4.

4.1
f : A

x0 A
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
x x0

.
.
.
y=f(x) x f
x,

f ( x) lim
h 0

f ( x h) f ( x )
h

f f
.
.
.
: y=f(x) x y
( x) .
:

y'

f'

f '( x)

dy
dx

df
dx

d
f ( x) (....) '
dx

y '(a)

f '(a) y ' x a

dy
dx

xa

df
dx

x a

f ''( x )

f ( k ) ( x) f ''(a )

d2y
dx 2

f ( k ) (a)

f f
:

f ( x) .

lim x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
.
x x0
1

dk y d2y
dx k dx 2

x a

dk y
dx k

x a

,
,
lim x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
lim x x0
x x0
x x0

.
4.2
4.2.1

cf ( x) cf ( x),

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
d
d
cf ( x) c f ( x) , c R
dx
dx
d
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) ( f ( x)) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
dx
dx
dx

f ( x)
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
, g ( x) 0

g 2 ( x)
g ( x)
d
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
dx
dx
dx
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

d f ( x)
dx
dx

2
dx g ( x)
g ( x)

( ) f ( g ( x))

f ( g ( x))

df ( g ( x))
df ( g ) dg ( x)
f '( g ( x)) g '( x)

dx
dg
dx

4.2.2

c ' 0, c

( x) ' 1

( xk ) ' k xk 1 , k

(e x ) ' e x

(ln( x)) '

(sin( x)) ' cos( x)

1
x

(cos( x)) ' sin( x)

(cot( x )) '
(cot( x )) '

(tan( x )) '

1
cos2 x

(arcsin( x)) '

sin x
2

(arcsin( x)) '

sin x
2

1
1 x2
1
1 x2

(arccos( x)) '

(arctan( x)) '

1 x2

(a x ) ' ln(a) a x

(loga ( x )) '

1
x 1
2

1
x ln(a )

:
'

1 1' cos( x ) 1 (cos( x )) ' 0 cos( x ) ( sin( x ))

(sec( x )) '

cos2 ( x )
cos2 ( x )
cos( x )
sin( x )
1 sin( x )

sec( x ) tan( x )
2
cos ( x ) cos( x ) cos( x )
'

e x e x e x e x ( x) ' e x e x
(sinh( x)) '

cosh( x)

2
2
2
'

e x e x e x e x ( x) ' e x e x
(cosh( x)) '

sinh( x)

2
2
2
'

e x e x (e x e x ) '(e x e x ) (e x e x )(e x e x ) '

(tanh( x)) ' x x

2
(e x e x )
e e
(e x e x ) 2 (e x e x ) 2
2e x 2e x
4
1

2
2
x

x
2
(e e )
cosh 2 ( x)
(e x e x )
(e x e x )

f ( x) x 2esin( x )

f ( x) ( x2 ) ' esin( x ) x2 (esin( x) ) 2 xesin( x) x2esin( x) (sin( x)) ' 2 xesin( x) x2esin( x) cos( x)
f ( x) 2esin( x) 2 xesin( x) cos( x) 2 xesin( x) cos( x) x 2esin( x) cos2 ( x) x 2esin( x) sin( x)
1 1
1
1
x
1
f ( x) (1 x 2 ) f ( x) (1 x 2 ) 2 (1 x 2 ) ' (1 x 2 ) 2 (2 x)
2
2
1 x2

1 x2 x
f ( x)

1 x2 x2

1 x2
( 1 x 2 )2

1 x2
1 x2

1
(1 x 2 )3/2

'

a f ( x ) a f ( x ) ln(a) f '( x)

5x

2x5
'

x2 2

ln(5) .

4.2.3 :

.
.

'

a f ( x ) a f ( x ) ln(a) f '( x) .
y a f ( x ) ln( y ) ln(a f ( x ) ) ln( y ) f ( x) ln(a)

y'
ln(a) f '( x)
y

y ' y ln(a) f '( x) y ' a f ( x ) ln(a) f '( x)

1

y x x
1
y ' (ln( x)) ' x ln( x) x '
ln( x)
ln( x) (ln( y )) '

x
y
x2
x
'

y x x ln( y )

1
x ln( x)
1
y' x
1 ln( x)
x

y
'

x
2
y
x
x2

f ( x) 3 x 2

1 x
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
2
1 x

1 x
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
2
1 x
1 x

ln( y ) ln 3 x 2
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
2
1 x

1 x
ln( y ) ln 3 x 2 ln
ln(sin 3 ( x)) ln(cos 2 ( x))
2
1

y 3 x2

ln( y )

2
ln( x) ln(1 x) ln(1 x 2 ) 3ln(sin( x)) 2 ln(cos( x))
3
'

(ln( y )) ' ln( x) ln(1 x) ln(1 x 2 ) 3ln(sin( x)) 2 ln(cos( x))

3

y' 2 1
1
1
1
1

(1 x) '
(1 x 2 ) ' 3
(sin( x)) ' 2
(cos( x)) '
2
y 3 x 1 x
1 x
sin( x)
cos( x)

y' 2
1
2x
cos( x)
sin( x)

3
2

2
y 3x 1 x 1 x
sin( x)
cos( x)
y' 2
1
2x

3cot( x) 2 tan( x)
y 3x 1 x 1 x 2
1
2x
2

y' y

3cot( x) 2 tan( x)
2
3x 1 x 1 x

1 x
1
2x
2

y ' 3 x2
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)

3cot( x) 2 tan( x)
2
2
1 x
3x 1 x 1 x

4.2.4

f
1

f 1

1
, f 0 y( x) f ( x) x( y) f 1 ( y)
f

dx 1
.

dy dy
dx

:
) A

x=x(y)

y=y(x),

y '' x y ' e y y ' 0 x '' x e y .

3

dx 1
dy dx
1

1 y
dy
dy
dx dy
x
dx

dy dx
1 x :
dx dy

d dy dx d
d dy dx dy d dx
(1)
0

dx dx dy dx
dx dx dy dx dx dy

d 2 y dx dy d dx
d 2 y dx dy d dx dy

0


dx 2 dy dx dx dy
dx 2 dy dx dy dy dx
2

d 2 y dx dy d 2 x

0
dx 2 dy dx dy 2

x ( y)2
( x ) y x y 0 x ( y) x y 0 y
x
2

y x ( y)3 e y ( y)3 0 :

x (y)2
1
1
x
1
1
x
ey
0
x
ey
0 x x e y
3
3
3
3
3
x
( x )
( x )
( x )
( x )
( x )

) y( x)

x3 x 2
x 2
3 2

1
(1, ) . x
6
dx
1
y .
dy
6

y '( x)

x( 16 )

dy
x2 x 1 .
dx

y(1) 3 0 .

y(1) 16

1
1
.
y(1) 3

4.2.5
f(x,y)=0
.
2

y -x=0 x x 0 .
3

y1 x

y2 x

3
1

.
(
)
f(x,y)=0.

y2 x 0 y2 x

d 2
d
dy
dy
1
( y ) ( x) 2 y
1

dx
dx
dx
dx 2 y

dy 1
1
dy 1
1

.
dx 2 y 2 x
dx 2 y
2 x
6

x2 y2 1

2x 2 y

d 2
d
d
dy d
( x y 2 ) (1) 2 x x 2 y
(1)
dx
dx
dx
dx dx

dy
dy
x
0

dx
dx
y

x3 y 3 1
d 3
d 3
d
dy
dy
x2
x
y 1 3x 2 3 y 2
0
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
y

d 2 2
dy
2 d
2
2
2
(
x
)
y

x
(
y
)
2
xy

x
2
y
d y d dy d x
dx
dx
2 dx

2
4
4
dx
dx dx dx y
y
y
2

x2
2 xy 2 x 2 2 y 2
y
2 xy 4 2 x 4 y
2 xy 3 2 x 4

y4
y6
y5
4

y 2 x2 cos( xy)
2

4
4

d 2
d
dy d 2
d
( y ) ( x 2 cos( xy )) 2 y
( x ) (cos( xy ))
dx
dx
dx dx
dx
dy
d
dy
d
dy
2y
2 x sin( xy ) ( xy ) 2 y
2 x sin( xy )( ( x ) y x )
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
dy
dy
2y
2 x ( y x )sin( xy ) 2 y
x sin( xy )
2 x y sin( xy )
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy 2 x y sin( xy )
(2 y x sin( xy ))
2 x y sin( xy )

dx
dx 2 y x sin( xy )
y 2 x 2 cos( xy )

4.3
4.3.1 y=f(x)
y f ( x) ( x0 , f ( x0 ))

y f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )( x x0 )

() f '( x0 ) .
.
y( x) f ( x0 )( x x0 ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
y f ( x)

x0

) (0,0) 1

1 3
,
.
2 2

x 2 y 2 1

dy
x

dx
y
1.5

dy
dx (1/2,1/2)

1
1
3
2

3
3
3
2

0.5

1.0

3
3
1
3
2 3

(x )
x
2
3
2
3
3

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1
3
1
3 y
3( x ) 3x
2
2
3

) g ( x) x 2 3x 4 h( x) 3x x2 .
.
.

3
9 9
3
7
7
3
y x 2 3x 4 y x 2 2 x 4 y ( x ) 2 y ( x ) 2
2
4 4
2
4
4
2
y x 2

3 7
( , ) .
2 4
3
9 9
9
3
y 3x x 2 y x 2 2 x y ( x ) 2
2
4 4
4
2

y x 2

3 9
( , ) .
2 4

x2 3x 4 3x x2 2 x2 6 x 4 0
x
x

6 36 32 6 2

1
4
4

6 36 32 6 2

2.
4
4

g (1) h(1) g (2) h(2) 2 (1, 2) (2, 2) .

g ( x) 2 x 3 h( x) 3 2 x . g (1) 1 , h(1) 1,

g (2) 1

h(2) 1 . g (1)h(1) 1 g (2)h(2) 1

-1.
9

4.3.2 y=f(x)
( )
.

s x(t )

d 2x
dx
2 2 .
dt
dt

) V ( Volt), ( Ampere),
R ( Ohm) V=IR. V
2 V/sec. /sec. t .
dV/dt dI/dt. dV/dt ,d/dt dR/dt;
R V=10 Volt I=1A. A R;

dV
d
1
2

dt
dt
2
V IR

dV dI
dR
dR 1 dV dI

RI

R
dt
dt
dt
dt I dt dt

V IR 10 1 R R 10 Ohm
dR 1
1 R
2 R 2 7
dt 1
2 2
.

) 20

20cm3 /min . ,
3cm ;

4
V r 3 r .
3
,t,
dV 4 2 dr
2 dr
.
3r
4 r
dt 3
dt
dt

10

dV
dr
dr
5
.
20 . 20 4 r 2
2 .
dt
dt
dt r

3 cm

dr
5
5
cm / min .
2
dt 3
9
4.3.3

I .
:

dy
0, x I f ( x ) ( ) .
dx
dy

0, x I f ( x ) ( ) .
dx
dy
0, x I f ( x) c .

dx

f '( x) g '( x), x I f ( x) g ( x) c .

d2y
0, x I f ( x) ().
dx 2
d2y
0, x I f ( x) ().

dx 2
d2y
d2y

0,

c
0, x c ( )

&
dx 2
dx 2
. , (
).

: y( x) x 2 5x 6 :

dy
dx 0
dy
2x 5
dx
dy 0
dx

5
2
5
x
2

y ( x )

5
4

y ( x )

3
2

d y
2 0 , .
dx 2

-1

11

 .
f(x) D. c
D :
f ( x ) f ( c) x D c .
f ( x ) f (c) x D c.
f ( x ) f (c) x D.
f ( x ) f (c) x D.

.
.
( 1
)
( ).
dy
0 f ( x) .

dx x c

. :

dy
dy

0, x c f (c) .
0, x c
dx
dx

dy
dy

0, x c 0, x c f (c) .

dx
dx

,
, :

d2y
dx 2

0,
x c

d y
dx 2

0,
x c

dy
dx

x c

dy
dx

x c

0 f (c) .
0 f (c) .

dy
dx

x c

d2y
dx 2

...
x c

dny
dx n

0
x c

d n 1 y
dx n 1

0 :
x c

n c .
n :

d n 1 y
dx n 1

0 c .
x c

n 1

d y
dx n 1

0 c .
x c

12

( )
(,
)

.
.

.
.

:
) (. )
16 cm 30 cm .

;

30 2x 16 2x .

V (16 2 x)(30 2 x) x 480 x 92 x 2 4 x3 .

x . :
1.
2. 16cm 8cm.
, 0 x 8 .
:

dV
480 184 x 12 x 2 4(3x 2 46 x 120)
dx
13

 x 12
46 26
46 4 3 120 2116 1440 676 26 , x1,2

10
6
x 3
2

dV
10
12( x 12)( x ) .
dx
3

, x = 12 x

10
3

x = 0 x = 8.
x = 12 .
x

10
,
3

d 2V
dx 2

10
x
3

(24 x 184) x 10 104 0

3

10 19600 3
V
cm 725.925cm3 .
3
27

, V 0 0 V 8 0 cm3 ( ; )
x

10
.
3

) ( y=x)
y x, (x1,y1)=(1, 2.2), (x2,y2)=
(2, 3.8), (x3,y3)= (3, 5.8), (x4,y4)= (4, 8.2)
(0,0), y=x,
.
,
4

f ( ) ( yi xi )2 (2.2 )2 (3.8 2 ) 2 (5.8 3 ) 2 (8.2 4 ) 2

i 1

.
f().

14

yi
axi

y ax

yi axi

xi

f '(a) 2(2.2 a)(1) 2(3.8 2a)(2) 2(5.8 3a)(3) 2(8.2 4a)(4)

f '(a) 4.4 2a 15.2 8a 34.8 18a 65.6 32a

f '(a) 60a 120
f '(a) 0 60a 120 0 a 2 . f ''(a) 60 f ''(2) 60 0

. y = x
= 2 y=2x.
) y 1 x 2 ,
O(0,0) x,y.

M ( x, f ( x))

y 1 x .
2

MO

(0,0)
1

d ( x) x 2 (1 x 2 )2 x 4 x 2 1

15

 , ( x 2 )2 x 2 1
=1-4=-3<0 ,
( ).

d '( x)

4 x3 2 x
2 x4 x2 1

.
x

:
x

4 x3 2 x 2 x(2 x 2 1)
2
2
)( x
)0 .
2
2
2
2
x0 x
x
2
2

2
2

2
2

2
2

4 x( x

x
x

.


x

2
2
.
x
2
2

2
2

d '( x)

y ( x)

1
2

1
2

1 1
1 1
,
, .

2 2

2 2
)
.
1200
.
( )
.

75

4 .

.

, :
x y
C(x)=75x + 4800/x .

16


, 4800
;

x
y .
y
0 .
4 4y
( y
).
x y
xy. xy=1200 y=1200/x.
:
= + ,

C(x) = 75x+4 (1200/x)=75x+4800/x

4800
0 , o
x2
x=8 150
.
( C( x) 0 ) 75

xy 4800 , y=4800/x,

4800
19200
0 x 16 ,
. C( x) 0 75
x
x2
16 300
.
.
C ( x) 75 x 4

) =c2, c>0,

.

x , y ,
xy
c 2 , h x 2 y 2 .
E
2
2c 2
y y
.
x

17

4c 4
x 4 4c 4

, x , y .
x2
x
h '( x) 0
.
'
x 4 4c 4

2 4c 4 1

1
1
x
4c 4
h '( x)
x 2
2x 2 3 2 4
2 2 4c 4
x 2 x 4 4c 4
x x x 4c 4
x 2
x
x 2c , .
y 2c .
.
h( x) x 2

h '' x

x 4 4c 4

4 x3 x 2 x 4 4c 4 x 4 4c 4
x
x 4 4c 4

4c

x 4 4c 4 '

x 2c h '' x

, x 2c , y 2c

h 2c 2 2c 2 2c .
4.3.4
10

20

y x3

y 12 x 16

y ' 3x ^ 2

15

y '(2) 12
y 8 12( x 2)

10

( x0 , y0 ) (2,8)

5
6

y=x3 (2,8).
.
,
.

( ) .
f x=c,

L( x) f (c) f '(c)( x c)
f c.

18

 (
x 1 ):

f ( x) L( x) f (c) f '(c)( x c)
c=2 x3 12 x 16 .
2
.

x3

12x-16

2.05
2.01
2.005
2.001
2

8.61512
8.120601
8.060150125
8.0012006001
8

8.6
8.12
8.06
8.0012
8

0.015125
0.000601
0.000150125
0.000006010
0

H :

(1+x)

(1 x) k (1 x)
k

'

k 1

1+x,

(1 x) ' k (1 x)k 1 0 .

(1+x) L(x)=f(0)+f(0)(x-0)=1+x

sin(x), 0, (sin(x))=cos(x),

sin(x)L(x)=f(0)+f(0)(x-0)=0+x= x

cos(x), 0, (cos(x))=-sin(x),

cos(x)L(x)=f(0)+f(0)(x-0)=1+0 x = 1
:
1

1
x
1
f ( x) 3
(1 x) 3 1 x 1
3
1 x
3

0
.

f(x)

L(x)

0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0

19

(10-4)
(10-5)
(10-6)
(10-7)
0


|f(x)- L(x)| [0,0.1].
0.0020

err ( x) (1 x)

1
3

x
3

0.0015

0.0010

0.0005

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

: x x2
0 :
f ( x)

1
3

1 x

(1 x )
2

1
3

1
1
1 ( x 2 ) 1 x 2
3
3

0
.

f(x)

L(x)

0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0

(10-6)
(10-9)
(10-10)
(10-13)
0

( MATHEMATICA)

y=f(x) . dx
dy ( x dx)

dy f '( x)dx
dx0 :

dy
dy
f '( x)

dx
dx
( )
dx dy.

20

d cf cdf , c R
d f g df dg
d f g df g f dg
f df g f dg
d
g2
g
d ( f ( g )) f '( g ( x))dg

df ( g ) dg ( x)

dg
dx

:
y x 2 dy 2 xdx
y sin(2 x) dy cos(2 x)d (2 x) 2cos(2 x)dx
y esin(2 x ) dy esin(2 x ) d (sin(2 x)) 2esin(2 x) cos(2 x)dx
y x 2esin(2 x ) dy d ( x2 )esin(2 x) x2 d (esin(2 x) ) 2 xesin(2 x) dx 2 x2esin(2 x) cos(2 x)dx

x 2 ( x 1)d ( x 2 ) x 2 d ( x 1) ( x 1)2 xdx x 2 dx x 2dx 2 xdx x 2 2 x

d

dx

2
2
2
2
x

1
(
x

1)
(
x

1)
(
x

1)
(
x

1)

f(c) f(x) c
f (c)

f, c c+dx,
L f(x) c, dx .
y f ( x)
f f (c dx) f (c)
L f (c)dx

f (c )
dx

c dx

21

f (c dx) f (c) f L L(c dx) L(c) f (c) f '(c)[(c dx) c] f (c) f '(c)dx
L ( c dx )

L(c)

f df f '(c)dx
df c, ,
x
c c+dx.

f f (c dx) f (c)
f
f (c )
f
100
f (c )

df f '(c)dx
df
f (c )
df
100
f (c )

:
) 3.0 3.01 .
.
.

E (r ) r 2 dE 2 rdr
r 3, dr 0.1

dE 2 3 0.01 0.06 m2

dE
0.06
100%
100% 0.666%
E (3)
32

) 30
10 0.4 .

10
dr=-0.4 9.6 .

22

0.4
10

30

V ( r ) 2 r h
.h
d
V2
r d r
:

dV 210 30 0.4 240 753.6 m3

753.6 m3.
)

2%.

V ( )

2
4

h dV

h
2

d .

V
dV
100
100
V
V

100

d 100 2 d

2
0.01 1%
200

1%.
4.3.5 Taylor
f

f ( x)

x a f '(a) x a
f (a)
1!

2!

(2)

(a)

x a

n!

( n)

(a) ...

x a

n 0

Taylor .
=0 Maclaurin.

23

n!

f ( n ) (a)

f ( x) f (0)

x
x 2 (2)
f '(0)
f (0)
1!
2!

xn ( n)
xn
f (0) .... f ( n ) (a)
n!
n 0 n !

f ( x) sin( x) Maclaurin :
f ( x) sin( x) f (0) sin(0) 0

f '( x) cos( x) f '(0) cos(0) 1

f (2) ( x) sin( x) f (2) (0) sin(0) 0

x x3 x5

sin(
x
)

(3)

(3)
f
(
x
)

cos(
x
)

f
(0)

cos(0)

1
1
3! 5!

(4)
(4)
f ( x) sin( x) f (0) sin(0) 0

f (5) ( x) cos( x) f (5) (0) cos(0) 1

(1) m x 2 m 1
m 0 (2 m 1)!

f ( x) cos( x) Maclaurin :

f ( x) cos( x) f (0) cos(0) 1

f '( x) sin( x) f '(0) sin(0) 0

f (2) ( x) cos( x) f (2) (0) cos(0) 1

(3)

x2 x4 x6
(3)
f ( x) sin( x) f (0) sin(0) 0
cos( x) 1
2! 4! 6!
f (4) ( x) cos( x) f (4) (0) cos(0) 1

f (5) ( x) sin( x) f (5) (0) sin(0) 0

(6)

(6)
f ( x) cos( x) f (0) cos(0) 1

(1) m x 2 m
(2m)!
m 0

f ( x) e x Maclaurin :

f ( x) e x f (0) e0 1

x 2 x3 x 4 x5
x
(k )
e 1 x
x
(k )
0
2! 3! 4! 5!
f ( x) e f (0) e 1

xn

n 0 n !

f ( x) ln( x) Taylor 1 :

f ( x) ln( x) f (1) ln(1) 0

f '( x) 1 x 1 f '(1) 11 1

'
(2)

1
x 2 f (2) (1) 1
f ( x) x
(3)

'
f ( x) x 2 2 x 3 f (3) (1) 2

'
f (4) ( x) 2 x 3 6 x 4 f (4) (1) 6

f (5) ( x) 6 x 4 ' 24 x 5 f (5) ( x) 12

( x 1) 2
( x 1)3
( x 1) 4
( x 1)5
2
6
24
2!
3!
4!
5!
2
3
4
5
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)
ln( x) ( x 1)

2
3
4
5
ln( x) ( x 1)

24


) Taylor
.
, Taylor 1
( x 1 ) ln x
ln x
lim
. :
x 1 x 1

lim
x 1

ln x
lim
x 1 x1

( x 1)

( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3 ( x 1) 4

...
( x 1) ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3

2
3
4
lim 1

... 1
x 1
x 1
2
3
4

)
Taylor, Euler:

eix cos x i sin x, x .

x ix :

(ix)n i n x n
.

n 0 n !
n 0 n !

eix

, i :

i 4 k (i 4 ) k 1k 1,
4 k 1
(i 4 ) k i i,
i
i n 4k 2
(i 4 ) k i 2 1,
i
i 4 k 3 (i 4 ) k i 3 i,

n=4k
(1) m , n=2m
n=4k+1
=
m
n=4k+2
(1) i, n=2m+1
n=4k+3

, :

(ix)n i n x n i 2 m x 2 m i 2 m 1 x 2 m 1 (1)m x 2 m
(1)m x 2 m 1

(2m)!
n 0 n !
n 0 n !
m 0 (2m)!
m 0 (2m 1)!
m 0
m 0 (2 m 1)!
cos x i sin x

eix

Taylor
Taylor
f (n+1)


25

f ( x) f (a)

f (1) (a)
f (2) (a)
2
x

x a
1!
2!

f ( n ) (a)
f ( n1) ( )
n
n 1
x

x a
n!
(n 1)!

a, x .

(Taylor MacLaurin) n
:

f ( x)

x a f '(a) x a
f (a)
1!

2!

x a

(2)

(a)

n!

f ( n ) (a)

f ( x) f (0)

x (1)
x 2 (2)
f (0)
f (0)
1!
2!

xn ( n)
f (0)
n!

Taylor 1
.
y=sin(x) 0 Taylor 1,3,5,7,9,11,13
( Wikipedia):

() n- :

26

Rn ( x)

f ( n 1) ( )
n 1
x a
(n 1)!

a, x .

) sin(x) 2 0,
1
0
P2 ( x) 0 x x 2 x :
1!
2!

sin( x) x
(3)

R2 ( x)

x 0.1 R2 ( x)

x3
cos( ) 3
x
x
3!
6
3

3!

0.13
0.00017
6

) ex 3 0,

x 2 x3
P3 ( x) 1 x
:
2! 3!

e
x

R3 ( x)

(4)
x

4!

x4

e 4
x
4!

x 0.1 x 4 104

R3 ( x)

e 4 e 4 e 4
x x 10
4!
4!
4!

a, x x 0.1, e [-0.1,0.1]
-0.1 0.1 ( ex ),
:
e 4 e 4 e 4 e0.1104
R3 ( x)
x x 10
0.0000046049
4!
4!
4!
24
) Taylor x = 0 f ( x) x 1
6 1.01 .

1
1
f (0) 0 1 1, f '( x)
f '(0)
2
2 x 1
'

1
3

1 1
1
1 1
2
2
f ''( x)

(
x

1)

)(
x

1)
f ''(0)

2
4
2 x 1
2 2
'

'

3
5

1
1 3
3
2
f '''( x) ( x 1) ( )( x 1) 2 f '''(0)
4 2
8
4

27

 Taylor x=0
f '(0)
f (2) (0)
f (3) (0)
( x 0)
( x 0) 2
( x 0)3 ......
1!
2!
3!
3
1
1
1
1
1
x 1 1 2 x 4 x 2 8 x3 ...... 1 x x 2 x3 ......
1!
2!
3!
2
8
16
x 0.01
1
1
1
0, 01 1 1 0.01 0.012 0.013 ......
2
8
16
x 1 f (0)

1, 01 1, 004987

k 0.01a k102a k<1 3

. 4

1
0.013 6.25 108.
16
:
1. :

f ( x) e

(i)

tan( x )

ex 1
(ii) f ( x) ln x
,
e 1

(iii) f ( x) (1 sin(2 x))1/2

i) f ( x) / (tan( x)) / e tan( x )

e tan( x )
cos 2 ( x)

1 e x 1 e x 1 (e x 1) / (e x 1) (e x 1)(e x 1) /
f ( x) x

e 1 ex 1 ex 1
(e x 1) 2

x
ii)
e 1
x
e 1 e x (e x 1) (e x 1)e x
2e x
x

e 1
(e x 1) 2
(e x 1)(e x 1)

1
1
1
f ( x) / (1 sin(2 x)) 2 (1 sin(2 x)) '
2
iii)
.
3
3

1
(1 sin(2 x)) 2 cos(2 x)(2 x) ' (1 sin(2 x)) 2 cos(2 x)
2

2. :
) y sin

1 cos( x)

) y (2 x 3x3 )(7 x5 )

28

) y

4x2 1
.
x3 2

) y cos

1 cos( x)

cos

1 cos( x)

1 cos( x)

sin( x) cos 1 cos( x)

(1 cos( x))

2 1 cos( x)
2 1 cos( x)

) y (2 x 3x3 )(7 x5 ) (2 x 3x3 )(7 x5 )

(1 9 x 2 )(7 x5 ) 5(2 x 3x3 ) x 4

7 63x 2 x5 9 x7 10 x 4 5x5 15x7 24 x7 6 x5 10 x 4 63x 2 7
) y

(4 x 2 1)( x3 2) (4 x 2 1)( x3 2) 8 x( x3 2) 3(4 x 2 1) x 2

4 x 4 3 x 2 16 x

( x3 2)2
( x3 2) 2
( x3 2) 2

3. :
) y x x x

) y esin( x

) y x x x

y ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 )1/2

x 1 x
1
2

1
2

1
2 x

( x x ) 1 ( x x1/2 )1/2 ( x x1/2 ) ' ( x x1/2 )1/2 (1 1 x ) 1

2
2
2
1/2 1/2

(1

1
y ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 )1/2 ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 ) 1/2 ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 ) '
2

29

1
2 x

x x


1
1

1 2 x

2 x x

1
1

( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 ) 1/2 (1 ( x x1/2 )1/2 )

2
2 x x x

) y esin( x

y esin( x

esin( x ) (sin( x3 )) ' esin( x ) cos( x3 )( x3 ) ' 3x 2 cos(x3 )esin(x )

3

4.

x
ii) y

i) y 3 x 6 2 x3
x

1 cos( x)

3 x tan( x)

x
y cos3

x 1

iii)

iv) y ln cos2 ( x) 1

i) y 3 x 6 2 x3 , :
x

dy 3 1 3
2x
3 x 6
dx
x 2 x
3
21x5/2 3/2 36 x 2 6 x 2
2x

ii)

x
y

1 cos( x)

3 x tan( x)

6 x

x2

dy

dx

3 x tan( x) 2 x cos( x) sin( x) x 2 1 cos( x) x 2 1 tan( x)

3 x tan( x)

x
cos 2 ( x)

6 x cos 2 ( x) (2 x 2 1) sin(2 x) x( x 2 1)(sin 2 ( x) 1)

3 x tan( x)

cos( x)

30

x
y

1 cos( x)

3 x tan( x)

ln( y ) ln( x 2 1) ln(cos( x)) ln(3 x tan( x))

y'
2x
sin( x)
2

y x 1 cos( x)

x
y'

x
y'
2x
sin( x) cos( x) x
cos 2 ( x)
2
tan( x)

3 x tan( x)
y x 1
cos 2 ( x)(3 x tan( x))

tan( x)

1 cos( x) 2 x
sin( x) cos( x) x
tan( x)
2

3 x tan( x) x 1
cos 2 ( x)(3 x tan( x))
2

x 2 1 sin( x) x 2 1 sin( x) cos( x) x 2 1 x

2 x cos( x)
y'

(3 x tan( x)) (3 x tan( x))

cos( x)(3 x tan( x)) 2
y'

y'

cos( x)(3 x tan( x))

6 x cos ( x ) 2 x sin( x ) cos( x ) 3 x 1 sin( x ) cos( x) x 1 x sin ( x) x 1 sin( x) cos( x) x 1 x

2

y'

2 x cos 2 ( x)(3 x tan( x)) x 2 1 sin( x) cos( x)(3 x tan( x)) x 2 1 sin( x) cos( x ) x 2 1 x
2

cos( x )(3 x tan( x ))

6 x cos 2 ( x) 2 x 2 1 sin(2 x) x x 2 1 (sin 2 ( x) 1)

cos( x)(3 x tan( x))

x
iii) y cos3
:
x 1
2

dy
3
x
x ( x 1) x
x 2 x
3cos 2

sin
sin

cos

2
2
dx
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1

iv) y ln cos2 ( x) 1 :

dy
1
2cos( x)sin( x) sin(2 x)

2cos( x) sin( x)

2
dx cos ( x) 1
cos 2 ( x) 1
cos 2 ( x) 1
5. x 2 y 2 1 y '' 1/ y3

y ' dy / dx

y(x) x .

d 2
d
d
dy d
( x y 2 ) (1) 2 x x 2 y
(1)
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
dy
dy x
2x 2 y
0

dx
dx y
x2 y2 1

31

d
dy
dy
(
x
)
y

x
y

x
2
d dy d x
d y dx
dx d y
dx
2
2
2
2
dx dx dx y
dx
y
dx
y
x
yx
2
d y
d 2 y y 2 x2
d2y
x2 y 2
d2y
1
y

3 y '' 1/ y 3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
dx
y
dx
y
dx
y
dx
y
2

6. ,
, .

; ;

r x.

2 r 4 x

2 r 4 x

d
dx
d
2 4
0 ( = ) .

dr
dr
dr

dx

dr
2

A r 2 x2

dA
dx
2 r 2 x

dr
dr

dA
(2r x) .
dr

dA
(2r x) 0 x 2r
dr

2 r 4 x 2 r 8r r

32

2( 4)

.
4

dA

r
.
0 x
2( 4)
dr
4

d2A
dx

(2 ) (2 ) 0 .
2
dr
dr
2
x r .
0 2 r .

A(r) 0, .
2
.

r=0, x
r

1
A 2
4
16

1 2
.
, x = 0 A
2
4

, x = 0 .
2

.
r

7. ,
R h, V R2 h / 3 / 3 .
R, h
S R h2 R 2 , (
);

S R h2 R 2 R 2

1

1
V R2h R2h 1 R
3
3
h

,
:

E ( h)

1
1
h2
1 h3
h h
h

h
:
33

3h 2
E (h) 2 1 h

h 1 h3
h

3h3 2(1 h3 )
2h

1 h

h3 2

2h

1 h

0 h3 2 ,

h (2)1/3 R (h)1/2 (2)1/6 .

(h):

E ''(h)

3h 2 (h 2 1 h3 ) (h3 2)(h 2 1 h3 ) '

h 4 (1 h3 )

6h 4 (1 h3 ) (h3 2)(4h(1 h3 ) 3h 4 )
h 4 (1 h3 )3/2

6h3 6h6 (h3 2)(4 7h3 )

h (1 h )
3

3 3/2

3h 4 1 h3 (h3 2)(2h 1 h3 h 2
h 4 (1 h3 )

6h 4 6h7 (h3 2)(4h 7 h 4 )

h 4 (1 h3 )3/2

6h3 6h6 4h3 8 7h6 14h3

4

h (1 h )
3

3 3/2

)
2 1 h3

4h (1 h )
3

3h 2

3 3/2

(16h3 8 h6 )

h (2)

1/3

8. x ()
y 32 m3,
.

V x 2 y 32 y
S x 2 4 xy x 2 4 x

32
.
x2

32
128
x2
.
2
x
x

S, 0,
, x

S ' 2x

128
0 x3 64 x 4 .
2
x

S '' 2

256
x 4 , .
x3

9. 64 cm3.

.

.
34

 r , h,V , E , ,
.
:

V r 2 h r 2 h 64 h
E 2 rh 2 r 2 2 r

64
r2

64
128
2 r 2
2 r 2 , r 0
2
r
r

E / (r ) 0

128
128 4 r 3
32
4

0 4( r 3 32) 0 r 3
23
2
2
r
r

, 2 ,
.

E // (r ) (128r 2 )/ (4 r )/ 256r 3 4 0, r 0
r 2 3

h 64 1r 2 64 1 (

32

1
3

) 3 ]2 2.32 1.32 3 3 2.32 .

1
3

23

32

2r .

10. ( )
1 . .
, 3 .
2 /
4 / ;
(
= / )

35

 x . 1 x 2 ,
||=1 , 3 x .

1 x2
3 x
T
.

4
2

T ( x)

1 x2 3 x

, 0 x 3.
2
4

x T(x) .
:
1 2x 1 x2
,
T '( x)

4 1 x2 4
4 1 x2
2x

T '( x) 0 2 x 1 x 2 0 3x 2 1 0 .
x1 3 / 3 x2 3 / 3 .
x2 ( ).
:

2x
2
2
1 x2 x

x
'
1

x
1

x
1 1
1
2 1 x2
T ''( x)

2
4 2
(1 x 2 )
2
(1 x 2 )
2 1 x
x2
1 x2 x2
1 x2
1
1
1 x2 1 1 x2

, 0 x 3,
2
2
2
2
(1 x )
2 (1 x )
2(1 x ) 1 x 2
T ''( 3 / 3) 3 3 /16 0
.

3 / 3

,
(x) . , T(0)=1.25,
T(3)=1.581 T ( 3 / 3) 1.183 , x2 3 / 3
.

3 / 3 0.5774km .
11.
180 cm2. 7.5 cm
5 cm.
;

36

 x y cm. xy=180,
y=180/x. ,
:
= x-(5+5) = x-10,
=

180
180
(7.5 7.5)
15
x
x

, :

180
1800
1800
f ( x) ( x 10)(
15) 180 15 x
150 330 15 x
, x (0, ) .
x
x
x
:
1800
1800

f ( x) 330 15 x
15 2
x
x

15

1800
1800
0 x2
x 2 120 x 120 ,
2
x
15

x .
x 120 , f ( x) f ( x) , x 120 ,
f ( x) 0 f ( x) . , f(x)
. :
= x = 120 ,
= y = 180/ 120
12. x y
40 10 x
0 x 4 y
.
5 x
.
(x,y) ;

B p, A 2p
:

P( x) 2 px py 2 px p

40 10 x
10 x 2 x 2 40 10 x
20 x 2
p
2p
5 x
5 x
5 x

.
37

, P(x) 2 p

2 x 5 x (20 x 2 )

5 x

2p

x 2 10 x 20

5 x

2p

x 5 5 x 5 5
5 x

5 5, 5 5 .
0 x 4 5 5 .
0 x 5 5 (
) ( ) 5 5 x 4
, x 5 5 P(5 5) 4 p (5 5) 11.0557 p
: P(0) 8 p P(4) 8 p .

5 5, 4 p (5 5)
x=2.76 y=5.53 .
13.
Maclaurin :

e x e x
x 0 sin( x)

sin( x 2 )
x 0
x2

(i) lim

(ii) lim

:
() Maclaurin :

sin( x 2 ) x 2

x6 x10

...
3! 5!

sin( x 2 )
1 2 x6
lim
lim 2 ( x ..) 1
x 0 ( x 2 )
x 0 x
3!
() Maclaurin :

x3 x5
e e 2x
3 60
x

sin( x) x

x3 x5

6 120

x3 x5

3 60
lim
2
x 0
x3 x5
x

6 120
x,
x 0.
2x

38

14. lim f ( x)
x 0

f ( x)

ex 1 x
x2

f ( x) f(x) Taylor x = 0.

Taylor Taylor

ex
n 0

xn
xn
xn
, e x 1 x x 2

n!
n2 n !
n 0 ( n 2)!

ex 1 x
xn

x2
n 0 ( n 2)!

ex 1 x
lim
x 0
x 0
x2

lim

xn

1 x x2
1
xn
n 0 ( n 2)!

lim

lim
...

2
x 0
x
n 0 (n 2)! x0 2 3! 4!
2

x2

15. Taylor,
1

lim x x 2 ln(1 ) .
x
x

( ) n 1

1
1

2
2
n x
lim x x ln(1 ) lim x x (1)
lim x (1) n

n 1
x
x

x
n 1
(n 1) x

n 0
n 0

1 1
1
1
1

1 1
1
lim x ( x 2 ...) lim 2 ... 0 0 ...
x
2 3x 4 x
2

x 2 3x 4 x
2

16 t
(t). :

0
,
(t )

, -1/3.
(t )
, ,
:

1
3

(t ) (t ),

(t 0 ) 0 ,

39

()

(t ) c e

1
t
3

, c

( ).
() t0=0 (t0)=10,
3
t = 6.
: Taylor,
:
k

(1)n an ,

n 0

(1)
n 0

an , an 0 , ( )

, ak+1.

()

(t ) c e

1
t
3

:
1
1
t
t

1 1 t 1
1
(t ) c e 3 c ( ) e 3 c e 3 (t )
3
3

(t 0 ) 0

ce

1
t0
3

0 c 0 e

1
t0
3

() (0)=10. , c 10 e0 10
(t ) 10 e

1
t
3

. t=6

(6) 10 e

6
3

10 e2 .

e2 4
.
Taylor 0 :
n

xn
(2)n
2
n 2
e e
(1)
.
n!
n!
n 0 n !
n 0
n 0

40

 n-

2n 1
. 3
(n 1)!

2n 1

104 n10.
(n 1)!
10 :

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 210

0.1353791
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9! 10!

e-2 4
e2 0.1353352 .
(6) 10 e2 1.353 3 .
:
,
.
.

. ,
Thomas Calculus 11th edition, Wier, Hass, Jiordano, Pearson AW,
Copyright .

41