Principles of biochemistry

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Introduction:
Scope and importance of biochemistry in life sciences, brief
introduction of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
General phenomena:
Law of mass action, dissociation of water and pH value,
buffers transport through various membranes & osmosis
Enzymes:
Nature, functions, characteristics, mode of action, factors
affecting enzyme activity, specificity and inhibition, isozymes,
ribozymes, co-enzymes and prosthetic groups, vitamins as
co-enzymes, regulatory enzymes, classification and
nomenclature of enzymes.
Carbohydrates:
Introduction of carbohydrates, metabolism, glycolysis, Krebs
cycle, pentose phosphate shunt.
Proteins:
Classification of proteins, biochemical functions, amino acids,
structure, classification of amino acids & acid base behavior.
Peptide linkage and polypeptide, protein structure and
hydrolysis of proteins & reactions of amino acids
Lipids:
Occurrence & functions, classification of lipids, triglycerols,
waxes, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, structures,

classification of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, beta oxidation

of fatty acids & its energy yield
Nucleic acids:
Chemistry of nucleotides, central dogma of molecular
biology, replication, transcription and translation.
Recommended books:
Ahmad mushtaq.2003.essentials of medical biochemistry,
Vol 1. 7th ED. ilmi book house Urdu bazar Lahore.
Berg, J.M, J.L. Tymoczko and L. Stryer.2007.Biochemistry, 6 th
Ed. W.H Freeman and company. New York
Nelson, D.L. and M. M. Cox. 2005. Lahninger Principles of
Biochemistry, 4th Ed. Worth Publishers, New York.