Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transmission Line Basic Presentation
Transmission Line Basic Presentation
Transmission Line Basic Presentation
on
Transmission line Basics
BASIC SCHEMATIC
Power plant
Distribution system
Generator
GT
220 KV
11/220 kV
11 KV
220/33/11 kV
Distribution
Step down
transformer
11/0.4 kV
Consumer
Home
Source:
www.howstuffworks.com
WHAT IS CORONA?
Transmission-line conductors are surrounded by an electric field.
Corona discharge is generated when the electric field at the surface
of the conductor becomes larger than the breakdown strength of the
surrounding air.
Surface irregularities such as sharp points and water droplets cause
local field concentration, enhancing corona generation. Thus, during
bad weather, corona discharge is more intense and losses are much
greater.
Corona discharge generates audible noise and visible lights. The
visible light and audible noise can be observed simultaneously.
The voltage at which corona begins in called the discharge inception
voltage. Conversely, the voltage at which corona ceases is called
discharge extinction.
10
Corona produces radio and television interference.
11
12
0.4 kV
11 kV
ACSR Weasel
33 kV
ACSR Racoon
66 kV
ACSR Dog
132 kV
220 kV
400 kV
765 kV
Appox
UTS
(kg)
Approx
weight
(kg/km)
Squirrel
115
107
6.33
711
85
Gopher
133
123
7.08
952
106
Panther
520
482
21
9127
976
Zebra
795
736
28.62
13316
1623
Moose
900
835
31.77
16250
2002
14
15
TYPES OF PYLONS
A. POLES (Standard length: 7.5 m/ 8.5 m/ 9.75 m/ 12 m)
Wooden
Wooden Pole
PSC Pole
17
TYPES OF PYLONS
B. LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE (Tower)
Modular welded (self supporting or guyed)
Bolted ( built up & self supporting)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
800 kV NORMAL
TOWER
ROW
85 Mts
800 kV COMPACT
TOWER
ROW
64 Mts
26
27
TRANSPOSITION TOWER
What is transposition tower and its configuration?
Transposition tower is normally parallel double circuit
transmission tower to facilitate interchange of transmission
line phase conductor, where the phase conductors occupy
different structure positions for different portions of the line
length so that transmission-line impedances is balanced.
For example, conductor placement on the structures may be
R-Y-B for one-third of the line length, Y-B-R for one-third
of the line length, and B-R-Y for the remaining third of the
line length.
C-type tower with modified cross-arm is generally used
with zero degree deviation.
29
WHY TRANSPOSITION?
Power transmission lines are transposed primarily for
impedance balance so as to eliminate or reduce
disturbances in the neighboring communication
circuits produced by geometric imbalances of power
line
Transposition tower are required for a line length
> 200 kms why?
Arrangement of transposition tower is shown below
30
LINE TRANSPOSITION
WITH C TYPE TOWER
T1
T2
T3
31
B
32
TOWER SIZES
TOWER HEIGHT IS DECIDED BASED ON
Span : Longer the span, more is the height
Minimum Ground clearance (A) required to be
maintained
Conductor sag (B)
Insulator assembly length (C) to maintain
required electrical
Shield angle
E
D
D
C
B
33
35
SHIELD ANGLE
Earth wire is placed on top of the structure to
provide a shied angle for protection against
lightning
over
power
conductors,
the
recommended angle being 30 degree with the
vertical in case of vertical formation of power
conductors.
Location where isokeraunic levels are high, lower
angle of shielding may be adopted
As cross arm width increases, horizontal spacing
of conductor increases . To protect the conductors
with specified shield angle, earth wire has to be
placed at a higher elevation in such cases. To
reduce the tower peak height, double peak with
double earth wire are used in those cases
36
11 kV
75-100
33 kV
66 kV
204-320
132 kV
305-365
220 kV
320-380
400 kV
350- 450
765 kV
400-450
37
11 kV
5.2
33 kV
5.2
66 kV
5.5
132 kV
6.1
220 kV
7.0
400 kV
8.84
765 kV
15.0
38
NO OF CROSS ARMS
AND ITS CONFIGURATION
39
11 kV
760
33 kV
1500
66 kV
2000
132 kV
3900
220 kV
6000
400 kV
8000
765 kV
15000
40
WHAT IS GALLOPING?
Galloping (dancing of conductor) is Very low frequency, high
amplitude vibrations induced by:
High velocity steady winds on conductors with asymmetrical
ice deposit
When ice on a portion of ice covered conductor melts and
suddenly drops off
When a flock of birds perching together on a conductor
suddenly takes off, leaving the conductor jumping in loops
Other wind induced vibrations are:
Aeolian vibrations : High frequency, low amplitude vibrations
induced by low, steady & laminar wind
Wake induced vibrations: Low frequency, medium amplitude
vibrations induced by high velocity steady winds on bundle
41
conductors
CONDUCTOR SAG
S= sag
Conductor tension
Sag S = WL2 / 8T
L= span
42
Voltage
11 kV
200 mm
33 kV
550 mm
66 kV
965mm
132 kV
1630 mm
220 kV
2340 mm
400 kV
3740 mm
765 kV
5500 mm
43
D
D
C
B
A
44
Minimum Body
clearance ( mm)
11 kV
33 kV
330
66 kV
610
132 kV
1070
220 kV
1675
400 kV
1860
765 kV
45
LOADS ON TOWER
VERTICAL LOADS
Dead weight of Tower
Dead weight of conductor & Earth wire
Live weight of working personal,
hoisting tools & tackles etc.
Snow loading (wherever applicable)
Transient loads
HORIZONTAL LOADS
For the purpose of convenience we
consider all horizontal loads in two
perpendicular axes
One in Transverse direction w.r.t cross
arm
One in longitudinal direction w.r.t cross
arm
46
Transverse direction
47
Angle of
deviation
Angle of
deviation
48
Conductor
49
= angle of Deviation
Tsin /2
= 180 -
Tsin /2
T
2Tcos /2
50
Longitudinal direction
Transverse direction
51
53
Weight span
(left)
Weight span
W1
Weight span
(right)
Weight span
W2
54
55
B
LA
A
(-)RA
LB
RB
56
THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF OF
NEGATIVE WEIGHT SPAN
T=T2COS2 = T1 cos 1
T2SIN 2 = wL2
T1
T2 COS 1 = T1COS 1
L1
T2SIN 2+wL1=T1SIN 1
T2
w(L1+L2)=T1SIN 1
L2
T
T1
T2
2
T2
wL1
58
59
X1
X2
60
TOWER SPOTTING
Tower spotting is the process of choosing right type of Tower
along the line route
STEPS INVOLVED
Choosing Techno economical line route
Fixing of Angle ( deviation point) to avoid/ minimize obstacles
enroute
Taking levels at intermediate points for drawing of profile
between Angle points ( Digital instruments like total stations are
now a days used)
Drawing of Profile ( Electronic soft wares are now a days used
using data from digital instruments
61
TOWER SPOTTING
62
63
64
( + 3 mtr Extn.)
65
66
67
68
TOWER SCHEDULE
Loc Angle of
No Deviation
Weight Span
Left
Right
Total
Wind Span
Left
Right
Total
Recommended
tower type
69
33
39
44
47
50
6
55
Vb is based
on peak gust velocity averaged
over a short time
interval of about 3 ( Three) seconds
71
Wind zone
Assam
6/5/4/2
55/50/47/39
Meghalaya
6/5/4
55/50/47
Arunachal Pradesh
5/3
50/44
Nagaland
4/3
47/44
Manipur
6/5/3
55/50/44
Mizoram
55
Tripura
55
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
WIND SPEED
METEOROLOGICAL REFERENCE WIND SPEED ( VR)
VR is extreme value of wind speed over an averaging period of 10
( ten) minutes duration.
VR = Vb/ K0
K0 is taken as 1.375 to convert 3 seconds peak gust speed in to 10
minutes average
DESIGN WIND SPEED ( Vd)
Vd = VR x K1 x K2
K1= Risk coefficient
K2 = Terrain Roughness coefficient
79
Reliability Level
Level 1 (up to 400 kV)
80
Value of K2
1.08
1.00
0.85
81
82
83
Solidity Ratio
Drag Coefficient Cd
Up to 0.05
3.6
0.1
3.4
0.2
2.9
0.3
2.5
0.4
2.2
2.0
84
SOLIDITY RATIO
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
By measuring sag
By measuring tension
STEPS
Step-I
Step II: Calculate average ruling span of the section using the
following formula
Step III : Consult Sag- Tension chart and note sag and tension
value corresponding to ambient temp. and corresponding
to average ruling span.
Step IV : Select the span whose length is nearest to the ruling span
& adjust sag or tension so as to attain the required value
before final tensioning (clamping on tower)
96
97
NORMAL CONDITION
On conductors and
ground wires on
full projected areas
On Tower
On insulator strings
1) Suspension
100 kg
2) Tension
300 kg
98
NORMAL
CONDITIONS
Transverse components
tension of bundled
conductors and ground
wire
BROKEN WIRE
CONDITIONS
a)
Suspension tower
Transverse components
corresponding to 50% of
the tension of bundled
conductors or 100% of the
tension of ground wire.
b)
Tension tower
Transverse component
corresponding to 100% of
the tension of bundled
conductor/ ground wire
99
NORMAL
CONDITIONS
BROKEN WIRE
CONDITIONS
Suspension
tower
60% of maximum/
minimum weight span of
bundled conductors
Tension Tower
100
NORMAL
CONDITIONS
BROKEN WIRE
CONDITIONS
Suspension tower
60% of maximum/
minimum weight span of
Ground wire
Tension Tower
Equal to maximum
weight span of Ground
wire ( downward or
upward)
101
NORMAL
CONDITIONS
Tension Towers
Due to Ground
wire
Normal conditions
102
BROKEN WIRE
CONDITIONS
NIL
Equal to the
tension of
Ground wire for
dead-end towers
only
FOUNDATION LOADINGS
Calculated from Tower Loadings
Typical Tower Loading tree is indicated below
104
FOUNDATION LOADINGS
105
106
107
108
WIND
FORCE
VLM VLw
VLw
FST
L
VLM
FST
109
LOAD ON FOUNDATION
On account of gravity force (weight) on tower
If W = Total gravity force ( weight)
Then vertical load (VL) on account of W on each leg,
VLw = W/4 which acts downward (down thrust)
On account Horizontal forces (transverse / longitudinal ) on tower
Which produces turning moment at the base of tower
Net Moment MT = FH x h
Where FH = Horizontal force at a particular height
h = corresponding height from foundation top
110
LOAD ON FOUNDATION
External Moment M produces restoring moment in the form of upward &
downward thrust at leg/ foundation
Restoring Moment
MR = 2(upward/ downward thrust in each leg x leg to leg dist)
i.e. MR = 2 VLM x L
For stability: Net turning moment = Net Restoring moment
i.e. MT = MR ;
= +( VLW + VLM)
Normally VLM >>VLW and therefore there is net upward thrust on 2 legs
of a tower which also acts on the foundation and this is called uplift on
foundation
111
COMPRESSION
(Kg)
UPLIFT (Kg)
SIDE THRUST
(TRANS) (Kg)
SIDE THRUST
(LONG) (Kg)
DA + 0
50,000
37,500
2450
1750
DA + 3/ 6 /9
53,500
39,500
2700
2750
DB + 0
81,000
65,000
4850
4700
DB + 3 / 6 /9
84,400
65,500
5150
4300
DC + 0
99,500
82,000
5550
5050
DC + 3 / 6 / 9
1,03,000
82,600
5750
4600
DD + 0
1,47,000
1,2,8500
8250
6000
DD + 3 / 6 / 9
1,53,500
1,31,300
8000
5500
112
LOAD ON FOUNDATION
B. HORIZONTAL LOAD ON FOUNDATION
Horizontal forces on tower also produces side thrust on
foundation
Side Thrust FST = FH / 4
Earth-quake forces
113
TOWER FOUNDATION
TASKS TO BE PERFORMED BY TOWER FOUNDATION
It must keep the tower rooted to the ground all the time under worst
loading conditions
It must be durable throughout life span of the transmission line
It must be cost effective
It should offer ease in construction
STABILITY OF THE TOWER FOUNDATION
It must effectively resist down thrust
It must effectively resist up thrust ( up lift)
It must effectively resist side thrust
It must effectively resist earth quake forces
114
TOWER FOUNDATION
Countering of down thrust is through suitable design so that
a)
b)
Weight of foundation
b)
TOWER FOUNDATION
c) A footing with an under cut generally develops uplift
resistance of two to three times that of an identical footing
without under-cut. Under-cut foundations are normally
provided in fissured & soft rock foundations.
116
TOWER FOUNDATION
Failure plane
Undercut
Foundation
117
TOWER FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION TYPE
BROAD CLASSIFICATION :
Open Cast Most commonly used
Augured under reamed pile (where open excavation is Problematic)
Pile foundation
Well foundation
On Special Locations:
- River Bed,
- Nearby river, prone to erosion,
- Weak soil
118
119
120
PILE FOUNDATION
121
WELL FOUNDATION
122
PILE FOUNDATION
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
WELL FOUNDATION
WELL FOUNDATION
130
131
Block type
132
133
134
135
136
137
WHY CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON WATER TABLE?
Weight of soil and concrete is less when submerged in water
because of buoyancy effect and therefore offers less
resistance to uplift then in dry condition.
Angle of internal friction () is less for wet soil and
therefore volume of frustum of soil above footing pad is less
in wet condition & therefore offers less resistance to uplift.
Economy in cost is therefore achieved in classifying
foundations based on water table instead of adopting one
type considering worst condition (F.S type)
139
FOUNDATION VOLUME
WET
P.S
F.S
DA
9.68
10.33
12.69
15.74
DB
24.94
28.51
34.99
42.09
DC
27.86
43.531
53.049
63.62
DD
34.56
50.219
58.35
133.84
140
THANK YOU
141