f a n th r o p ol atr y at t he
paga n p erse cu t o rs T h e y a re th e on e s t o b e r ea lly
p i t i ed b ec au se t h ei r en t i re h o p es a r e set on a m o rta l
ma n w h o c e ases t o a i d t h e m w h en h e d i es T he
E gy pt i a n s fo r ex amp le ch oose o ut a ma n a n d w o r sh i p
h i m set t h e m sel v es t o pr o p i t i a te h i m con sul t h i m a s
a n o ra cle a bou t ev ery th in g sl ay v ic t i m s in h i s h onou r
A n d y et h e w h o in t h e ey es o f o t her s i s t h us m a de a
g o d i s su r ely in h i s o w n b u t a m a n w h et her he w ill
o r no t H e m ay dece i v e o t he r s ; h e c anno t hi m sel f
Th e wr i ter aft er t h us sc at h in g th e cul t o f A n t ino us
g o es on t o g l a nc e at C ae sar wo r sh i p
Pr inc es an d
k in gs h e sa ys
m i gh t fair l y b e a tt er ed as m e m i gh ty an d el ec t but
th e h o m age pai d t t h em as god i s fa l se
I t i s truer to
b estow hon our on m an b e u e h e i s ren own ed an d
h i m b ec u se he i s b est of hi s
sweet er t o besto w l o v e o
k i d B ut i n st ea d o f th i s th e p gan s i n vok e the god
h ead o f k i n gs p r y t o th ei r i m ages a pp eal wh en
accused ofaugh t to th ei r ge iusth a t i s thei r dem on ;
a n d so i t i s h el d l e s r i sk y t o perj ure
your self by the
geni us ofJ ov e th a b y t ha t o fth e k ing
Lactan ti us a no t h er L at in ap olo g i st at th e b eg innin g
o f the fou rth c en t ur y h ol ds si m il ar l a n g u age in a
pa ss ag e wh ich m er i t s ci tat ion b ec a u se i t so a dm i ra bly
su m s u p th e ear li er con cept ion s o f J esus en t er
t ai ned in th e Chu r ch b e fo r e h i s dei ca t i on d outr a n ce ;
fo r t h is was only a cco mp li sh ed l ater on in the
.
ca
'
THE
B A PT I S M
JESUS
OF
18 3
T h e p a ssage i s in a w o rk
C ouncil s c a ll ed o rth o do x
O n T r u e Wi sdom c h 14 :
A s to wh at were th e way s o f G o d an d wha t h i s
prec ep ts we ar e l eft n ei ther i n doubt n or i n da rkn ess
Fo r G o d wh en h e saw t ha t wick edn ess an d th e cul t s
of f
a l se go ds h ad gro wn so st r on
g all over the ea r t h
tha t hi s n am e wa s a l m ost effac ed from m en s m in ds
sen t h i s so n the ch i ef (or p ri n c e) o fa n gel s as h i s
depu ty t o m an k i n d to con ver t t h em from i m pious
a n d v a i n c ul t s t o k n o wl edge an d wo r sh i p of th e t ru e
G o d ; an d l i kewi se t o l ea d th ei r m i n ds fro m foll y t o
wi sdo m fro m i n i q u i ty t o wo r k s o f j u st ic e
These ar e
the wa y s o f G o d i n wh ic h h e i n st r u c ted h i m t o wal k
th ese th e p rec ept s wh ich h e en j oi n ed h i m to keep
B ut h e i n t ur n i n exem pla ry fash ion sh owed hi s fa i th
i n G o d fo r h e taugh t th a t G o d i s on e a n d th at h e
a lo n e o ugh t t o b e wo r sh i pp ed
Nor di d he hi m sel f
ever say t ha t h e was G o d bec a u se h e wo ul d n o t h a v e
kept fai th if after b ein g sen t to m ak e away wi th
p ol yth ei sm an d v i n di c a t e th e o n e h e h a d b rough t i n
a n o t h er b esi de th e o n e
T h a t woul d n ot h a ve been t o
preac h an d p rocl a i m th e on e G od b ut t o p ush h i m sel f
fo r wa r d i n th e pl a c e o f h i m th a t had sen t hi m an d
rom h i m to m a n ifest who m h e
so t o separa t e h i m sel f f
h ad co m e
Fo r the ver y rea son t hat h e p roved h i m sel f
so f
a i t hf
ul
th a t h e a rroga ted n o h on ou rs wh a t ever
to h i m sel f d ev o t i n g h i m sel f ra th er t o ful ll i n g th e
com m an ds of h i m th at sen t hi m he was rewa rded
wi th th e dign i ty o f b ei n g a pri est fo r ev er wi th th e
h on our o f b ei n g sup r em e k i n g wi th th e a uth o r i ty o f
j udge an d wi th the nam e o fG od
.
T h e sam e
w h ic h bo a st s
BA PTISM
TH E
18 4
OF
J E S US
h
a
C r i st i n
T h e v e n e ra bl e n am e o f G o dh oo d
he
w r i t es
h a s been gi ven to j ust m en th em sel ves an d th ey h a v e
b een h eld wor thy t o b e called b y i t A n d m en i n
wh om G od h a s fo un d pl easure h e h as h i m sel f c a l l ed
h i s son s an d fr i en ds
T h us wh en h e c h ose M o ses a s
hi s fr i en d an d b el o ved o n e an d as l eader o f h i s peop l e
a n d c o n st i t u t ed h i m t eac h er an d p r iest h e c all ed hi m
a re
,
.
G od
For h e
P ha r a oh
un to
his
sa
e a
p roph et
id to h i m I h v ppoi t d th G od
A d fo r t hwi th h gave h i m h i s pr i est
n e
ee
Ver i ly
sh a l l
A a r on thy hr other sp ea k
for thee to P h a r a oh ; u n to hi m sha l t thou he a s G od, hut
he sha l l he thy i n terp r eter
Aga n t i s wr tten , Ye
as
i i
f the L or d y ou r G od
H e sh a l l he to m e a s
a r e son s o
he
as
sa
id
fa ther
W e th er efo re i n
An d
son , a n d
bou t S ol om o
I w i l l he to h i m
th e sa m e wa y
cal l
ve co m e
do
C h r i st th r ough wh om we ha
to k n ow G o d j ust a s h e c all ed I sra el h i s r stb om so n
a n d sai d o f S o l o m o n : H e sha l l he a son u n to m e
W e c al l h i m G o d h owever j ust a s h e ca l led M o ses
wi th h i s o wn n am e
Moreover th e n a m e ofG od
h oo d i s gi v en b y way o f very grea t h on ou r i n th e
worl d a n d G o d h a s i m p osed i t upon wh om h e ch ooses
H owever t r an sc en den t a n d ven erab l e b e th e n a m e
o fG odh ood h e ha s n o t d en i ed i t t o th e j ust
S uch w a s the so rt o f d ei ca tio n st ill a cco r ded t o
J esus in the fou rth ce n tury in th e E aster n C h u r ches
th at l ay ou tsi de the con federated C hur c h es o f the
S on
of
G o d th e
,
C H APT E R XI I
B I RT H
LE G
E N DS
bo r n o f t he V i rg i n M ary i s fa st b eco m in g
th e c r eed
d ea d w oo d w ar n th e i r aud i en c es t h at t h e V i rg in B i rth
did no t i n i t sel f con st i t u te t he I n c ar n at ion o f th e d i v in e
W o r d b ut w a s only a n in teres t in g a n d i mp o rta n t
i n ci den t conn ec ted th erew i th W e a r e ev e n t old th at
G o d i f h e h a d c h o sen t o d o so m i gh t h av e inc ar n at ed
h i m s el f in hu ma n fo rm w i th o u t h av in g a ny r ecou rse
at a ll t o s uc h ex p edi en t s
I am encou raged by suc h
IT is
ad
86
B I RTH
LEG EN D S
18 7
a s h av in g b een bo r n
o
f the seed of Da v i d a ccor di ng
to the esh
B ut in a n o t h er pa ssag e 2 T i m o t h y ii 8
he uses l a n g u age o f a k in d t o ar o u se o ur susp icion s
fo r he w r i tes th us B e m i n dfu l of esus Chr i st r a i sed
.
seed
f Da v i d
a ccor di ng
to my
g osp el
H er e th e
.
jesus
tea ch i ng
hi m self
sa i d,
to my L or d,
i s th e
th r oug h th e H
thou
si t
en em i es u n der
Temp l e
the
in
Messi a h
scr i
thy
my
on
feet
ri
son
oly
ght
sa i d,
f Da v i d
Da v i d
sa id
ha n d, til l [
th e
say
S p i r i t th e L or d
D a v i d hi m self
H ow
th i n e
p l a ce
ca ll s
hi m
t he
u
s
s
es
x
d
e
r
i
v
t
t
y
I m the
ece e
I
16 i n
J
I t i sign i a t that th ol d Arm enian
d the of s
oot
p i g y D vi d
version reads ofA da m Revelation was written ab out the year 93
1
an
Revela ti on
xxii
f r n
th e
c n
B IRTH
18 8
LEG
EN D S
E n d o th e rw i se i t
joseph a n d joseph heg a t jesus
co ul d n o t seein g th at the a i m a n d obj ec t o f i ts
co m p il er w a s t o est a bli sh t he Da v i d ic desc en t o f
J esu s th r ough his father Jo seph T h i s o r i gin a l en d
in g I m ysel f d i scov e red in a n o ld G reek m a n usc r i pt
i n the V at ic a n L ib rar y ; i t a l so sta n d s in th e ear li est
S y r i a c v ersion o f th e G o sp el s re c en t ly d i scov ered in
t h e S in a i con v e n t
I n a ll t he G r ee k ma n u sc r i pt s o f
Matthew h ow ev er th e l ast cl a use o f th e p ed i gree
h a s b ee n bo t c h ed in o n e o f tw o w ay s bo t h i n
te n ded t o av oi d i ts aw k war d attestat ion o f J o sep h s
,
B I RT H
19 0
LEG
E N DS
h
t
e a cci de n t o f
only
a
cco
r
in
g
t
o
d
h u m a n d esc e n t
B ut t h i s pa ssa g e o f t h e F o u rt h G o sp el prese r v e s t o
us a no t h er obj e c t ion b r ou g h t by t h e J ew s o f t h e r st
th i s n a m ely
a ge aga in st th e M essi a n ic cl a i m s o f J esu s
th a t h e w a s no t bo r n in Beth l eh em t h e ci ty o f D av i d
I f th e ev a n ge li st h a d h e ar d a ny r ep o rt o f h i s h a v in g
b een bo r n the r e h e w o u l d sur e ly h a v e rev ea l ed h i s
k n o w l edge o f i t a n d a s h e i s so pr on e t o do h a v e
B u t h e g i v e s no h in t
st i gmat i sed th e J e w s a s li ar s
o f i t ; a n d i t b eco m es ob v io us t h at t he st o r y w h ic h
L u k e t e ll s w a s i n v en t e d t o m ee t t h i s part ic u l ar o bjec
t ion o f th e J e w s R a bbinic a l in terpre tat ion o f O l d
T esta m en t pr o p heci es r eq ui red t h e M essi a h t o b e
bo r n in B eth l eh e m a n d no t i n N a z a r eth a s M ark
a ssu m es h i m t o h av e b een I t w a s th erefo r e n eces
sar y t o th e f
u l l m e n t o f pr o p h ecy t h at h i s m o th e r b e
tra n sferred t o B eth l eh e m i n t i m e fo r h er c h il d t o b e
bo r n th ere ; a n d L u k e o r th e fo rm o f tra di t ion h e
follo w ed dev i sed the follo w in g t a l e i n sat i sfa c t ion o f
t h e cl a i m s o f pr o p h ecy a n d a s a n a n sw e r t o th e
obj ec t io n s o f inc redulo us J ew s Ther e w en t for th i n
to th e
esh
f Sy r i a
ci ty
a nd al l
A n d,
w en t to he
a ccor di n
g ly ,
r eg i ster ed , ea ch
josep h
a l so
to
w en t
hi s
ow n
p fr om
to the househol d
a n d cou n tr
y
f Da vi d
in
or der
to
he
M m y hi s w ife w ho w a s w i th ch il d
A n d i t ca m e to pa ss w hi l e th ey w er e th er e th e da ys of
her p r eg n a n cy w er e full l ed a n d she hr oug h t for th h er
r st hor n son
r eg i ster ed
w i th
B I RT H
EN D S
LEG
19 1
B I RT H
192
LEGEN D S
o
f the en r ol m en t (A c ts v 3 7 ) i s attested by the
h i st o r i a n Jo sep h us
H i s t est i m ony h o weve r i s far
fr o m sub sta n t i a t in g L uk e s st o r y ; fo r in th e r st
p l a c e the e n r ol m en t o r c e n sus o f Ky r en i o s w a s no t
o f a l l the w or l d b ut only o f th e i n h abi ta n t s o f J ud e a
w h er e a s
a n d secon d ly i t w a s n o t m a d e u n t il A D 6
H e r o d i n w h o se d ay s L u k e i 5 set s th e bi rth o f
Jo h n th e B apt i st an d by co n seq uence o f J esus a l so
sinc e h e w a s only si x m on t h s J o h n s j u nio rdi ed in
th e spr in g o f 4 B C
L u k e s d at es t he r efo re sh o w a n
i n ter n a l d i sc r epa ncy o f so m e ten ye ars
T h e r st ev a n g eli st M a tt h ew qu i t e n a i v e ly a n d
uncon scio u sly a cq u a i n t s u s w i t h th e g e n e si s o f th e
l ege n d t hat J esus w a s bo r n at B e th l eh em ; fo r h e
mak es K in g H er o d the l ea st M e ssi a nic o f m e n a s
ca ll
L oi sy w e ll styl es h i m
tog ether a ll th e ch i ef
shou l d he hor n
a s i f h e sh ar ed in suc h b e li e fs a n d
a n t ici pat ion s A n d they sa i d u n to h i m I n B ethl ehem
o
A nd
f ju dd a for thus i t i s w r i tten hy the p r ophet
w i t h o u t a ny fu rth er a do Matt h ew a ssu m es t h at J esus
w as bo r n in B e th l eh e m a n d b eg in s h i s n arrat i v e t h us
'
B I RT H
194
n am e fo r
L E G E N DS
the dev
.
w a s fo rt hw i th w ar n ed no t ev e n
to p ut h er a w ay
p r i v i ly by a n a ng el of the L or d w hi ch appea r ed
u n to h i m
i n a d r ea m say i ng fosep h thou son of
.
Da v i d fea r
to ta he to thee
n ot
th a t w hi ch
Ma ry
i n her i s
thy
w ife
th e H
for
ly G host
B ehold , the
for th
a son , a n d
I n th e
sl ee
v i rg i n sha ll
and
se
q l
di d
ue
he w i th
they sha l l
hi s
ad t h at
we
th e
an
ca l l
ch ild , a n d
na m e
joseph
sh a l l
hr i ng
I m m a n uel
a r ose
fr om
hi s
g el of the L or d co m m a n ded h i m ,
a n d tooh u n to hi m hi s w ife, a n d h n ew h er n ot ti l l she
,
as
ha d hr oug h tfor th
a nd
a son
he ca l l ed hi s n a m e jesus
r el ated o f J es us w h at w a s in a n t iqui ty
a stoc k l egen d re l ated o f a n u m b er o f c el eb r i t i es
L et us no t ic e a few o f t hese para ll e l s
T h e p h iloso p he r P l at o v er y soon afte r h e d i ed w a s
r ep u ted by h i s follow ers t o h av e b e en bo r n o f a
v i rg in a n d h i s o w n n ep h ew S e usi
p
p p us t ol d t h e st o ry
in n ear ly the sam e w o rds a s Matthew e mp loys H ear
H er e w e n d
B I RT H
L E G END S
:9 5
B I R TH
19 6
L E G EN D S
i n V i rg il s G eorg i cs w e r ea d h o w th e m ar es w h e n
i n spr in gt i m e the w armt h r e t u r n s in th e i r bon es
sta n d a ll on the t o p o f t h e r oc k s t u r nin g t h e i r m o u t h s
t o t he Z ephy r a n d gu l p d own th e li gh t a i rs a n d o ft
t i m es w i th o u t m arr i age u nion marv ellou s t o r el ate
th ey a r e mad e pr eg n a n t by th e w in d
,
l r r it ossi b us i ll
t t upi bus alti s
E
ur
t
p i e ul lis
p t tq u l v
C j gii v to gr vid (m i ra b il e di ctu)
It w a s a l so r e l ate d by a n E g y pt i a n w r i te r A se l e
p i a des t h at th e m o the r o f J u li us C aesar conc e i v e d
h i m m i ra c u lo usly in a t e mp l e o f A p ollo so th at t h i s
r st o f the emp ero rs w a s so n o f a g o d T he e mp er o r
I t is
A l ex a n der li k ew i se w a s conc ei v ed by a v i rg in
no matte r fo r surpr i se th at in th e se con d c e n t u r y
w h en th e l eg e n d o f C h r i st s m i ra c ulou s bi rth b ega n t o
ci r c u l a te in th e C h u r ch the J ew s t w i tt ed the C h r i st i a n s
w i t h h av in g p ic k ed u p a paga n ta l e co m para bl e t o
T h e ap olo g i st Ju st in M arty r
th e st o r y o f D a n a e
(see p 1 8 0 ) tr i es in ge n era l t o draw d e lic ate d i sti n c
t ion s b etw ee n h er c ase a n d th at o f the V i rg in M ar y
bu t so m et i m es a s in hi s r st ap ology (ch xxi v ) h e
ch oo ses a no ther lin e o f de fenc e bol d ly a d m i ts t he
p a ra ll el a n d a sk s Why a r e w e C h r i st i a n s a lon e o f
m en h ated fo r C h r i st s n am e w h en w e do bu t r e l a t e
o f h i m st o r i es si m il ar t o w h a t the G r eeks r el ate o f
H erm es a n d P e rseus ?
Wh at w e tea c h he says
e
h
c
h
s
in t e am ap olo gy (
xxii i ) w e l ear n ed fr o m
Ch r i st a n d th e pr o p h et s w h o pr ec ed ed h i m a n d i t i s
a tr ue lo re a n d m o re a nci en t t h a n th at o f a l l o the r
i
Ve e m ag s, q u a ve e ca o ed
O r e o m n es v ersae in Z ep hyru m s
xce
on u
an
es a
en
as
aa
an
see e s n
ae
B I RTH
19 3
L E G E ND S
h
T e pa ssage o f I sa i a h v ii 14
A v i rg i n sha ll con cei v e
a n d hea r a son
m a y h a ve in sp i r ed so m e such p o e m
a n d th i s h a ve fa ll en
in t o t he h an ds o f th at m o st
o m ni v o r ous o f readers th e p oet V i rg il w ho p l e ased
w i t h th e fa ncy t h r ew i t in t o e l ega n t L at in v er se in
h i s fo urth E clo g ue
t
Ul ti m C um i ve it i m ca m i i
M g u b i t gro s cl um
i tu
do
I m r dit t Virg
edeun t S tum i a regn
I m
v progen i s c2 1 d m i tti tu al to
T h e l a st a ge o f th e C u m aea n h y m n i s co m e : a
gre at o rd er o f th e ages i s bo r n afresh A l re ad y th e
v i rg in r et u r n sr e t u r n s t oo th e k in g d o m o f S at u r n
A l r eady a n ew scion o f th e ra c e i s sen t d o w n fr o m
h i g h h e ave n
T h i s pa ssage o f V i rg il i s in t er est in g b ec a use i t
sh o w s ho w w i dely su c h i de a s w er e d i ff
used
B ut i t i s
no t ev en n ec essary t o go so far a el d fo r para ll el s t o
t he l eg en d o f C h r i st s bi rt h
T h ey w er e a l rea dy t o
b e fo un d in th e J ew i sh li t erat ure o f t h e r st C h r i st i a n
a e
P h ilo i f he di d not a c t u a ll y b e li eve that I saa c
g
-
ae
s a
no
n e
ae
or
n asc
o, r
n s ae a s
r or
B I RT H
L E G E ND S
199
a a
r,
n s
a n,
n an
B I RT H
200
L E G E ND S
Ma ry
p o p ul ar l eg en ds o f m i ra c u lo us bi rth s ; b ut t hey
suggest ed h i s a ll eg o r y
I t i s h ardly n ecessary t o in si st on th e m y th ol o g ic a l
ch ara c t er o f th e r st tw o c h apt er s o f Matt hew si n c e
eve n a m on g th e o rt h o d ox t h er e i s a t en dency t o sa c r i
T hus Pr o fesso r
ce t h e m t o th e w ol ves o f c r i t ici sm
S a n d a y a llo w s t hat the bi rt h st o r y i n Matthew
app ea r s t o b elo n g t o th at p o rt io n o fth e F i r st G o sp el
w h ic h i s l at e st a n d l e a st c erta in
( Cr i ti ca l Questi on s
L et u s t h e r e fo re r e t ur n t o o ur con
19 0 3 p
si derat ion o f L u k e s n arrat i v e o f t h e bi rt h o n w h ic h
t h e l atte r d ay ap olo g i st tr i es t o m ak e a n a l sta n d
T h i s w e h av e a l rea dy c r i t ici sed in r esp ec t o f i ts
loc at ion o f th e bi rth a t B eth l eh em Wh en w e pr oceed
t o ex a m in e i t fr o m t h e p oin t o f Vi e w o f l a n g uag e w e
n d i t t o b e li tt l e m o r e t h a n a c e n t o o f p h ra ses c u ll e d
fr o m th e S ept uag in t o r o l d G reek v e r sion o f t he O l d
T estam en t T h i s d o es n o t o f co urse in i t se l f fo r bi d
us t o a cc e pt i t a s h i st o r y ; fo r i t w o ul d b e e a sy
w i t h th e h el p o f a conco r d a nc e t o th e S e pt uag in t
t o d r ess u p a h i st o r y o f A l ex a n d er th e G r e at o r o f
N ap ol eon in p h ra ses d er i v ed t h ere fr o m N ev erth el ess
o u r su sp icion s a r e r o u sed fo r a g e n u in e h i st o r i a n o f
rea l fa c t s i s unli k ely t o con v e y t he m t o h i s r e a de rs in
B u t w h e n in eh i 7 th e n arrat i ve o f
su c h a fo rm
t h e bi rth o f Jo h n th e B apt i st b eg i n s w i t h t h e stat e
m en t th at h i s paren t s Z a c h ar i a h a nd E li z a b et h h a d
no ch il d b ec a u se she w as b arr en a n d b o th o f th e m
th e
B I RT H
20 2
L E G E N DS
Mary i s a l re a dy be tr o t hed
A n g el G a b r i e l g o es in t o h er at
t o Jose ph w hen t he
N a z aret h a n d sa y s
H a il , th ou fa vou r ed w i th g r a ce,
the L or d i s w i th thee
B u t sh e w a s m u ch tr ou hl ed a t
the w or d, a n d pon der ed ov er w ha t sor t of g r eeti ng i t
.
m ig h t he
A n d th e
th ou h a st
foun d fa v ou r
sa i d,
g el
an
hr i ng
Fea r
n ot,
Ma ry for
,
A n d heh ol d th ou
w i th G od
a son , a n d sha l t ca ll
for th
hi s
h
e m ig h ty a n d sh a l l he ca l l ed
j
S on of the H i gh est, a n d the L or d sha ll g i v e h i m the
th r on e of D a v i d h i s fa th er a n d he sha l l r u l e ov er the
na m e
esus
sha l l
He
f fa coh for
house
sha l l
the
n o en d
he
ag es, a n d
hi s hi ng dom ther e
o t e th at th e M essi ah pr o m i sed i s t o b e o f
th e con ven t io n a l J ew i sh t y p e a m i g h t y k i n g se at ed
o n D a v i d s t h r on e q u i t e u nli k e t h e h i st o r ic a l J esu s
B u t h e w ill no t b e bo r n i n fu ll p o ssession o f hi s
t emp o ra l maj est y ; he w ill only b e i n vested w i th i t
l at er on
A cco r d in g t o th e ol dest M S o f th e o l d L at i n v e r sion
o f Lu k e s G ospel w h en the a n ge l en ds h i s a ddress
M a ry mak es th e follo w i n g v ery sui ta bl e a n sw e r :
H e re w e
B ehol d the h a n dm a i d
di ng to t hy w or d
m o uth th e a n sw er
a ccor
h er
n ot a
b r i el
H ow
T he
m an
had
the L or d ;
B u t t he
I h n ow
fo r
a i d no t
he i t
Gree k M S S
sh a ll
set
in
l atter r ead in g
me
u n to
thou ha st
is
a bs ur d
b ut
thou
ha l t
con cei v e
H is
B I RTH
w o r ds
c am e t o
th u s
L E G EN DS
20
be
an
an ge
of
th e
r,
ca
n o
te x t o f L u k e then a s th e a ut h o r o f th i s ear ly
ap oc ry p h r ea d i t th e V i rg in m a de no suc h a b surd
7
m an
F r o m w h at so ur c e th en w e re these w o rds
in terp ol ated in L u k e ? T h e a n swe r i s fr o m t h i s v er y
a p oc r y p h
w h ic h repr esen t s Mary a s v o wed by h er
paren t s fr o m in fa ncy no t t o k no w a m a n a ll the d ay s
o f h er li fe a s the S y r i a n F ath er S t E p h r em p ut i t
I n t h i s ap oc ry ph th e ph rase I k no w no t a ma n
occ urs m o re th an onc e bu t a l w ays in con tex ts w here
i t i s appr o pr i ate a n d mak es g ood se n se For ex amp l e
w h en Jo sep h n d s w i t h c h il d th e V i rg i n w h o m a s
h er gu ar d i a n h e h a d t a k en t o h i s h o m e he c h i des h er
A nd
rep li es : I am p u re a n d I k no w no t a ma n
J o seph sa i d t o her : Wh ence th en i s th at w h ic h i s i n
B I RTH
204
L E G EN D S
a nsw er ed
a n d sa i d
to h er
e
t
e
n
o
l
c
h g o t ]h ly sha l he a l l ed son of G od
T he a bo v e i s ge n e ra lly in t erpr e ted a s si g ni fyin g a n
:
a g r ea t r ed dr ag on wh o st oo d b efo r e th e w o ma n tha t
,
w as a r r ay ed w i th th e su n
a nd
feet
B I RT H
20 6
L E GE NDS
o f h u ma n generat ion
T h e i r fo rm o f g osp el wh ic h
w as w r i tten in A rama ic o m i tt ed li k e Mark th e bi rth
st o r i es o f J esus a n d t hey con t in u ed fo r c e n t u r i es t o
re p u di ate th em a s u n tr ue a n d un w o rthy o f the Mes
si ah
I t i s addi t ion a l ev i de nc e o f ho w li tt l e i dea the
e ar li es t C hr is t i a n s h a d o f J esu s b ein g th e c h il d o f
Mary a lon e t hat th e presi dency o f thei r rst Ch u r c h
in J er us a l e m b ein g v es ted a cco rd in g t o O r i en tal h abi t
in the el des t su rv i v in g rel at i ve o f the foun der J am es
,
B I RT H
L E G E N DS
20 7
t he
BI R T H LE G E ND S
20 8
B I RT H
2 10
L E G EN D S
the h
Com m en tary
on
A cts,
ii
16,
S avi l e s editi on ,
6 3 7, 5
L E G E NDS
B I RT H
2 1!
P 2
B I RT H
2 12
L E G E N DS
T hey h a d ev i d en tly
p r ecep t of the L or d
a sk ed hi m t o r egu l at e c e rta in qu est ion s a n d h e
m o dest ly a d m i ts th a t a bou t t h em h e h a s h a d no
I g i v e my
pr i v a te r ev el a t io n
h e con t in ues
B ut
op i n i on a s on e w ho h
y the comp a ssi on of th e L or d i s
l deem th en tha t thi s
hecom e on e of the fa i thfu l
hest heca u se of th e p r esen t n ecessi ty
v i rg ini t y] i s
[ pr ob ably th e i mp en d i n g c ata str o p h e o f t he L o rd s
n a m ely tha t to r em a i n th us
in v i r
a d ve n t ]
i
t
t
h
ou ti ed to a w ife ?
i
n
t
i
s
or
m
a
n
A
r
h
es
t
f
g
y]
S eeh n ot to l oosen the ti e A r t th ou l oosed fr om a w ife P
S eeh n ot a w ife If h ow ev er th ou shoul dst m a r ry
thou ha st n ot si n n ed ; a n d ev en if th e v i rg i n m a r ry
ha ve
no
she
ha s
si n ned
n ot
W ho
ev en
if
is
the
su ch
B ut
esh
v i rg i n
a nd
as
I w oul dfa i n
i n t he
w il l
these
bo v e
i n cu r
s a r e y ou
w ho
it
in s no t
m a rr y a n d w h o in th e seq ue l i s d is
t i n g u i shed fr o m
the un m a r r i ed w om a n
(ve rse
T h e seq uel r ev ea l s t o us th at
h er e i s
th e v i rg i n
t h e w o ma n w h o i s li v in g w i th a m a n a s h i s sp i r i t u a l
o r p l at onic w i fe fo r in v erse 3 6 Pau l con t in ues th us
sh e
hi s
a ny on e
v i rg i n ,
i t m ust he
si n s n ot
so,
thi n hs h e i s
if
she
is
over
heha v i ng un seem ly
the ag e of p uher ty ,
l et hi m do w ha t h e w i shes to
L et them m a r ry
p h ra se hi s v i rg i n in d ic ates a r el at ion b e
t w een m a l e an d fe ma l e b e li ev ers bo th reco g ni sed an d
w i despr ea d
T h e G ree k w o r d a schem onei n r e n der ed
by heha ve un seem ly i s a t ec h nic a l te rm fo r i m m o dest
b eh av io ur t o w ar ds o n e o f the o pp o si te sex I f a m a n
i s o verp o w ered by h i s inclin at ion s say s P au l e m in e n t ly
pra c t ic a l tea cher th at h e w a s l et t hem m arr y a n d
T he
L E G E ND S
B I RT H
2 14
Co r in t hi a n s ix
equ a li t y w i t h t he
I
w h er e h e
o ther ap os t l es
is insis t in g on
hi s
A m I n ot a n
ap ostl e P
H a ve I n ot seen jesus ou r L or d P If i n the
et a t l ea st I a m i n
p
a
o
t
a
n
a
os
t
l
e
e
I
es
o
t
h
e
s
m
n
r
,
y
y
of
H a ve w e no r i gh t to ea t a n d dr i n h P H a v e
y our s
:
we
n o r ig h t
do the
a nd
to l ea d
f the apostl es
r est o
a si ster , ev en a s
w ife tha t i s
a hou t a
the
a nd
hr ethr en
f the Lor d
Cepha s P
H e re th e w o ma n
o r w i fe (th e Gre ek wo r d si g ni es
e i t h er ) w h o i s a si ster u nqu est ion a bly co rr e s p on d s t o
T h e gr eat B en ed ic t in e sc h ol ar
t he v i rg in o f ch v i i
M u rat o r i w r i t in g t o M on tfa ucon a bou t 17 09 hi s tra c t
D e Sy n i sa cti s et Ag ap et i s co m es v er y n ear t o t h i s
in terpretat io n T hey w ere no t w i v es he w r i tes bu t
c erta in matr on s o f hon es t li fe w h o su pp li ed the
ap o st l es a n d o t her h oly m en w i t h foo d a n d ma de
t hem sel ves t hei r trav e llin g co mpa nion s tak in g t he
n am e o f sister by wa y o f excl u din g a ll s us p icion o f
m arr i ed lic enc e S t J er o m e s in t erpre tat ion w as
si m il ar
I t m ay b e r emarked t hat Pa ul here uses the
w o r d a delfos o r si ster ; a n d t h at a delfotts o r si ster
sh ip w as l a t e r on t he t ec h nic a l t erm fo r t h i s p l at onic
marr i a g e b e tw een C h r i st i a n m en a n d m a i ds
H er e t h en w e h a v e a v i v i d g li mp se in t o th e ear li es t
Ch r i st i a n soci et y o f J er usa lem an d r ea li se th e ex t en t
t o w h ic h a sc et icis m w a s at h o m e t her ein fr o m the r s t
F o r w e m ust no t fo rg et th at in th at a ge the ey es o f
a ll b eli ev ers were x ed on th e fu t u re adv e n t Ch r i st
w a s t o co m e aga in in g lo r y on t he clou d s o f hea ve n
b efo r e t he gen erat ion h ad pas sed aw a y t h at k n ew h i m
in t he esh W h ere fo r e t hen pr o pagat e c h il dr en a n d
e nc u m b er on es e l f w i t h t he c ares o f o f
fspr in g ? T h o se
h
t at m arry sha ll ha ve tr i hul a ti on i n the esh s a ys
A n d h e a dd s t hese
Pa ul ( I C o r in th i a ns v i i
,
BIRT H
L E G E N DS
2 15
w o rd s
m ay he
th oug h th c r ha d
as
For
non e
the
fash i on
to he fr eefr om ca r es
T h e s am e a v er sion fr o m h u ma n
m arr i age m eet s us in o t her boo k s o f th e New Tes ta
m en t
in Rev el at ion w hic h reec t s the feelin g o f
th e l a s t de c a de o f the rst c en t u r y
I n c h x iv 4 o f
t h i s boo k th e s eer b eh ol d s the L a w h sta n di ng on
ll
Z i on ,
ou n t
the
a nd
a nd
na m e o
w i th
ha v i ng his
hi m
hi s f ath
w r i tten
on
na m e
for ehea ds
thei r
T h e s tat em e n t t h at t hey w e re
for the l a r e v i rgi ns
\ I r g m s fo r bi ds u s t o su pp o se t h at t h ey we r e m en w h o
h ad
B I RT H
2 16
L EGEND S
'
'
B I RT H L EGE ND S
2 18
llv g
lv
l
I n y et a no th er p oe m
so re l ated
B efor e a ll en dea vou i n v
can
wr i te s th us
he
er y
to
tw o per son s
tr uth to b e chaste
gl
b
lv
S he i s yo ur
,
sa
s na
er
A nd yet
Yo u m ak e yourse f a path to
wom en
lea d
m en to
li ve
you
l ily wi th other
unh o
r a
en
set
i n m oti on
es,
W ho
wi
ar
an o
an
as
or
v r
sai n ts.
'
'
'
B I RT H
L EGEND S
2 19
'
Mark
xii . 2 5
gv
Wh en
they sh a l
l rise from
i en i n m ar r i a e, b ut
m a r ry n or a r e
apti sm , a s Paul t au h t, th e dead i n
t ogeth er wi th hr i st.
ar e a s a n
si n
r ose
gl
h
a
e s in
e
en
In
fr om death i n to ife
.
B I RT H
2 20
L EGEND S
b e co me rath er m ix ed wh e n Pa ul wr i te s that he ha s
esp oused the C o r in th i a n Ch u r c h a n d de si re s to p r esen t
the s ame a s a p u r e v i rg i n to Ck r i st (2 Cor xi
A nyh o w Chr is t b ec am e the b r i d egroo m a n d the ever
v i rg in m o ther Ch u r c h hi s b r i de ; a n d ma n y a n early
hy m n t o the Ch u r c h wa s in sp i re d by th is i d ea Suc h
h y m ns were in a l a ter age c on verted in t o h y m n s
to the ph ysic a l m o th er o f J e sus ; a n d m os t o f the
attr ibu te s a n d pred ic ate s o f the hea v e nly e on the
E ccl esi a o r Ch u r c h were ul t i matel y appr o pr i ated to
,
h er
,
.
L E G E NDS
IN RT H
an
ur e
t
l m ost n ih i
st o o d e dowed
l ated a t rst i those wh o acc epted i th ough t a d
en d eavou red to f
oll ow i n l i fe th e prom i se o f hi s kee
sp i i gs
ll th e sex i ti ct th t th ey posses ed
O li pha n t a l so per c ei ved i n a d i m ma n n e r th e co n
c h i va l r y w i th e ar l y Chr is t i a n
n ect i o n o f m ed i e va l
asc et ici sm in p 9 9
T h i s di sco v ery o f n asce t k ightl i n ess tha t th e
Op e ti ve p ssi o fo a godl y cau se a d th e restra in ed
p s io fo pure wom a were correlati v e m oti ves fo
fa ct th e pr oph et ic
h i gh an d m a l y l i v i g wa s i
exper i en ce o fth e m ore v i vi d o e wh i ch r espo d s to day
fo k
wl edge o f th e du l i
to the a rden t asp i rat i o
G od th e du l i n m a n an d th e r i ght devot i o to the
n eed s o fthe ear th
E lsew h ere I i n d ic at e the pr ob a bili ty that the
m ed i eva l r i tea l w ay s reli g iou s a n d c on d u c ted b y
a pr i es to f c h i va l r ou s ini t i a t ion w a s a su rv i va l a s i t
w e re in s ecul ar gar b o f th e r i t e o f a d ul t b apt i sm
lon g co rr u pted a n d dec a y ed in t he p u rel y r eli g iou s
I t i s si g ni c a n t that the n ew m a de k ni ght
sph e re
w a s ex pe c t e d t o s el ec t a m is tr es s o f w h o m a c co rd in g
t o the Codex A rrt or i s o f A n drew t he c hap l a in o f P o p e
I nno cen t 1V h e w a s h en ce fo rth t he ser v erzte o r
serva n t
T h e on l y sen ses all owed to b e th e v eh i cl es o f
ch i v a l rou s l o v e were th e eyes a d ears
T h e l o v er
was fo bi dde to go b eyo d gaz i n g on or h ea r i n g o
Wh e a k i ght was ac epted
thin ki g ofhi s l o ve
m i he k el t befor hi l a dy h i s two h an ds j oi ed
pal m to pal m b etween h e s a nd swore to serve h e
fa ithfu ll y t i ll death
n d to protect h er a a i n st a ll ev i l
g
d outrage
S he o
th e oth e
ha d a cc epted h i s
servi ces prom i sed hi m h er ten derest a f
fec tion s gave
wi h wh i c h h e
n at
an
r n
ns
ra
a s
r a
no
as a
an
B I RT H
EN D S
22
I t is n o t t o b e w on d er ed at w r i tes M u rat o r i
that m an y virgin s wh o h ad l ost th eir par en ts an d
broth ers or wh o were dri v en to i t by i ll n ess po ver ty
a d m i tt ed hom el ess cl er ic s a n d
o r b y other rea so ns
m onk s to l i v e with them u n der on e roof th at th ey
n a y th a t th ey so m eti m es
shared i n t h ei r wan der i n gs
Men an d wom en felt
shar ed with th em th ei r b eds
th em selves eq ually co n strain ed by n ecessityth e latter
hi m
ri
L EG
g,
a n d r a sed
hi m
Fr om
Lo ndon ,
Ri chard
1868 ,
S i m pson s
21
P hi l osophy
ry
'
S hakesp ea r e s S on nets,
B I RT H
2 24
L EGEN D S
n,
rego ry o f N y ss a in hi s p o em s as I have s a i d
Chry sos t o m i n h is o rat ions J er o m e in h is l etter s a n d
m a n y o th e r F a th er s had m u c h to sa y a bou t th is a s p ec t
o f the pr obl e m Th er e w a s hard l y a si n g l e C h r is t i a n
C ouncil u p t o th e seve n th c e n t u ry that di d n o t
d iscuss r em ed i es fo r a pra c t ic e o f wh ic h c ert a in
Ch u r c hes grew a s ham e d a s ear l y a s th e m i dd l e o f th e
th i rd c en t u ry No w the rel at ions h i p o f th e Vi rg in
Mary t o J oseph is ex a c t l y en v is aged a s that o f a n
ec cl esi a st ic a l v i rg in to h er k ee per both in t h e Pr o t
e va n g el a n d in th e l a t er fo rm o f t h e A c t s o f P il ate
I n th e fo r m e r w e r ead o fh o w Mar y w a s t a k e n i n h er
in fa ncy t o the h i gh pr i es t in J er us a l e m b y h er
pare n t s Jo ak i m a n d A n n a an d cons ec r a te d t o the
serv ic e o f J eh o v a h
There she r em a ins am o n g o th e r
ma i de n s si m il ar l y cons e c rat ed un t il she rea c hes th e
a ge o f p ub erty
Th e n el d erl y a n d rep u ta bl e I s r a e li te s
a re su mm on e d b y th e h i gh pr i e st t o th e t e mp l e w h e r e
th ey dra w lo t s fo r the v i rg ins w ho no w s ta n d in n ee d
o f pr o tec t o r s The lo t a ssi g ns M a ry t o J os ep h w h o
t a k es her t o hi s h o m e no t a s h is w i fe bu t ei s ter esi n
i e i n o rd er to g u ar d a n d pr o t e c t h er in th e li fe o f
v i rg ini ty to w h ic h h er paren t s lon g ag o d ed ic a ted h er
S i m il ar ly i n th e l at e r fo rm o f t he A c t s o f P il ate
the c harge that J esu s w a s bo r n o f fo r nic at ion is
m et b y the a ss ert ion that Jos eph s r e l at ion to th e
Vi rg in wa s merely that o f g u ard i a n o f her v i rg in i ty
G
B I RT H
2 26
L EGEND S
t
t
h
a
o
G d sen t h i s son i n the l i hen ess
( R o ma ns v iii 3 )
that (Ph ili pp i a ns ii 7 ) Chr is t
[ onl y ]of si nfu l esh
J e su s took [ onl y ]the for m of a ser v a n t w a s m a de i n
the l ik en ess [ onl y ]of m en a n d w a s fou n d i n fa sh i on
onl
a
T
h
ese
t
e a c h er s a n d
in t he
an
a
s
m
[ y]
s econ d c en t u ry th e b est th in k er s a n d wr i t er s o f the
n ew r e li ion w er e nu m b e r e d am on g th e m k n ew a lso
g
I f it w as
h o w t o app e a l t o th e O l d Te s t a me n t
obj ec t e d t o t h ei r v i ew that J esu s a te a n d dra n k li ke
o th er m o rta ls t h ey a nsw er ed that th e a n gels w h o
a pp e are d t o A b raham un d e r th e o a k o f Mamre d i d
W e m u st no t fo rget that in that age J esu s
t h e s am e
Chr is t w a s o ft en regard ed b y C h r is t i a n w o rker s
b y J us t in Marty r a s n o m o r e tha n a l ead in g a n ge l
T h e app ea l t o th is O l d Te stam en t s t o ry w a s the m o re
ef
fe c t i ve b ec a us e Ph ilo had ta u gh t that the thr ee
a n gels w h ic h app ea red to A b r a h am w ere a vision o f
t h e tr iu n e G o d o f th e O n e i n Three a n d Three in
O n e a n d th a t o n e o f th em w a s th e L og os o r W o r d
o f G o d w h o m the Chr is t i a ns soon i d en t i ed w i th
C h r i st J u st i n a l so h e l d th a t th e a n gel w h o app ear ed
to A b raham w i t h the t w o o th er s in t h e fo rm o f a ma n
wa s the W o rd T h e s am e W o rd had app eared in t he
pa s t t o pr o ph et s a n d patr i ar c h s Suc h sp ecul a t ions
mad e i t m u c h easi er to a frm t h at J e sus o f w h os e
bi rth no t h in g a u t he n t ic wa s k no w n a n d w h o w a s
appear in g in d ream s a n d tra nc es to so ma ny had b ee n
a p h a n ta s m a ll a lon g I f the Chr is t had revea l ed
.
B I RT H
L EGEND S
227
B I RT H
228
li k e ou r sel ve s
L EGEN D S
B I RT H
3o
L EGEN DS
lin e
Q uae per
"
E g , i n B od ey MS
Ap o/og eti cu s, 2 1
.
Latin Li tu gy x
r
fol 9 1
.
v0 .
B I RT H
L E G E ND S
231
B I RTH
32
L EGEN D S
B I RTH
2 34
L E GEN D S
C HAPT E R XI I I
M AG I C U S E OF NAM E S
W HAT S in a n ame ? is a qu e s t ion we have a l l o fus
h e ar d p u ta s a r ul e by per son s un w illin g t o bo w to
so m e a u th o r i ty i n v o k ed by th e i r fello w s in arg u m en t
Fo r w e c h il dre n o f the nin etee n th a n d twen t i eth
c e n t u ry have l ear n ed to regard a ma n s n am e a s
so m eth in g a cci d e n ta l
a n d in d i fferen t ; a s serv in g to
d is t in g uis h o n e i n d i v i d u a l fro m a no th er bu t hav in g
no o th e r use I t ha s as li tt l e t o d o w i th a ma n s s el f
o r p erson a li ty a s th e n u m b er un d e r wh ic h he is
te mp o rar il y k n ow n in a l arge h o tel A n d y et th e
su rv i va l am on g us o f suc h a phra s e a s a n a m e t o
con j u re w i th in d ic ate s that w e h a ve no t lon g e m erge d
fr o m a phas e o fcul t u re in wh ic h a ma n s n am e w a s
r egard ed a s m ys ter iousl y boun d u p w i th h i s per son
a li ty in suc h w i se that i f h e b e h i m sel f g i fted w i th
p o wer s bey on d the o rd in ary h i s n am e i s th e veh icl e
o f si m il ar p o w e r
W e m ay eve n go fu rther a n d sa y
that in a nci e n t rel i g ions a s in ma n y fol k ta l es a
m a n s n am e w a s equi va l en t to h is per son a li ty ; a n d
th is b e li e f so m o ul ded l a n g u age that w e n d a u th o r s
w r i t in g o f th e re b e in g so m a n y na m es i n a ci ty w h ere
to da y w e w oul d sa y so ma n y soul s o r p er sons Th us
fel l
m en
and
ther e w er e hi ll ed i n the
sev en
A n d in
the
that
ea r thgua he n a m es o
th ousa nd
35
MA G I C U S E OF NA M E S
36
S ard is i t is s a i d
Thon ha st a few n a m es i n S a r di s
w hi ch d i d n ot de l e thei r g a r m en ts
T h e sa nc t i t y or v i rt u e o f a n in d i v i d u a l b e lon g s in
t o h is ga rm en t s h i s h a i r n a il par i n gs
a m e a su re
afte r d ea th a s the cul t o f
a nd
e v e n to h is sp i tt l e
relics well illu stra tes t o hi s bon es I t eq u a ll y adh er es
i f i t c an no t b e t ouc h ed a n d
t o hi s n am e wh i c h
A
h a n d l ed c a n b e in v o k e d o r u tt er e d i n sp ee c h
t h ous a n d r i t u a l Obs erva nc es have th ei r r oo t in th i s
b eli e f Th us o n e gre at bu g b ear o f pr i m i t i ve pe o p l e s
i s th e fe ar o f b e i n g m ol est ed b y t h e d ead ; a n d
a c c o rd in gl y the n ame o f a d ead p er sOn m us t no t b e
b r eat h ed o ut lou d l es t h is wra i th b e evo k e d t o g eth e r
w i th h i s n am e
Am on g so m e ra c es the n am e o f a
d ead C h i efta in wh ic h w a s o ften the n am e o f a n ani ma l
or pl an t
is ta booed a n d a fres h n am e ha s t o b e
in ven t ed fo r t he n at u ra l obj ec t aft er w h i c h he wa s
c a ll ed
Fr o m th i s c a u se th e voc a bul ar i es o f suc h
ra ces a re i n pe rpet u al ux
Aga in sinc e a m a n s n a m e is ta n tam oun t t o h is
v i t a l pr inci p l e a n d person a li ty i t m u st b e conc ea l ed
fro m h is e n em i es no l e ss tha n hi s p i c t u r e a n d i mage
I t is b eli ev ed that t o k no w a no th er s n a m e is to h a ve
p ow er o v er h i m Th is is w hy e ve ry a nci e n t Egy p t i a n
had tw o n am es o ne b y wh i c h h is fello w s in th is
w o r l d k n ew h i m a n d t he o ther h is tr u e o r grea t
n am e b y w h ic h h e wa s k no w n to th e su p er n a l p o we r s
a n d in the o ther w o r l d A n A by ssini an Chr is t i a n
si m il a r l
s tw o n a m es g i v e n h i m at b apt is m o n e
h
a
y
h i s co m m o n n a m e th e o th er a s e c r e t n am e n eve r to
T h e g u ard i a n de i ty o r patr on s a in t o f
b e d i v ul ged
a n c i en t R o m e had a se c re t n am e no t co mm unic at e d t o
a n y on e fo r he w ho l ear n ed i t m i ght harm the ete r n a l
ci ty by te m pt in g the d ei t y in q uest ion t o d es ert i t j us t
M AG I C U S E O F NA M E S
38
a l so i n th a t w h i ch i s to com e
m a de hi m to
is
bov e
na m e ;
ev ery
k n ee sh oul d how ,
u n der
g a v e u n to h i m the n a m e th a t
tha t i n the n a m e of jesus ev ery
a nd
h i m h ig hly ,
exa l ted
f hei ng s
i n hea ven
a n d on ea r th
a nd
th e ea r t
A n d b y a s tratagem sh e fo r c e d Ra t o
earth ?
tra ns fer h is mag ic a l n ame fr o m h i s b reas t i n t o her s
t o g eth er w i th a ll i t s m i raculou s p o wer s 1
T he
S ee Fr az er
G olden B oug h,
ch .
ii
MAG I C U S E OF NAM E S
2 39
e
n am e in th i r e xo r cis m s Ma ny w i ll say to m e i n tha t
.
day , L or d, L or d, di d w e
n ot
p r op hesy by thy
n a m e, a n d
n ever h new y ou
dep a r tfr om m e, y e tha t w or k i n i q ui ty
I n so me o f t he mag ic a l papy r i l atel y d isco vered in
.
r,
th r uth to u m a a th p ou m edo i n
l i ti ota n m a z a
c h th o n
l ear n fr o m Mark ix 3 8
john sa i d un to h i m Tea cher
.
we
sa w
one ca st i ng
for bad h i m
ou t
beca use he
dev il s i n thy n a m e ; a n d w e
Th u s h is
foll ow ed us n ot
.
b eco me a s we sa y a n am e to conj u re w i th th ou gh
hi s d isci p l es consi d e red that the y h a d a m ono p ol y o f
i t s us e J e sus h o wever s a i d : For bi d hi m n ot : for
,
t her e i s
no
m a n tha t
sha ll
do
m ig hty w or /e i n my
be a bl e q ui chly to spea /e ev i l of m e
inci de n t n arrated in A c ts, c h iii , illus trates
na m e a n d
An
very
MAG I C U S E OF NAME S
2 4o
B ea u tiful to
ca l l ed
to
a sh a l m s o
So
at Lou rd es w e see th e si c k a n d l am e w he el e d
in th ei r c ha i r s b e fo re th e s hr in e P et er bi d s h i m w a l k
-
day ,
i n th e
nam e o
h i m by the r i gh t h a n d
on ,
P eter ex pl a ins to
Why
by
ou r
he say s,
ow n
A n d l ater
peo p l e the n at u r e o f th e cu re
a n d r a i sed
the
hi m
up
y e y ou r ey es on us a s thoug h,
g odl i ness, w e ha d m a de hi m to
fa sten
p ow er
or
The n he ex p l a i n s h o w th e G o d o f A b raham
I s a a c a n d J a c ob ha d g l or ied h i s chi l d (or ser v a n t)
[ esus [a n d ]r a i sed h i m fr om th e dea d Th r oug h fa i th i n
hi s n a m e ha th hi s n a m e m a de t h i s m a n str ong
I t wa s
th er efo r e th e n a m e w h ic h a s fra u gh t w i t h th e p e rson a l
p o w e r o f J esus C h r i st o perat ed the c u r e th ou gh no t
w i th ou t the p r e c o n d i t io n t h a t th e a f i c t e d p er so n h a d
fa i th th er ein O n th e m o rr o w the pr i es t s h al e Peter
b e fo r e th em A n d i n q ui r e By w ha t p ow er or i n
w ha t n a m e ha v e y e don e th i s ?
P eter a ns w e r s that
i t i s t h r oug h the n a m e of jesus Ch i st of N a z a r eth
w a lh 9
"
w h om
G od
r a i sed
fr om
th e dea d, doth th i s m a n
sta n d
n am e th a t i s t o say li k e
t h e r e lic o f a l at e r s a in t h a s a v i rt u e a ll o f i t s o w n
a n d P et e r g o es o n t o c l a i m fo r hi s n am e a so rt o f
m ono p ol y o f s av i n g an d li fe g i v in g p o we r
N ei ther
h er e befor e y ou w hol e
T he
i s ther e
a m ong
a ny
o th er
n a m e u n der
m en , w her ei n w e
h ea ven , tha t i s g i v en
m ust be sa v ed
.
M A G I C US E O F N A M E S
2 42
th e
o a
or
th r ee
a r e g a th er ed
tog eth er i n my
n a m e,
ther e a m I i n
o th e r sp i r i t w oul d eq u a ll y b e
in the m i d s t o f th o se w h o m et in h is n a m e ; fo r the
n am e i s a n essen t i a l part o f the b ei n g a n d i f a cco rd in g
th e m i dst
f them
A ny
MAG I C U S E O F NAM E S
2 43
ha v e
set
r e up on
thy
holy p l a ces
a nd
ha v e de l ed the
dw el l i ng p l a ce of thy N a m e
I t w a s beli eved th a t,
w h e n th e n a m e o f p o w e r w as r i t ua ll y pr o n ou n c e d o ve r
buil d i n g o r s t o n e o r a n y o th er m a t e r i a l obj ec t th e
un seen p o w er o r n u m en e n tered a n d d w el t w i th i n
I d ol s we re c o n s ec r a t ed i n th is w a y ; a n d w h en the
Chr i st i a n s w h o d u r in g the r s t three o r fou r c en
t u r ie s r eli g iou sl y esc h e w ed p ic t u re s a n d i m a ges o f
Chr i st a n d t he s a i n t st w i tted th e p a ga ns w it h thei r
folly in that they ei th er fa s h ion ed w i th th ei r h a n d s
obj ec t s in o rd er afte rw ard s t o fe ar a n d ve n erat e the
sam e
o r feared a n d v e n erated obj ec t s th ey h a d so
fa s h ion ed th e paga ns a n sw ered th a t i t wa s no t t he
i d ol they fea red bu t the b ei n g o f w h o m the i d ol w a s
the li k en ess a n d i m ag e a n d b y wh os e n a m e i t had
b ee n cons ec ra t ed 1
I n Chr i st i a n r i t u a ls fr o m a bou t th e y ear 3 0 0 on
an
a l tar s hr in e a n d a n y so rt o f buil d i n g a n d a lso
the n at u r e s
o f oil w ater s a l t c a n d l es e ve n o f
ha ssoc k s have b ee n con sec rate d b y repeat in g o ver
a
Lactan ti us, ou O r i gi n o
f E
r r or , ch
ii
R 2
MAG I C U S E O F NAM E S
2 44
the m
fo rm ul a
n
i
o
r
ff
T he L o rd s n am e b e pra is ed
The y that k now thy
n am e w ill p u t the i r tr us t in th ee ( Ps ix
an d
t he
i n the
na m e o
Ch r i st,
esus
MA G I C U S E
2 46
OF
NA ME S
r e r ena t
obl i q ua q u e
a q u a s,
fl u m i n a
si sti t ;
I ll a l oco
c ha ins b a c k the
water s a n d s ta y s the sl a n t in g s tre am s ; S he m o ve s
fr o m th ei r p osi t ion w oo ds a n d li v in g r oc k s
And
Vi rg il in h is ei ghth B ucoli c w r i t es : Ca r m i na v el
ca el o p ossu n t
dedu cer e l u n a m
I nc a n tat ions (o r
e
e
o
n
i t s pa ss a ge t o ete r ni t y
th e soul o f the d c ea s d
I n a n c i e n t R o me a cco rd
( G ol den B oug h v ol i p
in g t o Ovi d a w i tc h pre te n d ed to s h u t the m ou th s o f
her en em i e s by s e w in g u p the m ou th o f a s h w i th a
b ron z e n eed l e A ll o ve r t h e e art h n o k no t s m us t b e
l e ft t i ed a bou t th e dress o f a preg n a n t w o ma n l e s t
Eve n the d oo r s
th e bi rth o f h er c h il d b e i mp eded
a n d box e s m us t b e l eft u nloc ked a n d husb a n d s m us t
v i va q ue sa x a
si l v a s,
m ov et
S he
M A G I C U S E O F NAM E S
2 47
'
'
Mag i c da n s l I n de A n ti q ue
MAG I C U S E O F
2 48
NAM E S
I w as dea d, a n d behol d, I a m
a n d I ha v e th e k e
y s of dea th a n d
a l i ve
say
for
ev er
f H a des
5 0 a cco rd in g to a n a nci e n t tre at is e on agr icul t u re
c a ll ed G eop on i ca (i
fa rm e r s tr ie d t o ward off ha il
fr o m the i r c r0 p s b y ty in g key s t o r o pe s a ll r oun d
the i r e l d s a n d t o th is d ay a Tra nsyl va ni a n so wer
th in k s he c a n k ee p bi rd s fr o m th e co r n by c arry in g a
loc k i n the seed ba g ( G ol den B oug h i
As
has b ee n r emark ed a bo ve i t i s th e cus t o m in ma ny
coun tr i e s t o o p e n a ll th e loc k s in a h ous e where a
w o ma n is lyin g i n fo r fear l es t i f the y b e kept
bol ted they s h oul d i mpede o r preven t her de li ver y
T o su m u p then the i m p o rta nc e atta c hed in the
New Tes tame n t t o the r i t u a l use o f the n ame to
bin d in g a n d loosin g to th e sy m bol o fthe k ey s av ou r s
o f a n ci e n t mag ic
Of suc h matt er s we hear a s li tt l e
in the O ld Te s tame n t a s w e d o o f p oss ession by evil
Sp i rits
A k in d o f a r is t oc rat i c in tell ec t u al in u e nc e
e xclu ded suc h i dea s fr o m the ol d e r H e b rew li terat u re
a s i t l ater on k ept th e m o ut o f the F ou rth G os pe l
The l ater J ew s a cqui red th is wh ol e ci r cl e o f su per
sti ti o us i dea s
su pp o sin g th ey had no t had them fro m
the rstfr o m th ei r P e rsi a n S y r i a n Egy pt i a n a n d
o th er paga n n ei gh bou rs A s w e e n coun ter th em in
the New Tes tame n t they seem t o have b ee n e s pe ci ally
a cqui red by con ta c t wi th th e Per si a ns a n d B aby
loni a ns O f a ncie n t B a by lon a n d A ssy r i a Pr o fe sso r
S a yc e wr i t es i n h is H i bber t L ectu r es i v p 3 0 5 a s
MAG I C U S E OF NAM E S
5o
I nc a n ta
Ca n tus v i ci n i s fr ug es t r a du ci t a b ag r i s
t ion l ch es away the i r fr ui t s fr o m a n e i gh bou r s
el ds
At R o me a s pe ci a l cl a us e o f the Twe l ve Ta bl es wa s
d i re c te d aga ins t a nyon e w h o r uin ed by c harm s h i s
n e i gh bou r s fr ui t tr ees
Eve n t o da y a n d in E n gl a n d
w e e ncoun ter in r e m o t e v ill age s the b e li e f th a t a
malicious p er son c a n o ver loo k h is n e i gh bou r s trees
a n d so w i th er a n d k ill th e m
I n I ta ly the ev il ey e i s
a s p o t e n t aga ins t them a s aga ins t h u ma n b e in g s ; a n d
t h i s is the ci r cl e o f i d ea s w i th in wh ic h the a u th o r o f
th i s s t o ry abou t J e sus m o ve d
,
C H AP TER XI V
T H E EUC HAR I S T
ol d es t a ccoun t o f the Chr is t i a n E uc h a r i st is in
2 5 as
P a ul s r st Ep is t l e t o the C o r in th i a n s xi 2 3
THE
n ig h t
he
me
w o rd s I r ecei v ed fr om the L or d i m p l y th at
Pa ul d er i ved th i s n arrat i ve o f th e l ast su pp er n o t
fr o m c o m pa nio n s o f J esus bu t a s o n e o f the pr i vate
r evel at ion s t o w h i ch h e w a s li abl e I t res ts t h ere
fo re on n o b a si s o f fa c t bu t l i ke m u c h o f Pa ul s
c on c e pt io n o f J esu s i s part l y o r wh oll y
a n a p r or
con str uct io n o f h i s o w n m in d I sa y p a r tly b e c au se
t h e i mag in at ion o f ec s tat ics g e n era ll y w o rk s a lon g th e
li n es o f what t h ey h a ve r ea d o r h e a rd a n d i f t h is w a s
h er e the c a s e we have in the a bo ve a c c oun t a n u c l e u s
o f re a l trad i t io n
rec a s t a n d e x pa n d ed b y Pa ulin e
fa n t a sy H ow ever th is b e i t r e ma i n s tr u e th a t th i s
Ep i st l e o f Paul s b ec am e in t i m e the no rm o f Chr ist i a n
e uc har i st ic pra c t ic e a n d th ou ght
A n arrat i ve w h oll y si m il ar ex c ept fo r the o m i ssion
o f th e tw o c l aus e s b eg inni n g thi s d o rec u rs i n
Matthe w a n d M a rk w h il e L u k e i s in t erp ol at ed fr o m
T he
51
E UC H A R I S T
THE
52
w hat h e say s ( I C o r in th i a n s x 14
Wher efor e
.
p r ov e y e w ha t I
The cup
s ea k a s
to w i se m en
f bl essi ng w hi ch w e bl ess
i s i t n ot a com m un i on of the bl ood of Ch ri st ?
The
br ea d w h i ch w e br ea k i s i t n ot a com m u n i on of the body
o
f Ch r i st P S eei ng tha t ther e i s on e br ea d [ o r lo a f]w e
w h o a r e m a ny a r e on e body for w e a ll p a r ta k e of the
on e br ea d
[ o r l oaf] L ook a t I sr a el after the esh
say
h a v e n ot th ey w h i ch ea t th e sa cr ices com m u n i on w i th
the a l ta r 7
Wha t say I th en P th a t a th i ng sa cr i ced to
.
i dol s i s
a ny
th i ng , or tha t
an
i dol i s
y th i ng
an
B ut
[I
EU C HA R I ST
TH E
54
i n rm i t y had b een l e ft b eh in d in h ea ve n
Th is r is e n Messi ah wa s no lon ger J esu s Chr is t bu t
Chr is t J esus in t o k en that the ma n an d the J ew w a s
l eft b eh in d o r had rec ed ed in t o the b a c kgr ou n d H e
w a s n o w a n i mm o rt a l inco rr u pt ibl e v i ta li sin g S p i r i t
a pervad in g i n u e nc e a n d i m p uls e blo w i n g li k e a
b reez e thr ou gh the c h o rd s o f m en s soul s a n d ev o k i n g
fr o m th em a n ew harm ony Fro m th i s m y st i c a l
sta n d p oi n t t h e Ch u r c h w a s th e bo d y o f Chr is t a n d
h e i ts h ea d o r e n t el ec h y t o u se a n Ar i st o t e li a n t er m
esh ly
N ow y e
a re
th e body
Ch r i st
an
Pa ul w r i tes ( I C o r in th i a n s
A n d j ust b e fo re ( erse 1 3 )
c o n v ert s
ther eof,
For by
on e s
w h eth er
few s
pi r it
a ll
w er e
or
w e w er e
r eeks,
m a de to dr i n k
a ll
ii
27
bap ti sed i n to
f on e sp i r i t
his
to
h e h a s w r i tte n
w hether bon d
m em ber s
sev er a l ly
or
T he
on e
body ,
and
fr ee ;
b e li ev e rs
o rd in gl y fo rm a S i n g l e o rga ni sm o fw h i c h a l l th e
m e m b er s su ffe r w i th o n e o f th e m se l v es t h a t i s inj u re d
a n d r ej oi c e w i t h on e th at i s h o n ou red
I n full a cco rd w i th th i s lo ft y i d ea l o f th e C h u r c h
P a ul b eli eved that ea c h m e m b er o f t h e sam e is a
C hr i st i n so fa r a s h e sh ares th e si n g l e an i m a t i n g
sp i r i t
I l i v e y et n o l ong er ] bu t Ch r i st l i v eth w i thi n
m e h e c h ara c ter is t ic a ll y e x c l a i m s in G a l a t i a n s ii 2 0
A n d so v i v i d w as th i s b eli e f th a t Chr i st i s i mma n e n t
i n th e b eli ever th a t w i th i n a few d ec a d es i t w a s no t
un c o m m on to repr es en t sa i n t s a n d m a rty r s a s m et a
m o r p h o sed in fa c e a n d loo k i n t o Chr i st
T h u s t he
v i rg in T h ek l a wh en she is h al e d b e fo r e th e j u dge b y
t h e y ou th wh o m sh e i s p l edg ed t o w ed bu t ha s thr o w n
o ver loo k s r oun d the cou rt in s ear c h o f sol a c e a n d
su pp o rt
a n d h er ey e s fa ll u p on Pa ul a n d a s sh e
ga z es h is feat u r es g i ve w a y to th os e o f Chr is t A s
a sh eep wan d er in g am on g the h ills in sear c h o f the
a cc
TH E EUC HAR I S T
55
h i m th e Lo rd r os e u p a n d w en t in t o h ea ven
Si m il a r l y in the per s e cu t ion at L y ons in A D 1 7 7 the
fa i thful ga z in g on the fe ma l e sl ave B l a n d in a w ho w a s
b ei n g t o rt u red sa w h er w i th th e i r ou t w ard e yes
tra n sfo r m ed i n t o C h r is t w h o ha d b ee n c r uci e d fo r
the m I n the a p o c ry p h a l T r a n sl a ti on of P h il ip J esu s
appear s t o th e fa i th ful i n the ou t w ard for m o f the
s a in t j us t a s in th e F ou rth G o sp e l h e a pp ea rs t o
M a r y Magdal en e wat c h i n g at the t o m b in th e gui se o f
I s i t no t p o ssibl e that suc h i d e a s
the gard en er
fu r ni sh ed the st a rt in g
p oin t o f th e b eli e f no t ic ed
abo ve ( p
that the Ap o st l e J u da s Th o m a s w a s
phy sic a ll y the t w in b r o th e r o f J esu s ?
Pa ul s conc ept io n o f the Chr i st i a n o rga nis m is a
n e o n e w o rth y o f a n y ph ilo so ph e r a n ci en t o r
m o d er n T h e gre ater is t he p i t y th a t h e c a n n o t
su st a in h i m sel f at h i s l ev el bu t d ee m s i t n ecessa ry t o
bu ttr ess u p the nobl e sp i r i t u a l un i t y h e dr ea m s o f
w i th a m ea n s su gge s t e d b y a n d i m i tat e d fr o m t h e
p a ga n a n d J e w i sh reli g ion s o f sa c r icet o w i t w i t h
t h e s ac ram e n t o f t h e bo d y a n d bloo d o f Chr i st
Fr o m the h ei ght s o f i d ealis m w e su dd e nl y dr o p in t o
th e d e pth s o f pr i m i t i ve mag ic a n d fet ic h i sm
T h e e ar ly i d e a o f k in sh i p co n t a in s el e m en t s t o
wh ic h t o d a y w e sc arc e l y g i ve a th ou ght T h us a n
Ara b wh os e b read a n d s a l t o r oth er v ic t u als yo u have
shar ed r egard s y o u a s h i s k ins ma n fo r suc h t i m e
usu a ll y thr ee days a s hi s foo d i s su pp os ed t o r ema in
in you r bloo d F o r so lo n g he w ill pr o te c t y o u a n d
ou
ou
r
b
cu
r
s
that
cu
r
s
e
and
elon g in g s
e th e m
y
y
,
'
T HE EU C HA R I S T
56
'
'
TH E E UC HAR I S T
2 58
T H E EUC HAR I S T
59
ces ha ve com m un i on w i th th e a l ta r
S a nc t i ty b elon ged t o the a l tar b ec a us e the G o d
dwe l t w i th in i t a s is re co g nis ed in Matthew xxiii 19
Whi ch i s g r ea ter the g ift or the a l ta r tha t sa n cti eth
the
sa cr i
3 2
T H E E UC HA R I S T
2 60
p a r ta k e o
f th e
e sh o f
th e
v ic t i m a fter g i v in g
t o th e
go d hi s p o rt ion
Pa ul reco g nis ed that th e h eath e n a l so b y l ay in g
the i r g i ft s o r s a c r i ce s on the a l ta r s o f d e v ils i m p a rted
t o t he m a mag i c a l o r d ev ili sh v i rt u e T he go d m a y
in ha bi t th e i mage rath er th a n the a l t a r b elo w i t bu t
a n y h o w h is in u ence e x ten d s t o i t a n d t o th e g i ft s
l a i d on i t
T h er e i s th us a so rt o f d e m oni a c
at m o sph ere a ll r oun d w h ic h c on t a m in at e s th e m e at s
o ffe re d t o i d ols a n d t h is i s w h y th e ear l y Chr is t i a ns
er ed t o i d ols o fte n con
so c a refully av oi d e d m e at s o ff
de m n i n g th em s el ves b y th e i r sc r u p l es t o a s tr i c t
vegetar i a nis m fo r pretty well a ll th e es h e x p os ed
in a n a nci e n t mark et had b ee n th us con sec rated
P a ul had tw o m in d s abou t th is p oin t in th e o n e h e
h e l d that a s th e i d ol w as in i t s el f n o th in g th er e wa s
no harm in e at in g meat s o ffere d t o i t ; the m o r e so
b e c a us e G o d had mad e a ll th in g s g oo d a n d p u re a n d
t fo r ma n s consu mpt ion H e e ve n advis es h is
con v ert s t o ea t w hat is o ffered th e m a n d a sk n o
q u e s t ions ; on l y i f th ey a r e ex pre s sl y t ol d that t he
v i a n d in qu es t ion ha s b ee n o ffered t o a n i d ol s hall
they abs tain in o rd e r n o t t o app ea r t o th ose pr esen t
t o d o h o mage t o the i d ol I n h i s o ther m in d a s in
t h e pa ss ag e a bo ve ci te d h e tak e s a c o n tra r y lin e
T h e G e n t il es have co mm un ion w i th th e d ev ils t o
w h ic h th ey o ff
e r th e bloo d a n d t i t bi t s o f t h e v ic t i m o r
p ou r o ff th e r s t dr o p s o f t he g obl et Pa ul w oul d no t
li k e h i s con vert s th us to have co m m un ion w i th a
d ev il a n d i m bib e i t s i n u e n c e ; fo r J eh o vah is a
j ea lous G o d a n d b r oo ks n o r i va ls H e re he r egard s
t he g o d s a s rea l a n d li v in g b e in g s e m ulous o f a
h o mage due t o G o d a lon e
F o r th e C h r is t i a n then the ta bl e o f the L o rd a n d
.
TH E E UC H A R I S T
2 62
"
EUC HAR I S T
TH E
T H E EU C HAR I S T
2 64
v er i s a cci
pi
ro
fe i g n ed th in gs are a cc epted
fo r
tr u e
Ca n w e then su pp os e th at th e b r ea d a n d w in e wer e
u sed in the ear l y Chr is t i a n E u ch a r is t a s w e re d ou gh
i m ages in the cul t s r efe rred t o ? W a s th e E uc h a r i st
a s est a bli sh e d b y J esu s o r a s d r ea m e d b y Pa ul t o
h ave b een so est a bli sh ed a n e x a m p l e o f sy mpath et ic
o r a s i t i s n ow t er m e d o fh o m oeo pat h i c m ag ic ? D i d
t he b e li e ve r s th in k t h at in e a t in g a n d dr in k in g th e
subs t i t u t es th ey r eap ed th e sam e a dva n t a ge s a s i f
th ey had e aten a n d dr un k the r ea l esh a n d bloo d o f
th ei r L o rd ?
I d oub t i t a n d I do no t th in k i t m u c h m atter s I t
i s a n y h o w cl e ar that Pa ul b eli eved th a t a t th e L o rd s
t a bl e th e Chr i st i a n a n a lo g u e o f th e tabl es o f th e
d e m ons the b rea d a n d w in e hav in g b ee n once par
tak en o f b y Chr i st a n d so b eco m e h is bo dy a n d bloo d
b ec am e so a fresh e ve n a ft e r h i s d eath i f onl y a
p o rt io n w a s o ffered o r con sec rate d t o h i m by bl es si n g
a n d pr a y e r
A s t h e o ffer in g o f a n ap a r che o r r st
t a ste o f a v i c t i m s es h o r o f th e fr ui t s o f the e l d t o
a d em on b rou ght a ll th e r es t o f th e c ar c a se o r pr o d uc e
in t o a s i t we re a e l d o f d e m onic in u en c e a n d
taboo so w i th th e b re ad a n d w i n e o ffer ed a n d con
sec ra t e d b y J esu s o n
t h e n i ght in wh i c h h e w a s
b etra y ed
S ol em n a n d c er e m oni a l p a rt i c i p a t ion
t h er ei n w a s a n a c t o f co mm unio n w i th h i m by
m ea ns o f w h i c h hi s q u a li t i es pa s se d i n t o t h e p a rt i
c i p a n ts
a s th os e
o f the
d e m on pa ss ed in t o h is
v o tar i es w h e n eve r th ey part oo k o f foo d a n d dr in k o f
w h i ch
th e d e m on part oo k
W h eth e r th e refo r e
Chr ist h i m se l f ins t i t u t ed th is s a c ra m en t o r wh ether
Pa ul un d er in u enc e o f hi s ecs tat ic re vel at ions
m erely fathered i t on Chr is t in ei th er c a s e i d ea s an d
T HE E UC HAR I S T
2 66
TH E E U C HA R I S T
2 67
An d as they were
eati n J esus took br ea d,
a n d,
hav i ng bl essed,
br oke a n d a e i t to
th e di sci p es a n d sa i d :
Tak e ye, ea t ;
thi s
i s my
body
And
ha i n
tak en a cup
i en thank s, he
an d
a e i t to th em sa y
i ng : D r i n k ye, a ll , oi
i t, for this i s m y bl ood
o f the coven a n t w hi ch
i s p oured
out
for
m any un to r em issi on
of si ns
B ut I say
un to you, I wi
n ot
dr i nk h encefor th of
thi s frui t of the i n e
un ti
the day when I
dr i nk i t n ew wi th
sh a
you i n the Ki n dom
o f my f
a ther
gv
.
v g
gv
gv
'
ll
l
ll
x v
A n d wh en the
hour wa s com e, he l ay
down, an d the apost es
w i th hi m
1 5 A n d he sai d to
ea t
th em :
om i ts
Wi th desi re
h a e I desi r ed to eat
thi s p asso er wi th yo u
ef
ore I suf
fer
th em ,
to
and
th ey
16
For I say un to
dr a n k o f i t a l l
An d yo u I wi
h enceforth
he sa i d to th em , T hi s no t ea t i t un ti i t b e
fu ed i n the Ki n
15
do m ofG od
un to r em i ssi on
17
om i ts
A n d ha i n t e
"
i
f
s
ns
o
c ei ved a cup h e
a e
Veri y I say
than k s an d said : Ta k e
this a n d a pp orti on i t
14
ll
l ll
v g
gv
am on
om i ts
w i th you
Ki n gdo m
ofG o d.
lv
yourse es
( 18 ) for I say unto
n ot dri n k
you I w i
fr o m now on of the
fr uit of th e ine un ti l
th e Ki n dom of G od
be com e
19
A n d ha i n
tak en b read he
a e
ll
g
.
v g
gv
T HE EUC HA R I S T
2 68
r a k e i t an d
th an k s,
a e i t to th em , sa y
i n g : T h i s i s m y b ody
gv
gv
i en fo r
is
T h i s d o ye i n
you
com m em or a ti on of m e
(2 0 ) A n d th e c up i k e
w i se a fter th e sup pi n ,
T h i s cup i s
:
sa yi n
th e n ew c o en an t i n
o o d,
th e (cup )
my
w hi ch i s p o ur ed o ut
for yo u]
[ w h i ch
.
bl
on si der r s t Lu k e s tex t I f th e r e ad e r
w ill loo k b a c k t o p 2 5 1 w h e r e t h e t e x t o f I C o r in
h e w ill see that th ese
2 5 i s q uo t ed
t hi a n s xi
2 3
ver s es o f Pa ul s l etter have b ee n i nco rp o rat ed bo d ily
in L u k e s t e x t ver ses 1 9 a n d 2 0 S o m uc h a lso o f
th ese ve r ses a s is enclo sed i n squ are b ra c ket s is
w a n t in g i n so m e o f t he ea r li est MS S o f L u k e
R e m o ve th es e t w o ve r ses fr o m L u k e s t ex t a n d
wh a t d o w e get ? S u rel y no m o r e t h a n a n a n t i c i pa
t io n o f t he sp eed y appr o a c h o f th e K i n gd o m so soo n
w ill i t c o m e t h at u n t il t h en J e su s w ill n o t aga i n
dr in k th e w in e a n d ea t t he b re a d o fth e p a sso ve r m ea l
S o r e m o t e fr o m ou r m in d s t o d a y i s t h e th ou ght o f a
m i ra culous a n d su dd en in s t a ll a t ion o f a n ew er a fo r
h u ma ni ty a s o pp o sed t o i ts slo w a n d grad u a l ev o l u
t ion th rou gh p i ec em e al a n d pa in st a k i n g c o rr e c t io n o f
t h e e v il s a n d d is e a s e s o f a c t u a l so c i e t y t h at th e e n t i r e
m e an in g o f th is l a s t m ea l o f J e su s w i th hi s d isci p l es
i s h i dd en fr o m th e a v erage r ea d e r
I t n eed s to o m uch
e ffo rt t o r ea li se th a t J esu s b e li ev ed t h at b
y a su d d e n
per i p ety w i th i n h i s o w n li fet i m e a n d w i th in that o f
h is follo w er s th e e xis t in g r eg i m e w a s t o b e u p set a n d
t o use L u k e s phra se in A c t s i 6 the K i ng dom
r estor ed to I sr a el
F o r the M es si an ic a sp i rat ions
voi c ed b y th is eva n gelis t in t he c a n t icl e asc r ib ed to
L et
us c
E UC HAR I S T
THE
2 70
hi s fa ther
No w is i t
E U C HA R I ST
THE
27 1
li p s th e w o rd s
E x cep t y e ea t th e esh of the S on of
'
Ma n
a nd
H ow ca n th i s m a n gi v e us hi s esh to ea t P
I n d eed
thr ou gh ou t the con tex t the fou rth evan gelis t is
e l a bo r a t in g a n i d ea w h ic h e qu a ll y meet s us in Ph ilo
o f th e L o g os b e i n g h ea v en ly br ea d a n d the cup o
f G od
H e pr ob abl y k n ew o f a Chr i st i a n E uc har is t w h e reat
th e b e li eve r s d eem e d t h e m s el ves t o b e re all y eat in g
Chr i st s esh a n d d r in k in g h i s bloo d a n d he tr ies t o
d issi pate so gr oss a n d mater i a l a n i d ea a n d subs t i t u te
fo r i t th at o f a sp i r i t u a l co mm u n ion H e conclu d es
I t i s the sp i r i t tha t q ui ck en eth
the esh p r o teth
,
n othi ng
T H E E UC HA R I S T
272
EU C HA R I S T
THE
2 74
mag ic al i d ea s o f v ic ar ious s a c r i ce o f m y s t ic a l c o m
m union w i th G o d o r g o ds r e ac h e d thr ou gh p a rt i c i pa
t ion i n t he v i c t i m s es h P erh a p s t h e i d e a that
Chr is t s d eat h w a s a n at on in g o ffer i n g fo r h u ma n si n
a r o se r st in h i s m in d a n d su gge st e d th e r e v el at ion
abou t th e E uch a r i st H e w oul d h a ve a l l b el ieve r s
o
r
h
ei r bodi es a s a l i v i ng sa cr i ce holy
t
er
t
r
e
sen
p
f
e n d e r in g to h i m a
o
f
r
b
w
a
od
cce
t
a
bl
e
t
o
G
a nd
y
y
p
Chr is t
r ea son a bl e o r sp i r i tua l w or sh ip ( R o ma n s xii I )
had a c h i eved so m uc h a n d m o re t oo fo r he had
a c t u a ll y b ee n s a c r i c ed a s a so rt o f n ew pa sso ver
v ic t i m ( I C o r v
I t m a y b e that th is i d ea wa s
su gg est e d t o h i m b y th e k n o w l edg e that t he S y r i a n
sol d i ery w h o c r uci ed J esus had in v es t ed h is d e ath
w i th a ll the p o m p a n d c e rem oni a l o fa h u ma n s a c r i c e
I n a n y c a s e h e a n d no o n e els e s eem s t o h a ve s tarte d
the i d ea that Chr is t s d eath w as a genuin e at onin g
s ac r i c e in a cco rda nc e w i th the ol d b eli e f that a l l
,
th i ng s a r e cl ea nsed w i th bl ood,
p a r t fr om the shed
a nd a
Ep is t l e t o
th e H eb re w s fr o m wh ic h th e a bo ve w o rd s a r e c i t ed
th ou gh n ot Pa ulin e ex ac t ly ex press es Pa ul s i d ea when
in c h ix 1 1 1 2 i t d ec l ares t h at Chr is t ha d en ter ed
di ng
f bl ood
th er e i s
n o r em i ssi on
T he
the
THE
EUCHA RIS T
275
of
We ha v efell ow sh ip
one
w i th a nother ,
a nd
the
bl ood
jesus cl ea nseth us fr om a l l si n
W hat m o r e n at u ra l tha n the tra nsi t ion fr o m th is
i d ea to a no th er that in var i a bl y a cco mpa n i ed i t in the
sa c r i ci a l sc h e m e o f J ew s a n d paga ns th is n am e l y
that the b eli ever s wh o d er i ve s p i r it u al pr o t fr o m the
bloo d s h ed m u s t a lso eat the v ic t i m sl a in fo r th em
a n d so a c h i eve s p i r i t u a l u nion w i th the go d in the
m os t r ea l an d e ffec t i ve w a y ? Th is e x tension o f the
i d e a c am e t o Pa ul a s o n e o f h is r eve l at ions d i r ec t fr o m
Chr i st Of the rea l bo dy a n d bloo d th ere w a s o f
cou rs e no th in g l e ft a n d eve n P a ul w oul d have s hr un k
fr o m th e l a ter R o ma n d e ni t ion s B ut J esus m i ght
have in d ic ated t o h i s ap os t l es in the l as t su pp er th a t
the cu p a n d b r ead h e th e n bl e ss ed a n d b r o k e t o th e m
sy m bolis ed h is bloo d a n d bo d y soon to b e b r o k e n on
th e c r oss
T h e a nci e n t m in d d i d no t d i st in g uis h a s
w e d o b e twe en sy m bol a n d th in g sy m bolis ed ; n o r
d o es the s av a ge o f t o da y in wh os e q uasi mag i c a l
r i tes the i mage o r su rr o gate o r sub st i tu te tak es the
p l a ce o f the ar c hety p e in suc h a w a y that whatever
happe ns t o th at happen s also to th is T he ci r cu m s ta nce
that at th is l ast m e a l J esus a te co mm on foo d w i th
hi s follo we r s in i t s el f cons t i t u te d a n a l m o st phy si c a l
t i e b etween h i m a n d th em a s i t d o e s am on g Ara bs o f
t o da y B y w a y of clinc h in g th e i dea Paul i magin ed
Chr is t t o have us ed the w o rd s Thi s i s my body w hi ch
i s for y ou a n d
Thi s cup i s the n ew coven a n t i n [o r
T 2
276
E UC H A R I S T
THE
bloo d i t i s th e ve ry co ve n a n t w h i c h bi n d s J esus a n d
h is follo wers in t o th e o n e sp i r i t u a l li v in g bo dy o f the
Ch u r c h H e l a i d th i s ex tra stress o n th e c u p a s
W el l h a usen re mark s b e c a u se th e bloo d w a s a b ett er
c e m e n t th a n th e b re ad a n d b ec a u se in p o p ul ar
b eli e f i t w as t h e li fe I n dr i n k i n g th e sub st i t u te th e
fa i th ful b y all th e r ul es o f m o d e r n a n d a nci en t m a g ic
dra n k th e bloo d i t s e l f a n d i n dr i n k in g i t i m bib ed
Ye w er e a ll m a de
t h e ve ry li fe a n d sp i r i t o f C h r is t
h e w r i t e s in t he con t e x t ( I C o r x ii
to d r i n k of
,
pi ri t
on e s
2 78
THE
E U C HA R I ST
d eli gh t
in bloo d a n d in i mp u re m ea t s a n d e nj oy th ese
T h e m e at s i n
b y en t e r in g in to th os e w h o use th e m
u
s
t
ion
had
o
f
c ou r se b e e n pr ev iousl y con s e c rat e d
e
q
o r o ffer ed t o th e d e m on s S i m il ar l y a cco rd in g to
P a ul w ho h er e o f cou rse r e ec t s th e o rd i n ary sta n d
p oin t o f h i s fellow C h r i st i a n s th e b el i eve r tak es i n t o
h i m se l f i n th e c o mm u n io n t h e L o rd J e sus Chr is t
h i m se l f T h e i d ea o f a d i v in e bo d y b ei n g b r ok e n o r
t o r n t o bi ts a n d e ate n b y th e v o tar ies m eet s us in the
Orph i c cul t o f D io n y su s Z agr eus w h o a c c o rd in g t o
I n th is cul t
t h e m y th w a s th us tr e at ed b y th e T i ta n s
a v i c t i m r e pr es e n t in g th e g o d wa s t o r n t o p i e c es a n d
ea t e n b y th e fa i thful
T h e m y th h e r e d oub t l es s grew
ou t o f a pr i m i t i ve co m m u n io n r i t e I n th e Thra ci a n
c ul t o f D ion y so s o r B a c c h us th e v o tar i es a te the d i v i n e
a ni ma l a n d b y d oin g so b ec am e G o d s B a cc h i t h e m
s e l ve s
,
C H A P T E R XV
T H E EN D
s t o ry o f the tr i a l o f J esus b efo re P il ate o f h is
co n d e m n at ion a n d c r uci xio n i s in m a in ou t li n es
h is t o r ic a l bu t eve n h ere w e c a n d etect ma n y t ou c h es
adde d e i ther i n ful l m en t o f su pp osed pr o phecy o r
ou t o f a n t a g onis m to the J ew s L u k e in part icul ar
r e fa s h io n s th e trad i t ion so a s t o mak e o fi t a con t in uous
p ol em ic a ga ins t the J ew s T he g uil t o f the m u rder o f
J esus had t o b e li ft ed o ffthe G en t il es in t he p erson o f
P il ate a n d lo ad ed u p o n the m Fr o m M a rk th rou gh
Matth ew L u k e t he Fou rth G os pe l in to that c all ed
o f P eter w e d et ec t a ver i ta bl e cr escen do o f a n i m u s
aga in st th is un h a ppy race o fwh o m pr ob abl y no t o n e
i n a th ous a n d e ve r h e ard o f th e c r i m e un t il ft y y e ar s
after i t w a s co mm i tted ; w h il e th e sl en d er m ino r i ty
wh ich a c t u all y w i t n ess ed i t n eed ed t o b e s t i rred u p b y
S e t th e
t h e pr i es t s b efo re th ey c oul d a ppr o ve o f i t
p o pe a n d hi s c ar d i n a l s i n p l ace o f the J ew is h pr iest s
a n d i n p l a c e o f the Pa sso ve r m ul t i t u d e m et a t J er u sa l e m
a p o p ul a ce d eb a uc he d by su p er s t i t iou s tea c h in g a n d
w e ob ta in i n a n y o ne o f th e coun t l ess traged i e s o f th e
R o ma n I n q uisi t ion a parall el to that w h i c h ll s th e
l a s t c hapte r s o f the G os p e ls W hy a n y on e o f th os e
v ic t i m s o f o rth o d ox c r u el ty sh oul d n ot b e ve n erat ed
b y the si d e o f J esus a n d t h e ear ly mart y r s I c a nno t
un d e r s ta n d
A s a n ex amp l e o f how un der th e per su a si on o f
THE
'
79
TH E E N D
80
p [ a n d]a sk ed Why w ha t
T he m ul t i t u d e
sti r r ed up by
p r i ests ha d del i v er ed hi m
ev i l
th e
ha th h e don e ?
p r i ests
cr i ed
ex ceed i ng ly
ou t
P i l a te, w i shi ng to
con ten t
Cr u cify h i m
th e m u l ti tude
A nd
del i v er ed
T HE EN D
282
n d n othi ng of gu il t
ch i e
fp r i ests a n d
'
art
The fo u rth eva n gel is t wa l k s in the s tep s
.
of L
u ke
I ha v e p ow er to cr ucify th ee a n d ha ve ow er to r el ea se
p
thee P
J e sus a n sw er s
Th ou ha dst n ot a ny p ow er
ov er m e, w er e i t n ot
Wher efor e
g i v en thee fr om a bove
he w ho ha s betr ay ed m e to thee ha th g r ea ter si n P il at e
,
to
r el ease
hi m
bu t the
few s
cr i ed
If thou r el ea se thi s m a n , th ou a r t n ot
Ca sa r s fr i en d every on e tha t m a k eth hi m self a k i ng
op oseth Ca sa r
T o t h i s so rt o f arg u m en t P il at e
p
say i ng ,
ou t,
'
up
A n d then H er od the k i ng
him
TH E END
84
w r i t e the e va n ge lis t s
ther e w a s da r k n ess up on the
w h ol e ea r th u n ti l the n i n th hou r that is t o say
fr o m n oon un t il three i n th e afte r noon A n d L u ke
ad d s th e w o rd s
T he
beca use th e sun w a s ecl ip sed
G ree k w o rd he us es i s t h e t e c h n ic a l t e rm fo r a n
e cli p se d u e t o the in te rp o i t io n o f th e m oon a n d i t is
d i f cul t to su pp ose tha t so cul t i vated a w r i te r in th a t
a g e w a s i gn o ra n t o f th i s e x p l a n at ion o f a n ec li p s e o r
th at h e u sed th e term m erel y in the s e ns e th a t th e
sun fa il e d t o s h in e a s i t m a y d o whe n obscu re d b y a
clou d Y et i f we are t o in terpret th e phra se in th e
u su a l s ens e w e m us t a c c u se L u ke ei th er o f gr eat
i g no ra nce or o f great c a re l es sn e ss fo r J e su s w a s
c r uc i e d at the J ew is h p a sso ve r a n d th is wa s h e l d at
ful l m oon T h e syno pt ic e va n ge lis t s d o no t m ini m i se
t h e m i r a c l e bu t d ecl are t h at i t e x te n d e d a l l o ve r th e
ea rth
so that i t wa s no t c o n n e d t o J ud m a a lo n e
T h e fou rth e va n ge lis t o m i t s i t fo r he regard ed Chr is t s
c r u c i xio n a s a n a l g lo r i c a t ion o ve r wh ich n a t u re
had n o reason t o b e sad H o w lon g after the d e ath
coul d suc h a s t o ry ar is e
O n r s t consi derat ion on e
i s in c li n e d t o p os t ul ate a lon g p e r io d a n d y et i n l e ss
than fou rtee n y ear s a si m il ar m y th had gr o w n u p in
co n nec t ion w i th the death o f Julius C e sa r F o r that
is j u st th e nu m b er o f y e ar s w h ic h had e l ap s ed whe n
Vi rg il in h is Ge o rg ics ( i
reco rd s i t am on g o ther
w on de r s
-
TH E EN D
2 86
an
en
e
a n
A n d i n the s e qu e l t he r is e n re l a te h o w J esus we n t
d ow n to Hade s a n d b r o k e o pe n the gates o f H ell in
s p i te o f th ei r bol t s a n d h o w b e bou n d Had es o r d eath
bu t ra nso med the d ead a n d ra is ed th e m u p t o li fe w i th
h i m s el f A cl a use t o the e ffec t t h at J esus descen ded
i n to hel
foun d i t s w ay i n t o the ear li es t c reed a n d
wh ol e ep ics were co mp os ed on t h e the me o f Chr is t s
in va sion a n d p lu n d er in g o f H ell Si m il ar l ege n d s
were cu rren t lon g b e f
o r e am on g the Greek s o f O rphe us
a n d Py thago ra s I n the Cata co m bs Chr is t is o fte n
dep ic ted a s Orph eus a n d w e m a y s afel y attr ibu te t o
the in u e nce o f th e ol d Orph ic h y m ns a n d m y s ter i e s
th is cl a ss o f Chr i st i a n m y th
The i d e a o f the d e ad b ei n g c a ll ed u p fr o m the i r
t o m bs wa s a fam ili a r o n e in a n t iqui ty The w i t c h o f
ol d wa s abl e a s w e re ad i n the s t o ry o f J a son a n d
Medea t o m o ve the woo d s a n d bi d the h ills trem bl e
a n d the gr oun d t o gro a n a n d the dead to issu e fr o m
the i r s ep ulc hre s
,
lv
20 5
chi sedek ,
a n d a s h a v in g a fter the ma nn er o f the
becom e
h i gh pr i e s t w ho wa s pr i vil eged t o en t er th e h ol y o f
'
T H E EN D
88
'
T H E EN D
2 90
U 2
E ND
THE
292
in va in a n d t h ey rev i ve d I n th e pr es en t da y W e see
0 fS u Ch
a
e
e
e
t
h
e
e
e
b
l g rd m in
dup d y
e ve n m e n o f sci en c
C h a rl a ta ns a s E u sa p i a P a ll a d ino H o m e a n d M a dam e
S o m e d a y o r o th e r t h e en t i r e v ul gar
B l a vat s k y
m ec ha ni sm o f tr i c kery i s e x p osed y et t h e onc e con
t o th e m
v i n c ed th e tr u e b e li e v e r s w ill se l d o m o w n
Rathe r than
sel ves o r o t h e r s t h at t h ey w e r e d u p ed
d o so th ey w ill fram e th e m o st r ou n d a bou t h y p o th e s es
t o sav e t h e m se l ve s fr o m a n a dm i ssion so h u m ili at in g
I d o no t su ggest that J esu s w a s a c har l atan o r Pet er
n ev erth el e ss th e s am e l a w h el d goo d in h is
a g oos e
c a s e fo r ma n i s e ver t he sam e A cco rd in g l y wh en
J e sus appeared in v ision s t o P et er a s t o a ma n o f
suc h a t e mperam en t h e c oul d n o t fa il t o d o the ol d
M e s si a nic h o p e th e o l d con d enc e in the k in gd o m o f
G o d abou t t o b e set u p afresh rev i ved in h is b rea s t
Th us the tr u e r esu rre c t ion wa s that w h ic h e n su ed in
the heart s o f P et er a n d h is co mpa nions Th ey sa w
J e su s s t ill a li ve su rr oun d ed w i th g lo ry in h eaven
a n d k n ew ins ta n t l y that the j oy ous consu mmat ion
wa s only d el ay ed a li ttl e un t il the M essi ah li ke
Da n i el s Son o f Ma n s h oul d co me b a c k in glo ry on
T h e a dm ission m ad e b y L u k e
th e clou d s o f h ea ve n
in A c t s th a t J esu s app eared t o non e bu t t he fa i thful
e s ta bli sh e s the subj e c t i ve c h ar a c t e r o f th e a ppar i t ion s
T h e t e rm s m o r eo ver us ed in d esc r ibin g t he r is e n
J esu s b elon g to the s t o c k phra s eol o gy o f app ar i t ion s
Th u s in A c t s i 3 the G r ee k w o rd op ta n o i s used a
te c h nic al term fo r seei ng a gh os t ; a n d the n oun
op ta si a fo rm ed fr o m th is ve r b is u sed i n A c t s xx v i 1
9
t o d esc r ib e Pa ul s v i sion on the w a y t o Damasc u s
Th is v ision wa s in Pa ul s m in d co o rd in ate
w i th a n d o f the sam e r ea l qu a li ty a n d i mp o rt
a n c e a s the v isions v ouc h s afed to P e ter to the
.
THE END
2 94
was
fou n d
in
sem bl a nce a n d
for m
m an
as a
E x ac t l y h o w wh en a n d w he re ar os e th e Marc a n
trad i t ion that J esus s d ead bo d y wa s r esu sci tated we
d o no t k now B ut th ere w ere ma n y in u en c es at
w ork in the l a n d s t h at were th e c rad l e o f Chr is t i ani ty
t o su gges t i t J o seph u s (A n ti q x v iii 1 3 ) atte st s
that th e Phar is ees b eli e ved th at th e souls o f th e j us t
have p ow e r t o r ev i ve a n d li ve a ga i n a n d (B
iii
8 5) that i n the r ev olu t ion o f ages the y a re s e n t
afresh in t o p u re bo d i e s W e a re therefo re no t s u r
pr is ed tha t H er o d Agr i ppa a s w e rea d in Mark v i 14
su pp osed wh e n he r s t h eard the fa m e o f J esus that
h e w a s joh n the B ap ti st r a i sed fr om the dea d wh il e
h is en t ou r a ge d ec l ared hi m to b e E lijah si m il ar ly
r esus c i tated I t w a s b eli eved a l l o ver th e Ea s t a
li tt l e l ater on that the sl a i n Ner o wa s st ill a li ve a n d
soon t o ret u r n W h en ever th e pr o m is ed M essi ah
s h oul d app ear th e d ead i t wa s b eli eved w oul d a lso
ar is e ou t o f the i r t o m bs I t w a s a n age m o reo ver in
wh i c h the d ead s t ill had to b e c ar efull y te n d ed
,
reg ul ar l y fu r n i s h e d w i th foo d a n d d r in k
Adj oinin g S y r i a an d Pal est in e a n d thr ou gh s eabo r n e
co mm er c e in d a il y con ta c t w i th R o me a n d A n t i oc h
l a y Egy pt w h er e fr o m t i m e i mm e m o r i a l t he bo d i e s
o f th e d ead had b ee n m u m m i ed t o k eep th e m fr o m
c o rr u pt io n
in v i ew o f a bod il y resu rrec t ion ; a n d
Egy pt was full o f G r ee k s a n d J ews wh o had in suc h
matt ers l ea r n ed t o fee l a n d b eli eve a s the a n c ie n t
Egy pt i a ns fel t a n d b eli eved T h e Chr ist i a n b eli ef in
a r esu rre ct ion o f the es h i s a n a n c i en t Egy pt i a n
b eli e f i n h er i ted throu gh var ious c ha nn els I n th i s
c on n ec t ion w e m ay r e fer t o th e p i c t u re o f th e r es ur
r ec t ion o f th e r i ghteous foun d in th e B oo k o f E n o ch
I t i s su m m ar is ed b y Dr Ch a r l es i n hi s Cr i ti ca l
h ous d , an d
righteo us
f th e tree f l i f
co m m e n t s Dr Char l es
T h e a llo w a n c e i s lib era l
w h o add s a s follo w s
W e m u st o t h o wev er egl ect th e eth i cal si de o f
T he
e,
s,
en
an
s,
an c
I o, ooo
r.
I o, o oo
an
I o, c c o
an
I o, ooo
as
s,
E ND
THE
2 96
ill
li
al l
le
ssn ess
gr ow
S uc h ,
th r ough
or
ol d
i n p ea e,
h app n ess,
r
u p on
a ga n si n
pr
an d
i
o f th ei li fe
n ea r l y such
o
m an y i n
d a ys
ve, an d n ev er
an d
i de
i th e
yea r s
th e p ea c e
a nd
th em ;
th r o ugh
an d
th ey
h eed
i lives will
o f th ei
jo y w ill be
o f t h ei a ge al l th e
an d
th e
p ea c e
oy a n d
an d
th e
v ision o f the i m p en d
i n g k in g d o m o f G o d w h ic h o a t e d b e fo r e the fa ncy
o f J esu s a t t h e l a s t su p er w h e n h e p r o m is ed h i s
p
d i sci p l es th a t h e w oul d no t a g a in d r in k w i th the m o f
th e fr ui t o f t h e v in e un t il h e s h oul d d r in k i t w i t h
th e m n ew ly m a d e in t he k in gd o m o f G o d
T h e l eg en d h o w ever t h a t i t w a s on t he t h i r d da y
o r a fter th ree d a s t h a t J esu s w a s r a i se d fr o m the
y
d ea d w a s no t g en er a te d b y p r op hec y a lon e ; for i t
w a s a p o p ul a r b e li e f t h a t th e s p i r i t o r soul o f a m a n
r em a in s b
y h i s co r p s e fo r a p er io d o f t h r ee d a y s a
b eli e f g l a nc ed a t in the l egen d o f the r a i sin g o f
r
w a s t he
La z a r u s
for
h e [ra t/e
M a r th a h is si ster t o J esu s
a s soon a s th e l a tt er o r d ers t he st on e t o b e li ft ed o f
f
th e t o m b
W e see th a t th e t a sk o f r est o r in g li fe t o
t he d ead w a s a ccoun t ed h op el es s a fte r t he l a p s e o f
th r ee d a y s b ec a us e b y tha t t i m e co r r u p t ion ha d b eg un
i t s wor k Th us P s a l m x vi I O w a s g en er a ll y a cc ep t ed
a s a p r o p he c y o f t h e r esu r r e c t i o n :
Th o u w el t not
been
a ea a
fom day s
'
sa y s
'
w as
THE
2 98
r u l er s
L u k e h o w ever
us t ha t
as
g ood
to the
( xxiii
an
is c a refu l t o a ssu re
r ig h teous
a nd
m an
pla n
E ND
of
d d eed
h e ha d
n ot
fe llo w coun
hi s
M a r k in a dd in g th a t he w a s expecti ng the
hi ng dom of G od h in t s p l a inl y t h a t h e w a s fa v ou ra bl e
t o J esu s T he P a ulin e speech h ow ever ci ted fr o m
A c t s ex p ressl y i d e n t i es t h o se w h o cl a m ou re d fo r the
d ea th o f th e inn o c e n t M e s si a h w i th th os e w h o t oo k
H er e
h i m d o w n fr o m t h e c r o ss a n d bu r i e d h i m
th en w e h a ve a n ech o o f a n ea r li er t r ad i t ion w h ic h
sinc e i t a bsolu tel y con t r a d ic ts the m i r a cul o us s t o ry o f
t h e e m p ty t o m b a cc ep te d b y th e C h u r c h is su rel y
o l d er t h a n i t a n d m o re
ge nui n e
T h e t a l e w h ic h follo w s in M a r k w a s d esi g n ed t o
con fu te th e inc r ed ulous J ew s w h o d e ni ed tha t J esus
r os e fr o m t h e d ea d
M a r k k no w s o f no o n e wh o sa w
hi m a c t u a ll y e m er ge fr o m t he t o m b ; bu t the s a m e
w o m e n Ma ry Mag da l en e M a ry the m other ( in so m e
o ld t ex t s da ug h ter ) o
f ja m es w h o h a d t og ether w i th
S a lo m e w a t c h ed Jo se ph a n d s ee n w h er e h e l a i d J esus
a r e p a r a d ed in t h e i m m ed i a t e s e qu el bo t h a s w i t n es ses
o f th e e m p ty t o m b a n d a s reci p i en t s o f the m ess a ge
o f a y oung m a n cl a d i n a w h i te r ohe si tti ng to the
r
sses
h
h
t em t u s : B e n ot
H e a dd e
r i gh t h a n d of i t
su rp r i sed ; y e seek jesus the N a z a r en e the Cr u ci ed
c ill o r s
a nd
is
n ot
her e
B ut g o y e
tha t he g oeth he
for e y ou i n to G a l i l ee Ther e sha ll y e
"
see h i m , a s he tol d
y ou
T h e st o r y t ell er, h o w e ver , h as to in ve n t so m e
r ea so n w h y th e w o m e n s h o ul d h a v e b een p r esen t a t
.
t o m b j u st in t i m e t o n d i t e m p ty W h a t coul d
b r in g th e m t here ? T hey w en t w e a r e t ol d w i th
sp ic es in o r d er to a noin t th e co r p se
M a tth ew on the
t he
THE
30 0
E ND
d aw n on S un d a y a n d no t b e fo r e A n d w hy on
S un d a y ? T h e t r a d i t ion w h ic h x e d fo r th e r isin g o f
t h e C h r i st fr o m t h e d ea d th e m o m e n t o f sun r i se on
t h e d a y o f th e sun m us t su r el y h a v e b ee n ge n era t ed
b y t h e sa m e sy m boli sm w h ic h d ic t a te d t o L u k e o r
h i s sou r c e t h e h y m n o f Z a c h a r i a s w h ic h s p ea k s o f
at
f ou r
G od ,
res
THE
30 2
E ND
'
is a in a n d
ga
m a de
pe
u n til
su r e
com e a n d stea l
t i t ion ed
th t
hi m
hi m
a w ay
the sepul ch r e
hap ly h i s di scip l es
u n to the
a n d say
be
p eop l e H e
,
a t a n i m p ossibl e h ou r
n a m e l y l a te on the sa bba th
i s r i sen fr om the dea d
day ,
w eeh
as
f th e
n ded
S un d a y m o r nin g , so ev incin g ex tr a o r d i
n a r y i g no r a nce o f J ew ish r ec k oni n g
H o w ever th ey a r r i ve in t i m e t o w i t n es s a co n v en
t i o n a l ea r t h qu a k e, o f the k in d d e n e d b y P r o fesso r
at
d a w n on
S an day to be
t hey see
and
n a tu r a l eve n t o pp o r t un ely t i m ed ;
a n a n ge l o f t h e L o r d d esc e n d fr o m
In h i s
h ea ve n r oll a w a y th e s t on e a n d si t u p on i t
d esc r i p t ion o f the a n g el s a p p ea ra nc e M a tthew b e tter s
Ma r k
'
H is
pp ea r a n ce
w as
l ig h tn i ng ,
as
d hi s
qu a ke a n d a r e
d ea d w i th fea r bu t t o the w o m e n th e a n g e l a dd ress es
th e s a m e ex h o r t a t ion no t t o fea r etc a s in M a r k
w h i te a s sn ow
T h e w a t c h er s
an
E ND
THE
30 4
w o m en
as
N o te th a t th e w o r d s h er e a ssi g n ed t o J esus a r e
me
in M a r k a ssi g n ed t o th e y o un g m a n in w h i t e B ut
th e J ew is h unb e li ev er m a y b e su pp o se d to h av e
.
h
o
m on ey to t e s l d i er s sa y in g
S ay y e H i s di s ip l es
,
ig h t, a n d stol e h i m a w ay w hi l e w e sl ep t
So
t
h
e
m
one
a
n
d
t
oo
h
d
i
d
th ey
a s th e
y,
y w er e ta ug ht
T his G os pel clos es w i t h a n a p p a r i t i o n o f J esus t o the
ca m e
by
l ven d isci p l es on
e e
m oun t a in
in
lil ee
w h er e h e
E ND
THE
30 6
s
:
follo w
A l l a u th or i ty ha th been g i v en u n to m e i n
e a
hea v en
a n d on
ci
p l es of
a ll
ea r th
m a n ded y ou
G o y e,
the n a t i on s i n
th er efor e,
my
obser ve a ll
a nd
na m e
ver sion o f Da ni e l
d of
i n th e n ig ht v i si on
we
r ea
and
th e
m a he d i s
[ so E u sebiu s]
,
thi ng s w ha tsoever
l o, I a m w i th y ou
o
S o,
f the w or l d
com
a l w ay s, even u n to
in th e S ep t u ag in t
S o n o f Ma n behel d
th a t th er e w a s g i v en
hi m
a u thor i ty
an
is
a n ag el ong a u th or i ty
w hi ch
sha l l n ot
be ta hen
a w ay
T h i s i s no t th e sa m e J esu s w h o in M a tth ew x 57
fo rb a d e h i s d isci p l es t o tr a v el i n the p a th of the
I sr a el ,
and
h ea v en
p r ea ch
Nor
i s a t ha n d
to g o an d
i ng th a t the hi ng dom
a r e t h e d i sci l es in th is
p
say
T he a i m s a nd a s p i r a t ion s
p er son o f th e r i se n C hr i st
o f C hr i st i a n s t o w a r d s the close o f the r st c en t u ry a re
.
Fa th er S on a n d H oly S p i r i t
I t w a s in d eed J esus
o f N a z a r et h th a t d i ed a n d w a s bu ri ed ; bu t he th a t
r os e a a in w a s th e uni v er sa li st a n d d i v in e u re o f
g
g
o r th o d o x C hr i st ology o r d a inin g sa c r a m en t s a n d
c r eden da a l t o e t h er a li e n t o th e r ea l m a n o f N a z a r e t h
g
I w ill no t w ea r y m y r ea d er s w i th a n e qu a lly
d et a il ed ex a m in a t ion o f th e fo r m s w h ic h t h e l egen d
o f t h e r esu r re c t ion a ssu m es in L u k e a n d in th e f
ou r t h
G os p el
I h a ve a l r ea d y p oin te d o ut (p 10 1) th a t th e
fo r m er in o pe n c o n t r a d ic t ion o f M a tth e w a n d M a r k
m a k e s t h e ci ty o f J er u sa l e m th e sc e n e o f th e v isions
o f the a p os t l es H e t a k es fr o m M a r k no th in g bu t th e
ta l e o f t h e e m p ty t o m b a n d t h e w o m e n a n d t ha t h e
h a n d le s in th e very fr ee m a nn er in w h ic h h e a l wa y s
t rea ts h i s sou r c e w h er e i t is in con ic t w i th l a t er
d e velop m en ts o f t ra d i t ion T he a u th o r o f the fo u r th
G os p el fo ll o ws L u k e a n d g ui d ed b y sy m bolis m o r
us a m p li es the l eg en d w i th
a nxious t o m a g ni fy J e s
sun d ry new d et a ils a n d ep iso d es No r d i d th e m y tho
p l a s t ic i m a g in a t i o n o f b e li e ver s r es t con t en t w i th the
a ccoun ts fu r ni sh ed b y
th e fou r c a nonic a l G os p e l s
S t ill r a n k er gr o w t h s o f l ege n d l ie b efo re us in t h e
so c a ll ed G os p e l o f P e t er a n d in the A c t s o f P il a t e
T h e fo r m er o f t he s e t w o d ocu m en t s w a s p r ob a bl y
co m p os ed b et wee n 10 0 a n d I 3 O a n d i s t herefo r e
n ea r ly con tem p o r a n eou s w i th the su pp l em en ta ry
c h a p ter xxi a dd ed by so m e ed i to r to the fou r th
her e
E ND
THE
30 8
G os p el
T he
a u th o r o f i t
S t P e ter in th e s
G osp e l p r et e n d s
.
n
u o o
is
w h o p re t e d s t h a t he
f th e f r t h
a m e w a y a s th e a t h r
t b e a n a p o st e a n d ey e w t e ,
,
ou
i n ss
us ed M a tthew a n d M a r k ; bu t i t i s pr ob a bl e th a t the
co py o f M a r k w h ic h w a s in h i s h a n d s d i d no t e n d
w h er e ou rs d o e s w i t h th e w o r d s
for they w er e
afr a i d
bu t w en t on t o d esc r ibe the i g h t o f the
a p o st l e s b a c k t o G a lil ee a n d a v ision t hey th ere h a d
o f the r i sen J esus
T h e m os t no t ic ea bl e ex tensi o n o f th e r e su r r ec t ion
m y t h m a d e b y P e ter as w e w ill t e r m t h e a u t h o r o f
t h is a p o c r y ph is a p ic t u re o f th e a c t u a l r esu r rec t ion
o f J e su s fr o m t h e t o m b
T h e ea r li er t r a d i t ion w as
fel t t o b e fa ul ty a n d i m p er fe c t in so fa r a s i t d i d no t
n a r r a te the a c t u a l exo d us o f J esus fr o m hi s t o m b
Follo w in g t he re fo r e th e clu e a ffo r d e d by M a tth ew
P e t er m a k es the R o m a n g u a r d s w i t n ess es o f th i s
e v e n t a n d ev e n a s soci a t es th e e l d er s o f t h e J e w s w i t h
them as fo llo ws
,
n an d they
a w th
he e
d
d two m en d escen d th c
ope
A d th e
w i th m uc h ligh t
d pp o a h th e to m b
to e wh ic h h d b e
l i d t th e d o o ll ed a w y of
i tself d m ade w y in p a t a d th e tom b w ope ed
T h e so l d i er
e te ed i t
d b o th the y u g m
th e e f
w i t a wak e ed th e c entu r io s
o r e w h en th ey
an d th e el der
(fo th ey we e a l so th e e k eepi ng
wa tch ) ; a d
s th y to l d th e th i gs th at th ey h ad
seen aga in th ey see th ee m en c o m i g fo th f o m the
to m b two o f th em su ppo ting th e oth e
an d a c r o s
f llowi g th em ; a d th e head of th e two reach ed to
h e ve
b ut that o f h i m who was l ed b y them ove
wat h,
th er e
av
wa s
gr ea t
ns
ne
an
an
sa
n,
s,
as
or
en
i n h ea ve
en e
ic e
an
en
an
vo
r,
THE
3 10
E ND
h o m es w h ic h w er e
S i m on P eter a n d
Thom a s ca ll ed D i dy m us a n d N a th a n i el of Ca na i n
G a l il ee a n d the sons of Z ebedee a n d tw o other s of hi s
d i scipl es w er e ther e tog ether , a n d S i m on P eter sa i d to
them , I g o a shi ng
They say u n to h i m , We a l so com e
w i th thee
Th ey w en t ou t a n d en ter ed i n to the boa t
T her e follo ws in Joh n a n a p p a r i t i o n o f J esu s w h ile
t h ey a r e s h in g I n th e p r ec ed in g c ha p ter (xx ) o f
the di scipl es
the S
at
ea
f G a l i l ee
th is G os pe l a p p a r i t ions in J er us a le m t o M a r y Ma g
d a l en e a n d t o th e d isci p l es ha ve b ee n n a rr ated I t
w oul d s eem a s i f th e ol d er t r ad i t ion o f th e a p o st l es
i gh t in t o G a lil ee w a s t oo p er sis ten t t o b e wh olly
n eg l ec ted a nd a s i f so m e e ar l y ed i t o r o f th e fou r th
G o sp el b y w a y o f co m p l e t in g i t a dd ed c h xxi
I t is i m p ossibl e t o sa y w h ence th is ed i t o r too k hi s
s tor y ; the co m p il er o f the P eter G os p el h o wever
p r ob a bly t oo k hi s in fo r m a t ion fr o m a los t conclusion
o f Ma r k fo r t he fra g m e n t clo sel y follo ws tha t evan
geli st i n i ts l a s t p a r a g r a p h s a s i s s een i f w e j ux tap os e
th e tw o t e x t s
8
MA RK xvi 4
P E T ER G O S P EL x i
A n d l ook i g up th ey see th t
S
th ey w en t a d found the
for i t to m b o pe
th e stone i s r o lled b ck
n d they c a m e ne
A d n te
exc eed i n g g e t
nd
st
lo k i n
w
p ed d o wn t
i ng i to the tom b they saw
th er e ;
n d th ey se th ere a
young
.
r a
as
n,
ar
oo
a
i i
d
i
b
i tting i n th e m id t of the
tom b
f i a d cl th ed w ith a
be xc ed i g b igh t w h
id
z d to th em Wh e efo e h ave y com e ?
Wh om seek ye ? H i m w h was
i
c uc i d ? H e i is
d go e
l c B ut i f ye b l i e
t
t
p d ow
d l k i
d
th e p l c e
young m a n s tt n g o n th e r gh t
h a n , arr aye i n a wh te r o e ;
a n d th e
An d he
y wer e a m a e
sa
to th em , B e n o t a m a e
Y e see
esus, th e
a a r en e, w h o
h as een r u
e
H e i s r sen
H e i s n o t here
eh o
th e p a e
w h ere t hey
a
hi m
B ut go ,
hi s
te
s p es an d
He
eter ,
e or e
a
ee :
goeth
yo u n to
th er e sha
ye see hi m , a s h e sa
un to yo u
A n d th ey w en t o u t,
a nd
ed
r om
th e to m
for
;
t r em
n g an d
stup or h a d
om e
u p on
th em ; an d th ey sa
no
th n g to a nyon e ; fo r th ey w er e
id
kJ
zd
c ci d
.
bl i
ld
.
f id
a r
ro
G li l
b
id
c
id
s r
an
oo
en
ve n o
an
an
see
h ere ;
sen a n d gon e th th er
w as sen t
T hen th e
fo r h e i s r
wh en e h e
w om en ed,
s oo
wh er e h e l a y , for h e i s
no t
f id
bi
e n g a ra
X11
No w i t w a s
th e
day
a st
of
d
d
ma y
ut
f th e c i ty
w t
tu i g t
th i h uses th f
t b i g
t
d
A nd w
th e tw el
d i c i pl s
f th e Lo d w p t
nd w
i
w ;
so
nd
d t
eti
y
hi h o m e so o wi g f wha t h d
h pp e d
B u t 1 S im o P t
d A d ew m y b the took u
un ea v en e
o
e r
en
r ea
an
ea s
e,
r ro
ne
an
re
ev er
e n
er e
re
e er ,
wen t t o the
th er e w a s w th us
ev
of A ph aeus, wh om th e
ro
sea
L i th e
Lo d
an
or
on e r
an d
n ets
rn n
ve
rr
We
sa
en
a ra
N z
l id
d i ci l
bf
ll
ll
m an
an d
so n
h ow
THE
3 12
E ND
B A PT I S M
3 14
con ver ts fo r th e su pp o r t o f w i d o w s a n d o r p ha ns a n d
t o rep r es en t th e p a r t icul a r con gr eg a t ion in i t s r el a t ion s
T h e i r p r es t i ge w a x ed a s th at
w i th th e ou t si d e w o r l d
o f th e p r i m i t i v e p ro p h e t s a n d t ea c h er s w a n ed ; a n d
they soon a sp i r ed to b e g u a r d i a ns o f d o c t in e no l ess
th a n t o k ee p th e b a g o r a l m s c h est a s Ju d a s Isc a r io t
i s r ep u te d t o h a ve d on e fo r th e ci r cl e o f J e sus so
b eco m in g the r s t C hr i st i a n bish o p t h ou gh no t the
l a st o f them t o b e tr ay h i s M a s ter
I f w e ex a m in e the ol d est r i tu a l tex t s o f t he C hr is t i a ns
w e n d t h at t h ei r r i te o f ini t i a t ion w a s m a d e up o f
th ree c h i e f s t ep s O n th e e i gh th da y a ft er bi r th a
c h ild w a s t a k en t o th e p or c h o r n a r thex o f the c h u r ch
a n d th e p r i es t o r el d e r i h so m e c h u r c h es m a k in g th e
si g n o f the c r oss on i t s b r ow in o t her s no t ga ve i t a
C h r is t i a n n a m e th a t is a n a m e no t t a k en fro m the
p ag a n m y th olo g y ; h e a lso o ffe re d up a b r i e f p r ay er
th a t i t m i g h t b e r i g h t ly a n d re lig iously t r a in ed b y i t s
p a r e n t s a n d b e v ouc h s a fe d h ea l th an d s t r en g t h t o
g r o w u p un t il i t s h oul d r ea c h th e r i gh t a n d tt in g ag e
t o rec e i ve b a p t is m an d g a in a d m i ssi o n in t o t he C h u r c h
T h i s r i te w h ic h a m on g G en t il e con ver t s r ep l a c ed
J ew is h ci r cu m cision a n d wh ic h co r r esp o n d s t o th e
ol d cus t o m o f fa t in g c h il d re n
t o th ei r d e d ic a t ion
t o the h ous eh ol d g o d s a n d fa i r i esis e n t i t l ed the r i te
o f sea lin g o r o f g i v in g t o a c h il d a n a m e T h u s con se
c r at ed a c h il d m i g h t di e w i th i m p uni ty th e m a li g n a n t
s p i r i t s w h ic h h a un t t h e a i r coul d no t sn a tc h i t s soul
T h is r i te w a s fo llow ed on t he fo r t ieth d a y by th a t
o f chur chi ng the ch il d T he s t a in o f bi r th a n d p ar
tur i t i o n w as n o w su pp os e d t o h a ve v a nis h e d fr o m
C on sequ e n t l y sh e a lso w as
m o t h er a n d c h il d a li k e
n o w a llo w ed t o e n t er t h e c h u r c h w h ic h h er
p r e s ence
no lon ger soil ed she c a r r i ed her b a by u p t o the st eps
,
in g h i s h a n d s on th ei r
h ea d s o ffere d
o re p ra yer s si m il a r in
p u r p o r t t o t h e o n e a l read y us ed in th e r i te o f n a m e
T h i s r i t e co r r es p on d e d to the p r es en ta t ion o f
g i v in g
J esu s in th e tem p le d esc r ibed in th e s econ d ch a p ter
o f Lu k e a n d t he pr ayer s r eci ted co m m em o r a ted th a t
inci d en t
Y ear s a re n o w t o el ap s e b efo r e th e r i te o f b a p t is m
T h e c h il d i s in a lo ose s e nse
p r o p er i s un d er g on e
a
c atech u m e n I t w ill res t w i th hi m t o c h oo se
t h e tt in g m o m en t fo r h i s full ini t i a t ion
P r ob a bl y
p ub er ty w ill b e r ea c he d a n d l e ft b eh in d lon g b e fo r e
th a t m o m e n t a r r i ves T er t ulli a n in hi s t r ea t i se on
b a p t i sm ex hor t s th e fa i th ful t o get o ver th e busi n ess
o f m a r r i a ge a n d p r op a g a t ion o f c h il d r en b efo re they
incu r t he a w ful r esp o n sibili t i es o f b ap t i sm T h i s w a s
200
H e co m p l a ins t h a t a cu st o m w a s
a b ou t A D
g r o w in g u p o f a d m i tt in g g i r ls an d boy s t o b a p t is m
T h o se h o weve r
m er e l y b e c a u se t h ey cl a m ou r ed fo r i t
w h o fa v ou re d t h e i r ad m is sion n ev er con t e m p l a te d th e
b a p t is m o f sp eec h l ess a n d unconscious b a bi es fo r th ey
quo ted th e tex t ( M a tth ew v ii 7 ) A sh a n d i t sha l l be
ot
th e
al
tar
s l
th e p r i e t , ay
u p on e o r tw o m
and
gi
v en
a nd
T er t ulli a n r e p li es t h a t p eop l e m us t b e o f
bu t t o un d er s t a n d w h a t
a n a g e no t m ere l y t o a sk
they a sk fo r H e d w e lls on the p on dus sa cr a m en ti
t h e w e i gh ty c h a ra c t er o f t h is s a c ra m en ta n d a sk s :
Qui d i n n ocen s a eta s festi n a t a d r em i ssi onem p ecca
W hy sh oul d innoc en t c h il d r en b e in
tor u m 9
A c e n t u ry
h u r ry t o h a ve th ei r sin s r e m i tt ed ?
a
w h en A u g us t in e a b o y o f fou r
a n d a h a l f l a ter
tee n cl a m ou red in illn ess t o b e b a p t ised h i s ver y
be open ed
B A PT I S M
3 16
BA PT I S M
3 18
xo r cis t w ho
l a y in g ha n d s on h i s h ea d bl ew in h i s fa c e a n d so
T h en for w eek s h e a tt en d ed
r i d h i m o f ev il s p i r i t s
th e l ec t u r es o f a c a t ec h i st w h o ins t r uc t e d h i m in the
m ono t h e is t ic v i ew s o f th e w o r l d a n d c r ea t ion a nd in
C hr i st i a n d oc t r in e a n d p r a c t ic e
T h us p re pa red the
c a n d i d a te b ec a m e a coznp eten s o r a sk er fo r b a p t i sm
H enc e o u r w or d c o m p e te n t in th e se n se o f a d uly
qu a li ed p er son M o r e tha n o n e coll ec t ion o f suc h
l ec t u res su r v i ves T h r o u gh ou t th e p er io d o fp rep a ra tion
t h e c a te c h u m e n h a d t o g i v e h i m s e l f u p t o fa s t in g a n d
p r a y er O n th e eve o f E a ster S un d ay o r o n t h e d a y o f
E p i p h a n y the c a n d i d a t e w a s st r i pp ed st a r k n a k ed a n d
l ed d o w n by th e de a co n o r i f a w o m a n b y th e d ea con ess
in t o th e fon t g e n er a lly a sha ll o w b a sin th r ou gh w h ic h
r a n li v in g w a t er
I n t h e G r e ek a n d R o m a n C h u r c h es
h e t u r n ed r s t t o th e w e s t a n d th r ic e sol em nl y r e
n o u n ced S a t a n a n d h i s a n e ls a n d w o r k s
T h en t u r n
g
i n g t o th e ea s t h e t h r ic e v o w e d t o si d e h enc e fo r t h w i t h
C h r is t
T h e p r i es t t he n p ou r e d t h r ee h a n d ful s o f
w a t er o ve r h i s hea d a n d p er ha p s i m m er s e d hi m th r ice
a s w e ll
S uc h t r i p l e a ffu sion o r i m m er sion w a s c us
to m a r y in a nci e n t lus t ra t i o n s a s m a n y a nci e n t a u t ho r s
t es t i fy T h us A i st o t l e in hi s boo k O n the H ea v ens
i p 2 6 8 w r o t e th u s
H a v in g r ec ei ve d a s i t w ere
fr o m h ea ve n th e nu m b er t h r ee w e use i t in the h ol y
A n d a n ol d sc h oli a st A c r o ex p l a ins
r i t e s o f r eli g i o n
u se d by H o r a c e b y s ay in g
t he p h r a se th r i ce p u r ely
th a t th os e w ho w oul d e x p i a te th ei r sins m us t di p
A n d a n ol d G ree k w r i ter E r a t o
the m s el ves th r ic e
re m a r k s t h a t
s the n es (c 2 40
t h e g o d s v ouc h sa fe
m o r a l i m p r o vem e n t t o t h os e w h o h av e t h r ic e w i p ed
the m s el ves cl ea n
I t is ev i d e n t then th a t the C h r is
t i a ns ad o p ted i t fr o m the p a g a n s bu t th ey in ter pr et ed
d ay
H e w a s t he n h a n d ed
ve r t o
an
B A PT I S M
3 20
Fo r the p u r e s p i r i t
li k e th e i m p u r e w a s conc ei ved o f
a s a n a tt enu a t ed fo r m o f m a tt er li k e v a p ou r o r s m o k e
a n d w a s he l d t o b e d issol v ed in t h e w at er li k e s a l t o r
T he oil us e d
a s w e sh oul d sa y h e l d in sus p ension
in con r m a t i o n o r s ea lin g w a s in th e s a m e w ay a
solu t i o n o f h oly s p i r i t T h e obj ec t o f a noin t in g the
o r ga n s o f se ns e w a s p r ob a bl y t o bl o c k t he m a ga in st
th e ev il s p i r i t ; h e nc e th e u se o f t h e w o r d to sea l
Fo r in th e E a st a ja r o f w in e is k ep t g o o d b y o a t in g
a li tt l e oil on t h e to
p o f i t i n th e n e c k o r n a r r o w
s p o u t ; a n d th i s use o f oil m a y h a ve su gges ted th e
r i tes o f a noin t in
g co m m o n t o p a g a n a n d C h r is t i a n
a li k e
S a l t w as exo r cis ed in th e sa m e w a y a s w a ter
a n d oil a n d occ a sion a ll y m ix e d w i t h th e euc har i st ic
b r ea d I n a nci en t s a c r i ce i t w a s si m il a r l y used
A l l t h ese us e s w er e bo r r o w e d d i r ec t fr o m e ar li er
r e li i o ns
g
W e h a ve d w e l t on th e t en d enc y sh o w n in the ea r l y
c en t u r i es t o p ut o ff b a p t i sm I t w as gr ea t l y due to
t he b e li e f t h a t m o t a l si n co m m i tted a ft er b a p t is m
coul d no lon g er b e e x p i a ted S uch a sinn er p ut
h i m s el f o u t si d e th e C hu r c h w h ic h coul d n ev er a ga in
r ec e i v e h i m in t o i t s boso m
Fo r hi m t here w a s no
secon d
no ho p e o f s a l va t ion : he w a s
r ep e t a nc e
T h is Dr a coni a n V i ew o f b a p t i sm
e ter n a ll y lo st
p re v a il e d a l r e a d y in th e r st c e n t u r y a n d is i n c ul
c a ted in th e E p is t l e t o t h e H e b r ew s v i
4 8 and x
2 6
2 7 in th e fo r m er o f w h ic h p a ss a g e s w e r ea d t h i s
,
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ha v e ta sted th e h ea v en ly g ift , a n d
m a de p a r ta her s of the H oly G h ost, a n d ha v e ta sted
a nd
com e,
f G od s w or d a n d the p ow er s of the ag e to
bu t ha ve then fa ll en a w ay i t i s i mp ossi bl eto r enew
them
ag a i n
u n to r e en ta nce
L i ke
el d
w h i ch , i n
B A PT I S M
32 2
l w ay s
by
u p on Josh u a a n d i m pa r te d t o hi m the s p i r i t o f
w is d o m
S uc h i m p osi t ion m i gh t a lso s er v e j us t t o
i d e n t i fy t he pa r t i es w i th o n e a no th er I n A c t s v iii
1 7 th e a p os t l es P eter an d Jo h n l a y t he i r h a n d s on
con ver t s w h o ins t a n t l y r ec ei ve the h oly s p i r i t I n
A c t s xix 6 th e s a m e r i t e in d uc es t o ge th er w i t h th e
s p i r i t s pea k in g w i th t on gu e s a n d p r o ph esy in g In
M i t h ra ic b a s r eli e fs M i th r a s l a y s hi s l e ft h a n d on
t h e h ea d o f a h u m a n g u r e r ep r e s e n t in g th e sun
I n s a va ge r eli g ions a m o st d a n ger ou s su per n a tu r a l
in u e nce o r m a n a is t u r n e d u p o n a n d in t o o n e who
inc a u t iousl y t ouch es a Ch i efta in c h arge d t herew i th
T h e h ol y s p i r i t coul d a l so b e co m m unic a t ed b y
blo w in g a n d so in Jo h n xx 2 2 J esu s br ea thed on the
d isci p l es a n d s a i d
R ecei v e y e th e h oly sp i r i t w hose
.
y e forg i v e, a r e forg i v en
si ns y e
r eta i n , the
y a re
soev er si n s
soev er
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hem
r eta i n ed
w h ose
I n th e
P r o fesso r
H er m et ic p a py r us ed i ted by th e l a t e
D i et er ic h ( Lei p z i g 190 3 E i n e M i th r a sl i tu rg i e) th e
v o ta r y add ress es the sun
g o d t h us : 0 S u n L o r d o f
h ea ve n a n d ea r th go d o f g o d s thy b r ea th i s p o we r
A n d a lso t h u s
ful p o we r ful a lso th y m i gh t
Ma y
I b e in m in d bo r n a g a in m a y I b e ha llo w ed a n d the
h ol y s p i r i t b r ea t h e in m e
S i m il a r in o r i g in is t h e p r i es t s use o f th e ex ten d ed
E x a m p les o f suc h
h a n d in bl essin g a con g r ega t ion
a u se o f th e h a n d m ee t u s a g a in a n d a g a in in o u r
T h e use o f
a n th r o p olo g ic a l s t u d i es a n d in fo l k l o r e
e x t e n d e d h a n d a n d p oin t e d n ge r t o d ay in I t a l y
t o w ar d o ff th e ev il ey e a co m p e n d ious n a m e fo r
h a s co m e d ow n fr o m a r em o te
a l l d e v ilis h i n uen ces
a n t iqui ty I n m a n y m us eu m s w e h a ve p r es er ved
m o d e ls o f h a n d s w i t h t he n ger s e x t en d ed in th e
s a m e w a y a s a n o r tho d ox p r i es t t o day ex ten d s them
,
v 2
B A PT I S M
324
T h es e
a m ul ets t o k eep
d em ons O v i d in
hi s Fa sti y desc r i b es h o w th e a nci e n t h ead o f a hous e
h ol d sc a red a w a y t h e d e m o n s o f th e unbu r i ed d ead
fr o m hi s h ous e by p oin t in g h i s j oin ed n ger s a n d
th u m b at th em w h il e so m e on e e ls e ratt led th e b ra ss
c a ul d r ons T h e g est u r e o f th e Chr is t i a n p r i es t has
H e no m in a lly bl esses th e con
th e s a m e ped i gr e e
I n r ea li ty h e i s p oin t in g o ff the d em ons
g rega ti o n
a s a N ea p oli t a n w i th h i s n g er o r co ra l h a n d p oin t s
o ff the ev il ey e
I n a nci en t Ly ci a t her e w a s a loc a l cul t o f Z eus
S eb a z i o s wh o m the J ew is h c olonis t s o f th at p art o f
A si a M ino r i d e n t i e d w i t h t h e g o d o f S ab a o t h on
a ccoun t o f the si m il a r i ty o f t i t l e T h is cul t s p read
w e s t ward s in t he R o m a n e p oc h a n d w i t h i t the r i t u a l
o r hea lin g p u r os e s o f v o t i ve a r m s a n d
use per h a p s f
p
T he a r m i s g i v e n fr o m th e e lbo w d o wn ward s
han d
a n d the h a n d a n d n ger s ex a c t ly rep r o d uc e the ges tu re
m ad e by a G r ee k o r t ho d ox p r i est in th e a ct o f bl essin g
I t is su ppos ed tha t i t w a s t hr ou g h J ew is h channels
th at th is ges t u re c a m e in t o th e C h r i st i a n Chu r c h I n
th e M i dd l e A ge s m e t a l r e li q u a r i es t o con ta in the
r em a ins o f s a in t s wer e m a d e e x a c t l y on t h is d ev ic e ;
a n d th es e m ay h a ve been us ed t o p oin t o ff o r aver t
d em onic a genci es a n d in u e nc e T he cor n eli a n s t on e
in a bis h op s r in g ha d th e s a m e m ea nin g for the
co r n eli a n s t one i s a g rea t p r o p hy l a c t ic aga ins t
d em ons I h ave t ra ced b a c k t h i s belie f a m on g
T he r in g in
Ch r is t i a ns a s ea r l y a s a bou t A D 4 3 0
i t se l f ha s a m agica l use o f th e s a m e k in d an d on e o f
the t h r ee gre at r elics k i ss ed by C h r is t i a n p il gr i m s t o
J er us a l em in th e fou r t h c en t u r y w a s t he r in g w i th
w h ic h Kin g S olo m on con t r oll e d th e d em ons a n d
fo r c ed th em t o h el p h i m buil d hi s t em p le T he o ther
we r e
f
of
B A PT I S M
326
k in g s h i p t o e n te r k in g sh i p
A m on g m en bo r n
M a ni i t s ee m s m o r e rever en t t o su pp os e t ha t the
S o n o f G o d d i d no t n eed a n y th in g t o fa cili t a te hi s
a d ve n t u p on ea r t h
tha t h e coul d h a ve d on e w i thou t
th e d o v e a n d t he b a p t is m w i th ou t a m o th er an d
b rethr en p er ha p s even Wi th ou t a fa ther w ho a ccor d
fo r
i n g t o y o u, w a s Jos eph
T h e n ew C h r is to lo gy , h o w ever,
ccus t o m ed m en t o
r e a r d th e w o r k in
g
g o f th e s p i r i t no t a s a n in w a r d
d e velo p m en t o f the m in d a n d h ea r t bu t a s a p r oc ess
m ec h a nic a l a nd e x ter n a l t o t he s el f li k e an y o f the
n a t u r a l p r oc esse s by w h ich the o r g anis m is buil t up
in the w o m b T h i s is w ha t is m ea n t by the L a t in
a w ar h p erfor m ed w i th ou t
p h r a se op us op er a tu m
th e consciou s co o p er a t ion o f th e in d i v i d u a l s s el f
B u t i f th e s p i r i t w o r k ed t h us in the c a s e o f J esu s
C h r i st w hy no t in th e c a s e o f hi s follower s ? W hy
w a i t un t il a c h il d c o ul d sp ea k a c t a n d th in k fo r
i t sel f in o r d er t o b a p t is e i t ? W h y no t p er fo r m the
T h us th e b a p t is m o f
r i t e i m m e d i a te l y a ft er bi r th ?
J esus a n d the b a p t is m o f b eli ever s los t the i r pr i m i t ive
m ea nin g p a r i p a ssu a n d t o g et h e r
The fo r m er c a m e
t o b e r eg a r d e d a s a m ere p a n t o m i m e w h ic h sig ni ed
no s p i r i t u a l a d va nce gr o w th o r p r o m o t ion o f J esu s
T h e l a tt er b ec a m e a bi t o f i d l e m ag ic a w a s h in g w i th
a
a
m
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T h e d i f cul ty w a s go t
th e n a m e o f J esus C h r is t
o ver n a ll y by a u g m e n t in g the p o w er a n d a u th or i ty
o f th e bis ho p s th e v isibl e h ea d s o f t he con grega t ions
a n d b y co m m issionin g t hem t o exclu d e her et ics fr o m
c h u r ch union even th ou gh they w er e co r r ec t l y b ap
T h us th e i m p or t a nc e o r i g in a ll y atta c hed t o
t i sed
w a ter
B A PT I S M
328
M A R C I ON
3 3o
b r u p t con t r a st b et w ee n the S er m on o n
the M oun t a n d th e d is p en sa t ion o f J a h v eh
T h i s con t r a st seem ed t o hi m so a bsolu te tha t he
d e ni e d a n y a f ni ty o f the sp i r i t wh o m t h e J ew s a d o r ed
a n d wh o ins i r e d t h e i r sc r i t u re s w i t h t h e g o d w h o
p
p
a p p ea r ed on e a r th in th e
T h e fo r m er
g ui se o f J e sus
w as a j u st g o d in d ee d v i si t in g t h e sins o f th e fa th er s
on thei r c h il d r e n a j ea lou s go d d ev oi d o f co m pa ssion
fo r t h o se w h o in fr in ged h i s h ar sh l a w a n d b a r b a r ic
H e w a s a lso th e a u t ho r o f N a t ur e ;
p r esc r i p t i o n s
fo r N a t u r e s l a w s li k e J a h v eh s a re o f i r on p i t il ess
a g a ins t th e w ea k a n d o fte n c o n t r ad ic t o r y o f t h em
s el ves A li k e l n th e h is t o r y o f J a h veh a s i t is
r ed in
p ic t u r e d in th e O l d T esta m en t a n d in n a t u r e
to o th a n d cl a w w i th r a v in e w e h a ve a l l s h a d es o f
con d uc t r a n g in g fr o m b are j u st ic e a n d resen t m en t to
ar bi tra r y m a lic e fr o m t en a ci o u s ob st in a cy t o c r a ss
s t u p i d i ty bu t a ll a li ke fa llin g sh o r t o f r ea l goo d n ess 1
T h e a nci en t S t o ic s a nxi o us t o r eh a bili t a t e a n d
p u r i fy the p o p ul a r r e li g i o n h a d a pp li e d th e m e th o d
o f a ll ego ry t o the p oem s o f H o m er w h ich w er e the
ol d G r ee k B ibl e W h a tever w a s o ffen si ve i m m o ra l o r
sc a n d a lou s in th e C ou r t o f O l y m p us w a s in ter pr eted
t o m ea n so m et h in g e ls e th a n th e tex t s i f li tera ll y
in ter p ret ed con vey ed t o the r ea d er s m in d I n th i s
w a y th e i m m o ra li t i e s o f th e a nci en t g o d s w e re
a n d th e p ious e n a bl e d t o p res er v e
e x p l a in e d a w a y
thei r r espec t for t ex t s t r a d i t i o n a lly h ol y
T he
H e lle ni sed J ews o f A l ex a n d r i a fo llo wed in r e s pec t o f
thei r ow n sc r i p t u res t he e x a m p l e set the m b y ph ilo
sop her s w h os e w is d o m they h ad a ssi m il a te d a n d in
the G r ee k v er si o n o f the B ibl e e x ecu t ed in the t h i r d
fo r hi m t he
quote fr om
I I a r n ack
H i story o
f D og m a ,
bk
ch
5;
to
w a s t oo h on es ts h a ll w e no t sa y t oo s e nsibl e
t olera te suc h a sub ter fu ge H o w h e a s k ed c a n the
G o d who in E xo d us d em a n d s ey e fo r eye a n d t oo t h fo r
a nd
MA RC I O N
332
sha l t n ot bor r ow
b e h e w h o d e cl a r ed t h r ou gh J esu s
h
a
t t B l essed a r e the poor for thei r s i s the K i ng dom of
To on e
G od
h e fr o m w h o m w e h a v e th e p re c ep t :
,
w ho
a shs o
f thee g i v e
f thee,
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fr om
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'
MA R C I O N
3 34
'
to
a l i s e th a t i t i s h a r d ly a ppr op r i ate fo r t h e i r w h i t e
r ob ed c h o i r s o f s m a ll bo s t o b e c ha n t in g d a il y suc h
y
v in d ic t i ve i m p rec a t ions a s P s a l m cxxx v ii t o ta k e a
sin g l e ex a m p l e con t a ins
re
daughter
of
H appy sha ll
A s th o
B abylo n
b e h e, that
hast
v d
ser e
tha
ar t
r ewar
be
to
deth
destr oyed
th ee,
us
dash eth
an d
thy
A n d w h a t is t o b e s a i d o f suc h a dv ic e a s the B oo k
o f th e P r overbs o f S olo m on su pp li es (ch xxi v 1 7 )
.
v r
n,
v r
Ver ses 8
an d
9,
cco d i
r
ng
i d Ve si on
to the Rev se
MA RC I O N
3 36
ul
i
t
a
n
s
t
n
d
oc
t
in
th a t the B ibl e is
e
w
a
n
r
a
e
r
e
d
p p
g
th e r e co r d o f a p ro g r essi ve r e ve l a t ion
Let us ex a m in e t h i s conc ep t ion
I t i m p li es tha t a
b e in g d eno m in a ted G o d o m ni p o t e n t a n d m o r a lly
p er fe c t d e si r in g t o r evea l h i s n at u re t o m a n k in d w as
obli ged t o d o so p i ecem ea l a n d by slo w d eg rees H a d
h e a sh e d u p on m a n k in d a ll a t onc e h i s full or b ed
p er fec t ion i t w oul d m ere l y h a v e d a z z l ed t h e i r ey es
con fo un d ed t hei r fa cul ty o f co m pr ehe nsion a n d
con t r ibu te d no th in g t o thei r m or a l a dva nce S o h e
b eg a n w i t h hu m a ni ty as p a ren t s t o day b eg in w i th
t hei r c h il d r en by ins t r uc t in g th em in m y th s a n d
l ege n d s an d by ini t i a t in g them in b a r ba r o u s r i tes
a n d cul t s
suc h a s a ni m a l s a c r i ce w h ic h h in ted a t
a n d fo res ha d o w e d bu t d i d no t yet a ccu r a tely e m bo d y
t h e t r u er s a c r a m en t a l w o r s h i p o f th e C a t h o lic C h u r c h
No r is th e t a l k o f p r o g r essi v e r eve l a t ion con n ed t o
o n e set o f re li g ioni st s ; a n d j us t as t he Ca t h o lic p r e
ten d s tha t the s a c r i c e o f t he M a s s is th e ul t i m a te
s ta ge o f re li g ious e vo lu t ion so t he C a l v ini st consi d er s
i t t o consis t in a b eli ef in P r ed es t in a t ion A s ta u gh t
b y t he H i gh C h u r c h cl er gy o f th e A n g lic a n co m
m union t h is new conc e p t ion is a qui e t w a y o f d i sc a r d
i n g m uc h in th e B ibl e t h a t i s no t o r iousl y a t v a r i a nc e
w i th m o d er n i d ea ls o f p r o p r i et y a n d o f subs t i t u t in g
fo r th e a u t h o r i ty o f th e sc r i p t u r es t ha t o f a m i r a cl e
O fte n in t he p ul p i t h o w ev er ol d a n d
w o r k in g c a s t e
p ious co m m on p l a c es a bou t G o d s B oo k con t inu e t o b e
r ep eat ed w h ic h in p r i v a t e con v er s a t ion a r e r el eg a ted
t o the in tellec tu a l lu m b er r oo m T h e few a m ong the
cl er gy w ho h a ve ser iousl y attem p ted t o th in k i t ou t
h a v e b eg un t o d i sc er n t he lo g ic a l ou t co m e o f thei r
n ew conc ep t ion w h ic h i s t h is t h a t i f th e cos m o gonic
a n d theolog ic a l no t ions o f G en esis an d E xo d us a re t o
.
MA RCI O N
3 38
d uc ated
pe
r son o f to
day
to
2 2
MA RC I O N
3 4o
is l e ft t o th e ter m s C hr is t a n d
C hr is t i a ns ? Is th e i r re te n t ion m o re th a n m ak e
b eli eve ? O ur fo r efa ther s c o ul d h on es t ly c a ll them
se l ves C hr is t i a n s b ec a u se t h ey sh a r ed w i th the J ews
th e ol d conc e p t ion o f M essi a h sh i p ; bu t t h at co n cep
t ion t o d a y h a s b ee n con si g n ed t o t he lu m b er r oo m
Let u s p a ss on t o a no t h er a s p ec t o f the te a c h in g o f
M a r cion H e w a s no t con te n t t o d e ny tha t J a h veh
w as th e g oo d G o d w h o r ev ea ls h i m sel f in J esu s
He
e qu a ll
y d e ni e d th e v isibl e s ensibl e w o r l d t o b e the
w o r k o f t h is g oo d G o d
H er e a ga in he t ouc hed on a
p r o bl e m w hic h m o r e a n d m o r e ex er ci ses th e m in d o f
o ur o w n g en er a t ion
r en d e r in g i m p os sibl e th e ol d
fa cil e op t i m is m o f C a th olic C h r i st i a ni ty T he qu es t ion
fo r c es i t s e l f on us : C a n w e a p ar t fr o m m an a n d the
h i g her a ni m a ls es p e ci a ll y th e m a m m a ls in so m e o f
w h ic h w e d i sc er n th e r u d i m e n t s o f a consci enc e d etec t
a n y w her e in n a t u r e th e w o r k in g s o f a m in d a c t u ated
b y lo ve a n d m er c y ?
O ur r a c e h a s b een abl e t o
e s ta bli sh a fo o t h ol d o n th i s ea r t h l a t e in i ts g eol o g ic a l
d eve lo p m en t B u t o ur t enu r e i s fr a il an d p r ec ar ious ;
a n d o u r o r i g ins were a s m uc h o r a s li tt l e th e r esul t o f
a cci d en t as the em er ge nc e o f a n y o ther fo r m o f li fe
O ur m o th er ea r th in h er fr equ en t con v ul sion s h a s no
r es e c t f
o r o u r ci t i es a n d c e n t r es o f ci v ili sa t ion ; a n d
p
w e ca n ea sil y i m ag in e a cos m ic c a t a s t r o p h e such a s a
su dd e n inc r ea s e o r d e c rea s e in t h e sol ar t em er a t u re
p
o r th e i m p a c t o f a fo r e i g n bo d y soli d o r g a s e ous on
t h e sol ar s y s t em w h ic h w oul d in a m o m en t c a rr y
d ea th a n d d esol a t ion a l l o ver o ur g lob e H ow m o re
o ver c an we r econcil e w i th the conc ep t ion o f a
P r o v i d enc e o f a C r ea t or w ho w a t c h es o ver us a s a
p a r e n t o ver h i s c h il d r en th e g r ea t v olu m e o f h u m a n
su ffer in g a n d d isea s e ? W e da ily see c h il d ren bo rn
w h at
m ea nin g
M A RCI O N
3 42
no t in s p a c e n ei t h er li m i ted n or un li m i ted n ei th er
ca us ed n o r unc a us ed p er h a p s n e i th e r in t i m e n o r no t
in t i m e I t is a s d i f cul t t o in ven t fo r m ul ae tha t
a d equ at e l
y r ep r es e n t i t a s t o in v e n t si m il ar on e s fo r
the m in d
T he l ea st insu f ci en t w a y o f d e sc r ibin g i t
is to sa y th at i t is the k now n or k no w a bl e a n d Joh n
S t u a rt M ill w a s no t far w r on g i n d e nin g m a tt er t o b e
I t s esse is
th e p er m a n en t p ossibili t y o f p er c ep t ion
p er cipi ; i t s r ea li t y li es in i t s b ein g p er c e i v ed
T o the un t u t o red p er son t h i s soun d s th e r a n k es t
nons ense a n d h e w ill a sk : W h a t th en b eco m es o f
r ea li t y w h e n m en a r e a sl ee
p o r a ll o f t h em d e ad ?
H e h a s n ev er a sk ed h i m s el f th e qu es t ion :
W ha t
b eco m es o f colou r s o r soun d s o r ta s tes o r s m ells in
th e a bs enc e o f a s e l f w h ich s ees hea r s t ast es a n d
s m ells ? T h e p er m a n ence a n d con t inui ty wh ic h we
a tt r ibu te t o m a tt er a r e qu a li t i es r a th er o f t h e k no w er
th a n o f th e k now n o f the per ci p i e n t t h a n o f th e
Nor is th e d i f cul t y ra is ed abou t sl eep
p er c ei ved
so insolubl e as i t at r s t si gh t s ee m s t o b e O ur
in d i vi d u a l sel ves ar e con t in uous a c r oss in ter va ls o f
sl eep fo r we w ake up the s a m e per sons w e w ere
b efo r e a n d t o the s a m e w o r l d I n o th er w o rd s th e
sel f o r s p i r i t h a s no t sl ep t bu t m er el y no t m a ni fes t ed
i t sel f fo r a t i m e th r ou gh s ensibl e a genci es or p er cept s
t o th os e w ho k ep t a w a k e
Deat h v i ew ed fr o m a
p s y ch olo gic a l s t a n d p oin t is th e s a m e fa c t a s sl eep
'
M ARCI O N
3 44
M A R CI O N
3 46
m
e
r
o
a
a
s
a
r
e
bo d i d i t s p tes t g in t M cion : I bel i eve i n
,
"
C H A P T E R XV I I I
DE VE L O
T H O S E who to
PMENT
c r i t ic a ll y
a n d they a r e f
ew are a w ar e o f a d eep c h a sm s e a ra t in
p
g
i t no t only fr o m m o d er n i d ea s a n d ci v ilis at ion bu t
e ve n f
r o m th e C h u r c h e s a r oun d t h em
Di ffer enc es
h a rd ly l ess p r o foun d d i v i d e the o r th o d oxy o f th e fou r th
c en t u ry fr o m th e M essi a nic Ju d a is m o f the r s t ag e
The qu es t ion a cco rd in g l y a r o s e b e fo r e th e m i n d o f
Joh n H en ry N ew m a n whe th er there is no t a n a c t u a l
d iscon t inui ty b e tween the d og m a s o f Ca t h olicis m a n d
the fa i th rev ea l e d t o th e s a in t s ; a n d in o r d er t o
su r m oun t th e d i f cul ty he in vok ed the i d ea o f d eve
l o p m en t
T h e c r eed s a n d d ecisions o f the C ouncils
h e a r g u ed a m er e un fol d in g a n d r en d er in g
a re
e x p lici t o f th e s t ill un p r eci se a n d un d e n ed d a ta
r ev ea l ed t o t he a p os t l es a n d m o re o r l ess co m p l et e l y
e ns h r in ed in th e B ibl e ; a n d in a w o r k e n t i t l ed T he
Devel op m ent of Ch r i sti a n Doctr i ne h e t r i ed t o n d in
th e New T es t a m e n t th e ger m s o f l a t er d oc t r in e s a n d
cus t o m so fth e T r ini ty the m o ther h oo d o f G o d the
consubs ta n t i a li ty o f the Fa ther S o n a n d H ol y G h os t
o f in fa n t b a p t is m o f P u rg a t o ry a n d so for th
S uc h a t a s k s eem ed p os sibl e t o N ew m a n p a r t l y
b ec a use in hi s day c r i t icis m w a s unbo r n p art ly
b ec ause he coul d a ssu m e w i th ou t r is k o f con tr a di c
t ion t h at the fou rth G os pel w a s t he w o r k o f a n
ap os t l e a n d a fa i th ful rep r es en tat ion o f the per son a li ty
a n d tea c h in g o f J esus ; n o r in hi s da y d i d a n y on e
-
day
r ea
the
New T es ta m en t
3 47
D EVE L O PM EN T
3 48
B
r
uss
ls
h
a
s
a
c
h
a
t
er
e
n
t
i
t
l
d
T h e D ossi er
e
e
p
(
o f a S a in t in w h ich he sh ow s h o w the b r i ef an d t r u e
a ccoun t g i ve n b y E us ebius o f a m a r ty r n a m ed P r o
fer ed un d er D iocl et i a n w as a dd e d t o
c op i us w h o su f
a n d r eca s t b y th e p r o fession a l co m p il e r s o f A c t s o f
A l l t he
S a in t s un t il i t w as no lon ger r eco g nis abl e
s ta ges by w hich the a c t s o f thi s s a in t w ere ex aggera ted
a n d fa lsi e d l i e b efo re us in th e d i ffer en t m a nusc r i p ts
a n d i f w e ha d no t go t E us ebius succinc t a n d sob er
n a r rat i ve o f hi s t r i a l a n d ex e cu t ion w e coul d h ard l y
ven t u re t o a f r m tha t P r oco p ius w as a h is tor ic a l
p er son age at a ll a n d no t r athe r a c r ea t ion o f th e
m y th o pl a sti c i m a g in at ion o f h ag io gr ap h er s
T he
,
D E VE L O P M E N T
3 50
J esus
d y p er h a p s g a in ed th e con v ic t ion th at he
w as the M essi a h t h e m a n se n t fr o m G o d t o i n a ug u
r a te th e n ew er a t o
p a r t the sh ee p fr o m the go a t s in
th e n a l j u d g m e n t t o c h oos e t h e el ec t fr o m a m on g
th e li v in g a n d t o w elco m e a s t hey r os e fr o m th ei r
A s J esus conc ei ved o f
g r ave s the s a in t s w h o sl ep t
the n ew k in g d o m i t w a s p r i m ar ily a d e li vera nce o f
Is rae l ; yet no t a l l J ew s w er e t o pa r t ici pa t e therein
bu t o nly th o se w ho h a d hea r k en ed t o hi s o w n a n d
to J o h n th e B a p t i st s su m m on s t o r ep en ta nc e
Th u s
a l th ou g h th e p ro m i ses h a d b ee n m a d e t o J ew s a lon e
y et the l att er r ea ll y lo st t h e i r bi r t hr i gh t so s o on a s
m o ra l qu a li c at i o ns b ega n t o he in sis t ed u p on by the
j u d ge I t w as in t hi s li m i ta t i o n o fth e fu t u r e bl es sed
n ess t o th o s e wh o h a d r ep en ted a n d so w o n fo r g i ve
n ess o f th ei r sin s tha t l ay the p o ssibili ty a n d h o p e
n a y the n ec essi ty o f a d m i tt in g th e G e n t il e s
T h ei r
in teres ts h owever a l m os t c er t a inl y l ay bey on d J esus s
h o r i z on
H e w a s n ei t h er fo r n o r a ga in st t he m a n d
j u st d i d no t consi d er th e m a t a ll H e c a n onl y b e
s a i d to h a ve m ad e r oo m for th ei r a d m i ssion in so fa r
a s h i s i d e a l s t a t e w as t o inclu d e t h os e J e w s a lon e w h o
lis ten ed t o his w ar nin gs repen ted o f th e i r sin s a n d
m a d e t he i r o w n in a l l p u r i ty o f h ear t his i d ea l o f a
hea ve nl y fa ther w ho i s m er ci ful a n d lo v in g
S o lon g a s J esus w as a li ve th e h o p es o f h i s
follower s m us t h a ve b een focuss ed on th e n ew er a abou t
t o b e m i ra culously b r ou gh t in t o b ein g r ath er th a n
on hi m a nd h i s p er son a li ty H e w as t o p r esi d e o ver
i t in d eed whe n i t c a m e t o ll the c h i ef th r on e r oun d
w h ic h w oul d b e g r ou p ed th e l ess er th r on e s o f hi s
t w el ve a p os t l es j u d g in g the t w el ve t r ib es o f I s r a el ;
b ut he w a s th e M essi ah in p r o m is e onl y d u r in g t he
had
ppea r
a r ea
p re l i m i n ary
a
s tage
i n wh i h
p r oc l a i m i n g i t s
h e w as
dven t a n d
sh ip
p r ep ar in g m en m o r a lly fo r i t s m em b er
S o m e s t u d e n t s , li k e th e l at e Dr Mart in ea u ,
.
h a ve
Cd sa r the thi ng s w hi ch
'
th i ng s w hi ch a r e G od s
Ca sa r
a re
s, a n d
to G od the
no t fo r t a k ing up
a s Ju d a s t h e G a lil ea n h a d d on e
a r m s ag a ins t i t
T here w as no n eed to d o so fo r w oul d no t J eho vah
in g oo d t i m e qui et l y b r u sh i t asi d e
H is d eath t oo k hi s d i sci p l e s b y su r p r is e for they
h a d no t in t he l ea s t fo r es ee n i t o r th ey cou l d no t
.
H e w as
h a ve
pp
su
osed
to
T
ad
i
t
ion
i
t
is
t
r u e soon a sc r ib ed t o J e sus
r
pp
h i m s el f d iscou r s es in w h ich h i s d eath a n d re su r r ec t ion
a fter th r ee day s w er e e l a bo r ate l y fo ret ol d ; bu t th e
e va n gelis t ev en wh il e h e r ep o r t s t h es e con v er s at ions
a
ea r
D E VE L O P M E N T
3 S2
h in t s
h e add s ( M a rk ix 10 )
th a t they hep t the say i ng to them sel v es, q uesti on i ng
a m on
i
si ng ag a i n fr om the dea d
r
t
h
e
s
ve
h
a
t
h
e
m
e
l
s
w
t
g
the
r ea
l t r u th
w he
u n ti l
th e day w hen I d r i n k i t
i n the K i ng dom of
h i s d e at h is t o in t er ven e
n ew
d oes no t k now th a t
b et w een t hen an d n o w W h en t here fo re the blow
fell i t b ec a m e incu m b en t on h i s follow er s ei ther t o
r esi g n t he i r h o p e a n d a b a n d on t he m o vem en t f
or
w h ich th ey h a d g i v en up a ll o r t o m o d i fy t he
M es si a nic sc h em e a n d m a k e r oo m in i t for the
c r uci xion a n d d ea th o f th ei r M e ssi a h They quic k ly
t oo k the l a tter cou r s e New p ro p heci es w er e in vo k ed
o f a k in d t o p r o ve t h at th e d is g r a c e ful d e at h on the
c r o ss w h ich the unb eli ev in g o f th e i r co m p atr io t s c a s t
in t hei r teet h w a s fo r e o r d a in e d o f G o d a s a n e cess ary
ep iso d e in th e w o r k in g ou t o f t h e sc h e m e o f Is ra e l s
s a l va t ion T he M essi a h h ad a l l a lon g b een p re
G od
He
D E V E L O PM EN T
3 S4
the
br eth r en , the t i m e i s shor tened
th i s w or l d p a sseth a w ay
( I C o r in th i a n s
l i he a th i ef i n
T h e en d w a s t o co m e
B u t thi s I
say ,
fa shi on of
v ii 2 9
.
coul d d o w a s to w a tch
a nd pra
M a r r i a ge fa m ily t i es p r o p erty l a w p olic e
y
n ay
li fe i t s el fw er e a ll t o b e s a c r i c ed a n d
i f a n d in so fa r as th ey s too d in the
a b a n d on ed
w a y o f t h e soul s p r epa ra t i o n fo r t he g rea t e ven t
i m p en d in g T o h i s o w n a p o stl es J esus s a i d ( M a tthew
x 2 3)
Ver i ly I say u n to y ou y e sha l l n ot h a ve g one
the
ni
g h t,
an d
th e m
os t
one
th r oug h
com e
the
ci ti es
be
for e the
I sr a el
son
m an
g lo ry
p ow er
T he
A A 2
D E V E LO P M E NT
3 56
D E V E LO
3 58
PM E N T
W ho t o d ay b eli eves
in a G od who h a s a r i gh t a n d a l e ft ha n d ? Y et our
cl ergy p r o fess t o b eli eve in so m a n y w o r d s t h a t J esus
w h en h e r os e fr o m th e d ea d a n d a sc e n d e d in t o heaven
sa t d o w n a t t h e r i g h t h a n d o f G o d
S o w e r ea d in
A c t s t h a t S t ep he n t h e r s t m a r ty r
bei ng full of the
H oly G host l oohed up stea dfa stly i n to h ea ven a n d sa w
th e g l ory of G od a n d jesu s sta n d i ng on the r i gh t ha n d
of G od
A n d in th e a p p e n d ix o f M a r k w e r ea d th a t
the L or d jesus w a s r ecei v ed up i n to hea v en a n d sa t
dow n a t the r i gh t ha n d of G od
H ea ve n in t he i m a gin a t i o n o f t he se w r i ter s w as an
O l y m p us su sp e n d ed fa r a bo v e a a t a n d x e d ea r th o f
w h ic h t h e n e t h er p a r t s w er e so m et i m e s g i ve n up t o the
d ea d li k e th e cl a s sic T a r ta r us P a u l r ec k on e d tha t
t he r e w er e se ver a l hea ve n s a n d w a s h i m s el f ca ug ht up
even to th e thi r d
o f t h em w hether i n the body or out
h e hn ew n ot
H e no d oub t li ke th e
of the body
a u th o r s o f th e S l a v onic boo k o f E n o c h o f t h e T est a
m e n t s o f th e T w el ve P a t r i a r c h s a n d o f m a n y o t her
J ew i sh a pocry ph s o f th at a g e sh a r ed t he ol d P er si a n
b eli ef th a t th ere w ere seve n hea ve n s in th e h i ghes t
o f w h ic h sa t t he A l m i gh ty on a g r ea t w h i te thr on e
su r r oun d ed b
L u k e d ra w s us a
y w in ged c h er ubi m
p ic t u r e o f th e C hr i st s a sc en t in t o hea ve n in A c t s i 9 :
When he ha d sa i d these thi ng s a s they w er e l oohi ng
a n d a cl ou d r ecei v ed hi m ou t o
he w a s ta h en up
f thei r
si gh t
S i r W illi a m R ow a n
T h e I r is h m a the m at ici a n
H a m il ton onc e a llo wed h i m se l f t o b e d r a w n in t o the
s pecul a t i on o f h ow far ou t in t o sp a c e J esus coul d
p r oc ee d in a c er t a in t i m e i f h e w a s r isin g a t the
m o d er a t e r a t e w h ic h th e a bo v e p a ss a g e con te m p l a te s
W he n hi s c a lcul a t ions revea l ed t o h i m t ha t he w oul d
a nd
o wn ,
p u re l y
m y th
olog ic a l
ve r eac ned t h e n ea r es t o i t h e fi x ed s t a r s
beg an a s a goo d Ch r is t i a n t o r ecoil fr o m hi s
cul a t ion a nd rel eg ated the m a tter t o fa i th a s a
ste ry b e on d th e r ea c h o f h u m a n r ea son
y
rr o m a r e
li gion w hic h cl a i m s t o b e a n a l r evel at ion
su r el y e x ec t so m e t ea c h in
p
g th a t w e c a n l a y h ol d
a bou t th e soul
a bou t s p i r i t abou t i m m o r ta li ty
t i t s foun d er h a d non e
H e loo k ed fo r w a r d t o a
a c u l o u s e oc h o f m a t e r i a l
p
p r os p er i ty on th is ear t h
l l a n d w he re th e los t s h ee
p o f t h e h ou se o f Is r ae l
e to p a st u r e onc e m o re un d er t h e i m m e d i a t e
pr o
:ion an d g ui d a nc e o f J eh o v a h
T h is bl ess e d e r a
: t o d a w n a t onc e a n d t h e j us t a m on
g t h e d ea d
e t o r is e fr o m t h e i r g r a v es a n d p ar t ici a t e in t he
p
h w i t h t h os e w h o s h oul d b e s t il l a li ve w h e n i t
n ed
T h e C h u r c h h a s t r i ed l a m e l y enou gh t o
:r
pret th es e m ill e nni a l b e li e fs o f t he r st a ge w i th
r enc e t o a li f
e w h ic h a w a i t s us a l l b ey on d th e
bu t a n y such i d ea w a s fo re i g n t o th e m in d o f
ve
H e w a s p r ob a bl y inc a p a bl e o f conce i v in g o f
i s
i r el y s i r i t u a l e xis t e nc e in d eta c h m en t f
r o m th e
p
y ; a n d i f h e e ver a s k ed h i m se l f a s h e p r ob a bl y
er d i d
a bou t th e n a t u re o f sp i r i t
he m u st li k e
ars o f hi s a g e h a v e d eci d ed i t t o b e a n a tt e nu a t e d
n of m a tt er si m il a r t o th e w in d
o f w h ich w e
zei v e the e f
fec t s an d he a r the soun d t h ou g h in
If i t rem a ins in t a n g ibl e a n d in v isibl e
S m a ll
W ha t i s
n e t o J e sus i f h e w a s no p h iloso p h er
1y a m a z in g a t the p res e n t da y i s tha t bis h o p s a n d
as s h oul d b e q ua r re llin g o v er the qu e s t ion w heth er
T he
G a lil ea n p r o p het w a s o m ni sci e n t o r no t
to p o f B i r m in gh a m Dr G o r e h a s Wr i tt en a l ear n ed
t is e on the p oin t a n d g in ger ly conclu d es t ha t he
no t o m nisci en t b ec a us e he w a s no t a n cou r a n t
yet
nor h a
'
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D E V E L O P M E NT
3 60
D EV E L O P M E NT
362
theol og or um , ex
th
t is
by
i th ou t b ein g even
th a t y et a fter th e m a nn er o f th eolo g i a ns c ha tter fr o m
t he i r c ha ins
A n d t h e ch a ins a r e qui te i m a g in a r y for
such a r ei g n o f t er r o r a s the p r ese n t r ea c t ion ary p ope
h a s c r ea te d in th e C a t h olic C h u r c h is inconc e i v a bl e in
t h e A n g lic a n
I used t o k n o w a dog o ver w h ose hea d
h i s m a s ter n eed e d onl y to m ak e a few p a ss es a s i f h e
w er e t y in g h i m u p t o a fe nc e a n d no th in g no t even
h i s m a st e r s c a ll c o ul d in d uc e h i m t o m o ve
He
b eli eved h e w a s t i e d u p w i th ou t b e in g so The
d o cili ty o fth o se w h o a t o r d in a t i o n p l ed g e them s el ves
t o a nu m ber o fp ro p o si t ion s w h ic h ha d a m ea nin g a n d
a p lic a t ion fo u r h un d r e d
p
y e a r s a g o bu t h a ve l o s t i t
n o w i s onl y t o b e pa r a ll e l ed b
y t h i s e x a m p l e o fc a ni n e
sc h ol a s t icis m
m en wh o
a re
th eolo gi a ns
or
w h o, W
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i g of th is a f
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l
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xx i
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363
h ow
Messi a h
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co
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J wi h Mes i
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an
n var
s ah s
in
A DD I T I O
3 64
ch
NA L NO TE S
ro
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A DD I T I O N A
366
ch
L NO T E S
o se
o
a tter
Fel ure
an d
test
ar
ar
re
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62
T h e Dean
of
s o
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ra
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an
tr a i ts
ar
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or
av n
ro
as
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r a
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es
on o
ro
an
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ra
ra
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s a
f com m on
h u m a n i ty
estm nster
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fthe
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ar
on
M k
i c h m ti n
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d h w s th t they
sc i b ed t J esu
m i tted i n th e p all el
d Luk e
of M tth ew
p sag
P 97
0 di d he
i e th t u th i n
d to p t ay
mi
le 9
I fi th sec on d ch p t
ofA c ts w e b a ck t
s 5
1 1 i cl u i
l ft with
cc un t of the P e tecost l isi t ti wh i ch th ugh
w
l i g m ythi c l l m en ts yet c m p l etely cco ds w ith the
sti ll i
P ul i d c ip ti n ofth e gift f t gue
f e
S m e c i tic h
th
i
old
n
ti e whi ch h e
gued th t Luk e i trod uc ed th ese e
h
used
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s s i n quest i on
an d sel f cont i ed w i th ut th
P I 33 A t th u h th t h u ld m
ly w i th the b gin i g of the
T h i n c on i t cy o f th i s tex t n ot
f u th G pel b ut w ith l l th a rati ofth e B p tism l ike i ot
l es ened i f s S chweitz
R m u
u W de
gu s i h i s w o k V
m
n t no t th e M essi ah h i m sel f b ut E l ias
h th t should c om
th e p rec urso of the M e si ah
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P 13 6 I : the w or k of u h ow n w i te
i s i s a d m itted by Dr S n d ay D A r m i tage Rob i nson and m any
conserva tive c r iti cs
P I 47 The p ower of he l i g etc
d w ed w i th the sam e gift
i s n t m any years si n ce k i gs w e
Bishop Bull i n hi s fth S e m on (edi ti on ofRev E dw r d Bu ton
d 1 8 46 p
wr ot
s f ll w s
H ereby i t pp
th t th e g i ft of c ur i ng d i seases w i th ut th e h l p
t o n tu e w s i d d
d g i ft f G d an d so g i n b y
gi ft
to his ap ostl es
A n d (by th e w y) p hap s th is i s th e b est
u t th t c
l i c n d m in d r of the p im i ti e
b e g i ven f th
cul ous gi ft of h
l ing for som hun dreds of years past i sible i n
u
ti n
xed to th ucc sion of ou Ch isti k ing
nd
sun the cu e o f th t
th e w i se gener lly i cu bl
d ise se c lled
ius eg us o th e k i g s
i l Th t d i e s p rsons d espe t l y
u i ng un der i t h v e b ee
cu ed b y th e m
touch of th
oy l
l ssi t d w i th th p ye s f the p r iest
f u Chu ch tten d ing
q uesti onabl e un l ess th fa i th of a l l ou n c i en t w i ters a d the
a ti n t r ep o t ofh un d ed
fm t c ed i bl p e
ns i
u ow n a ge
ting th s m e b t b e que ti
d
3 e En gl i h P
Bo k f m er ly c tai ed speci l fce or ite
y
he ce m ony f th e k i g s touch i g fth e c ofulous ; b ut si ce
i i t has b n om i tted
T he J ac obi tes d e i d th at th e p ow er
e ded to Mary W i ll i m
An
b c u e th y w e usurp
d
not ul e by r i ght d i i e
b ut th ey ll ow ed th t i t em i ed i th e
of th
d thr d S tuar ts S ee A F e d I mp ti l I q ry
.
an
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bl i
149
ov er state
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P
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s o
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so
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re
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an
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ea
o r
ut ther e
th e
a se.
i:
fa i r
I t is
cer ta i n ty
d ifcul t
to
n ter pr et
th e cry
on
xcept s
ofb i tte d i si ll
i
d
bel i d up
e last th t
de : ex m achi
n gel s to
w o uld i te e e w i th h i
e
h sen m esseng a d est bl i sh th e p m i s d k i n gd om
B ut such
f i s ha dly c om pati bl w i th th m a y p ed i c ti ons a tt i b uted to
s th t h
d pu t t d ea th
w as to b e d l i
ti l es
ed
e t th e G
:r oss,
G od, my G od, w hy ha st
f
us on m en t
H e th a t uttere i t m ust h ave
: o
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me
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P 1 57 A day f r estfor m an d he t
t m e n ot from m y use of these w o r d s b e supp osed to appr ove of
hypo cri ti c al i nven ti on of P ur i tan ignoran ce c l l ed the S abb ath
.
ar
an
A DD I T I ON A L
368
f ced m i
NO T E S
d ium fo you g a d ld th o ly d y
liu f
c e ti fo h i g m usi c f
w h i ch th p
h
i iti g m u um s d g ll e i es f t d y t th o d y n
g m es fo
ibl f th m T h is i hum c fusi n f
w h i ch ll th i s i s m ad im p
l ds
S u d y w i th th J w i h S bb th i s i m p s ibl e i M ed i t
f th e S tur d y
ti
w he
th e
m e S bb th ur i v s as th d i g
d ec
ti n
ti g
I th e e l y C hu ch th e S u da y w s d y o f f
T h P ur i t
ot o f sou m i se y n d deb uch
y as i t i s i n S c o tl nd
d m ost d g d i g f tu s f th
t
S un d y i s esp o si bl e f th w
N
re th e m i
E ngl ish publ i c h u
d S c tc h w h i sky h ell
t b
th ose f
s of th e B i ti h S un d y l es cu i u th
y S u th S e
I l d
k w p
I h
w h o w ould l i ste o i t t th m l o d i es
o f M o dy
d S
k ey b ut t f S c hum
S ch b e t w ould k i t
b ut ot u e
c b t n t wh ist ;
sew i g m ch i
; w u ld p l y p ti
d ught b ut t d m i s ; b g tell b ut t b i ll i d ; w h w uld
h b ut not h oo t b i cycl e b u t
t
w
t p l y c i ck t
w b ut
fo tb ll w uld de u th u d ifyi g leg d s ofth e J wi h P t i chs
b ut n t
d th Ti m
o
o f T h ck e y s
l ; would f e ly
t lk sc
d l b ut t j i i p l iti c l ethi c l d iscussi n
a
da y
of en or
on
o or
r v s
re
na
an
no
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r ea
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no
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bb
on
th s,
F l i x b ish op
th e
E l pa
or
a r ar
n o ve s
B p ti m
a
Xol
an
e,
or
( Lon d on
.
of
Dr
esus,
E d w in
n dus.
i l n d p tisan of
th S
i u cc pt d tw o b i th s
E l i p du taugh t th t
th e
e i
d
sh by b i th f m th e Vi g i
d pi i tu l w h i ch he beg n
s c
d c
um m at ed i n h i s esurrec ti on f
i n the fo t
m th d e d
S ee A l u i c Fel i em ii f 8 0 9
e
an
s,
H il
am
ro
an
NE
in
of
U rgel
no
rea
ar
ra
on
1 74
ro
The B a th
ll
an
en
re
en
d gener a y
ott , Fr om L etter to Sp i r i t
Rea
an
no
ro
16 7 .
e,
ne
n a
ne
es o r
a ,
no
ne
noe
an n o r
n or
ea
or
an
an
r o
an
ra
on o
on
an
ea s
an
ne
er r a n ea n
na
es
or
ors
no
an
ea r n
erson s
an
s,
no
er
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ar
av e
er .
se
on ,
o s
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ar
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av o
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1 74
a ry o f Po i c ti er s
n,
by
(d i ed
ar
: on
ro
c f
f Afr i ca
in
or
and
i in g m o
hi s w k O
rom
S pa e
p up
e on
e ea r ly
i d
Th
r estra n e
on s
S pa
re
th a n
I ta ly
few
x m p l es
iii 2 5 ex
e
the Tr i n i ty , v
Th u
t my S
th i
d y h
I b g tt
th
p l i s th e w d s
( d l i ed b y the i c f m h ea en to J sus t hi s b p ti sm cco d i n g
t th
lde t tex t f Luke s G pel ch iii
t m
th i s th a t
n
th at d y th e d i i n
tu
w s c m m u i c ted to th e S
lbeit h w
b o i th e h th ugh th s c m en t o h l y ct f hi s bei g
i ted b y th e S pi i t ; fte an d not b efo th is ti ity of th
b ptism the ccom p l i h d w s hi s p op i eta or p ecul iar k insh ip
wi th G o d a ttested b y th e V i c
a n
e
or
ver
e o
vo
on ,
ro
os
re
ro
ar
'
e na
an o n
a
s o
rn
s e
re
e.
ean
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"
na
en
on , a
a ra
e o
r,
ave
as
A DD I T I O N A L
370
f om
t wo
J or d an
th e
bi
A n d si n e th ere a r e h er e
m p ort a nd
ro m ea h o ther i n m yst
as
th a t w e sh ou
east th em to geth er ,
a s an e a m p e un to us
i t i
di er i ng
r th s,
NO T E S
tr ue
ic i
wrot
d th e sam e on ly begotten S on
T wo B i r th s o f
as
c i t d i this
i n th F east f th e B apti sm on J an u y 6 th ) ;
the st of th em was from a d i i
h l y v i gi n a nd the sec on d o cc u ed
ft
th i ty yea s on th e sa m e d y i
th e w ay o f hi s b p tism i
th e
J o d by hi s Fo er u er
tw
m i a cul ous b i rths th e e th e
e
i
u
h fr om the h ol y v i gi
n d th
ther by baptism i n th e J o d a
f om S p i itual fon t
in
n e
e :
so
a e
rr
nn
es
n o
an
ar
an
v ne
er
on e
on
e o
n, a
Th e
P I 75
r da i ned hi m
Cf E phr em S yrus Com m e tar y on th e Dia tessar on ol d Ar m e ian tex t
d t
sl ti on b y Moesi g e
S o then Jesus r ecei ed th e
p 42
k in gdom of the h ouse of D vi d b y b ir th b ut the p ri esth o d f th
an
ran
r,
a,
ar
or
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ac
ar
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S ee ed ition of
n a chts
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.
r s
17 6 .
M on tfaucon
Ch y
r
sostom .
fo ll
XI , 3 6 7
a nd
H Usenet s Wei h
'
P 1 76
The A r m en i n Chu r ch
S ee th e l tter o fW ah an or J oh n B i h p of N i cea to the A rm en i n
P t i ch Za char ia wr i tten a t the r eq uest of P h otios i n th e H i to i a
Mon othel i t um ofCom bes (P i s
.
a r ar
ar
ar
17 8 .
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B i ogr aphy ,
E bi i
th e author
P
i
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184
ii
uch
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a
f Chr i sti a n
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fr om
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a letter add essed t m
by A ph raa ts
r
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P 188 A l d G h m u i pt i the V ti a L i b y
f th
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n d on
Di logue f T i m o thy n d A qui l ed i ted b y m y el f fo th e C l
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P 208
I the M tem Ch u h
b y Dr J Ren d el H
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S ee The Cu l t of the H eave ly Tw i
(Cam br idge
p 1 17
e a
n o
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2 16
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P
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th e
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r e s a u,
of
17 4
229
Dr
fo ll
To P a ler m o
H i i ch K ll
e
e nr
( Freiburg i m
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P
No fe ts of the Vi rg i n i n R m e
S ee th e w o k f th e A bb L Duch sn e O ig i n e du u l t Ch ti n
ch
iii 5 n o 3
P 2 3 o S e E S H r tl n d P i m i ti P t n i ty 190 9 p 2 0
tt ib uted t S i t B
e tu
w he e th e La ti hym i q uesti on i
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.
P
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Voy age o u
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as
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a n
iam G uy T ch ard
(p in ted i n P r i s i
in S
S iam
a er
onav n
Ma ry
i n hi s
ra
s ea r s
book
rep ea ts,
B B 2
S econ d
p
2 53 ,
A DD I T I O
372
NA L N O T E S
i
T h t x t p r o c e d to
h m as if t f m h i s c dl e
l te h ow ce t i n
k i gs j e l us t h ear ing the c om m fo lk y th t the true K ing f
K i gs w s b orn s ught f th e ch i ld i o d e to sl y i t ; b ut good
h m i t d w i th i t in to th e k i g d m ofC m b d i
E e i f th is legen d
h as b een co l u d b y C hr i sti n i n fl ue c e i ts ea dy cc ep t n c b y the
f i r gi n b i r th s ca n g ro w up a nd
S i am ese sh o ws h ow e si ly uch t l
h o w engr ai n ed th y r i n th e hum n m i d
a s
ar
e a
on
rv
v r
e,
rea
av o
a n or
e n
r a va
o s
or
er
v n
er
l i
T he
bu t he tha t
an
ccor di ng
er ,
en
o e
r a
v n
re a
sa
a es o
on
r,
2 34
ev
ea
to O r i gen
S o , i n Reve a t o n
Fa i t hfu l a n d T r u e,
.
on
a e
re e v
re
h m se f
or
v er
or
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r ea
on
ra
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e a
a o
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or
an
an
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r.
ra
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an
or
er
r o
er e
o r es
os
av
ve
re o
ne
ere
r n
an
an
sam e
r ece v et
38
xix 1 1
a l so h ad
con cei t of
he th a t
hn ow n to hi m self
n ly
a na m e
h i t,
sa t
on
w r tten w h
i ch
w h i ch
a se r et n a m e,
ii
i s m et w th i n ch
pr op er n a m e o f h i s
.
n o on e
n ew e
n o on e
hn ow eth
1 7 of th e sa m e
xcep t
b ook
i mh d
ow
w h i ch n n b ut th e
h igh est m a d i n s m i gh t utter or even k now so s c ed
d m yster i ous
w as i t
N H i n d oo w o m
to d y w i ll d i scl os
i f sked i t th e n am
o f h er h u b
d T h V l ti i h e eti cs be l i e ed that th e nam e
d e c e ded
J su i the f m of th d
a t hi s b
pti sm
u ed by ex r i t othe w i
P 2 3 9 H i
m w
t
to h i m
g
N te here th st y i n A c ts x ix I 3 of th tr l l i g jew x i st
T he
K i ng
of
n
ar
an
on
s na
w h o p r esu m ed to
t h e L or d
jesu s
n a m e over
say i ng ,
ove
d oya r e
y ou by
se s r a n
e s
them w h i ch ha d th e
'
o c s s
or
an
as
e,
n an
or
a r
a en
s an
jesu s
ev i l
er s
s, e
or c
p i r i ts the n a m e of
w hom P a u l p r ea cheth
s
A DD I T I O
374
NA L N O T ES
fa ll
n
n othe
thr ee d ys an d i gh ts
nd f
o
gh stly ba ttl e
aged ov er the w ste
p l in on w h i ch thei b od i es w r e t etch d
un b ur i d
A n d the e w ere those s y D m asci u w h o w e e w i tnesses
fthe ph an tom w r fa e
de d s they
n d he r d th e w ar c i es of th
con tin ued with un abated fury to in blows upon on e an oth e
to
on
e a
exa m p l e
the
l
3 14
i n m y R i tua l e A r m en or u m ,
est r i tu a l
a nd
or
in
r.
ol d
ree
s,
s r
ra
S ee for
A r m en
Go
ar s
texts
an r
it
es o f
u chol ogi on .
apti sm
c oll ected
I ND E X O F S UBJ E C T S
(A d o ub le aster i sk
i i es that th e
A B YS S I NI A N
C h isti ans
thei r
up ersti ti on a b out na m es 2 6
3
A d pt ioni sm o f E b i on i te of ea ly
S pan ish Ar m i
an d o th e
Ch ur ches r 7 4 r 7 s
Aga bus Ch ist i n p r oph et wh y
68
boun d 3 6 7
Ag ap t i
techn i c l ter m for th e
p i itua lly m a i d 2 1 7
A ll egory used b y S to i cs i n in ter
r
en an ,
"
r ef
eren e s to
s gn
rr e
e or ,
s,
r s
Testam en t 3 3 1
A r m en i an d issen ter s
,
A tha
asi us, th e so
es
35
262
ca lled C eed of
r
lif
id
i f
A ugust ne on n an t apt sm , 3 15
p reti ng H o m er , 3 3 0
by Ar sto u us an d h l o i n
n ter pretin g O ld T esta m ent, 3 3 1
A
IS
of esus, i n n on
a r an
A tar , i ts ta oo san cti es g t or
o um en t, 1 3 2
v
t m a
o n i t , 2 59
i ts s gn
a n e i n the ear est
A n ahi te, h er
east
e am e
th e
ospe , 16 5 fal l
r g n s i n A r m en a , 2 2 9
i n th e A ts o fA r he aus, 3 2 5
A ng an
er gy,
th e r t mi ty,
age of esus a t, 1 7 7
esus sp r tua
an d
a no nte
338. 36!
a st
A n t h r st
i n th e
e e te ther e n , 1 o, 3 2 5
en t e
a n en t or m of
1
w th
er o, 193
, 3 7
A n t S em t sm of ar on , 3 2 9
postpon e fo r r ea of post
a pt sm al sin , 3 2 3 fol l
A p h ra a tes on sp r tua w v es, 2 19
a p t sm al
r o w n w orn f
or e gh t
hi s hr sto ogy , 18 4
a ys, 3 19
Apo on us of T yan a , h is e o r
the a ptism o f
ci sm s, 1 43
as
an s easte
Chri st, 17 5
A p ost es of esus u ph el th e Law
B a th
for
or v o e r om heav en , i n
en t e onver ts, 7
T a m u , 16 7
A post es, a l o f th e o ur nai ve y
oote upon i t, 168
ar , 2 9
sh op Ligh tf
es r
e by
a t Ma r
h o up on i t, 16 8
A p ost es
ev e e
r ee
n ra
B a tiffol , A
err e, on
c on .
3 46
ti tes, 2 2 5
A ui n as, S t
ho m as, on I n u i
e u
i,
r o essor , hi s o e t on
an d S u u i , 2 34
et sh es, 3 60
o f I ta i an
A r a m a , th e or g na anguage of
e
r
e
e
r
a
t
ons
th e
s
e
t
o p
, 59
y s ph osophy, 3 44
fe ts o f,
o atry, m s h evous ef
Ar h e a us o f h a r h a r o n natur a
r t h an d
apti sm o f esus, 3 2 5
3 38
m ag al
n
ng an d l oos ng , a
Ari an sm , ev l s gni a n e of i ts
on ep t on , 2 45 fal l
de eat, 18 5
i
l
b l
i c i l id
Vi i
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ll i
ic
G
c l
bi
i
f
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bb Pi
cb
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B ll cc P f
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B kl
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Bi di
i
3 75
P il
c c
M c
B i
d
B i l id i
i i c c
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il c
cl
F
d M k
C d l ll d
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bc
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B PT M
if
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ii
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P i
c ll c i
c
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O F S U B J EC T S
I N DE X
376
c i
i i
B dd
c
li
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ibl
i b i
c i
l
i
l C c
bl d C
c i x i
Pl
P il
i i
B i n di ng of A ga us, a n ea r y
68
C h r st a n m e um , 3 6 7
r th o f esus
b y D o etes,
en e
2 2 6 ol l
f
sh o ps,
th e r o r g n , 3 1 3 ; th e r
su
ess on , 3 2 8
i n , th e sa m e
ess n g , u se of h an
as in e or
sm s, 3 2 3
e,
oo ,
of a s th e l f
on e v e
oo ,
o nsu m e
2 57
gh o sts
2 57
w hy sh e fo r r em ss on o f
si n , 2 6 5
ro th er h oo s, 2 58
oo
r ea th n g a s a m o e o f t ra n sm t
t n g th e h o y sp r t, 3 2 3
di
d id
i i
Bi
J
Bi
i
i i
cc i
Bl i
d
x ci
Bl d c c i d
.
Bl d b
B
i
d
ii
i
i l
3 17
C a tha rs
bd b
on t nue
r n
s,
s,
J u ti M ty i ll u t tes
from he c se the Vi gi n B irth 196
D te n d B e t i c 2 19
f c uc i x i
D k
s
t h ou
ll l d f m p g
u c s
p
DA NA ii ,
the tra
d i ti
o n of
ar
e e
s ra
a r
nes
ar
a ra
on ,
an
M ci 3 3 4
f ppl ies o ly w i th i
C aus i d e
th w
ld of ex pe i c 3 42
C lti c Chu ch spi i tua l w i es i
ar
13o
19 1
C A T E C H U ME NA I E , r te o f, 3 14
a
a tha r r te of Consol a m en tu m
a p t sm ,
sur v v a
of
eath e
e,
ro
an
on
so
r e
8 4 fol l
r en e,
Da r w n , C har es, o n ew sh or g n
or
e
r
v
n,
o fC hr st a n ty, 3 2 9
e
r
,
Dav
2 19
pe gree of esus, a epte
b y a u , b ut r epu a te b y esus
C h v a ry n uen e b y ea r l y h r s
h m se , 18 7
t an en ra t sm , 2 2 2
Del ehaye,
ea o f a , m yth o
h osen
eo p e,
pp o yte, o n h agi o
n v o ve
i n Chr s
egen s. 3 48 . 3 49
og a , 3 3 9 ;
gra ph
De ph
sp r t,
w hy
u n ean ,
t i an i ty, 3 56
eve o p m en t
a
or
n g to O r g en , 2 3 4
C h r st an ty a m er e
a uthor of n a tur e,
of
u a sm , 3 56 ; a ssum es th e De m urge , o r
h osen p eop e,
au s
o m pa r son
e ws t o b e th e
ev ,
341
w th a p otter , 3 4 1
Dem ons r e ogn se esus, 3 0
C hr stm as east, i ts h stor y, 17 6
og m a t
d en i
C hr sto ogy a n d
gnor e i n o ur th osp e an d
by h o , 6 9
t o ns o r g n a te
w th
ea th of
esus,
ac
oh am m e ,
e
esus, 3 54 fol l
cused o f
e n g p ossesse
by , 70 ,
C hr yso sto m , ohn , on th e a rgum en t
148
r om
pro ph e y, 2 0 9 ; epre a te
of
sease, 143
S p r tua w v es, 2 2 4
of
hr sto og a
C h ur h o r eccl esi a , ea o fi t a sen t Dev e op m ent
ar an
o um en t , 1 3 5
ea s i n the N ew Testam en t, 3 48
i n n on
D o et sm , 2 2 6
r
as v rg n
e o f h r st, 2 2 0 ,
Dosi th eus, hi s st o f th e seven ty
223
or n o f th e w a t n g f
or
s p es, 90
t he,
A v en t o f C h r st, Do u ets i n
ar , 51 f
ol l
th e S e o n
Dove sym o ses th e S p r i t i n
3 54
h o, 16 7
o n o r t eth da y
C h ur h n g a h
14
w as
r th , r te o f
r om
w h te
a
or
ng
to
, 3
Lactan ti us, 1 7 1
Codex A m or i s o fA n r ew , 2 2 2
e,
a o
i l i fl c d
i
c i
C
P l id
i l d
l ic l
i
J
i i i
J di
i
i
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d
d i
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ii
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P l
di
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il
P l
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P il
M
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bi
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M c d c
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id
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c ild
i
f i
di
P il
i i
cc
cl
C i l ic l
li
M k
b li
i
cc d i
I ND E X
37 8
O F S UB J E CTS
v n
ar
t ong ues, 93
30 9
sa
ar
'
on
es
'
re
ro
es
r ese
ra
14 2
Joh n s Gospel a r om an ce 20 62
d eni es in ter course of
J esus with ev i l sp ir its 6 9
i ts ex a ggera ti ons 7 7
i ts a ppen d i x 7 8
fr o m m ar es,
Law, J ew sh ,
196
no t
M essiani c c
m ong the G en ti les
on
a
to b e i m pose
on verts
ro m
u
d
a
i
r
s
an
d
a
u
8
s
e
A
d
a rna
s esti m a te o f
,
J
Th om as, A ts of the r him , 10 2
u as
J d
20
J usti
ci
P l
c i
7:
Gali lee
Martyr
of
n
180 ,
196
b il
d
ic
L k
hi s r evo t,
on
bb
2 55
L i
L k
ll
i i
ck
bi
19 2
V i gi n B i rth M AG I vi it of to Ne o 19 3
Magi c hom oeopath i c 2 6 3 2 7 5
r
M ag i ca l ch aracter
ch ar i st, 2 6 5 , 2
a ttr
ibutes
of ear
75
ly
Eu
in
P ul 2 6 1 2 7 5
Ma ci on r egar ded Jah veh
a
im m or al Dem iurge 3 3o
ej e cted a lle ori sa ti o n of th e
g
l
a
as
O l d T esta m en t, 3 3 1
hi s A n t theses, 3 3 2
en e
i r th an d
Jesus
b aptism
of
cco d i
p aten t fr om th e
n g to
u e, 8 3
3 41
outset
L k
e i d en ce
bout i t of
n M a ca n Do cum
t 13 4
M ille nial beli efs in ter p eted by
Chu ch i n r efer ence to
futu e
l i fe
3 59
Mi nuci us Fel i x attests the m e e
hum an i ty of J esus 18 1
on m ora l s of e
ly Chur ch
a
en
1 7o
no
ea
3 33
i
d id b
Euchari st
of
ar
n ,
r,
r o
ar
re
e,
ar
0 11
s,
an
n ea
on ,
v s,
e v
o e
2 35
a tth ew ,
of
x
m i ra cl
on ,
es,
or
i nven ts
7 6, 7 9
b bl d
G
l
d
d
in
I9
e ag ger ates
use
M k
m agi a y
2 39 foll
x ci sm s
of Father
S
nd S p i i t
i terpol ated i n M atthew xx iii
c ll
Jesus
e or
Nam e givi ng
bi rth 3 14
Nam es h oly
a r i es 2 43
Ner o bel i ef
-
on
igh th
day
c li d
fter
i n sanctu
,
, l o a se
p r o a e ate and authorsh p
o fhis
osp e , 1 3 6
,
B l
M i
b
c
J
O
d c i
bl i
Nil
M c
Ma k 57
-
I N DE X
3 80
O F S U BJ ECT S
es
sr
s r
on o
r r
s,
ra
'
or
an
ns
- -
s o e
na
on s,
se
ar
v r
an n
as e
n ver s
ver sa
sa
as
ea
r
v r
ea r
sa
en
e,
es
s er
I ND E X O F S U B J E C T S
382
or t rade gu i l ds of Rom an Vi rg in B i rt h un k n ow n t o th e au t h o r
of M ark s G os p e l 18 6 2 0 6
Em pi re th e ir c ommon m eal s
rej ec t ed by earl y Chri s
2 73
resurre cti on aft er
tians 180
T h ree days
i l lus trat ed by L a ctan
h ow t o be exp l ai ned 2 9 3 2 96
T h yes t ean b a ets al l eged agai ns t
t us fr om m ares 196
of B uddh a 3 6 6
C hris ti ans and Je w s 2 59
of Jul i us C aesar 196
Ti rn othy and A q u i l a D i al ogue of
Jus tin M ar tyr u p on 196
2 s
i n P hi l o 194
T om b e m pt y s t or y of i n M ar k
of P l at o 194
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