Consortium Alumni Association Presents

A One-day Course on

BasicWellLoggingDesign
CoordinatedBy

SigitSutiyono
UnocalIndonesiaCompany

Agenda

Introduction(8:15)
LectureIBasicTheory/Interpretation
Break(10 10:15)
LectureIILoggingProgram/Design
Break(12:00)
Workshop(1:30 4:00)
Wrapup(4:00 5:00)

Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andsomepracticalapplicationoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign

Definition

According to
4th Edition of J.A.Jacksons Glossary of Geology:
Log

: A continuous record as a function of depth,

usually graphic and plotted to scale on a narrow
paper strip, of observations made on the rocks
and fluids of the geologic section exposed in
the well-bore.

Wireline Logging

Logging while Drilling

Mud in
Cable

LWD Tools
Tools
Drill Bit

Mud out

WellLoggingHistory

Thefirstelectricallogwasintroducedin1927inFranceusingstationed
resistivitymethod.
Thefirstcommercialelectricalresistivitytoolin1929wasusedin
Venezuela,USAandIndonesia.
SPwasrunalongwithresistivityfirsttimein1931
Schlumbergerdevelopedthefirstcontinuousrecordingin1931
GRandNeutronlogswasstartedin1941
Microresistivityarraydipmeterandlateralogwerefirsttimeintroduced
in1950s
Thefirstinductiontoolwasusedin1956followedbyFormationtester
in1957,FomationDensityin1960s,Electromagnetictoolin1978and
mostofImaginglogsweredevelopedin1980s
Advancedformationtesterwascommercializedinearly1990s

Well in Pechelbronn - France

Surface Recording Instrument

The First Log recorded in 1927

LogMeasurements
Practical definition of a log
Logisanindirectmeasurementofformationproperties
exposedbythewellboreacquiredbyloweringadeviceor
acombinationofdevicesinthewellbore.
A Formation Evaluation Specialist is essential to understand

The theory of measurements, quality control, interpretation

principles, geophysics and petroleum geology as well as
petroleum reservoirs

AdvantagesandLimitationsofWellLogging
Advantages:
- Continuous measurements
- Easy and quick to work with
- Short time acquisition
- Better resolution than seismic data
- Economical
Limitations:
- Indirect measurements
- Limited by tool specification
- Affected by environment
- Varying resolution

BasicTheoryofMeasurements

LogsareImpliedMeasurements

Logisnotadirectmeasurementofformationproperties,itisanimplied
measurementbasedononeorcombinationofthefollowingdevices

Electrical (Resistivity and

Induction)
Acoustic
Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Magnetic

BasicTheoryonResistivity

Rw
Current path
Unit volume filled with only water

Current path

Ro
Unit volume with water and matrix

Typical Formation
Oil

Water
Sand grain
Grain surface water

Current path

Rt
Measured by the tool

ResistivityandMeasurementConcept
Resistivity is the ability of a substance to impade the flow of electrical current

E
E*A
Rw =

Rw
L
Rw
E
A
L
I

I*L

- Formation Water resistivity

- Voltage difference across the formation
- Cross sectional Area
- Length of brine containerr
- Current

ResistivityandMeasurementConcept
Schematic diagram of how an induction tool works

Secondary magnetic field

Created by the ground loop

Receiver
Secondary magnetic field
Induces a current to flow in the receiver

Magnetic field induces

a current in the ground loop

Primary magnetic field

created by transmitter

Transmitter

ResistivityApplication
Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation determination

Sh = 1 - Sw
Water Saturation Estimation
Archies Equation

Sw =

F * Rw
Rt

SW - Water saturation
Rw - Formation water resistivity
Rt - True Formation resistivity

1/n

where

F=

1.0
Por

F - Formation factor
n - Saturation exponent
m - Cementation factor

Resistivity is also used for well to well correlation, and to pick fluid contacts

SpontaneousPotentialLog(SP)
SPmeasurementisbasedonElectricalcurrentsflowinginthe
mudfromelectrochemicalandelectrokinetic
Salinitydifferencebetweenmudflitrateandformationwaters,
ionsmovementcreatescurrentsmeasuredinmVolt
NegativeorPositiveSPcurvedeflectionrepresentswhichfluid,
formationormudfiltrate,hasmoreioniccharge.
Itonlyworksinwaterbasedmud!
TheuseofSPlog;bedboundary,distinguishingpermeablefrom
impermeablerock,shalynessindicator,Rwdeterminationand
wellcorrelation.

SpontaneousPotential(SP)
(-)

(+)

Rmf >> Rw in all sands

Shale
Sand

Thick clean wet sand

SP
- - - - - - -

Thick shaly wet sand

Thick clean Gas sand

- - - - - - Hydrocarbon effect

Thick shaly Gas sand

SpontaneousPotential(SP)
SP

7430

40 mV

Given:
Rmf = 0.51 at 135 F
Rm = 0.91 at 135 F
TD = 8007 ft
Bottom hole temp.= 135 F
Surface temp. = 60 F

7470

Determine Rw ?
20

Limitation
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
Between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection

RwcalculationfromSPlog
SSP = -K log

Rmfe
Rwe

Steps of Calculation;
- Determine Temperature at Depth of interval
- Correct Rm and Rmf to this temperature (gen-9)
- Determine SP (log) from shale baseline
- Correct SP to SSP using SP thickness corr. chart
- Determine Rmf/Rwe ratio using SP-1 chart
- Determine Rwe from above equation or SP-1 chart
- Correct Rwe to Rw using SP-2 chart

GammaRayLog(GR)
GRtoolmeasuresnaturalradioactivityoftheformationfrom
theemmisionofallthese;(TotalGR)
Potasium,UraniumandThorium
GRlogisusedfor;
Welltowellgeologicalcorrelation
Beddefinition,moreaccuratethanSPlog
ShaleVolumeIndicator(mostreliable)
Lithologyandmineralogyindicator(NGT)

GRlog - GRmin
IGR =
GRsh - GRmin

IGR - Gamma ray index

GRmin - GR clean
GRsh - GR shale baseline

GammaRayLog(GR)

GammaRayLog(GR)
Mineral
Quartz
Calcite
Dolomite
Orthoclase
Micas
Kaolinite
Chlorite
Illite
Montmorillonite
Anhydrite
Pyrite
Coal

Density DT
2.64
2.71
2.85
2.52
2.82
2.41
2.76
2.52
2.12
2.98
4.99
1.47

56
49
44
69
49
50
39
high

GR
0-15
0-15
0-15
220
275
80-130
180-250
250-300
150-200
low
low
low

GammaRayLog(GR)
Well-1
GR

Well-7

Well-2

Res
GR

Res
GR

Res

NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT)
NGT tool measures the spectrum of
Potasium,Uranium, and Thorium
NGT log is used for;
- Study of Depositional Environments
- Geochemical logging
- Shale typing
- Source Rocks
- Diagenetic History
- Vclay content correction
With combination of Photoelectric curve can be
used for clay and mica type identification

NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT)
10
8

Glauconite
Biotite

Pe

Illite

4
Montmorillonite

Muscovite
Kaolinite

K, Potasium (%)

10

DensityLog
Densitytoolisoneofthemostimportantinstrumentsusedto
evaluateformationswhichmeasuresformationdensityand
directlytiestoformationporosity
Thedensitytoolmeasurestheelectrondensity,byemitting
gammarayfromradioactivesourceandreturningtotwo
detectors
TheamountofGammaraysthatreturndependonthenumber
ofelectronspresent,electrondensityisrelatedtobulkdensity
ofmineralorrock
InmostcasesenvironmentalcorrectionforDensitylogisnot
significant,fieldlogdensitycanbereadilyusedfor
interpretation

DensityLog
Main categories in the process of GR energy loss due to
collisions with other atomic particles:

Compton Scattering is selected to be the energy level to

generate GR of the Cesium 137 radioactive source at 662 keV

DensityLog
Porositydeterminationfromdensitylog:
RHOBma - RHOBlog
POR =

RHOBma - RHOBfluid

RHOBma - Matrix density

RHOBfluid - Formation fluid density
RHOBlog - Log density
PORd - Density derived porosity
Exercise: Determine porosity of limestone with field log
density inicated 2.5 gr/cc.

NeutronLog
ThetoolmeasurestheHydrogenIndexwhichisthequantityof
Hydrogenperunitvolume
Thetoolsemithighenergyneutronseitherfromradioactive
sourceorminitron.Theyaresloweddownbycollisionswith
formationnuclei,collisionwillresultenergyloss,andthe
elementmostlysloweddownisH
Waterhashighneutroncounts,Oilhasalittlelesscountsthan
Water,Gaswillhaveverylowneutroncounts
Neutronlogisverysensitivetoenvironmentchange;borehole
size,mudcake,mudweight,temperature,standoff,pressure
andformationsalinity,measurementiscompensationoffar
andnearcountrates.

NeutronLog

NeutronLog
Neutrontoolhasawiderangeofapplications
PorosityDetermination
GasDetection
Boreholeandformationsalinity
ReservoirSaturation
ReservoirMonitoring
BoreholeFluiddynamics
NeutronradioactivesourceinnormallyusesAm241
Exercise Neutron Log environmental correction
Given: Uncorrected neutron porosity of 34%, 14 borehole size,
0.25 mud cake, 200 kppm borehole salinity, 12 ppg mud at
170 F, 5000 psi pressure, using water based mud with formation
salinity of 50 kppm.

AcousticLog
Sonictoolgeneratesacousticsignalstomeasurethetimetravelto
passthroughaformation,logmeasurementintimerequiredto
travelinonefootformation(microsec/foot)
Rockpropertiescanbeimpliedfromsonicmeasurements;
Porosity,Lithology,Gasshows,CompactionandRockstrength
Maincurrentuse:
SeismicTie
Mechanicalproperties
Fractureidentification
Tooltypes;
Boreholecompensatedsonic
Longspacingsonic
Arraysonictool
Ultrasonicboreholeimage
Dipoleshearsonicimage

AcousticLog

AcousticLog

SpecialTools

Resistivity Based Imaging Tool

- Pad device on 4 to 6 arm caliper, few mm resolution
- Application: Thin bed Evaluation, Dip meter,
Paleostream direction, fracture evaluation, stratigraphy.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Using Permanent magnet to realign hydrogen protons to new
magnetic field, a Lithology dependance porosity, saturartion
and permeability estimation
Dipole Shear Sonic
- Shear measurement, AVO and Rock mechanics applications
Borehole sonic imaging
- Acustic based bore hole imaging for 360 deg coverage, lower
resolution than resistivity based imaging tools.

SpecialTools

continued

Modular Formation Test

- Very robust formation tester with the capability to take
unlimited pressure tests, pump the fluid into the borehole,
identify the fluid type before sampling
Wellbore Seismic
- VSP: Vertical seismic profile surface guns, wellbore detectors
- SAT: Seismic acquisition tool
- WST: Well seismic tool
- DSA: Downhole seismic array tool (3 axis geophones)

WellboreSeismic

LogandSeismicTieEffort

LogDataValidation
Checkthelogquality
Seeifthereisanymissinglogdata
Determinewhethersonicpeaks/anomaliesrepresentingformation
Logediting
VelocityCorrectionSonicoverVSP(using42msecresolution)
SyntheticSeismicGeneration
AcousticImpedance
ConvolutionWavelettotieseismicandlogpeaks
*ExtractedWavelet toutilizewaveletasseenintheseismic
itishighlyrecommended(similarapperance)
*RickrWavelet commonlyusedtohavezerophase

SyntheticSeismograms

SyntheticSeismogramsareusedtocorrelateseismicsections
Theoreticallythismethodusesmanysimplificationandassumptionsput
intothemodel
Itprovidesimportantlinktounderstandthetiebetweenseismicdataand
welllogresponses

VSP&
SeismicSection

VelocitySurvey

Velocityorcheckshotsurveysareperformedinthewellboretoobtain
verticaltravelpathsthroughtheformationsbylocatingsourcesand
detectors/receiversatcertainconfiguration,normallythereceiversare
placednearthegelogicalhorizons
Thesurveyonlyutilizefirstarrivaltouseintherecordedseismictrace
Firstarrivalsarethenconvertedintoverticaltraveltimesontimedepth
graphswhichcanbeusedtocalculateaveragevelocities
Soniclogcalibrationneedstobedonepriortogenerationofsynthetic
logs,normallyboreholeeffectsarefoundveryoftencausingdrift whichis
toberemovedtopreventshiftingintimeofseismicreflectionsor
pesudoevents

VerticalSeismicProfile

VerticalSeismicProfiling(VSP)usesbothentirerecordedseismictraceand
firstbreak.Receiversarespacedatveryclosedintervalsinthewellborein
ordertogetaseismicsectioninthewellbore
Theseismicwaveandalleffectsaremeasuredasafunctionofdepthasit
propagatesthroughtheformations
Thrreceiversareclosetoreflectorswhereupgoinganddowngoingwaves
arerecordedasafunctionofdepth
Thedowngoingwaveletsareusedtodesigndeconvolutionfilters
IngeneralVSPprovidemuchbetterspatialandtemporalresolution,the
signalchangesintermofbandwidthandenergylossaremeasured
ApplicatiosofVSParetocorrelatetheactualseismiceventswithmore
confidence,andwithmuchbetterresolutionduetoshortertravelpathsit
canprovideatooltogeneratehighresolutionmaps,andbetterestimateof
rockproperties

BasicConceptofVSP

BasicConceptofVSP

OffsetVSP

OffsetVSPareusedtodetectfaultsandpincouts
developedtoilluminatestructureawayfromthewellbore

Multiple offset and walkaway VSP

Multiple offset VSP were developed to provide high-resolution seismic

structural details in the area where interference from the shallow layers
The disadvantages is very time consuming, it requires few days for the
acquisition by putting multiple source positioned in different locations

OffsetVSP

BasicLogInterpretation
Logs Data Applications

Determine depth and thickness

Identify productive zones
Distinguish fluid types, gas, oil and water
Estimate hydrocarbon reserve
Help geological correlation and subsurface mapping
Determine facies and drilling locations

BasicLogInterpretation Continued
Common Tools in the Logging Industry

Gamma Rays
Self Potential
Resistivity
Induction
Density
Neutron
Sonic
Magnetic Resonance
Formation Test

Basic Log Interpretation

Continued

Typical properties implied or estimated from

the log Measurements:
Porosity
Water Saturation
Permeability
Fluid types
Fluid contacts
Lithology
Dip angle
Velocity

Petrophysical Properties
Porosity =

Volume of pores
Total Volume of Rock

Porosity = Storage Capacity

Porosity is estimated using one or combination of

the followings;
- Density
- Neutron
- Sonic
Combination of three inputs will get better estimate

Density Porosity:
POR = (DENmatrix DENlog)/(DENmatrix DENfluid)

Petrophysical Properties
Formation Water in the pores

SW =

Total pore space in the rock

Water Saturation is estimated using combination of

the followings;
- Porosity
- Resistivity
It requires formation factor and saturation index
derived from core analysis, and formation water resistivity

Archies Equation

Sw =

1/Por m * Rw 1/n
Rt

SW - Water saturation
Rw - Formation water resistivity
Rt - True Formation resistivity

n - Saturation exponent
m - Cementation factor

Petrophysical Properties
Permeability Estimation from Logs
Timurs
K=

93 * Por
Swi

2.2

where Swi = Irreducible water saturation

Tixiers
K=

250 * Por
Swi

Permeability (K) is a measure of rock property to get the fluid passes through the rock.
The equations are based on empirical study, accurate K estimation can be obtained from
formation test, drillstem test (DST) or from core analysis

Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements

Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajor
reservoirs,andsomepracticalapplicationsoflog
data

Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign

FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs

FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs

Gas

Gas Sand
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil

Oil Sand
Oil-Water Contact

Water

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Coal
Carbonate/Limestone

Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs

0.1

RES

100

Gas Sand
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil Sand

Oil-Water Contact

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Coal
Carbonate/Limestone

HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily?
AboutLithologyInterpretation

Claystone haslargeamountofwater,andradioactivematerials,isdenserwhenithas
lesswater,isnotharderthanlimestoneandisveryconductive.

Sandstone islessdensethanlimestone,haslesswaterthanclay,containmorewater
thanlimestoneexceptwhenitissaturatedwithdrygas,itsconductivityisdependingon
fluidtypeitcontains,hassmalltononeradioactivefragments.

Limestone isharderthanbothclayandsand,containsleastwaterofthethree,very
resistive,ithaslowradioactivitymaterials,fastvelocity,highdensity.

Coal Normalylowradioactive,rarelyradioactive,lowestdensityandveryresistive

HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily?
AboutFluidInterpretation

HighRadioactivity
VeryConductive
HighWater
HighGas
HighOil

DryGas

HighGOR

FreshWater

HighGR
LowResistivity
HighNeutronandLowResistivity
LowNeutronandHighResistivity
HigherNeutronthanGas,denser
thangasLessNeutronthanwater,
lessdensethanwater,more
resistivethanwater,less
resistivethangaswhenother
propertiesarethesame
Veryresistive,largestdensity
neutroncrossover
Largerdensityneutroncrossover
thanoilwithlowGOR
Reservoirfilledwithhighresistivewater

AreThereAnyAnomalies?
AboutFluidInterpretation

Inagaszone
Mudfiltrateinvasionwillcausetheneutrondensity
crossoverlookslikethatofoilzone,theshallowinvestigation
resistivitywillbelessresistivethanthatofdeeperdepthof
investigation,resistivitydifferenceislargerwhenconductive
mudisused
HighIrreduciblewater(waterboundsinclaysandgrains
surface)willdemonstratelittledensityneutroncrossover
similartothatofoilorwaterzonesbutlessresistivethangas
oroilzoneswithlessirreduciblewater

Inanoilzone similartoabove

How Is Log Analysis Calibrated?

Core Data
Routie Core Analysis - For Porosity and Permeability Calibration
Special Core Analysis - For detailed rock and fluid properties such as
X Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Petrophysical
parameters (a,m and n determination), PVT, Gas Analysis and finger
prints of fluid samples, and etc.

Formation Test
Fluid Identification from the logs is not direct, when the parameters are
not well established, formation test fluid samples can be used to
calibrate fluid identification using the logs. Formation test is also used
when possible log response anomalies encountered to get conclusive
fluid identification.

Modern Formation For Fluid Identification

MDT String Configuration

Single Probe Module

Electric Power Module

Large sample Chamber
Multi sample Chambers

Fluid Description Module

Hydraulic Power Module
Test Probe

Basiccomponentsofthetool
OLD

NEW

Multi-sample
Chambers

Probe

Valve

Probe
HP Gauge

Resist.
sensor

Pump Out
Module

Strain Gauge
Pre-Test
Pre-Test

Optical Fluid
Analyzer

Quartz Gauge
Isolation
Valve
Two Sample Chambers

Flow line

Gas Detector System

OFA Gas Detector Optics
Photodetector
Array

Light Emitting Diode

Cylindrical Lens
Polarizer

Sapphire
Prism
Sapphire window

Fluid Flow

Gas

Gas

Liquid

How OFA Divice Operates

OFA Spectrometer
Filter Lens
Catridge
Light
Distributor

Filter lens
Photodiode

Solenoids
Source
Light path

Lamp
Chopper motor
Measure
Light Path

Sapphire

Fluid flow

How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?

OFA Spectrometer
4.0 Visible

Near infra-red

Optical Density

Crude Oil B

0.0

Mud
Crude Oil A
Filtrate

Water

Fuel
Oil
Diesel
500

1000

1500

Wave Length - (NM)

2000

Example--1 : Gas OFA

Example

Example--2 : Water OFA

Example

Example--3 : Oil OFA

Example

AreThereAnyOtherLogsApplications?
The Logs Can Help Us to Determine:

All are useful for

VolumeofHydrocarbon
Fluidcontinuity
ReservoirExtent
ReservoirRockProperties
DepositionalEnvirontment
DiagenesisandCompaction
Trapping
Heterogeneity
Selecting Drilling Location
Well Completion
Subsurface Geological Mapping
Reservoir Characterization

Hydrocarbon Reserves Estimate

Oil rec =

7758 * (1-Sw) * h * Por * RF * A

BoI

Gas rec =

(43560 * DEPTH*0.43)* (1-Sw)* h* Por*RF*A

15

Where : RF - Recovery Factor

h - Thickness, A - Area
BoI - Oil Vol. factor
BoI = 1.05 + 0.5 * (Gas Oil Ratio/100)

LateralContinuity?
Well-1

Well-7
GR

GR

Res

Well-2

Res
GR

Res

CompactionTrend?
DT
GR
Res

Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,and
somepracticalapplicationsoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign

Depth of Investigation and Resolution

of Logging Tools
Induction
log

80 cm

Laterolog

80 cm

Neutron

40 cm

Gamma-ray

30 cm

Density

20 cm

Sonic

60 cm

Radioactivity

Acoustic

Micro resistivity
Micro log
Resistivity
Dipmeter

5 cm

250 cm

200 cm

150 cm

100 cm

Depth of Investigation

50 cm

2 cm
0 cm

Resolution

Resistivity

Tools Size and Measuring point for Typical

Oil Based Mud Environment

Sonic

Induction

CNT

Measuring point from

the bottom of the tool

SGT

LEH TCC

AMS

GR

LDT
Neutron

SDT

Density

AIT

Tool Length

Additional combinable tools:

- Dipmeter
- Magnetic Resonance
- Borehole Imager
- Dipole Sonic
- Formation Tester
- Others

This slide helps you to configure the tool string that is appropriate for your well

ToolSpecification

ResistivityMeasurementProblemsandLimitations
Resistivity measurements are not reliable when you have:
Severe invasion due to overbalanced mud
Large washed-out borehole
Shoulder bed affects
High content of conductive minerals
Some older tool generations have limited vertical resolution

EffectsofBoreholeEnvironment

Ro
Rt
Rw
Sw

Ri
Rz
Si

Rxo
Rmf
Sxo

Flushed
Zone
Rm
Ri

Invaded
Zone
Mud Cake
Rmc

Undisturbed
Formation

InvasionProfile
Fresh Mud Rmf > RW
Rm

Rxo

Low

High

D M

Rt

Salt Mud

Rmf < Rw
Rt

Rxo
Rm

S M D

SPLogLimitations
The tool is only for water based borehole environment
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection

GR Log Limitations
Standard GR tool is not reliable when you log an interval with radioactive
mineral rich rocks. NGT is recommended to use for this type of
Formation to get reliable GR derived clay volume calculation.
GR measurements in cased hole environment need to be normalized
due to casing, and cement attenuation

Density Log Limitations

Density log is a pad device, it is very sensitive to the pad contact with
The borehole wall, make sure to consult with your petrophysicist prior to
using the data for any other applications.

NeutronLogLimitations
Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole size,
mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand-off, invasion, pressure and
formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far and near count
rates.

Sonic Log Limitations

Sonic log is likely affected by strong attenuation when we log
unconsolidated formation, fractured formation, gas saturated reservoirs,
aerated muds, rugose and enlarged borehole sections. Typically shows
some curve skippings.

Formation Test Log Limitations

Formation test problems normally occur when you don not have a good
Rubber pad seal, causing a communication with the mud giving you much
Higher pressure reading. Depleted and highly invaded zone would cause
long fluid pumping before you get clean sample or fluid identification

Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse

Understandthestrategyofawellevaluation

Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign

WhyWirelineWelllogging

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Better Resolution
More advanced tools
Better depth control
Only choice available (certain tools)
More certain on data quality

DisadvantagesofWireline
logging

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Invasion effect
Hole condition dependant
Unable to log in high angle wells (>60 deg)
Acquired after drilling, more rig time
More uncertainty in getting data or good
data in problem prone wells

ImportantIssueswith
RunningWirelinelogs

1.
2.
3.
4.

Borehole fluid type

Borehole size
Well deviation
Tool combination

5. High Mud Weight resulting in over balanced

Logging while Drilling

WhyLWD?

ReduceRigTime
RealTimeDecisions
MinimizedBoreholeProblems
HighAngle/HorizontalWells

DisadvantagesofLWD
Boreholesizeandrugosityarenotknown
Gooddatacollectedonlywhenthetoolisrotating
Dataqualityisratedependant
Logresolutionisgenerallypoorerthanthatofwireline
Abilitytoconfigurethetoolsislimited
Notagoodapplicationforaslowdrillingrateforcost
considerationespeciallyforexpensiverig.
Depthcontrolispoorerthanwirelinedata

LWDandWirelineComparison

X800

X800

X900

X900

Invasion

WirelineLogExample

X400

X450

LWDRealtimeandRecordedLogs
D. RES
GR

NEU
X500

GR
DEN

D. RES
X500

X600

X600

X700

X700

NEU

DEN

SelectingtheToolstorun
What tools do you run in the hole?
Itdependsonwhattypeofinformationyouareabouttoget
andthecostyouarewillingtospend.

NeedWant
What is the value of information you are getting?

AbilitytoDefineYourNeed
Geological
Geophysical
Reservoir
Petrophysical
Mechanical

TypeofInformationtoAcquire
Geology
Sanddevelopmentandsandthickness
Stratigraphicinformation
Lateralcontinuity
Hydrocarbonsource
Geophysics
Velocityuncertainty
Welltoseismictie
Seismicandfluids/lithologycorrelation

TypeofInformation
Petrophysics
Porosity
Watersaturation
Permeability
Mineralogy

Reservoir
Compartment
Fluidproperties
Reservoirpressure
Reservoirmonitoring

RockMechanics
Stressdirection
Pressureprofile
Fractureorientation

continued

UnderstandtheScalesOfObservation

Seismic Section
Wireline Logs
Out-Crops/Core
Thin Sections

ScalesOfObservation

Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation

Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns

Exercisewithwelllogdesign

WellLoggingDesignObjective
The objectives of a well logging design should follow
your drilling objectives, if drilling objective is not met,
the objectives of logging program should be adjusted
accordingly.
A logging program would vary depending on drilling
Objectives.

WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign1
Onshorewell
Adevelopmentwell,A5,istodrillupdipstructureofASand
toaccelerateoilproduction,theA4wellhasproducedthis
Reservoirforayear,andcurrentlyproduces80%water.The
reservoirhasastrongaquiverdrivemechanism.

WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign1continued
DrillingobjectiveistodrillandcompletetheASandLevel
Loggingprogramobjectiveforthiswellisthentolocatethe
topoftheASandandmakesurethattheintervalisstillinthe
oilcolumn.
Otherinformation:Strongwaterdrivemeansithasgood
pressuremaintenance,therefore,noneedtotakepressure
data.
Rigtype:OnshoreRig(inexpensive),averticalwell.
LoggingDesign:WirelineGRResistivityNeutronDensity

WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign2
Offshorewell
Athirdappraisalwellisproposedonthewestflankofthe
structure.Firsttwowellssuggestthatwelltowelllog
correlationisnoteasy,howeverpressuredatahashelpedthe
welltowellcorrelation.Thiswellistorevealthelateral
continuityandthecompartmentissueofthereservoirs.

WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign1continued
Drillingobjectiveistodrillandtofindoutthelateralcontinuity
ofsomereservoirs.
Loggingprogramobjectiveistocollectasmuchdatato
confirmlateralcontinuityandwelltowellcorrelation.
Otherinformation:Thewellisstillintheappraisalphase.
Rigtype:OffhoreRig(expensive),directionalwell?
LoggingDesign:
LWDGRResistivityDensityNeutron
WirelineGRResistivityDensityNeutronascontigency
incaseLWDdataisnotreliable
Wirelineformationtestforpressurecorrelation
WirelineOBMIforstratigraphicinformation
tohelpwelltowellcorrelation

Example1
Example
1 LoggingProgram

26Conductor 3500to3700MD
None

20Casing 3700to4100MD
None

171/2Holesection4100to6000MD
LWD:
GRResistivity

121/4HoleSection6000to9000MD
LWD:
GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline:
TriplecomboonlywhenLWDfail
Formationtestasrequired

81/2Holesection9000to12000MD
LWD:
GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline:
TriplecomboonlywhenLWDfail
Formationtestasrequired
Boreholeimageasrequired
NuclearMagnetictoolasrequired

Example2LoggingProgram
Example

Continued

81/2HoleSection9000to12000MD
LWD:
GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDfail
WetCase:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDdataisnotreliable
Formationtestsforpressuresandwatersamples
H.C.Case:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDdataisnotreliable
Formationtestsforpressuresandfluidsamples
Boreholeimagelogfordipandstratigraphicinformation
NuclearMagnetictoolwhenconsiderablethickshalysandreservoirsare
penetrated
Boreholeseismicforvelocitysurvey

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Risk
Cost
Environment
HoleSize
WellDesign
ToolSpeed

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

Risk
Whilewearerunninginholewithwirelinetools,the
toolscouldnotgodownatcertaindepth.Thecompany
representativehasdecidedtopulloutofholetorun
differenttoolconfiguration.
Incaseofariskthatwearenotabletogodownpassing
thesamedepthwithnewtoolconfiguration,the
petrophysicisthasaskedthelogengineertologupwhile
pullingoutofholetogetdataassurance.

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

Cost
AfterthewellreachedTDat6000ft,theteamfoundout
thattheydonothaveroomtogetalllogdatatothebaseof
thereservoirnearTDiftheyusetypicaltriplecombination
wirelinetools,todrilladditional50ftwouldtake24hourrig
timeincludingRIHandPOOH.
Thepetrophysicisthasthendecidedtosplitthetoolsinto
tworuns,whichonlyrequireadditional6hourrigtimefor
secondwirelinerun.Bydoingthatitwouldhavesaved18
hourrigtimeiftheydrilladditional50fttohaveonlyone
loggingrun

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

Environment
ThewellistodrillcomplexlithologyintervalinJurasic
section.Wherecoal,shale,sand,limestonecanbe
penetratedinthesameholesection.
Thegeologistandpetrophysicisthavesuggestedtheir
drillingteamtodrillthewellwithoilbasedmudtohelp
possibleswellingclayproblem,formationoflimestone
ledgesandwashedoutsandsection,thereforeitwould
promoteasmoothandsuccessfulloggingoperationafter
theyreachTD.

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

HoleSize
TheDrillingengineerhassuggestedtorunonlyLWDinthe
121/4holesectiontoreducewellcost.
Thepetrophysicisthasarguedandsuggestedtorun
wirelinebecausebasedonpreviouswellsinthisfieldwhere
theyhavedrilledataveragerateof300ft/hrresultinginnot
reliabledata.Theteamhassupportedtheirpetrophysicistto
runwirelinebecauseitwouldhelptosupportfield
certification.

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

WellDesign
AftertheG&Gteamprovidethetargetstothedrilling
engineer,theteamhastoendupwithawelldesignthatit
requiresahighlydeviatedwellexceeding60deg.
LWDlogdataacquisitionisthenputintheirlogging
programbecausebasedontheirexperienceinthisfield50
degwellwasthehighestdeviatedwellthattheycouldlog
withwireline.

ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

ToolSpeed
BasedonthestatisticsdrillingthePliocenesectionisvery
quick,averaging400ft/hr,thecompanyisdrillinga
horizontalgaswellatabout3000ftTVD.
LWDengineerandthepetrophyscisthaveworkedtogether
andhavegivenarecommendationtodocontrolleddrillingat
about200ft/hrtogetanacceptablelogdataquality.

Whatdoyouhaveinmind?
On Shore
Development Well

Off Shore
Deep water
development-well

In respect to Risk, Cost, Environment, Hole Size, Well Design, Tool Speed

ExploratoryWell
SeismicInformation
RegionalGeologyInformation
DrillingthewellusingLearningwhiledoing
concept
HighRiskbutmustbemanageable
MostlyVerticalwell

DevelopmentWell
InManycaseswithlittletononeedofseismic
information
LocalGeologyInformation
Drillingwithfullknowledge
LowRiskmainlymechanical
Vertical,highlydeviatedtohorizontalwells

AnExampleofrathercomplexLoggingProgram
DecisionTree
West Seno Data Gathering Strategy
Y

Standard
we ll

PAY

LWD

12 1/4
PAY

WIRELINE

MD T

LWD

N
LWD

Y
SAMPLING

N
Full
Cor es

SAMPLES

Fully
Loade d
Wireline

CST
Cor es

Spe cial
Logging

PRESSURE
P.O
PEX
MD T

SAMPLING
N

STOP
Y

N
Velocity
Uncertainty
N
N

CSAT
or VSP

VSP
N

Cased H ole GR

UBI or CBL

De epest
Well

STOP

GR to bottom of 13 3/8

Objective

STOP

Objective
driven-logging

AnotherWayToSaveCost!
ACQUIREDATAWITHOUTUSINGCOSTLYRIGTIME
(PIPEDECISIONNOTNECESSARY NODRYHOLES)
GATHERDATAREALTIMEWHILEDRILLING
GATHERDATATHROUGHTUBINGAFTERCOMPLETION
COMBINATIONOFBOTH

ProjectBaseApproach
UOMEcompanyhas$200MMprogramfor
exploratorywellsfortheyear2004.
Asafollowupoftheirexplorationcampaign,
UOMECompanyhas$600MMprogramfor
developinganewdeepwaterfieldfortheyear
2005thatwillhavepeakproductionof100,000
BOPD

Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns

Exercisewithwelllogdesign

Exercise1

PTIndooilCo.,thesoleownerofmineralrightonBlockA,onshore,2kmin
adjacenttoaknownoilproducingareaintheBlockB.Thecompanyislookingata
prospecttodrillthefirstwell,Indoco1,intheblocktargetingforthesame
producingintervalinBlockBatabout4000ftdepth,anditisestimated50ftdown
dipinthisblock.
Thecostsforvariousavailablelogdataacquisitionareasfollow:
WirelineGR $1/ft,Induction $4/ft,BHCSonic $1/ft,Density$2/ft,Neutron$2/ft
Formationtest $100/pressure,$1000/fluididentification,$2000/fluidsample
DepthchargeforeachWirelinetoolisfree.
LWDGRandInduction $10,000/day,DensityandNeutron $10,000/day
Therigcostis$5000/day
1)Whatisyourrecommendeddatagatheringstrategyandwellloggingdesignfor
thewell?
2)Whiledrilling,thewellpenetrates5thicksandunitswithhighmudloggasfrom
3,000to4,200ft.Howdoyourecommendthecompanyontheloggingdesign?
3)AfterthewellreachedtheproposedTD,therewerenoencouragementseenfrom
themudlogsigns,whatwouldyoudoforyourloggingprogram?

Exercise2
Theexercise1wasseismicallytotesttheamplitudeanomaly
atOrangehorizon,equivalenttotheBeraniClasticFormation.
TheIndoco1wellencountered300ftofOilcolumnandwas
completedandproducedfromthislevelforoveroneyear
withcumulativeproductionof4mmbo.Thecompanyis
lookingatsimilarseismiccharacter11/2kmawayfrom
Indoco1well,whichwasconnectedbydimeventtothe
amplitudeattheIndoco1well.Ithasbeeninterpretedasa
differentchannellobe.Thecompanydidlowprofileandran
onlysimplewirelineGR,resistivity,density,neutronandsonic
ontheInoco1well.
WhatisyourdatagatheringstrategyforthisIndoco2well?

Exercise3
Asubsurfaceteamisevaluatingafourwayclosurestructure
offshoreEastKalimantan,basedontheirsynthesis,ifthe
timingofmigrationisright,itisabigstructurefilledwith
hydrocarbon.Thewaterdeptharoundtheprospectisabout
4500ft.Toproperlyevaluatetheprospect,theteamthinks
thattheyneedatleast8wellsdrilledatvariouslocationson
thestructure.Someapparentfaultsduetoregional
compressivestresscutthestructureintopossiblemany
compartments.
Makeassessmentonoptionsthecompanyneedstodoand
makerecommendationonwellevaluationstrategy.

Exercise4
AnoffshorewellisproposedtoredrilltheA5well
withupdipdirectionfromthiswelltogetthegasleg
ofcleanandblockysandfoundwithgaswater
contactintheA5well.Thecompanyistryingtoget
moregasproduction.Theteamislookingatdrilling
horizontalwellwithabout500ftofproducing
section.Whatisyourrecommendedlogging
programforthiswellandwhy?