Wea The Textile Institute Manual of Textile Technology en A Practical Guide to Volume 4 Ring SpinningShort-Staple Spinning Series Volume 4 The Textile Institute Manual of Textile Technology A Practical Guide to Ring Spinning W. Klein Editor: Dr. H. Stalder, dip|. Ing. ETH, CText FTIPreface This fourth volume in the Short-staple Spinning series of the Manual of Textile Technology deals with both the technical and the the technological aspects of ring spinning. This is a most important sub-field of yarn production, because the ringframe has a very great influence on the yarn product and its quality. Ring-spun yarn still provides the absolute standard of comparison in evaluation of yarns formed by other spinning processes. Evidence of the importance of this universal process is provided by the 160 million spindles in operation all around the world. Furthermore, thanks to notable improvements in performance achieved in recent years, ring spinning will be able to maintain its dominant position for a considerable time to come. It is therefore essential for every spinning specialist to have a thorough understanding of the detailed operations involved in this process, to know the relationships involved in the interplay of the various functions, to recognize the possible and to exploit the possibilities to their limits. This is the only way to ensure survival in the current competitive struggle. As in the preceding volumes, this one also provides an introduction to the material. It points out how the individual elements of the machine operate, the influences ‘they exert on the process, the way in which these parts and the machine as a whole should be treated, and those aspects which call for special attention. It should also be mentioned that some important basic technology has been dealt with in Volume 1, The Technology of Short-staple Spinning, in particular the drafting ac of the drafting arrangement and the interplay of the ring and the traveller in winding of the cop. Dr H. Stalder, dipl. Ing. ETH, CText FTI ) SETSContents Preface Acknowledgements 1, The Ring Spinning Machine: Introduction 2. Function and Mode of Operation 2.1 Task 2.2 Principle of Operation 3. Design Features of the Machine Basic Framework and Superstructure The Creel The Drafting Arrangement The Spindle Yarn Guiding Devices The Ring The Traveller he Machine Drive 1 Machine Drive as a Problem 2 Motors used in Practice 3 Squirrel-cage Motors 4 A.C. Shunt Wound Motors (Commutator Motors) 5 qT 4 4 4 4 4.5 Direct Current Motors 5. Structure of the Cop 5.1 The Cop Form 5.2 The Winding Process 5.3 The Builder Motion 5.4 Building the Base 6. Doffing 6.1 Preparation for Doff 6.2 Manual Doffing 6.3 Automatic Doffing } GESTED (7. Automation (and Ancillary Equipment) 7.1 The Need to Automate The Possibilities for Automation End Break Aspirators Piecing Devices Roving Stop Motion Travelling Cleaners Noni toring Automatic Cop Transport a a I 7 2 7 0 8. Supplemental Technology 8.1 Spinning Geonetry 8.2 Quality Standards 9. Technical Data 9.1 Change Positions on the Ring Spinning Machine 9.2 Machine Data 28 28 28 29 29 31 31 33 34 36 36 40 45 45 45 cess = J1. The Ring Introduction Spinning Machine: ) ETE CFUNCTION AND MODE OF OPERATION £_— 1s Automation in the fleld of roving bobbin transport and ring eptaniag frame at an attractive machine. (For detatled technologies! inter-relattoashtps, see Volume 1). 60 % Ring spinning machines 2. Function and Mode of Operation 2a Task ‘The ring splaniag machine (a designed to: 12% Speed frames © atvemate the roving until the required fineness is senteveds 4 t0 topact strength to the fibre strand by tvisting its 4% Drawlrames 1 t0 wind up the resulutag yarn in 4 form suitable for storage, transportation aut further processing: 13 t Cards . 2.2 Petactple of operation (Fig.3) Pig.2. cost atmuoture in tho ming epinning mitt Uaprovenente can be achteved matnly by: = 4s Further development of the ring and traveller (probably not of a radical nature). ss The use of automatic dotting. ‘¢ Reduction of the ring diaseter; the poraize an tnereare in spindle revolutions for constant teaveller speed. For example, {f 2 42 an sing (e used in place of 48 an ring, there te a cost 0g of about 0-10 DM, despite a slight fall to effictency. However a precondition for auch reductions in ring dlaneter 4 the use of a dofter at ‘the ring frase (ualese wage costs are very low) and eplicers at the winding aachine. The knot~free engeh Le aot very taportant under there © Toerease tn the machine Length (to 1000 sptatiea per ‘aachtne and sore), which reduces price per aptadle. # Reduction of the end break sate. Here, nev date ‘collection equipment ani ney deive techatques could be of considerable help: f Taprovenent 1a roving quality: at lesst 50% of all end Dreake have thelr origin in the preparatory stages. Linking of the ring aptnatng aachine and autonatic winder to a production uatt. © Roving stop devices, mataly for reduction of vaste ‘These devices aight perate avotdance of 1 Spertion vith deed panna! at ert vot = : gst Oprting agra. ) CED ( =DESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE Roving bobbins (1) are crecled 1a appropriate holders (3), Guide raLls (4) Lead che rovings (2) tato the de areangement (5) hich The dratetng arcangene 45-609, aching afoce ( has consigerablé Snfluence on Te fs one of the sost {aportant asseabttes on the Upon Leaving the front rollers, che emerging fine {Lore strand (6) receives the turne of twist needed £0 give Lt atrongeh. This telat Ls generated by the spindle, which rotates at hgh speed. Each revolution of the sptnile parts one turn of twist £0 the strand. Spinning of the In order to wind up his yarn oa a bobbin tube carried by the spindle (8), a traveller (9) ia requited to cooperate vith the spindle. The traveller ~ a rennant of poves om a guide all (the ing (10)) enetreLing the sptndle, The traveller has no drtve of tts ova; instead, te 18 carried along by the yarn ft le threaded with. The of between spindle owing to stgnifteant Frictton ge the Craveller and ring, and also because of atr drag on the yarn balloon forged between the ehresd gutde (7) and the traveller (9). Thie difference Ln speed between the the tubes In distinction to the x ng frase, 8 ring planing aachine operates vith 9 Leading aplodte. Winding of the yarn oato a cylindeicat package ‘effected by raletng and lowering of the rings, vhteh are carried on a Iongitudinal ring ral. the traverse stroke of the ring cat] {6 less chan the total winding helght (14Fe) on the tube, The ng ral aust therefore be ralsed by 9 onall amount after each layer of colls. At one tie, machines vere bulle tm which the LIEting aotton vas achieved not by ralstag the ring rail but by lowering the splndie ralt (loverabte apindie teil). Sach aachines are no Tonger conserctally avatlable, Figsd. Panta of the mohine. 3. Design Features of the Machine 3.1 Baste Framework and Superstmucture ‘The Long central section (B in Fig.4) of the aachtne, on nich production 4s actually cartied out, consists prinartly of Longitudinal senders in the form of sptadte rats (E) and roller beaas (F) extending aver the conplete chine Length. These longitudinale are secured to Intersediate sansons (6) arranged at short tatervals slong rength. et (H) The spindle ratl receives the spindles (4 {n Ftg.5) ig arrangenent (2) {6 caerted on the ‘adjustable im hetghe by mane of screws, thereby peraitting easy Levelling of the machine. The centeal section (B) Ls connected to two end heads (A and 0). One of these can incorporate, for example, the fmodern machines, a doffer D ts also provided. Including he dotfer arm (s swing ost) Today, the machine Length can reich 50 a. Sptndte gauges wsually Le between 70 and 90 aa. 3.2 The Creel (Fig-6) In design terns, the creel (s a saple device. Te cas 1 {nfluence the minber of fautte. In porticular, if the roving bobbin does aot unin | c D tile InstituteDESTGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE rough the machine. perfectly, then fatse drafts can arise, oF even end on, okovers are ao loager used 25 the creel, aodera crocls have bobbin suspension holders ‘These are mounted, for exanple, oa several carrier rasle (2) (eetanguta “section tubes) arranged one behind the other and extending over the uhole Length of the asehtne. ‘Tere 1s one holder for each spiadie. Bach holder, a sLluserated for exanple by the Cesablancas aodel, has 1 (ts lover portion the actual retainer device (6) for the bobbin tube. When the ring (5) 8 pushed up a5 far a6 1¢ will go by the upper end of 4 tube Anserted Lato the holder, the bobbin retatner (6) ‘evings out, when the ring 4s pushed up a second tine, the retainer ts retracted and che bobbin can be withdrava, £08 ‘example when it te eapty. ‘The holders are suspended on ball beartage A light Drake arn presses gently agesast the bobbin to prevent 4 rotating too quickly. Modern creele take up © lot of apece in breadth because very Large roving bobbins are used now. 7 mune: 4 Fegebs Boban holdem. 3.3 The Drafting Arrangenent (eee alae Volune 3, Dravfrane) 3.3-1 Influence on qualtey and economes Te quality {e taken as the sole criterion, then the drafting eevangenent ts the sost sportant part of the sichine, Te xnfluences matnly evenness and strength. The the type of drafting arrangensns #20 deesen, # precise settings, # selection of correct individual elements, 4 chotce of appropriace draft, However, the drafting a agenent algo exerts an Anfluence on the economics af the machine ~ dtvectly vie the end break rate, ant iniirectiy via the draft level. LE higher drafts can be set in the drafting arcangenent, then coarsar roving can be used as feed stock. Tals saplios a higher production rate at the roving frame and ving in roviag epindles, {.e, @ reduction tn the total number of machines (roving Cranes), epacey personnel, and so on. Adaittadly, Increases in draft y also being redscttons in quality, che folloving draft Linite have boon established for practical carded cotton up to 35 carded blend up to «0 Combed cotton aad blended yarns # of medium fineness up 0 40 © toe yarns sp £0 45 Synthetic £1008 tap £0 45 (~ 50).DESTGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE The beesk daft must be adapted to the coral draft tn exch cage since the sata drafe should not excead (25 £0)30. total dratte up to 40 das bb (often 1.14 ¢0 1.28) Strongly telsted roving 1a Te should be noted that high drafts often require very 3.3.2 Design concepts te strangeeent of the drafting Utenout exception, ring spinning agchines Ln the modern chort-ataple spinning alll are Fleted with 3-Line dauble- apron deaf ting arcaagenents. They comprise three lower Fluted steet rollers (a) to whleh the drive 18 apptted (sve Figs7). Top rollers (b), carried tn 4 plvoted ueighting arm (c), are arranged above the fluted roltere and ace pressed agatnet chen. The strand contatos oaly fev remaining f4brex when 1¢ reaches the aain drafetag €Le18; accordtnaty, this te Provided with @ guide device consisting of an upper and a ower revolving apron (e)- Normally, the top rollers are arranged as shovn tn Fig.8. The front top roller Le set alightly forvard by a Atotance (a) relative to the front bottoe roller, vatle ace (b) the afddie top roller te seranged 2 short dt ragatng of the top rollers; furthernore, the overhang of the front top foller shortens the apianing crtangle (eee spinning geonetry", section @.1 by abttting the ntp Line forward. This has 4 correspondingly favourable ‘eflvonce fon the end break race Ae alternative cotter arcangenent Le offered by the [NA (Fig.9). lore, the back top roller {2 shifted cearvard relative to the botton roller. The larger enctreling curve (a) produces an additional fibre guidance zone: Fig.9. Tha 10 dra 3.3.3 The top rollers, Spinning alle operate with evo types of top rollers (weigheing rollers): thows supported at both ends (fn the deawframe and >; and + double-boss rollers (n the roving fraue sod ct, comb spinning aachtne Double-boss rollers are supported In thelr centre rections by che wetghtlng ara, They can sving siighely relative to the axis of the bottom roller. They appear fe two Fores 4 fast boss rollers, {n which the E49 boi (y Feget0) on the Left acd right, respectively, fora = rigs venlt aad can be rotated only in unison; and 4 Loote boss rollers, 1m which the two bosses are separately sounted and can be rotated {ndependently of one another. A farther, distinction in draws between bosses chat can be 1 fron the aupport shaft (renovable bosses), ‘and those that are fixedly on the support shaft (nos~ reaovablle bosses)- ‘The roller bodies are gounted on one or tao rows of Ball boseinge- chic 5,DESTGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE Fags. Cnonecaeatton through the maahene perfectly, then fats anee For this reason, ekovers are no longer used 19 the creel, aodera creels have bobbie euspension holders. ‘These are mounted, for example, on several carrter valle (2) (eetangular-section tubes) axraaged one bebiad the other and extending over che whole Length of the machine. There {s one holder for each spindie. Each holder, LLluserated for example by the Cacabtancas aode1, has {n {ts lover portion the actual retalner device (5) for the bobbin cube. When the ring (5) 42 pushed op a8 far a8 {¢ will go by the upper end of 4 tube inserted fato the holder, the bobbin retainer (6) stage out, when the ring 1 pushed up a second cine, che retalner {6 retracted and the bobbin can be wishérava, for evample vies (¢ Le eapty The holders are suspended on bell beartags. A light Drake are presses gently against whe bobbin to preveat te rotating too qutekly. Modern creeis take up a lot of apace in breadth because very large roving bobsas are used aoe, 0. Bobbin holdem. (200 also Voluse 3, Dravtrane) Ie quality {¢ taken ae the sole celterion, then the achine. Te snfluences sainly evenness and strength: The following aspects f the type of drafting axrangenent, 5» therefore of great significance: deste, ‘selection of correct individual olesents, # chotee of appropriate draft, service and maintenance ovever, the drafting aerengeseat also exerts aa taf luence 00 the econoniee of the aachine ~ directly wa the end break rate, and indirectiy via the draft level Tf Maher drafte can be aot tn the drafting areangenent, then coarser roving can be used a5 feed stock. This Lnplies « higher production rate at the roving fraae ant thus 4 gaving in roving spindles, L.0. 4 reduction in the otal number of aschines (roving franes), spacey petiomel, and eo on. Adasttedly, eases an deaft asually also brang eeductions n quality; the followlag draft Listes have been established for practical carded cotton up t0 35, carded bent up co 40 1 of medium fLoences up t9 40 Syathecte fubres tp to 45 (~ 50). 7 ) GAIT CDESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE Fige10. Preseure rotten. coverings on the top rollers are asde of eyntherie rubber. ‘The coversng 12 drava onto the bose {a the forw of 8 short tube under tension, and {2 glued in place. Thas operation should be carried out vith the wtaost cares Covering hardness Lies in various ranges: soft 60° to 70 shore ediva 70° to 90° shore ard above 90° shore Coverings with hardness less than 60° Shore are noraally untultable becaute they cannot recover from the deforaation caused by squeezing out on each revolution of Soft coverings have a greater ares of contact, encloce the Etbee strand wore coupletely ant therefore provide better guidance for the fibres. However, they also vear out atgntEtcantly faster and tend to fora more Iaps- here posstble, therefore, harder coverings are used, for exauple at the entrance to the drafting arrangenent. At that polat, # compact, self-sufflctent strand, vith « slight twist, Le fed tn and does aot require any addietonal guidence. Ae the delivery, on the other hand, only few f4bces reuatn tn the atrand and chase oxh{bit a tendency to elide apart. Additional fibre guidance Le therefore advantageous. Accordingly, coverings with hardness levels of the order 60 to 85° Shore are mostly used at the back ‘and 63° t0 63° at the front roller, yaras or yaras of ayathetic fibres are being spun, harder coverings are also used at the front roller because of Ancreased vear and, 19 the case of synthetic yar because of « higher tendency co form Lap rolle! Vere coarse Since the covering tine to ttee (after sbout 3000 to 4800 operating hours)- ear out, they mat be buffed fros This operation is carried out by special grinding nachines. The ancunt to be resoved from the diameter Lies 4 the region of 0.2 mm, but the otal covering thickness should never be reduced belov 3.5 an. 3.3.4 Top roller wetghetng. Methods of applying pressure Three kinds of top roller walghting are prt epring wetghting (aost manufacturers), © poounatic weighting (in use for several decades on Rleter aachines, optionally avatlable fros TWA, # magnetic weighting (avatlable froa Saco Lovell). Losd-appiying support arae ate needed to carry the top rollers {a the fret two groupe. thes founted on shafts of tubes extending over the Lengeh of the machine behind the rollers. They can be vung away ‘om the bottom rollers to release pressure, snd tovarde Pendutua eras vith spring velghting (asing the SKF PX 225 model ap aa example, Fig-11) Te double-bose rollers are seated in reapective guide amas (14/13, 17/13, 19/13), which ave contimously adjustable relative to each others For each top roller there Le @ respective apring (IL, 16, 18) ~ for the front roller sosetines two ~ vhseh presses ehe top roller ‘againet the bottom roller. In the SKF arm, weighting Pressure can be siaply adyssted in three stepe with the atd of a key. Colovr coded markinge indicate the setting (ig.12). Pendulum arms vith pneumatic vetghting (using the Rieter F5-160 P.3 ax an exanple, Fig-19) ‘The losd-applying cop ara {8 stanped from sheet steel and ‘ts mounted on a hexagonal cube extending over the length of the machine behind the rollers. The tube contains a pressure hose comected tos central compressor Installation. There are three top roller holders in the top ara itself, mounted on two bearing slides. The two bearing altdes form 4 doublevarned lever. Taree holes Depending upon the hole selected, the total welgneing pressure, originating at che pressure air hose and acting ‘via «cam on the vhole weighting ara, {e applied sore strongly to the beck roller or to the two Front rollers. A second holevand-pia eyates at a on the Dearing slice for the two front rollers engbles distribution of che pressure applied co these two rollers also. Variation tn che total pressure applied to 211 cop rollers ts obtained by staple adjustuent of the prescure in the hose using « preasure-reducing velva at the end of the aachine, Distribution of pressure between the Andividuat rollers is then obtatned by the lever aystem Atecussed immediately above. 6 BT Textile Institute 1@DESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE ‘The asta edvantages pneuaatie loading are + staple and very eapfd conteal pressure vertatton: the machine = stopped, #0 that the roller coverings are not deformed duting long interruptions in AddieConal expense {n relation to the pressure att systea represents a disadvantage in corparison vith speing wetgne tng 2.3.5 Fibre guiding devices Ieplesentation on the ring eploning aschine The Fbre stand tn the main drafting fleld constets of only few romaining fUbres. There (s hardly any érfctton eld and flbee guidance provided by the rollers alone {= Inadequate. Special fibre guiding devices are therefore Flag spinning aschine (refer to F4g-14)- + Linear guidance A onal alunintum or vooden roller ( 1» the sorcalled tuabler roller, presses with (ta on Light weight agatast the bottom roller. This Cora of device 18 n0 longer used # Saxface guidance (exo dinenstonel) Tala caa be provided {2 the (ore of deflection around rollers (b), or {n the fora of a single apron (c), oF double aprons (€). New drafting arrangements tn rine spinning sachines are fitted with double aprons, although NA ot{IL also offers infeed rollers with version (6) # Voluse guidance (theee dinenetonsl) ‘Tals {2 the only type of device that can provide opttnal Fibre control, and being 1ov Levels of unevennes: Novever, (t (e difficult to operate with thts type ta practice; among Not problens, the diaensfoar of the passage oust alvays be adapted to the voluse of the saterial. Nevertheless, this prizclpje has been exploited fn the Anbler drafting arcangeaent of the English worsted Volume gufdance vould be optiaal if the surface could be woved, instead of being held stationary. Double-apron drafting arrangements eith long lover oe 1 double-apron drafting arrangements, evo revolving aprons driven by the aiddle rollers form 4 fibre guiding assenbly (see Fig-15). Tn order to be able to gulde the fibres, che upper apron aust be pressed vith controlled force agatnse the Lover apron. For thts purpote, a controlled cing Cente opening), prectsely adapted to igst5. tong bottom apron. oe NT Textile Institute 16 —DESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE Pigeib. Short bottom apron. the fibre volume, (¢ needed between the t4o aprons at the Tis spacing can be set by neans of replaceable distance plates, ahoes, ete. Upper aprons, often made of syntherte material, are alvays short; lover aprons aay be etanttcantly longer. They are then guided correspondingly around rolls. Long bottom aprons have the leas danger of thetr choking with fy. prone apron devices (Fig.18) are alaoet a2 old ae the disadvantage that the aprons are more difficult to replace tn the event of damage. Also, since holders are CLL thea run out of trie. Adsitcedly, novever, there Aigadvantages mist de sot against considerable advantages: # they have auch Lover desten input, and are therefore 4s Pleaents beneath the drafting arcangenent (such ax detiecting rolls, clesrers and guides) can be omitted, #0 that access to the underside of the rollers # saproved + Tey con be broughe closer to the Front roller, his enabling an improvesent in ftbre control 3.4 Te Spindle 3.4.1 The thread path (Fig. 17) ‘he yarn produced by tulsting at the delivery of the drateing arrengenent {5 gulded with the afd of 9 thread iulde (1) to a position divectly over the spindle, Sefore passtng to winding up on the spade, the yarn rune ‘rough @ eacoad guide position, che balloon conteat ring (2). Winding on the epindle (4) ieself arteor from tnterplay between the speed of che traveller rotating on the ring (3) and the rotationel speed of the spladle. The tatcer {s therefore the h{rd aost {aportant aschtne lonent, folloving the drafting arrangenent and the Hlag/traveller combination. Mechanteslly, the spindle te capable of speeds up to 28 000 rev/ain, but this aaxima 1 cannot be exploited comerctaliy because the teaveller speed is Matted, 3.4.2 Structure of the aptnile (Fige 17 and 18) ‘the aplndie consists of two clearly separate parts, namely, the upper part (4) and the bolater (7)- The upper part ts nov aade of alumintua alloy and ts slightly tapered (e.g. Pigsi?. Thread guide (1), battoon control ving (2), epindte (4/7) and ring (3)- BY Toytile Inctituite 14 91 the apinite Ls 64). er end, ant tn larger spindles also near the lover end, 1 has a tube gripping device chat es flim eating of the tube on the upper part whtch {5 formed a5 a boll (Fige18) eo that {t can be placed over the neck beartag in the bolsters Tooale forces generated by tne drive tape therefore act directly on the bearlag, which has ¢ favourable influence on the savothaes# of running of the spl In addition to the form of the whorl, however, te Atonstone are aleo important. For example, ££ the Alaneter can be kept low, then « given spindle speed can be achteved with Lover speeds in the drive mechanisa /s and tapes). This gives a reduction t= eneray The bolster (7) is fled to the ring tall by weans of a ut (8). {10 sade DESTGM FEATURES OF TE MACHINE 3.4.3 The spindle nounetng n apindie sounting (refer £0 Fig.19) competes oA bolster (7), which {8 side elther of cast itoa or ‘eA cheater (11) petueen che spindle blade (2) and ert this chasber 1s provided co hold Lubricating A flexible foot bearing (3), # A eptntle daaping device (10). # Possibly, sptral spring (9) for supporting the Foot bearing (3) £0 take up Iapacts transferred froa the # Povstbiy, a floeibte tube connection (6) betwen the ‘Tho occk bearing can be a Journal, bell oF roller bearing, ‘The use of Journal bearing brings » noticeable reduction {n notse level, but enecgy absorption rises co Gone degree. Ball bearings are used only in che USA. Compared vith roller bearings, they are slightly Less robust, use soashvat gore ofl and have shorter Lifetiaes ‘The foot bearing (3) 4m always a plata bearing and ts ‘the sptndle ts this self-centring, This enables rvont ng st speeds above crltical, which ta tura enables a atgniticant reduction {a bearing Forces. Foor boartgs usualy have slots (12) through whieh of ean etroulate, mainly then the spindle is subjected C0 ahocks- Tats celroatation can wach out getal particles. igh performnce spindles are inconcetvable without damping devices (see Fig.20). Various ayatens are In vee, (810, oF daepiag oft around 6 others), damping sleeves cool tube (Rete): In the case of a danping spiral, whon the spindle (O) Is dtepteced laterally, the spiel spring (a) 42 compressed on one side, O11 therefore Flovs from that nite damping, operating diagram. apindte blade, (0) oft flow,side to che other where gaps open up (e)+ The reatscance that the ol haa overcone Leads to damping of vibrations of the Foot bearing and ftnally to danptng of vibrations ‘The chasber (11, Fig.19) between the blade and the 1 must be replaced froa tine te tine, This becomes neceasary after approxteately 10 000 to 20 000 operating hours. 3.ds6 Influence of she spindle on splantng Spindles, and vhetr drive, have a greae tnfluence on power conguaption and aotse Level ia the aechtne. ‘The nianing characteristics of @ spindle, espectally ace and eccentricity relative to the ring, also affect yarn quallty and of course the muaber of end breakages. Almost all yarn parsaeters are dinadvantageoualy affected by poorly niontng aptnéles- ence, the aill ist eosure at all tines chat centering of the spladles x te a5 accurate at Stnce the ring and spindle fora independent operation, these two parts aust be re-centred from time £0 time, Previously, this was doae by shifting the sptntte relative to che ing, but 1f Ue aoe unually carried out by agjusting the ring Mechanical or electronte devices are sed for centring. 245 Spindle drive cseathon Basically, three groupe of spindle drtves can be # disect drives Tape drives can be further considered wader the hesdiags stage eptnite drives, and group drives, and direct drives under the headings {adtviduat aechanteal, and {adtvideal nator driven Mechanical dicect deives are no longer used coday ndividual aotor driver, (one motor per spindle) vere Short-staple epinaing aille vse practically only group artves te the form of the Snapladle tape drive, and tangential belt delves, ‘The Latter type 1 coatng Into tangential netts, the Aospindle drive has the advantages of lover noise level and energy consumption, and tapes are sasier to replace. The advantages of the tangential belt # oliatmeion of drive comporents under the machine; + loos disturbance to the att under the machine; and DESTGN FEATURES ‘OF THE MACHINE Scapindle tape drives (FLg.20) In this eyeten, 4 tape drives tuo apladles on one aide of the machine and a further tao apindies on the opposite sides Ta nuaning £roa the one machine aldo to the other, « Pounapindde tape drives tangential ele drives (Pig.22) Tn this drive, a belt extends from the suspented moter past the Congr side of each spindle. A plurality of pressure rolls essurat even prosaure of the belt on al ‘Three baste forms mist be distinguished: single belt, double elt, and grouped drives. Pig.22. Tongonviat belt drive. 1m the First cage (Fig.22(b)), one endless belt drives the spindtes on both machine aides. In the second case (Fig.22(a)) evo belts are provided, a first belt to drive the spindles on one side and a second belt to drive the splndies of the other side. The double-belt system gives better evenness of spindle revolutions. Wnors the single Delt principle is used, differeaces can arise ovlag to the considerable vartation in tenston along the belt. This effect Ls expecially marked tn long machines. oANonNN8*0”V*™N™V*_. aDESTGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE 3.5 Yarn Gulding Devices 2.5.1 Lappete appets J Yountad dtracty above each spindle Lo 8 to Lead the yeu cenealy over the oplatte axis (Pine) The Lopper consists of « thread guide (0) nade of bent Mi aera Gaeta aaTetca a adjustably mounted on the support arm to enable centring, tf hie the sow taut to secured to 6 Lappe ell (0) wah vi fed and lovere During with the Lappets can be # Vinding of a cop, the Lappet rail pertoras the same y a A ete \ continual upward shift through a small distance tn accordance with the builder motion. Fig.th. Rateing of the thread guide ae the batloon becomes matter. Tle has tuo negative consequences: A high balloon {8 assoctated with 4 Large Saloon Alaneter, causlag space problons. fs The Large balloon dimensions Iead to relatively high aie drag on the yarn in the balloon. This (a cura causes increased deformation of the belloon curve out of the plane {atersecting the spindle axis (at right angles to the plane of the apindte axia). This defornstion can Lead to balloon Snstability; thers te toexensed danger of cotlapse. Both these disadvantageous affects could be aittgated by an {acreage in yarn tension corresponding vith a heavier traveller. However, ents would be followed by an Increase Ln the mumber of ends dova as a direct result of the igher yarn tension. 1Fig.28. Pivating arm (k) and thread guide (0)+ jovenent of the guides eacures As shown $F that d{ffereaces {n the balloon hetght cau fn the rlag fall positions do aot become too large. other would produce corresponting negative effects on the ends excessive tension variation ia the yara dovn rate and che yarn characceristica. ‘Thread guides aust be centred from tine to time using 6 setting device (s, Fig.25) which Le sounted temporarily on. the spindle, Siace the yarn path does not run through the flddte of che guide (o), but on {te Laner edge, the potnt of the setcing device mist be directed touarde the inner edge of he guide: 3.542 Te balloon control ring (BCR Spindtes used today are relatively ong: The spacing between che iag and the thread gulde {8 correspondingly Jong, thus gtving « high balloon. Fg.28. Baltoon control wing. a EECDESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE ings (Flg.26) are used, each dtvidtng Its balloon inte height, the dovble-balioon created in this way te thoroughly stable even at relatively lov yarn censtons Belloon control rings therefore enable eperstion with long spindles and relatively high revelations whtle the yara rubs on the control ring, Lee use can cause vay (£27), and forastion of welt spote in processing of The latter problem should be given careful attention. fn the Life sovenents of the fing ra.t but with a shorter steoke Length. 1.3.3 Separators ost ends down arise From breaks in the spinning trlangle, because there vary high forces are exerted oa « strand consisting of fibres which have aot yet been fully Bound topether. If bresk occurs In the telangte, then the evly created (ree yarn ent mist be drawn to the cop ant oun onto {t+ Ouetng this process, the broken lashes around the spindle. Th the absence of protective devices, thts broken ond would be hurled Lato the neighbouring yarn balloon and vould cause an end dows on thae spindle also. This procedure would be repeated contimously #0 chat # wave of ends dovn would travel along the row of spiniies. Tn order co prevent this happening, separator plates of aluntatus aterial are arranged betwoen the individual spindles ig.27). 3.6 Te Ring 2.6.1 The atgnt he ring a eller (Fg.28) in ost cases, the Lialt to productivisy of the ring oterdependence with the ring, and the yarn. Te ia fe aateriate of the ring and travelten 46 the forms of both elesentss 4 fibre Lubrteat on Fig.28. Bing and travel ten, This catalogue shows that the ehtef means of exaxeing Influence Lies vith manufacturers of the componente. The salt spectalise can act omly through correct selection of components and correct application of those componente £0 3.6.2 The form the sing fate forms 4 LubrLeated rings (12 woolten aod worsted eptantng)s (¢ unlubrtcared rings. (718.29), {o0. the unlubeicazed type, can be considered under the headings - # stogle aided (a), ant # double aided riage (6)+ Single-sided rings must be replaced by nev ones after ) CEI C a)DESTEN FEATURES ig. 20. Single-etded and double-etded rings. they have been vorn dovai 4 double-sided ring worn on one ide can be turned over and used on che second side. The ateer serves for souattag of the ring vhtle the fire aide te acting a8 traveller gutde. Vafortunately, 1 very often emerges in practice that hen a double-sided ring {# turned over, the second #ide ‘nae become unstable owing te corrosion and other causes ‘These rings are therefore relatively seldom found today For riage used in the short-stapl eptnning will, eve dimensions are of prime tmportence: the internal dlascter ‘and the flenge width (F 4a Fig. 30). Pig.30. Bing flange. Ringe are avatlable vith the folloving ‘aternal Ataneters (45 a) (38), 38, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54. Standards have deen defined in relation the the Flange atten, ae foltowa: Flange Nos 1 ab 2 Flange vidth (om) 3.2.1) an (OF THE WACHINE The “anti-vedge” cing (Pig.31) Tain was the frst high-performance ring. Tt vas, and atttl ts, offered by the Eadie Brow company. Compared ‘vith che peeviovely standard ring fora, 1¢ exhibits conte fod flange inner ide and 44 markedly flattened on ‘te upper surfaces This change of form peraltted use of travellers with a lover centre of gravity aad precisely adapted bow (elliptical tx jellers), which {n cuen alloved operation at Maher speeds. Anti-wedge stags and elitptteal teavelie be used only Delong together and c: ig. 31. anci-vedge ring. The “low-ergoa" ring (Conventional ring). (F48-32) 1m the low-erown ring, the curvature of the upper surface has been somevhat flattened coupared vith rings used up to that tine. This gives more space for the passage of che yarn ao that the curvature of the traveller can algo be reduced (ovat travellers/flet travellers) and the centre of gravity 1s lovered. In comparison with the anti-vedge ring, the low-erovn ring has the advantages that the apace provided for pat eof the yarn {= somevhat Larger and that a11 current traveller shapes can be applied, with che exception of the elliptical traveller The low-crovn ring, 4 today the woat widely used ring form and {8 offered by 411 vell-koove frm, euch a8 Broecker and Retnere § Pig.82. The "lovoramn” (eonventionat ring) rSU-Ring” (F1g.33) ie ring form ie 4 Russian development (SU stands for Sorter Uatoa), and a agaia asrketed by the Eade Bros company. Tt has two advantages, staely ¢ large aura a4 ) ESTED CDESTGW FEATURES ged. Stoning. contact for the traveller on the inner flange (atth correrpoadiagly good heat transfor to the ring) and a degcee of compensation of forces acting on the travelers ‘the censtle force (F#R) exerted in the upward direction by the yarn ts counteracted by a second force (FFK) vhich conteal inner Flange In response’ to the high centrifugal Force. SU-rings vith corresponding travellees peralt higher eavatler epeeds, expecially with eynthitie ftbres, and give ¢ slight reductton in traveller vest. 3.6.3 Materials for the ting The sing should always be tough and hard on 129 exterior: The running surface {a particular deserves the closest lardaees {nthe range 800-850 Vickers. The teaveller hardness should be lover (650-700 Vickers), so that wear ‘easter £0 replace Surface ¢noothacas 12 also faportant. Ut should be high, but not too high, since otherwise a lubricating file cannot bull up on fee ‘the folloving oatariale are veed 4+ Sane oF induction-hardened steel, to cone extents f¢ nitelded steels this 1s nov rare aface ablation cao arise oving co the high surface hardnecss 4s cathornttrided ate hls ts the gost commons chrome steel; thts ts found aore rarely. 3.604 Mounting of the ring The tings ace ypported on the ralsable and Loverable ring ail. AE one time, they vere imovably secured (0 the all, but nowadays they aust be adjustable because the ‘OF THE WACHINE Pigs84, Ring nownting spindle 4s ap longer centred relative to the rings Instead, the ring {# centred relative to the fixed aptadle wich calls for mich lets effort. Accordingly, tn modern oly acreved to the ring all by means of holders (see Fig-34). machines, the stage are adju 3.6.5 Denands placed on the ring in operation on the (optiaat evantag-in conditions); ong operating Lifetime; # correct relationship between ring and bobbin tube Atanetees (2:1 up to 2-251); A£ should be oxactly centred relative Co the apladten 3.6.6 Eibe Jubsication on the eine vias LnitlaTly assuaed that cooperation between the rlag land ceaveller {avolved aetal-tovaetal frtetions The eploner (s fortunate that fn face thls 8 not 80, since fectal-to-netal friction would probubly Liat traveller epeeds to about 26-30 a/- In eeality, the traveller moves on 4 lubricating {tla vintch tt bullds up ttael! and ehich consists primarily of cellulose and wax. This file arises frow material abraded from the fibees. Lf fibre particles are caught between the clng and Eravelier, then at high craveller epeads and uitth correspondingly REBR co the tagal forces particles are partially ground to a paste of sual, colourless, etinaparent and extresely thin platelets. The traveller aapothes these out Lo Form 4 costimous ruontng ‘The adherence of the platelets to the ring and the cohesion within the fla are very variable. Accordlagly, are contimally betng replaced The position, form and structure of che Lubricating 11m 1s dependent vpon macy factors Locludiag yare fineness, yarn structure, Fibre rev aaterial, traveller seuss, traveller speed and height of the eraveller boy. Ta ‘Textile Institute 1 75DESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE sptoning of yacas finer than, say, 7-3 tex (te 80), mo idee lubrication (or vary (ttle) can be expected because traveller mize and hence centrifugal force are tow. Yaxime traveller speed Ls therefore lover than In spinning of coarser yarns. Modern ring/travelier combinations with vell extraze cases up to 40 w/e: 3.6.7 Running dn a new cing. 16 a worn ring {e replaced by 4 new one, fAbre lubrteation {is absent from the replacenent. Over a certatn pertod, only wotal-to-netal friction 1s prevent at the contacting ourtacea of the ring and traveller, This ts a very exitteal phase, stace the nev ring can very soon suffer dasage fron pitting, and also oving to the risk of welding Hence, ring mamifacturere have estabtished precise rules for thts running in phage, during whteh the ring urface 42 anoothed and passivated (oxidized), and a flbre lubrication ftla is bullt up. In broad terms, che rules can be sunmartzed as follovs ‘e Now rings should not be degre over vith a dty cloth ed, bot only rubbed Uae eteher the coreect teavelter vith a 15-208 reduction in spindle speed, or the norsal spindle speed with a traveller 1-2 mbere Tighter than ua The tsrat craveller change should be caretad out after 15 atnatee 4 The second erwelier change should eake place after 30 a Thted ceaveller change should be mide after 1 t0.1 } tours a The fourth traveller change should be sade after the 4 Farther traveller changes are £0 be aide after the a Traveller changes should agatn take place after the f160h and elgheh softs Actweon tines, che spindle anced can be increased tn Ta spinning yarns floer chan 7.3 tex (8e £0), running fn te st{11 move avksurd and troublecone. In ehte case speeds redoced by 20 ~ 30% shosld bo sod and the riage should be rubbed 0 1 fron tie to tine with a plece of felt soaked én of + 3.6.8 Rotating riage (Living ring) In the fing spinning atchine, the probler that places att on productivity ts generation of heat In che traveller. There are tvo possibilities for getting around hla problea: avotding ganeratton of heats oF rapid tranefer of generaced hest out of che traveller. Since Improvement ia petforaance by way of thermal transfer can be gained {n only very snail steps, attenpte ‘are made regularly to prevent generation of heat. However, this 12 only possible +o a sigatttcant degree 6 the relative velocity of the traveller and ring can be reduced practically to zero, which acans that the elng and exaveller must rotate ag a unit This train of thougie eads to the rotating in. Te aost designs of thts type, exch ring Floats on an lair cashion and functions as a rotor, belne drava along by the traveller. Hovever, durtag starting up, only the traveller rotates at Ftrse until ehe centrifugal force, land hence whe cootect pressure Detween cing and traveller, reaches a level at which drive {9 transferved to the sing The theoretical considerations that Lead to this systea are persuasive, but practical realtzation ts difficult. ‘The chief problens axe as folloss. 4 The auchine cost {5 raised by bout one thirds A Larger gauge La needed. 4 Nolee suppression equipment {e necessitated. # Start wp aad shat down apeeds aay have to be regulated: ey aay have £0 be changed. 4s The bearing aysten Le aansietve and costly. spindle peed in practice, because other Lintts to productivity a the ring sptoaing aachtne (vara teaston, specific energy contuaption) are reached very quickly. To date, chese rings have not achieved widespread acceptance ‘because addictonal coate have far exceeded achtevable 347 The Traveller (ate also Volume 1) the traveller (nparts twist to the yarn, and enables Winding of the yarn on the cop: lowever, a cooperating Jeably, the spindle, 1s required for the winding operation. Length wound up corresponds to the difference 4m peripheral speeds of the two devices, te. the tine to the Length delivered at che froat rollers. The apeed difference ie due t2 Legging of tho traveller relative to che spindle, ance the craveller does not have drive of tte oun but 18 dragged along behind che apindie. igh contact pressure (up to 35 w/a?) te onerated between the ring and the traveller during Utnding, anisly due to centetfugal force. The pressure Anduces strong frictional forces which {9 turn Lead £0 stgatficant generation of heat. ‘ute {2 the Kernel of the ring/teavelior pesblea- The low sass of the traveller does ast perate disstparton the generated heat in che short tte available. AS 2 renult, che operating speed of che craveller is Lintceds [eerie ee Textile InstituteDESIGN FEATURES OF THE MACHINE Travellers are required to wiad up yarne of very different types: coarse/Eine: aaooth/betry; compact /voluat nave; strong/wenk; satura fibre/syathette ftbre, These videly varying yara types cannot 11 be Using Just ove traveller type ~ 8 variety of travellers is rneoded. Dtfterences are found {nt fora; a8 saterial; ftnlohing troataent of the material profile; size of the yarn clearance opening for the thread (etghe of the bow) ‘he spinner must make the appropriate chotce for hts 3.1.3 The form of the traveller The traveller aust be shaped to correspond exactly with the Hing {a the contact zone, so that a atngle contact surface, with the greatest possible surface area, te traveller should be as flat ae possible, in order to keep the contre of gravity lov and thereby Lapeove savothoess ‘These tuo features have a aigatficeat Safluence on the achievable Craveller speed. ovever, the {lat bow mist atiLL Leave adaguate space for passage of the yarn. If the yare clearance opening 4s t00 saall, rubbing of the yara of the riag Leads to roughening of the yarn, « teh level of fibre loss ax fly, detertoration of yarn quality and foraseion of aelt spots {n apiantng of synthetic ¢tbre yarn. sptaning silk (Fig-35 (a) to (4D) () Cotrevelters (b) flat of oval traveller: we (a) Netravelter. apd also the SU-traveller (tusteated ia Pigure 33. 3.7.4 the wire profile of the travelle proftle also tnfiueaces both the behaviour of the ‘contact surface of the ein 4 smooth runntnes © theraal transfers ‘yarn clearance opening: Several profile types are shova in Fig.36 (as given by Braecker) 3.7.5 The material of the erayeller ‘the tcaveller should: fe generate as Little heat as posstbles Atstrtbute the generated heat fro the area ntact surface) over the thers (t develops (che hole voluae of the travellers fe transfer thls heat rapidly to the ring and the att; lor forme: (a) Cutravettan; (b) flat 1» (normal traveller]; (@) eltéptioat travetten: (4) Yoeravetter. LL Se «Ne ©) |Ebssee , OS a 7 ny NO XO : Pigeat. Wine prove be elastic, 0 that the traveller vill not break as tt 44 pushed oa £0 the ring: f emnebie high wear rests: set bat ‘# bo sonevhat leas hard than the ring, because the traveller must wear avay {n use tn pre rings Eni C 7short-staple splaniag mili are alaast exclusively made of steel. However, pure steel doos not optimally Fvlfill the FUrst three equtrenents. Accordingly, traveller wmepufacturers have made efforts over several decades to Anprove running properties by surface treatment. Suitable procesaes for this porpore are fe electroplating, in which the traveller receives coattng of one o aore wetatlie Layers, eng. alcket and stlvers oF 's chenicat trestaant of the surface to reduce Friction ‘The Bracker company has developed 4 new process in whieh certetn Finishing components étffuse Into the traveller surface and are f£xed in place there (eapphire travellers). The resulting Layer reduces temperature rise feura deveraine the winding ané balloon tension. Le traveller mass 2 £00 anall, the Balloon uLll be too big and the cop too softs aaterial take-up in the cop vil An undal be Low. high traveller aase Leads co high yarn tension and many end breaks. Accordingly, che aase of the traveler must be aatched axacrly to both the yer (Elneneee, strength) and the spindle speed TE a choice {4 available between two craveller wetghes then the heavier 4s normally selected, since it will give greater cop welght, saoother running of the traveller and Dotter transfer of heat out of the traveller. Table L can fa guide {n deteratning approximately the appropriate traveller ausber 3.1.7 The traveller clearer A yarn conslate of f10ces that are bound into the structure aore of lets effectively, but that are ta eny fevont relatively short. It is therefore tnevteable chat the yarn mint theough the traveller, some ftbees will bbe detached- For the aost part they float away {nto che Atooaphere, but some Fesaia caught on che traveller. ‘These retained fibres can accumLate wottl they form @ tuft, and the ceuutting {netease in traveller ass can ead to auch increased yarn tension uhich finally can induce an end break Fibre ceuoving devices, acvcalled traveller clearars (see Fig.37), are sounted close to the zing La order to prevent foraatton of such ftbre accumlattons. They should be sot 26 close a8 posstble to the traveller without, hovever, interfering with {cs govements. Exact 18 Textile Insti DESTGW FEATURES OF THE WACHINE to appropriate traveller maber for given yarn count. (150 48 the nav standard aad gives the mass of 1000 travellers 1m gram) 150 (approx.) tex Ne cotton Synthette 5 120 ° GO a 125 6 100 1 as 6 22.4 ° 65 23.6 a8 0 0 26 35.5 2 $0 as 0 “ a 35.5, 8 uv 35 as 56 20 2 90 200 36 6 100 uz heavier depending upon the spinning conditions ‘ravetten etearer ()- te]THE MACHINE DRIVE 4. The Machine Stccg fn (for stg oo ret at ten Drive wernt rage (oe ang of the tate tay af he en ‘termination stage {5 often provided for vindiag of the Uupperaost portion of the cop; this can be identical to the pretintoary stages 4. Machine Drive a a Problen r About 202 of production costs in a #planing alll (epLantng 20 tex yara) fall ander the heading “energy”, ant of these conte about two chide are {ncurred ia the ring apiantng Even ££ this value does not appear very large £0 uecontage terms, the corresponding absolute figure Fepresents @ cost component that should not be Ta 3 4 Ss 67eeD underestinated. Tala {8 eapectally true Decause ft Ls ~ Saloon hotaht 4g = distance fron the eo the thread guide (vartabie) guide froa the spindle or tube upper edge (vartabie) Figs. Anglee and dinonaione making up the spinning goons 4g © aptndle Length Ag = tube hetehe fy * 1fe of Che ring rath Ghetghe of the vount portion of ehe tube) Jy, * dlatance between the ing and the balloon y © cates ataneter of the tube at 80 upper edge V = overhang of the top front roller relative to the bottom roller BY Textile Institute Te‘SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY eploning telongle ‘The turne of evist in a yarn are generated at the Ay to che agp because, after leaving the rollers, the fibres fizst have to be diverted snvards and wrapped around ot bundle of fibres uithost vise, the goncalied epinatng ertangle, By far the nost end bresks originate at this oak patat, because the yarn tension in the balloon can be exansattted alaost without hindrance as far ae the drafting arrangenent, whereas tvlst 1a the sptaning triangle {8 zero - nor does ie atcatn tee full value tn the adjoining yarn section either, because of friction at As can be apprectaced from the (mediately foregotne amnangnont. sf tion of tts ag LEU short; (6) tong: (0) wide vies renarts short txfangle represents 4 snail vesk point fad hence fever enf breaks. Ax uaval, however, advantages have to be weighed against dlsadvantages. If the apinatng elangle ts too short (Fig-69(a)), then the EXbret on che Sone edge {4bees escape the twist effect and are Lost fas fly. Othors may be bouné-in, but at one end only; one bee end thee projects froe the body of the yarn, which On the other hand, tong sptontng triangle (Fig-69(b)) tmpites Tong week polne and hence aore end breaks. Hogever, © resultant advantage {= that the edge fibres are 5.1.3 The tneLfnation of che drafting acta: LC the deatetng atrangenent ie aounted with a relatively low {nettnarion (eaall angle ay, Fig-70), then the angle at tho delivery rollers vill be large.SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY Tete viIX give a long eplaning triangle, with tts steoctated advantages and disadvantages. Wich a steeper taclLaation and Large angle (a), the deflection angie ep 4s small add the spinning trlangie 4 hort. The taeLLastion of tne dra sng arrangeasot 4a sodern ring aplaning machines nov 1Les between a = 43° and 8.1.4 Rotter overhang, The cop froat roller alsost never Ies vertically above the arsoctated bottom roller. Unually, the top roller 1s cnttted-about 2 to 6am (V, Fig.71) forvard. Tle gives Sowevhat smoother running, because the wenghting force exerts 4 stabilising component acting fn the running Ateection go that seinging of the top roller is avoided. Furthermore, the angle of wrap is reduced and the sptontng terlangle 1 aude shorter. The overhang must not be made too large, hovever, as othervise the distance fron the Pig.?2, Overhang of the wont top rotten (1). too long resulting tn poorer fibre guidance and acreased yarn Ureegatartey. gS Pig.72. angle berveen the apindte axis ond the Length arrangement 0.1.5 weap of the yarn on the thread guide ‘Te yarn nie through the thread guide with an fociteatton stving 4 detiection angle y of about 15° £0 30° ar angle (on modern machines) of 0° 0 80°. Tats vaantiicy arives in part from the varying designs of different machine butiders, but astnly from the up and down noveneat fof the lappete, belloon control riage and cing raft. addition, there fe very Lange difference 4a angle of wrap depending vpon whether the yarn 4a the balloon extends from the guide tovards the aachioe (In the Pig.72 to the right) oF avay fron the machine (to the Left). The angler therefore never have the sane eite potas around the guide. The thread guide acts 4 brake oa trnammission of twist and of tension generated {nthe balloon. The latter ‘effect 4a porttive; 1¢ reduces the tensile force acting on he veak The other effect, = very unfavourable since the yara in the length, and hence the spinning triangle teself, leas twist; the fibre etrand 4s les however, receiver bound rogether at ths point and hence As less compact snd ‘The thread guides algo exert a braking effect oa pou Te fe uruatly requtred to absorb tmpacte and vibration ston of the Balloon, which seldom rotates azoothly. artaing from the traveller and from alr turbulence: A large deflection damps these tapacts and vibrations at the thread guide, #0 that they no longer penetrate fully to the spinning trtangle A smalter angle of wrap, therefore, implies gore turns of evlat in the eptnning trlangie and fever end breaks, The latter effect can partly neutralize the favoursble effect but also higher yarn tension at that weak polat- / ¥ te / actending +0 the drafting BI Textile Institute JeSUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY ate better abie €o pase through C0 the eplaniag eriangie. IE the evlee density 19 raised at the nlp Ine, then the spinning erlangle will sige clearly becone snaller vith all the resulting advantageous and disadvantageous 8.1.6 The 8 sane ty Te mst be the elt of every aptaner to operate as effictently as posslble. It follove that he wtl1 produce the largest possible packages of saterisl. On the ring aptaniag machine, yarn take-up capacity depends on, anon otter factors, the hetght of hetght can only be varted within certatn Linits ~ it mist he tude (fy)- However, this stand tn an appropriate ratlo to the ring dlaseter, siace Ampiies considerable tension 1‘ferences between viding of the cop dace and winding at the top. Also, a balloon fn thts form ts unstable; {£ can collapse. The latter problen can be solved by ure of a balloon control ring. However, since the yarn rubs on thts ring ~ and the Maher ‘the belloon, che greater che degree of rubbing ~ use of contol rings cen lead to roughentag of the yara, to Intgh hateiness valve, to increased generation of Fy and to elt spots (vith ayathetle f1hees). 8.1.7 oener ais © The LEE ty {6 about 20 am shorter than the cube hetzmt Ay. © The distance from the top edge of the tube to che thread guide should be at Teast 2 x dy + 5 am. o The baste setting of the Length 2p (between the rng And the be! ooe conteot sing) cam be slightly Le than half the Length 2p 4 The ratio (ring dtaneter)/(eube hetghe) = 0.2 ~ 0,228 # The catio [tube dtaneter (top edge)|/[1ntertor ring Aaneter} = 0.45 = 0.5 8.2 quality Standards 8.2.1 Ineroguction Quality {9 an all-eabracing tere and corresponding care te called for in tte use. Very broadly, the folloving categories can be dtattngutahed: Top quality. The sarker vill absorb thie only 4a malt quantities, becuse 1t te expensive, # Heonowle quality, This given the best cost/benefit relation, tie. {t satisfies che requirements completely and can se411 be produced at an acceptable cost. Ic 18 the quality ubtch ehould be atmed at in Poor quality. Tas {a just sufficient to satiety a oot very denanding aarket. The end products are sectalnly not long-laettag ~ they are usually cheap, but not good valu ad quality: Bad gu Th this classification, quallty itself Le ande up of any dlffereat paraneters, the (ndfvidaal veighttags of whieh are stcongly dependent upon the eventual end use and the processing steps. For example, {n a tyre cord, breaking strength 1s one of the primary criteria, but in relation co undervear this paraueter {8 secondary. Yara eveness can be extrenely taportant for poplin, but will hardly be considered 4m Judging poltshing cloths Accordingly, anyone wishing to Judge quality aust first iknow the (ntended end use and must take this Lato aceount 40 forming an opiaton. Tn aany cases, one quality paraneter can be {aproved during che production proces These factors should not be overlooked by anyone seeking to form a pleture of the quality of hie ov product on the Danis of the folloving data. The dlagrano (for ring spun yarns) are taken fros “USTER News Bulletin" No. 31 of ellueger in these diagrams, SY (Lor exanpla) seams, that out of the wills worldutde {oeluded An the survey, SH are as good be betters ‘The SOE Line indicates that SOR of ell sptantng allls reach thts standard or better. tr6.2.2 Yara dreagularity 9.2.2.1 Corded cotton yarn 8.2.2-2 Combed cotton yaras ‘Mean near regulanty Coefficient of variation us ve SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY By Textile institute Je — aSUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 8.2.2.3 Poly. reoa lends (67:33; 50/50) 8.2.2.4 Polyester yarns (pure) z : i bos is 3 5 5 gos & 8 esi‘SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 0.2.3 Yarn imperfections 0.2.31 Carded cotton yarns 3 i g i i 5 Seare of seanvty 5 mptindlenkartecute symme da snsite *200% 8.2.3.2 Combed cotton yarns Vidcat sens] [> nm spe sel § 3 i é a 3 5 2 Degree of senstwty Degree of senstity 4 Depre of erst 9 Emptinichcetsstufe 50% Empindienetsctute 3 Emptndicntetsstule 294, Gamme de sensi Gamme de sensbrite *20% Gomme de sesibite BI Textile Institute 1 e‘SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 6.2.3.3 Folyestermcotcon blende (67/33; 50/50) Number per 1000 meters of tsTECHNICAL DATA 5.204 Hod beeake per 1000 eptndie house (carded and coabed cotton yarns End-breaks per 1000 spindle hours 00 No Prey Whe Stew 9. Technical Data 9.1 change Positions the Ring Splantag Machine 4H Drafe change countervheel. This auxtLtary also (Refer to F473.) enabler an adjustasat of the mila drafe. A/S TMiat change pales If the ratte of Ato 8 K Break draft change. Substitution of che gear wheel changed, the delivery epeed (vg,) changes Since raises or lovers the revolutions of roller 42 and spindle revolutions renslo the sane, aore or Le hence {ts peripheral apeed. Stace vg, and vyy remata twlat 60 obtalned ~ vith correspondingly greater oF unchanged, there 14 a renuleing change ia the draft etter production. between a3 and d2 (break draft) with « atmultaseous change 1 the drafe betwes 42 and 42 (mata azete)- C/O Tae auxtiiary changes If the turns per Lach are to ‘mere 4s 4 ahitt tn distribution of draft between the be changed substantially, and adjustzent of A/B a0 two fLelde, without an accompanying change tn Coral must be whitced by ad useing C79. 9.2 Machine Data E/P Change vbecle for edjosting the Length of yara vound per Layer. An ad ustaest of the ratio of theee two Spindles per auchine 300 - 1 300 wheels causes sore or Lets yara to be wound {ato one eet 70-50 layer (one traverse cycle of the ring ratl)« neti 36 - 60 Splodte revolutions, rps wep to 20 000 Draft change. An adjustacst here changes the Lnfeed Production, /0p-4 3-60 speed of the back rollers (42 and 43). Since the cop wetghe (aaa), 8 50 - 140 Getivery epeed remaion constant (¥g)), the material As dravn apart Co a Mgher or lover dagree between dt ‘Textile Institute 45TECHNICAL_DATA 78. Gaaring diagram of a modem ringfrane (Rieter). ) GTS C