Foundation of Free Society (Translated To Malayalam)

1
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Hcp kzX{ kaqlns ASnd
Foundations of Free Society

First published in Great Britain in 2013 by
The Institute of Economic Affairs
2 Lord North Street
Westminster
London sw1p 3lb
in association with Profile Books Ltd
The mission of the Institute of Economic Affairs is to improve public
understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society, with particular
reference to the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.
Copyright The Institute of Economic Affairs 2013
The moral right of the author has been asserted.
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above,
no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written
permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978 0 255 36687 8
eISBN 978 0 255 36691 5
Translated to Malayalam by Centre for Public Policy Research
Anitha, 1st floor,S.A. Road, Elamkulam
Kochi, Kerala, India- 682 020
Ph : +91 484 6469117 / 4043895
cppr@cppr.in
www.cppr.in
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This book translation is made possible with the support grant from
Atlas Network,
Washington D C, USA
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6
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to Liberty), Gv s_ns (Earnest Benn) ssh {ôUw hIvkv
(Why freedom works), tSmw ]ma-dns (Tom Palmer) Zv samdm-enn
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10
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kns\ krjvSnpp. kzmX{ys kzoIcn kaql
[\nIcmbn amdn. Amh Zcn{Zcmbpw XpSp.
2.
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[\nIcmIpXv. aphsc IqSpX Zcn{Zcmn Ahv IqSpX
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3.
Hcp kzX{kaqlnse Zcn{ZcmWv kmnIamb Ne\m IXbpsS

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fmWv kmnIambn IqSpX kaXzapXv. `qcn`mKw kzX{kaql
fnse Zcn{Z, Ipdv sImw apphsc Ahv kz]v\w ImWm
t]mepw km[nmXpw, ]cX{ kaqlnse `cWh{]amWnIv
am{Xw e`nncpXpw Bb B`mS BkzZnpp.
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a\pjyNcn{Xn Ghpw lnXIchpw Dev]mZ\ahpamb inIfn
HmWv.
5.
kpw hcpam\hpw kaXzhcnm\p kmcpIfpsS

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kaqlns Dev]mZ\aX hnnp aqe[\ \nmWs
11
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Hcp kzX{kaqlw B{]tNmZnXamb kaqlamWv. kam[m\]c amb

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A[nImcnIfm ASntev]nshb.
7.
kmcn\v hfsc ]cnanXamb ]t Dq. Hcp kzX{kaqln\v

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ùXnIamb kaXzw ASntev]nppan, Nne BfpI
AlnXIcamIpXpw, \nyambXpw Bbn IcpXpXn\m {]hrnIsf
\ntcm[nppan. t\Xmv AhcpsS kzw lnXn\mbn
P\sf sImbSnmt\m, kplrpv A\lamb
tkh\ sImSpmt\m, i{XpsXnsc AhcpsS A[nImcw
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8.
kzX{kaqlnse km \nbahyhbm ]cnanXs XmWv.

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Imcyfnepw IrXyamb \nba\S]Sn thWw. \oXn]qIamb hnNmcW
bpmhWw. hnNmcWbnmsX ZoLamb XShpmIcpXv. Ipw sXfn
bphsc Ipw Btcm]nshsc \nc]cm[nbmbn ]cnKWnWw.
Htc Ipn\v Hntesd XhW hnNmcW sNbvXv _pnapncpXv.
9.
aphcpsS PohnXcoXnItfmSpw BibtfmSpw klnjvWpX

ImWnpXphgn kaql n\v \ Dmhpp. kXyw ]etmgpw
{]ISa. AXv Bib kwhmZfneqsS Dbv hcpp. \apv
skkam sXmb Bibsf am{Xta HXppIbpp Fv
hnizknm\mhn. Ah Nnetm `mhnbn kaqln\v henb
kw`mh\I \evImhp Bib sfbpw {]h\coXnItfbpw
HXpnsbvhcmw.
10.
hmmhn\nab kmtXnIhnZy GIm[n]Xy kmcpIv AhcpsS

{]hrnIsf temIn\nv aqSnhbvm _pnappmpp.
Xêambn IqSpX IqSpX cmPy hmWnPyhpw kmchpw
t{]mkmlnnpIbpw ]pXnb Bib {]Ncnp Ibpw sNpp.
IqSpX P\ kmnI kmaqly kzmX{yns taI
a\nempIbpw AXv AhImisSpIbpw sNpp.
1. BapJw
Cu ]pkvXIns Dtiyw
Cu ]pkv X Iw Hcp kzX{kaqls \nhNnp ASnm\
XXzsf]n kqNnnpp. kzX{cmsWv kzbw Nnnp
cmPyfnt]mepw ipamb hyn, cmjv{Sob kmnI kzmX{yw
hfsc A]qambXn\memWv CXv BhiyamIpXv. Xobmbpw hfsc
kzX{amb cmPyhpw Xosc kzX{am cmPyhpw Xn hfsc
hyXymkapsnepw Fm cmPyfnepw IqSpXtem IpdtXm Bb
Afhn P\fpsS cmjv{Sob kmnI PohnX DtZymKcmtem
cmjv { Sobmcmtem ]cnanXsSppItbm \nb{nsSpItbm
sNsSpp. Ccw \nb{Wfpw ]cnanXnIfpw hfscmeambn
\nehnepXpw \psS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXs ]cnanXsSppIbpw
sNpXn\m AXv \psS kwkvImcns Hcp `mKwXs Bbn
Xop. P\ Ahsb PohnXns kzm`mhnIhpw HgnpIqSm
]mXpamb Hcp `mKambn IcpXpp.
CXns ]cnWnXêsasm kzX{kaqln Pohnpp Fv
hnizknp temI P\kwJybpsS knwl`mKn\pw bYm
kzmX{yns Awt]mepw Nnnm\mhpn Hcp
kzX{kaqlw Fs\bmWv , Fs\ {]hnpp Fv
a\nemph AXnepw hncfw.
Fncpmepw an P\fpw kzmX{yw B{Klnpp. Ahv
Fsam s]anpI e`nmsXXs hmWnPyn GsSm
IgnbWw. Ahv AhcpsS hoSpI, IrjnbnS, ]WnimeI
FnhbpsS Imemh[n kpcnXamIWw, cmjv { Sobm Ah
13
Zqscsbdnv \innmsX AhcpsS IpSpw_v FmWv Ghpw

\Xv Fv DtZymK Bm]npXnt\m Ahv
Xocpam\nWw. Ahsc ieyw sNmXncnm t]meokn\pw,
DtZymKpw ssIqen sImSpmsXXs Ahv XfpsS
PohnXhpambn aptmv t]mIWw.
kmaqly kmnI kzmX{yns ASnm\Xz
\nNntXns BhiyIX CXmWv. kzmX{yw FmsWpw
AsXs\ {]hnpp FpapXns IrXyamb hoWs
ASnm\amnbmWv P\v Hcp kzX{kaqls
]Sppbm km[npXv.
Cu ]pkvXIw Fs\ cq]sncnpp

Aymbw 2. Hcp kzX{kaqlns kmnIt\ am{Xa
kzmX{yns [mnI hmZhpwIqSn hniZoIcnpp. Hcp
kzX{kaqlhpw kzX{kZvLS\bpw hfsc Bgneqnb
aqeysf ASnm\sSpnbpXmWv? (ap [mnIhyhIsf
shphnfnpXn\p ]Icw Ahsb ]npWbvpXpw,
insSppXpw hnnpXpamb aqeysf) kzmX{yw
FmhpapXmWv.
Aymbw 3. icmb `cWm[nImcnI Fsmw sNWw Fv ]dbmsXXs Hcp kzX{ kaqlw F{]Imcw P\fpsS Bhiysf
kpKaambn \nhnpsImSppp Fv hniZoIcnpp. \nb
ambpw AXv FpsImv kmdns ]pw A[nImcfpw
]cnanXamIWsapw Hcp kzX{kaqlw Fs\ ImWsSpp
Fpw Fs\ {]hnpw Fpw hniZoIcnpp.
Aymbw 4. kzmX{yhpw kaXzhpw Xnep hyamb ks N
sNpp. IqSpX kzmX{yw hmkvXhn {][m\ Imcyfnsemw
IqSpX kaXzw {]Zm\w sNpp. Fm ]cnWnXêns kaXzw
kaqlnt ASntev]nm\p {ia Zqchym]Iamb \miw
DmpIbpw kzmX{yns XXzsf AnadnpIbpw sNpp.
Aymbw 5. Itmf tns \nb{Wn\nv amdnbm Fs\
A`nhrn krjvSnpIbpw ]cpIbpw sNpp Fv
14
BapJw
hniZoIcnpXneqsS Hcp kzX{kaqlns kmnI NqSv

{]Xn]mZnpp. Cu {]{Inb kpKaambn \Sm \ ]ment
\nbasfbpw am\hklIcWw t{]mmlnnpXn
kzX{hym]mcns \nmbI]ns\bpw hniZoIcnpp.
Aymbw 6. kzntbpw \oXnbptSbpw Xzsf ]cntim[np
Cu Aymbw _e{]tbmKhpw NqjWhpw Ghpw eLqIcnWsan
Hcp kzX{kaqlnse \nba s]mXphmbn km[mcW
P\sftmseXs A[nImcm\ncnphpw Hcpt]mse
_m[IambncnWsav hniZoIcnpp. {]mYanI am\pjnI
AhImisf Hcp kzXkaqlw Fs\ _lpam\npp Fpw
hniZoIcnpp.
Aymbw 7. A[nImcnIfpsS BIfnmsX Hcp kzX{kaqlw
Fs\ {]hnpp Fv IqSpX hniZoIcnpp. \mbn
{]hnpXpw Fm kzX{hpw Bb kaqlw m]nm
DXIp [mnIhpw s]cpam]cambXpw Bb \nbasf]n
{]Xn]mZnpp. CXv klnjvWpXbpsS BhiyIXsb DupIbpw,
\nkzmXbn A[njvTnXamb kaqlns {]iv\sf
hniZoIcnpIbpw sNpp.
Aymbw 8. Hpanm Ahbn\nv Fs\ Hcp kzX{kaqlw
sInSpmw Fv ]cntim[npp. CXv ssZ\wZn\PohnXn
sas t{]mkml\ns {]m[m\ytbpw, apIfn\nv
Xocpam\ ASntev ] npXnse aqVXbpw ImWnpp.
kmcnmsXXs AXymhiytkh\t]mepw {]Zm\w
sNpsXs\ Fv ImWnpp. IqSmsX CXv kzX{
hym]mcntbpw kam[m\ntbpw {]m[m\yw Dundbpp.
15
2. kzmX{yns [mnI kmnI \I

kzX{kaqlw
kzmX{yw sImampXv Fv?
kzmX{yw FXv XShnemsSmXv , ASnasSmXv
FXnt\m AhmWv . CXpsImv AampXv
A[nImcnI DssSbp aph ASntev]np Zplamb
\nfpsS Cjv S {]Imcw \nb{WfnmsX {]hnm\pw,
kwkmcnm\pw, Nnnm\pap AhImiw DmhpI FmWv. CXv,
\nfpsS kzImcy, IpSpw_ kmaqlyPohnXn am{Xa \nfpsS
cmjv{Sob\ne]mSpIfnepw aphcpambp kmnI CS]mSpIfnepw
_m[IamWv.
Cu aqeysf Dbn]nSnm {ianpXmWv Hcp kzX{kaqlw.
Ncn{Xnepw Cpw kzmX{yw kv DmpXnepw AXv
]ucmcpsS CSbn ]SpXnepw hfsc hnPbIcamsWv
sXfnbnnpv. a\pjyhns Ghpw {InbmIhpw krjvSn
]chpamb inIfnsemmsWv sXfnbnnpv . CXv temI
samSpap P\fpsS {]tXyInv Ghpw Zcn{ZcmbhcpsS PohnXsf
sasSpnbnpv.
kzmX{ywsImv AampXv \nfpsS lnXa\pkcnv
{]hnpXn \nv \nsf hgnapSm Hcp XShpw \nb{W
hpw DmIn FmWv. AXmbXv aphcm kw sNepstm,
\ntinstm, òjWnsSpntbm, `bntm, \n_nstm,
ASntev]nstm, ssIISstm Ir{Xnaw ImWnstm A
Fv. CXns Aw B{IansSmsXbpw NXnsSmsXbpw,
16
kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I
IhsSmsXbpw A]mbsSpmsXbpw \nfpsS PohnXw aptmv

\bnm km[npI FmWv. CsXpsImsm Hcp
kzX{kaqln kzmX{yw Fmhpw Hcpt]mse _m[IamWv.
\nempw asmcmv Alamb kzmX{yw \ntj[np hn[n
AhcpsS Imcyfn ssIISpItbm, Ahsc XSsSppItbm,
A]mbsSppItbm sNm AhImian.
kzmX{yw asmcmsf A]mbsSpm Ahhsctb
\ne\nppq. \nfpsS apjvSn Npgm\p kzmX{yw Fs aqv
XpSpnSv Ahkm\npp. asmcmsf òjWn sSpnsSpp
tmtgm, \n_nptmtgm IhsNptmtgm, sImesSpp
tmtgm \n kzmX{yw hn\ntbmKnpIb sNpXv adnv
]oUnnsSmXncnm\p AhcpsS kzmX{ys l\npIbmWv.
CXv A]ISclnX XXzw Fv AdnbsSpp. aphv A]ISw
hcppn Fn \nv thsXmw \nv sNmw.
AXpt]mseXs HcmfpsS B{IaWs {]Xntcm[npXphgn \n
AhcpsS kzmX{ys XSsSppn. kzmX{yhpw A]ISclnX
XXzhpw \nsftbm \nv thshsctbm A]mbsSpp
Xn \nv aphsc XSbm \nv Ignbpp. ap ]ucmsc
kwcnpI FXv t]meokntbpw ap \nba]meIcptSbpw
Ihyw Bbn ]etmgpw IWmpp. Fnepw A]cnNnXcp
ssS Bscsbnepw A]mbsSppXv XSbm \n \Sp
CSs]SepI \oXoIcnmhpXmWv.
Fs\bmbmepw A]ISclnXXXzw aphv kw`hnp
A]ISn\v am{Xta _m[Iamhpp. \nfpsS icocsbpw
kzns\bpw Fpw sNphm \nv A\phmZapv. Fm Cu
{]{Inbbn \n aphcpsS kzmX{ys ewLncpXv .
DZmlcWn\v amtcbpw A]mbsSpmhn[n \nv
\nfpsS kzv apgph Zm\w sNmw, A]ISIcamb Imcy sNbvXv
\nv A]mbkm[yX DmImw, \nfpsS icocs apdnsSpmw.
aph \nsf Cu kzbw A]ISsSppXn\nv ]nncnn
m {ianpsanepw AXmWv \nfpsS a\]qamb CjvSsan
Ahv \nsf imcocnIambn XSbm Ignbn.
17
kzmX{yhpw kmcns ]pw

aphcpsS \v thnbmsWnt]mepw aphcpsS Imcyfn
CSs]Sm\p kzmX{yw C FXv hfsc ITn\ambn tXmmw. ]s
\nempw aphcpsS \ FnemWv Fv hyambn Adnbm
km[nn. Hmtcm hynbpw kzbw BWv AhcpsS \bpsS
hn[nImhv. amtcmfpw Ahv AhcpsS aqey, kmlNcy,
Bhiy, `b, {]XoI, ey, A`nemj Fnhsb
]n IqSpX hyamb [mcW Dmbncnpw. AhcmWv AhcpsS
{]hrnIfptSbpw eyfptSbpw Ghpw \ hn[nIm.
aphsc]n hn[n Iev]npXn ]pdta \nph ]]mX
at\m`mhaphcmImw. aphcpsS kzmX{yn ssIISm
P\sf \ A\phZnm Ah t_m[]qamtbm At_m[]q
amtbm aphcpsSXnt\m kzw \pXIpwhn[w {]hnmw.
CXp sImmWv aphsc \nb{np Ihyw t]meokn\pw
\oXn\ymbhyhbvpw \evInbncnpXv. Ah Hcp kzX{
kaqlnsenepw IqSpX \njv]aXnIfmbncnpw.
\ Bcmbncpmepw \ kzX{cmbncnptm BWv \psS
hynKXey Ghpw `wKnbmbn \nlnsSpXv. aphcpsS ISpIbn\nv \psS kzmX{ys kwcnpIbpw
kwcWw Cm cwKtv AXv hym]nnpIbpw, ]qam
cwKv AXv ]qoIcnpIbpamWv kmcns ]v. P\ Hcp
kmtcm, Ahv taep Hcp A[nImcttbm krjvSnm\mbn
Hnptm AhcpsS kzmX{ys ]cnanXsSpm\ adnv
AXns\ kwcnm\pw hym]nnm\pamWv AhcpsS Dtiyw.
hfsc km[mcWambn kmcpI C{]Imcw A krjvSnsSpXv
Fnepw A[nImcw aphv hym]nnmsX kzw t\mbn
D]tbmKnm B{Klnp HcpIqw P\fm s]mXpP\nt
Ah ASntev]nsSpIbmWv. Ccw ISm{IaWw anhmdpw
\yq\]s NqjWw sNbv X v t\apmp `qcn]ns
]qkXtmsSbmWv \SpXv. Fm kzmX{yw Fs
ASnm\sSpnb. AXv apgph P\Xbv pw Hcpt]mse
_m[IamIptm am{Xta AhmIppp.
18
s]mXpXm]cyw Dn D kmcpIt]mepw, A]mbclnX

XXzs a\nemmXn\mtem, AhcpsS CSs]SepI Dmp
A]ISs ImWmntm kzmX{ys Ipdbvpp. DZmlcWn\v
km \nb{Ww, s]mXpP\hntcm[w krjvSnpw F t]cn Nne
NnItfm, hmpItfm Nn{Xtfm kwkmcnpXn\ntm
{]t]Ww sNpXn\ntm hnemw. Fm Cu {]hrnbneqsS
Ah {]KàXnIfmb FgppImtcbpw, IemImcmtcbpw
Nen{XImcmtcbpw, ]{X{]hItcbpw apw AhcpsS Nnnm\pw,
{]ISnnm\pap kzmX{ys \nb{npI hgnbpw AhcpsS
HutZymKnIPohnXw XInSw adnpI hgnbpw AhcpsS A[zm\nsbpw
_pninbptSbpw krjvSn]cXbptSbpw t\ \ntj[npI
hgnbpw A]mbsSppp. IqSmsX Hcn tns \nb{Ww
AwKoIcnspIgnm kmcns\Xnscbp Fm
hnai\sfbpw \ntcm[npXntepw, Ah òjWnbmbn IcpXp
GsXmcp Nnsbbpw ASnapXntev AXv hym]nnm
A[nImchn\v hfsc FfpamIpp.
km[mcWamb Hcp Ifhv \nIpXnZmbIsc kzw kzv A\p`hnp
Xn\nv hnepXp t]mseXsbmWv km Npap Ichpw
FXv AhKWnv KpWImwnbmb km hcpam\w
kpenXamm\mbn Icw Npamw. km[mcW Ifhv t]mse Ccw
]nSnsSpens òjWn P\sf kmZnpXn\npw \nt]n
pXn\npw ]nncnnpIbpw AXv apgph P\XbptSbpw
A`nhrnbvpw, kpcbvpw hn\miIcamWv.
Acw kmcpI s]mXpXm]cyn\mbmWv {]hnpXv
Fv hmZnpambncnmw Fm s]mXpXm]cyw FmsWv B
Xocpam\npw? hyXykv X P\v hyXykv X hpw ]ckv ] cw
akcnpXpamb Xm]cy Dv . Acw akcnp
Xm]cysf kpenXampI FXv Akm[yamb ImcyamWv. Fm
HutZymKnI A[nImc D]tbmKnv hnZqccmb A[nImcnI
Ahvthn sNpXnt\m kzw Xmev]cy Adnbphm\pw
AXn\mbn {]hnm\pw IqSpX sIev]ph hynIfmWv.
_e{]tbmKw Hcp hn]mWv. A{IanIsf \nb{npI FXv t]mep
19
_e{]tbmKw Bhiyamb hn]msWnt]mepw \mw _e{]tbmKw

Ghpw Ipdbvm {ianWw. kzmX{y ns hmfmb ]ecpw
Fm a\pjypw Pohnm\p, kzv ssIhiw hbv m\p
Fnht]mep kzm`mhnI kzmX{yw Dsv hmZnpp. Ch
kmcns \psS taep A[nImcn\v ]cn[nI \nbnpp.
\mw asmcmsf \s Ih sNmt\m \nb{nmt\m kXnmdn,
]nsn\v kmcns\ AXv sNm kXnWw?
a\pjyNcn{Xns `qcn`mKnepw P\ kzX{cmbnn.
kmcpI hynIfpsS kzta[bm D Xocpam\ns êambn
DmnbX adnv _ew {]tbmKnm Xmdphcm
ASntev]nsXmWv. Fm GsXnepw A[nImcn\m
a\qw \ntins PohnXw \bnp Hcp hynbpw Hcp
]qhynb. P\ kzw Cjv S {]Imcw XncsSpv
\Sptmtg Ah [mIambn ]qamhppq. Ahv thn
aphcmWv sXcsSp psXn Ahv [mnIaqeyw Xosc
IpdhmWv. Atm Ah ]qa\pjy\ adnv Xosc \nmc\mWv.
kzmX{yn\mbp [mnIhmZw
kzw IpSpw_n\pw, thshpw, X\npw thn kzw
IgnhpIfpw {]mK`yhpw Ahv icn Fv tXmphn[n
D]tbmKnpXphgn ]qa\pjycmhm P\sf kzmX{yw
{]m]vXcmpp. Hcp kzX{kaqlsav Hs, kzmcmb HcpIqw
hynIf adnv ]qkmaqlya\pjycpsS Hcp Iqmbv a bmWv .
a\pjyhs apgph\mbpw klmbnm\p CXns Ignhv
kzX{kaqlns [mnIhiw ASnbpdnpp.
kzmX{yns BymflnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpw Bb thcpI
t\mt_ tPXmhmb kmnIhnZKv AaXy sk (Amertya Sen)
]dXpt]mse kzmX{yw Hcp hnizhnimeamb BibamWv 1. AXn\v
Gjy apX ]Snmdv hscbpw Cmw apX _paXw hscbpw Fm
kwkvImcnepw aXnepw iamb thcpI Dv. Cybnse AtimI
N{Ihn Ccp]Xn]cw \qmpIpapv kzmX{yn\pw
cmjv{Sob klnjvWpXbvpw thn Blzm\w sNbvXp. bqtdmnse
20
aX hnaXsc aXt{Zml hnNmcW thbmSptmgpw ]Xn\mdmw \qmnse

apKN{Ihnbmb AIv _ klnjv W pXsb]n almb
A\pam\ \Snbncpp. Cmw aXw AXns Ghpw ]gb
D]n apX Xs kmnIkzmX{yn\pw kwcw`n\pw
A\pIqeambncpp. Ah ]Snmd cmPyfn {]Nmcw t\SpXn\v
appXs ]etmgpw Snjv N{Ihnam bqtdm]y
GIm[n]XnItfm klnjvWpXbphcmbncpp.
kzmX{yw asmcn temInse Fm aXfpw al\ob
kwkvImcfpambpw tbmPnpXmWv. AXv {]tXyInv Hcp ]Snmd
Bibtam, ùXnIambtXm, iamb kmaqlyaqeysf
ASnm\sSpnbp Hcp kaqlns\XncmbtXm A.
s]mXphmb am\ZWvUsfbpwA{Iasbpw NXntbbpw
NqjWtbpw A[nImc Zphn\ntbmKtbpw \ntcm[np \nba
tfbpw P\v ]ckv]cw klIcnm\pw klhnm\pw
km[np Hcp s]mcp ap kmaqly{Ias krjv S nm
klmbnp \nbatfbpw kzta[bm AwKoIcnm P\sf Hcp
kzX{kaqlw Xobmbpw B{ibnpp. Cu hnimeamb NqSn
kzmX{yw P\sf kzw aqeysf \nbnm\pw kzw
kwkvmcs \ne\nm\pw, kzw aXmNmc A\pjvTnm\pw
A\phZnpp. Hcp A[nImcns NnIfpw, aqeyfpw,
kwkvmchpw AwKoIcnm Ah \n_nXc.
hnizmknsbpw klIcWnsbpw kwkvmcw
Hcp kzX{kaqlw {]hnpXv Icpnsbpw A[nImc nsbpw ASnm\ne adnv hnizmknsbpw klIcWnsbpw
ASnm\nemWv . Hcp kzX{kaqln kv hcpXv
kzta[bm D ssIamneqsSbmWv . P\ D]Imc{]Zamb
hkvXp Dev]mZnnv AXv aphcpambn hn]W\w sNpXneqsS
bmWv. Xtm, IpSpw_nt\m, NmXnItm, t\fpw Ip
ImhImihpw t\SpXnt\m, Icw CuSmpXnt\m A{IanImcnIfmb
1. AaXy sk bqWn-th-gvk {Sqv; lyq-sa ssdvkv B v sht-ss\-knMv
C-yq-j lmhmUv C\m-j-W dnhyp; 20(3), 1998, ]n]n 40-43
1
Amartya Sen, Universal truths: human rights and the Westernizing illusion, Harvard
International Review, 20(3), 1998, pp. 4043.
21
{]amWnI D]tbmKnp ]nSnp]dn X{neqsSb AXv hcpXv.

C{]Imcamhmw a\pjyNcn{XnepS\ofw an cmPyfnepw `qcn`mKw
kpw sInSpnpmhpI. NqjWneqsSbpw _e{]tbmKn
eqsSbpw adnv Hcp kzX{kaqlw kzta[bm D klIcWtbpw
ssIamtbpw B{ibnpp.
k klIcWhpw ssIamhpw kêamIm hnizmkw IqSntb Xocq.
Bcpw Bn aq NXnbmscv hnNmcnphcpambn hym]mcw
sNn Ahv thsd D]m[nbnsnemsX, \n_nXcmImsX
(DZmlcWn\v kmcpw Iqcpw Dev]mZ\w \nb{nptm). Hcp
kzX{ kaqln P\v AhcpsS IhSw FhnsS
sImpt]mIm\pw kzmX{yapv. AXn\m Dev]mZI AhcpsS
\nehnsebpw `mhn CS]mSpImtcbpw Ah kXykcmsWv hnizknn
Ww. Ah AhcpsS hmKvZm\ \ndthWw Asn Ahv
AhcpsS kt]cv \jvSamIpIbpw IhSw Ahkm\npIbpw sNpw.
anhpw kt]cnsbpw PohntXm]m[nbptSbpw KWyamb \jvSw
Kuchap BibmWv.
Hcp kzX{kaqlw _e{]tbmKw \Sp {]amWnamcm
\ntinsSpX. CXv km[mcW P\fpsS kzta[bm D
]ckv ] chyhlmcneqsS kzm`mhnIambpw bmZrnIambpw
{]hnpp hnizmkyXbptSbpw kXykXbptSbpw
kwkv mcm Xmn\nsSpp. Cu ss\knIamb
klIcWs \bnp \nbafpw hyhIfpw A{Xam{Xw
kzm`mhnI ambXn\m P\v AtX]n NnntXmtb hcpn.
P\tfmSv A[zm\nm\pw kXy kcmhm\pw Imcy{]m]vXnbp
hcmhm\pw ]ckv]cw klIcnm\pw Hcp A[nImcnbpw ]dtbXn.
P\v AXv \nXyhpw kzm`mhnIambn sNpp.
Hcp kzX{kaqln hnizmkntbpw klIcWntbpw
BhiyIX hynIfpw Iqfpw Xnep _ns {]m[m\yw
Icpv \bnp kaqlnteXnt\m hfsc IqSpp.
BobaqeyfptSbpw IpSpw_fptSbpw kplrpfptSbpw
kaqlntbpw ]mccyntbpw ]cnkchmknIfptSbpw
kam\X]ccptSbpw Iqmbv a hfsc {]m[m\yapXmIpp.
22
AkzX{kaqlfnse ]e kmcpIfpw Ccw kwLS\Isf

AhcpsS A[nImc n\v òjWnbmbn IcpXpIbpw Ahsb
Zp_esSpmt\m, \new]cnimmt\m, \ntcm[nmt\m {ianncpp.
km[mcWbmbn Ah Ahsc Hfnhntev \bnpXn am{Xta
hnPbnncppp. tkzOm\pkmcamb Ccw kwLS\Iv
P\fn D {]m[m\yw km A[nImcnItfmSp P\v D
aaXtbm F{Xtbm hepXmWv.
kzXm]cyhpw \nbafpw
Hcp kzX{kaqln\v apIfn \np DchpI Bhiyan.
aphcpsS Dti pw {]hnIpw A\pkrXambn kzw
Dtifpw {]hnIfpw km[mcW a\pjy {IaoIcnpXneqsSbmWv
CXv {]hnpXv. Ahsc CXn\v {]m]vXcmpXv hfsc \nmcamb
s]mXphmb \nbafpw aqeyfpamWv Alnwk, kXykX
apXembhCh hyXykvX Bmcpambp Gpap XSbpp.
Ccw ASnm\ \nbafpw s]mXpaqeyfpw hynIsf
kam[m\ambn Pohnm hfscb[nIw klmbnpp. AhcpsS
s]mXpXm]cys klmbnp Imcyfn klIcnm\pw
P\v kzmX{yw \Ipp. DZmlcWn\v Hcp kzX{kaqlw
P\sf ]ckv]cw IhSw sNpXn\pw ]ckv]cw t\apmIp
Xcn IhSw DdnpXn\pap kzmX{yw \Ipp. Ahv
t\apXv GXmsWtm, AhcpsS hyXykvXXmev]cy Fs\
kpenXsSpWsatm, AhcpsS Xm]cy kwcnm
FpsNWsatm, AhcpsS ]cn]mSn ]npScm \n_nmt\m
Hcp A[nImcn\pw Ignbn. Hcp kzX{kaqln P\ kzbw
\nbnpw AhcpsS Xm]cy FmsWpw, aphcpambn
klIcnv B Xm]cy Fs\ aptmv \bnWsapw.
aphv \jv S sampw hcmnStmfw GXp Xcnep
IhSntesSm\pw Ahv kzmX{yw Dv.
Nne hnaiIv Hcp kaqlw AXns s]mXphmb ey
XosSpmsXbpw AXn\mbn {]hnm AhcpsS ]ucmsc
kXnnpIbpw sNmsX Fs\bmWv {]hnpIbpw
A`nhrnsSpIbpw sNpsXs\sbv t_m[ysSpn. Hcp
23
kzX{kaqlw ANehpw \njvêhpw hynXm]cyfpsS

ItTmcamb Gpapepw Bhpsav Ah `bpp s]mXp Xm]cyw
\ndthdnmWm\mbn CXv ASnatXpv.
CXv Hcp A_amWv. Hcp kzX{kaqlw P\sf kzmXm]cy
mcmbn Xs IWm pp. kzw Xm]cyw thKn ASna
m km[nm{X iamb {]tNmZ\w BsWpw CXv
hnizknpp. DtZymKcpw cmjv{Sobmcpw \nhNnp Xcnep
s]mXpXmev]cyw P\ kzw Xmev]cytm {]m[m\yw IpdXpw
AXymhiyw IpdXpambn IWmpp. F{XXs [njvTamb
kaqlnemWv \ PohnpsXnepw P\ AhcpsS
{]mYanImhiyfmb `Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mnSw Fnh AhKWnm
Ahv A[nIImew \ne\nm ]n FXpsImv kzw
Xm]cy bYmn D]Imc{]Zhpw {]m[m\ sXpamsWv
\mw HmnWw.
Hcp kzX{kaqlw kzw Xmev]cysf D]tbmK{]ZambcoXnbn
\bnpp. Hcp BZi cmjv{Sw krjvSnmsa hytamln\mbn
AXns\ ASnapn. kzw A`nemjsf aphcpsS ta
ASntev ] ncpXv Fv am{XamWv \nbaw A\pimknpXv .
aphpw A{]Imcw {]hnm\p kzmX{yw
am\npnStmfwImew P\v kzw Xmev]cymbn Hbvtm
Iqmtbm {]bXv\nm\p kzmX{yw Dv. Ahv aphsc kzw
ey AwKoIcnmt\m AXn\mbn {ianmt\m \n_nm\mhn.
kzX{kaqlw akcnp Xmev ] cyfpsS Hcp mbnbmb
bpamIpsa hnaiIcpsS `bw XmcXtay\ kzX{ambkaqlw
A`nhrnsSpp FXpsImv Am\mIpp. IqSmsX
anhmdpw \nb{nX kaqltm IqSpX A`nhrnsSpp.
aphcpsS kzmX{s _lpam\npp F \nmcamb \nbaw
D]tbmKnv Ah kzw Xm]cys D]tbmK{]Zamb
klIcWntebvpw IqmbvaIfntepw \bnpp.
Hcp kzX{kaqln hynI kzw Xmev]cy
t\SpXns\]n am{XamWv NnnpXv F `bhpw sXmbXmWv.
a\pjy kaqlPohnIfmWv. Ahv IpSpw_tmSpw
24
kplrptfmSpw Ab]mtcmSpw Hcp kzm`mhnI B`napJyw Dv,

AhcpsS Xm]cy Ah {]hrnIfn IWnseSppp. Ah
kplrpfpsS _lpam\n\pw kt]cn\pw \ Abhmkn F
t]cn\pw B{Klnpp. AXpsImv Ah kzw Xm]cysf
aphcpambn \ _w ]pepXn\mbn absSppp.
AhcpsS ]cnKW\ êhmWv Fsm aph Xncnpw Ahsc
klmbnm\p km[yX GsdbmWv.
\apv CXv IqSpX kzX{kaqlfn {]mhnIampXv
ImWmw. kzImcy am\htkh hgn aphv, XnIpw
A]cnNnXcmbhvt]mepw sImSppI FXv kzX{ kaqln
AkzX{kaqlnteXns\mtfsd ImWm km[npw. AXv AhnsS
[\nI IqSpX DXn\me adnv kzX{kaqlw
ASntev]nsSpXnt\m kzta[bm D kmaqlnI
DchmZnXzmWv IqSpX Du sImSppXv.
AwKoIcns \nbafneqsS klIcWw

aphcpambn hnPbIcambn klIcnWsan \mw Hmtcmcpcpw
\psS {]hnI {]hmNyambXpw hnizk\obambXpw BWw.
P\ ncambn AhcpsS a\v ampIbpw, BIkv a nIambn
s]cpamdpIbpw hmKvZm\ewL\w \SpIbpw sNbvXm klIcWw
Akm[yamhpw. aphsc ieyw sNmhn[n hynPohnXn
Ah XncsSpp hn[n s]cpamdm kzX{kaqlw
P\sf A\phZnpp. Fm AXv kmaqlnI klIcWn\v
AXymt]nXamb HcpXcw ncX t{]mkmlnnpp.
DZmlcWn\v Hcp kzX{kaqln\v kzns DSaX, \nb{Ww,
ssIamw Fnh kw_nv \nba]camb {]amW Dv. ap
P\fmtem A[nImcnIfmtem Ih sNsSpItbm NqjWw
sNsSpItbm sNpw F `banmsX AhcpsS `mhn PohnXs
sasSppXpw D]mZ\w IqSpX Ffphpw Nnehv IpdXpw
Bp aqe[\ kma{KlnIfmb hoSv , ]Wnime, D]IcW
Fnhbn \nt]npXn\pw kzv kamlcnpXn\pw P\sf
A\phZnpp. Cu \nba (kzhImi) km
DmnbX Fm \qmpIfneqsS DSseSpp hXmWv .
25
AhbpsS AXnhcpI Fa {]mhiyw Fa tImSXnIfn

]cntim[nsnpXpw AXphgn klIcWw IqSpX Ffphpw
êhpw BpIbpw P\sf AhcpsS apffhcpambp
CS]mSpIfn IqSpX kpcnXcmp Hcp \nba \nlW hyh
DSseSppIbpw sNbvXp. IqSpX kzX{kaql ap ]e
\nbafpw am\ZWvUfpw s]mcpap klIcWn\v AXymhiyambn AwKoIcnnpv. [mnI \nba kmaqly ]mckv]cyw
Fmhpw Ffpamm\pXIp ]cn[nI \nbnpp. IqSmsX
kmaqly s]cpamfpv s]cpamw, acymZ, \ hym]mcioe
FnhbpsSCh ZoLImeamb a\pjykfneqsS
DSseSppXmWv . Ccw êhmb am\ZWv U kzX{
kaqln kkm[mcWsanepw A{XXs kzX{am
kaqln {]Xypev]mZnnm kmcpIv _pnapmWv.
Hcp kzX{kaqlnse ]ucmv Nne ASnm\ ]ucmhImifpw
Dv. AhbpsS bYmcq]w hyXykvXambncnpsanepw Cu AwKoIrX
am\ZWv U fn ASnan\npap kzmX{yw, Ipn\v
A\p]mXam inbn \npw ]oU\n \npapa kzmX{yw
Fnh DsSpp. a\kmnbptSbpw hnizmkntbpw kzmX{yw,
aXstbm cmjv{Sobstbm kw_n kzw Bibcq]oIcW
n\p kzmX{yw, kzw aXhnizmkn\p kzmX{yw,
òjWnbpw, `bsSpepw CmsX cmjv{Sobn `mK`mmIphm\p
kzmX{yw Fnh DsSpp. Ahbn A`n{]mbkzmX{yhpw
DsSpp kzw Bib {]ISnnm\pw, tdUntbm, sSenhnj,
]{X, Cs\v Fo am[yafpsS hm {]knsSpm\pw
Ahv DNnXsav tXmp hn[n A`n{]mbw ]dbm\pap
kzmX{yw. \nfpsS B{Kla\pkcnv Bcpambpw ktfnm\pw
klIcnm\pap kzmX{yw, aphcm {]tXyInv A[nImcnIfm
\nconsSpItbm ]npScpItbm sNsSmXncnpI F kzImcyXbpw Ahbn DsSpp. Npcpn kzX{kaqlw AXnse
]ucmsc aphv A]ISanm hn[nep P\fpsS
Bib, hnizmk, PohnXcoXnI, {]hrnI FnhtbmSv
klnjvWpX ImWnphm\pw AXn ssIISmXncnpXn\pw
{]Xonpw.
26
\oXnbpw \nbahyhbpw
Hcp kzX{kaqln\v \oXnhyhbpv. aphsc D]{ZhnpXn\v
FXnsc inbpv imcocnI D]{Zhw am{Xa h\ apXemb aphbpw IqSmsX Ghpw {][m\ambn Hcp kzX{ kaqlw \nbahyhsb
Dbn]nSnpp. cmjv{Sob kwLS\IfpsS Ghpw {][m\ {]iv\w
t\Xmsf Fs\ XncsSppsa AXv FfpamWv adnv Ahsc
Fs\ \nb{npw FmWv. Hcp kzX{kaqln kmcns
]pw A[nImchpw Ii\ambn ]cnanXamWv. ]ucmsc ssItfn
\npw kwcnpXn\pw Ipsf innpXn\pw thn Ahv
sImSpncnp A[nImcw tkzObm, AXv ssIbmfphcpsS
lnXa\pkcnv D]tbmKnpn Fv CXv Ddphcppp.
HutZymKnI A[nImcs \nb{nm kzX{kaql
XncsSpv \nbaw, `cWLS\, A[nImc hn`P\w apXemb ]e
X{fpw hnIknnnpv. Fm ]ucmsc `cWImfpsS
NqjWn\nv kwcnm\p {][m\amw \nbaw Fmhpw
Hcpt]mse _m[IampIbmWv.
CXmWv \nbahyh
FdnbsSpXv. Cu XXznIogn kmcn\v DZmlcWn\v
Hcp {]tXyI tKm{Xn\v IqSpX D]Imcfpw B\pIqeyfpw
A\p`hnp \Imt\m {]tXyI kwLv \nIpXn Npamt\m
Ignbn. am{Xa \nba P\v Ft]mseXs kmcn\pw
_m[Iambncnpw.
\nba\nlWnepw CtX \nbaw _m[IamWv. \oXn\ymb A[nImcw
tkzObmsX ]]mXclnXambmWv D]tbmKnpXv Fv Ddmm
\nbaw Fmhpw Hcpt]mse _m[I amIpp. ]ucm Xpeyamb
]cnNcWn\pw \oXnbpsS \ymbamb \S]SnIpw AlcmWv.
CXn tkzObm D Adv Hgnhm hnNmcWbnmsX
XShnenSmXncnpI, sXfnhns \nba {]Imcw \SsSp \ymbamb
hnNmcW, \nbanX DtZymK AmsX km[mcW P\fn \np
hn[nImfpsS kanXn \Sp hn[n{]Jym]\w, Htc Ipn\v
hopw hopw hnNmcW t\cnSmXncn Fnh DsSpp.
cmjv{SobmcptSbpw DtZymKcptSbpw \ymbm[n ]mcptSbpw taep
Ccw \nb{WfpsS êw A[nImcnIfmep A[nImc
Zphn\ntbmKw HgnhmpI, {]tXyIm\pIqey Ipdbv pI,
27
_e{]tbmKmepmIp Xnsb IpdbvpI FXmWv.

Fsmsbmbmepw Hcp kzX{kaqlnse kmcns ]v
hynIfpsS kzmX{yw Iqm\pw kwcnm\pamWv AmsX
Ipdbvm\.
kzmX{yns kmnIhmZw
PohnX\nehmcnse Iq Db
1750 hsc a\pjyPohnXw hfscsbmpw amdnbn. anhmdpw Fmhcpw ]pdta an, ZpcnXam, A\nnXamb, Imemh \nb{nXamb
ImjnIhrnbn Gsncpp Cu ImjnI coXnI anhmdpw
]pcmX\ CuPn]vjy `cWImfpsS ImenteXn\v
kam\ambncpp. an P\pw Hcp tPmSn A[nI hkv{Xw t]mep
B`mSp t]mepw th ss]k Dmbncpn. amkw anhpw
Xmpambncpn. kXbntev ]ndv hoWh am{Xambncpp
{]Xy [\nI. IqSmsX km[mcWamb kv DmhpXv
IjIkaqls XfpsS t\mbn IjvSsSpm\p
A[nImcn \ntm A[nImchns kplrtm ssIbmtfm
BhpXneqsSbmWv.
CXv anhmdpw P\pw ZpcnX]qamb PohnXambncpp.
kmnI\mb sUdnU satmkvInbpsS IWv {]Imcw 1800
HcmfpsS icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w $1 \pw $5 \pw CSbnembncpp.
CXv Cv an temI Xem\fnepw Hcp Iv Imnv XnIbn 2. Cv
icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w $50 BWv. CXv ]ptcmKXnbnse Ips\
bp IbamWv.
Fm AXv Hcp icmicn am{XamWv. AXv aphbsnepw Nne
cmPy t\Snb A`nhrnsb aqSn hbvemWv. temInse Ghpw
kzmX{yw Ipd cmPyfnsemmb XmPnnm\nse icmicn
{]XnZn\ hcpam\w Cpw $7 BWv. Fm Ghpw kzX{amb
2. sUbvs{U avtem-kn. ens_n B v Unnn FIvkvss tamtU thUv,
tUmw Pn ]ma (F-Un.), Zv samdm-enn Hm^v Imn--en-kw, pU
vkv t^m ens_n B v Avekv ûtj, Fen-Mv, hn F 2011.
2
28
Deirdre N. McCloskey, Liberty and dignity explain the modern world, in Tom G. Palmer (ed.), The
Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.
bpssWUv tvknteXv 100 BWv. kzmX{yns kZvêsImv

Atacnm Cv XmPnnmImtcmfpw 14 aSpw 1800se AhcpsS Xs ]qnImtcm 20100 aSpw [\nIcmWv. Z CtWmanIv
{ôUw Hm^v Z thUv dntmv Ghpw kzX{cmPyfmbn hnebncpnb
kznvkemv, Bkvt{Xenb, Im\U, bpssWUv InMvUw FnhbpsS
icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w $90\v apIfn BWv . kzmX{yhpw
A`nhrnbpw Hcpanv \opp. 3
kzmX{yw Ipd Zcn{ZcmPyfn\nv P\ IqSpX kzX{
[\nI cmPyfntev IpSntbdpXn epXan. kzmX{yw Ipd 20
cmPy {]Xnhjw Bbncn 1:12 F A\p]mXn BfpI
cmPytv hcpXnt\m cmPyw hnpt]mIpXv ImWpp.
ISIhncpambn 20 kzX{cmPy 1000 3:81 F A\p]mXn
{]Xnhjw P\ cmPyv {]thinpXmbn ImWpp 4. IqSmsX
Cu 20 Ghpw kmnI kzmXyaph Ghpw IqSnb IpSntbw
ImWpp. kzmX{y \ncn Xmsgbp cmPy IpSntbmsc
\jvSsSptm tasebp cmPy Ahsc t\Spp.
asmcn P\ AhcpsS ]mZfm kzmX{ys
XncsSppp. kzX{ cmPyfnse IpSntb òjWn XSbm\p
{iasfbpw AkzX{ cmPyfnse hntZiKa\ òjWn XSbm\p
{iasfbpw AXnPohnmWv Ah C{]Imcw sNpXv.
kzmX{yhpw am\htkhbpw
AhcpsSXs Zcn{Zsc NqjWw sNbvX kzX{cmPy [\nIcm
IpXv. djy [mnI Xz imkv{X entbWnUv \ntImt\mkv
\nconXpt]mse Ghpw Zcn{Zamb 10% P\mbn NnehgnpXv
tZiob hcpam\ns ]v kzX{cmPyfnepw AkzX{
3. t{^k Cn--yqv, C-tWm-anIv {ôUw Hm^v Zv thUv 2012 hmjnI dntmv,
t{^k Cn-y- q-v, hmI-zh
- , _nkn, 2012
4. K{_n-tb Hmjm, {ô amv B v tkmj-y shs^-b, ssakkv
sUbven, 4 HIvtSm-_ 2005
3
4
Fraser Institute, Economic Freedom of the World 2012 Annual Report, Fraser Institute, Vancouver,
BC, 2012.
Gabriel Openshaw, Free markets and social welfare, Mises Daily, 4 October 2005,
http://www.mises.org/daily/1915#_edn2.
29
cmPyfnepw Hcpt]msebmWv. (bYm{Iaw 2.58% hpw 2.47%) Fm Hcp

k cmPyn Zcn{Z\mbn ({]XnZn\hcpam\w $23) PohnpXmWv
Hcp Zcn{ZcmPyn Zcn{Z\mbn ({]XnZn\ hcpam\w $ 2.50)
PohnpXnt\m \Xv. 5
kzX{kcmjv { Sfn kv FnnSnmhpXmWv .
Ghpw Zcn{Zsc [\nIcmhp Xn\npw ncambn HgnhmsSpn.
AkzX{ cmPyfnse icnbmb IpSpw_, PmXn, hw, aXw,
cmjv { Sob]mnI Fnhbntem DsSmhsct]msebmsX
IqSpX kzX{amb cmPyfn IqSpX kmaqlyNe\mIXbpv.
temIns Ghpw k\mb ssat{Imtkm^vv kvYm]I\mb _n
tKvkv Atlns tkm^vv shb _nkn\kv XpSnbXv Hcp Kymtc
PnemWv FXv {]knamWv.
_n tKvkv (Bill Gates) Xs ksmw \ Dtiymbn Zm\w
sNm Dtinpp. AXv ]qambpw amXrIbmWv . kzImcy
am\htkhbpw kcmjv{Sfn hfsc IqSpX BWv.' _mtbvkv
shv \Snb Hcp ]T\n Atacnbnse kcn 2/5 `mKhpw
AhcpsS Nnehns apKW\ ImcpWy{]h\p
kw`mh\bmWv Fp]dbpXmbn Isn. 6
kzmX{yn hfsc ap]nbnep Bkvt{Xenb, Abev, Im\U,
\yqknemv, bpssWUv tvkv Fo Av cmPyfnse P\ BWv
P\tkh\n\mbn kabhpw ]Whpw Nnehgnm km[yXbp
sXmWv bp sI bnse 'Nmcnokv FbvUv ûtj IsnbXv.' 7
Ccw cmPysmw Xs C{]-Imcw kp \evIp-X
- n\v ap
Zcn{Z AkzX{ cmPytfm IqSpX sI]pv.
5. entbm-\nUv \ntm-t\m-hv, Zv tamd temPnIv Hm^v CI-zm-enn A v C-I-zm-enn C
amv skmssk-n, C, tSmw Pn ]ma(-C-Un.), Zv samdm-enn Hm^v Imn--en-kw,
pU vkv t^m ens_n B v Avekv ûtj, Fen-Mv, hn F 2011.
6. _mtbvkv shv, tm_ Knhn-Mv; Zv I Hm^v ^nemt{Xm-n, e-, 2010
7. Nmcn-okv FbvUv ûtj, thUv KnhnMv CsUIvkv 2012, Nmcn-okv
ûtj, shv amfn-Mv, 2012
5.
6.
7.
30
Leonid Nikonov, The moral logic of equality and inequality in market society, in Tom G. Palmer
(ed.), The Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.
Barclays Wealth, Global Giving: The Culture of Philanthropy, London, 2010.
Charities Aid Foundation, World Giving Index 2012, Charities Aid Foundation, West Malling, 2012.
kzmX{yw hnthN\s XInSw adnpp

AkzX{cmjv{Sfn hnthN\w kkm[mcWamWv. \n icnbmb hw, PmXn, aXw, enwKw, IpSpw_w Fnhbn \nsn Hcp
\ tPmen Inm\pw \ tkh\ Inm\pw _pnapmWv. kzX{kaql
nse Dev]mZIv Bcpambn hym]mcw sNWw Bsc tPmensSp
Ww Fv Xocpam\nptm hnthN\w \SpI km[ya. 8
DtZymKZmbIv DZmlcWn\v IpSntbmsc CjvSambncnmw
{]tXyInv Ah thsd kwkvImcn\npw, tKm{Xn\npw
aXn\npamsWn. Fm IpSntb kwLv ]etmgpw
Htc tPmenv Ipd Iqen AwKoIcnpsImv {]XnIcnmw ]etmgpw
{]XnIcn pp. kztZinIsf am{Xw FSpv hnthN\w ImWnp
sXmgnepSaIv akcn {]XnIqeambn kzbw A\p`hsSpw.
IpSntbmsc tPmenv hbvp {]XntbmKnItfm AhcpsS Iqen
Nnehv IqSpX Bbncnpw. AhcpsS em`w IpdbpItbm Asn
hym]mcw \jvSamIcoXnbn henb hne CuSmpItbm thnhcpw.
AXv IhSn\v \X. sXmgnepSaIfpsS hmWnPyXmev]cyv
hnthN\w \X.
tNmZyw : kzX{kaql shdpw aqVamb ùXnIXbs?
A. kmnIkzmX{yw P\v Ahkcfpw \nhrnIfpw
\Ipp. AhcpsS ASnm\ Bhiy Bb `Ww, ]mnSw,
hkv{Xw Fnh sas coXnbn \Ipp. kzX{hym]mcn
tbpw hn]WnbptSbpw DZbn\v apv kz]v\w t]mepw Innm
Ahkc CXv Ahv \Ipp. P\sf ITn\hpw
A]am\Ichpamb Hcp PohnXntebvv XnhnSpXn\v ]Icw
CXv P\sf Dknnpp Fv Ah IcpXp kmcw,
kwKoXw, Ie, kwkv I mcw av kmaqly{]hrnI Fnh
BkzZnm A\phZnpp. CXv Ahsc sas hnZym`ymkhpw
icnbmb BtcmKy]cn]me\hpw Xmm {]m]vXcmpp.
8. CXn-s\-p-dnv \smcp hnh-cW
-
- n-\mbn, hmbn-bvp-I, an {ôUvamsbpw
tdmkv {ôUvam-sbpw Imn- B v {ôUw, bqWn-th-gvknn Hm^v NnmtKm
{]v, NnmtKm 11, 1962
8
For a good outline of this point, see Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and
Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.
31
\psS ùXnIkuIcyw am{Xa \mw kmwkvImcnIhpw kmaqlnIhpw Bbn

hneaXnpp Fv \mw bYmn hneaXnphbntev
Fm\p Hcp D]IcWamWv kv. AXpsImv XsbmWv
IqSpX kcmjv{Sfn IqSpX ImbnItUnbfpw, Itcn
lmfpIfpw, XndpIfpw, bqWnthgv k nnIfpw, sse{_dnIfpw,
ayqknbfpw DXv.
kztZi sXmgnemfn hns CSbn\npw kzX{kaqlw
hnthN\s Xqsdnbpp. DZmlcWn\v , kv { XoI tPmen
sNpXns\Xnsc kmwkvImcnI hnthN\w Dmhmw. CXv Ahv tPmen
Inm _pnappmpp. kv{XoIsXnsc hnthN\w \Sp
sXmgnepSaIv AXv sNm {]XntbmKnItfm hfsc sNdnb
ss\]pWykbta XncsSpn\mbn DmIq. asmcp ckIcamb
DZmlcWw Cybnse PmXnhnthN\amWv. Db kmtXnI hyhkmb
fpsS hf sslZcm_mZv t]mep tI{fn Xmgv PmXob
cmb Cy sXmgnemfnIfpsS tPmenkm[yX hfscb[nIw hnnp.
Cu akc_pnbp hyhkmbn sXmgnepSaIv P\sf
AhcpsS _pninmbn thWw. Ahv PmXntbm atsXnepw
kmwkvImcnI LSIns t]cntem hnthN\w \Sm Ignbn.
hnthN\ \ntcm[\ \nbav Zim_vZfmbn t\Sm IgnbmXv
shdpw Nne sImsImv kzbX]ccmb kzX{ hyhkmbnI
t\SnsbSppp.
kzX{P\fpsS krjvSn]cX
IqSpX kzX{ kZv hyhI FpsImv IqSpX
[\nIcmIpp FXn\v ImcWw Ah e`yamb Fm ]mShtfbpw
D]tbmKsSppp FXmWv. hnthN\w Ahsc XInSw adnm
A[nIanmnStmfw kzX{kaqlnse ]ucm AhcpsS
a\pw IgnhpIfpw sXmgnen Anm kzX{cmWv. Ah aphcpsS PohnXw sasSpp Dev ] hnIknnpIbpw
sasSppIbpw hnXcWw sNpIbpw sNbv X m Ah B
Dev ] hmnv Ahsc IrXmcmp- p. AXn\m
kzX{kaql IqSpX \qX\ambXpw krjvSn]chpw Bb-Xn-\m
thKn ]ptcmKanpXpamWv.
32
kmnIkzmX{yw P\fpsS kzw Xm]cysf kaql\bpsS

Znibntev Xncnp hnSpp. aphv thXpw Ah hnesImSpm
XmdpXpamb km[\ Dev]mZnnp Xphgn \n [\w
kmZnpp. Ah hopw IqSpX hmm\mbn \nfntev Xncnp
hcphm\pw AhcpsS kplrptfmSv \nsf{X ka\msWv
]dbphm\pw \n B{Klnpp. AXv Dev ] mZIcpsS {i
Ahcn\npw amdn D]t`mmfntev tI{oIcnpp.
kzXkaqlfnse hfsc {]kncmb an IhSmcpw AhcpsS
D]t`mmfn\nv IqSpX em`w ]ngnsSp adnv AhcpsS
Bhiyfpw B{Klfpw \ndthnsImSpmWv hnPbw ssIhcnsXv
]dbpp.
'\mb \mbsb Xnpp' F ImqWn \nv hfsc hyXykvXamWv
kzX{kaqlnse bmYmyw. kzX{ P\ Xnep kzta[bm
D hym]mc hn\nabns\ ASnm\sSpn D Hcp henb
klIcW kwhn[m\amWv Hcp bYm kzX{ kZvLS\ adnv
_e{]tbmKne.
aqe[\ns krjvSn
\hoIcWhpw, D]t`mr tkh\hpw t{]mkmlnnpXv IqSmsX
kzX{kZv LS\I Dev]mZ\aXbp aqe[\w sInSppXn
eqsS kamIpp. he D]tbmKnv ao ]nSnpXmWv ssIp]
tbmKnpXnepw Ffpw. Fm CXampXv hebpmp
kabw ao ]nSnmXn\m Ipdhv ao\pItf ]nSnppq FmWv.
Cs D]t`mKw Ipdv \nv aqe[\w kamlcnv `mhn Dev]mZ\w
IqSpX Imcyaammw.
CXmWv apXemfnns ASnm\w. P\ AhcpsS PohnXw
IqSpX FfpampXpw sXmgn IqSpX Dev]mZ\aXbpXpw
Bp hoSpI, hyhkmbimeI, b{ D]IcW Fo aqe[\w
kamlcn pp. (CXn\m sXmgnens Dev]mZ\aX hfsc Gdpp.
ssIIe sImpgpXpw {SmIv D]tbmKnv Irjn sNpXpw Xnep
Azm\nse hyXymkw Nnnpt\mp) IqSmsX Cu {]{Inb Dtcmcw
hnpXmWv. Hmtcm IqntNepw kmtXnI hnZybpsS A`nhrnbpw
Dev]mZ\w IqSpIbpw Azm\w IpdbpIbpw sNpp.
33
P\v XnsbSpsSpw F `banmsX hoSv , ]Wnime,

bt{m]IcW ap aqe[\kma{KnI Fnh kzampXn\p
Ignhv \Ipp FXpsImpam{XamWv Hcp kzX{kaqln\v
Dev]mZ\aXbp aqe[\w kamlcnm\pw Dev]mZ\aXbpw
A`nhrnbpw hnnpsImtbncnphm\pw IgnbpXv . CXv
P\sf Xndnbn\nv kwcn pp. IqSmsX CXn\v kZmNmchpw
\nba]chpw Bb N kzpSamhImis kw_npv AXv
Ifhns km[yX Ipdbvpp.
Cu \nbahpw kwkvImchpw hgnbp kzhImikwcWw Hcp
kzX{kaqlnepw kZv hyhbnepw hfsc {][m\amWv .
sImmcm sImbSnsSpw AhcpsS sImbvv Fv hnizmkw
Dsn Hcp Irjnmc\pw hnphnXv, ]dnv \v, IrjnsNbvXv hnfIsf kwcnn. AXpt]mseXs AhcpsS hcpam\ns
knwl`mKhpw \nIpXnbmbn FSppsan an P\
BhiynIqSpX ]Wn sNm XmdmIn. hnebw F
I\nIpXnbneqsS NXnsSm\msWn IpSpw_ kmZnn.
{]XnêanmsX AhcpsS BkvXnI tZikmcnpsapsn
kwcwÌ AhcpsS kwcw`fn \nt]nm X]ccmhn.
ths {]amWnIv thn hn]Wnsb hnjannp
B\pIqey aph ]pXnb kwcw` hfm\p km[yX
Ipdbvpp.
Imcmepw kmcn\mepw D Cu NqjWw F{Xtmfw IqSp
XemtWm A{Xbpw IqSpXembncnpw tPmen, kmZyw, ]ptcmKXn
FnhtbmSp hnapJXbpw. ]Xn\memw \qmnse CmanI
]WvUnX\pw \oXn\pamb C_ JmZq Cu hnjbw hfsc \mbn
a\nemn. Atlw FgpXn
P\fpsS kzntep B{IaWw kzv t\Sm\pw kmZnm\pw
D t{]cWbnmXmpsav AdnbWw. P\ ]ns
kzpkmZ\ns BXynIamb Dtiyhpw hn[nbpw AXv
Ahcn\nv FSppamsSpI FXmWv F A`n{]mbmcmIpp.
kzv kmZnm\p t{]cWbnmXmbm kmZnm\p Hcp {iahpw
]ns \Sn kzhImintep ISpIbw
34
F{XtmfamsWpXv \nbnpw P\fpsS kzv

kmZ\n\p {iafnse DZmko\X.9
kzpw ]ptcmKXnbpw
Fm kzhIminse kpcnXXzw \nfptSbpw IpSpw_
ntbpw `mhnbntev Hcp AhImihmZw Xcpp. DZmlcWn\v
\nv kzambn Hcp hoSpsn an cmPyfnepw an
P\pw IgnbnmXv \nv \nfpsS PohnXw \Sn
smpt]mIm kpcnXamb Hcp eapv. k{]amWnamcpsS
\ncc Zbmhmbv ] n\v Imp\nev msX \nfptSXmb aqe[\w
kamlcnpXnt\m hyhkmbw XpSpXnt\m thn hmbv]sbSp
m\p Hcp BkvXn \npv. CXv \nv tPmen Dt]nv
]pXnbXv t\SpI, ]pXnb IhSn\v kmnI klmbw \IpI
XpSnb ]pXnb ]coW \Sm th kmnI `{ZX
\Ipp.
kpcnX kzhImiw sshZKv ytbpw hmWnPytbpw
hnnpp. CXv a\pjycpsS Dev]mZ\aX IqpIbpw AXphgn
a\pjykv hnpIbpw sNpp. kzw `Ww kzbw
Dev]mZnnpI, C\n \p hndIv tiJcnpI, kzbw hkv{Xw
\nnpI, Krl\nmWw kybw sNpI, A{Iafn \nv kzbc
tXSpI Fnhsbmw kzbw sNbv X m \psS PohnXw hfsc
]cnXm]IcamIpw. \nempw Chsbmw sNpXn\p Imcy{]m]vXn
DmhWsan. IqSmsX \apv Chsbmw Imcyaambpw
Ffpnepw sNm\p D]IcW thnhcpw. P\fpsS
kzhImiw kwcnsm Chsbmw \ kzbw sNtXmbn
hcn. P\v {]tXyI D]IcW hnIknnsSpv Hcp {]hrn
Imcyaambn sNbvXv B Dev]fn _mnbph \apv hnmw.
Irjnmc\v Iebnepw {SmIvSdnepw, Krl \nmXmhn\v GWnbnepw
ashnbnepw, hkv{X\nmXmhn\v Xdnbnepw, Xb{fnepw
\nt]nmw. Npp]mSpap kzbw ]cym]v X amb ]cnioe\w
knnmh {]XonmhpXnepw F{Xtbm anI coXnbn
9. C_v JZpw. apJm-n-am-lv, B Cs{Sm-U- p lnkvdn, 1377
9.
Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, 1377.
35
AhcpsS sXmgnen Imcy{]m]vXnbpw \nlWm[nImchpw t\Sm

Ahv Ignbpw. Cu sXmgn hn`P\ns êambn \msamhcpw
IqSpX KpWtabp Dev]fpw, Ipd Nnehpw IqSpX
kpjvSamb PohnXhpw BkzZnpp.
Fm hopw CsXmw km[yamhWsan P\ aqe[\
kamlcWn\pw hym]mcw \SpXn\pw kpcnXhpw Ah
NXnsSn, Ih sNsSn F hnizmkaphcpw BbncnWw.
CXcamw `bm\IamWv. C_ JmZp XpSt]mse; P\
PohnXhrnmbn IhSw \SmXncnptm, emÌcamb Fm
{]hrnIfpw \nptm, k`yXbpsS hym]mcw CSnbpp Fmw
A]Nbnpp. P\ \ne\n]n\mbn FmbnShpw NnXdpp.
AhcpsS {]kv X pX kmcns A[nImc ]cn[nv ]pdp
efntev t]mepw. CXv Cv ImWp AkzX{cmPyfn\nv
kzX{cmPy fntep IpSntbneqsS hfsc hyamWv.
BcptSbpw NnehnemsX kns krjvSn
Nne Bm hnNmcnpp Hcphs kv asmcphs Nnehnte
Dmhq Fv . CXv As\b. Hcp kzX{kZv hyh
bYmn kzv krjvSnpIbpw Ctmgp hkvXphns aqeyw
hnnpIbpw sNpp.
aqeyw hkvXpfpsS ùXnIKpWa. AXv hkvXpsf ]nbp
P\fpsS NnbmWv . hnev ] \m CS]mSpImcpsS [\n\v
hkvXptfm aqeyw Iev]npXpsImv hkvXp hnevpp.
CS]mSpIm hmnp hkv X pv [\tm aqeyw
Iev ] npXpsImv Imiv Nnehmpp. Ah IfnpaSp
hkvXp Ahv thhbpambn ssIamw sNp tm Ahv
t\w DmIpp F [mcWbn kvIq IpnIt]mepw Ifnm
amdpp. AhcpsS ssIamw aqeyw krjvSnnpv. Ccw IhSwsImv
Bpw tZmjw hcpn. Xobmbpw Ahv \jvSsSpp Fv
tXmnbm CcpIqcpw B IhSn\v kXnn.
AXpt]mseXs Hcm HpanmnSv hnp]mIpIbpw hnfI
hfpIbpw asmcm B Dev]n\v hne sImSpm XmdmIpIbpw
36
sNptm Ah \njvêamb Hn\v ]pXnb aqeyw krjvSnpIbmWv.

Hcmtfbpw Ih sNmsXXs kv krjvSnsSWw.
IqSmsX Hcp kwcwÌs jqtkm, Imtdm, hkv{Xtfm, P\
hmnm Xmdp atsXnepw ]pXnb Ip]nSptam \nnm
D hyhkmbime \nnpIbpw AXneqsS [\kmZ\w \SpIbpw
sNbvXm BcmWv Ih sNsSpXv? Ah hfscb[nIw kv
kamlcnn cnmw ]s Ah Bcn\npw Hpw tamjvSnnn. adnv
ap]v HpanmXncpnSv aqeyw krjvSnv, hnXcWw sNbvXnpv.10
Hcp kzX{kaqlw ssa{Xo apXemfna
apXemfnn khmWnPyXm]cyw ]mhsf NqjWw
sNppshpw cmjv{Sobm XfpsS IhSkplrpv
IpImhImiw, B\pIqey, klmb[\w, k_vknUn Fnh \In
s]mXpP\fn\nv kv XnsbSpppshpw hmZnpp.
]s bYm kzX{kaqlw NqjWhpw ssa{XnapXemfnhpw
Akm[yampp. IhSw AhcpsS \ne\n]n\mbn CS]mSpImsc
B{ibnpp. Ah \ tkh\w {]Zm\w sNbvXnsn CS]mSpIm
Ahsc XyPnv ap ZmXmsf Ispw. IqSmsX Hcp kzX{
kaqln kmdpIv IpImhImiw krjvSnmt\m, {]tXyI
I\nIsf kwcnmt\m ]pXnb IhSw hfpXn\nv
P\sf XSbmt\m D A[nImcanmXn\m {]_eamb ZmXm
Dmbncnpw. Hcp bYm kzX{kaqlw akcw krjvSnpp.
AXv D]t`mmsf Dev]mZIcpsS ta A[nImcapffhcmpp.
P\v th aqeym\pkrXamb Dev] Dev]mZnnm
Dev]mZI IhScwKv \nv ]pdmIpw. henb aqe[\\nt]w
Bhiyap Im \nmWw t]mep cwKfnse Nne m]\
henbtXmXn hf {]m]npw. Fm Ahv Atmgpw
Ahtcm t`Zs coXnbn {]hnm\mhpsav Nnnp h
\nt]Icn \nv bYmhpw {]_ehpamb akcw t\cntSn hcpw.
10. bp sI hy-hk
- mbn Bbn-cp k GWv s_ns ssh {ôUw hIvkv F
]pkvXI
-
- n Cu Bibw \mbn scamin-n-p GWv s_ enan-U
- v, e-, 1964
10. This point is well made by UK businessman Sir Ernest Benn in Why Freedom Works,
Sir Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 1964.
37
A[nImcnI akcw ASnapIbpw ]pXnb akcmnI

hcpXn \npw \ncpkmlsSppIbpw XSsSppIbpw
sNptmgmWv {]iv\ XpSpXv.
Xobmbpw kXykamb kpXmcyamb akcw \ne\nm
_pnapmWv . Cv temInse an kzX{kaqlfnepw
cmjv{Sobm \nbahpw \nb{Whpw ASntev]npp ]etmgpw
t_m[]qamsX CXv akcw IpdbvpIbpw D]t`mmhn\v
Dev]mZIcpsS taep A[nImcw IpdbvpIbpw sNpp. Dev]mZI
anhmdpw CXp \Sn hcpm KqVmtemN\ sNmdpv .
DZmlcWn\v hyhm]nX m]\, Dev]fpsS
KpW\nehmcsbpw Dev]mZ\ am\ZWvUsfbpw kw_np Fv
Fs\ Dev]mZnnWsav hyamp \nba sImphcm
cmjv{Sobmcn kw sNeppw. Ccw \nba s]mXp P\s
tamiw Dev]fn \nv cnm BhiyamsWv Ah hmZntmw.
Fm icnbmb êw Nfn ]dbm ]pXnb Dev] ]pXnb
coXnbn Dmp ]pXnbXpw sNdpXpamb hnXcWmcn \nv AhcpsS IhSs cnpI FmWv. Asn hopw kztZin
hyhkmbsf kwcnWw F hmZn hntZiakcm
òjWn t\cnSptXm ]mcw t\cnSptXm Bb hyhkmbsf
cnm\mbn s]mXpkv D]tbmKnm cmjv{Sobm CSs]Smw.
Ah kztZin hyhkmbs cnm\mbn hntZi CdpaXn
\ntcm[ntmw. CXv B hyhkmbfn tPmensNphv
XmmenI Bizmkw \Intbmw. Fm CXv \nIpXnZmbIcpsS
bpw hne\nehmcw Ipd hkvXpv Ah sImSptpXn
t\m IqSpX sImSptnhcpXpw Ipd XncsSpv
D]m[nIfpw D s]mXpP\ns NnehnemWv.
Hcp kaqlw F{Xtmfw kzmX{yn\nv AIpt]mhppthm,
]Icw kmnI kzmX{yw A[nImcnIv sImSpppthm A{Xbpw
A[nIw km[yXbpv Dev]mZIcpw cmjv{Sobmcpw kzw t\n\mbn
P\sf NqjWw sNm. Acw ssa{Xo apXemfnns
AhinjvS FmbnSpw ImWmw. Fm {]iv\w AkzX{ kZv
LS\Ifn IqSpX tamiamWv. A[nImcw t\Sph AXv Ahsc
38
Xstbm AhcpsS IpSpw_mtcbpw IqpImtcbpw ]cnt]mjnn

m\mbn D]tbmKnpw Fv Hcp ap[mcW ]etmgpw Dv. A{]Imcw
sNbvXnsn AXv AhcpsS Zu_eyambn t]mepw IWmmdpv.
Fm Hcp bYm kzX{kaqln A[nImcnIv \nba
\nmW A[nImchpw s]mXpkpw D]tbmKnv CjvSP\v
{]tXyI kmnI t\ A\phZnm A\phmZan. A[nImcw
F{]Imcw hn\ntbmKnWsaXn\pw s]mXpkv F{]Imcw
NnehgnWsa Xn\pw Iiamb \nba Dv. Dev]mZIv
cmjv{Sobmsc kwcWhpw, klmb[\hpw InpXn\mbn kzm[o\n
m Ignbn, Acw klmb A\phZnm\p A[nImcw C
FXn\m.
akc_pnbp apXemfna, kzmX{ns A`mhamWv m]\
pw cmjv{Sob Impw km[mcW P\sf NqjWw sNm\p
A[nImcw \IpXv.
kzmX{yns hnPbw
kmnI kzmX{hpw hym]mchpw A]qamtb ]q kzX{amIq,
Ign 30 hj fntesdbmbn Ah Ccp\qdv tImSn P\sf ISp
Zmcn{Zn \nv IcIbn. Ac\qmns {ian\v tijhpw djy, ssN\,
sXv Ing Gjy FnhnSfnse ihpw tI{oIrXhpamb
kmcpIv km[nmXmWnXv. Fm aXnepIfpw hym]mc
XSfpw \optXmsS IqSpX IqSpX cmPy BtKmf hym]mc
hyhbn tNcpIbpw kv ]cpIbpw sNbvXp. CXv {]tXyInpw
Amcmjv{SXen kzX{ hym]mcw kzoIcnnp Zcn{Z cmjv{S
fnse Zcn{ZP\fntemWv CXv ]cncnpXv. kzmX{yn
t\m B]camXpw Dev]mZ\aXbpXpamb Hcp XXzw
`qanbn DmIptam?
39
3.Hcp kzX{kaqlns \nbam]\

kvtnm kaqlw
kzmX{yhpw kwkvImchpw
Hcp kzX{kaqln P\fpsS PohnXns òaamb `mKhpw
PohnpXv kmcpIfpsS ]cn]qamb A`mhnemWv. km
Ddptm kZvLS\ hfcpp. CXv shdpsamcp ]gb `mcXob
Xamib. AXnt\m AhmWv. hmkvXhn P\fpsS
{]m[m\ {]h\fn kmcn\v Hcp ]pan.
kzX{kaqlnse P\ Hs hynIf, adnv Ah
kaqlPohnIfmWv. Ah aphcpambp Nmw t\Spp. aphcpambn tbmPnp t]mhm {ianpp. aphcpambn ]ehn[nepw
klIcnpp. Ah aX]camb kwLS\IfpsS kPoh{]hIcm
bncnmw. _pIfnepw skmssknIfnepw Ah kwKoXw, hmb\,
]mNIw, ao]nSpw, Ifn, IfnI ImW, tiJcWw Fns\
FpamIs Htcm Imcy BkzZnphcmbpw CS]gIpp. Ah
bphmtfm hrtcm kvIq NmXnItfm ]pXnb cmImtfm
Asn Htc _elo\Xbp BfpItfm Bb kam\ a\kvIcpambn
klIcnpIbpw kwL DmpIbpw sNpp. Bhiympw
`h\clnXcpambhpw thn Ah kqv InWpIfpw tlmepIfpw
\Sntbmw. CXns\bmWv kwkvImcap kaqlw Fp hnfnpXv.
IqSpX kzX{amb kaqln {]h\fnepw Ne\fnepw
P\ IqSpX kzmX{yw BkzZnptXmsSmw AhcpsS ]ucm
_lp`qcn]wt]cpw km[mcW aqeysf, kwkv I mcsf,
]mccysf _lpam\npIbpw ]phbv pIbpw sNpp.
40
Hcp kzX{kaqlns \nbam]\
kzX{cmb hynI Nnetm ]gb coXnIsf shphnfntpsa

nepw As\bmWv, IqSpX tabp Xcn {]hnp
sXs\sbv Ip]nSnpXpw A`nhrnsSpXpw. Fm
kzmX{yw kwkvImcns FXncmfnb. Hcp {]tXyI kwkvImcw
]phbvm IpSntbm t]mepw \nbambpw IpSntbdnb
cmPyns kwkvImcs _lpam\nWw. Fn am{Xta Ah
AhnsS kzoIcnsSppp. AhhnsS Hcp tPmen kpcnX
amWsan AhnSs `mj ]TntXv AXymhiyamWv. Ah
IpSntbdp cmPys ]mccyfpw [manI Xzfpw XpSn
a\nemphm\pw Dsmphm\pw Ignsv hcn. Fnepw sXn
cnsSmXncnphm\pw ]ptcmKXn ssIhcnphm\pw F{Xbpw thKw
Ah AXn\v XmdmhWw. AhtcmSv CmcWm kPohambn
hnthN\w Impsa CXpsImv DtinpXv. Hcp kzX{kaql
n Fmhtcbpw XpeycmbnmWv IWmsSpXv. Fm kztZinItfm amscneptam Ahv tbmPnm AhcpsS coXnIsf
_lpam\nm Asn icnbmb coXnbn Bibhn\nabw \Sm
IgnbmhcpsS kulrZw Imwnmdn.
a\pjy Iqmbva Imwnpp. CXv Ahkc e`yampXn\mhmw
Asn AhcpsS kzw Xm]cy ]cnt]mjnnpXn\mImw
AXpsImv \n shdpsamcp Imgvmc\mbn hnpIbm
sWn henb \jvSw kw`hnpw. Hcp kzX{kaqlnse P\
aphcpsS Fm aqeyfpw ]phbvWsan. Fm efnXamb
am\pjnIXzn Ah Ahsb klnjvWpXtbmsS ImWphm
{ianpw. Hcp kzX{kaqlnse Nnnphm\pw kwkmcnphm\pw
{]hnphm\p ap P\fpsS kzmX{yw AXymhiyambpw AhnsS
\ne\np kwkvImctbpw [manIXtbbpw BNmctfbpw
am\npw.
kmcns Bhiyw Bv?
s]mXpXm]cy, kl{]h\w, ISmSpI, hnizmkw, B{ibXzw
Fo A\u]NmcnI irwJeI \psS PohnX \nehmcs
Dbpp. Fm CsXmw {]mhnIamm kmcns Bhiyan. bmsXmcp A[nImcm]\fptSbpw CSs]SepI CmsX \
41
]ckv]cw klIcnpp. hyXykvX {KqpIfn AwKfmbn tbmPnp

{]hnpXneqsS ]ptcmKXn t\Spp. kmcns {]h\amWv
Fv XclnXambn AwKoIcnnp \nbacwKv t]mepw \
\psS Imcy \pn Xs Xocpam\npp. Hcp kzX{
kaqlnse IcmdpI tv cq]Iev]\ sNpItbm ASntnpI
tbm sNpn. adnv _s InIfmWv \n_\Ifpw apw Xmdm
pXv am{Xa CXh kzta[bm kzoIcnpIbpw kXnpIbpw
sNpp. Cs\ DSSnIfn GsSph AhnSbn
DmIp Xfpw {]iv\ \nehnep \nbakwhn[m\fn
emsX kzX{ ayXbn Xom ]ckv]cw kXnpp. hfsc
ImeXmakw FSppXpw NnethdnbXpw \oXnt_m[w IpdXpamb
kmcns tImSXnIsfm kzImcy _Z kwhn[m\sbmWv
Ah CjvSsSpXv.
P\ kam\ kz`mhmcmsWn A\z]NmcnIhpw klIcW
hpap kmaqlnI _ krjvSnsSpm CXv klmbnpp.
`qcn]w P\fpw Htc tKm{Xntem aXntem DshcmsWn
Ah Htc aqey ]ckv]cw ]phbvpIbpw ]ckv]c hnizmk
tmsS DSSnIfn GsSpIbpw sNpw. km{amPyz`cW
IqSfpw ]ccmKXamb AXnnIsf ]p\\nWbnpIbpw
hyXykv X fmb hwiob kwLsf Hcpanp sImphcpIbpw
sNbvX bpm\c Amcmjv{S ktf\fpw AXns\ klmbnn.
kao]Imev ]e cmPyfpw Iodnapdnsp. kndnb, en_nb, e_\,
CdmJv t]mep cmPy Hcp \qmn\p apv \ne\nncpn. Ah
cmjv{Sobmcm \nnshbmWv P\fpsSb. B{^nbnepw
Cy D]`qJWvUfntebpw hyXykvXfmb tKm{Xmsc Asn
hwisf Htc tImf\n `cWn Iogn Hcpanp sImphv
{_nojpImcpw AtX A_w ImWnp.
kzw ]ucmcpsS Poh\pw kzn\pw t]mepw kwcWw \Im
Ignbm kmcpI D [mcmfw Zp_e cmjv{S DmbXn
AXnibsSm\n. Hcp kzX{ kaqlhpw kv hyhbpw hfv
htcXv Cu iamb ImcWmemWv. Hcp {]mhiyw XIm
Ffpn ]p\krjvSnmhpX klIcW kwkvImcw. \psS
klIcWw ASnm\sSpm th ]ckv]c _lpam\ntbpw
42
hnizmkntbpw sIpdpIfn. hnhn[ kwLv ]qambn

klIcnpnsnepw AhcpsS klhnXzn\v DXIp
DSSnI Dmmw FmWv ]camh[n {]XonpXv. Fm
s]mXphmb B\pIqey e`yamhp Xcn Hcp kzX{kaql
ns LSI m]nm IgnbpIbmsWn ]ckv]c taw
eyamnsmv BfpInSbn klhnXzhpw klIcW
hpw DmnsbSp hfsc Ffpambncnpw.
FpsImv km \nb{Whnt[bambncnWw?
km FpsNWw?
\psS PohnXnse FmImcyfpw km \nb{nWsav
hnizknp P\ Cv C. \ Fmhcpw hnizknpXv
kmcns ]v GsXnepw Xcn \nb{Whnt[bambncnWw
FmWv. s]mXphmb Xocpam\ FSpm\pw Iqmb {]hnI
sNm\pw \apv Hcp km BhiyamWv Fv `qcn`mKw P\fpw
AwKoIcnpp. Fm \apv kzbw \mbn sNm Ignbp
Imcyfn km CSs]Sm\pw ]mSn. A[nImcw Zphn\ntbmKw
sNmXncnm \psS t\XmmcpsS ta Hcp \nb{Ww
DmbncnWsav Nnminbp P\w A`n{]mbsSpp.
kmcns henw A{X Kuchtadnb {]iv\a. Fm Ah Fv,
Fs\ Xocpam\npp, Fs\ {]mhnIampp FXmWv
{]iv\w. Hcp kzX{ kaqlhpw AXns kZv hyhbpw hnizmkn
A[njv T nXambXn\m AhcpsS km hImcn \npw
Imcn \npw Ahsc kwcnpsapw kzX{kaqlnse
]ucm kzm`mhnIambpw {]Xonpp. Fm Hcp _kv Snv
FSpmXns t]cn P\v Poh]cyw XSthm Asn
Cs\v sjbdnv sskpIfn\nv \nbahncpambn kwKoXw
UutemUv sNpXns t]cn Fm hoSpIfnepw clky IymadI
m]nWsatm \ B{Klnpn. {]iv\\pkrXambn
cnWw kmcns \S]SnI.
km \nb{Whnt[bambncnWw Fp ]dbpXns asmcp
ImcWw Hcp {]tXyI hkvXp hym]mcw sNtWm thtbm FXv Hcp
43
hynbpsS kzta[bm D Xocpam\amWv. Fm kmcns

Xocpam\ AXmbXv Hcp {]tXyI hkvXphns hn]\ hnepXv
\Smm A[nImcw D]tbmKntXmbn hcpw. Nne thfIfn CXv
AXymhiyamsWnepw A[nImcns Zpcp]tbmKw hn\miIcamb
HmWv.
\ cmjv{Sob]cambn Hcp Xocpam\w FSpptm \ AXn
\npmIp t\sbpw A[nImcns _e{]tbmKneqsS
bpmIp hn\miIcamb A\cêsfbpw Xpe\w sNWw.
lm\nIcamb tImsfpdnv NnnmsX t\s am{Xw
ssIemphm\mbn \ [rXnsScpXv.
A`nhrn t\Sphm kmnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb PohnXn
kzmX{yw AXymhiyamWv. sNdpInS t\tImfneqsSbpw {ItaWbp
{]{InbIfneqsSbpamWv Ah ]ptcmKanpXv. Fa Ip]nSp
m hyXykvXfmb ]e ]pXnb Bibfpw {]mhnIamm
{ianppv. DZmlcWn\v, ]pXnb Dev] Asn Hcp
]pXnb ]T\coXn. {]mhnIamm Ignbm Bibsf DSs\
Xs Dt]npp. Fm P\fpsS PohnXs sasSpm
D]Icnp Bibsf aph ]IpIbpw hym]nnpIbpw
sNpp. ]t, km \nb{Wnep kmaqlnIhpw kmnI
hpamb m]\ ]pXp Ip]nSpmcpsS km[yXIsf \ntj[n
pp. \nhnLv\ambXpw Fm {ItaWbpXpamb t\tIm{]{In
bsb CXv kmh[m\nempp.
AXn\p ]pdsa, km CSs]Sptm AXv km[mcWbmbn henb
tXmXnepXmbncnpw. Ah {]iv\fn Xocpam\w FSppXv
apgph P\pw thnbmbncnpw, DZmlcWn\v, Fsms
Dev] \nnbvsSWw Asn Fv ]T\coXn kzoIcnWw
Fsms. CXv \hoIcWsbpw ]ptcmKXnsbbpw hfsc aKXnbn
empp. km Ccw sXp sNptm, Xobmbpw AsXmcp
henb Zpcntebvmhpw sImsnbvpI.
FpsImv Hcp km DmbncnWw
Nne Imcy sNpXn\mbn km DmbncnWsaXn\v
XXmb ImcW Dv. \ Fs\ s]cpamdWw, tdmUns GXp
44
hipIqsS hn HmSnWw Fp Xocpam\n Asn \psS

IcmdpIsf \ am\npp Fp Ddphcp XpSnb
Imcyfn Xocpam\ FSpphm\pw \nba \Snemphm\pw
\apsmcp A[nImctI{w Bhiyambn hcmw.
CXpIqSmsX, Fmhpw A`nImayambXpw {]mhnIammt\m
thhn[n {]mhnIammt\m _pnapp Nne ]XnI
Dmtbmw. ChbmWv s]mXpImcy FdnbsSpXv.
{]Xntcm[hpw t]meokpw \ DZmlcWfmhmw. sas kpc
Fmhpw e`nptm ]ns Fn\pthnbmWv Bscnepw
tkhnm kzbw k\mIpXv? asmcp DZmlcWw At\Iw hnIkzc cmPyfnse \Kcfnse Acos izmkw apnp hmbp
aen\oIcWw. NqSmIpXn\v ]pI krjv S nbv m C\
D]tbmKnpXpw, cmkXzcIamb b{ LSnnpXpw, ^mIvSdnIfnse Nnn\nIfn amen\y XSbp AcnI m]npXpw
Cu {]iv\w IpdbvpXn\pw PohnXw IqSpX sasSppXn\pw
klmbIambncnpw. ]s AhcpsS XymKns êw aphcpw
]nv iphmbp BkzZnpw FXn\m Ccw Imcy kzw
Nnehn {]mhnIamm kzta[bm Bcpw Xmdmhn. AXpsImv
Ccw {]iv\ \ cmjv{Sob]cambn Xocpam\ntXpw AhcpsS
aen\oIcWw Ipdbvm \n_npIbpw t]meokn\pw kpcbvpw
]Ww IspXn\mbn Fmhcn \npw \nIpXn ]ncnpIbpw
sNtXmWv. Atm hn]Wnp \Im Ignbm, KpW{]Zamb
Imcy \ t\Spp.
kzmX{yhmZnI Fp \ hym]Iambn hnfnbvmhp Nne kzmX{y
hm \apsmcp kmcns Bhiyta Cmsbv hmZnpw.
Ah ]dbpXv, klIcWn\pw Fmhpw B\pIqey
e`yampXn\pw am IspXn Hcp kzX{kaqlw
Atbw anIXmsWmWv . B\pIqeyfpsS Zpcp]tbmKw
\ncpmlsSpm kaamb hgnI IspIbpw
B\pIqey ]Ww apSphv am{Xambn ]cnanXsSppXpw
DZmlcWamWv . IcmdpI \Sn hcppXn\pw Asn
B{IaWfn \npw kzp tamjvSnsSpXn \npw \psS
PohnXs cnpXn\pw \apv kmcns BhiyIX Dsv
45
Ah hnizknppt]mepw C. AhpXs th coXnbn

hynItm IqmbvaItm AXp \Xpt]mse sNm Ignbpsav
Ah Nnnpp.
kzX{ kaqlns Xs ap hm imkv{Xobamb \hoIcW
hmZnI- - \sf kwcnphm\pw DSSnI \Snemphm\pw
s]mXpImcy e`yamphm\pw Ipd ]w Nne cmjv{Sob]camb
Xocpam\ FSpepw Nne km A[nImcfpw AXymhiyam
sWpw Fm Ccw {]h\fntev am{Xambn AXv
]cnanXsSpWsapw hmZnpp. Fmepw kzX{yhmZnIv
Ctmgpw, \n kmcn\v Hcnv hnp sImSpm Ah Hcp ssa
FSppw Fsmcp `bw Dv. Cv anhmdpw temInse Fm
kmcpIfpw AhcpsS ]v Isnbnpv s]mXpP\fpsS
Nnehn Ccw AXv {]mYanI {]h\p]cnbmbn aptmp
t]mIpp.
hyn]chpw kmnIhpamb kzmX{ys ]nbp

ImgvNmSpI
kmcns A[nImcw Asn Ihyw F{Xtmfw hym]nnbv
Wsav Xocpam\npXv Hcp efnXamb CSXv heXv Imcya. Xocpam\
FSppXv hynItfm Asn Iqamtbm F Imcyn
am{Xa P\ hntbmPnpXv, Fm \psS hyn]cambXpw
kmnIambXpw Bb Xocpam\sf AXv kzm[o\nWtam
FXnepw IqSnbmWv.
tNmZyw: {]Xntcm[w t]mep Imcy \nbambpw km Xs
e`yamtXptm?
C. bpw sNWtam thtbm FXpt]mep Nne Imcyfn
\apsmcp Iqmb Xocpam\w FSptXv Xobmbpw AXymhiyamWv, Fm hfsc Ipdv Imcy am{Xta Dq kzImcyambn
e`yamm IgnbmXv. hml\, IepI, hnam\,
ap]IcW Fnh \nnpXpw ]mf IympI
]WnbpXpw Ah ]cn]menpXpw, Blmchpw ssk\y hn\ymk
Imcy e`yampXpw t]mep AhcpsS {]Xntcm[Imcyfn
46
]e cmPyfpw kzImcy I\nIfpambn [mcWbn Fmdpv.

X]m kwhn[m\w, sSent^m kwhn[m\, sdbnthbpsS
{]h\w, shw, Kymkpw Idpw, tdmUpIfpw Bip]{XnIfpw
PbnepIfpw \nn Fn\v o Dev]mZ\hpw Im \nmWhpw
t]mepw kmcpIv am{Xta e`yamphm\pw sNphm\pw Ignbq Fp \psS Nnv A{X ]gan. Ctm kzImcy
m]\ CsXmw sNppv . am{Xhpa, acm[nIyw
\ne\npXn\m Ahv KpWta IqSnb Dev]
e`yamtn hcpp.
\mep hyXykvX ImgvNmSpI \ XncndntbXv:
$ BZys Iqsc hynhmZnI Fp hnfnmw. Ah apdpsI
]nSnncnp hnizmkw hynIv AhcpsS kzImcyambXpw
kmnIhpamb Imcyfn Xocpam\ FSpphm\p
]cn]q kzmX{yw DmbncnWsamWv.
$ CXn\p t\sc hn]coXm, Ah hmZnpXv kzImcyambpw
kmnI]chpamb Imcyfn Hcp Iqmb \nb{Ww
thWsamWv.
$ aqmas Iq kmnI Imcyfn hyn]camb Xocpam\
fpw Fm P\fpsS kzImcy Imcyfn A[nImcnIfpsS
Iqmb Xocpam\ thWsapw hmZnphcmWv. Ahsc \apv
bmYmnXnI (hyXykvXfmb kwkvImcfn CXns Aw
hyXykvXambncnpsanepw) Fp hnfnmw. kmnI kzmX{yhpw
Fm kmaqlnI \nb{Whpw Iqne Cu Ah anhmdpw
Gjy cmPyfnse Hcp s]mXp eWamWv.
$ Ahkm\s Iq, kmnIamb PohnXn Hcp Iqmb
\nb{Whpw AtXkabw hynIv AhcpsS kzImcy
PohnXn kzmX{yw thWsapw hmZnphcmWv.
Ahkm\Iqv {]tXyInpw Hcp \ t]cnSpXv Cncn hnjaw ]nSn
ImcyamWv. bpssWUv tn Ch hnfnsSpXv en_dkv FmWv,
Fm CXv B hmns As sXncnnp coXnbnep
47
D]tbmKamWv. anhmdpw ap cmPyfnepw en_d F hmp

sImampXv mkn en_dkv FmWv kmcns
Nne \nba NqSpI AXymhiyamWv Fm anhmdpw Fm kzImcyhpw kmnIhp amb Xocpam\ ssIsmphm\p A[nImcw
hynIfn A[njvTnXambncnWw FXmWv Bibw. ên, Cu
Bibw, kzImcy kzmX{yn hnizknpIbpw Fm kmnI
PohnXn IqSpX \nb{Ww kmcn\p thWsav B{Klnp
Ibpw sNpXmWv. {]Xy--n, Atacn cmjv{Sobmcpw
_pnPohnIfpw Cu Bi-bs tamjvSnsSpncn-p-I-bmWv.
bYmn kmaqlyhpw kmnIhpw Bb {]iv \ fpsS
\ndam Imgv N mSns IrXyXbnm hniZoIcWfmWv Cu
Hhmnep hniZoIcW. ChnsS Hmtcm Iq nSbnt]mepw
sshhn[yfm ImgvNmSpIfpw Bibfpw Dv. (DZmlcWn\v,
hynXz hmZnIfpsS ImgvNmSpI Asn Bib, ]qambpw
kzmX{yw thWsav hmZnp kzmX{yhmZnIfn \npw,
\nb{Whnt[bamb A[nImcw kmcpImhmsav hmZnp
imkv{Xob kzX{hmZnIfntev hsc kcnpp. AtX kabw
A[nImchmZnIfpsS ImgvNmSv, ]qamb \nb{Wn\pthn
hmZnp ka{Km[n]XyhmZnIfn \npw kzImcy Xocpam\
FSppXn \nb{Ww thWsav Nnnp nXnKWnX]cambn
hmZnphcntev \ofpp).
Fncpmepw kaqlspdnv hyXykvXfmb ImgvNmSpI D
P\sf Hcp IpSogn sImphcp cmjv{Sob hoWsf efnXamb CSXv heXv t{iWnbneqsS IrXyambn hniZoIcnm Ignbn F
t_m[apsn AXv D]tbmK{]Zambncnpw. kmnIhpw kzImcyhpw Fo cp hyXykvX LSIpw DS\ofw F{Xam{Xw kzmX{yw
thWsamWv P\ B{KlnpXv Fv a\nemnbm AXv
IqSpX {]tbmP\Icambncnpw.
hy-n-K-X- sXc-s-Sp- Fp-sIm-v
km-n-Ihpw hy-n-]c- h
- p-amb c-p Pohn-X
- nepw kzm-X{- yw sXc-sSp-p--Xn\v i-amb Imc-W- D-v. Hcp XpS--n-\m-bn, hnZq-c- a mb kmcn\v Adn- b m- h p- - X n- t \- m \mbn P\- v
48
Ah-cp-sS kzw Bh-i-y- Adn-bmw. kzw {]Xo--I, `bm-i--I,

kz-]\
v
- , A`n-em-j
- , Bh-iy- , B{Kl, eyw Fn-hs- bpdn-smw Ah t_m[-hm-m-cm-Wv. Ah Ah-cpsS kzw Npp-]m-Sp-Isf- p- d n- pw Ahp hne- s - - h cpw klmbw tXSp- - h - c p- a mb
kplr-p-f- p-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K
- f- p-sSbpw ap kaq-Zm-bw-K
- f- p-sSbpw
Npp-]m-Sp-Is- f-p-dnpw t_m[-hm-m-cm-Wv. Xpd-p-In-S
- p Ah-kc-
- sf-p-dnpw hy-X-y-kvX--fmb {]hn-I aqe-apmIp {]iv\--sfp-dnpw Ahv \mbn Adn-bmw. AXp-sIm-p Xs Ah-cpsS kzw
Pohn-X-s-p-dnpw `mhn-sb-p-dnpw Xocp-am-\- FSp-p-hm-\p
anI nXnbnemWv Ah.
AhnsS Hcp [m-nI-amb hiw IqSn-bp-v. Bp thnbmtWm Xocpam-\- FSp-p-tm B P\- ]q-ambpw a\p-jy Pohn-I-fm-bncn-n-, adnv shdpw ASn-aI
- f- m-bn-cn-bvpw. am{X-hp-a Fp kw`-hn-mepw
AXn Hcp D-c-hm-Zn-X-z-an-m--Xn-\m Ah Ah-cpsS hnP-b-n
\ntm sXp-I-fn \ntm Hcn-bvepw Hpw ]Tn-bvp-n-. A[n-Imcn-I-fpsS sXmb \b--fpsS Zqjyhi- Ah A\p-`-hn-bvt-n
hcpsav am{X-a AXp ho-pw kw`-hn-bvm-Xn-cn-bvm Ahsmpw
sNm\pw Ign-bn-. AXpsImv {ianm\pw Xm]cyan.Fm GXv
hy-n-I, Ah-cpsS hnP-bns {]tbm-P\
-
- Bk-zZ- n-bvp-pthm
As-n Ah-cpsS sXns ê- A\p-`-hn-bvp-p-thm, Ah
hnPbnpXv Bhn-bvp-hm\pw Am--Xns\ Hgn-hm-p-hm\pw
i-amb {]tNm-Z\w t\Sn-bn-cn-bvpw.
\m\m-Xzw ]ptcm-KXn hn-n-bvpp
\m\m-X-z-nepw t\- At\-Iap-v. kzw Xocp-am-\- FSp-m
kzm-X-{-y-ap Bfp-I hn`n---fmb coXn-I-fn-eqsS {]hn-bvpw.
Ah-cpsS kzw Npp-]m-Sp-Iv A\p-Iq-ea- m-sWv Ahp tXmp
Hcp {]hrn sXc-s-Sp-p-hm Ahp Ign-bpw. Cwojv XX-z-Nn-I-\mb tPm phv an (John Stuart Mill) 1859 se At-l-ns
{]_-a- mb Hm en_n-bn (On Liberty) D-cn-n-cn-bvp-Xp t]mse FIvkv]n-cn-savkv C enhnMv - (Experiments in Living) hy-X-y-kvX
--fmb Pohn-X-co-Xn-I Ahp {ian-p-t\m-mw. AXn NneXv hnPb-I-c-am-bn-cnpw, NneXv Am-bn-cn-pw. ]t \apv Ah-cn \npw
49
Fmw ]Tn-m Ign-bpw, As\, FmWv hnP-b-I-c-ambn {]mhnI-am-Ip-Xv AXns\ IqSp-X sNbvXpw Am--Xns\Ipd-p-sIm-pw
\psS kzw ]ptcm-K-Xnsb Xz-cn-X-s-Sp-mw.
CXn\p hn]-co-X-am-bn, A[n-Im-chmZn-I-fpsS Hcp kaq-l-n, Iq-ambn
tNs-Sp-p Xocp-am-\--fm-b-Xn-\m AhnsS Imc-y- sNp-hm
Hscm coXntbm As-n amtam D-m-bn-cn-bvp-I-bp-q. GsX-nep-samcp A_--apm-bm AsX-m-t]pw alm-hn-]mbn Xocp-p.
Fm HutZ-ym-KnI kao-]\w hnP-bI
- c- a- m-Ip-Ib
- m-sW-n t]mepw, AXnt\-m hfsc anI cnXn-bn t\-apm-tbm-hp ap Imc-y
- Hp
{ianp t\mm \v A\p-hm-Z-apm-bn-cn-p-I-bn-. Xocp-am-\-saSp-e
- p-I hfsc kmh-[m-\
- nepw Ii-\h
- p-am-bn-cnpw. C-s\-bp
Hcp temIv \psS ]ptcm-KXn hfsc kmh-[m-\-nepw an-tmgpw
thZ-\m-P-\-I-hp-am-bn-cn-pw.
Hcp kz-X{ k-Zvh-y-h--bn, Dev]m-Z-Iv Ah-cpsS D]-t`m-m-fn \np {]Xn-Ic- W
-
- XpS-bmbn e`n-p-sImn-cn-bvpw. Fm
Znh-k-n-sbpw Hmtcm \nan-jhpw D]t`mmap--h-cn \npw
apK-W-\-bp Dev]-- sXc-s-Sp-p-p. hmp Hmtcm
Dev]fp-sSbpw hne, hni-zm-k-yX, hep-w, BIr-Xn, If ap KpW-\ne-hm-c
- Fn-hs- bmw Ah \nc-cw hon-bvp-p. Acw \m\mX-z--fmb CjvS-fpw apK-W-\-Ifpw sRmSn-bn-S-sIm-v Dev]m-Z-I-cn
Fp-p. As\ Fv hn-sSpw Fv hn-s-Sn-m-sbv Ah
a\-n-em-p-p. Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw CXp Xs-bmWv sNp-s- Xv
a\-n D-Xp-sIm-v hnX-c-W-m DS-s\-s P\-m-h-i-y-apXv IqSp-X Dev]m-Zn-n-p-Ibpw Am--Xns Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bvpIbpw sNp-hm-\p \S-]S- n-I FSp-p-p. am{X-hp-a
- , D]-t`m-m-v
IqSp-X CjvS-am-Ip-sa {]Xo--bn ]pXn-bXpw hy-X-y-kvX--fp-amb
Dev]
-
- hn]-Wn-bn-se-n-m-\p ]co-W
-
- sN-p-hm Ah
t{]cn-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNpw.
ho-pw, CXn\p hn]-co-X-amWv Fv Dev]m-Zn-n-W-sav A[n-Im-cn-I
Xocp-am-\sfSp-p Hcp k-Zv hy-h--bn. Ah apgp-h kZv
hy-h-bpw \nb-{n-p-tXm As-n AXns Hcp `mKw am{Xtam
FXv Hcp hnjb-a, ]Xn-hp-t]mse Fv, F{X, Fs\ Dev]m-Zn-n-50
W-sa--Xns\ Ipdn-p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-- Ctmgpw hfsc kmh-[m-\nepw hne-W-hp-amb Hcp {]hr-n-bm-Ipp F-XmWv {]iv\w.
]camh[n, D]-t`m-m-v Ah-cpsS sXc-s-Sp-p-X
- n-\p AhImiw {]I-Sn-n-m Ign-bp-Xv CS-bvn-sS-bp Nne hj-f- n am{Xam-Wv, Ce- ka-b-v. ]t Ah Atmgpw Hcp {]tX-yI Dev]-nt\m KpW-ta-bvtm thmp sNpn-. As\ Hcp bYm Ahkcw Ahp e`n-bvp-I-bm-sW-n IqSn, {]Xn-tcm-[w, ]T\w, BtcmKy ]cn-]m-e\
- w, Pe-tk-N\
- w, Irjn, {KmaoW KXm-KXw Fn-hb
- n-semw DsSp \b--v sam-am-bn-mhpw Ah thmp sNp-I. hn]Wn kZv
hy-h--bn hnX-c-W-mv D]-t`m-m- \Ip nc-am-bXpw
{]tbm-P-\-I-c-hp-amb {]Xn-I-c-W- t]msevA[n-Im-cn-Iv D-mhn-. AhnsS \ho-I-c-W-n\p th-n A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS-ta Hcp khp-an-, D]-t`m-m--v Ahv th-Xv e`n-bvp-p-an-.
CS-s]-Se
- p-IfpsS \ncmimP\Iamb ê
Cv cmP-ys- samw Dev]m-Z\
- s- bpw \nb-{nbvptXm As-n
\nb-{n-m {ian-bvp-tXm Bb cmPyfn. IqSpX km[mcWambn
ImWpXv km- Nne {]tXyI taJ-e-I-sf \nb{npXmWv.
{]tXy-Inpw AhiytaJeIfmbn IWmp Btcm-K-y-]-cn-]m-e-\w,
hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw, Irjn , t]meokv hn`mKw Fnh As-n k_vkn-UnI-fn-eq-sSbpw hne \nb-{-W-n-eq-sSbpw _nkn-\-kp-I-fpsS ta
\nb-{WW- sImp-hpw Dev]m-Z\
- s Iqphm {ian-bvp-Itbm
sNp--Xpw.
GXm\pw Nne taJ-e-I km-cp-IfpsS \n-b-{-W-n \S-n-bvpp-s- nepw a-K-Xn-bnepw hne--W-hp-ambn Xocp-am-\- FSp-p-Xns {]iv\- Atmgpw \ne-\npp, {]tX-y-Inpw Ghpw
Kpcp-Xc- a- mb {]m[m-\y- a- p taJ-eI
- f- n. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, `-yh
- k
- vXp-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w km am{Xw GsSpv \S-pI-bm-sW-n,
P\-v Bh-iy- a- p A{Xbpw Afhv Dev]m-Zn-n-bvpXn km
]cm-P-b-s-Sp-I-bm-sW-n AXv cmP-y-h-ym-]-I-amb maamWv.
AXp-t]m-ses, D]mZ\w \nb{nm\pff km-cns {- i
- a-
kwPmXampXv hnX-cW
- hpw Bh-iy- hpw Xnepff s]mcp-tSpI
BWv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, cmjv{So-b-m hne \nb-{-W-n-eqsS Btcm
51
K
- y- ]
- c- n-]m-e\w As-n ]eni \ncv Fnh t]mep Nne Ahiykm[\-tm As-n tkh-\-tm hne Ipd-bvm {ian-pw.
Atm Dev]m-Z-Iv Ah hnX-cWw sNp km[-\--fn \ntm
tkh-\--fn \ntm hfsc Ipd hcp-am\w am{Xta e`n-p-I-bp-q.
CXv Ah-cpsS Dev]m-ZI {iahpambn \ncpX. AXp-sIm-v Ah
B km[-\
- f- psS Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bvp-Itbm B taJesb apgp-h\
- mbpw
AhKWnp-Itbm sNpw.
ma-am-bn-cnbvpw CXns A\--c-^-ew. \nbaw Ir{Xn-a-ambn hne-pd-hp-I ASn-tn-p-tm, Dev]m-ZI
- Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bvpw, Fm
D]-t`m-m- AXv IqSp-X hmp-hm B{K-ln-pw. HutZ-ym-Kn-Ia- mbn
`-y-h-kvXp-v hne hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cnmw, ]t AhnsS Ae-amcn-bn Hpw D-mhn-, hfsc Xmgv ]eni \nc-p-I Bbn-cnbvmw
]t hmbv]-I e`n-bvpI Akm-[-y-am-bn-cnpw, Btcm-K-y-]-cn-]m-e\w
kuP-\-y-am-bn-cnmw ]t AXp e`n--W-sa-n \nv \o- Iyqhn Imp \nt-n hcpw.
km Nne {]tX-yI km[-\-tm As-n tkh-\-tm
k_vknUn sImSpv Ah-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w t{]mm-ln-n-bvp-tmgpw
AhnsS CtX {]iv\
- DS-se-Sp-p-p. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, bqtdm-]y- bqWnb, Ah-cpsS Irjn taJ-esb kwc-np-X
- n-\mbn ZoL-Ime k_vknUn-I A\p-hZ- n-n-cp-p. i-am-bXpw XpS-bmbpw `-yh
- k
- vXp-f- psS
hnX-cWw Dd-p-h-cp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Dt-i-yw. Fm kX-y-n Imc-y-aX
- b
- n-m bqtdm-]y- Irjn-msc Am-cmjv{S FXn-cm-fn-If- n \npw
kwc-n-bvp-Ib
- m-bn-cpp eyw (cmjv{So-b]
- c- a- mbn kzm-[o-\i
-
- n-bp
Cu Iq-cpsS ]npW e`n-bvm IqSn th-n-bm-bn-cpp Cu {]hrn).
k_vkn-Un-I Hcp ae-tbmfw Bh-i-y-an-m sh-bp-sSbpw Hcp XSmI-tmfw hn-s
- S- m hop-If- p-sSbpw A[nI Dev]m-Z\
-
- n\v hgnsbm-cp-n.
]t CXn-s\-sbm-s-mfpw A[nIw shfn-s-Sm ap A\--c-^-e IqSn Ahn-sS-bp-v. bqtdm-nse Irjn taJ-e-bn \Inb k_vknUn-bn Ghpw IqSp-X t\-ap-m-n-b-h Ahn-Ss henb `qhp-Sa-If- m-bn-cp-p, AmsX ]mh-s Ij-Ic-
- . Ij-I Ah Hcn-epw
Dev]m-Zn-n-n-n-m `-yh
- k
- vXp-p th-n k_vknUn Ah-Im-is- Sm XpS-n-b-tXmsS Agn-an-Xnbpw hym-]-I-am-bn. temI-sa-mSpw \npw
52
Ccw kam\-amb F-a IY-I tImw, Xo-bmbpw Ncn-{X-n

\np-t]m-epw. {]apJ kvtImnjv km-nI imkv{X-\
- mb BZw kvanv
(Adam Smith) 1776 se At-l
- ns Zv shv Hm^v t\j (The Wealth
of Nation) F ]pkvX-I-n, Ah-cpsS a-y-_--\-t-m
Ah-bpsS k_vkn-Un-I IqSp-X t\Sn-sb-Sp-p--Xn-\mbn an
t_mp-I k-amn shbvm-dp-v Fv Ip-s-Sp-p-pv.2
GsX-nepw Xc-n-ep Hcp Dev]m-Z-\-n\v k_vknUn \Ip-tm
hn`h B taJ-e-bn am{Xw BIjn--s-Sp-Ibpw anI cnXn-bn
hn\n-tbm-Kn-bvm Ign-bp apn-S-tbv ka-bw, ]cn-{i-aw, aqe[\w Fnh Hpw InmsX hcn-Ibpw sNpp. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, kmcp-I ASp-I
- m-e
- mbn sNbvXp-hc- p-X
- v, hy-n-If- n \npw hy-hk
- mbn-I-fn \npw ]Ww FSpv IqSp-X Nne-hp-I hcp Imv, tkmfm ]h ]-Xn-Iv k_vknUn \Ip-I-bm-Wv. ]t Cu ]Ww hfsc-b-[nIw Nnehp Ipd ]e ]-Xn-Ipw \nt-]n-bvp-hm Ignbp-am-bn-cp-p. AXv \psS km-nI hfsb a-KX
- n-bn-em-p-Ibpw
s]mXp-P-\--fpsS ZoL-Ime A`n-hr-nsb Cm-Xm-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Ipdp t]cpsS Xocp-am-\-

A[n-Im-cn-It- f-m hy-n-Iv Xocp-am-\s- a-Sp-m-\p apK-W\ \IW-sav ]d-bp--Xns asmcp ImcWw A[n-Imc in-bp Ipdp
t]cptSXn-t\m At\Iw sXc-s-SppI \SpXv At\Iw hyn-I-f-mWv FXmWv. Xo-bm-bpw, Fm-hpw th-n A[n-Im-cn-I
FSp-p Xocp-am-\
- \S-n-em-W
- s- a-n Ahv A[n-Im-ci
-
- nbpsS Bh-iy- I
- X A\n-hm-cy- a- m-Wv. ]t Cu A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw a\p-jy PohnI-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-i-n, Ah-cpsS kzw Xmev]-c-y--sf-bpw,
AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS IpSw-_-n-stbm As-n kplr-p--fpsStbm As-n Abm-cp-sStbm As-n h-n-stbm Asn cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fp-sStbm Xmev]-c-y-sfbpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-bvt-n hcp {]tem-`-\s sNdp-m A[nIw t]pw
Ign-bn. DS--Sn-Ifpw Ip-I-h-Im-i-fpw Ah-cpsS kl-Im-cn-Iv
\I-s-Sp-p. s]mXp Bh-i-y-v Nne-h-gn-bvt- XpIbpsS
2. BZw kvanv, Zv shv Hm^v t\j, 1776j ]pkvXIw 4, A[-ymbw 5
2.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book IV, ch. V.
53
A\pNnXamb ]v cmjv{So-b
- m-cp-sSkzw {]tZifntev t]mIp-p.
t]meo-kn-sebpw \oXn-\y- mb hIp-p-Ifpw t]mep km tPmen-If- n
tbmK-yX D-hsc ]pdn Ahp ths--h t\Sp-p.
Fm cmjv{So-b]-cambn hfsc Ipdp Xncp-am-\
- fpw hy-n-I Xs
IqSp-X Xocp-am-\
- fpw FSp-p-Ib
- m-sW-n AhnsS C-c
- n-ep
Agn-a-Xn-bpsS km[-yX hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-bvpw. kneqsS em`w
t\Sm {ian-bvmsX kX{w ]camh[n IpdpI F kmcns {]Ya I-hyn-tev {i ]Xn-nm Ign-bpw.
Nne-tm-sgms Cu sIm-em-`s- a-Sp- hfsc \nKq-Va- mbn ImWm-dpv.
B[p-\nI kmnIimkv{Xns ]nXm-hmb BZw kvanv Fgp-Xn;
P\--fpsS t]m-p-I-fn \npw ]Ww hen-s-Sp-p-Xp t]mse
s]sv km-cn\p ]Tn-s-Sp-m ]nb asmcp Iebpw C.3. DZml-cW
-
- n-\v, km-cp-Iv IS-sa-Spv Hmtcm ]-Xn-If- n Nne-hm-m
Ign-bp-Ibpw AXv Ahv sXc-s-Sp-p-I-fn hnPbw \Ip-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Isf k-cpw Bp-p, AtX kabw CXns
_m[-yX
- I
- ASn-tn-bvp-Xv km[m-cW
-
- m-cmb ap-h
- c- n-te-bvpw.
ASp Xe-ap-d-bn-tebvv t]mepw Cu _m[-yX ASn-tn-bvp-hm
Ahp Ign-bpw. Hcp]t Ah ]nSnp \nm Ign-bm-{X ISs-Wn-bn s]Sp-I-bm-sW-n shdpsX ]Ww A-Snv hn\n-a-b-aq-eyw
Ipd Idkn-bm-bnv sImSp-m-\p-hv sImSpp Xnm
Ahp Ign- b pw. ]t Ccw I- - c - {]X- y - - a mtbm
]tcm-a- mtbm k-pm-p-hm-\p P\-f- psS XrjvWsb \ncpml-s-Sp-pw. ]pXnb hy-h-km-b- Bcw-`n-bvp-Xn \npw Dev]mZ-\--a-X-bp aqe-[-\- kz-cq-]n-p--Xn \npw Ah ]ntm-pam-dpw. CXv B apgp-h kaq-l-sbpw hn\m-i-I-c-ambn _m[n-pw.
Hcp bYm kz-X{ kaq-l-nse kmdns\, A{Xbvv Kpcp-X-camb Ah- - b n- e - msX IS- s a- S p- p- h m A\p- h - Z n- b v p- I - b n- ,
AXpt]mepw ]cnanXambncnpw. Ccw km-cp-Iv Idkn-bpsS-ta Ip-I-h-Im-itam ]W-n\v Bh-i-y-ap--tm A-Sn-s-Sp-phm-\p A[n-Im-ctam D-m-bn-cn-n-. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse
\nIp-Xn-I hfsc Ipdhpw hnimeamb ASnm\n Npa-p--Xp3. sF_n-Uv, ]pkvXIw 5, A[-ymbw 2, `mKw 2, Bn-n 1&2 A\p-_w
3.
54
Ibid., Book V, ch. II, Part II, Appendix to Articles I & II.
am-bn-cn-pw. cmjv{Sob FXn-cm-fn-I-fn \npw k--sc \yq-\-]--fn \npw A[nIw \nIpXn CuSm-m-dn-. \nIp-Xn-I efn-Xhpw
hy-hpw AS-bvm Ffp-hpw apIqn Adn-bm-hp-h
- b
- p-am-bn-cn-pw.
\nIpXn Zmb-I-cn \npw Inp XpI Ips\ Iqp--Xn Xmev]c-y-ap s]mXp--k-z-Im-cy GPkn-Iv Ahsc NqjWw sNm
Ign-bn-.
ss]Xr-I-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hmZ-apJw
s]mXp-P-\- Ipn-I-sf-tm-se-bm-Wv, Ah kzbw Xocpam-\- FSpp-hm- Ai--cmWv , AXp-sIm-p am{X-amWv Fm Xocp-am-\-fpw
Ahs-Sp-t-n hcp-Xv FmWv `cn-p {]am-Wn-h-n-Sbn- s]mXp-th-bp ImgvN-m-Sv. CXv kzbw JWvUn-bvp--Xm-Wv; CXv
Ahv A[nImcw \Inb P\--fpsS Ign-hns\ Xcw-Xm-gvp--XmWv. am{X-hp-a-, Hcp icn-bmb km-cns\ sXc-s-Sp-p-hm th-{X
Iqmb kma-Y-yw P\-p-v, Fm Ah-cp-sS kzw PohnXw
\ cnXn-bn sIm-pt- ]m-Ip-hm- th-{X hy-n-]c- a- mb kmayw Cmsbp kan-bvp--Xn Hcp bpn-bp-an-.
Hcw sa-s coXn-bn P\- {]-hn-p-bm-sW-n AsXmcp apgp-h kaq-l-nsbpw tan\v DXIpsaXn\v Hcp-]mSv DZml-c-W- D-v. ]t CXn IqSp-Xepw \nb-a-ns CS-s]-S-ep-I
Bh-i-y-an-m [mn-I-amb {]iv\--fm-Wv. ap--hp klmb-I-Ic-amIp [mn-amb Imc-y- sNp-hm Bfp-Isf \ t{]cn-n-ptm, Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse km-cn\v Ahsc As\ Bphm Ign-bn-. ap-h
- v D]-{Z-hamhp coXn-bn-ep {]h-\
- sf
XS-bpI FXp am{X-amWv C-hnsS km-cns\ Npa-X-e-s-Sp-n-bn-cnbvp-Xv, ap-h
- v {]tbm-P\
- I
- c- amw hn[w {]hn-m P\-sf
\n_-n-p-hm A. {]Xn-tcm[w t]mep s]mXp ]-Xn-I-fn P\sfsmv kw`m-h-\- sNnm Hcp s]mXp--ImcyhmZ-w \ne-\nppv, ]t Acw tIkp-I hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv.
tNmZyw : Xo-bmbpw \ap-s-m-t]pw km-cn-t\mSv D-c-hm-ZnXzw Dtm ?
C. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n km-cn\v \-tfm-SmWv D-c-hm-ZnXzw D-Xv. ]e e--fnepw kzm-[o\ in-{]tbmKn-eq-sS-bmWv
55
km-cp-I cq]n-Ic- n-bvs- -Sp-Xpw A[n-Im-c

- n XpS-cp-X
- pw.
CsXmpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb km-cp-I-f-. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-lnse km , Ahp \nbp--am-bn-p Imc-y--fn Iqmtbm
({]-Xn-tcm[w t]mep--h) As-n ]m-]m-X-c-ln-X-amtbm Xocp-am\- FSp-p-hmt\m As-n {]mh-nI-am-p-hmt\m P\-fm cq]n-Ic- n-s- -Sp Hcp GPkn-bmWv. Ah-cpsS I-hyw ]ucmsc tkhn-bvp-I F-XmsX asm.
km-cn\m \IsSp tkh-\
- Fs\ e`-ya- m-pp FXp-t]m-ep {]iv\--fn an-hmdpw AXn-i-b-I-c-amb \nhn-Im-c-XbmWv P\- {]I-Sn-n-bvp-Xv F Imcyw Hcp kX-y-am-Wv. ]t
km[m-cW
- b
- mbn AsXp sImm ]cm-Xn-s-SpXp sIm-v AhcpsS kabw shdpsX \jvSa- m-hp-sapw Hcp am-fpw D-mI
- m t]mIpn-m-sbpw Ahp hy--ambn Adn-bm-hp-Xp sIm-m-Wv.
P\- CS-s]-Sp--Xp-sIm-v kX-y-n Fs-nepw ]ptcm-KXn
D-m-hp-sap I-m IqSp-X Bfp-I AXn\p Xm-dm-hpw.
km-cns\ \nb-{n-bvp-hm-\p am-

P\m-[n-]-Xyw
hnc-f-amb tIkp-I-fn Iqmb Xocp-am\w Hgn-hm--s-Sm Ign-bm-Xn-\m, AXns êw samw P\-ka- q-lsbpw _m[n-p-sa-p-Xp
sIm-v, Hcp kz-X{ kaqlw Fm P\--fp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw tXSp-p.
asm-c-n ]d-m, AhnsS Nne Xc-n-ep P\m-[n-]-Xyw \nehn-ep-v.
Fm Xocp-am-\
- fpw apgph P\-f- m FSp-W
- s- a-n-, AXv Atbw ti-I-c-am-bXpw kabw A[n-I-sa-Sp-p--Xp-am-Wv. km[m-cW \nebn Fm P\-fpw Ahp-th-n Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-m P\{]Xn\n-[n-Isf sXc-s-Sp-p-p. Cu P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I shdpw {]Xn-\n-[nI-f
- , Ahp thmp-sIm-Sp-h
- c- psS Bi-b
- Zmk-ya- t\m`mhtmsS
{]Xn-^-en-n-th-c, Ah Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xov Cu {]{Inbbn
sIm-p-h-cp-p.
P\m-[n-]-Xyn\v P\{]oWnX cmjv{Sobhpambn Hcp kma-y-hp-an-. Nne-tmsg-nepw s]mXp-P\
-
- f- n `qcn-]hpw hni-zk
- n-p-Xv aX-]c- hpw As56
n hwio-b-]-c-hp-amb \yq\]- _en-I-gn--stSh-cm-sW-mWv, Fm Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse kmcn\v Cs\ sNm

Ign-bn-. CXv \ne-\np-Xv ap--hv lm\n-I-c-am-bXv XS-bp--Xn\m-Wv. Hcp ]gb sNmv P\m-[n-]-X-ys hni-Zo-I-cn-bvp-Xv, c-p
sNmbvfpw Hcp sN-cn-bmSpw Am-g-n-\p-th-n FmWv th-
sXv Xocp-am-\n-pp Fm-Wv. ]t Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n `qcn`mK-ns A[n-Im-c- \yq-\-]--sf kwc-n-bvp--Xn\p thn
\nb-{-W-hn-t[-b-am-p-p.
Ghpw henb {]iv\w km-cp-Isf Fs\ sXc-s-Sp-m-sa-
- ,
]t Ahsc Fs\ \nb-{n-W
- s- a-X
- m-Wv. Ah shdpw a\p-jy- c- mWv, Ahp Inn-bn-cn-p A[n-Imcn\v Ahsc Agn-aX
- n-m-cm-pp.
kzm-X{- yw kwc-n-s- -SW
- s- a-n, t\Xm-sf ]Z-hn-bn \npw \ophm-\p Fs-nepw Nne hy-h--I D-m-bn-cn-t-Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-amWv. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse Ce- t\Xm-sf sXc-s-Sp-phm th-n am{X-a-, Ahsc Hgn-hm-p-hm\pw IqSn-bp--Xm-Wv.
Nne A[n-Im-cn-I hmZn-p-Xv hy-X-ykvX km-cp-I, Hcp-]t ASnm-\]
- c- a- mbn hy-Xy- kvX \b- D-h, thms-Sp-n-eqsS amdn amdn hcptm AXv An-cX krjvSnpp Fm-Wv. ]t Hcp kz-X{ kaql-n km-cpIfpsS A[n-Imcw \nb-{n-X-am-bn-cn-bvp--Xn-\m
GXp Xc-n-ep An-c-X-bpsS hym-]vXnbpw Ipd-bp-p. \nbahncp
km-cp-Itfm \nb-am-\p-kr-X- km-cp-Ifn hn\miIcamb Anc-Xb
- psS km[-yX
- I
- IqSpIb Ipd-bpIbmWv sNpXv. kmbp[ tk\I-fpsS _e-n \nb-am-\p-kr-X-a-m Hcp km-cn\v ZoL-Imew
A[n-Im-c-n XpS-cmw, Fm CXn-\p bYm _Z am-
Imem-Ime--fn kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Ce- As-n h-tm-gp-ap
c-cq-n-X-amb hn-h-FnhbmWv. kz-X{ kaq-l--fn
Ce-\p apK-W-\-bp-v, CXv _e-{]-tbm-Khpw A{I-ahpw \nb-{n-pp, kaql-n am-fpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw thK-n-em-p-p.
Ce--\p-I \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn kzo-I-cn-bv-s-S-W-sa-n AXn\v
GXm\pw \n_--\-I A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, AhnsS ]mnIfn bYm- XncsSpv D-m-h-Ww. Htc Hcp m\mntb
AhnsS thmp tXSn Dq-sh-n, CsXmcp kzX-{- XncsSp,
57
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n AhnsS hy-X-y-kvX--fmb ImgvNmSpI

D-m-hpw. CXv kqNn-n-bvp--sX-s-m ]e m\mn-Ipw
Ah-c-h-cpsS Bi-b- {]I-Sn-n-bvp-hm\pw {]knoIcnm\pw
Ign-b-Ww, am{X-hp-a ap m\mn-I-sfbpw ]mn-I-sfbpw bmsXmcp XS-hpw IqSmsX hnain-bvp-hm\pw Ign-bW
- w. P\-v AhnjvS-s m\mn-Iv bmsXmcp Xc-n-ep-ap {]XnImc`bhpw
CmsX thmp tcJ-s-Sp-p-hm\pw Ign-bW
- w; AXp-sIm-p-Xs thmp
sNp coXn cl- k - y - a m- b n- c n- b v - W w. Fm Nne cmP- y - - f n
Ce-{]Nm-cW
-
- v ]Ww Nne-hg- n-bvp-X
- n\v Nne \nb-{-W
-
Gs-Sp-n-bn-p-v-. k-c- mb m\mn-Ifpw ]mn-Ifpw IqSp-X
t\- D-m-p-n-m-sbv Ddp hcp-p--Xn\p th-n-bm-Wn-Xv.
ASp Ce- Ftm \S--W-sap Xncp-am-\n-m `c-W-n-enc-np km-cns\ A\p-h-Zn-msX ]e cmP-y-fpw Ce--\p-I
n-S-bn Hcp \nnX Imem-h[n Gs-Sp-n-bn-p--v.
s]mXp Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-
an-hmdpw Fm kz-X-{-a-m cmP-y--fn-sebpw km-cp-I A[nIm-c
- n hcp-Xv kzm-[o\ in-If- psS ]n_-e
- m-em-Wv. Nne AXn
]ecpw ]noSv \nb- a - k m- [ p- X - b psS shfn- - n A[n- I mcw hnp
sImSppsan-epw, Nne inbneqsS ]nSp\npw.Fm Nne
Ahv \nbakm[pX \Im ]e hgnIfpw Iphnpv .
DZmlcWn\v kwkv I m- c nI ss]Xr- I - nsbpw aX- nsbpw
]cn]qamb cmIXrXzw GsSppsImv. CXn\p hn]-co-Xa- mbn
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n km \ne-\np-Xv hfsc \nb-{nX
e-y-tm-sSbpw P\--fpsS k-X-m-ep-am-Wv.
Fn-cp-mepw km-cp-I ]e-tmgpw Ah-cpsS I-h-y-amb lm\nI-ca- m-bXv XS-bp-X
- n \npw, hy-n-Iv sNp-hm Ign-bm-Xv Iqmbva-tbmsS sNp--Xn \npw hy-Xn-N-enp t]mIm-dp-v. DZm-l-c-W-n\v, Ah ]e-tmgpw s]mXp Imcy hnX-cWw sNp--Xn Ip-Ibmb coXn Ah-ew-_n-m-dp--v. Fv As-n GXv s]mXp Imcyw hnXcWw sN-Ws- av Iqmb Xocp-am-\a- mWv FSpt-sX-nepw Atmgpw
Acw km[-\
- sam-amtbm `mKn-Ia- mtbm kz-Im-cy GPkn-Iv
hnX-cWw sNm Ign-bpp-v. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, [-m-]-\-v
58
]mh-s-h
- pw tcmKn-Ipw ]cn-Nc- Ww \Im Ign-bpw. ap-h
- ,v
lm\n-Ic- a- m-bXv XS-bpI F hy-h
- b
- n, A-co aen-\n-Ic- Ww t]mep-h- F{X-am{Xw lm\n-I-c-amWv Fv IW-m-pI hfsc {]bm-k-ap-Xm-Wv, am{X-hp-a CXn km-cns CS-s]-S kX-ya- mbpw ]q-ambpw
\oXoIcnmhpX.
Nne Xocp-am-\- FSp-t-Xv Iqm-bva-bn-eqsS BsW-n, Fv
\nb-a-{]-Imcw Bbn-cn-bvWw B Xncp-am-\- D-mtI-Xv?
amXrIm]cambn GI-I-WvT-am-bn-cn--Ww; Fm-hcpw B Xocpam\saSp-en ]s-Sp-W
- w, Fm-hcpw AwKo-Ic- nm Hcp {]hrnbpw \Sm
-pn. Fm A`n-{]mb sFIyw t\Sn-sbSp-p-Xv hfsc {]bm-kI-ca- m-Wv. XpS-
- n, Hmtcm hy-nbvpw Hmtcm {]ta-b
- fpw ]Tn-bvphm\pw thmp sNp-hm\pw kabw Bh-i-y-am-b-Xn-\m CXv hfsc ImeXm-akw FSp-p Hcp {]{In-bb
- m-hpw. AXp-sIm-mWv \ ]I-cambn
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s-Sp-p--Xv. GsX-n-ep-samcp DS--Sn-bn
Fp-Xv hfsc sshj-ayw ]nSn Hcp Imc-y-a-mWv, Fs-m GsXn-ep-samcp hy-npw B samw ]-Xnbpw dm-p-hm Ign-bpw. BbXp-sImv, Iqmb Xncp-am-\- P\Iob sXcsSpp-I-fn-eq-sStbm
lnX-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sStbm As-n \nb-a-k-`-bnse thms-Sp-n-eqsStbm FSp-p-I-bm-sW-n AXv s]mXpth `qcn-]-m-`n-{]mbw Bbncn-bvpw. CsXmcp sNdnb (50 iX-am-\w+1) `qcn-]-tam As-n tbm
K-y-amb (2-/3) `qcn-]-tam BImw. AXv Xocp-am-\- FSp-p--Xnse
_pn-ap-p-I Ipd-p-p, AtX-k-abw sNdn-sbmcp {]amWn h--fptSX-msX `qcn-]--m Xncp-am-\- FSp--s-Spp F Ddpw
\Ip-p. 4
thmam-cpsS kzw Xmev]-cyw
Hcp tdma N{I-hn-bpsS IY-bpv-, ]mp a-c-nse ss^\
hnP-bnsb {]J-ym-]n-m At-l-tmSv Bh-i-y-s-p. Atlw Hcm-fpsS
]mp tInv at Bv km\w \In. CXn-\w c-m-a-tXpw
4. CXn-sbpw C\n hcp Bi-b-n-sbpw hni-Z-amb kw{K-l-n-\mbn hmbnbvpI Cutdm, _Sve-dpsS ]nIv tNmbvkv[ Hcp {]Ya {Kw, Cn--yqv
Hm^v C-tWm-anIvkv A^-tb-gvkv, e- 2012
4.
For a more detailed summary of this and the following points, see Eamonn Butler, Public
Choice a Primer, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2012.
59
tami-am-Im km[-y-X-bn Fm-Wv. Cv, Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nepw Hcp

kz-X{ kZv hy-h
- b
- nepw Dev]m-Zn-n-p-X
- n Ftm-sgms \
Akw-Xr-]vXc- m-tWm, km-cns {]h-\
- Ah \n-ba- mbpw sas-Sp-Ww Fv Nnn-p-hm-\p {]h-WX Cv P\-f- n ImWp-pv.
DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, {]Xn-tcm[w As-n taw t]mep taJ-e-I-fnse
s]mXp km[-\- Bh-i-y-n\v hnX-cWw sNp--Xn hn]Wn hogvN
hcp-n-bm AXn\p _Z-embn km Ah Xo-bmbpw e`-y-am-n-bncn--Ww. As-n Hcp ^mIvSdn A-co aen-\o-I-c-W-n\v Imc-Wam-hp-Ib
- m-sW-n AXp \n-em-t- \S-]S- n-I km ssIsIm
-n-cn--Ww. ]t CXv Bcpw Bh-i-y-n\v ]np-S-cp-n-.
-]-e-tmgpw hn]-Wn-I \psS Bh-i-y--\p-k-cnv {]hn-p-Xn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p. Fm \ hn]Wn ]cm-P-b-s-Spp Fp
]d-bp-tm \ AhnsS Hmt- Imcyw kmcpw ]cm-P-b-s-Smw
Fm-Wv. XmcXtay\ kz-X{ kaq-l
- f- n t]mepw km-cp-I hkvXp\n-jvTa- m-bt- Xm, ]cn-an-Xa- m-tbm, ]-]m-Xc- l
- n-Xa- m-bt- Xm, P\-f- m DnX-amb in-Itfm A. ASn apX apSn hsc km-cn- kzw Xmev]c-y- \ne-\np-p-v.
P\- XncsSpns\ ImWp- Xv s]mXp Xmev]- c - y
a\nemm\pw Ah \S-n-em-p--Xn-\p-ap Hcp Xncn--dn-hm-bn-m-Wv.
]t Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n AhnsS hy-X-ykvX Xmev]-c-y- D-v,
Ah Xn Gp-ap-pw. Ipd \nIp-Xn-I aXn-sbv B{K-ln-p
thmam s]mXp Nne-hp-I A[nIw thW-sap B{K-ln-bvp ap-h-cpambn kwLj-n-se-pw. ]pXnb Hcp tZiob ]mX hcp--Xn
KpW-ap-h
- hoSp-I \jvSs- -Sp-sap hym-Ip-es- -Sp-h
- sc FXnpw.
Ce-\
- p-I s]mXp Xmev]c- y-
- sf m]npn. Ah ]ckv]cw acnp Xmev]c- y-
- sf kp-en-Xa- m-p-tX Dq. Cu kwLj-ns
ASn-m-\-n Hcp Iqmb Xocp-am\w FSp--s-Sp-p.
cmjv{So-b-m-cpsS kzw Xmev]-c-y-
thmamv Ah-cpsS kzw Xmev]-c-y- D-Xp-t]mse cmjv{Sompw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xmev]c- y-
- D-v. ]ecpw A[n-Im-cs ImWpXv k-c- mIp-X
- n\pw As-n Ah-cpsS i{Xp-sf Cmbva sNp-Xn-\p-ap Hcp am-am-bn-m-Wv. Ah-cpsS HutZ-ym-KnI ]Zhn Ccw Nqj60
W-v D]-tbm-Ks- -Sp-n-bn-sn Ah Zp_-ec- m-sWp t]mepw

Ah IcpXnt]mIpw. IqSp-X kzm-X-{-y-ap kaq-l--fn t]mepw
Agn-aXn Hcp henb {]iv\w Xs-bm-Wv.
Hcp ]t, cmjv{So-b
- m icnpw P\-sf tkhn-W
- s- av B{K-lnpp-s-n t]mepw AXn\v BZyahv A[n-Im-c-n Ib-dn---Ww.
Ah sXc-s-Sp-s- -SW
- s- a-n AXn-\m-hi
- y- a- mb thmp-I Ahp
t\S-Ww. ]t CXp-sIm-v, hnim-e-amb s]mXn-P-\m-`n-{]mbw Ah {]Xn^-en-n-p-sa-v A-am-Ip-n-. ImcWw Ah Pbn-bvm th- IqSpX thmp-Ifpw t\Sn-bn-cn-p-Xv sNdpXpw {]m-Xn-\n-[-y-hp-an-m \yq-\]--fn \nm-hmw. Ah-cpsS kzw hy-h-km-b-v k_vknUn
e`-ya- m-p-Xp t]mse-bp km[-Ia- mb \b- \Sn hcppI F
hyamb eyw Ahv t\Sn-tb-Sp-m i-amb kzw Xmev]-c-y- f p sNdnb {Kqp- I cmjv { So- b {]{Inbbn {]_em\w
hlnpp. sNdp kwLhpw Db t{]c-Wm-i-nbpw Bb-Xn-\m
Ahv Ffp--n kwL-Sn-Xcm-Ip-hm\pw {]Nm-cW {]h-\pw kzm-[o\w sNep-p-hm\pw IqSp-X ]cn-{i-an-p-hm Ig-nbpw.
Fm D]-t`m-m- As-n \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I t]mep {]tX-yI
Bi-b
- s- fmpw A[n-Ia- n-msX IqSp-X hnim-eamb {Kqp-Iv kwLSn-X-cm-Ip-Xv _pn-ap-p Imc-y-am-Wv. am-{X-hp-a Ah IqSp-X Dml-`-cn-Xcpw Bbn-cn-n-, ImcWw B hy-h-kmb k_vkn-Un- t]mep \b-fpsS Nne-hns _m[-yX Ah-cpsS CS-bnepw sNdnb tXmXn-em-sW-n
t]mepw hym-]np InS-p-p.
GIo-I-c-Whpw temKvtdm-fnMpw
\q\]ImgvmSns B[n]Xyw Xmev]c- InI Ah-cpsS thmnwKv
in Hnp tNp-hm-\mbn Hcp [mcW D-m-p-tm hnpp.
]e {Kqp-If- psS Hcp Iqmbva,Hcp m\mnsb _lnjvcnpsavv
òjWnsSpptm B m\mn-p-ta kzm-[o\w sNep-m
Ahv amtcm IqSp-X km[n-pw.
{]tX-yI Xmev]-c-y-p-th-n kam-\-amb Zqjn {]hn-I \nb-ak-`b
- nepw kw`-hn-p-p. Ah-cpsS kzw Pn-If- n s]mXp JP-\m-hn
\npw ]Ww Nne-h-gnv ]-Xn-I sIm-p hcp--Xn-\mbn AX-ym-{K-l-sSp cmjv{So-b
- m CtX at\m-`m-ha- p ap Pn-m-cp-ambn thmp hnp61
hm-\p [mc-WI
- f- n-se-mw. temKvtdm-fnMv F-dn-bs- -Sp, \o Fs hyh--Ip thmp sN-q; Rm \n\p thmp Xcmw Fp Cu
GmSns A\--c-êw C-s\-bp {]ta-b- hnP-bn-p-Ibpw
ap-h
- B{K-ln-p-X
- nepw Apdw B km hf-cp-Ibpw sNpw.
Cu \nb-a- {]m_-e-y-n hcp-tm IqSp-X kzw Xmev]-c-y-
DS-se-Sp-p-I-bpw sNpw. Ahsc tkhn-m \ntbm-Kn-bv-s DtZ-ymK-pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xmev]c- y-
- D-mh
- pw. Ah-cpsS \nebpw if-hp-samw Ahn-Ss henb DtZ-ym-K--hr-s B{i-bn-m-hpw. Adnp-sImtm Adn-bm-sXtbm henb DtZ-ym-K--h-rs kan-p-Xn-\mbn Ah DtZ-ym-K \S-]-Sn-Isf IqSp-X ko-am-n-tb-mw.
Cu \S-]-Sn-{I-a-amWv km{am-Pyw sIn--Sp- (Fw]b _nUn-Mv) Fdn-b-s-Sp--Xv. ho-pw, Ah km[m-cW s]mXp-P-\--fn \np--Xnt\-m kzbw XXv]-c-cmb \yq-\-]fn \npambn-cnpw kzm-[o\-nm\pff {ia IqSp-X t\cntSnhcpXvv. AXp-sIm-v
{]tX-yI Xmev]-c-y-v Ah hg-pw, AXn-\-h Hcp-]t sII-qenbpw hmp-p-mhpw.
\nba{IaoIcWw
Npcpndm, kmcpIsf sXcsSpptmgpw, \nba
sImphcptmgpw AXv \Snemptmgpw hyXykvXfmb Asn
NnXdnInSp Bibfp `qcn]t m \yq\]fpsS
GtIm]npsImp Bibmhpw apKW\. cmjv{Sob]cambn
FSpp Xocpam\fn s]mXpP\ns hnimeamb BibfpsS
{]Xnê\w hfscb[nIw Ipdhmbncnpw. km taJev, IqSpX
P\ B{KlnpXn\pw, hnthI]qambXn\pw Hcp
kzX{kaqls \ne\nnsmpt]mIm BhiyambXn\pw
Apdtv, Xobmbpw.
kzmX{yw Atbw CmXmhpXphsc hfcphm Aeo\amb
Hcp {]hWXbpv. IqSpX kzmX{yap kaql Cu {]iv\
\nb{nphm\p \nba \Snemnbnpv. Ce\pI
CXns ImXemb Hcp `mKamWv. ]t AhnsS Hcp Zp_eamb \nb{W
amWv cmjv{SobmcpsSbpw DtZymKmcpsSbpw ta DXpamWv.
Ah A]qamtb hcppq, am{Xhpa ]etmgpw CXn
62
apnp\npXv henb ]mnIfmhpw. CXv am

aKXnbnempp. iamb \nb{W Bhiyambncnpp.
`cWLS\m DSSn
cmjv{Sob \S]SnIsf \nb{nbvphm\p Hcp s]mXphmb amw
Fmhcmepw AwKoIcns Asn _lp`qcn]m
AwKoIcns Hcp `cWLS\ sXcsSppIbmWv. Ce\pI
\SpXpw cmjv { Sob]camb Xocpam\ FSppXpw Cu
`cWLS\ A\pimknp \nbafneqsS am{Xta BImhq. \nba
FsmsbmsWv Fmhcpw AwKoIcnpIbmsWn,
kmcpIv AhcpsS kzw t\mbn \nba cq]Iev]\
sNbv X v ASntnpXv Akm[yambncnpw; DZmlcWn\v ,
FXnm\mnsb \ntcm[npI, FXncmfnbpsS thmamcn
A\mhiy\nIpXn NpapI t]meph.
A[nImc hn`Pnp \IpXneqsSbpw cmjv{Sob \S]SnIsf
IqSpX \nb{n bvm Ignbpw. Hscm hyntbm Hscm kwLtam
Fm \nba \nmWm[nImchpw ssIbmfpXn\p]Icw A[nImcw
hyXykvX m]\mbn hn`Pnp \IpXmWv Cu Bibw. Cu
Hmtcm m]\n\pw aphp sNm IgnbpsXms
XSbphmt\m, ]cnjvIcnphmt\m Asn \nb{nphmt\m Ignbpw.
AmcWw sImpXs CXns\ Nnetmsgm sNv Bv _mekkv
(]cntim[npIbpw kaXpenXampIbpw sNp) hyhsbv
hnfnmdpv.
t]mfnv _ymtdmtbm Asn \nbak`mkanXntbm t]mep Hscm
kwLn\mWv Cu Fm A[nImchpsan cmjv{Sob `qcn]hpw
hn`mKob {KqpIfpsS Xmev]cyfpw AhcpsS kzw t\mbn
Xobmbpw Cu A[nImc Zpcp]tbmKw sNpw. Fm DucWLS\
Cu A[nImcsf kmcns cp kÌfpw hyXykvX coXnIfnemWv sXcsSpsSp sXn kam\amb {KqpIv cnSpw
kzm[o\w sNeppXv IqSpX hnjaIcambncnpw. Cu cp
kÌpw Ah Hmtcmcpcpw FSpp Xocpam\ XSbphmt\m
]cnjvIcnphmt\m Ignbpsan AXv hne-t]-i-ep-Iv hgn-sbm-cppw, \yq-\]
-
-
- s- f NqjWw sNp-Xv IqSp-X _pn-ap-p-X
- m-hpw.
63
km Nne {]tXyI km[\tm Asn tkh\tm

k_vknUn sImSpv AhbpsS Dev]mZ\w t{]mmlnnptmgpw
AhnsS CtX {]iv\ DSseSppp. DZmlcWn\v, bqtdm]y
bqWnb, AhcpsS IrjntaJesb kwcnpXn\mbn ZoLIme
k_vknUnI A\phZnncpp. iambXpw XpSbmbXpamb
`yhkvXpfpsS hnXcWw Ddphcpp Ibmbncpp Dtiyw. Fm
kXyn ImcyaXbnm bqtdm]y Irjnmsc Amcmjv{S
acfn \npw kwcnpIbmbncpp eyw. (cmjv{Sob]cambn
kzm[o\inbp Cu IqcpsS ]npW e`nmIqSn
thnbmbncpp Cu {]hrn.) k_vknUnI Hcp aetbmfw Bhiyanm shbpsSbpw Hcp XSmItmfw hnsSm
ssh\pIfpsSbpw A[nI Dev]mZ\n\v hgnsbmcpn.
]t CXns\sbmsmfpw A[nIw shfnsSm ap
A\cê IqSn AhnsS bpv. bqtdmnse IrjntaJebn
\Inb k_vknUnI Ghpw IqSpX t\apmnbh AhnSs
henb `qhpSaIfmbncpp, AmsX ]mhs IjIc. IjI Ah
Hcnepw DmZnnnnm `yhkvXppthn k_vknUn
AhImisSm XpSnbtXmsS AgnaXnbpw khym]Iambn.
temIsamSp\npw Ccw kam\amb Fa IYI tImw,
Xobmbpw Ncn{Xn \npt]mepw. {]apJ kvtImnjv kmnI
imkv{X\mb BZw kvanv 1776se Atlns Zv shv Hm^v
t\jkv F ]pkv X In, AhcpsS ay _\tm
k_vknUnI IqSpX t\SnsbSppXn\mbn t_mpI kamn
shbvmdpv F IpsSpppv.
GsXnepw Xcnep Hcp Dev]mZ\n\v k_vknUn \Iptm
hn`h B taJebn am{Xw BIjnsSpIbpw kabw, ]cn{iaw,
aqe[\w Fnh IqSpX saamb coXnbn D]tbmKnmhp
taJeIv InmsXbpw hcpIbpw sNpp. DZmlcWn\v ,
kmcpI kao]Imev hynIfn \npw hyhkmbnIfn \npw
]Ww FSpv IqSpX NnehpI hcp Imv, kutcm ]XnIv
k_vknUn \IpIbmWv. ]t Cu ]Ww hfscb[nIw NnehpIpd
]e ]XnIpw \nt]nphm Ignbpambncpp. AXv \psS
64
kmnI hfsb aKXnbnempIbpw s]mXpP\fpsS

ZoLIme A`nhrnsb CmXmpIbpw sNpp.
sNv Bv _mekkv hyhbpsS Hcp \ohncmaw F \nebn,
IqSpX kzX{amb kaqlfnse ]e `cWLS\Ifpw samw
P\hn`mKns {]Xn\n[n F \nebn Hcp {]knU ns\
\nbanpp. Atln\v (As\ {]Xonpp) \yq\]sf
{hWsSpp cmjv{SobIelsfbpw \nbacq]oIcWsbpw
XSbm\pw dmm\pw Ignbpw.
NqjWns\Xnscbp asmcp \ohncmaamWv kzX{amb
\oXn\ymbhIpv . Hcp kzX{kaqln\v CXv A\nhmcyamWv .
\ymbm[n]m cmjv{Sob]cambn Hcp _hpw Cm hcmbncnWw.
`cWLS\mhncpamb \nbasfbpw \yq\]sXnscbp
NqjWsfbpw XSbm IgnhphcmbncnWw. cmjv{SobmcpsS
{]XnImc\S]SnIsf `bmsX CsXmw sNphm Ahv IgnbWw.
Nne kaben kmcns {]h\ ]cnanXsSpp
Xn\mbn ap Nne \nb{ Wfpw `cWLS\ \Snemmdpv.
AXns\mcp DZmlcWw kpenXamb Hcp _UvPv. Hcp \nnX Imebfhphsc _UvPv kpenXambncnWsapw (3 apX 5 hjw hsc)
hmjnI ISsaSpenepw samw s]mXpISnepw _UvPn Hcp
\nb{Ww sImphcWsapw \ntinpp. kmcns IqSpX
hfcphm\p klPamb {]hWXsb Ipdbv phm\mbn tZiob
hcpam\ns F{X Afhv kmcpIv sNehnSmw FpXn\pw
Nne \nb{W Nne kmcpI hnpv . CXpIqSmsX
cmjv{Sobmv hjtfmfw A[nImcn XpScm Ignbm
hn[n Imemh[n ]cn[nbpw km GPknI AhcpsS
D]bpX A[nIImew ZoLnnmXncnm kskv tmkkv
(Ii\ \n_\I) AhnsS Dmbncnpw.
tbmKyamb `qcn]w
\yq\]sf kwcnpXn\p asmcp amw tbmKycmb
`qcn]ns kXnZm\neqsSbmWv. DZmlcWn\v \nbak`bn
Hscm thmpsImv `cWLS\bnse \nba amphmt\m
65
]cnjvIcnphmt\m `cWnencnp A[nImcnIp Ignbpsan

kzmX{y ns nXn hfsc A]ISIcamb Ahbn Fntcpw.
AXpsImv Hcp kzX{kaql n, aqn cp `qcn]w thmpI
cp kÌfnepw IqSn AtXmsSmw P\lnX ]cntim[\bntem, hynKXamb taJebntem Asn kwm\fntem hyamb `qcn]w
Fns\ bp Db \nb{W GsSppp.
]e ZqjyhifneqsS \yq\]sf Ffpn NqjWw
sNpXpt]mep {]iv\ fn Xocpam\ FSppXn\v hfsc
Db `qcn]w A\nhmcyamWv. DZmlcWn\v, {]tXyI {KqpIfpsS
ta A[nI _m[yXI Dmnshbvp \nIpXnI cq]Iev]\
sNm hfsc FfpamWv. AXpsImv kzX{kaqln\pthn
hmZnp Nne hm BhiysSpXv \nIpXn \nba
Xocpam\npXv \nIpXn \ncpI A adnv Bcv Fv \nIpXn
ASWw GIIWv T amb A`n{]mbneqsS BhWw, Fn
\yq\] kwcnsSpw, `qcn]w F{X IqSpXemsWnepw.
XShnems s]mXpP\w
Hcp Itmf kZv hyhbn Hcp hym]mcn Asn IhSmc
\nsf NXnpI bmsWv tXmpp Fntem Asn \nfpsS
]Wn\v aqeyam km[\tfm tkh\ tfm \IpIbmsWntem
\nv thsd FhnsS thWsanepw t]mbn CS]mSpI \Sm
\n kzX{cmWv. Fm kmcmWv \ntfmSv NXntbm Asn
NqjWtam sNp sXn \nv t]mIm thsd HcnShpw DmIn.
Hcp]t \nv thWsan B cmPyw hnpt]mImw. ]t `mjbpsS
{]iv \ hpw ap ISIfpw DXn\m A[nIw t]pw B hgn
sXcsSpphm Ignbn. CXmWv _e{]tbmKn\p Hcp tNcph.
AXpsImv P\fpsS kzmX{yw \ne\npXn\pw
hym]nnpXn\pw, kmcpsS Ihyw {]h\fpw AXns
Fm `mKhpw {itbmSpIqSn hyampIbpw Ii\amb
\nb{Wn Iogn sImphtcXpw AXn{][m\amb ImcyamWv.
66
4. ka-X-zhpw Ak-a-X-zhpw
kz-X{ kaq-lnse kaXzw
At\Iw Bfp-Ifpw kn-p-Xv kz-X{ kaq-l
- hf-sc-b[
- nIw
Ak-aX
- z-ap-ff- X
- m-bn-cn-p-sa-m-Wv. Fm-n-\p-ap-]cn Ah P\-sf [\w
km-Znp Iqm A\p-hZ- n-p-p. Ah-cpsS hmZw A\p-kc- nv CXv henb
km-nI Ak-aXzw krjvSn--Ww.
]t Cu hmZ- sXm-Wv. kzX{ kaq-l-n-tebpw Akz-{X-k-aq-ln-tebpw hcp-am-\
- ns Acw an-hmdpw Xpey-amWv Fv \ Iv
Ign-p. Fs-n-ep-ap-s-n, Xs kzX{ kaq-l-n-teXv Xpeyn-t\-m Ipdv IqSp-X-em-Wv.
AXn\p ]pdta kz-X-{-a-m kaq-l--fn, ap kzm-X-{-y- kaq-l-fn Cm, km-n-tIX-c-amb Ak-a-X-z \ne-\np-pv. Hcp
kz-X{ kaq-l
- nse Fm ]uc-mpw IqSp-X \ tPmen-bn-tebvv
amdp-Xn-eq-sSbpw Ahv em`w \Ip av hmWn-Py-{]-hr-n-I-fn
Gspw Ah-cpsS kv hn-n-bvm {ianmw. kz-X{- -a
- m
kaq-l
- f- n CXv Ftmgpw km[-ya-
- . km tPmen-I `c-W]
- mnsb
A\p-Iq-en-p--htm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS krlr-p-tm
kl-bm-{Xn-Itm amt{Xta e`n-p-Ib
- p-ffq. Nne {]tX-yI tPmen-I sNp-Xn \npw kv{XoI-sfbpw hwio-bamb \yq-\]
-
-
- s- fbpw As-n
ap {Kqp-I-sfbpw \nb-atam As-n aphn-[ntbm hne-n-tb-mw.
Nne {]-tX-yI h-ntebpw PmXn-bn-tebpw P\-sf Ghpw Xmgv
Xc-n-ep-ff tPmen-I-fn-tev am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-n-tb-mw.
I-h-S- m]n-bvp--Xn\pw DS-a-bm-Ip--Xn\pw IpSn-tb--msc
hne-n-tb-mw, Npcpn ]d-m Hcp _mv Au-v t]mepw Ahv
67
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-cn-bvn-.
tPmen Inp-h-cpsS CS-bn t]mepw Ak-a-Xzw \ne-\npw. DZm-l-cW- n- \ v , tkmhn- b v tamkv t Im- b n, sdUv kv I z- b - d nse PnbpFw
Unmvsav tm aqeyw IqSp-Xe
- p ]Whpambn hcp hnt\mZ kmcn-Ipw apXn ]mn t\Xm-pw am{X-ambn \nP-s-Sp-n-bn-cnp-p. c-m-aXp ]d hy-n-Ip am{Xta kn entam-kn (hne
IqSnb BUw-_c Im) HmSn-p-hmt\m Ahp XSw IqSmsX ISp-t]m-Ip-hm-\mbn KXm-KXw \nn-sm-Sp-pw As-n hpUvem
v slv kv]mbn Hcp amkw \o - Ah[n Hs BtLm-jn-bvphmt\m B{K-ln-m Ign-bq. Amvsap-Ifpw hosUv Umjm-Ifpw
A\p-h-Zn-p-Xv A[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ah Ah-cpsS kplr-p-v
\ hoSp-I A\p-h-Znp sImSp-p-p.
CsXmw Apw c-s-Sm-\m-hm Ak-a-X-z--fm-Wv. CsXmw A\p`-hn-bvp--hv thmp sNp-hm-\p Ah-Im-i-tam As-n \nb-an- am- Bh-iy- s- -p-sIm-v Hcp kacw kwL-Sn-n-p-hm-\p AhIm-itam t]mepw D-m-bn-cn-bvp-I-bn-. t\sc adnv Hcp kz-X{ kaql-nse Fm ]uc-mpw Ipd-]
- w \smcp tPmen t\Sp-X
- nt\m
As-n Hcp _nkn-\kv m]n-bvp--Xnt\m kpw hcp-am-\hpw
Bn-bvp-X
- nt\m B{K-lnpIbpw {ianpIbpw sNmw. Nne-tm
Fm-hcpw hnP-bn-p-shp hcn-, Fmepw Ahsc Bcpw XS-bpn.
hnhn-[-Xcw ka-X-z-
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n ka-Xzw F-Xp-sIm-v A-am-p-Xv
Xpe-y-amb k-tm, hcp-am-\-tam, PnhnX \ne-hm-ctam \e-Ipp F-.
Fm P\-s- fbpw Xpe-yc- mbn ImWpp As-n ]cn-Nc- npp Fp
Ddp hcp-pI F-Xm-Wv.
CXpXs {][m-\-amb \mep \mepXcn ImWpp. 1 Hcp kz-X{
kaq-l
- nse ]uc\v [mn-Ia- mb ka-Xzw D-v. Av Hmtcm-cp-pw
1. Cu Bi-b
- ns \smcp hni-Zo-Ic- Ww \nK Bjvt^mUns {]nkn-nkv
Hm^v F {ô skmsskn F ]pkvX-I-n ImWmw, Pm Pmam-gvk
ûtj, tmIvtlmw, 2003
1.
68
A good outline of these points can be found in Nigel Ashfords Principles for a Free Society,
Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation, Stockholm, 2003.
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
Ah-cp-tS-Xmb sXc-s-Sp--en\pw ap--h-cm ]cn-K-W-nsSm\pw

Xpe-yamb Ah-Im-i-ap-v. \nb-a-n\p apn ka-X-z-ap-v: P\--fpsS
h-tam, aXtam, enwK-hy- X
- y- m-kt- am, k-v, IpSpw_ _ CsXmpw
]cn-KW
- \
- b
- n FSp-msX \nbaw Ahsc Xpe-yambn kwc-n-bvp-Ibpw
]cn-K-W-np-Ibpw sNp-p. Ahv cmjv{So-b-amb ka-Xzw D-v:
Ahs-m-w thmp sNp-hm\pw cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb HutZ-ym-KnI ]Z-hnImbn a-cn-p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. IqSmsX Ahv Ah-k-c--fn
ka-X-z-ap-v: tPmen sNp-hm-\pw, ]Tn-p-hm\pw As-n Ah-cpsS
hy-n-]-c-amb apt--p-X-Ip asp Imc-y-n\pw tkz-m-[n-]X-y-]-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-_--fpw C-.
[mn-I- ka-Xzw
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n P\- IcpXen\pw _lpam\n\pw
Hcpt]mse AlcmsWv IcpXsSpp. Fm-hpw ap--hv
lm\n-Ic- a- m-Im Xcn Ah-cpsS kzw Pohn-Xs- kw_n sXcs-Sp-pI \Sphm-\p Xpe-y-amb Ah-Imiw Dv.
Cu A`n{]mbw a\p-jys\ X\Xmb kz-`m-hs \msamw ]nSp s]mXp
kz-`m-hs- ASn-m-\sSpnbmWv. \p-sS- hw-io-bambXpw aX-]c- hpw
As-n enwK-]-c-ambpw D hy-X-ym-k-sf ]cn-K-Wn-msX \-sfmhcpw \psS kzw sXc-s-Sp--ep-I \S-n-em-p-hm\pw ap--h
\psS {]hnp-hm-\p Ah-Im-is AwKo-I-cn-bv-W-sapw
\ B{K-ln-bvp-p. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse \nbaw \ntfmSv
Fs\ sNWtam As\ sNq F-Xm-Wv.
Ah-cpsS {]hn-I-fn \npw P\- Fm-hcpw [mn-I-ambn
Xpe-yc- m-sWv Aan. ap-h
- sc B{I-an-p-Ibpw As-n sImb-Sn-p-Ibpw sNp-h
- [mn-Ia- mbn {]hn-p-h
- c-
- . Nne kmaqln-Ihpw enwK-]-c-hp-amb BNmcsf hfsmSnpw.]t Ah-cpsS
Pohn-Xw aqe-y-apffXmbn XpScpp. Ah-cpsS \nb-a-hn-cp--am-bXpw Asn A[mn-I-]-c-hp-amb Ip-v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb inbvpw
As-n ]cnlmkpw Ah hnt[-bc- m-hp-p. ]t CXv Ahsc
a\]qhambtXm Aan-Xa- mtbm D {Iqc-XI
- tm A]-am-\
- nt\m hnt[b-cm-p-n-.
69
\nb-a-ns apn-ep ka-Xzw

Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse \nbaw bmsXmcp ]m-t`-Z-hp-an-msX P\sf kwc-n-bvp-Ibpw inn-bvp-Ibpw sNp-p. Iphpambn
bmsXmcp _-hp-an-m Ah-cpsS k-v, _-, PmXn, enwKw,
aXw As-n hwio-bX XpS-nb hy-n-]-c-amb khntijXI ]cnK-Wn-v, Ip-m-tcmSv hy-X-y-kvX-amb coXn-I-fn t]meo-tkm, tImS-Xntbm
As-n Pbn-entem s]cp-am-dp-I-bn-. A[n-Im-cn-Iv Ahsc CjvSanm F Imc-W
- m ]uc-msc A\-ym-ba- mbn XS-e
- n hbvp-hmt\m
]oU-\-n\p hnt[-b-\m-p-hmt\m Ign-bn-. Ah aph-cm D]-{Zhn-bv-s-mtem As-n sIm-b-Sn-bv-s-tem Fm-hpw Xpey-amb \oXnv AhImiapv, AhnsS Ah Bcm-sW-p-tXm Asn Ipw Btcm-]n-p-h
- F{X {]_-ec- mtWm F-sXmpw Hcp hnjb-a
- .
temI-nse tImSXn sIn-SfpsS apI-fn ImWp km[m-c-W-bmbn
\oXn-bpsS {]Xn-cq]ambn, Hcp ssIbn {Xmkpw at ssIbn Hcp hmfpw
]nSn-n-cn-bvp-- inev]s- -bmWv \ ImWp-X
- v.]
- t Ghpw {][m\-amsbmcp {]tX-y-IX B inev]w Ip-I aqSn-s-nb \ne-bn-em-Wv. Hcp
kz-X{ kaq-l-n, Hmtcm tIknepw X-Xmb hkvXp-X-Isf Hgnv
as-m-n-t\mSpw A-amb \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cnbvpw A\p-hn-bvp-I.
cmjv{So-b ka-Xzw
ka-X-z-ns asmcp cq]w a\p-j-y- F kz-`m-h-hn-ti-jn \npw
D-hn-p P\-p cmjv{So-b- ka-Xz- a- m-Wv. Fm-hc- p-sSbpw Xmev]c-y-fpw A`n-{]m-b-fpw ]cn-K-W\mlambn IcpXpp.
AXp-sIm-v Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse Fm-hpw XncsSpnepw
As-n P\-ln-X]
- c- n-tim-[\
- b
- ntem thmp tcJ-s-Sp-p-hm-\p AhImiw D-v. Bpw Hn IqSp-X thmpw D-m-In-. m\mnIfpw sXc-s-Sp cmjv{Sn-bmcpw Fm-h-cp-sSbpw Xmev]-c-y-sf
am\n-p-p-shv CXv Dd-m-p-p.
hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb A]hmZfpv. Ip-n-Iv Ahcpw ap--hcpw
Fs\ `cn--s-S-W-sasms D hnj-b--fn hy--amb A`n{]mbw {]I-Sn-n-m th-{X Imc-y{]m]vXn Cm-sbv hni-zk
- n-bvp-Xp
70
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
sIm-v Ahsc thmp tcJ-s-Sp-m A\p-h-Zn-m-dn-. AXp-t]mse

ISp am\-knI sshI-e-y- D Bfp-I-sfbpw thmp sNp--Xn
\npw Hgn-hm-n-bn-p-v. ]t, Cm-c-W- Nq-n-mn A[n-Im-cn Ccn-bvp-h
- Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-Isf thmp sNp-X
- n \npw
Hgn-hm-p-Xv XS-bp--Xn\p th-n, A-c-n-ep sshI-e-y-
D-hsc Xo-bmbpw kz-X-{ambn ]cn-tim-[nv hne-bn-cp--Ww.
inn-s IphmfnIsf thmp sNp-hm A\p-h-Zn--Wtam
th-tbm F Imc-y-n hy-X-y-kvX--fmb A`n-{]m-b--fp-v. Nne
cmP-y
- f- n, Pbn-en Ign-bp Bfp-Iv thm-hI
- miw \jvSs- -Sm-dpv.
\nbaw ewLn-p--hv AXv \S-n-em-p-hm-\p {]{In-b-I-fn ]sSp-m- Ah-Im-i-an F-XmWv Nq-n-m-p Imc-Ww. ap Nne
cmP-y
- f- n Ghpw Kpcp-Xc- a- mb Ip-Ir- X
- y-
- f- n Gsv Pbn-en Ignbp--hv am{Xta thm-h-Imiw \ntj-[n-p-p-q. thsd Nne cmP-y-fn \apv s]mXphmb a\p-j-y-X-z-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I ]cn-K-Wnv
IphmfnIfpw thm-h-Im-i-n\v ]q-ambpw tbmK-y-cm-Wv.
cmjv{So-b ka-Xz-
- ns ASn-m\ XX-z
- e-ya- m-p-Xv kv{XoIfpw
]pcp-j-msc t]mse thm-h-Im-i-n\v Al-cm-p-I-bmWv Fnepw,
B\p]mXnI-ambn kz-X{amb kaq-l--fn t]mepw Cu Ah-Imiw
AwKoIcnm XpS-n-bnv Hcp \qm-n-tesd Bbn-tbp-q. 1893
\yq-kn-emUmWv BZ-yambn {]mb-]qn-bmb kv{XoIv thm-h-Imiw
\In-b-Xv. 1962 hsc BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb kv{XnIsf thmp tcJ-s-Sp-p-Xn \npw hne-n-bn-cpp Fnepw 1902 Hmkvt{S-en-bbpw AXp
\S-n-em-n. Hmw temIalm-bpw Ign-b
- pS Xs an-hmdpw bqtdm]y cmP-y- kv{XoIsf thmp sNm A\p-h-Znp XpS-n. Fnepw
{^mknepw kzn-vkemUnepw Cu Ah-Imiw 1944 epw 1971 epw BWv
{]m_-ey-
- n h-Xv.
thm-h-Im-i-n \np GsX-nepw hn[-n-ep Hgn-hm--ep-I
Ii-\-ambpw \nb-{n-bvt-Xm-Wv. Akz-X-{- cmP-y--fn A[n-Im-cnIv, FXn-cm-fn-Isf Pbn-e-e-Spw As-n am\-knI sshI-e-y-
Ds-v hcp-n-opw AXp-as-n ap ]e Imc-W
- ]dpw
Ahv thmp \ntj-[n-p-hm hfsc Ffp-a- m-Wv. CXv A[n-Imc Zphn\n-tbm-K-am-Wv.
71
{]mtbm-Kn-Iam-Ip-n-St- m-fw, Hmtcm hy-n-bp-sSbpw thmv Xpe-yambn IWm-Ww. DZm-lc- W

-
- n-\v, Hmtcm{]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s-Sp-p Hmtcm
\ntbm-PI Pn-Ifnepw Ii-\-ambpw GItZiwXpey thmam D-m-bncn--Ww. henb Pn-I Bbm Hmtcm thmampw B sXc-sSpp ê-n hfsc sNdnb ]t D-q. hy-Xy- kvX hnkvXm-c
- f- n PnI krjv S npXns Htc Hcp ImcWw `qan- i m- k v { X- ] - c - a mb
bmYmy BbncnWw. \ntbm-PI aWvU-e--fpsS AXn-cp-I
\n-bn-p-Xv Hcp kz-X{ kanXn Bbn-cn-Ww, A-s\-bm-hp-tm
`c-W-hKmvv AXn-eqsS t\- sImm km[n-p-I-bn-.
thmp sNp-hm-\p Ah-Im-i-tm-sSmw Xs Fm-hpw HutZ-ymKnI ]Z-hn-bn-tebvv a-cn-bvp-hm\pw XpS-cp-hm-\p-ap Xpey Ah-Imihpw D-v. \nb-a-k-`-bn Hcp {]tX-yI hn`m-K-ns C\-ntem,
hntem As- n aX- ntem Ds Bfp- I p- t h- n
m\ ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-n-bn-n-. sXc-s-Spv kwhn[m\w Cu kaX-zs \n-b-ambpw kwc-n--Ww. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, {]tX-y-Inpw `c-Wn-en-c-np cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-I-fn \npw , bmsXmcp òj-WnbpsS
bpw As-n BisSp--en-sbpw `b-an-msX, Bp-th-W-sanepw sXc-s-Spn a-cn-bvp-hm-\p kwc-W
- w DdvhcpWw.
sXc- s - S pv BibfpsS Hcp acamWv . BibfpsSbpw
A`n{]mbfptSbpw kzmX{yw ASnasm Hcp kzX{ sXcs-Spv km[ya. Nne Akz-X-{- cmP-y--fn km-cns\ hnainp-Xpw tNmZyw sNp-Xpw Hcp {Inan-\ Ip-am-Wv; Fm IqSp-X
kzm-X-{-y-ap kaqlfn--fn Ccw hnai-\- ssZ\wZn\
cmjv{Sob hmK-zm-Z--fpsS XnIpw km[m-cWamb Hcp `mK-am-Wv.
Ah-k-c--fn-ep ka-Xzw
Ah-k-c--fn-ep ka-Xzw sIm-p-t-in-p-Xv hy-n-Iv Ah-cpsS
hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw, tPmen Pohn-X-nse ap Imc-y- Fnhbnse Ah-cpsS
A`n-em-j- {]mhn-I-am-m bmsXmcphn[ tkzOm]camb XS-fpw Ahv t\cn-tS-n hc-cp-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, GsX-nepw
kvqfn {]th-i\w e`n-p--Xnt\m As-n Hcp kvt]mSvkv Soan
CSw e`n-bvp--Xnt\m Ah-cpsS htam PmXntbm Hcp XS--am-I-cpXv. Ah-cpsS cmjv{So-btam enwKtam Hcp tPmen t\Sm Ahv XS--am72
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
I-cp-Xv. hy-X-ykvX ]cn-X:-n-Xn-I-fn \np-ap Bsc-sb-nepw hnhmlw Ign-bvm Ah-cpsS Zmcn-{Z-ytam kmaqlnI \netbm XS--am-I-cp-Xv.
F-s\-bm-bm-epw, th-{X tbmK-yX Cm Hcmsf kvqfpI-tfm sXmgnep-S-aItfm As-n amsc-neptam- \n_--ambn FSp-Ww Fv
CXp-sIm--am-p-n-. Hcp kvq Nne-tm \nnX tbmK-yX
- bp
]co-b
- n Pbn-h
- p am{X-ambn {]th-i\w ]cn-an-Xs- -Sp-n-bn-cn-mw,
Hcp sXmgn-ep-Sa {]amWfpw A\p-`-h-m-\hpw Bh-i-y-s-t-bvmw,
Hcp kz-X-{-bmb kv{Xo, Hcm Ahsf Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-n sIm
-p \S--Xp-sIm-p am{Xw Abmsf hnhmlw Ign--W-sa-n-. Ah-kc--fn-ep ka-Xzw sIm-p-t-in-p-Xv Bcp-sSbpw {]h-\--fn
tkz-m-]-c-amb XS-- D-m-phm\pw Ahp sNm CjvS-sSm Imc-y- _e-{]-tbm-K-n-eqsS Ah-sc-sm-v sNn-bvm\pw
]mSn-s--XpamWv. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, apd{]Imcapff hnhm-l- Nne
kwkvIm-c
- f- n km[m-cW
- a- m-Wv. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n, Cc-p Iqpw
k-X-am-sW-n AXv XnIpw kzo-Im-c-yamWv. ]t Ah-cpsS B{K-ls-Xn-cmbn P\-v Ahsc \n_-np hnhmlw Ign-n-m
Ign-bn-, Hcp ]t Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm- Bh-i-y-s-Sp-p-s-n
t]mepw. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n, hnhm-l{- ]m-bamb Hcmv AbmnjvSs- Hcmsf sXc-s-Sp-p-hm- th-{X {]mbw Ds-v IWmpp. ap DS-S- n-I t]mse-s- , hnhmlw Ign-bvp c-pt- ]-cn Bscsb-nepw _e-am-bnmWv AXn-tebvv sImp-h
- np-s- X-n B hnhmlw Akm[phmWv.
Ah-cpsS PohnXw sXc-s-Sp-p--Xn P\-v kmaq-ln-I-amb
XS-
- Hpw Cs-n-epw,-Ah
- nsS Xo-bmbpw {]Ir-Xn-Z
- a- mb Aka-Xz-
- f- p-v. _[n-c\
- mbn P\n-p Hcmv Hcp kwKoXkwhn[mbIt\m
As-n Hcp kwKoX kwL{]amWntbm BIm Ign-bn (_otYm-h\v
(Beethoven) ]no-Sp Pohn-X-n Ign-s-n-epw). ssI ImepIfnm Hcmv ]-X-\n-c-I-fn Ibdm B{K-ln-m Ign-bn-. IpnIv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-n hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ahkc InpXv
Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_
- nse Npp-]m-Sp-I A\p-kc- n-m-bn-cn-pw. Hcp IpnbpsS amXm-]n-Xm Ah\v ]pkvX-I- hmn \In Ahs\
]Tn--Im-c-y--fn klm-bn-t-bvmw, AtX-k-abw asmcp Ipn-bpsS
amXm-]n-Xm- Ahs\ AhKWnt-mw.
73
tNmZyw : ]mhs P\- entam-kn hmm kz-X-{c-; A-s\bmtWm?

AsX; Ah kz-X-{-cm-Wv. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n, BUw-_c
km[-\
- hmm Fm-hcpw kz-X{- -cm-Wv, hfsc Ipd-p-t]p
am{Xta AXp Xmm Ign-bp-sa-n-epw.CsXmcp {]m]vXn-bpsS Asn Ign-hns tNmZ-yamWv, AmsX kzm-X-{-y-n-s-b-. ]mh-s
Bfp-Iv hen-sbmcp Im hmp-hm-\p {]m]vXn D-m-bn-cn-bvpI-bn-. ]t Hcmfpw As-n A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ahsc XS-bn-.
ITn-\m-z- m\w sNbXv ]Ww km-Zntm, AXv anw-]n-Sntm As-n
hmbv]-sb-Sptm Bpw BUw-_c PohnXw BkzZnbvmw.
Hmn-cn-bvt- Hcp Imc-yw, temInse Ghpw k-hpw IqSpX kz-X{- -hp-amb kaq-l-fn-se Zcn-{Z-cmb IpSpw-_
- p t]mepw,
Iqdp Zi- I - p apv BUw- _ - c - a mbn Icp- X n- b n- c p
KmlnImhiyn\pff Xmt]mw, shfn- w, hnZ- y p- X v - n,
XpSbmbshw Fnh e`-ya- m-Ip-p-.v- t\-sc-ad- n-v, kz-X{- -a
- m
kaq-l-fn, Hcp h-enb hotSm As-n IqSp-X ê-`q-bn-jvSamb Irjn `qantbm, A[n-Im-cn-I Zm\-ambn \In-bn-s-n, P\v kz]v\w ImWp-hm IqSn Ign-bn-.
Iqn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-ns XpSw hy-X-ykvXamsW-n IqSn-bpw, Ah
{]mb-]qn-bm-Ip-tmgpw tPmen-I-fn {]th-in-p-tmgpw Ahscmhcpw Htc Ah--bn As-n Htc Ign-hp--h-cmbn amdp-p-shv
Dd-p-h-cp-p-hm kvqfp-I {ian-bv-W-sa-mWv ]Sn-m-d cmP-y-fnse Nne BfpI hmZn-bvp--Xv. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn, kvqfp-I
IpdhpI ]cn-lcnbvp hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n-tebvv IqSp-X hn`h
tI{o-Ic- nbvp-Ibpw IqSp-X ka-cmb Ipn-If- psS Ign-hns\ IqSpX ]cn-t]m-jn-nv FSp-p-X
- n\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS Ign-hns\ Xmtgbvv
sIm-p-h-cnIbpw sNp--p. ]t kX-y-n, {]Ir-Xn-Z--]-c-amb hyX-ym-k-sf ]cn-lmcw ImWp-hm \pv Ign-bn am{X-a-, kmaq-lnI-amb hyXym-k-sf ]cn-l-cn-bvp-hm-\p Htc Hcp amw Ipn-Isf
Ah ]ndp hogp-tm Xs Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-fn \npw FSpp-sIm-p t]mbn Ahsc Htc coXn-bn hfn-sb-Sp-pI F-Xm74
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
Wv. CsXmcp `bm-\-Ihpw Akp-J-I-c-hp-amb Hcp Bi-b-am-bn-cn-bvpw.

amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N\w
amXrIm-]-c-amb hnthN\ \S-]-Sn-{I-a--fn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb hy-X-ym-ksf ]cn-l-cn-bvp-hm\pw aphn-[n-Isf Cmbva sNp-hm\pw Nne
cmP-y
- {ian-n-p-v-. Nne Ah-kc- Ahp Fn-n-Sn-bvm Ignbm-X
- m-sWv kn-bvp \yq-\]
-
-
- fntebvv efn-Xa- mbn sNsp-hm\pw, DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, Db \ne-hm-c-ap k-I-em-im-e-I-fn
At]-n-bvp-Xv k-ev]n-bvp-hm t]mepw Ign-bm Zcn-{Z-cmb
kacmbIpn-Iv, Ahsc AXn\p {ian-bvp-hm-\mbn t{]mm-l\w
\Ip-hm\pw D \S-]-Sn-I CXn Ds-n-p--v. Ah Ccw
{Kq-p-Ip e`-ya- m-Ip Ah-kc-
- hn-n-bvp-n-St- mfw Ccw
Fn-s-S-ep-Ifpw t{]mm-l-\hpw Bt-]-v AXo-X-am-Wv.
]t amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N\w \yq-\-] {Kqp-Iv apK-W\
\Ip cq]-nepw Bhmw, kvqfp-I-fntem sXmgn-en-S--fntem hensbmcp `mKw \yq-\-] DtZ-ym-Kmn-Isf FSp-p-hm \n_-n-bvp-Xcn Ahv Hcp kwh-cWw Gs-Sp-p-p. H-c-f-hp-hsc CXv
{]mhn-Ia- m-Imw; 1960 apX Ctmv amXrIm-]c- a- mb hnth-N\w bpssWUv tvknse Idp h-mv kvqfp-I-fnepw sXmgn m]-\-fnepw Ah-cpsS Ign-hp-I sXfn-bn-bvm Ah-k-c- \Ip-Ibpw, AXv shf-fmcpsS Idp h-ms-Xn-sc-bp aphn[nIsf
Ipd-bvp-hm\pw klm-bn-n-p-v. ]t amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N\w Hcp
kz-X{ kaq-l
- n\v tbmP-yamb H-. CXv aphn-[n-Is- f Cmbva sNpIbpw AXn-eqsS kzm-X-{-ys t{]mm-ln-n-bvp-Ibpw sNp-p-shnepw AtX kabw Ahsc Fm-hscbpw Xpe-yambn ImWp-X
- n\p ]Icw
Nne {]tX-yI kwLsf am{Xw {]oXn-s-Sp-p-p.
Ign Ime-f- n- \yq-\]
-
-
- s-Xnsc D-mb tZmj-Ic- amb Asn amXrIm-]c- a-
- m hnth-N\
-
- ns Imc-W
- Imn- Nne Bfp-I
apK-W\
- b
- p-sSbpw kwh-cW
-
- f- p-sSbpw Bh-iy-
- n-\mbn hmZn-bvp-p.
]t Ign--sXms Ign-p; Cv Ipdp Bfp-Ip-am-{X-ambn
amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N-\- km[y-am-Ip-tm, ap]v AtX \yq-\-]-ns Bfp-Iv FXnsc sNbvX A\-ym-b-v ]cn-lm-c-am-hn. Ccw Bi-b-, AtX kvqfp-I-fntem As-n sXmgn
75
m]-\--fntem {]th-i\w e`nm Db \ne-hm-c-n-tev Fnt-tc- `qcn-]--tm-Sp A\o-Xn-bm-bn ImWm Ign-bpw. \yq-\-]-m Hcp ]pXnb {]tX-yI ]Zn-h-bp--h-cmbn ImW-s-t-bvmw, CXv B
B-i-b-n-s\-Xn-scbpw AXns B\p-Iq-e-y- t\Sp \yq-\-]-s-Xn-sc-bp-ap hntZ-z-j-n-tebvpw A{I-a-n-tebvp t]mepw
sIms-n-t-mw.
{]Xn-Iq-e-amb hnth-N\w
Xo-bmbpw, Fm-bvtmgpw hnth-N\w \yq-\-]--sf klm-bnbv-phm am{Xw Dt-in-p-sIm-p
- X
-
- . IqSp-X k`-f- n-epw, hnth-N\w
FXv \yq-\-]---p e`n-m Ah-Im-iw, hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-,
apK-W\ XpS-n-bh `qcn-]--p th-n Ah Xs k-Xn-Zm\-n-eqsS t\SnsbSpp Hcp Ah-W
- v. a- t- e-jy- bpw ZnWm{^nbpw
CXn\p hy-a- mb DZm-lc- W
-
- f- m-Wv, ]t temIw apgp-h IqSp-Xe
- mbn
ImW-s-Sp- Imcy, \yq-\]
- P\-s-Xn-scbp h-]c- a- mbpw
aX-]c- a- mbpw `mjm-]c- a- mbpw enwK-]c- a- mb apK-W\
- b
- p-sSbpw As-n
cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb ImgvN--mSp-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-n D \nb-a-]c-amb hnth-N-\--fm-Wv.
IqSmsX, Ccw hnth-N-\-v Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n Hcp kYm\-hp-an-; AhnsS \nb-a-n\p apn Fm P\-hn-`m-K-fpw Xpe-y-cmWv,
Hcp hn`m-K-n\pw Ah-cpsS kzw {]tX-yI B\pIqey-mbn kXn-Zm\w \S-m Ign-bn-. an-tmgpw Ccw hnth-N-\- \yq-\-\
P\--tfm-Sp AXn-{I-a--fmbn amdmdpv. `qcn-]-m Bk-z-Zn-bvp- Fm Ah-Im-i
- fpw \ntj[npXns ê-ambn \yq-\]
-
-
- mv
Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Dbp--Xn-\p km[-y-X-I Cm-Xm-pp. Ah A[:-nX t{iWn-bn-ep-h
- c- mbn ImW-s-Sp-p, XnIpw A]cn-jvIr-Xc- mbn t]mepw. As\ Ah-cpsS a\p-jy- X
- zw A]-lc- n-bvs- m,
Ah A\p-`-hn-bvp Ah-KW\-Ipw ]oU-\-pw Hcp ]cn[nbpw Cm-Xm-bn-o-cp-p.
A\-c- ^
- e
-
- f- nse ka-Xzw
ka-X-z-s-p-dnv Bfp-I kwkm-cn-bvp-tm, [mnI XX-z--fn
A[n-jvTnXamb Xpeyamb ]cn-N-c-W--sf-p-dntm Xpey \oXn-sb-p-dn-
76
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
tm, cmjvv{Sob ka-Xz- s- -p-dntm Ah-kc-

- f- n-ep ka-Xz- s- -p-dntm
Bcpw kqNn-n-bvp-n-. Ah AampXv k-v, hcp-am-\-w
Pohn-X\
- n-eh
- m-cw XpS-nb ùXn-Ia- mb Imc-y
- f- n-ep ka-Xzw am{X-amWv.
Ccw êfpsS kaXzn\mbn ]W-m-cn \npw ]mh-s-h
- c- ntebvv Xpe-yambn ]p\hn-Xc- Ww sN-Ws- a-mWv Nne hmZn-bvp-X
- v.
hcp-am-\-nse Ak-a-X-z-ns nXn-hn-hc IWv
A\--c-^-e--fnse ka-X-z-s-p-dnv hmZn-bvp--h, {]apJ Cm-enb nXn-hn-h-c-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[\pw kmaq-l-y-im-kv{X--\p-amb sImdmtUm Kn\nbpsS t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp Kn\n tImF-^n-j-y v (Kn\n KpWIw) F nXn-hn-h-c-W-w Nq-n-m-p-p. hcp-am-\- t]mep am\Z-WvU
- hp Ak-aX
- z-
- ns Hcp kqNn-Ib
- m-Wn-Xv. Hcp Kn\n tImF^n-j-yn 0 A-am-p-Xv AhnsS ka-Xzw ]q-ambpw Ds-pw,
Hcp tIm F^n-jy- v 1 A-am-p-Xv ]q-amb Ak-aX
- z- h
- p-amWv (Fm
hcp-am-\hpw Hcm-fpsS ssIhiw D-m-bn-cn-bvp-tm). temI _mpw
bp Fkv sk{S C-en-P v GPknbpw t]mep ]e m]-\
- fpw
hy-Xy- kvX cmP-y
- f- nse Kn\n tImF-^n-jy- v IW-m-m {ian-bvp-Ibpw
AXn-eqsS Ah-cpsS Ak-a-X-z-ns Ah--IfpsS ASnm\n
XcwwXncnpp. Ccw ]Z-hn-I kqNn-n-bvp-Xv IqSp-X hnI-knX
cmP-y
- f- n-sebpw tIm F-^n-jy vkv 0.25 apX 0.5 hsc-bmWv AXn-\w
Db Xe-n-ep ka-Xzw Ds-m-W.v B{^n- cmP-y
- f- n-emWv Ghpw
Db Af-hn Ak-a-Xzw \ne-\np--Xv, AXn Ghpw apnp
\np-Xv tIm F^n-j-y v 0.7 HmSp-IqSn kum-{^n-bv-bm-Wv.
Ccw A\p-am-\--fn \ kt-l-ap--h-cm-bn-cn-bv-Ww, Db
tIm F^n-j-y v D cmP-y--fn hcp-am-\w ka-Xzw \n_--]q-w
kaXzh-cn-bvWw F kqN\ D-Xp-sIm-v IqSp-X-epw. BZ-y-ambn, ]cn-an-X-amb cmP-y--fn am{Xta hcp-am-\s Ipdn-p hni-z-k-\ob-amb IW-p-I D-m-hp-I-bp-, CXv Kn\n tImF-^n-jyns IWp-I Ahn-i-z-k-\o-b-am-p-p ( AXp-sIm-p Xs-bm-bn-cnbvmw ]e
m]-\fpsSbpw A\p-am-\ hy-X-ykvXfm-hp--Xv). c-m-a-Xm-bn,
hcp- a m- \ - n- e p henb hy- X - y m- k - , bYm- n icn- b mb
Zni-bn-ep kmaq-lnI {]h-W-X-Isf {]Xn-^-en-n-t-mw. Ah ]pXnb
kmt-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-I-fn-eqsS thK-n-ep hfsbtbm As-n
77
{Km-a-{]-tZ-i--fn CXp-h-scbpw Fn-s-Sm A`n-hrn \K-c--fn

hn-bvp-I-bm-sWtm kqNn-n-tmw. D]-Po-h-\-n-\mbn IjvS-sSp Ij-Ic- p-tS-Xn-s\mw \K-c
- f- nse sFSn Poh-\
- m-cpsS hcp-am\w
Ipd-p-sIm-v Ccw Dbp-h-cp A`n-hr-nsb \ncq-m-l-s-SppXv Hpw \X. adnv Fm XS--fpw \on (kz-X{ km-cn-\p \nb-{-W- t]mep-h) ]mh-s--hpw hnI-k-\-ns
{]-tbm-P-\- e`-y-am-Ip Xc-n-em-h-Ww.
Cu nXn-hn-hc IW-ns asmcp {]iv\w, P\- AS-bvp \nIpXn-sbbpw km-cn \npw Ahv Inp B\p-Iq-ey-
- s- fbpw (ta\n[n, s]j, kuP-\y Btcm-K-y-]-cn-]m-e\w As\bpffh) Ah-KWn-p-sIm-v shdpw hcp-am-\sbmWv Ah Xmc-Xa- yw sNp-X
- v. bpssWUv InMvU-nse sNdn-sbmcp hy-X-ym-k-amb Xc-n-ep am\-ZWvUw
t\mmw, Ghpw Db Xe-n-ep 10 iX-am\w hcp-am-\-m-cpsS
hcpam\w Ghpw Xmtg-X-n-ep 10 iX-am-\-m-tc-m 30 Ccn IqSpX-em-bn-cn-bvpw.CXv henb AkaXzs kqNnnpp.Fn-epw, \nIpXn-I AS--Xn\p tijhpw ]e Xc-n-ep km B\p-Iq-e-y-
e`n-X
- n\p tijhpw CXns kqNnI anX-am-Wv. Bfp-I Ctmgpw ]p\hnX-cWw \ym-bo-Ic- n-p-hm-\mbn BZ-ys IW-p-If- mWv Nq-n
- m-Wn-p-Xv, Fm CXv nXn-hn-hc IW-p-Isf Zpcp]-tbm-Kn-emWv.
ka-Xzw hcp-am-\-nstbm knstbm?
kaq-l
- nse ]m-fn-
- n\v P\-v Xpe-yamb {]Xn-êw In-Ws- a
Bi-bs hnfn-bvp-Xv ka-Xz- h
- mZw (C-Km-en-t-dn-b\
- n-kw) Fm-Wv. ]t
Cu hmn\v Hcp icn-bmb Aw \Ip-Xv hfsc {ia-I-c-amb HmWv, AXns ImcWw `mKn-I-ambpw AXns Xs sshcp--y- sIm
-p Xs-bm-Wv. hcp-am-\-nse ka-X-z-amtWm kz-n-ep ka-X-z-amtWm
th--sXv hy--amb Hcp Imgv-N-mtSm A`n-{]m-btam {]I-Sn-n-bvp-hm
ka-X-z-hm-Zn-Iv Ign-bn-. hcp-am\w Xpe-y-am-h-W-sa-mWv Ah ]d-bp-sX-n, kz-n hen-sbmcp Acw Gsd-psd Ctmgpw Xobmbpw \ne-\np-psp hkvXpX Ahv AwKo-I-cnt-n
hcpw. Hcm Abm-fpsS hcp-am\w anw ]nSnpw hnthI _pn-tbmsS
\nt-]npw IqSp-X aqe-[\
- tam ktm hmcn Iqn-sbp hcmw, thsdmcm AtX Xpe-y-amb hcp-am\w NqXp-I-fn-bn-eq-sStbm As-n Atm78
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
gp kwXr-]vXnp th-n Nne-h-gntm \in-n-t-mw. Gsd XmaknbmsX Ah-cpsS kv hfsc hy-X-ym-k-s-n-cn-mw.

am{X-hp-a, Fm tPmen-Ipw Xpey thX-\a- mWv \Ip-s- X-n Ffp-ambXpw kpJ-I-c-hp-amb tPmen-Iv henb tXmXn-ep Bh-iyw Dm-hp-Ibpw ITn-\-am-bXpw Akp-J-I-c-hp-amb tPmen-I sNp-hm Xme]-cy- a- p-h
- c- psS htXm-Xn-ep Zu-`y- w D-m-hp-Ibpw sNpw. Ah-cpsS
Ae-k-\mb kl-{]-h-I\v Ah-cpsS AtX thX\w e`n-bvp-tm
Hcm Fs\ ITn-\-amb tPmen-I sNp-hm k-\m-hpw?
ùXn-Ia- mb hcp-am-\t- -m IqSp-X {]m[m-\yw Hcp tPmen-pv kmnI hnZ-KvZ am\-knI hcp-am\w (ssk-tm-fP
- n- CIw) Fp hnfnp Imc- y - fpw ChnsS D- v DZm- l - c - W - n- \ v , Ah- c p- a mbn
tbmPnp{]hn-p kl-{]-h-I D-m-bn-cnpI As-n
Hcp cmP-y-ns lrZ-yamb `mKv tPmen sNp-hm Ign-bpI As-n
A\p-tbm-Py- a- m-bXpw Fm kuI-cy-
- f- p-ap \K-c
- ns Hcp `mKv tPmen
sNp-hm Ah-kcw e`n-bvpI Fn-h-sb-mw. FsXms CjvS-sSp-h
- v Ccw KpW- Ah BkzZnphv hfsc hneaXnXmWv, Fm Ccw Imc-y- Hcn-epw Xpe-y-am-m Ign-bn-.
adp-h-i-v, k-n-ep ka-X-z-amWv th-sXv ka-X-z-hm-Zn-I Bhi-y-s-Sp--psh-n, Bfp-I-fpsS sshZ-Kv[-yhpw {]Xn-`bpw A\p-k-cnpw
sXmgn-ep-Sa- bvv Ah-cn-ep Bh-iy-
- ns ASn-m-\
- nepw Ah-cpsS
hcp-am-\-n hen-sbmcp Acw Atmgpw D-m-Ipw. Nne Bfp-I
Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-n anw ]nSnv kv Iqp-tm Nne AXp
Nne-hgnp Ipd-bvp-p, Ah-cpsS kv \in-bvp-p. Atm ]ns
Fp sNpw? 1950 Ifn hf-sc-b-[nIw P\-{]oXn t\Snb lmhv F tKm
(Have A Go) F bp sI tdUntbm Iznkv tjmbpsS Ah-Xm-c-I-\m-bncp hns{Ûv ]nnkv (Wilfred Pickles)a-cmn-I-tfmSv Ah-scp-dnpw Ah-cpsS A`n-em-j
- s- f-p-dnpw tNmZn-pImvXpSpw. Hcm
]dp. Fs B{Klw Cu temI-nse Fm kpw t\Sn AXv Fmhpw Xpe-y-ambn ]Ipp \I-W-sa--Xm-Wv. AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp
Fm-hcpw Abm-fpsS DZm-c-Nn--amb hmp-I tIv ljm-c-h-tmsS
Abmsf A`n-\
- n-p. Rm Fs ]p apgp-h Nne-hgnp Ign-bp-tm
\ ho-pw As\ sNpw. \n`m-K-y-h-im B a-cmnbpsS
79
XpSp Cu hmp-I Fmw \in-n-p. amdn-sm-n-cn-bvp Cu

temIv kzv Xpe-y-ambn ]n-Sp-Xv hfsc {ia-I-c-am-Wv.
AXp-sIm-p Xs Xpe-y-amb ê-, hcp-am-\-ntem kz-ntem,
Ak-zm-`m-hn-Ihpw \ne-\nm--Xp-am-Wv. GsX-nepw Hns\ Xpe-yamphm, Xpe-yambn \ne-\np-hm kzm-X{- -y
- n\pw k-n\pw ta
hen-bt- Xm-Xn-ep ssItbw Bh-iy- a- mbn hcpw. Nnecn \npw _e-ambn
kz-p- ]nSn-s-Spv ap--hv \tI-n hcp-p. Xpe-yX Hcp
]cn[n hsc-sb-nepw \ne\nm Cu {]hrn Bhnp sImt-bn-cn--Ww.
Nne kz-p- hn`-Pnp-hmt\m ]p\hn-X-cWw sNp-hmt\m Akm[-yam-Wv. koambXpw, {]hn-p-sIm-ncnp-Xpw em`-Ic- h
- p-amb
Hcp hyhkmbime, thW-sa-n CSnp \ncn CjvSnItbm b{-
s]mfn-s-Sp-p-Itbm Hs sNmw, ]t AXp-sIm-v Hpw D-m-Ipn-msbp am{X-hp-a ]Ww Xpe-yambn ]p\hn-Xc- Ww sNp-X
- n\v AXp
hnevp-hm\pw Ign-bn Xpe-y-amb kzv D Hcp temIv Hcp
hy-nbvpw AXp hmp-hm-\p hn`hfpw D-m-hn-.
Ccw ]p\hn-X-cW \b- \n_]qhhpw ê-{]-Z-a-m-Xpw
Bbn-cn-bvpw. Ah Bfp-Iv Ah-cpsS kzw A-zm-\
- n-\p {]Xnêw \ncm- I - c n- pp Fp- a m- { X- a Ah- c psS tPmen- sNm\pw
kmZnm\pff {]tNmZ\w \in-np-Ibpw sNp-p. ]p\hn-X-cWw
sNp--Xn\p ]Icw Ah kz-p- \innpw. CXv \S-n-em-p-Xn\v cmjv{So-b-amb hen-sbmcp inbpw Bh-i-y-ambn hcp-p, Hcp
kz-X{ kaq-l-n\v C-c-samcp in XnIpw tbmPnX.
]p\hn-X-cWns {]{Inb
asmcp {]iv\w ]p\hn-Xc- W \S-]S- n-IfpsS `mKamtIXv BcmWv F
Xocp-am\w FSp-p--Xn-em-Wv. km[m-c-W-bm-bn, k--cm-P-y-fnse kaX-zh
- m-Zn-I Ah-cpsS \nti Ah-cpsS kz-w- cm-Py- s P\fntem
As- n kam- \ - a mb cmP- y - - f psS Hcp Iqntem am{Xw ]cnanXsSppp. AsX-p-sIm-s-
- m, hcp-am-\tam As-n kztm
ap cmP-y--fp-ambn ]p-sh-bvpI F-Xp-sIm-v kqNn-n-bvp-Xv
(CXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-sW-n t]mepw) k--cm-P-y--fnse P\--fpsS
80
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-n Hcp henb XmgvN D-m-Ip-sa-m-Wv. CXv kam-[m-\]-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m-hp Hcp \ba.
AtX kabw Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-
- f- nse ka-Xz- h
- m-Zn-Iv ka-Xz- s- -p-dnv s]mXphmbpw Hcp BtKmf Img-N-m-Smhpw D-m-bn-cn-p-I. Ah ]d-bp--Xv,
k--cm-P-y--fnse kz-p- ap cmP-y--fp-ambn ]p-sh-p-tm,
Ah-cpsS Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-ka- q-l
- n hfsc henb am- krjvSnbvpw
Fm-Wv. Fm k-c- m-Py-
- CXv AwKo-Ic- n-m-m-St- mfw Imew
CXp Akm-[-yamb Hcp kz]v\amWv.
am{X-hp-a, kX-y-n Ccw ]p\hn-X-c-W- Zcn-{Zsc Fm-etbvpw k--cmbn \ne-\np-n-. kzv Fp-]-d-bp-Xv Hcp
(kotdm-kw sKbnw) Ifn-b
- . Hcmsf Zcn-{Z-\mn sImt- asm-cmv k-\m-Im Ignbq F-Xp-t]m-se-bp Hcp nc-amb Dd-hn-S-sampw
k-n-\n-. \ho-IcWneqsSbpw, ]pXp kwcw-`--fn-eq-sS-bpw,h-ym-]m-c--fn-eq-sSbpw aqe-[\ kam-l-c-W--fn-eq-sSbpw Hs-bmWv
kv krjvSn-bv-s-Sp--Xv. HcmfpsS ssIhapff Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-amb
aqe-[-\s \in-n-p-sIm-v AXnm asm-cmv t\-sampw D-mIp-n-. Zcn-{Z-cm-P-y--fnse P\-sf Ah-cpsS kzw aqe-[-\
kz-cq-]n-bvp--Xn \npw Ahsc XS-bp bpw, tamjWw t]mep
XS-- \opI FXmWv Hcp anI Bi-bw.
Fsm-s-bmWv ]p\hn-X-cWw sNt-Xv, Bcn \npw Bcn-tev
Fn--s\-bp tNmZ-y- hy--am-p-Xv Hcp ]p\hn-X-cW \bw
As-n \nbaw F-s\-bm-bn-cn-Ww F Imc-y
- n Hcp Xocpam\w
Hcn-bvepw D-m-Im CS-bn Fp-X-s-bm-Wv. ]p\hn-X-cW \S-]Sn-I {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-I-W-sa-n Fm-h-cmepw AwKo-I-cn--s-Sp Hcp
hy-a- mb ]Xn D-m-hW
- w. Hcp Xocpam\w Cm-n-St- mfw Imew, CXp
\S-n-em-p--Xn-\p Htc-sbmcp hgn _e-{]-tbmKw am-{X-am-Wv.
ùXn-I-amb ka-X-z-n\p th-n- _e-{]-tbm-K-n-eq-sS-bp Iog-S
Pohn-X\
- n-eh
- mcw sa-s-Sp-p-hm A-zm-\n-bvp-h
- c- psS ]cn-{i-as
Cm-Xm-p-p. \ho-Ic- W
-
- f- n-eq-sS-tbm, ]pXp kwcw`fn-eq-sStbm Asn ITn-\m--zm-\-n-eq-sStbm \n t\Sn-sb-Sp-p \n-fpsS ùXnI-amb B\p-Iq-e-y- \n-fn \npw Xn-sb-Sp--s-Sp-I-bm-sW-n
B t\-p-th-n Fn\p Hcp-h ITn-\m--zm\w sNWw? CXn81
t\-mfpw AKm-[-amb \jvShpw a\p-j-y-X-z-n\v ChnsS kw`-hn-bvp-p.

kwcw-`- krjvSn-]-c-am-Wv. P\- anI km[-\-fpw tkh-\-fpw
Dev]m-Zn-n-p-hm\pw Fm-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Dbp--Xn\p
D]I-cn-p ]pXnb Dev]--fpw kmt-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-Ifpw hn]-Wn-bn
Fn-bvp-X
- n\pw ITn-\a- mbn {]b-Xv\n-p-p. Acw kwcw-`
- t- fbpw
krjvSn-It- fbpw ASn-a- p-X
- n-eqsS temI-P\
- X
- b
- psS ùXn-Ia- mb PohnX-\n-e-hmcw XpS-bmbn Dbnsmp hcp {]h-\-p
t\sc hmXn sImn-b-S-p-IbmWv ka-X-z-hm-Zn-I sN-p-Xv.
ka-X-zhpw \oXnbpw
\oXnbpsS c
kz-n-stbm As-n hcp-am-\-n-stbm ]p\hn-X-c-Ws A\pIq-en-p Ipsd Bfp-I hmZn-p--Xv, Ipd-m-fp-I ap--h-tc-m
k-c- m-bn-cn-p-Xv AXnepw Nne Ghpw Xmsg-bp Zcn-{Z-t\-m
At-bw k-\
- m-bn-cn-bvp Ah- A\ymbw Bb Hs-m-Wv.
Cu kmaq-ln-I-amb A\o-Xn, Bfp-I-fpsS kv Ahv kaq-l-tmSp aqe-ys Bh-i-y-ambpw {]Xn-^-en-n-p-n F kX-y-n IqSn
tNp-\np-p.
Cu hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z- Pnkv (\o-Xn) F hmns As
A]lcnpp. Fmbmepw \msamw \Xmbpw A`nejWobambpw
IcpXpXpw a\pjysc\nev \apv e`ntXpambn
AwKoIcnpXv AXn\v ]qambpw hyXykvXamb kaXzntbpw
Bb Hcp Aw \Ipp.
\oXn F hmns bYm-amb Aw \ ]c-kv]cw Fv s]cpamw {]Xo-n-bvpp F-Xm-Wv. Hcp-h Hcp DS-Sn ewLn-p-Itbm
As-n tamjvSnp-Itbm sNbvXm \ ]dbpw AXv A\oXn-bmsW-v, ImcWw Acw s]cp-am-- \ncp-]-{Z-h- XX-z-{]-Im-chpw \nba-]c- a- mbpw [mn-I]
- c- h
- p-amb N-f- m hne-s- -h
- b
- m-Wv. asm-cn ]d-m \oXnbpsS Aw, ]ckv-]-c-\oXn (I-yq-t-ohv Pokv) Fp hnfn-s-Sp-Xv a\p-j-y-hw Fs\ s]cp-am-dpp FXns\ ASn-m-\-amnbmWv. P\- a\-]q-ambn Cs\ {]hnp-tm- am{XamWv CXv _m[-Ia- m-Ip-X
- v. GsX-nepw Hcmv ]I-
82
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
\n ]nSn-s]-Sp-Itbm As-n imco-cn-Ia- mb sshI-ey-

- Ds-ntem
AsXmcp Zu`m-K-y-am-Wv. AmsX A\oXn A, ImcWw AhnsS Bcpw
A\ymb-ambn {]hnp-n-.
\oXn F hmns c-m-as D]-tbm-Kw, Nne ka-b--fn CXns\
hnX-cWw sNm-hp \oXn (Un-kv{Sn-_-yu-ohv Po-kv) Fp hnfn-p-p.
CXv hy-n-I Xn-ep s]cp-am-s Ipdn-
- , adnv Ah-cpsS CS-bn
Dff hkvXpfpsS hnX-cWs Ipdn-m-Wv. FncpmepwHcp kz-X{
kaq-l-n Dmbnhcp k--nstbm hcp-am-\-n-stbm hnXcWw Fmhcpw \nb-a-]-c-am-bXpw [mn-I-]-c-am-bXpw Bb N-
A\pkcnp kzw CjvS{- ]-Im-ca- p km-nI CS-]m-Sp-If- n IqSnbm-Wv. CsXm-cn-epw A\o-Xn-bm-hm hgn-bn-, ImcWw Bcpw Xs A\oXn {]hn-p-n-. Hcp {]tX-yI {]Xn-êw B-cpw-Xs e-y-an-Sp-n, AXv Pohn-X-ns Hcp hkvXpXbmWv.
kaq-l-nep aqeyw
kmaq-lnI \oXn F ]Z-ns D]-tbmKw, kaqlw Hcp Xc-n-ep
hy-n-bm-sWpw AXmWv kz-n-sbpw hcp-am-\
- n-sbpw amXrI \nbn-p--sXpw Hcp sXmb [mcW ]c-p-p. Fm kaq-l-n\v
AXn-t-Xp-am-{X-amb Hcp Xmev]-c-y-fpw C. hy-n-I-v am{Xta Xocpam-\- FSp-p-hm\pw AXn-\-\p-k-cnv {]hn-p-hm\pw Ign-bq.
kmaq-ln-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb \b]camb hnjb-fn hy-n-I
i-ambn hntbm-PnpIbpw sNpw. kmaq-lnI \oXn F Bibw
hfsctsc BIjnpXns ImcWw ]cnWXêsn hfsc
AhyamWv, IqSmsX Cu hntbmPnpIsf {inmsX t]mIpIbpw
sNpp FXmWv.
kmaq-ln-I-\oXnbpambn, {]Xn-^-e-fpsS hnX-c-W- F-s\-bmbn-cn-Ww Fv \ I-p-]n-Sn-p-hm {i-an--ptm CXn-te-p
]q-amb AwKo-Im-c-n Fn-s-Sp--Xns Akm--yX IqSp-X
hy--am-Ip-p. ]q-amb hcp-am\ ka-Xzw A icnbmb eyw Fv
an-hmdpw Bfp-Ifpw k-Xnp-p, ImcWw Atm hy-n-Iv Ah
Ae-ka- m-bmepw \ncp-c- h
- m-Z]
- c- h
- p-ambmepw ap-h
- p Inp AtX
thX\w e`n-p-p. hy--ambn ]d-m ]cn-{i-a-n\pw t\-- D-mp-X
- n\pw A\p-kc- n-m-bn-cn-Ww thX\w \n-bn-t-Xv. AXp-sIm83
v s]mXp-hmb Hcp A`n-{]-mb-n ]q ka-Xzw sIm-p-h-cp--Xnt\mfpw \Xv Bfp-Iv Ah-cpsS kaq-l-nep aqeyw A\p-kcn-m-bn-cn-bvWw {]Xn-^-e- \I-s-tSXv.
]t Atm Hcp hy-nv kaq-l-n D aqeyw BcmWv \n-bnt-Xv? kaqlw Hcp hy-n-b-, AXn\p AXn-t-Xmb kzw aqe-y-hpan-. kzw aqe-yanm Hn\v aqeyw NmnsmSpm P\-v
Ign-bn-. hy-n-Ip am{Xta aqe-y- Dq, ]t Ah ]cs
hy-Xy-kvXam-bXpw, ]etmgpw GvappXpw Bbn-cn-pw. Hcp Iqw P\ Nne-tm Hcp t_mIvk-dpsS {]I-S\s Bbn-cnbvpw hne-a-Xnp--Xv, AtX-k-abw ap Nne Hcp hb-en Iem-Im-cs {]I-S-\sbm-bn-cnpw hne-a-Xn-p--Xv, hyXykvX P\fpsS BkzmZ\w XmcXayw
sNm ]mXn\m GXmWv kaq-l
- n\v IqSp-X aqeyw D-Xv Fp
]d-bpI Akm-[-y-am-Wv. Hcp t\gvkv-, Cdn hnev]-\-m-c-, Hcp J\n-smgn-em-fn-, Hcp \ym-bm-[n-]-,Hcp BgS ap hnZ-Kv[, Hcp \nIpXn
DtZymK, Hcp Poh cm acp-ns D]mXmhv, Hcp IWv s{]m^k- ChcpsSsbmw kaq-l-nep aqeyw \mw Fs\ \n-bn-p-w?
tbmK-y-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-ep hnX-cWw
ka-Xz- h
- m-Zn-If- psS asmcp \ntiw tbmK-yX
- I
- f- psS ASn-m-\
- n {]Xn^-e- hnX-cWw sN-W-sa-m-Wv. ]t Atmgpw, hy-X-y-kvX-cmb P\-fpsS B\p]mXnIamb tbmK-y-X- \n-bnm\p-w Ahsc Fs\
IrXmsSpWsaXn\pw \njv]-amb Hcp amhpw C, hyXykvX KpW- F{Xtmfw kvXpXylamsWXns\ ]n hy-X-y-kvXcmb Bfp-Iv h-y-Xvy-kvX--fmb Imgv-N-mSpIfm-bn-cnpw D-m-hp-I.
Fn t]mepw, F{X-tmfw tbmK-yX
- I
- Ds-n-p-s
- v Xocp-am-\np-Xn {]mtbmKnI _pnappI D-v. Hcm hj-f- mbn Fs-nepw
Hn-\p-th-n A-zm-\n-p-Ibpw AXn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXm
B {]bXv\w IW-n-se-Spv Abmv {]Xn-êw sImSp-W
- t- am, AtX
kabw asmcm e
-
- Wn\v P\v- aqeyw
t\Sn-c- p-tm AXv
`mK-y-m kw`-hn--Xm-sWp IcpXn Abmsf inml-\m--Wtam?
\njvêamb Azm\s t{]mm-ln-n-bvp-hm \-sfm-cn-epw B{Kln-p-n-; \ Dev]m-Zn-n-p Dev]--fpsS aqeyw Db-cp-tmgpw
AXv Dev]m-Zn-n-p-X
- n\p th- A-zm-\hpw apw Ipd-bvp-tm-gp-amWv
84
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
km-nI ]ptcm-KXn bmYm-ya- m-Ip-X

- v. P\-v Ah-cpsS hy-n]-c-amb A-zm-\-tm Xym-K-tm {]Xn-êw \e-Ip-tm AXv,
shdpw Xym-K
- sf t{]mm-ln-n-bvp-p, apffhv Dff tkh\a.
Hcp km-nI hy-h-bvpw C-s\-sbmcp XX-z-n {]hnphm Ign-bn-.
hn]-Wn-ê Hcp Dev]m-Z-Is [mn-Itam hy-n-]-ctam Bb
tbmK-yX
- t- btbm As-n Hcp Dev]
- tam tkh-\tam hn]-Wn-bn Fnbvm FSp ka-b-ttbm ]cn-{i-a-ttbm {]Xnênpn. Hcp
Dev]w Dev]m-Zn-n-m FSp hj--tfmf-ap ]cn-{i-atam \nt]tam As-n AsXmcp `mKy]co--W-ns êtam F-sXmpw
ChnsS {]iv\a-
- . Fm hn]-Wn-bnse {]Xn-êw Bfp-I ap-h
- p
{]Zm\w sNp Bk-zm-Z-\-n-sbpw aqe-y-n-sbpw {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv.
Dev]m-ZI
- hn]-Wn-bn Fn-bvp De-]
-
- pw tkh-\
- pw
D]-tbm-m aqeyw Iev]n-p--Xp-sIm--mWv Ah Ahbvp hne
\Ip-X
- v. Atm bYm-n Bfp-I kaq-l
- n-ep av AwKv Iev]n-bvp- aqeyns\ B{i-bn-mWv hn]-Wn-bnse {]Xn-êw
IW-m-s- -Sp-s- Xv kmcw. Dev]m-ZI
- cpsS Cm-bvabpw AhcpsSIgnhpw, Hcp tkh\w Bh-i-y-ambn hcp D]-t`m-m--fpsS Fw, AXp
hmp--Xn-\p Bh-i-y-IX As-n {]m[m-\yw CsXmw Ah
{]Xn-^-en-n-p-p.
Bh-i-y-a-\p-k-cn-p hnX-cWw
ka-X-z-hm-Zn-I-fpsS asmcp \ntiw Bh-i-y-IX A\p-k-cnv hn`-h-
hnX-cWw sN-Ws- a-X
- m-Wv. FmWv Bh-iy- s- av Bcp Xocp-am-\nbvpw?
Bh-iy-
- Cm Bfp-If- n \npw Bh-iy- a- p-h
- sc thXn-cnsSpp-hm hy-a- mb Hcp amhpw ChnsS C. P\-f- psS kml-Nc- y-
-
hfsc hn`n-
- f- m-Wv, AhcpsS kpw hcpam\hpw hy-Xy-kvX
- f- mWv,
]t CXv hepXmbn hyXnNenpw. kpJ-Ic- a- m-bXpw Am-X
- p-amb Krl-fn Ah Pnhn-bvmw, imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-]-c-ambpw hy-X-y-kvX-fmb Ign-hp-I Ahp-mhmw, hnhn-[-Xcw tPmen-I-fn hy-X-y-kvX
-cmb Bfp-Ismw Ah tPmen sNmw. CjvS-s Hcp tPmenbpw
tbmPnp {]hn-bvp kl-{]-h-Icpw D-m-bn-cnp-Xp
t]mep Ccw km-n-tI-Xc B\p-Iq-e-y-v A-fn aqey85
anSpI Akm-[-y-am-Wv.
P\ Bh-i-y-m-cm-tWm Atbm FXv Xocpam\nt- Imc-y-am-Wv,
]ecpw CXns\ hy-Xy- k
- vX
- f- mb coXn-bn Bbncnpw Xocpam\npXv.
Bh-i-y-I-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n ]p\hn-X-cWw sN-W-sa-n Nne
cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-Iv FmWv Bh-i-y-IX Fp Xncp-am-\n-p-Xn\pw AXn-\\
- p-kc- nv {]-hn-p-X
- n\pw D A[n-Imcw \-In-bm
am{Xta Ign-bp-I-bp-q. ]t Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n Ccw A[nIm-c- Ahp \Ip-Xv kzo-Im-c-y-am-bn-c-np-I-bn-. AX-h-cpsS
Pohn-X
- n-\p-ta-ep ]cam[n-Im-cambn amdpw. A-hv kz-X{ P\-Xbmbn
XpS-cm Ign-bn-. Ah B A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ASn-a-Ifmbn amdpw.
Bh-i-y-I-X-bpsS \ne-\nv ap--h-cn- Hcp _m[-y-Xtbm I-hy
t_m[tam krjvSn-bvp-n-. InUv\n tcmK-_m-[n-X\
- mb Hcmv Hcp-]t
]pXn-sbmcp InUv\n Bh-i-y-ambn ht-mw. ]t AsXm-cn-epw Dff
Xnsemcp InUv\n Zm\w sNp-hm-\p [mn-I_
- m-[y- X GsXm-cm-fn-tepw
ASn-tnp-n-. ASp _p- Nne-tm [mn-I-am-btXm
Ip`pw-_]
- c- a- m-btXm Bb ISa Fp- I-cpXn Zm\w sNbvtX-mw, Nne-tm
A]-cn-Nn-X t]mepw klm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sSbpw Icp-Wb
- p-sSbpw t]cn Zm\w
sNbvtX-mw. ]t AX-h-cpsS kzw CjvS-am-Wv. Ccw {]hnIsf \ A\ptamZnsv hcmw, ]t Hcp kz-X{ kaqln\v,
ap--hsc klm-bn-p-hm-\mbn XymKw sNm hy-n-Isf \n_-nbvp-hm Ign-bn-.
Hcp kz-X{ kZvhy-h -hkvXp hnX-cWw sNp--Xv \n_ns t]cne adnv hn]Wn k- Z v h - y - h Dev ] m- Z n- n- p
hkvXppw tkh-\
- pw AXp hmp-h
- \Ip aqe-y
- n\-\p-k-cn-mWv. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, P\- Irjn-bn Dev]m-Zn-n-p
a-y-t-m ssPh-am-b-h-bmWv CjvS-s-Sp--sX-n As-n
hffnsNcpnt\m jqkp-I BWn-jvSs- -Sp-s- X-n Atm Ahbm-bn-cnpw IqSp-X Dev]m-Zn-n-s- -Sp-I. IqSmsX hn`-h
- hnX-cWw
sNp-Xpw P\- ap-h
- v \Ip temtIm]Imc{]Zamb km\-fneqsS {]I-Sn-n-bvp aqe-y
- sf ASn-m-\a- m-n-bm-Wv. Ccw
Xocp-am- \- hy-n-If- n-emWv A[n-jvTn-Xa- m-bn-cn-p-X
- v. tn\p am{Xta
GsXms Imcy klmbw Alnpp Fv Adn-bm Ignbq
86
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
F Bibw Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n \ncknsSpp.
ka-X-z-hm-Z-ns IqSp-X A]-I-S-

ka-X-z-hm-Zns kmaq-ly \oXn-bntepff A]-I-S-I-c-amb êw Fsm AXv bYm-am-b ]ckv]c\oXn F Bi-bs aqSnhbvpp
F-Xm-Wv. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-ns \ne-]nn\v AX-y-m-t]-n-Xamb \nban\p apnse ka-Xzw t]mep ASn-m\ XX-z-v Cu
]pXnb {]Xn`mkn\m {]m[m\yanmXmIpIbpw aqeyNypXn
kw`hnpIbpw sNpp. ]p\hn-X-c-W-n-eqsS Hcn-bvepw ka-X-zn-ep ]cn-]m-e\w km[-y-am-Ip-n-, Fm-h-scbpw Htc t]mse ]cn-]men-bvp-X
- n\p ]I-cw, \, Hmtcm ZmXmfn\npw hy-Xy- k
- vX
- f- mb
XpII ]ncn-bvp-Ibpw Hmtcm KpW-t`m-m-pw hy-X-y-kvX--fmb
XpI-I \Ip-Ibpw sNpp.
ùXn-I-amb B{K-l- \ne-\npp
bYm \oXn {]iv\-p ]cn-lmcw ImWp-tm, kmaq-lnI \oXn
Ahsb krjvSn-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. Hcn-bv Hcp km, tbm
K-yX
- b
- p-tStbm As-n Bh-iy- I
- X
- b
- p-sStbm As-n kaq-l
- n-epff
aqeynstbm ASn-m-\-n hcp-am\w ]p\hn-X-cWw sNp-hm
{ian-m, ]e hy-XykvX kwLfptSbpw Ah-cpsS {]Xn-^-e-
Iq-pXn\mbpff kzm-[o\w t\cntSnhcpw. Ah-cpsS Bh-i-y--fn
Xncp-am\w F-Sp-p-hm hy--amb Hcp am-an-m--Xn-\m GI-]-ob-amb Xocpam-\-fntev Fpw. BXynIambn {Iqcamb A[n-Imcw
Imc-y- Xocp-am-\n-p-w. CXv Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n\v tbmP-y-am-b-X-.
am{X-a-, hy-n-I Ah-cp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K--fp-sSbpw
em`-n\p t hn Cu hy-h-sb Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-bvp-hm-\p am-
tXSpw. CXmWv bYm-n tkmhn-bv bqWn-b\
- n kw`-hn-X
- v. AhnsS
P\-kw-J-y-bn `qcn-]--w t]c pwAh-cpsS PohnX\nehmcw Dbp
Xn\pthn ]e \nb-a-hn-cp {]-h-\--fnepw Gsp. \n_-amb ùXnI ka-Xzw asmcp hn[-n \nbam\phn-I-fmb P\-sf
IphmfnIfmn ampw.
87
k-cpsS ]v
hcp-am-\-nepw kz-n-ep-ap Ak-a-Xzn\v \ hi--fp-ap-v.
IqSp-X km-Zn-p-hm\pw k--\m-hm\pw D P\--fpsS B{Klw
Hcp in-bmb t{]mm-l-\-am-Wv. anI tPmen-I tXSp-hm-\pw, ap-h-cpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw Dbp--Xn-\p anI Dev]-- I-p]n-Sn-p-hm\pw Dev]m-Zn-n-p-hm\pw hnX-cWw sNp-hm\pw Cu B-{Kl A-hsc t{]cn-n-p-p. Ccw ]pXnb Dev]-- hn]-Wn-bn
]co-n-p-Xn k--cmb Bfp-Iv hen-b-sbmcp ]-p-v-.
an-hmdpw ]pXnb Dev]---sfmw hn]-Wn-bn Fp-Xv BUw-_c
hkvXpfmbn-m-bn-cnbvpw Hcp P\-Iob hn]-Wn-bn AwKo-Imcw Asn hn]Wn km[-yX Cm-X
- n-\m Acw Dev]
-
- hfsc Db
Nne-hn hfsc Ipdp am{Xta Dev]m-Zn-bvp-p-mh
- q. AXp-sIm-p Xs
Acw Dev]
-
- BZyw hmp-Xpw AXns KpW-\n-eh
- mcw D]-tbmKn--dn-bp-Xpw ]W-m-cmb Bfp-I-fm-bn-cn-pw. B Bfp-I-fpsS {]XnI-cW
- a- mWv, Acw Dev]
-
- f- psS Bh-iy- I
- XbpsS hym-]vXnbpw FhnsS
Fs\ B Dev]-- IqSp-X sa-s-Sp-Ww FXpw Dev]m-ZIsc Adn-bn-pXv. CXv, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd Dev]--sf IqSpX Dev]m-Zn-n-msX hn]-Wnbn \npw ]nh-enp--Xn\pw P\-Iob
hnW-]W
- n- bn-tev sa-s Dev]
-
- Fn-p-X
- n\pw Dev]m-ZI
- sc
klm-bn-p-p. C-c-n ]W-m-cpsS A\p-`hw Fm-hpw
D]t`mr KpW- e`n-p--Xn-tev hgn-sX-fn-p-p.
kzpw Db hcpam-\h
- p-ap Bfp-Iv ap {][m-\s- kmaq-lnI
Ihyfpw Dv. sshhn[ys hn]p-en-I-cn-p-Xpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnte-p \S-]S- n-{I-asf ]cn-t]m-jn-np-Ibpw sNm-\p-XI
- p ]pXnb
Dev]--fpw tkh-\-fpw \In ]co--W- \S-p-hm-\p hn`h- As-n am- Ahp-v. km-cp-I Ah-KW
- n-pp
Fv Ahp tXmp Ie, hnZ-ym-`y- m-kw, ap Kth-jW ]-Xn-I Fnh-smw Ahv ]Ww apS-m-\m-Ipw. ASn--an `cn-p A[nIm-ch
- -s-Xnsc, Ahp òj-Wn-bmbn amdm-hp ]pXnb cmjv{Sob
Bi-b
- v cq]w sImSpv Ahsc shphnfnp-hm-\p km-nI
t{kmXpw Ahpv \ Hcp kz-X{kaq-ls \ne-\np-Ibm-sW-n CsXmw hfsc {]m[m-\-y-ap ]cnKW\Ifm-Wv.
88
ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw
aqe-[-\-ns hn\miw
Dev]m-Z\
-
- aXbpff hn`-h
- ssIIm-cyw sNp-X
- n Fm-hcpw Hcpt]mse Ign-hp--h-c-. kwcwÌcmbn Pohn-X-hrn sNph Acw
Ign-hp-I D-h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. Ah-cpsS kwcw-`-n \npw em`w
D-m-Wsa-n, A]-I-S-km-[-y-X-I As-n \jvS-km-[-y-X-I
Fs\ ssIIm-cyw sN-W-sapw anI-Xpw hne Ipd--Xp-amb Dev]- Dev]m-Zn-n-p--Xn\v Dev]m-Z-\--a-X-bp hn`-h- Fs\
D]-tbm-Ks- -Sp-W
- s- apw Ah Adn-n-cn-t-Xv Bh-iy- a- m-Wv. ]t
]p\hn-X-cWw Ccw Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-amb hn`-h-sf Ign-hp--h-cpsS
ssII-fn \npw FSp-p-Ibpw AXp Npp-ap ap--hp IqSn
hnX-cWw sNp-p. CXn-eqsS aqe-[-\hpw aqe-[\ krjvSnbpw \jvS-amhp-p. ]t aqe-[\w BWv Hcp kZv hy-h-sb Dev]m-Z\ a-X-bp-Xm-p--Xv. A[nIw hn`h D]tbmKnv hfscpdv am{Xw
D]mZnnm Hcp kaqlnse ZoLIme]ptcmKXn Ipdbpw.
Ak-aX
- z- hpw km-nI ]ptcm-KX
- nbntebvv \bnp-p-v. Db t\ Hcp ImnI in-t]m-se-bmWv {]hnp--Xv. Ah, Ghpw
Db aqeyw t\Sm km[-yX Dn-S-tv P\--sfbpw hn`-h--sf
bpw BIjn-p-p, Ipd Dev]m-Z\
- t- i-jnbpw IqSp-X aqe-y
- D]tbm-Knt-n hcp-n-Sp \npw AIp \np-Ibpw sNp-p. AXpsIm-v P\-fpw hn`-h-fpw `mhn-bn Ahp IpSp-X hcp-am\w
D-m-p-hm Ign-bp-n-S-tv BIjn--s-Sp-p. CsXmcp XpSbmb ]cn-h-\m-I
- a- mb hf-bpsS {]{In-bb
- m-Wv. A[n-Ia- m-fp-Ifpw
CjvSs- -Sm Ak-aX
- zw Bfp-Is- fbpw hn`-h
- s- fbpw Ah-bpsS Ghpw
Db Dev]m-Z\ Xe-n-tepw Fm-bn-Spw A`n-h-rn hn-n-p-Xn\pw Ahsc BIjn-p-X
- n\v hgn- sX-fnp-p. \ ka-Xz-
- n\p
th-n ]p\hn-Xc- Ww sNp-Ib
- m-sW-n, \ B BIjW insb
XS-bp-Ibpw Ahbvv D-m-m-am-bn-cp `mhn-bnse aqe-y-sbpw Dev]mZ-\s- bpw hf-sbbpw \jvSs- -Sp-p-Ibpw BWv sNp-X
- v. hfph-cp Hcp k-Zvhy- h
-
- sb B{i-bnp Ign-bp ]mh-s-h
- c- mWv CXns
Zp-cnXw apgp-h A\p-`-hn-t-n h-cp-Xv, Atm Fs\ CXns\
kmaq-lnI \oXn Fp hnfn-m Ignbpw?
89
\nIpXnbpw tahpw
kz-ntem As-n hcp-am-\-ntem ]q-amb ka-Xzw Akm-[-y-am-bncnbvpw, Fn-cp-mepw k--cpsS ta Db \nc-n-ep ]ptcmK-a\ \nIp-Xn-I Npan GI-tZiw AXn-\S- p-tv Fm Nne kmcp-I {ian-bvm-dp-v. ]t Ccw \nIp-Xn-I hfsc hn\m-i-I-c-amWv. kwcw-`-pw ]cn-{i-a-pw D {]Xn-^-e- shn-Ip-dp- X n- e qsS, Ccw KpW- I - c - a mb {]hn- I - s fbpw sXmgn
km[-y-X-I-sfbpw A-h krjvSn-p hnI-k-\-sbpw \ncpm-l-sSp-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
XnIpw Kuc-h-ta-dnb Imcyw Fs-p-sh-m, ]e-tmgpw Ccw \nIpXn-I Npa--s-Sp-Xv kmZynepw aqe-[-\--fp-sSbpw taem-Wv.
kmZyep \nIpXn Npa-, apgp-h kaq-l
- nsbpw A`n-hrn
Dbp hyh-kmb kwcw-`
- f- n IqSp-X \nt-]n-p-X
- n \npw
P\-sf ]nn-cn-np-p. aqe-[-\-nta-eq \nIpXn Npa-,
Dev]m-Z\
-
- a- X
- b
- p hkvXp-hI
- I
- \nn-p-X
- n-\m-hi
- y- a- mb hn`-h
-
hfsc Ipd-bvp-Ibpw AXphgn apgp-h kaq-l-n-sbpw `mhn-bnse
A`n-hrn Ipd-bv-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p.
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n hmWn-P-yhpw {Ib-hn-{I-b-fpw XnIpw BXva{]tNmZnXamWvv. Dev]m-ZI
- ]W-apm-p-X
- v, ap-h
- v Bh-iy- a- pXpw Ah ]Ww apS-m B{K-ln-p--Xp-amb Dev]--fpw tkh\-fpw krjvSn-p--Xn-eqsS am{X-am-Wv. k--cmbn amdp Bfp-I
Bscbpw sIm-bS- n-p-n-. Ah-cmcpw \nb-ah
- n-cp-a- mb Hcp {]-hnbnepw Ds-Sp--h-c-. Ak-a-Xzw Ipd-bp-sa--Xn\m Ahsc sImb-Sn-p-hm \ Bscbpw A\p-hZ- n-n- Fm, ]ns Fn\v \
km-cp-Isf AXn-\-\p-h-ZnWw?
90
5.kzX{ kwcw`hpw hym]mchpw

kzX{ hn]Wn kZvhyh
Hcp kzX{ kaqlns kZvhyh kzX{ hn]WnhyhbmWv.
CXv kzta[bm D hkvXpfptSbpw tkh\fpsSbpw
hn\nabneqsSbmWv {]hnpXv. Nnetm t\cnv ]t
km[mcWambpw [\sa am[yaneqsS hynIv Fs\, Ftm,
FhnsS, BsmamWv Ah tPmensNpXv, Nnehv \SpXv,
\nt]npXv, kmZnpXv, hym]mcw \SpXv FsXmw
XncsSpm\p kzmX{yw Dv. Bcpw Acw CS]mSpIfntev
\n_nXc.
klIcWw hnnm\p \nba
aphv AXpmp êsfn NnnmsX P\v AhcpsS lnXa\pkcnv Fpw sNmhp Fmhpw kzX{amb \nbaclnXamb H kzX{ hn]Wn kZvLS\. tZmjclnX Xzw
Atmgpw \ne\npp. kzns ssIhisSpepw, DSamhImihpw ssIamhpw, AhcpsS sXmgnent P\p AhImihpw, DSSnIfpsS \nlWXbpw Fmw ASp Hcp \nba
NqSpv . Cu N hynIfpsS s]cpamw am{Xa adnv
]pIhSw, I\nI, ImcpWykwL apXemb kwLpw
_m[IamWv. P\fpsS kzpw kzmX{yhpw kwcnpXpw
AhcpsS IcmdpI \SmpXpamb \nba ]menpI FXmWv
kmcns ]v.
B ]v Fs\bmbmepw ]cnanXamWv. Cu \nba hmWnPys
\ntinm\pX ]t AXns\ kpKaampI FXmWv Ah Hcp
91
Xobp XopSt]msebmWv. IqSmsX Itmf kZvhyhbpsS

Duw A[nIw \nbafpw \nb{Wfpw sImv AXns\ tXmnm-Xn-cn-pI Fp Imcy-amWv. hnizmkw, ss[cyw, kpc Fnhsb
ASnm\amn D`bt\mbn Ah sXcsSpp
hn[n klIcnm, kzv , hn\nabw DSSn FnhbpsS
ASnm\ \nba P\sf A\phZnpp. CXv IqSpX
kmnI klIcWw t{]mmlnnpp IqSmsX AXn
\npSseSpp ]e kXvêfpw hnnpp.
kzta[bm D hn\nabns t\
hmWnPyneqsS hnev]\m am{Xta t\apmppq Fv
`mhnm FfpamWv. Ahkm\w Ah IhSn \nv A[nIw ]Ww
t\SpIbpw {KmlI Ipdv ]Waphcmbn XocpIbpw sNpp. CXv
Nne BfpIsf hnev]\m aphsc ]n NnnmsX AhcpsS
kzw em`n am{Xw Xm]cyap Zpcm{KlnIfmbn Nnnm
t{]cnnpp.
CXv sXnmcWbmWv FmWv ]Wns {]kn? ]Ww kzambpw
shnbpambncp Imev Ahbv v B`cWfpmmhp
temlns D]tbmKsanepw Dmbncpp. ]s ISemkpsImp
mnbXpw aptemlfmepmnbXpamb ]Wn\v ap tbmKfn
Xs. AXns GI D]tbmKw ap {Zhypw tkh\pw
]Icambn Chsb ssIamw sNmsaXmWv.
asmn ]Ww hn\nabns am[yaamWv . Hcp {KmlI
{Zhynt\m tkh\nt\m Bbn AXv ssIamw sNpp. hnev]\mc
AXv ap {Zhypw tkh\pambn asmcmv ssIamw
sNpp. CcpIqcpw IhSn\p kzbw emàpmnbXmbn
IcpXpp. Ah asmcpXcn AXns\ AwKoIcnn.
hym]mcw F{]Imcw aqeyw krjvSnpp?
Hcmfpw Hcp km[\w AXnt\m hne Ipd asmcp km[\hpambn
ssIamw sNmnStmfw Imew Fs\bmWv cpt]pw
emàpmhpXv ? CXn\v ImcWw aqeyw `wKnt]mse ImWphs
InemWv. AXv `mcw, hepw Fnht]mse Hcp imkv{Xob KpWa.
92
kzX{ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw
CXv Hmtcm hynbpw B {Zhys ]n NnnpXmWv. ag \n_nUamb

Hcp cmPys P\ Hcp mkv shs henb hne Iev]npam
bncnn Fm Hcp acp`qanbn AXv hfsc AaqeyamWv. Hcp {]tXyI
hkv{Xm[mcWw Iuamcmv HgnpIqSm\mhmXpw AhcpsS
amXm]nXmv ]cnlmkyambXpambn tXmmw.
CXv IrXyambn, ssIamneqsS Ah Hmtcmcppw t\Smhp
hkvXp aqeysSppXn a\pjy hyXykvXamWv
FXpsImmWv. Hcp D]t`mmhv hn]Wnbnse IhSmc\n \nv
tImgn hmptm ssIamdp ]Wnt\m tImgnbndnv aqeyw
ImWpp. IhSmc B ]Ww D]tbmKnp sdmn t]mep ap
hkvXp hmn-p-tm CXpXs kw`hnpp. IhSmc
sdmnv AXpmpbm tNmZnp hnetbm aqeyw ImWpp.
aqhcpw t\apmnbnpv FXn\memWv Fmhcpw kzta[bm
Acw ssIamv kXnpXv.
kXyn tImgnbndn, ]Ww, sdmn Fnh ssIamw sNpXneqsS
Ahp e`np t\\pkcnv AhbpsS aqeyhpw IqSpp.
kzX{ hn]Wn kZvhyhbpsS NqSmbn Xocp DSSn, kXykX, kzv, FnhbpsS \nba GX\pkcnmtWm Ah IhSw
sNpXv AXnt Fmhcpw kXnpI am{XamWv thXv. CXpIqSmsX Hmtcm CS]mSntebpw IqmfnI ]qambpw kzm_pnbp
hcmWv. Hmtcm ssIam apffhsc klmbnm A Ahv
t\apmm\mWv sNpXv.
Fmepw Cu \nba A\pkcnpXneqsS Hmtcmcpw AdnbmsXXs aphsc klmbnpp BUwkvanv ]dbpXpt]mse
""AZriy lkvXw'' hgn ImWnpXpt]mse. kzmXmev]cym am{Xw
{]tNmZnXamsWnepw Ah kktmjw ]ckv]cw klIcnpp.
]Wns am[yaneqsS \mw Hmtcmcppw Ctm hym]mcw
\Smw. \psS Xs Itmfnephcmbn am{Xa, \mw Hcnepw
kinm\nSbnmXpw, `mj AdnbmXpw, kwkv I mchpw
cmjv{Sobhpw \ AwKoIcnmXpamb cmPyfnse P\fmbpw
Fa Cu ssZ\wZn\ CS]mSpIfn Ccp`mKhpw t\apmpp.
P\ klIcnpp. aqeyw krjvSnsSpp. P\
93
]ptcmKanpp. a\pjyXzw A`nhrnsSpp.

Zcn{Z Ghpw IqSpX t\apmpp
FmbnSpw ]cs Cu kzmX{ ssIamkwhn[m\w hfsc
kzm`mhnIhpw KpWIchpamWv. kzX{hn]Wnsb Hcp
XXzimkv{Xns t]cn XnckvIcnp cmjv{Sfn t]mepw CXv
\nbahncpambn \ne\nevpItbm s]mdpsSpItbm sNpp.
]e cmPyfpw Gjybnse ]eXSw AhcpsS ]ucmv hfscIpdv
kzmX{yta hyn]camb Imcyfnepw kmaqlnI{]iv\fnepw
\Ippq. Fncpmepw Ahv KWyamb kmnI kzmX{yw
\Ipp.
{]mcwÌmes CmanI temInepw AXns XpSp ]cnepw
Xobmbpw hym]mchpw hmWnPyhpw {][m\s LSIfmWv .
temIhmWnPy]mXIfpsS Xpd Akmam\y kv \thmm\
bqtdmn krjvSnp. AXv ]noSv Ie, kwkvImcw, hnZym`ymkw Fnhbn
Hcp h\ Dmn. Atacn cmPy AhcpsS bqtdmpambp
Xpw ]noSv ssN\bpambpXpw Bb hym]mc_fneqsS
A`nhrnsp.
]s [\nIc Cu a\pjy A`nhrnbpsS thentbn\m Ghpw
IqSpX t{]mkmlnnsXv kmnI kzmX{yw ]ctm
Zcn{ZcpsS PohnX\nehmcamWv Ghpw DbXv. Atacn kmnI
imkv{X\mb an {ôUvam (Milton Freedman) ]dbpt]mse
KmlnIambn HgpIp Pew `mh\mXoXamb Hcp BUw_cambncpp
cmPIob tdman; ]s Hcp tdma sk\v AXns Hcmhiyhpw
Dmbncpn. ImcWw Atln\v HmSp themcpmbncpp
]Icw cmPIob tdmanse ]mh amen\yn Pohnp Fm
\ho\ tdmanse ]mh NqSpw XWppamb HgpIp Pew F
BUw_cns alnabdnbmhcmWv.
Cu {]Xn`mkw kv]jvSambn ImWmw, Cy, ssN\sbt]mep cmPyfnse
ASppImepmb Atiob hym]mcns Xpdenepw
ItmfXXzfpsS hym]\nepw shdpw aqp Zim_vZfn Hcp ]s
\qdvtImSn P\sf ISp Zmcn{Zn \nv IcIbnbnpmhmw
94
CXns êambn ev Ctm a[yhamIm\pw, hml\ KXmKXw,

samss_ t^m, sSenhnj XpSnb BUw_c BkzZnm\pw
Fm Imehpw an ]WnsbSppXn\v ]Icw XWpp DWnb
kuIcyap HmôkpIfnepw hyhkmbimeIfnepw sXmgnseSpm\pw
B{Klnmw.
Fs\ [\nIcmImw?
Dev]mZI CS]mSpImsc tkhnbvWw
Hcp kzX{kaqln D]t`mmhn\v XncsSpm\p
A[nImcw Dv. kmcn\mtem kplrpfmtem \SsSp
IpIIsftmep Dev ] mZIcn \nv hmnWsav Hcp
\n_hpan. ZmXm hne Xmgvm\mbn Hcpantmw Fm
Acnse Hcpa \ne\nm {]bmkamWv. GXpkabhpw AXnsemcm D]t`mmsf BIjnm\mbn hneIpdv NXnsNmw. AtX
kabw ap ZmXmv hn]Wnbn {]thinm\pw hne
Dbn]nSnm {ianphcpambn akcnpIbpw sNmw.
Hcp bYm akc_pnbp kzX{ Itmf kZvhyhbn
Dev]mZIv D]t`mmsf NqjWw sNm\p A[nImcan. Ah
D]t`mmv th hkvXp th KpWnepw BIjIamb
hnebnepw Dev]mZnnsn Ahv IhSw \jvSsSpw. hynI
Ccw kwm]nX kaqlfpsS XShpImc. adnv Dev]mZI
s]mXpP\ns amdp Bhiy\pkcnv {]XnIcnpXn
eqsSbmWv \ne\npXv.
Hcp I\n hepXmImw Fn AXv acs t\cntSXpv. Hcp henb
m]\w anhmdpw hyXykvX Dev] \nnpIbpw hyXykvX
_nkn\pIfn GsSpIbpw sNpp. ]s Ah ap henb
I\nIfn \nv {]_eamb acw t\cnSpI am{Xa sNpXv.
Ah sNdpm]\fn \nv hn]WnbpsS {]tXyI `mKmbp
achpw t\cnSpp. A\mhv NnehpI Ipd sNdnb I\nIv
Hcp ]t henb I\nbpsS Nne Dev] sasXmbpw hne
Ipdhnepw Dev]mZnphm km[npw. ]pXnbXpw \ho\hpamb I\nI
henb I\nIfpsS Dev]sf ImemlcWsSpp hn[nep
95
]pXnb Dev] krjvSnmw.

m]\ henb kZvhyhsb ]npSXn\m apXemfnw
henb henb I\nIv Pw sImSppIbpw Xêambn
GIm[n]Xyhpw krjvSnpp FXv AXn\m anYybmWv. hepn\v
AXntXmb hnesImSpWwhenb m]\ \Snsmp
t]mIm _pnapmWv. hfsc ]Xps {]hnphbpamWv. AXv
sImw app ]Snmd amKkn\pI ]cntim[npXv .
hnm\{]ZamWv. Av ]ckysSpnbncp I\nIfn ]eXpw
Cn. Ahsbmw sNdpXmbn XpSnb IqSpX \ho\hpw
NnehpIpdXpamb {]XntbmKnIfm ]nnemsp.
kmnI inbn Hcp \nb{Whpan
AXn\m I\nItm AhbpsS \SnpImtm
kmnIinta XeapdIXoXamb \nb{Wan.
s]mXpP\s tkhnpIbpw D]t`mmsf BIjnpIbpw
sNpnStmfw hynIv Hcp kzX{kZv h yhbn
kcmImw. Xobmbpw IqSpX kzX{amb kaqlfn ""From
shirt sleeves to shirt sleeves in the generation'' FXv Hcp km[mcW
{]Xn`mkamWv. P\ AhcpsS IpSpw_n\mbn [\w kmZnm
I\nI Dmpp. Fm AhcpsS t]cIpnI hym]mcntev
hcptmtgpw av I\nI Ahsc ]nnemm XpSnbncnpw.
cmjv{Sob kmnI A[nImcfntep {]thi\w {]amWnI
\nb{npIbpw AXv AhcpsSbpw IpSpw_fptSbpw In
XsbmsWv DdphcppIbpw sNp kwhn[m\tm
F{Xtbm \oXnbpamWv Hcp kzX{ kZv hyhbn Ignhpw \nbZmVyhpw D Bpw Ah aphsc tkhnpsapsn
kv sInSpm B{Klnmw. k\mIm\p Ahkcw Hcp
{]tXyI tKm{Xmtm, aXmtm, A[nImcnIfpsS kplrp,
IpSpw_m, ]mnm Fnhv am{Xambn ]cnanXsSpnbnn.
Xobmbpw kzX{kaqlfn, hyXykv X amb A\p`hfpw
Bibfpambn hv P\ hmnm\m{Klnp ]pXnb
hkv X pfpw Bibfpw Dmp IpSntbmcmWv Ghpw
A`nhrnsXv.
96
tNmZyw : acw, em`w, ]ckyw Fnh hyat?

A. emàmWv P\sf {]hnm t{]cnnpXpw ap
P\fpw CjvStmsS hmnm sXcsSpp hkvXpfpw
tkh\fpw krjv S nm\pw Ahkc At\zjnm\pw
t{]cnnpXpw Akwkv I rX hkv X phnt\m P\
hneIev]np hkvXpfpw tkh\fpw \nnm hn`h
D]tbmKnpp. Fv em`w kqNnnpp.
]ckyw {][m\amWv. Fsm AXv ]pXnb Dev]sfpdnpw
D Dev]fpsS ]ptcmKXnsbpdnpw P\sf Adnbnpp.
akcw P\v hnhn[ Dev]fn \npw XncsSpm
\p Ahkcw \evIpIbpw, hnXcWmsc IqSpX t`Zs
Dev] Ipdhv hnebvv \evIm\pw Ip]nSp \Sm\pw
t{]cnnpp. akcansn D]t`mm A[nImc
lo\cmhpw. GIm[n]Xnbmb hnXcWmc XcpXv kzoIcn
mt\m Asn AXnmsX Pohnmt\m \n_nXcmIpw. Hcp
iamb kmdn\v AXns kplrpv klmb
sNm Ignbpsan IhSm AXv AhcpsS t\n\mbn
D]tbmKnm {ianpw. Ah akc \ntcm[\tam Asn
]q GIm[n]Xyw \Ip Nv thn {ianpw.
s]mXpP\sf \nehmcw Ipd hkv X pfn \nv CXv
kwcnpsav hmZnpsanepw AhcpsS bYm eyw
hn]Wnsb hcpXnbnempI FXmWv. Fm CXv Ahv
kzX{kaqln\v tbmPnm \nb{Winbp A[nImcw
\Ipw. kmcpIv hn]WnIsf hfsmSnmt\m IpI
krjvSnmt\m D A[nImcw ]mSn adnv Ah kzmX{yhpw
akchpw hnnpIbmWv sNtXv.
kwcwÌXzw
kzX{kaqlnse hnPbw Ftmgpw ITn\m[zm\w sImp am{Xa
AXv klmbIamsWnepw aphp BhiyapXpw Ah
hmnphm XmdpXpamb hkvXpfpw tkh\fpw \n
{]Zm\w sNWw CXn Hcp A]ISw DmImw. P\ Fv ]pXnb
97
Dev]amtWm BhiysSpI Fv DulnpXn ZmXm, sXmgnemfnI, hnXcWm, Fnh DsSp Hcp DmZ\irwJe
sInSppXn XmcXtay\ hfscIpdv t]sc Ccw
A]ISkmyXItfbpw Ihysfbpw GsSpm Xmdmhq.
Ccw kwcwÌcpsS icnbmb kw`mh\ BhiyfpsS icnbmb
A\pam\w, Dev]mZ\ hyh irwJe, ]cn{iaw FnhbpsS m]\w
FnhbmWv. Ah henb A]ISkm[yXI IqSmsX P\w AhcpsS
Dev]w taSnm Ah hfsctbsd IrXmcmIpw.
CXv Dev]mZ\aXtbbpw Ip]nSptfbpw t{]mmlnnpIbpw
]gb kwcwÌ ssIhcn t]mse kv Ahpw Inpsa
{]Xobn ]pXnb t`Zs Dev] {]{InbIfpw
krjv S npXn\mbn P\sf t{]cnnpp. Cu \nccamb
]ptcmKa\hpw \hoIcWhpw D]t`mmpw AXphgn apgph
kaqln\pw t\apmn sImSppp. kmcns GsXmcp
ta]Xntbmfpw \mbn kv ]cpIbpw A`nhrn
hnnpIbpw sNpp P\fpsS A[zm\w IpdbvpIbpw PohnXw
sasSppIbpw sNp Ip]nSp.
Ahv kzbw Dev]mZnnmt\m Ismt\m Ignbm hkvXpfpw
tkh\fpw D]t`mmv D]Icnpw. hfsc A[nIw sshZKvZyhpw {]mhoWyhpw BhiyamWv. DZmlcWn\v Hcp ê{]Zamb acpv
Dev]mZnnpXn\pw hnXcWw sNpXn\pw {]Kev`cmb acpv
I\nIpXpt]msebp ckX{w, Pohimkv{Xw, \nmWw
Fnhbnse {]mKyw hynIpmhm km[yXbn. {]mtZinI
Huj[ hnZKvv AhcpsS tiJcnep 500]cw acppIfpsS
D]tbmKw, ê{]m]vXnk ]mizê Fnhsbpdnp {]tXyI
{]mKyw t\Smw. D]t`mmv Ccw hntijs Adnhv
kmZnm _pnapmbncnpw hntijnv Ahv ssZ\wZn\
PohnXnemhiyap `Ww, ]m\obw, hkv{Xw, jqkv Fo Fm
hkvXpsfnbpw hnZKvcmhWsan.
kwcwÌ kv kamlcnmw. ]t Ah AXv aphcpsS Nnehn A \IpXv. Ah kmZnp ]Ww D]t`mm
kzta[bm \IpXmWv . Ah [\nIcmIpXv aphsc
98
klmbnnmWv , hnjannntm NqjWw sNbv X ntm A Ah

s]mXpP\s tkhnpnStmfta Ah kv ssIhiw
shbvppq. kmZnp sImncnm Ah D]t`mmsf
a\nempIbpw AhcpsS Bhiysf apIqn AdnbpIbpw thWw.
AXn\m Ah Ftmgpw Hcp ]qoIcnsSm
Dev]mZ\tbmKyamb kmlNcyw t\SnsImncnpIbpw AXv
km[yamphm ]cn{ianpIbpw sNpp. CXv D]t`mmsf
Xr]vXnsSpm {ianp Hcp \ncc{]{InbbmWv.
em`hpw A\pam\hpw
em`km[yX hepXpw sNdpXpamb Dev]mZIsc A]IS km[yX t\cnSm\pw,
Ip]nSp \Sm\pw, kwLSnnm\pw, tPmen sNm\pw, aphsc tkhnm\pw t{]cnnpp. kzX{ kZvhyhbpsS ]e hnaiIcpw em`s XmgvnsIpp Fm bYmn \msamhcpw
emt`pfmWv. \ IqSpX hneaXnp Hv t\Sm\mbn Hv XymKw
sNpp. DZmlcWn\v, \mw kabhpw ]cn{iahpw Hcp hoSv hr-n-bmp-X
- n-\mbn sNh-gn-p-p. Fm hrn-bm-p-X
- n\p sNe-hm-nb
]cn-{i-a-t-m, hrn-bmb hoSn-\mWv \mw IqSp-X hne I]n-p-Xv. Ch Xnep aqeyhyXymkw \psS emàmWv. CXv Hcp kmnI
emà ]t thsdmcn CXv Hcp kwcwÌ kma{KnI taSnv
tNcphIfpsS Nnehnt\m IqSpX aqeyn\v hnpt]mIp Dev]w
krjvSnpXn\v XpeyamWv. \mw kmaqlyhpw am\htkh\]camb
]XnIfn hym]rXcmhptmgpw kv I qfns `cWkanXnbn
{]hnpXpt]meph \mw \psS ey t\SpXn\mWv
{]hnpXv. B ey B {]tZis Fm IpnIpw
hnZym`ymkw InpI FXmsWn t]mepw AXpw Hcp kmntIXc
emàmWv. Fm kmnIem`w am{XamWv hnaiI shdppXpw
ImWpXpw. CXv AbpnIchpw A\pNnXhpamWv.
A\pam\ hnainsSptmgpw CXv hmkvXhamWv. bYmn
DulIhSw kmnI hn]Wnbn am{Xw HXppX. \msamw
A\pam\nphcmWv . Irjnm hnphnXpXv hn]W\w
sNmhp Hcp hnfbpmm\mWv. \mw kvIqfn t]mIpXv `mhn
bn \apv tPmen e`yamp tbmKyXI t\Sm\p {]XobnemWv.
99
CsXmw A\pam\nep DZya BWv.

kmnI cwKv A\pam\v hfsc {]m[m\yapv. AhcpsS
kpcnXamb bm{Xsb ]nbp A\pam\ Cjqdkv
I\nIfpw \jvS]cnlmcNpaXesbSpphcpw \Spnsbn
IepI Hcnepw bm{X sNn. A[nIw \qX\ Dev ] mZ\hpw
hnXcWcmdpI, hyhkmbimeIfpsS \nmWhpw ]cn]me\hpw
t]mep hepXpw ZoLImetpXpamb DSSnIsf
B{ibnncnpp. hynIfmb Dev]mZIv \ymbambpw samw
A]ISkm[yXbpw t\cnSm ]n. AXn\m Ah kzw kwcw`fn
]mfnIfmhm aphsc Wnpp. CXv asmcpXcnep
DulIhSamWv HmlcnItmfn DulIhSm emàpmm
Bbn sjbdpI hmpIbpw hnpIbpw sNpp. ]s
A{]Imcw sNm Ah hym]mcw sNp I\nIsf]nbpw AhcpsS `mhn km[yXIsfpdnv hyamb [mcWthWw. B sshZKvyw
D]Imc{]Zamb hnhc hn]WnbntesnpIbpw hneIsf
AXns icnbmb \nebntev B hnhcfpsS A`mhnepXnt\
m thKn Fnm klmbnpIbpw apgph hn]Wntbbpw
IpSqX ImcytijnbpXpw {]XnIcWmIhpw BIpIbpw sNpp.
emàpmmpI FXv Zpcm{KlapmhpI FXn\v kam\a.
P\ em`n\mbn {ianpXv kzw Xmev]cynemWv
Zpcm{Klne. Hcfhphsc kzm Xm]cy BhiyamWv. \apv
Hmtcmpw \ne\nm\pw, apdnhpI hcmsX \psS icocs
]cnt]mjnnm\pw. ]s Zpcm{Klw Hcp [mnIhiamWv
CXampXv. Hcm aphsc \innp hn[n kzm
Xm]cyaph\msWmWv. Hcp kzX{kaqln Dev]mZIv
AhcpsS kzmXm]cy Xr]v X nsSpm aphsc
klmbnpXneqsStbm ]q.
IhShpw _fpw
IhSw hfsc {][m\sXmsWnepw AXv am{Xa PohnXw. Ghpw
{]bXv \ imenbmb hyhkmbnpt]mepw IpSpw_hpw, ImbnIhpw
kam\X]ccpsS Nmw apXemb Xm]cy Dv.
IpSpw__ hfsc ZrVamb Cen t]mep apXemfn cmPysf
100
t\mnbm aXn IpSpw_hpw Itmf kZvhyhbpw Fs\

klhn pp Fv a\nemm. hyhkmbn hym]rX\mWv
FXv P\tfmSv {Iqcambn s]cpamdpXn\pw , aphsc
D]{ZhnpXn\pap \oXnIcWa. Ghpw {]tbmP\Iamb
_fn anhbpw bYmn tPmenes IhS
kl{]hIcpambmWv . Hcp kzX{kZv h yh kmaqlnI
_ apXcnepw hnnpp. aX]cambXpw kmaqlyambXpw
Bb kwLS\I, am\htkh ey apXemb Xm]cyv
hn\ntbmKnm\p kabhpw kpw CXv P\v \Ipp.
hn]Wn {]hnpsXs\?
hnebpsS hmm{]t]W imkv{Xw
an hn]WnIfpw [\ns am[yaneqsS {]hnpp. t\cnSp
hn\nabw amw IhSw, Hv amdpI Fnh ]WanmsX Xs \Smw.
]s ]Ww kuIcy{]ZamWv. Hcp hnev]\mc\v hkvXptfm tkh\tam
CXn\v ]Icambn \Imw. As-n ap hkvXptfm tkh\tam CXn\v
]Icambn \Imw. As-n ap hkvXptm tkh\tm Bbn
AXv ssIamw sNpXn\v ap]mbn Ghpw \ aqeyn\mbn Xncn
\Smw. hnip _m_am XeapSn shm\m{Klnp sdmn
\nmXmsf tXSn\St Bhiyan IhSn\v hne
km[mcWbmbn ]WnemWv {]ISnnpXv. hne aqeyn\v am\Za
ImcWw aqeyw _s hynIfpsS a\nemWv IqSmsX hyXykvX
Bm Htc hkvXphn\v hyXykvX aqeyamWv sImSppI. P\v
B Dev ] ns Bhiyw, AXns maw Fnhsb ]n hne
ImWnpXcpp. CXv P\ Hcp hkvXp asmn\mbn ssIamw sNm
Xmdp hne\nehmcs {]Xnênpp.
mans kqNnI F \nebn hnesb tXm]nm\mhn. Bhiyw
FhnsSbmWv A[nIw Fv XpdpImWnpI am{Xa Db hneI
ZmXmsf B Bhiyw \ndthm t{]cnnpp. Db hne ImWptm
Dev]mZI {]_eamb em`w t\Sm\mbn hn]Wnbn {]thinpIbpw
sXmgn aqe[\w apXembh hn`h Xmgv \neI AtXkabw
Bhiyw IpdhmsWpw hn`h atsXnepw ev ê{]Zambn
D]tbmKnmw Fv a\-nempp.
101
C{]Imcw kzX{kZv hyhbn hne Hcp {][m\ ]v hlnpp.

hn`h Ghpw Bhiyap efntev FnpXnepw AhbpsS B[nIyapnSv \npw ampXnepw. Ah Zphybw
IpdbvpIbpw sNpp. Ghpw Db emàpmm ZmXm
Ghpw NnehpIpd hn`h IsWw. CXv hn`h
kwcnm\pw Ghpw ê{]Zambn D]tbmKnm\pw klmbnpp.
Cu {]Xn`mkw temIsamSpap kZvLS\Ifnse hn]WnIfn \nv
hn]WnIfntev ]cpp. DZmlcWn\v, Snn\v Hcp ]pXnb D]tbmKw
Isn Fv hnNmcnpI, \nmXm IqSpX Sn BhiysSpw
Ah ap]tXnt\mfpw IqSpX hne \Im Xmdpambncnpw.
Db hne D]m- Z - I sc AXp IqSpX Dev]mZnnm\pw
samIhSmsc AXv hnXcWw sNm\pw t{]cnnpp.
AtXmsSmw Xs Snns D]t`mm henb hne sImSpm
Xncnm ap {]Xn-hn-[n-I At\z-jn-p-Ibpw sNpw. CXv Cu ]Icw
hkvXp Dev]mZnnm Dev]mZIscbpw Cu _Zens _Z
Ism D]t`mmsfbpw t{]cnnpp.
C{]-Imcw ma-n-s\-- n-bpff hnhcw k-Zvhy-h apgp-h\pw Fnpp. t\mt_ km-nI\mb F^v.-F. lmsbIv (F.A. Hayek)
CXns\ Itm-f-ns ""hnkvXrX-amb hmm-{]-t-]W kwhn-[m\w''
Fv hnfnp. CXv Fhn-sS-bmWv an-ap-Xv Fp Fhn-sS-bmWv Ipd-hpXv Fpw \nc-cw ImWn-p-Ibpw ]cn-{i-ahpw hn`-h-fpw FhnsSbmWv tI{o-I-cn-t-Xv Fv P\--tfmSv ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp-p.
hn]-Wn-Iv Ip-a--Xm-Im Ign-bn-
\n Hcp km-nI imkv{X ]mT-]p-kvXIw hmbn-m \nv
Itm-f
- kam-\a- mb D]-t`m-m-v Htc D]-
- hnp
Ipsd-b-[nIw kam\ hnXc-W-m Xn-ep amXr-Im-a--cs B{i-bnpp F [mcW e`n-mw. Ah As\b Ch Xopw sskmWnIamb kw{K-l
- f- m-Wv. hmkvXh
-
- n a\p-jycpw hkvXp-fpw hyXykvX-ambXn\m-emWv Itm-f- {]hn-p--Xv, Fm-se, {]-hnm km[n-p-I-bp-apq.
Fm-hcpw Htc aqey- ]n-m Bcpw Hcn-epw Hpw hn]W\w sNp-
102
I-bn-. Ccp hn`m-Khpw hkvXp-sf Htc t]mse hne-bn-cp-p-X

- n\m
Ah ssI amw sNp--Xn Imcy-an-.\mw aqey-n hntbm-Pn-p--Xn\m-emWv ssIamw \S-p--Xv. IqSmsX Hmtcm ZmXm-fpw D]--
Htc hnebvv \Ip-Ib
- m-sW-n D]-t`m-m-v Xnc-s-Sp-m
sshhn[yapm-hn-. Hcp ZmXm-hn\pw acs Pbn-m\pw Db em`w
t\Sm\pw km[n-n-.
]t Db em`-amWv kwc-`-Isc acw Pbn-m t{]cn-n-p--Xv.
Ah CXv sNp-Xv D]---fpsS hne Ipdpw D]m-Z-\s Ignhp--Xm-nbpw BWv. ]t AXn-t\-m {][m-\-am-bn Ah kzw
D]w IqSp-X sa-s-Sp-nbpw CXv sNp-p. Ah Ah-cpsS
D]--sf \ho-I-cn-p-Ibpw thXn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Ah
D]-t`m-m-v Ahv ]cn-Nn-Xa- mb ]gb hkvXp-s- f-m \Xpw
]pXn-bXv Bbh \Ip-p. {Km-lI
- ap-h
- b
- n \npw Ah-cpsS D]- IqSp-X C-s-Spw F {]Xo-b
- n Ah Cu am- IqSpX- {]I-S-am-p-p.
CXv kzX-{-hn-]Wnsb Ap-X-]q-ambn Ne-\m--Ihpamp-p.- kw`-cWn-sbpw Bh-iy-n-sbpw ]mT-]p-kvXI tcJm-Nn{Xw t]mse
nchpw XWp-p-d-Xpw Nen-m-Xpw A ZmXm- IqSp-X
BIj-amb D]-
- Dm-Zn-n-m \nc-cw \ho-Ic- np sImncn-p-Ibpw D]-t`m-m- \nc-cw ]ptcm-Ka- \
-
- sf At\z-jn-p-Ibpw
sNp-p.
tI{oIrX Bkq-{X-W-ns Akw-`m-hyX
k-Zvhy-h-sb hgn Imp-Ibpw P\-v th hkvXp- D]mZn-n-p-Ibpw sNm-\p km-cns {ia- Itmf hyh--bpsS
Ne-\m--I-X-bp-ambn Hp t]mIn-.
km- IpIv \ho-Ic- W
-
- n-\m-bp kw C Xs. s]mXp
P\-n\v FmWv th-sXpw Ah Fn-\mWv hne I]n-p-Xv
Fpw Adn-bm km DtZym-K-v Bhn-. A-h h-tmgpw
A`n-{]mb kt-I \S-n-tbmw. Fm Ah {Kml-Ic- psS hm
Xmev]c- y- D]m-ZI
- v Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-s- f-n \nan-jm-\p-kc- Ww
hnhcw \Ip-p. CXv Ahsc s]s-p-Xs hn]-Wnv A\p-kr-Xa- mbn
103
I-h-S-n-s Znisb amn-p--Xn\v t{]cn-n-p-p.

hnP-bn-m-\mbv kwcw-`-I Ah-cpsS D]-t`m-m-sf a\-n-em--Ww.
Ahv km-cp-I Xnc-s-Sp-n sNp--Xp- t]mse D]--fpsS Hcp Iq-s--n-bp A`n-{]mbw e`n-m-\mbn hj- Imncn-m-\m-hn-. Ah D]-t`m-m-v FmWv th-sXpw Nnehv,
hn`-h--fp-tSbpw LS-I--fp-tSbpw e`yX, hne Fnhsbp-dnv t_m[hmam Bbn-cn--Ww. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp hkvXp GPv {]mtZinI
hkvXp hn]Wnbn Fsmw \S-pp F-dn-tbXpv. {]_-e-amb
{Kml-I GXp Xc-n-ep hoSp-I-fn Xev]-c-cm-Wv FXv amkw
tXmdpw A Znhkw tXmdpw A aWn-q-dn t]mepw Adn-bWw. Hcp tI{
A[n-Im-cnpw C{X thK-n amdp hnh-c
- , Ah amdp-X
- n\p ap]v
{]hn-p-Xnt\ t]ms, tiJ-cn-m t]mepw Bhn-.
Nne Bfp-I kzX{ k-Zvhy-h tI{ Bkq-{Xn-X-a-m--Xn-\m
ASppw Nnbpw Cm-Xpw bpn-lo-\-am-bn-cnpw Fv hnNm-cn-pp. hmkvX-h-n Itm-f- hfsc Nn-bp--Xm-Wv.- kz-n-sbpw
ssIam--n-sbpw AwKo-IrX \nb-a- A\p-k-cn-p--Xn-\m
P\-v kl-cn-m\pw ssIamw sNp-hm\pw km[n-p-p. IqSmsX
ap--h-cpsS {]hn-I hfsc IrXy-ambn apIqn Adn-bp-hm\pw
Ign-bp-p.- hn-]-WnI IqSp-X bpn kl-hp-am-Wv. kzw cq]tcJDm-p-Ib
- pw ap-h
- c- psS amw hcp cq]tcJI-fp-ambn Hp t]mIp
e-I-W-n\v P\--fpsS {]mtZ-inI sshZ-Kvyhpw Adnhpw Ch
D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.- Hcp tI{o-IrX \nb-{nX k-ZvL-S-\-bn-tesd Bkq{XWw Hcp kzX{ k-ZvL-S-\-bn Bh-iy-ambn hcp-p. CXv km
\ne-bv-msX hyn-KX \nebvv sNm-hp Hmbn amdp-p.
tNmZyw : kzX{ hn]-Wn-I ]cn-n-Xnsb kwc-n-pXn ]cm-Pb-s-n-nt?
C. hn]-Wn-I ]cm-Pb
- s- -n-n-. ]e ]mcn-nXnI Dev]
-
- pw
Hcp hn]Wn C. hkvXp- Ipdhpw hne \evIm-h
- sc Hgn-hmm
Ign-bp-tmgpw hn]Wn \ hw {]hnpw, hkvXp- [mcmfhpw hne \evIm--hsc Hgn-hm-m Ign-bm--tmgpw A.
F-s\-bn-cp-mepw ]mc-n-XnI Dev]
-
- pw hn]Wn Dsv
104
P\- a\-n-emn hcp-p. IS-ense ay kv \mi-tmfw

sImbvsX-Sp-msX Nne cmjv{S- DZm-lc- W
-
- n\v \ne \nm-hp
]cn-[n-I \n-bn-p-Ibpw apgp-h\n `mKn-Ia- mbn sImbvsX-Sp-m
s]an-p-I \Ip-Ibpw sNp-p. Cu s]an-p-I hn]-W\w sNmhp--Xm-Wv AXn\v Hcp hn]Wn s]sv Dbphcp-p. tiJcw
Dbn \nnsImp Xs Imcy-{]m]vXn ]ptcm-K-anp-p.
kzX{ k-Zvhy-h--bpsS ê-ambn P\- [\n-I-cm-Ip-tm
Ahv ]cn-X
- nXn IqSp-X kwc-n-m km[n-p-p. ssN\
Ah-cpsS hyh-kmbfn \nv ISp aen-\o-Ic- Ww A\p-`h
- n-pp. Fm AhnSps P\- ASn-m\ km-nI hfbvv
ip-hmbp F BUw-_c- t- -m hne Iev]n-p-p. Ah [\nI-cm-hp-tm Ahp- ap-tbp at-sXmcp cmPy-tbpw t]mse
am\-Z-WvU- amdp-Ibpw Ahv IqSp-X hrn-bp hyh-kmb
{]n-{InbI aen-\o-I-cWw Ipd-hp-Xv Xmphm km[npw.
km Nnehv hln-p kwc-`-
Ah-chcpsS cmjv{S-ns apgp-h Dev]m-Z\ {]{In-bbpw Ahv ê{]-Za- b kz-am-m\pw \ne-\nm\pw Ign-bp-sav hniz-knp kmcp-I Cv C Xs. temI-nse an kZv hyh-Ifpw Hcp an{inX
k-Zvhy-h--I-fm-Wv. Ah-bn km-cns DS-a--X-bn Nne hyhkm-b- am{Xsa Dq. ap--h-bpsS ]cn-W-X-^-e-sf Bkq-{X-Wn-eq-sSbpw \nb-{--fn-eq-sSbpw, k-lm-b [\--fn-eq-sSbpw \nIp-Xnbn-eq-sSbpw km Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \bn-m\pw ssIImcyw
sNm\pw {ian-pp.
Ccp-]Xmw \qmv an cmPyfpw {]tXyI Xc-n X{-]-c-amb ]e
hyh-km-b
- fpw tZi-h-cn-p-Xp Ip. ]e cmPy-fpw Ccw hyhkm-b-, hmm-hn-\n-abw, K-Xm-K-Xw, _mn-v,- s]mXp]-tbm-K-,
J\\w, apX-em-bh Ctmgpw kz-am-p-Ibpw \nb-{n-p-Ibpw sNpp.
\n`m-Ky-hi
- m Ccw hyh-km-b-fpsS km DS-a
- X ]e-tmgpw
km-cns Ip-I-bn-tev \bn-p-p.- A-cw Ip-II ]etmgpw Bpw ê-{]-Z-ambn \nb-{n-m ]m-{X hep-Xm-bn-cn-pw.105
Hcp IpI s]mXp-hmtWm kzIm-cy-amtWm FXv Imcy-am-msX Ah

A\n-hm-cy-ambpw Nopw aSn-bp-Xpw Bbn Db Nne-hn tami-amb
tkh\w \Ipw.
Ch-bpsS X{-{]m-[m\yw km DS-a
- X
- b
- vp Hcp Imc-Wa-
- .- an
[\nI cmPy--fn-tebpw _mpI kzIm-cy-amWv. Xo-bmbpw Ahsb
km DS-a-Xbnem-p-Xv B _mp-I-sfbpw Ahsb B{i-bnp IpSpw-_mw-K--sfbpw I-hS m-]-\--tfbpw \in-npw.
km-cns ZmXm--fmbn hn-p--tXm As-n t\cnv D]-t`mm--fpambn CS-s-Sp--h-tcm Bb hmWn-Py-m-]-\- Ctm
tem-I
- nse an-hmdpw hmmhn\n-abw , KXm-KXw, s]m-Xp-]t- bm-K
-
Fnh {]Zm\w sN-p-p. kzImcyaqe-[-\hpw ssh-Z-Kvyhpw sImp
hcm Ign-bp ac_pn-bp m]-\
- f- m Ccw {][m\ tkh\- t`Z-s \ne-bn sIm-Sp-m ]ps-a-Xv AwKo-I-cnpsImv
an cmPy-fpw km DS-a--X-bn-ep I-\n-Isf kzImcyhcn-n-cn-p-p.
km-cp-I hyh-km-b--fp-sS DS-a-bm-bn-cn-msX Xs Ahsb \nb{n-m-sa-v ]Tnp Ign-n-p-v. Ah-cX
- n Hm-lc- n-bp-Sa- I
- f- m-Ip-Ibpw
Ah-cp-sS Ah-Im-i-ap-]-tbm-Knv I-\n-I Fp sN-pp kan-Xn-Ifn Bsc \nb-an-p-p F-sXmw \nb-{n-p-p. Nne-tm Ah
Ah-v Xs kph Hm-l-cn-I \Ip-p. Ch {][m\ hnj-b-fn Ahv Ah-km\ hmv \Ip-p.
Ccw \nIr-jvS-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iv kzX{y kaq-l-n Xnc-kvcn--sSpw . CXv km-cp-S-a--X-bn-tepw s]mXpPt\m-]-tbm-K-n\mbn Xocp-am-\
- FSp-p-X
- n-tepw \bn-p-p. CXv m]-\
-
taSn-msX Xs km-cns\ Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-m k-Xn-p-p.
Ah-c-h-cp-sS km-Zyhpw s]j\pw em`-I-c-amb I-\n-I-fn \nt]n-n-p km[m-cW P\--fps]-sSbphcpsS kzv Ih sN-s-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv. Agn-aX
- n-p Ah-kc-
- A\-h[
- n-bm-Wv. B{in-Xv
BZm-bI
- c- a- mb Inn m]-\
- sIm-Sp-pw. hyh-kmb ime-I CjvSs e--fn m]nmw. IqSmsX ê- ]nm-p--h-cp-sS
t\-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
km-cp-Iv \nb-{-W
- n-eq-sS kzImcy I\nIfp-sS \nb-{Ww
106
ê-{]-Z-ambn FSpmw. N- I-\n-I Fs\ {]hn-p-p.

Ah Fp em`n-p-p. Ahs{X hne \n-bnmw Ahv FhnsS \nt-]nmw sXm-gn krjvSnmw, F{X sXm-gn-em-fn-Iv F{X
sIm-Spmw apXm-em-bh ]cna-n-X-s-Spmw. C-c-n-ep-ff kzIm-cy-hn`-h--fp-sS km \nb-{Ww hfsc km[m-c-W-am-Wv kzX-{ysa-v
hn-ti-jn-n-s- -Sp cmPy-f- n t]mepw Fm CXv bmYm kzX{y
kaq-l-ns AXym-h-iy-amb ASn--d-bmb kzImcy kv F
kzmX{yn\v LSI hncp-am-Wv.
Am-cmjv{S hym]mcw
hym]m-chpw kwc-W hmZhpw
Htc cmPy-n-se hyn-I Xn-ep kzX{y hmWnPy-n \np-mhp kZvê
-
- P\- Am-cmjv{S AXnn-X
- o-Xa- mbn hym]mcw
\S-p-tm krjvSn--s-Sp-p. hym-]mcw cmjv{S-sf Ah Ghpw
\mbn sN-p-X
- n {i tI{o-Ic- n-m\pw Ah-cp-sS tijnv ap Imcy \mbn sN-p ap cmPy--fn-te--b-m\pw A\p-h-Zn-p-p.
tem-I-nse ]pjv]Irjn-bp-sS knwl`mKhpw Dm-Ip-Xv sI-\n-b-bnem-Wv. Chn-sS CXv hfp--Xn\p tbm-Pn apw Imem-h--bp-amWv
Fm Nnen, Bkvt{S-enb, {^mkv Fnh {]ap-J-am-b hnp-ev]m-Z-Icm-bmWv Adn-bs- -Sp-X
- v. Ah-cpsS `qanbpw Im-emh-bpw Ah sIn-Sp ss-h-Z-Kvyhpw ImcWw Cy Xmc-X-ta\y hne IpdXpw hnZym`ym-ka- p-X
- p-amb sXm-gn kaq-l
- m tkh-\
- pw Dev]m-Z\
-
- n\pw
{][m\ cmPy-ambn amdn-bn-p-v. Dev]m-Z\w IqSp-X sa--s]-Xpw Nnehv
Ipd-Xpw Bm-\p Bbp-[-fpw D]-I-c-W-fpw t]m-ep
aqe-[\w sI-n--Sp-m\pw ss-h-ZKvyw t\Sm\pw P\-sf Am-cmjv{S
hym]mcw A\p-h-Zn-p-p.
hyXykvX cmPy--fnse P\-fp-sS aqey- Htc cmPy-nse P\--fpsSXnt\-m KmV-am-bn hyXy-kvXa- m-p-X
- n-\m ]c-kv]c t\-n-\p
Ah-k-c- hfsc A[n-I-am-Wv. a[y-Im-e-L-v DZm-l-c-W-n\v Cybnepw ssN-\b
- nepw kpe-à- mbn hfn-cp Nmb t]m-ep Dev]
- v
bqtdm-]y bm{Xn-I henb hne \Ip-am-bn-cp-p. aty-jy cmPy-fn hne Ipd-Xpw kpe-`h
- p-amb akm-eI
- pw Cv P\-
- `qanv
Nppw ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw k-cn-p-p. sh-\n-knse \nmW coXnbpw,
107
Xmbvemnse kwkvm-chpw kin-m\pw AhbpsS kztZ-iv \nv

F{X hyXym-k-amWv Fv Ap-X-s-Sp-p--p.
Hcp kzX{y kaqlw Fm cmPy--fn-tebpw Dev]--sf kzmKXw sNp-p. CXv hym]m-c-ns Ne\mI t\-fpw hym]mcw Fs\
A`n-hrn ]c-p-p Fpw AwKo-I-cn-p-p. ap cmPy--fn \nv
Cd-p-aXn \ntcm-[nv kzw ZmXm-sf kwc-n-p kwc-WXzamWv
CX-ca- mw CXv B`y-c ZmXm-v Ffp-a- mn \Ip-p. Fm
CX-am-p-Xv B`y-c D]-t`m-m-v \Xpw hne Ipd--Xpamb Dev]-- hntZ-iv \np hcpXv \ntj-[n--s-Spp FXm-Wv. Ah kwc-nX B`y-c Dev]
-
- v henb hne \Ip-p.
Ipd Xnc-s-Sp-p-Itf Dq, tamiw Dev]---fp-ambn kn
sN--Ww.
kwc-W hmZw hyam-Wv
Hcp cmPyw kz-ambn Hcp km[\w Dm-p-tm AXv sa--s \nebn Nnehv Ipdv hntZ-iv \nnmw. CXv hn`-h-sf (]mcn-nXnI hn`-h- DssS) hy-am-p-p. BUwkvanv Nqn-mn
{Ko lukp-I-fp-sS klm-b-tmsS XWp ag-bp kvtIm-vemn
apncn Dev]m-Zn-nmw, ]s {^mknse kzm`m-hnI kqcy {]Im-i-nt\-m 30 aSv A[nI Nne-hn \n-fp-sS kabw, ]Ww, {iaw Fo
hn`-h
- Fn\v hy-am-Ww. \s-m sa-s- coXn-bn Ipd
Nne-hn asm-cm sN-p Imcyw \ kzbw sN-m {ian-nv?
AXn-ibtei-at\y anSp-cmb Dev]m-Z-I cmPy- Ah-cp-sS Dev]-sf B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn ]v, \ntcm-[\w , \nIpXn Fn-h-bn ]pdp
\ndp-m {ian-p--Xns\ FXnp-p. Ah Ah-cp-sS Xs XS-sf DbnsImv Xncn--Snpw. A-cw hym]m-c-bp--
Bpw t\-ap-m-p-n-. Fm XS--fpw amp-Ibpw P\-sf
Ah Xnc-s-Sp-p hym]mcw sN-m-\\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw sN-bvXm
hfsc \-XmWv. {]tXy-Inpw CcpcmPy-f- n-tebpw Zcn-Zy-cmb P\-mWv
hne Ipd Cd-p-a-Xn-bn \nv Ghpw t\w.
CXpXs IpSn-tb-
- n\pw _m[-Ia- m-Wv. Hcp kzX{y kaq-l
- n P\ cmPy-n-S-bn k-cn-p--Xn\v XS--ap-m-In-. IpSn-tb-m Ah- sNp Ib-dp cmPy-v klm-b-I-c-amb ]pXnb Bi108
b-fpw Duhpw sImp hcp-p. DZm-l-c-W-n\v bqtdm-n-tepw

hSt Ata-cn--bn-tepw Dmb IpSn-tb {]hmlw henb ]ptcmKXnbpmn. Zim-_vZ
- f- mbn \ne-\n-n-cp \nb-{-W
- Xnc-kvcn-pI Ffp--am-bn-cn-n- henb Xmevm-enI {]iv\-v Imc-Wam-tbmw. ]t kzX{kaq-l-ns hniz-kvX-cp-sS BXy-n-I-amb
eyw CXm-bn-cn--Ww.
kzX{y hym]mcw {]h-\-n
kzX{ hym]mc `cW {Ia-ap cmPy- thK-n hf-cp-Ibpw CXnm cmPy--tf-m A`n-hr-n-bphbpw BIp-p. sN-dnb hym]mc
\K-c--fmb knwK-q-cn-t\bpw tlm-vtIm-n-t\bpw t\m-q cn\pw
kzm`m-hnI hn`-h--fp-sS klmbw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. 1960 Ifn cpw
kz`m-hnI hn`-h
- [mcm-fa- p B{^n-, Ico-_n-b cmPy-s- f-t]mse
Zcn-{Z-am-bn-cp-p. Cv hym]m-chpw km-nI kzmX-{yhpw ImcWw
Ah ]e-a-Sv [\n-I-cm-Wv.
hym]m-c-ns hym]vXn temI Zmcn-{Zys henb \ne-bn Ipd-n-p-v.
Nne Bfp-I Cd-p-aXnbpw hntZi \nt-]hpw A\p-hZ- n-pXv {]mtZinI P\-X-bp-sS Nqj-W-n\v hgn-sbm-cp-p-s-av t]Sn-pp. kXyw
Fs-m Bcpw Bscbpw hyh-km-bi
- m-eI
- f- n ]Wn-sb-Sp-m \n_n-p-n-. Fm an-hcpw hyh-kmbime-If- n Hcp \nnX Iqenv
sXm-gn-se-Sp-m-\m-Wn-jvSs- -Sp-X
- v. Ipd-Xpw A\n-n-Xh
- p-amb Iqenv
thn Np kqcy-\n ]mSs \Sp HSn-p sXm-gn-en-t\-m hntZi
\nt]w ISp hn-cn-p hnbv\mw t]m-ep cmPy--fnse Ccw
hyh-kmb ime-I-fnse sXm-gn-emfnIv apv kz]v\w ImWm t]mepw
km[n-m-Xn-cp-- kvIq-, sS-en-hn-j, ap BVw-_c-
- Fnh kzam-m B{K-ln-mw.
sam-ss- _
- t^m, In ]nSn-p- Iyq apX-emb GXv ]cn-jvIrX
Dev]-nepw tem-Iv Fm-bn-Spw \npap hn`-h-fpw ss-h-ZKvyhpw {]m]vXnbpw Ds]-Sp-p. cq]Iev]\ sN-p-b
- m Imen-t^mWnb-bn Pohnmw Fm \nmWw \nb-{n-p B tlmMv-tImnepw \nh-ln-p B ssN-\b
- nepw Bbn-cn-mw. Dev]
-
- n D]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p tem-l-fpw ap kma-{K-ln-Ifpw Gjy-bn \ntm
Bkvt{S-en-b-bn \ntm ZnW Ata-cn--bn \ntm J\\w sN-p109
-Xm-bn-cnmw. Dev]w hlnp sImp t]m-Ip-Xv {Kokn D jnnv

irwJ-etbm s\-Xemvkn-ep thyma irwJ-etbm BImw D]-t`m-m-
Xo-bmbpw tem-Iv Fm-bn-Sp \np-ap-v.
P\- ap cmPy-f- nse Bm-cp-ambn hym]mcw sN-p-tm Ahsc
\mbn a\-n-em-m\pw Ghpw Ipd-Xv _lp-am-\n-m\pw XpS-pw.
hym]m-cn-Iv Ahsc kzbw ap cmPy-f- n-tem, h-n-tem D-hc- n
\npw Db-h-cmbn ImWm ]n-. Ahv t\-ap-m-I-W-sa-n
Ahv ap--h-cp-ambn ZmXm-fpw kl-Im-cn-I-fmbpw D]-t`m-m-fmbpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn hym]mcw sNbvtX ]q. Am-cmjv{S hym]mcw
[mc- W bpw kam- [ m- \ hpw Dm- b n- c p- p. Ahbv v Ah- b p- t S- X mb
hnim-k-amb kZv^-e- Dv. Ghpw kzmX-{yhpw Xpd--Xp-amb
kaq-l- Ghpw kzmX-{yhpw Xpd--Xp-amb hym]mcw DhbmsW-Xn Ap-X-an-.
110
6. kzpw \oXnbpw
\oXnbpsS Ghpw khn-ti-ja- mb Aw Fs\ P\-fpsS {]h\-fpsS {]Xn-^-e- Ahn-S-bn hnX-cWw sNWw F-Xn-ep]cn Ah Fs\ ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\-tm-Sp-IqSn s]cp-am-dWw FXm-sWv A[-ymbw 4 \ a\-n-em-n. hyn-I Hmtcm-cp--tcmSpw s]cp-am-dp-Xv \nb-{n-p \nb-a
- ]t ko-am-Wv. Ccw
s]cp-am N- ]cn-]m-en-p-X
- n\pw \S-n-em-p-X
- n\pw, kz-v, \nba-hmgvN, ap--h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-sf _lp-am-\n- Fn-s\ Nne
aqe-y-fpw kmaq-lnI m]-\-fpw Bh-i-yamWv.
kzIm-cy kzv
kzns Aw
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-ns {]h-\-n\v Ghpw ASn-m-\-]-c-amb
HmWv P\-v kzv kz-am-m-\p-ff Ign-hv. kzv DS-a
- m-hI
- miw
sIm--am-p-Xv \nv Fs-nepw ssIhiw hbvp-hmt\m
\nb-{n-p-hmt\m Ign-bpw, \nm-b-I-ambpw B hkvXp-hn \nv
aphsc Hgn-hm-m\pw Ignbpw F-Xm-Wv. AXv \nv h-\p-`hn-bvmw, hmS-Ibvp sImSp-mw, hnmw, Dt]-nmw As-n
AXns\ \in-nmw ]t ap--hv \n-fpsS Adnthm k-Xtam
IqSmsX AXp D]-tbm-Knp-hmt\m \n-fn \nv FSp-p-hmt\m Ignbn-. \n-fpsS kzv Hcn-epw \nb-a-]-c-ambn \n-fn \npw ]nSnp
hmp-hmt\m FSp-p-hmt\m Ign-bn-.
hy-n-Iv kz-p- kz-a- m-m Ign-bpw, AXp-t]mse Xs hnhmln-X-cmb Z-Xn-I, ]p-I--h-S-m, kwm-]nX kwL-, km-
111
cp-I, s]mXp kan-Xn-I XpS-nb {Kqp-Ipw kzv kz--am-phm Ign-bpw.

kzv Fp-]d- b
- p-X
- v, Fm-bvtmgpw Hcp Xp-v `qantbm As-n sInStam t]mep ùXn-I-am-btXm \n-e-am-btXm Bb hkvXp- Bbncnn. Irjn-bn-S
- f- n ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-p arK-t- fm, Hcp {Stm Asn GsXnepw Xc-n-ep hkv{Xtam t]mep Ne-\m-I
- a- mb hkvXp-fm-hmw. GsX-nepw Xc-n-ep ùXn-Ia-
- m hkvXphpw BImw. Hcp
t{SUvamtm As-n Fs-nepw Fgp-Xn-bX
- n-ttbm dntmUv sNbvXX
- n-ttbm ]I-hI
- m-itam As-n \n cq]-Ie
- v]\ sImSp
Fn-s-sb-nepw kz-Im-c-ym-h-Im-itam (t]v) t]mep _un-I-amb
kz-p-tfm Bhmw. Hcp I-\n-bnse Hmlcn ]m-fn-t- am, Bsc-nepw
\nv Xcm-\p IStam As-n \n-fpsS km-ZytamBImw. BcpsS-sb-nepw `qan Hcp {]tXyI Ime-bf-hn-tebvv \n ]m-n-s\-SptXm As-n Hcp tdUntbm \ne-b-ns Nne Xcw-K-ssZLyw D]tbm-Kn-bvp-hm-\p Ah-Im-itam Bhmw. Atm kz-sp ]d-bp-Xv
Fs-nepw n-c-am-btXm ùXn-I-am-btXm Xs Bh-W-sa-n.
kz-p- krjvSn-bvp-hm\pw Ign-bpw. Hcp {Stm As-n Hcp hkv{Xtam, hy-Xy- kvX LS-I
- Iqn-tv \nn-bvp Hcp ]pXnb kzmWv, Hcp ImjnI arKw \mw hfn hep-Xm-pXm-Wv. Bfp-I ]pXnb
]pkvX-I- Fgp-Xpp As-n ]pXnb kmZy ]-Xn-I hnI-knn-s-Sp-p-p. UnPn- kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy henb tXmXn-ep samss_
t^m Dev]m-Z\ am- krjvSn-bvp-p, XnIpw ]pXn-sbmcp cq]n-ep kz-v.
{][m-\-am-bpw, \n-fpsS kzw ico-c-n-\p-ta \p Ah-Imihpw \n sNp {]hr-n-bpsS KpW-ê
-
- A\p-`h
- n-p-hm-\p
Ah-Im-ihpw Fmw kz-n Ds-Sp-p. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n
hy--amb Imc-W- CmsX \nsf Bpw Adp sNp-hmt\m
Pbn-en-e-S-p-hmt\m Ign-bn-. asm-cmp th-n tPmen sNp-hm
Bpw \nsf \nb-a-]-c-ambn \n_-n-p-hm Ign-bn-. \n-fpsS
Ign-hpw sshZ-Kv[-yhpw Adnhpw {]b-Xv\hpw D]-tbm-Knv krjvSn-s-Sp
Hn-s\bpw tamjvSn-p-hmt\m sIm-b-Sn-p-hmt\m Bscbpw A\p-hZn-p-n-.
112
kzpw \oXnbpw
kzpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw
kz-Im-cy kzv hy-h- Fm-bvtmgpw AwKn-I-cnsSp-n-s-n-epw,
AXn\v a\p-j-y-cm-in-tbmfw Ime--g--ap-v. ]pcm-X\ Imev kz-Im-cy kzs Bi-bs ]cn-lk
- nn-cp-p. Cu ASp Ime-mbn dj-y, ssN\
XpS-nb cmP-y- Irjn-bn-S--fp-sSbpw ^mIvS-dn-I-fp-sSbpw Iqmb DSa-m-h-Imiw ]co-np t\mn. Fm kzIm-cy-kz-ns {Iam-K-Xamb AwKo-Im-ct- mSpw kwc-Wt- mSpw IqSn-bmWv B[p-\nI hym]mcw
Dbp-h--Xv. AXv hym-]m-c-n Gs-Sp cmP-y-n-S-bn hfsc-b-[nIw kv t\Sn-sm-Sp-p.
Bfp-I Fs-nepw Hv kz--am-p-tm, AhXp Cm-Xn-cp
ka-bt- -m hfsc IqSp-X Xmev]c- yw AXn \ne-\np-X
- n\pw ]cnt]m-jn-n-bvp-X
- n\pw ImWn-bvpp Fv ]cn-nXn hmZn-bmb Kmscv
lmUn (Garrett Hardin) At-l-ns ]pkvX-I-amb Zv {SmPUn Hm^v
Z tImakv 1 -Fgp-Xn. AXv FvsIm-m-sWv a\-kn-em-m Ffp-am-bn-cp-p. kz-Im-cy kz-mb Hcp `qan-bn Iqmb DS-a-m-h-Im-i-ap-nSv sNp--Xn-t\-m anI cnXn-bn Irjn sNsSpp. Hcp
sInSkap-b
-
- ns s]mXp-hmb GWn-S- n-Ifpw e-fpw an-hmdpw
hrn lo\hpw Pon-Xpw Bhpw. Fm Hcp kz-Im-cy hy-n-bp-sSsInSw \ hrnbpw shSnpw D-Xmbn kqnn-cnpw. Ah-cp-tS
X
-
- m Fn-s\-nepw th-n ka-bhpw ]cn-{i-ahpw ]mgm-m P\-
Xm-d
- . ImcWw Hcp tPmenbpw sNm Xm-dm-Im ap-h
- cpw AXns
êw A\p-`-hn-bvpp FXp Xs-bm-Wv.
kz-ns kwc--Whpw kz--h-Im-is AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xn-eqsS Dev]m-Z\ a-Xb
- p aqe[\w D-m-n-sb-Sp-p-hm P\-sf
A\p-h-Zn-p-p. Irjn-mv Ah Dev]m-Zn-n-p hnf-I kz--amm Ign-bpp Fn hnp ]mIp--Xn\pw [m\-y- hnf-sh-Sp-p-Xn\pw {SmIvS-dp-I hmp--Xn\pw Ah IqSp-X Dm-l-`-cn-X-cmbn-cn-pw. kwcw-`-I, Ah-cpsS m]-\-- Fs\ {]hn--Wsav Xocp-am-\
- Ahp-Xs FSp-p-hm-\p Ah-Im-iw Ds-pw
ap-h
- v AXn bmsXmcp Ah-Im-ihpw Cspw a\-n-em-p-tm
1. tKcv lmUn, Zv {Sm-PUn Hm^v Z tImakv, kbkv 162(3859) 1968, ]n ]n, 1243-8
1.
Garrett Hardin, The tragedy of the commons, Science, 162(3859), 1968, pp. 1243-8.
113
^mIvSd- n-If- n \nt]w \S-p-hm\pw ]pXnb D]-Ic- W

-
- hmp-hm\pw
Dev]m-Z\ irwJ-eI
- hnI-kn-n-bvp-hm-\p-ap shp-hn-fn-I IqSp-X
Gs-Sp-p-p. kz--h-Imiw kw-c-n--s-Sp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn--sSp-Ibpw sNp-I-bm-sW-n P\- Dev]m-Z\a-amb aqe-[-\w Dmp-Ibpw AXv Dev]m-Z\ a-X Iqp-Ibpw AXv apgp-h kaq-l
- n\pw
klm-bI
- a- m-hp-Ibpw sNpw. Fm kz-p- sIm-bS- n-s- -Smt\m
As-n \in-n--s-Smt\m km[-y-X-bp-s-n As-n Dev]m-Znn-p Dev]
-
- ap-h
- sIm-p-t]m-hp-Itbm sNp-Ib
- m-sW-n
P\-v Ignhpw ka-bhpw ]Whpw ]cn-{i-ahpw \nt-]n-m {]tNmZ\w Dm-hn-. CXv apgp-h kaq-lsbpw tami-ambn _m[n-p-p.
kzpw av Ah-Im-i-fpw
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse P\- A\p-`-hn-p Ah-Imi-
fpwkzm-X{- -yhpw ASn-m-\a- m-bn-cn-p-Xv kz-nta-ep \b-n-emWv.
kz-Im-cy kz-n-msX AhnsS Ah-Im-i-fpw kzm-X-{-yhpw D-m-Im-\nS-bn-.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v P\--fpsS kz-X{ambn kwkm-cn-p-hm\pw ap--hcpambn kl-Ic- np-hm\pw Hcp cmjv{Sob ]mn-bn {]hn-bvp-hm\pw
D Ah-Im-iw. kz-Im-cy kz-p- AhnsS Cm-sb-n Fm hn`h-fpw km-cp-I-fmWv \nb-{n-p--sX-n Hcp m\mnv
Fs\ {]Nm-cW {]h-\
- \S-p-hm Ignbpw? Ah-cpsS Bib- {]N-cn-n-p-X
- n-\mbn, Ahsmcp aonwKv lm hmS-Ibvv FSpt-n hcpw, t\mo-kp-I A-Sn-bvt-n hcpw, Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bfpw ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw {]t-]Ww sNt-n hcpw. Fm Fm
aonwKv e-fpwkm-cns DS-a--X-bn-epw, ASn D]-I-c-W-fpw
t]dpw hnX-cWw sNp-Xv km \nb-{-W
- n Bbn-cn-p-Ibpw
{]t-]W am[-y-a--fpsS \S-nv km-cns A[o-\-X-bn Bbncnp-Ibpw sNbvXm BcpsSbpw {]Nm-cW {]h-\- ê-{]-Zambn XS-bm Ign-bpw.2 (Hcp m\mn km-cn-s\-Xn-scbpw AXns Bi-b-s-Xn-scbpw hnai-\- D-bn-p hy--nbm-sWn Xo-bmbpw AXn-\p km[-yX IqSp-X-em-Wv); AXnepw tami-amb
2. F^v F lmtbIv, Zv tdmUv p sk^vUw, dqvse-UvPv, e-, 1944
2.
114
A point made well in F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge, London, 1944.
kzpw \oXnbpw
Ah Fs-m, P\-v Ah-cpsS kz-a- mbn kz-p- Cmsb-n, hnai-Isc Ad-p-sNbvXv \ni_vZ-cm-m\pw, Fn\v Ahsc
sImp-hm t]mepw aSn Imm km-cns {]-h-\-sf XS-bm
As-n \n-em-m Hn\pw Ign-bn- (CXv sR-ep-f-hm-p--XmsW-n-epw, CXn-\p DZm-l-c-W- hfsc km[m-c-W-amWv).
kz-ns A`m-h
- n AhnsS Hcp \o-Xnbpw D-m-hn-. \nv \nfpsS kzw ico-c
- nta-tem, sXmgn-en-tem, DS-a
- X
- bvtm Hpw AhIm-i-an-m-sb-n Hcp \jvS-]-cn-lm-chpw XcmsX AsXms ssI-emm Ahp Ignbpw. \nv \n-fpsS ico-c-n Ah-Im-i-ans-n Ahp \nsf A\m-h-i-y-ambn Adp sNp-hm\pw Pbn-ene-S-bvp-hm\pw sImp-hm\pw Ign-bpw; \nv \n-fpsS sXmgn-en
Ah-Im-i-an-s-n \nsf ASn-a-I-fm-p-hm Ign-bpw; \n-fpsS kzn \nv DS-a
- m-hI
- miw Cm-sb-n \nsf sIm-bS- n-bvmw.
AhnsS A\o-Xn-bn \nv Hcp kwc--Whpw D-m-hp-I-bn-.
kz-ns [mn-I-amb {]-tbm-P-\-
kzpw kz--h-Imi kwc--Whpw km-cp-I-fpsS A[n-Im-c-n-s\Xn-scbpw ap--h-cpsS _e-{]-tbm-K-n-s\-Xn-scbpw P\-v Hcp
{][m\ Ih-N-am-Wv. kz-p- kz--am-bn-p--Xv, km-cn-stbm ap
hy--nI-fp-sStbm GI-]-o-b-amb \n_-tam IqSmsX hy-n-Iv
kzbw kwc-n-bvp--Xn-\pw, Ah-cpsS CjvS- sXc-s-Sp-p-Xn-\pw, Ah-cpsS ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-p--Xn-\pw, Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b {]I-Sn-np--Xn\pw D Ignhv \Ip-p.
kzpw AXn-eqsS hfp hcp hym-]m-c
- n-sbpw hn\n-ab
-
- nsbpw
\nb-a-fpw hy-n-Isf ]c-kv]c {]tbm-P-\-n-\p-th-n kam-[m-\-]-cambn kl-I-cn-p-hm A\p-hZn-p-p. CXv Ahsc ASp--Spv Xmakn-p-hm\pw Ah ]c-kv]cw AwKo-Ic- n \nb-a
- A\p-kc- nv Xtfm A{I-a
- tfm _e-{]-tbm-K
- tfm CmsX {]IrXn hn`-h
- fpw AhcpsS {ia-ns {]Xn-^-e-fpw ]p shbvp-hm hgn-sbm-cppp.
kzv kam-[m-\-]-c-amb klI-cWw t{]mm-ln-n-bvpp Fp
am{X-a
- , kzw Pohn-Xc- oXn IqSp-X anI-X
- m-W
- s- av B{K-ln-bvp
GsXm-cmpw kl-Ic- W
- s Hcp A\n-hm-cyX Bp-Ibpw sNpp.
115
Bfp-Iv Ahs-mtWm th-Xv AXv _e-ambn ssI-em-phm Ign-bn-. kz-p- ssIamw sNp-hm Ign-bpw, hnp-It- bm,
hmS-Ibvp \Ip-I-tbm, ]p shbvp-I-tbm, ]m-n\p sImSp-pItbm As-n Dt]-n-p-Itbm sNmw, ]t AXv DS-a
- s kX-{]-Imcw am{Xta km[-y-am-Iq. IqSp-X kzm-X-{-y-ap Hcp kaq-l-n
Cu {][m-\-s Ah-Im-is kwc-np--Xn-\mbn i-amb hy-h-I D-v, AXm-b-Xv, IS- AS-bvp-hm-\pw , DS--Sn-I AwKo-I-cn-phm\pw t]mep \nb-a-. CXns\ kzX-{-cmb P\- hne-bn-cp-p-Xv, _e-{]-tbm-K-n-eqsS Ah-cpsS hkvXp- FSp--s-Sp--Xn-t\m IqSp-X [mn-I-amb hn`hssIam coXn-bm-bn-m-Wv.
kaq-l-n Hcp ]v
kz-ns DS-a-\p am{X-a Chbn \np KpW-^-e- Inp-Xv. \nt-]w, aqe-[\ kam-lc- W
- w, hym-]mcw Fnh t{]mm-ln-n-bvpI
hgn kaq-l-n\p apgp-h AXns KpW-^-e- e`np-p. DZm-l-cW-n-\v, kzw `qanbnm \K-c-hm-kn-I, Irjn-m [m\-y- ]cnt]m-jn-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahsb kz-ta-[bm D]-t`m-m-f- p-ambn hym-]mcw
\S-pIbpw sNp--Xn-\m `n-p-p. AXn\v Irjn-m-v AhcpsS `qan-bnepw [m\-y-n-ep-ap DS-a-m-h-Im-i-n-\m-Wv \n ]d-tbXv. Fm kz-h
- I
- m-i
- kwc-n-s- -Sm cmP-y
- f- n CXn\p
t\ hn]-coX-amWv kw`-hn-bvp--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v tdm_v apKm-s_(Robert Mugabe) bpsS knw_m-sh-bn, bYm Ij-I-cn \npw
Ah-cpsS kzw `qan I-S-p-hm ap--hsc t{]mm-ln-n-n-cp-p.
AXns ê-ambn IjI-scmw (Iq-Sp-Xepw sh-m) ]mem-b\w sNbvXtm AXns A\--c-êw hfsc tami-amb A`n-hr-n-bm-bn-cp-p. hy-amb `qan DS-a
- m-hI
- mins A`m-h
- n Dev]m-Z\w Ips\ CSnbp-Ibpw \K-ch
- m-kn-Iv cqamb `W-maw D-mh
- p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXp-sIm-v Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n P\--fpsS kz--h-Im-is
kwc-n-t-Xv km-cns apJ-y-amb I-h-y-am-Wv. CXv hy-n-Isf
\nb-ae
- w-LI
- c- n \npw i-cmb As-n k-c- mb {]am-Wn-am-cn
\npw _e-{]-tbm-K-sampw D-m-ImsX kwc-n-p-p. kz-Im-cy kzv
hy-h Fm-hpw kaq-l-n Hcp ]m-fn-w \Ip-Ibpw kam[m-\-]-c-amb klhn-X-z-n\v Xmev]-cyw P\n-np-Ibpw sNp-p.
116
kzpw \oXnbpw
kz-h
- I
- m-i
- n \nv Fm-hpw t\- D-m-hp-p. AXv kzw
hn`-h
- \mbn ]cn-]m-en-m\pw Imcy-a- ambn D]-tbm-Kn-m\pw AXv
hgn DXv]m-Z\
-
- a- a- mb aqe[\w sInSp-m\pw \ne-\nm\pw t{]mmln-n-p-p. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n kz--h-Im-i-sa-Xv Nnep
am{X-ap Hcp {]tX-yI B\p-Iq-eya. CsX-m-hpw th-n Xpd-n-ncn-pp AXv Fm-hpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hp-am-Wv.
\nb-ah
- mgvN
\oXnsbIs
{]Xnêfpw in-Ifpw sImSp-p- Xn\v ASn-m-\a- mb \nb-a
- sf
bmWv \oXn ]c-main-p-Xv . CXv ASn-m\sSp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv BfpI Ah-cpsS {]hn-If- psS ê-ambn FmtWm Aln-p-Xv F
\psS am\p-jn-I]
- c- a- mb s]mXp- hnIm-c
- f- n-em-Wv. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, Hcm
a\-]q-ambn ap--hsc D]-{Z-hn-p-I-bm-sW-n, A{-Ian\n-c-bm-bhv \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Abm sIm-Sp--W-sapw Abm-fpsS Ip-IrX-y-n\v Al-amb in A\p`hn-W-sa-p-ap Imc-y-n an-hmdpw P\- A\p-Iq-enpw.
\pp kz--ambn cq]-s-Spn FSp-m-\m-hp H \nb-a-hmgvN.
Ah \psS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp `mK-am-Wv. Nne Bfp-I hni-z-kn-bvpXv Ccw {]IrXn \nb-a
- \psS krjvSn-Imhv X-Xm-sWpw
AXp \psS aX-n-eqsS shfn-s-Spp Fp-amWv t\mt_ tPXmhv km-nI imkv{X-\pw XXz-Nn--I-\p-amb F^v. F. lmbvIns\
(F.A. Hayek) t]mep ap Nnev ]cn-Wm-a-]c-amb ImgvN-m-Sm-Wp-Xv. Ah hmZnp--Xv, \nb-a-hmgvN \tm-sSmw hfp hcp HmWv
ImcWw Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-bmbn kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Hsm-cp-anp Pohnm AXv \s klm-bn-p-p. cp Xc-n ]d-mepw, \ap-pn kzm-`m-hn-Ia- mb \oXn-sbp-dn-p Ah-t_m[w kl-Ic- W
- s- bpw
\ coXn-bn {]-hn-p Hcp a\p-jy kaq-l-sbpw {]-N-cn-n-phm klm-bn-bvp-p. \pv Ccw Ah-t_m-[tam A\o-Xn-sb-pdnp Adnthm Cs-n Bfp-I sIm-bS- n-s- -Sp-tmtgm sIms-Sp-tmtgm AXn-s\-Xnsc \ {]Xn-Ic- n-msX Ccn-p-Ib
- m-sW-n
\apv A[n-I-Imew AXn-Po-hn-pI C.
117
AXp-sIm-v Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse \nb-a-\nmW k`bvtm \oXn\-ymbhIp-nt\m \oXn Fs\ Bbn-cn--W-sav A\p-im-kn-p-hm
Ign-bn-. GXp Xc-n-ep \nb-a- Ah \S-n-em-n-bmepw AXv
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-amb \nb-a-sm ê-{]-Ztam anI-tXm BIm
Xc-an-. Ahp sNm-hp Hcp Imc-yta Dq, FmWv \nb-a-hmgvN
Fp Is-p-I.3
s]mXp-hmb \nb-a-n-stbm As-n Xti \nba hy-h--bpsS \Sn-ntem Hcmv CXv a\-n-em-p-hm Ign-bpw. hy-nI- Xn-ep
X-, DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, Abm Xn-ep AXnn {]iv\
- ,
CsXmw tImS-Xn-bn Fp-p. B tIkns {]tXyI hkvXpXI ]cnK-Wnp \oXnbpamb Xov tImSXn Iev]n-Ww. Nne Imcy-fn
hyXykvXhpw Nne Imc-y
- fn kam-\h
- pamb c-ma- s- Xmcp AXnn X
tIkv hcp-tm AXn \oXnbpamb Xov Iev]n-p-hm tImS-Xnv
asmcp ]cn-{iaw \S-t-n hcp-p. \ym-bm-[n-]
- m tkz-m-]c- a- mbn Xocpam\w FSp-p-n-. Ah ]pXnb k`-n- ZoL-Imeambn AwKoIcn
XX-z- As-n \S-]-Sn-{I-a- {]tbm-Knp-p. As\ ZoLIm-e-ap Hcp ]coW]camb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-n-eqsS Abm Xnep s]cp-am-
- f- n FmWv \oXn-Ic- n-m-hp-s- Xpw Am-s- Xpw
D s]mXp-hmb Hcp [mcW Dbp-h-cp-p.
\oXn \nb-a-tam, [mn-I-Xtbm As-n ka-X-ztam A
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse \nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS ASn-m\ LSIw Fsm AXv Fm-hcnepw Hcp-t]mse {]tbm-Kn-W
- s- a-X
- m-Wv. Htc kmlN-c-y-n-ep hy-X-ykvX Bfp-I Htc coXn-bn ]cn-]m-en--s-S-Ww.
\nb-ahpw \oXnbpw Fm-bvtmgpw Hmhn-. DZm-lc-W
- n-\v, \nbaw Fmbvtmgpw P\-sf Xpe-y-cmbn ]cn-]m-en-bvn-. Ah Nne-tm \nnn-cn-p-Xv {]amWn h-fm Bbn-cn-mw, AX-hc- psS kp-lr-psf
klm-bn-p-hm\pw FXn-cm-fn-Isf Cmbva sNp-hm\pw th-nb
- m-bn-cnpw
D]-tbm-Kn-bvp--Xv. CsXmw A\ymbamb \nb-a--fm-Wv.
3. F^v F tlbvIv, Zv antdPv Hm^v tkmj-y Po-kv, bqWn-th-gvknn Hm^v NnmtKm
{]v, NnmtKm 2, 1978
3.
118
This point is made in F. A. Hayek, The Mirage of Social Justice, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, IL, 1978.
kzpw \oXnbpw
\oXnbpw [mn-IX
- bpw H-. Iptd Bm Icp-Xp-Xv hnhm-l
- n\p
app ssewKnI _w At-bw kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-am-sW-m-Wv.
]t AXn\m AXv A\oXn-bmhp-n-. ]c-kv]c k-X-tmsS \Sp Ccw {]hn-I av Bpw lm\n-Ic- a- m-hp-n-, AXpsImv
\ncp-]-{Zh \nb-a-n Iogn CXv sNp--hsc inbvv hnt[-b-cmp-Xv \ymba. IqSmsX, \nb-a
- Acw {]hn-Isf inn-pI-bm-sW-n AXv A\o-Xn-I-c-amb \nb-a--fm-hpw. Ah-cpsS s]cp-amw
Ip-Ic- a- m-sWv ap-h
- ]d-bp-Xp sIm-p am{Xw Ahsc \nbaw innp-I-bm-sW-n AhnsS \-fn Bpw Hcp kzm-X-{-yhpw D-m-bncnp-I-bn-.
AXp-t]mse Xs ka-X-zhpw \nXnbvp kam-\-a-. kXyw Fs-m,
Ipd-p-t] k-cpw Ipd-p-t] Zcn-{Zcpw BWv FXp-sIm-v Hcp
kaqlw A\o-Xn-I-c-am-Ip-n-. ka-X-z-apff Hcp kaq-ls t]mse Hcp
Ak-aXz kaq-lhpw \oXn]qIamImw. P\- Bscbpw sIm-bSn-msX As-n _ew {]tbm-KnmsX \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn kv
D-m-p-p Fn, Ah-cpsS {]h\w \oXn-bp-a- m-Wv. kz-Im-cy kzns\ hnainp Nne hmZn-p--Xv, tamj-W-n-eqsS am{Xta kzp- km-Znp-hm Ignbq Fm-Wv. CXv kX-y-a-. D]-tbm-K-iq-\-yambpwBh-i-y-an-m-sXbpw InS-p Hcp hnP-\-`q-an-bn Ah-Im-ihmZw
D-bnv BZyw hcp--bm ap Bpw Hcp t{Zmlhpw sNp-n-.
]noSv AhnsS Ah Irjn sNbvtXm As-n AhsS \npw hnes teml- Is-ntbm t\- D-m-p-tm AX-hc- psS `mKyam-Wv, AXn ap Bpw Hcp \jvShpw kw`-hn-p-n-, AXp-sImv
Hcp A\o-Xnbpw AhnsS sN-s-Sp-n-. AXp-t]mse Hcp kwcw-`-I
GsX-nepw ]pXn-sbmcp Dev]
- tam {]{Inbtbm I-p]
- n-Sn-p-Ibpw AXv
hmp-hm Xm-dm-hp D]-t`m-m-v hnv kv D-m-p-X
- n
ap--h-cmcpw t{Zmln--s-Sp-n t\sc-a-dnv B ]pXn-b Ip]nSp
n \npap {]tbm-P\w temIw apgp-h e`n-p-p.
\oXn \nlWw (\oXn \S-n-em-)
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- ns apJy eyw _e-{]-tbmKw Ipd-p-sIm-phcnI-bm-Wv. ]t \oXn F-s\-bm-bmepw \nlnsSWw. Bfp-I
ap--hsc D]-{Z-hn-p-I-bm-sW-n ]ng Npa-ntbm As-n
119
Pbn-en-e-Stm Ah inn--s-S-W-sav \ {]Xo-n-p-p. AXn\w Ip-hm-fn-Is-Xnsc _e-{]-tbmKw D]-tbm-Kn-bvp-p. \oXn

\S-m--W-sa-n Nne Xc-n-ep _e-{]-tbm-K- AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv.
s]mXp A[n-Im-c-m-]-\--fn Ccw _e-{]-tbm-K--fpsS IpI
\-In-sm-v Hcp kz-X{ kaqlw Cu {]iv\w ]cn-lc- n-p-p. Ahpam-{Xta _ew{]tbmKnm Ign-bq, Atm t]mepw \oXn \S-n-em-phm\pw ]uc-msc cmP-y
- n-\I
- pw ]pd-p-ap i{Xp-f- n \npw kwcnp-hm\pw Hs am{Xta Cu in-I D]-tbm-Kn-m-hq. ap hy-nI Ccw in-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-bvp-Xv \ntcm-[n-bv-s--Xm-Wv.
_e-{]-tbm-K-ns Ip-Im-[n-Imcw km-cn-\m-sW-n AXv Ii\-ambpw \nb-{-Wh
- n-t[-ba- m-bncn-Ww. a\p-jy- c- m-emWv km-cp-I cq]s-n-cn-p--Xv, Hcp a\p-j-y\pw _e-{]-tbm-K-n-\p A[n-Imcw
\njv]ambn sNpsav hnizknm\mhn. Ccw A[n-Im-c-sf
kzw Xmev]c- y-
- v D]-tbm-Ks- -Sp-p-hm-\p {]tem`\w hfsc IqSpX-em-Wv-.
AXn-\-\p-k-cn-v, Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse \oXn-h-y-h--bn A[n-Imc
m]\--fpsS Ccw A[n-Im-c- \nb-{n-p--Xn\p th- Ii\-amb \nb-a
- fpw Ds-Sp-n-bn-pv. DZm-lc-W
- n-\v, At\-zj
- W
-
- nepw
Ad-n-epw, Fs\ tIkp-I hnNm-cW \S-W
- w, Fs\ in hn[nWw Fsm-s-bp Imc-y-- \S-n-em-p--Xn _-s A[nIm-c-m-]-\--fpsS ta Ii-\-amb N- Npa-n-bn-pv Cu \S]-Sn-{I-a
- f- psS \nb-a
- Fs\ Xocp-am-\
- FSp-W
- s- a-X
- ns\
Ipdn-m-Wv, Fv Xocp-am\w FSp--W-sa--Xns\ Ipdn--. \oXn-\-ymb
\S]SnI kX-y-k--ambpw \oXn-bp--ambpw \S-m-p--Xn\p th-n
Ccw \nb-a- ]nXp-c-tc-Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-a-mWv.
\oXn-bvs-Xn-sc-bp òj-Wn-I
A[n-Im-cn-If- psS _ew-{]-tbm-Kn-m-\p A[n-Im-c
- m hy-n-I A\ymb-ambn Ipm-tcm-]W hnt[-b-cm-Im-Xn-cn-W-sa-n Cu N-qSv IqSpX ZrV-am-bn-cn-t-Xv B-h-i-y-am-Wv. CXv \oXnp thnbmWv X
{]hnpXv Fv Nnnp P\fm t]mepw \nlnsSm
Xncnm FfpamWv. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, \ym-bm-[n-]
- m Nne-tm Nnnpw
120
kzpw \oXnbpw
Ah-cpsS tPmenbpsS eyw \nb-a-ns \S-]-Sn-{I-a- ]nXp-S-cp-Xn-t\-m \oXnbpamb-amb Hcp Xov ]pd-s-Sp-hn-pI F-XmsW-v. ]t Ccw \nba]camb apssI \oXn-p-ta \ym-bm-[n-]s
hy-n-]-c-amb A`n-{]mbw ASn-tn-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. CXpw Hcp
\oXn-\nh-lW \S-]-Sn-bpsS A\--c-^-es {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-p-p,
Hmtcm \ym-bm-[n-]-sbpw ho-W-a-\p-k-cnv Htc kz-`m-h-ap Ip-n\v
hy-Xy- k
- vX
- f- mb in-I \tI-n hcp-p. CXv A[n-Im-c
- n Ccnp-hv \oXn-\-ymb Xop-I-fn kzm-[o\w sNep-p-hm D-b-tXmXn-ep Ah-k-c- krjvSn-p-p, A[n-Im-c-n Ccn-p--hv
\ym- b m- [ n- ] - msc ssIqen sImSptm òj- W n- s - S p- ntbm
kzm-[o-\n-m Ign-m Bfp-I-fpsS in-I Ahp amm
Ign-bpw. Fm Hmtcm tIknepw Dd-mbpw ]nXp-S-tc- Hcp i-amb
\nba hy-h--I AhnsS Ds-n Ccw kzm-[o-\- \nb-{nphm Ign-bpw. tImS-Xnp apn hcp--hp apJ-y-amb kwc-W
am-Wn-Xv.
\oXn-\-ymb \nl-Ws \in-n-p asmcp kao-]\w kmaq-ly \oXnsb Bi-ba- m-Wv. kz-n-sbpw hcp-am-\
- n-sbpw Xpey hnX-cWw IcpXn-qn \S-n-em-p-tm AXv kz-n-sbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw XX-z-v FXncmbn \npp. Xpe-y-ambn hnX-cWw sNWsa-n kz-v
Ipdp Bfp-I-fn \npw FSpv ap--hv \tI-n hcp-p. P\v kz-p- ssIhiw hbvp-hm\pw AhcpsS lnXm\pkcWw
AXv hn{Ibw \S-p-hm\pw D DS-a
- mh-Im-is Cm-Xm-p-Ib
- mWv
CXv sNp--Xv. \ Hcn- A[n-Im-cn-Iv AXn-\p A[n-Imcw
\In-bm ]ns Bcpw kpc-n-X-cm-bn-cnn-. kwcw-`- Cm-XmIpw; kz-p- A[n-Im-ch
- -v I-ps- I-m Ign-bp-sa-n Fn\p-th-n Hcm shp-hf- n-I Gs-Sp-W
- w, Fn-\p-th-n kz-p-
km-Zn-bvp-hm ITn-\m--zm\w sN-Ww?
Fn-cp-m-epw, DS-a
- m-hI
- m-i
- n\p th-n \S-n-em-p Hcp-t]m-ep
\nb-a- Fm-bvtmgpw ]q-ambpw hy-X D-Xm-bn-cn-n-. Hcp
Xp- v `qan- b n D Fs DS- a - m- h - I miw B `qan- S n- b nse
[mXp]Zm-sf NqjWw sNp-hm-\p Ah-Imiw F\np Xcppt-m? Hcp hnam-\-n Fs `qanbvp apI-fn-eqsS Bfp-I bm{X
121
sNp-X
- ns\ XS-bp-hm DS-a
- m-hI
- miw Fs A\p-hZ- n-p-ptm?
ASp-p ^mIvSd- n-bnse Nnn-\n-bn \npw han-p ]pI-bm Fs
A-cow aen-\a- m-Ip-Xp XS-bm F\np Ign-bptam? Ccw hniZmwi-fpw Xocp-am-\n-bvt-Xp-v.4 Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n, Ah-sbmw
XpS-bmbn ]cn-tim-[npw ipo-I-cnpw bYm \oXn-hyhI
Fsv Nqnmm am{Xw {ianp \ym- b m- [ n- ] - m- c m
Xocpam\nsSpp.
kzm-`m-hnI \oXn
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n, Fm \nb-a\
- nm-Whpw \nb-a\
- nh-lW
- hpw
\nXn-bpsS XX-z
- sf Xo-bmbpw ]nXp-Sc- Ww a\p-jy-
- z-
- n AKm[-ambn thcq-n-bn-pXn\m B XX-z-sf kzm-`m-hnI \oXn Fp
hnfn-p-p.
BZ-ya- m-bn, Hcp \nbaw Adn-bs- -Sp-Xpw hy-a- m-bXpw ZrV-am-bXpw Bbncn--Ww. Hcp \nbaw cl-k-y-am-btXm As-n Ftmgpw amdn-sm--ncn-bvp-tXm BsW-n, hy-n-Ip Adn-bm Ign-bn Ah B
\nbaw ewLn--bmtWm Fv, AXp-sIm-p Xs Ahp Ipm-tcm-]W--fn \npw kzbw kwc-n-p-hm\pw Ign-bn-.
\nb-a- apIqn Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp--hbpw IqSn Bbn-cn-bv-Ww.
\nbaw _m[-I-amtWm Atbm Fpw \nbaw ew-Ln-m AXns Zqjy^-e- Fsms Bbn-cnpw F-dn-bm hy-n-Iv Ign-bWw.
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n BsW-n t]mepw an-hmdpw \nb-a
- sImp-h-cp-Xv Xo{h-hm-Zs sNdp-p-hmt\m As-n kwLw tNp
Ip-Ir-Xy-
- XS-bmt\m t]mep Hcp Dt-it- msS BsWp Icp-XpI,
Fm B \nbaw ]noSv XnIpw hy-X-y-kvX-amb e-y-v {]tbm-Knp-I-sSpIbmsWn ]uc-m hfsc sNdnb Ip-p t]mepw
ITn-\-amb in-Ip Cc-I-fmbn Xocpw.
c-m-a-Xmbn \nb-a- Hc-n-epw apIme {]m_-e-y-tmsS D-Xm-hm
]mSn-. Ah `mhn {]hnIp am{Xta _m[Iamhq. A-s\-bm
4. Cu Bibw Dbn-Xv an {ôUvta\pw tdmkv {ôUvta-\pw, Imn--enkw
B v {ô-Uw, bqWn-th-gvknn Hm^v NnmtKm {]v, 2, 1962
4.
122
This point is raised by Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.
kzpw \oXnbpw
Fn P\- sNp ka-bv \nb-a-]-c-am-bn-cp-- {]hnIv,

]noSv Ah Ipmtcm]nXcmhpw. ho-pw, kz-X{ kaq-l Fv
]dbsSph CXn ]cm-Pb
- s- -Sp-p. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, 2008 bpssWUv InMvUw \nbaw, AXn\p aps \nb-a-\nmWn ]mm-nbn-cp Nne \nIp-Xn--c-lnX ]-Xn-Isf dm-n-b-Xp-aqew B ka-bv
Hcp \nb-ae
- w-L\
- hpw \S-n-bn-n-m 3,000 Bfp-Iv \nIpXn _m[yX
Npa-n.
aqm-as \oXn-bpsS \nbaw Fs-m {]mhnIam Imcy
sNm \nb-a
- n\v Ah-Im-is- -Sm Ign-bn-. ImcWw Nne-tm AXn
P\-v \nb-a-ew-L\w Hgn-hm-p-Xv Akm-[-y-ambnocpw. kz-X{w
Fv ]dbsSp cmP-y-fpw CXn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p. {]tXyInpw
\nba GpappbnSfn A{]Imcw AKv\nkpc \nba
sInSapSatbmSv- - AKv
- \nkpc kwhn[m\w Dmm BhiysSpw
Fm am hcpm Bkq{XW\nba A\phZn
n.AXn\m Fs\bmbmepw sInSapSabvv \nbaw ewLnt
Xmbn hcpw. CXnepwAe-p {]iv\w \oXn-]q-a-m km-cp-I
AhcpsS FXn-cm-fn-Isf Ip-hn-t[-b-cmn hnNm-cW sNp--Xn-\mbn
a\-]qw {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-m \nb-a- D]-tbm-Kn-sp hcmw.
kzm-`m-hnI \oXn-bpsS asmcp apJ-y-amb \nbaw \nc-]-cm-[n-Xzw A\p-am\n- - e m- W v . Bcp- s S- s b- nepw t]cn- e p Ipm- t cm- ] Ww F{X
kv]jvSamsWnepw Abm Ip-m-c-\m-sWv sXfn-bn--sSpw hsc
Ahsc Ip-hm-fn-bmbn ImWp-hm Ign-bn-. \nm-b-I-ambpw A[n-Imc-m-]-\--fmWv Ah-cpsS IpwsXfn-bn-t-Xv, Ahc Ah-cpsS
\nc-]c- m-[n-Xzw sXfn-bn-t-Xv FmWv AampXv. CXv Ah-cpsS
FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS ta hymP Btcm-]-W- Npan Ahsc ]oUn-n-p- km {]hn-Isf XS-bp-p. P\-sf inbvv hnt[-bc- mpw
apv AhcpsS ta B- t cm- ] n- n- c n- p Ip- tImS- X n- b n
sXfn-bn--Ww.
Ah-km-\s apJy XXzw Fs-m \ym-bm-[n-]-mcpw tImS-Xn-Ifpw
cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-I-fn \npw kz-X-{-am-bn-cn--Ww. \nb-a-\nmWw
\S-p--hpw hn[n \nbw \S-p--hpw CS-bn A[n-Im-c hn`-Pnp \tI-Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. \ym-bm-[n-]-m Hcn-epw
123
cmjv{So-b-m-cpsS shdp-samcp GPm-hm ]mSn-, Ah-cpsS cmjv{Sob

ImgvN
- m-Sp-I Hcn-epw Ah ssIIm-cyw sNp tIkp-If- p-ambn _s-Sp-p-hm ]mSn. \ym-bm-[n-]
- m cmjv{So-b
- m-cp-ambn ASp _w
]pe-p-h
- c- m-sW-n Ah-sc hfsc Ffp-
- n kzm-[o-\n-p-hmt\m
As-n òj-Wn-s-Sp-p-hmt\m Ign-bpw. Atm B tImSXn \S-]Sn-I kX-yk
-
- a- mb \oXn-\nh-lW
-
- n-\
- msX cmjv{So-bm-cpsS Xmev]c-y- kwc-n-p--Xn\p am{X-ambn amdpw. IqSp-X kz-X-{-amb kaql-f- n \ym-bm-[n-]
- msc \nb-an-p-hm kz-X{ kan-Xn-I D-v, Asn Ahsc PohnX-Im-e-tv \nb-an-pw. CXv cmjv{So-b-m-cpsS CSs]-S hf-sc-b-[nIw Ipd-bvpw.
\nb-ah
- mgvN
\nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS Aw
\nb-a-hm-gvN-tbmfw hy--ambn asmpw Hcp kz-X{ kaq-ls kzX{am--Xn \npw thXn-cn-bvp-n-. GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw
cmjv{So-b
- m-cp-sSbpw tkz-m-]c- a- mb tXm-ym-k
- t- f-m hy-a- m-bXpw
s]mXp-hm-bX
- p-amb \nb-a
- ns XX-z
- f- m ]uc-m `cn-s-SWw FXmWv Cu Bi-bw. \nb-ak
- m-am-Pn-Iv Ahn-jvSa- p-Xp t]mse sNphm Ign-bn-. Ah-cpsS \nbaw Ah-cpssS Fm-h-cnepw Xpe-y-ambn
_m[IamWw.
\nb-ah
- m-gvNb
- psS eyw tkz-m-[n-]X
- n-If- mb A[n-Im-cn- IfpsS {]hnI-fn \npw ]uc-msc kwc-n-bvp-I- F-Xm-Wv. i-nI-fp-sS IpIm-[n-Imcw \ km-cn\p \-Ip-Ib
- m-sW-n, A-Xh
- DchmZnXz
tmsS s]mXp-hmbn Dt-in-n-p Imc-y-pw Nne {]am-Wn-hp am{-X-a-msX apgp-h kaq-l-n-sbpw KpWn-\p-th-n D]tbm-Knp-p-shv Dd-p-h-cp--Ww.
A[n-Im-c
- n Ccn-p-h
- Ip- sNbvXmepw ap-h
- p \Ip
AtX {Inan-\ in Xs Ahpw sImSp-p--sXv \nb-a-hmgvN
Dd-m-p-p. Bi-bvp hI \Ip{X cmP-y
- Ah-cpsS kmcnse ap `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isfbpw \ne-hn-ephscbpw \nb-a-]-cn-[n-bn
\npw Hgn-hm-n-bn-p-v AXns ê-sa-tmWw Acw t\Xm- \oXn\-ym-b--fn \npw csn-p-ap-v. ASn-m\cln-Xhpw (cm-jv{So-b-
124
kzpw \oXnbpw
]-c-ambn Btcm-]-n--s--h) D]-{Z-h-I-c-hp-amb hnNm-c-W-I-fn \npw

{]ikvX hy-n-Is- ftbm am-sc-sb-n-eptam kwc-n-p-Xpt]m-ep
]gp-Xp-I Nne-bn-S
- f- n \ne-\np-p-s
- nepw bYm-amb \oXn\nh-l-W-n \npw Btcbpw Hgnp \np-n-.
\nb-a-hmgvN A[nImcnIfpsS Ftmgpw amdn-sm-n-cnp-Xpw tkz-]c- hp-amb Xocp-am-\
- tfm s]mXp-hm-bXpw ZoL-Imew \ne-\np-Xp-amb XX-z--fn A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. \nban\v apn Xpey \nXn,
\nb-a-ns icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-, Hcp kz-X{ \nXn-\-ymb hzyh-,
apJw t\mm-sX-bp \nXn-\nh-l-Ww, tl_n-bkv tImkv (hn-Nm-cW
IqSmsX Pbn-en AS-n-cn-p Bsf tImSXn apmsI lm\-cm-phm-\p A\p-im-k-\), A[n-Im-cn-I-fm ]oVn-n--s-Sm-Xn-cn- (Cc
hn]vFp hnfn-s- -Sp-, Hcmsf Htc Ip-n\v ho-pw ho-pw hnNmcW sNbvXv ]oVn-np coXn), \nc-]-cm-[n-Xzw A\p-am-\n (Ipw
sXfn-b-n-s-Sp--Xp-hsc \nsf Ip-hm-fn-bmbn ImWm-Xn-cn-),
\nbans nc-Xbpw {]mtbm-Kn-IX
- bpw hnizkvXXbpw XpS-nb kzm`m-hnI \oXnsb CXv \apv Ddv Xcp-p. \nm-b-I-ambpw, \nb-a\nmWw \S-p-h
- cpw ap-h
- s- c-tmse B \nb-a
- ns ]cn-[n-bn
Ds-Sp-p. F{X Xs D-X
- m-cm-bn-cp-mepw Ah-cpsS {]hn-I
Ah DchmZnIf FnHcp kaqlw Hcn-epw kz-X-{-am-hpIn.
\nb-a-hm-gvNsb kwc-n-bv
\nb-a-hm-gvNsb A[n-Im-cn-I Zphn-\n-tbmKw sNm-Xn-cnp-hm cmPyv hy-X-ykvX am--fp-v. enJnX `c-W-L-S-\, s]mXp-hmb \nb-anepw Iogvhg---fp-sSbpw ASnm\nD \nXn-\-ymb \S-]-SnI, kzm-`m-hnI \oXn-tbm-Sp ASn-m-\-]-c-amb {]Xn_X Fnh
CXn Ds-Sp-p.
\nb-a-hm-gvNbvv IqSp-X in ]I-cm enJnX `c-W-L-S\bvv Ignbpw. {]amWnh-fpw IpnX Xmev]c- y-
- fpw A[n-Im-c
- n kzm-[o\w
sNep-n-bn-cn-p-Xpw ]pXp-Xmbn FgpXn D-m-p `c-W-L-S-\hfsmSnm Ahv kzm-[n\w sNep-p-hm Ignbpw F-Xn-\mepw
Hcp ]IzX h cmP-yt- -m Ccw `c-WL
- S- \
- I
- Fgp-Xn-bp-m-m
IqSp-X Ffpw ]uc-m BZ-yambn Hp-Iq-Sp ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w
125
sImp Hcp cmP-y-m-Wv.

tImS-Xn-I-fn hcp hy-X-y-kvX--fmb tIkp-I-fn, hj--fm-bp
Iogvhg--fpw \nba-hm-gvNsb klm-bn-bvp-p. hy-n-Iv `c-Wn-en-cn-bvp \nb-ak
- m-am-Pn-It- cbpw DtZ-ym-K
- s- cbpw FXnp-hm\pw
Ah-cpsS \nXnbpw \nb-a-km-[p-Xbpw tIm-S-Xn-bn tNmZyw sNp-hm\pw
Ign-bpw. kmh-[m-\w, Iogvhg-
- ]nXp-Sc- p Hcp kanXn DtZ-ym-K
A[n-Im-c-ns ]cn[n \n-bn-p-p.
\nb-ah
- m-gvNsb Xmn-\np aqm-as amw, \oXn-\n-ba-
- f- p-sSbpw
kmaq-lnI tbmPn ASn-m-\-am-n-bp XX-z--fp-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI-X-Isf Ipdnv Nc--I t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-bm-Wv. kz-X{ A`n-{]m-b {]-_e
- a- m-hp-Ibpw Ccw Bi-b
- Bp-th-Ws- a-nepw N
sNp-hm-\p kzm-X-{yw \Ip-Ibpw sNp-I-bm-sW-n A[n-Im-cnIv Ah-cpsS kzw Xmev]-c-y-mbn \nb-a--sf Xncn-adn \S-phm\p Ah-kcw \t Ipd-hm-bn-cn-pw.
\nb-a-hm-gvN-bnse N-I-fn \npw Dcp-p-cn-bp Hcp apJy Bi-bw,
Ah Fv XX-z-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-ambn `cn--s-SWw FXv Xncp-am-\n-phm-\mbn P\- BZ-y-ambn Hp-Iq-Sp-tm, tamj-W-pw A{I-apapff inbmsXbpffXpw AhcpsS ZoLIme Xm]cy
\pkcnpffXmsWhv tXmpXmsXbpffHcp Imcyfnepw
_e-{]-tbm-K-w Bcpw k-Xn-n-, - AXp-sIm-v \ Imc-y-Im-c-W-tmSp-IqSn Hcp \nK-a-\-n-se--Ww,AXm-bXv Fm kz-X{ kaq-l-fpw
_e-{]-tbm-K-sf \nb-{n-p-Ibpw Hcp{]tXyI hn`mKw Bfp-I
ap- - h sc NqjWw sNp- Xv XS- b p-- s]mXp\nbasf
ASnm\amWw.
\oXn-\nlWw
\nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS kwc--W-n\v Fsmw s]mXp-hmb hgn-I sXcs-Sp-mepw AXns\ Xobmbpw klm-bn-p Nne FSp-p-]-db- LS-I-fpw D-v.
\ym-bm-[n-]-m, hy-n-]-c-ambpw AXn-t\-m-fp-]cn cmjv{So-b-]-c-ambpw
kz-X{- -cm-bn-cn-W
- w A-s\ A-sb-n \oXn-\y- mb hy-h
- sb Bcpw
AwKo-I-cn-p-Itbm _lp-am-\n-p-Itbm sNn-, am{X-hp-a \oXn-bpsS
126
kzpw \oXnbpw
t]cn AX-y-[n-I-amb A\ymb {]hn-Ifpw sN-s-Spw. an cmP-y-fnepw \ym- b m- [ n- ] - m Al- a mb ifw e`n- m- - h cpw
DchmZnIfm-hcpw \nco--W-hn-t[-b BIm-hcp-am-Wv, AXpsIm-v Ah tIkp-I-fpsS Xov Iev]np-Xv \nb-a-t-m tImgbp-sS ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cnpw. ]I-cw, \ym-bm-[n-]-mv Ah-clnbvp {]Xnê sImSp-p-Ibpw XpS-bmbn \nco--W-hn-t[-bcm-p-Ibpw sNbvXm Ccw Agn-a-Xn-I Bh-i-y-ambn hcn-Itbm
t{]mm-ln-n--s-Sp-Itbm sNn-.
\oXn-\-ymb hy-h-bvv \smcp tIm-SXn `c-Whpw IqSn AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv.
an cmP-y
- f- n-epw, hfsc sNdn-sbmcp tIkm-sW-n t]mepw AXv tImSXn-I-fn-se-m amk-tfm Nne-tm hj- t]mepw FSp-t-mw,
CXn\p ImcWw DtZ-ym-K ta[m-hn-Xz-
- f- psS CS-s]-Se
- p-Ifpw tIkp-I
ssIIm-cyw sNpXn DtZ-ym-K- ImWn-bvp Aew-`m-hhpw Xsbm- W v . Ingv h g- - - f n ASn- m- \ - a mb Hcp \nb- a - h - y - h bv v
IgnImes tIkp-I-fp-sSbpw hn[n-I-fp-sSbpw thK-n-ep
e`yXbpw Bh-iy- a- m-Wv. Atm AhnsS Ign Iogv hg-
- f- psS Hcp
sdtmUp-Ifpw C- F ImcWm tIkp-I A\m-hi
- y-ambn tImSXn-I-fn Fn-tn hcn-.
an cmP-y--fnepw, t]meokpw Imc-y- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-t\-m IqSpX {]iv\--fpsS `mK-am-bnp-v. Bfp-Isf Adp sNp-hm\pw XShn hbvp-hm\pw D A[n-Imcw Ahp-Xp sIm-v Ahp
P\-f- p-sS-ta Ip- Npa-p-hm\pw Agn-aX
- n-bn-eqsS Ahv t\ D-m-p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. DtZ-ym-K- bYm-am-btXm As-n
krjvSntXm \nm-c-amb {Sm^nIv Ip- Npan sNdnb ]ng-I CuSmp-Xv AXn-s\mcp kqN-Ia- m-Wv. CXv \nehnepff kwkvIm-c
- ns `mKambn amdpw ]t Hcn \ Agn-a-Xn-bpsS XX-zs Aw-Ko-I-cnp
Ign-m ChnsS Hcp \nb-a-n\pw IqSpX hn\m-i-I-amb Imc-y-sf
XS-bm Ign-bn-. t]meokns\ icn-bmb coXn-bn ]cn-io-en-n-t-Xpw
\nco-n-t-Xpw AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. Ah-s-Xn-sc-bp ]cm-Xn-I
At\-zj
- n-p-X
- n\pw \S-]Sn FSp-p-X
- n\pw Hcp kz-X{ GPknsb
\ntbm-Kn-p-Xv KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw.
AXp-t]mse DtZ-ym-K hr-f- psS \nb-a\
- hpw cmjv{Sob kzm-[o-\a- n-msX
127
tbmK-y-X-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cn-Ww. Ah icn-bmb cnXn-bn

D-c-hm-Zn-Xzw D-h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. cmjv{So-b-]-c-amtbm hy-n-]-c-amtbm
D t\-p th-n Xocpam-\- FSp-pXv inn-s-S-Ww.
\oXnbpw \nb-a-hm-gvNbpw \ne-\n-W-sa-n XncsSpp-I kXyk--ambn \S--s-S-Ww. A[n-Im-cn-Is--Xnsc hnai-\-ap-bp
m\mn-Iv Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b
- {]I-Sn-n-p-hm-\p kwkmc
kzm-X{- yw D-mb
- n-cn-W
- w. cl-ky- a- mbn k-Xn-Zm\w tcJ-s-Sp-p-hm-\p
kuI-c-yhpw XncsSpv {]h-\- kX-yk--ambn \S-n-em-phm Hcp kz-X{ XncsSpv Io-j\pw AhnsS D-m-bn-cn-Ww.
\oXnbpw km-nI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw
\nb-a-hmgvN km-n-I-]-c-ambpw IqSmsX kmaq-ln-I-ambpw {][m-\-s-Xm-Wv. Fm hjhpw temI _mv _nkn-\k
- n Gs-SpXnse Ffpa\p-k-cnv cmP-y-v Hmtcm ]Zhn \Im-dp-v. ap cmP-y--fn \npw
_nkn-\kpw \nt-fpw BIjn-p-I, kzw \mn P\-v XS--sfm-p-an-msX hym-]mcw sNm-\p Ah-k-c- krjvSn-p-I,
CsXms km-nI ]ptcm-KX
- n-bp-sSbpw P\-f- psS A`n-hr-n-bp-sSbpw
kp{]-[m\ LS-I--fm-Wv. Cu kqNnI {in-p-Xv \nIp-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw
N--fp-sSbpw kpXm-c-y-X, DtZ-ym-K-n-S-bn-ep Agn-a-Xn-bpsS
Af-hv, F{X-tmfw A\m-bm-k-ambn P\-v _nkn-\kv XpS-m
Ign-bpw, kz-p- cPn- sNp-X
- v, AXnn-
- p-da- p h-ym- ]mcw,
]m-c-zs ssIIm-cyw sNp-Xv As\ ]eXpw BWv.
km-n-h-y-h--bn hfsc kz-X-{-amb knwK-q (km-aq-lnI kzm-X{yw hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-n-epw) Ggp hj-w temI-]Z- h
- n-bn Hmw m\v
XpS-p. Xmc-X-ta-\y kz-X{ cmP-y--fmb tlmtm-Mv, \yq-kn-emUv,
sUamv,bpssW-Uv InMvUw, bpssW-Uv tvkv Fnh ]nn-ep-v. ASp--Xmbn hcp--Xv, km-nI kzm-X-{yw Ds-nepw kmaq-lnI-ambn hfsc \nb-{-W- D dn-nIv Hm^v sImdn-b-bm-Wv. Cu
]Z-hn-bn Ghpw Xmtg-X-n hcp--Xv, \nXnbpw \nb-a-hm-gvNbpw
At-bw Zb-\ob-amsW Ip{]knnbpff tImwtKm, sh\-tk-z-e,
knw_m-sh, Cdm-v, Ima-dq, s_mfo-hn-b, Dkvs_-n-m XpS-nb
cmP-y--fm-Wv.
128
kzpw \oXnbpw
\nb-a-hm-gvN-bvp òj-Wn-I
an-hmdpw cmP-y--fn, {]tX-y-Inpw hnI-kzc cmP-y--fn ]e Xc-nep \oXn-h-y-h--I \ne-\np-p-v. kmXe \nb-ahpw \oXnh-y-h--Ifpw IqSm-sX, AhnsS ]e-tmgpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw h-]-chpw
As-n aX-]-c-hp-amb \nb-a-h-y-h-bpw AXpw IqSmsX kz-Im-c-ytam
As-n hy-n-I Xn-ep DS-Sn N-tfm Hs \ne-hn-epv.
kmh-yh
-
- b
- n Agn-aXn km[m-cW
- b
- mbn IqSp-Xe
- m-bn-cnpw. {]mtZin-Ihpw aX-]-chpw kz-Im-c-y-hp-amb \nb-a-h-y-h--Ifn s]mXp-hmbpw
kzm-`m-hnI \oXn-bpsS AKm-[-amb kzm-[o\w D--m-bn-cn-pw, AXp-sIm-p Xs Ah P\-n-Sb
- n ]cs kzo-Im-cy- h
- p-am-bn-cn-bvpw. t\tca-dn-v, km hy-h ]e-tmgpw A[n-\n-th-i
- m-cmtem As-n Imfp--hcmtem ASn-tn--sh Bbn-cn-bvpw. Ahs-cn-bvepw
A{X kzo-Im-c-yX e`-y-am-In-, Fm Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-chpw cm-[n-Imchpw GsXmcp Agn-anX \S-p Bpw NqjWw sNm\mbn
\npp.
km- c ntem km- \oXn- \ - y mb hIp- p- I - f n- t etbm Bfp- I
km- A[n-Im-cs Zpcp-]t- bmKw sNp-Xv ]e-tmgpw sXmbn ImWpn-. anen-d- n-bn D-hcpw t]men-kp-Imcpw DtZ-ym-K
- cpw Fmw ssIqen- hmp-p. cmjv{So-b
- m Ah-cpsS kapZm-b
- ns {]tbm-P\
-
- n\p
th-ntbm Ah-cpsS kzw Xmev]-c-y-p th-n-tbm- km-cns\
sIm-bS- n-p-sav {]Xonpp. Fm hyn Pohn-X
- n FmWv
sXsp Icp-Xp-pthm AXp s]mXp ]Z-hn-bnepw sXm-bn-cn--Ww.
bm{Xbpw Bi-bh
- n-\n-ab
- hpw hfsc {]bm-kI
- c- hpw {]mtZ-inI {]iv\
-
ASn-bnchpw \nm-bI
- h
- p-amb {]tZ-i
- f- n Ccw ]e-hn-[
- n-ep
\nb-a-h-y-h--I {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-tb-mw.
a\p-jy- m-hI
- miw
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ns \nh-N\w
Ccw \oXn-bpsS {]Xn-ê
- \
- n \npw a\p-jy- m-hI
- miw F Bibw
Dbp hcp-p. P\-f- psS a\p-jy- X
- z- ]
- c- a- mb Ah-Im-i
- f- psS _en
Ah ASnm\ kz- m X{yn\v Al- c mWv F- X mWv CXns
129
Bi-bw. AXm-bXv kzm-`m-hnI \nbawt]mse, kaq-l-ns kpXm-c-yamb{]h-\s Ah-Im-i

- t{]mm-ln-n-bvp-p, Fm AhIm-i-, {]tXyI-ambpw BtKm-f-w Fvk-Xn--sXv (Fm-bn-Spw
Fm-hcnepw {]tbm-Kn-m-hp-X
- v), A\-ym-[o-\s- -Sp-m km[-yX
- b
- n-m-h
(Ah Dt]-n-p-hm\pw Ign-bn ap--h-cm \ncm-I-cn-bv-s-Sm\pw
Ign-bn-) Fn-h-bm-Wv.
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-is anI cnXn-bn a\p-jy kzm-X-{yw Fp hnfn-bvmw.
kz-p- km-Zn-, kzbw \n-bw, \n-fpsS ico-c
- nepw sXmgnen-ep-ap DS-a-m-h-Im-iw, bm{X sNp-hm-\pw CjvS-ap-n-Sv Xma-knp-hm-\p kzm-X{- -yw, \n-fp-tS-Xmb aX-hn-iz- m-kw- ]nXp-Sc- p-X
- n-\p
kzm-X-{yw Fmw CXn Ds-Sp-p. Ah-bpsS ê-ambn P\-sf
Fs\ km-cp-Iv \nb{nm Ignbpw F-Xn ]cn[n \nehn hp.
\nb-{n-m Ignbpw F-Xn ]cn[n \ne-hn ]p
\n`m-Ky-h-im, ]e-tmgpw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb LS-\bn-eq-sS ]pd-s-Sp-hn-bvp \nb-a-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i--fp-amtbm Asn kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb am\-Z-WvV--fp-amtbm Bi-bp-g
-
- n-em-Ip-p. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, Poh-\
- mv i-ft- m-Sp-Iq-Snb
Ah[n \Ip \nbaw a\p-j-ym-h-Imia-, ImcWw CXv BtKm-fmambX-. Ah _m[IamhpXvv- Hcp \nnX sXmgn-em-fn-Ip am{X-hpw Acw
BUw_c cmPyfn am{X-hpam-bn-cn-pw. am{X-hp-a Ahsb Dt]n-p-hmt\m \ncm-I-cn-p-hmt\m Ign-bpw, AXm-bXv Hcp sXmgn-em-fnv
Abm-fpsS kzm-X{- yw \jvSs- -Sp-msX Xs Abmv Aln-bvp
Ah[n ]W-n-\p-th-n Dt]-n-mw. AXp-t]mse Xs ]pcp-j\pw
kv{Xopw Xpey thX\w thW-sa \nb-ahpw a\p-jy- m-hI
- m-ia-
- , ImcWw
Ah a\pjy kzm-X-{-y-n-\p Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-a-, adnv sXmgn-ep-S-a-bpsS
ta \n_w sNep-p-I-bm-Wv.
kwLfpsS Ah-Im-i-fpw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-a-. ImcWw Ah BtKmfX-e
- n {]mtbm-Kn-Ia-
- .Ata-cn-b
- nse Xt-io-bc- mb P\-v \eIn-bn-cn-p {]tX-yI B\pIqeyshdp-samcp \nb-a]
- c- a- mb hnti-jm-
130
kzpw \oXnbpw
[n-Im-c-am-Wv, ap-hv Ah A\p-`-hn-m Ign-bn-. P\--fpsS a\pj-yX

- z- s Dt-in-
- msX Nne {]tX-yI kwL-fnse AwK-p am{Xw
\I-s-Sp ]cn-K-W-\-I Fs-nepw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-am-In-.
kzm-X-{-yfpw Ah-Im-i-fpw I-h-y-fpw
Ccw {]iv\-sfpdnv hy-XbpmhpXv ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. a\pj-ym-h-Im-i--fp-ambn tkmj-y am\-Z-WvV-fpw \nba B\p-Iq-e-y-fpw
B-i-b-p-g--n-em-hp-tm AXv c-m-a-t-Xn\v sXmb A[n-Imcw
\Ip-Ibpw BZ-yt- -Xns apgp-h Bi-b
- s- fbpw An-ad- n-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. Xpey thX-\w, i-ft- mSp IqSnb Ah[n As-n Nne {KqpIv {]tX-yI AwKn-Imcw Fn-h-sbms A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cnbvmw
Fnepw kX-y-n A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb Fmw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-a-.
a\p-jy Ah-Im-i- \apv kzm-X-{yw Ddp Xcp-p Ah Hcn-epw
Bcnepw \n_nX Bhiy sNeppn. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, kw
kmc kzm-X-{-yw, \nb-a-km-[-y-Xtbm ISmtSm sNeppn AXv AwKoI-cn-s- -SW
- w FXmsX. \n-fpsS A`n-{]m-b
- fpw ImgvN
- m-Sp-Ifpw
{]I-Sn-n-p--Xnt\m {]t-]Ww sNp-hmt\m Bcpw Hcp \yq-kvt]-
tImf-tam, As-n Hcp tdUntbm tjmtbm Xc-s-Spn XtcBh-i-y-an-. Bcpw \n kwkm-cn-p-Xv kz-X-{-am-bn-m-sWv
Dd-m-t B
- h-iy- h
- p-an-, \n FmWv ]d-bp-s- Xv {in-bvtBh-iyw t]mep-an-.
CX-n\p hn]-co-X-am-bn, kuP-\y hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n-\p Ah-Imiw a\p-j-ym-hIm-ia- m-sWv bpssW-Uv t\j {]J-ym-]n-p. ]t kuP-\y hnZ-ym-`y- mkw
Hcp a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-a ImcWw CXv kqNn-n-p-Xv ap--h hnZ-ym`-ym-k-n-\p-th-n ]W-a-S-bvm _m[-y--cm-sW-m-Wv. hnZ-ym-`-ymk hy-hbvv Hcp Nne-hp-v ka-bw, ]cn-{i-aw, hkvXp-, ]Ww Fn-hs- bmw
AXn-\p-th-n Nne-hg- n-bvp-p. Hcp bYm kz-X{ kaq-l
- n kuP\y hnZ-ym-`y- mkw t\Sm Bpw Ah-Im-ia- n-, ImcWw CXn-\p-th-nbp
kuIc-y- Hcp-p--Xn-\mbn am-fp-I ]Ww Nne-h-gn-p-hm _m[-y-cm-Ip-p. (Xo-bmbpw At\Iw Bm AXn\p Xm-dmbn hcpp-v, ]t Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-n\v AXn\p th-n Bscbpw \n_n-p-hm Ign-bn-).
131
ap--h-cn sNepm\nSbpff _m[-yXIfpw Ah \Snemm

Bhiyambnhcp \n_fpw AXp krjvSn-t-m-hp \mi-sf
AwKoIcnmsXbpw FSpp ]d-bm-sX-bpw, an-tmgpw Bfp-I AhIm-i
- sf Ipdnv kwkm-cn-m-dp-v. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n ta-n\p
Hcp Ah-Im-ihpw C-. AXv ap--hsc klm-bn-mNne Bfp-Iv
_m[-yXbpv Fv kqNnnpp.bYmn Ahsc D]{ZhncpXv
Fv am{Xtabpffq.]t Hcp ta kwkvIm-c-t-m tami-am-bncnbvpw Chn-Ss Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw As-n sshI-e-y-ap--h-cp-sSbpw
Ah Fv CXp-sIm-mI-W-sa-n-. ta {]h-\-p
\nIpXn Nne-hp-I sXmgn-en-s\bpw kwcw-`-I--sfbpw \ncq-m-l-sSp-pw, AXp-hgn apgp-h kaq-lhpw Zcn-{Z-am-Ipw, am{X-hp-a ta B\pIq-e-y- B{ibXzs t{]mkmlnnpIbpw sNpp.- Hcp
khpw kz-X{hp-amb kaq-l-nse am\h-tk-h\ kwL-S-\-Iv
km GP-kn-It- f-m anI-c- o-Xn-bn ta-{]-h-\
- sNphm Ign-bpw.
132
7. Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw
I-\I
- Cm-sX-bp-ff {Iaw
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n\v Hcp henb km-cn-msX Xs kzbw {]hnbvp-hm-\p Ign-hpv. AXv Nne-tm AXn-ibap-f-hm-p-pm-hmw,
Fm a\p- j y- P o- h nXw Acw DZm- l - c Wfm k- - a m- W v .
Ata-cn-bv km-nI hnZ-Kv[ Um\n-tb _n o\ns (Daniel B
Klein) {]kvXm-h\ t]mse \n Nnnpp-m-hmw. Hcp tdmf kvtInMv
If-cn-bn GI-tZiw \qdn-e-[nIw t], ]n-shp \S-p Ipn-I
apX Aq--\-q--am hsc, Ah-cpsS jqkp-I-fn ho LSn-n-v,
Fm slsatm, apn CSp ]mtUm CmsX As-n kvtInMns _me-]mTw t]mepw Adn-bm-sX, F-hmcpw hy-Xy- kvX thK-Xb
- n B
Ifn--ev Npp-p hfsc amc-I-amb A]-I-S- kw`-hnm-\mbn
Imn-cnp-p F coXn-bn ]t kvtInMv sNph hfsc hnZKvZa- mbn AhnsS Npn Id-p-p, ap-h
- c- p-ambn Iqn-ap-msX, HutZ-ym-KnI
thKX \nb-{-W-tam, kn ssep-Itfm tmv ssep-Itfm Bh-i-y-anmsX Ah hfsc Ffp--n Npp-p.1 Ah-v Nne Bkq-{X-Itcm
As-n \nb-{-W- G-Pkn-Itfm, FhnsS As-n F{X thK-Xbn kvtIv sN-W-sav ]dp sImSp-t- Bh-iyw hcp-n-.
ap--hsc kzbw hon-v, Ahv ac-ymZ sImSpv Iqn-ap--ep-I Hgnhm-n-smv Ah Ah-cpsS kvtInMv Bkzm-Z\w F ]c-kv]c t\w
t\Spp.
1. Um\n-tb _n o, dntm-t\m-an-Iv, F hntUm Hm kvt]mt--\n-bkv HmU,
Hmsse sse{_dn Hm^v sse{_dn ( Bn-n) 2006
1.
Daniel B. Klein, Rinkonomics: A window on spontaneous order, Online Library of Liberty

(Articles), 2006.
133
IqSp-X {it-b-am-bn, a\p-jy `mj hfsc LS-\m-]-chpw \apv hfsc

{]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hp-am-Wv, CXv A[n-Im-cn-I-fm t_m[-]qw cq]-I-ev]\
sNbvsX-Sp H- Fn-cp-mepw. \qmp-I-fmbn `mjsb cq]-s-Spn-sb-Sp-p {Kma-dp-I-fpsS XX-z- kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn hfp hcn-Ibm-bn-cp-p, ImcWw Ah \s ]c-kv]cw a\-n-em-p-hm Ign-hp-h-cm-p-p. Ah Zp{K-lhpw kohpw Fgp-Xp-hm _pn-ap-p-Xpw
BsW-n t]mepw \ Cu XX-z-sf ]nXp-S-cp-p. -Hcp km
kan-Xn-Ipw Ccw kohpw Zp{K-lhpw ê-{]-Z-hp-amb
XX-z- Hcn-epw krjvSnm ]n. Ah \tm-sSmw hnI-knp
h-Xm-Wv.
a\p-jy kaq-l-ns an `mK-fpw Cs\ {]hn-p--h-bm-Wv.
\ Fs\ s]cp-am-dW
- s- av DtZ-ym-K
- c- m A\p-im-kn-s-Sp-n,
Fn-cp-mepw \ Nn-bmbpw ]Xn-hmbpw apIqn ]d-bm-hp hn[nepw {]hn-p-p. \psS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-amb \tm-sSmw
hfp-h Nne ASn-m\ \nb-a--\p-k-cnpw {]hn-p-p.
Ahsb ]nXp-Sc- p-X
- n-eqsS hnim-ea- m-bXpw Db-Xe
-
- n-ep-X
- p-amb
kmaq-lnI Nn-Isf \ krjvSn-p-p. ap--h-cp-ambn kam-[m-\-]-cambn hym-]m-c-n-tes-Sm \s A\p-h-Zn-p- efn-X-amb \nb-a-
Am-cmjv{S Itmf kZv hyh krjvSnp. AXn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu temIw
apgp-h kl-I-cn-p--Xv.
\nbaw \bn-p kaq-l-
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n h-y
- n-In-Sb
- n \ne-\np \nba
Hcp km \nb-{nX kaq-l-n \ne-\np \nb-a-t-m
P\-v hnim-eX \Ip-p. kz-X{ hy-n-Iv, A[n-Im-cn-I
{]tX-y-I-ambn A\p-h-Zn-n-p Nne Imc-y--tfm {]tX-y-I-ambn \ntcm[n-s- -n-n-m At\Iw Imc-y
- f- n GXp thW-sa-nepw sNp-hm
Ignbpw. CXn-\w Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n\v IqSp-X Ab-hp-h-cpp-hm\pw amdn-smv C-cnp kml-N-c-y--\p-k-cn-v, D-c-hpIp Imp-\nmsX {]Xn-I-cn-m\pw cq]-s-Sm\pw Ignbpw
Fm-Wv.
Cu \nb-a
- Itm-fh
- y-h
- b
- nse kzn-tbpw DS-a
- m-hI
- m-i
- ntbpw \nb-a
- t]mep-ff- h
- hj-f- m-bn cq]sh GXv {]mhn134
Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw
I-amhpw GXm-hn F hnth-Is {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNpp. kml-Nc-y- amdp--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv Ah tbmPn-p-Ibpw amdp-Ibpw sNp-p,
hj--fm-bp ]cn--W--fn-eq-sSbpw sXp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw etm-]ew P\--fp-am-bp ]c-kv]c kl-h-X-z-n-eq-sSbpw Imc-y-
icn-bmw-hw A]-{K-Ynv Ah am- Dsm-p-p. Fs\ ap BfpItfmSv s]cp-am-dW
- s- a-p s]cp-am N-f- pw, Fgp-Xs- -n-cn-p kzm`m-hnI \nb-a
- sf {]I-Sa- m-m {ian-bvp \nb-a]
- c- a- mb N-, hfsc-b-[n-I-ap ]co--WtI-kp-Isf Dcp-hm-n-smph-cp s]mXphmb \nb-a- Fn-h-sbmw Ah-bn Ds-Sp-p.
Cu \nbaw \bn-p-, B-{]-tNm-Zn-Xa- mb kaqlw shdpw krjvSn-]c- hpw
A\p-cq-]a- m-m-hp-Xpw am{X-a
- , tI{-m \nt-in-bvs- -Sp Hnt\-m IqSp-X ko-amImw. `mj-sb-tm-se, \ap-mpw CXns Fm \nb-a-fpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-hm Ign-bm-{X ko-am-Im
CXn\pw Ign-bpw, Fn-pw AXv Ctmgpw \ coXn-bn {]hn-pp. Nne A[n-Im-c-m-]-\--fpsS B-Iv ASn-m-\-am-bp
Hcp kaqlw, hep--nepw kz-`m-h-nepw A\n-hm-c-y-ambpw A[n-Im-cn-IfpsS a\v Fp--{X-X-e-n-tev ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-pw. Fm Bbnc-W
-
- n\v hj-f- n am\p-jnI kl-hn-Xz-n-eq-sSbpw cq]-s
\na-b
- f- n ASn-m-\s- -Sp-n-bp-ff Hcp kaqlw IqSp-X hnim-ehpw
AKm-[h
- p-amb hnthIw {]Xn-ê
- n-npw . tI{-m `cn-s-Sp kaqlw hfsc Ipd-p-t]-cpsS \nb-{n-Xamb \n]p-WX
- sb B{i-bn-n-cn-bvpp, Fm \nbaw \bn-p kaqlw hf-sc-b-[nIw t]cpsS \n]pWXbpsS kmcmwiw ]d-bp-p.
km A[n-Im-cn-I an-tmgpw Imp A_w Fs-m, kmaqln-I-ambpw km-n-I-]-c-ambpw ]c-kv]-c-h-y-h-lm-c-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\
\nb-a--tf-m Hcp kaq-l-ttbm As-n kZv hy-h--tbtbm
anI cnXn-bnepw bpn-]q-ambpw Bkq-{XWw sNm Ignbpw FXm-Wv. Cu ko \nb-a-hy-h--bn AS-n-bn-cn-p hnth-It
hfsmSnpw \ncm-Ic- npw Ah Xo-bmbpw Imcy-sf IqSp-X tamiam-p-p.
NnX-dnb Adnhpw inbpw
B-{]-tNm-Zn-Xa- mb, \nbaw \bn-p kaq-l
- n ImWp kl-Pa- mb
135
hnth-Ihpw \n]p-W-Xbpw Hcp tI{n A nXn-sN-p--Xv. CXv

Xmn-\nsSpXv etm-]-ew hy-n-I Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\
Pohn-X-n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip-tm-gm-Wv. A[n-Imcw F#mh-cn-ep-ambn
NnX-dn-n-S-m hy-n-Iv Pohn-X-n Ah-cpsS kzw sNdp-InS
]co-W-v ]cn-{i-an-p-hm Ign-bpw. Ah-v shp-hn-fn-Ifpw
Ah-k-c-fpw Gs-Sp-p-hm Ign-bpw, AXv ap--hv òj-Wn-bm-Ipn-, Fm B shp-hn-fn-I hnP-bn-m Ah Fm-hpw Xnc-sSp-p-hm\pw AXn \npw {]-tbm-P-\- t\Sp-hm\pw e`-y-am-bn-cn-pw.
AXv ]co--W-sfbpw amdp kml-N-c-y--\p-k-cnv tbmPnp
t]mIp-hm\pw t{]mm-l\w \Ip-p. CXv am-fpsS temIv Db
Af-hn hnP-bn-p-hm-\p Ah-kcw B-{]-tNm-Zn-Xa- mb kaq-l
- n\v
\Ip-p. CXn\p hncp--ambn km m]-\- Fm-hpw
thn Xocp-am-\
- s- f-Sp-p-p, Xn-anw Fm-hc- p-sSbpw Pohn-Xn\pw
kn\pw A]-IS- k
- m-[y- X Gdp-p. AXp-sImv Ahv, kz-X{ hynI sNp--Xn-t\-m IqSp-X {i-tbmsS {]hn-tn-h-cpp,
As-n IqSp-X henb A_---fn sIms-npw. CXns
]cn-W-X-êambn kzX-{-a-m kaq-l- kmh-[m-\-nepw Ipd
hnP-b-n-epta cq]-s-p-h-cq.
Xo-bm-bpw, B-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaq-l-n\pw kZv hy-h-bvpw
Hcn-bvepw ]q-ambpw Ip-a-Xm-Im Ign-bn-. Ah a\p-jy {]-h\-f- psS Dev]
-
- f- mWv (a\p-jy- cq]-Ie
- v]\ sNp-X
- s- -n-epw) am{Xhp-a a\p-jy- Hcn-bvepw ]q-c
- . DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, \p-sm-cn-epw
`mhn apIqn ImWm Ign-bn, AXp-sImv \ Ahbntebvv A\pcq]-s-Sm {ian-p-tm A_-- Dm-tb-mw. \p-tm-cp-cppw D hnhcw Xo-bmbpw `mKn-Ihpw Xt-io-b-hp-am-bn-cn-bvpw.
Fm kz-X{ am\p-jnI kl-hn-Xzw \ne-\np temI-v,
Cu `mKn-Ihpw Xt-io-b-hp-amb Adnhv Akm-am-\y-amb _pp-bp-f-fXpw
A\p- c q- ] - I - h p- a mb Hcp kaq- l - s bpw kZv h- y - h - - s bbpw
cq]-s-Sp-p-p.
Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-n Fs\ Ghpw anI coXn-bn ap-f-f-h-cpambn tbmPn-p-t]m-Im-sav P\- kzbw Is-p-p. ]noSv Ah
ap-ff Fm-h-cp-tSbpw {]h-\--fp-ambn tbmPnv t]mIm {ian
p-p. Hcp Xnc-p sdbnth tj-\n, ]pd-tbvv t]mIp-hm
136
AhnsSbp ]e hgn-Ifn HnIqSn IS-p-t]m-Ip-hm Fm-hcpw

{ianp-p As-n AI-tv IS-p-h-cp-hm-\p ]e hgn-I-fn
HnIqSn Fm-hcpw Ah-cpsS s{Sbn-\n Ib-dp-hm-\mbn Xnc-p-]nSnv IS-p-h-cp-Xpt]m-se-bmWv. Ah Hmtcm-cp-pw \n-b-apv
Ahs-tm-t-mWv t]mtI-sXv. Ah-cpsS hgn A{X-t\-tc-bpf-fX
- m-bn-cn-n-. kam-\a- \
- kvIc- psS C-Sb
- n-eqsS Ahp hfpw ]pfpw t]mtI-n hcpw, ap--h Ah-cpsS t\v hcp-tm Ah
Ah-cpsS Zni amp-p. Hcp Iem-]- _m-[nX {]tZiw t]mse CXv ImWs-Spw, Fm Ah Hmtcm-cp-cpw Xn bmsXmcp Iqn-appw CmsX
Ah-c-h-cpsS e-y-m-\-tv Fn-t-cp-p. GsX-nepw A[n-Imcn-Iv \qdn-e-[n-Itam As-n Bbn-c-n-e-[n-Itam hcp Ah
Hmtcm-cp--tcmSpw Ftm Fs\ t]mI-W-sav \ntiw sImSp-tn hcn-Ib
- m-sW-n Hcp-]t Ah Hmtcm-cp-pw Ah-cpsS eym-\-s-m aWnq-dp-Itfm As-n Znh-k-tfm thn-h-cpw.
tI{o-Ir-Xa- mbn Cu {]iv\w ]cn-lc- n-bvt-n hcn-Ib
- m-sW-n AXp IqSpX ko-ambn Xncp-p. Fm Hcp B-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaq-ln\v Ccw {]iv\- hfsc efn-X-ambpw ka-b-n-\p-nepw ]cn-lcn-bvp-hm Ign-bpw.
kln-jvWpX
kln-jvWp-X-bpsS Aw
C{]-Imcw, Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse P\- Hmtcm-cp-pw ap-h-cpsS {]h-\--fp-ambn tbmPnpt]mtIn hcp-p. AXp-sIm-p
Xs P\- ap--h-tcmSv, Bcp-sS-sb-nepw {]hn-Itfm Pohn-XcoXn-Itfm Aw-KoI-cn-p-hm Ign-bm-Xpw Hcp ]t Ahv sRep-f-hm-p Xc-n D-Xm-sW-n t]mepw Ah-cpssS D-htcmSv kln-jvWpX ImWn-t-Xv kp{]-[m-\-amWv.
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- n, \p-n-jvSa- m F Imc-W
- m Bcp-sSbpw
GsX-nepw {]hn-Isf XS-bm \apv Ign-bn-. Ah-cpsS {]h\- ap--hv lm\n-I-c-am-Ip-tmtgm As-n lm\n-I-c-am-Im
km[-yX Dsv tXmp-tmtgm am{Xta \pv AXn CS-s]-Sm Ignbq. tPm phv an AXv hy--ambn imco-cnIamb lm\n Fp hy-ambn ]d-n-pv. sR, [mn-tcmjw As-n N Ch137
sbms lm\n- I - c - a mb {]hn- I - f n Ds- S p- s a- n, ChnsS

GI-tZiw Fm {]hn-Ifpw \ntcm-[n-t-n hcn-Ibpw AhnsS kzmX-{yw Cm-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNpw. GXv Xc-n-em-bmepw Ccw s]cp-am-Mm-Mse \ntcm-[n-m B{K-ln-h
- c- psS [mnI tcmjw Acw \ntcm[-\- \S-m-m-\p-ff kzmX-{ys CjvS-s-Sm--h-cpsS [mnI
tcmj-hp-ambn Xpe\w sNm-hp--Xm-Wv. F{X A[n-Ihpw hnIm-c-\n`-chp-amWv Ccp-`m-Khpw Fnepw AhnS-bn ]c-kv]c [mc-Wb
- n-se-m
Hcp \njv]
- a- m-hp-an-. Hcp kz-X{ kaqlw Bb-Xn-\m X-
]cn-l-cn-p-hm tk\-tbtbm t]meo-knt\m kao-]n-m A\p-h-Zn-pn-, cv Iqcpw ]c-kv]cap A`n-{]m-b--tfmSpw s]cp-am--tmSpw
Pohn-Xc- o-Xn-It- fmSpw kln-jvWpXm at\m-`m-ht- msS ]cn-lc- nv aptmp
t]mI-Ww. CXv [mn-I-amb Aew-`m-hw t]mse-b-. Hcp Ipn-bpsS amXm]n-Xm- B Ipn-bpsS No kz-`m-h
- \ncq-m-ls- -Sp-m-Xn-cn-pXv kln-jvWp-X-bmbn IW-m-m Ign-bn-, Fm Ah B IpnbpsS [mn-I-amb hnZ-ym-`-ym-ks Xnc-kvI-cn-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
apXnn-h \apv sR-ep-f-hm-p coXn-bn s]cp-am-dn-bm \apv
Ahsc hyXy--amb coXn-bn s]cp-am-dm t{]cn-n-m-\p-ff Fm AhIm-ihpw Dv. Ahsc \n_-n-m-\m-hnsnepw P\- [mn-I[-bn hntbm-Pn-p-Ibpw Ah-bn \nv XncsSpm \njv]-amb Hcp-hgnbpw C FXv sImv Fm [mn-IX
- bpw Hcp-t]mse {]k-amWv F Bi-b-ap-ff kZm-Nm-c-ap-ff Bt]-n-IX Xs-b klnjvWp-X. \psS [mn-I-amb As-n aX-]-c-amb XX-z- a-D-h-cp-tS-Xn-t\-mfpw t{ijvTa- m-sWv hni-zk
- n-p-hm-\p ]q-amb AhImiw \ap-p-v, ]t \psS Bi-b
- \n_-]
- qw Bcn-tepw
ASn-tn--cp-Xv.
kln-jvWp-Xbpw sshPm-X-yhpw sXc-s-Sp-epw
P\-s-cp--nse hnp hcp sshPm-X-y- ap--h-tcmSv klnjvWXp ]pep--Xn _pn-ap--pI krjvSn-p-p--v. Ffp--amb
At-iob bm{X-Ifpw IpSn-tb---fpsS \nb-{-W-fpsS Abhpw,
\psS IqSp-X BtKm-f-h-ym-]-I-amb kZv hy-h-bpw Hs, Ipd-p
Zi-I-p apspw Cm-Xn-cp hn[w ]e cmP-y--fn-sebpw
P\-k-aqlw hn`n---fmbn ImW-s-Sp--Xn\p Imc-W-fn NneXp
am{X-amWv.
138
Nne Bfp-I hmZnpXv, hn hc-Wm-I D]m-[n-I hy-Xy- kvX h]-c-am-b, kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-b, tZio-b-]-c-amb, `mjm-]-c-amb As-n aX]-c-amb kwL-sf IqSp-X AI-p-Ibpw kw hn-np-Ibpw
AXv kln-jvWp-Xsb Cm-Xm-p-Ibpw sNp-sa-m-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v, Ipn-I Ah-cpsS AtX h-ns ap--h-cp-ambn kl-I-cnv
hf-c-W-sav amXm-]n-Xm- B{K-ln-t-mw, am{X-hp-a Ahv Ahcp-tS-Xmb kzw kvqfp-I sXc-s-Sp-p-hm Ign-bp-sa-n
km m]-\--fm \nt-in--s kvqfp-I-fn ]Tn--p-Xnt\-m ap--h-cp-ambn AI-ep-hm-\p km[-yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cnpw.
hmkvXh
-
- n Ipn-I ASp-p kvqfp-If- n BWv kzm`m-hn-Ia- mbpw
Ab-s- -SpI F-Xn-\m, km, kvqfp-If- psS e- \nbn-p-tm kvqfp-I-fpsS GIo-I-cWw kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw Ipd-hm-bn-cnpw. Htc hwins Bfp-I ASp--Spp Xma-kn-m CjvSs-Sp-tm kvqfp-If- nse Ipn-If- psS F-n ]e hn`m-K
- f- p-sSbpw
Hn-p-tN-c-ens Ipdhv AhnsS {]Xn-ên-p-p.Fm amXm-]n-Xmv kvqfp-I sXc-s-Sp-p-hm Ign-bp-sa-n Ah ap{]tZ-i--fn-ep kvqfp-Ifpw sXc-s-Sp-tbvmw As-n \
A-ym-]I-cp-, kwKn-Xw, As-n ]e `mj-I ]Tn-n-bvp Fns\, Ah hwi-s-mfpw {]m[m-\yw sImSp-p khn-ti-j-X-I
D kvqfp-I sXc-s-Sp-t-bvmw.
hwio-b-amb thXn-cn--ep-I XnIpw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv, P\- AhcpsS AtX kwL-n \npw kplr-p-sfbpw kl-{]-h-Iscbpw sXc-s-Sp-p-hm {ian-q. ]t AXn\pw ap kaq-Zm-b-tfmSv Ak-ln-jvXp-X-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp--Xn\pw Xn henb hy-X-ym-k-fp-v. FhnsS Nne {Kqp-I a-D--h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-sbpw B\p-Iqe-y--sfbpw \ncm-I-cn-p-pthm hn\m-i-Icamb hwiob {]iv\-
AhnsS DS-se-Sp-p-p asm-c-n ]d-m FhnsS Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-m\ XX-z- ewLn--s-Sp-pthm AhnsS
Ccw hn\m-i-I-c-amb {]iv\- Dbp-h-cp-p.
kln-jvWp-Xbvv auen-I-hm-Zn-I-fn \np òjWn
ap-h
- t- cmSp kln-jvWp-Xbvv t\cn-tS-n hcp Ghpw henb òjWn
139
[mn-I-hpw, {]X-y-b-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bXpw As-n aX-]-c-hp-amb auenI-hm-Z-am-Wv. aX-]-c-ambn ISp ImgvN--m-Sp-I D A[nIw Bfp-Ifpw
Nnn-p-Xv kz-h-cX
- nbpw As-n hnhm-l
- n\p app ssewKnI-_
-
- fpw Ad-p-fh
- m-p-Xpw em-Ic- hpw sR-ep-fh
- m-p-Xpw
As-n A[mn-Ihpw BsW-m-Wv. Ah ssZh\n-, Bcm-[-\maqnI-fpsS hn{K-l
- \nn-, aX-{K-
- sf \ntj-[n-, aXns [mn-Ia- mb XX-z
- sf Ah-KW
- n- As-n ap aX-f- psS
hnim-k-sf ]nXp-S-c Fnh ip-amb Xn-bmbn IW-mmw.
CsXm-s-b-hv aXn-bmb Imc-W--fmWv Ccw s]cp-am- \nba-ew-L-\hpw inn-stS-Xm-sWpw hcp-n-op-hm.
]t Hcm-fpsS {]hn-I F{X-tmfw Adpw sRepw ap--hcn Dfhm-n-bm-epw, aX-]c- a- mb ImgvN
- m-Sn Ah F{X-tmfw ZpjvI-n-I-fmbn hn[n-bv-s-m-epw, Ah ap--h-sc imcn-cn-I-ambn D]-{Z-hnbvp-Itbm As-n As\ sNp-sav òj-Wn-s-Sp-p-Itbm
sNbvXn-n-m-sb-n Ahsc XS-bm Hcp kzX{ kaq-l
- n Bpw
A[n-Im-c-an-. Ch-sbmw `b-s-Sp--ep-Itfm bYm D]-{Z-htam Dmp-n F-Xn-\m Hcp aX-nse AwK-sf Cu {]hr-n-Isf hnainp-Ibpw Ah-bvs-Xnsc hmZn-p-Ibpw sNp--XneqsS Ah-bpsS
t{]mm-sf aX kaq-l-n \nv ]pd-m-p--Xn \npw XS-bm\m-hn. ]t km Ds-sS B-scbpw, Ccw ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw {]hn-If- p-sSbpw Imc-W
- m Hcm-sfbpw \nb-{np-hm-t\m,
\ow sNp- h m- t \m, Adp sNp- h m- t \m, Pbn- e n- e - S - p- h m- t \m,
]oVn-n-p-hm-t\m, icn-c-Xw hcp-p-hmt\m, \mSp-I-S-p-hmt\m
As-n h-[-in-bvp hnt[-b-\m-p-hmt\m Hcp kz-X{ kaqlw
A\p-h-Zn-p-n-.
temI-nse an ASn-m\ aX-{K-
- f- pw ap-htcm-Sp kln-jvWpXsb AwKn-I-cn-bvp-pvv. Fnepw Nne A[n-Im-cn-I Ah-cpsS
kzm-Xm-ev]-c-y-mbn Ahsb hy-X-ykvX coXn-bn hym-J-ym-\n-npv. hntZi in-I Hcp cmP-ys Ah-cpsS Iogn Bp-tm
AXns aX-s-qSn kzm-b--am-p-p, AXns [mn-Ihpw \nXn\-ym-b]
- c- h
- p-amb XX-z
- sf h-yX
- n-Ne
- n-nv Ah-cpsS kzw `c-W
- n\v A\pkr- X - a m- p- p. Nne km- [ n- ] - X y- a p km- c p- I Ah- c psS
140
{]Xybimkv{X-n\pw A[n-Im-c-n\pw Hcp òj-Wn-bmbn I-v aX-sf

]q-ambpw ASn--ap-hm t]mepw {ian-np-v. Hcp kz-X{ kaql-n auen-Ih
- mZw aX-]c- a- m-bX
- mtWm As-n {]X-yb
- i
- m-kv{X-]c- a- mtWm
FXv Hcp Kuc-h-ap hnj-bta A. Bcp-tSbpw {]hn-I-tfm, kZmNm-c-tam, aXtam As-n {]X-y-b-im-kv{Xtam hy-X-y-kvX-am-sWp IcpXn
Ah-cp-sS-ta _ew-{]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v Hcp kz-X-{-k-aqlw A[n-Im-cw
\Ip-n-.
cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb icn
kln-jvWp-Xbvv IqSp-X \nKq-Va- mb òj-Wn-bp-apv, cmjv{So-b]
- c- a- mb
icn (s]mfn-n- Id-Ivvs\-v). AhnsS \S-n-en-cn-p {]am-Wn-am-cpsS
\ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw A`n-{]m-b
- fpw AwKo-Ic- n-p-hm kmaq-ln-Ia- mbpw cmjv{Sob-ambpw hy-n-I-fp-sS-ta kw sNep-phn-S--fn CXv \ne\np-p. s]mXpth, \S-n-en-cn-p A`n-{]m-b
- t- fmSv hntbm-Pnv {]I-Sn-np--hsc Nn-{àw ]nSn-s]--h-scpw As-n Ip_p-n-Isfpw ap{Z-Ipn ]cn-lm-k-y-cm-p-p, kX-y-n hntbm-Pnv {]I-Sn-nbvp-h
- c- psS A`n-{]m-b
- sf Nn-{`-a
- m-ep-s- Xpw Ip_p-nbm
Df-f-sXpw ]dv \in-n-bvp-I-bmWv CXns eyw. CXv Acw
A`n-{]m-b-sf N-Ip ]cn-K-Wn-bvp--Xn\p ]Icw A\m-bm-kambn _ln-jvI-cn-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. am{X-hp-a-, {]amWn h-fpsS ImgvN
- m-Sp-I bYm-am-bXpw ZrV-hp-am-bX
- m-sWv CXv {]kvXmhn-bvp-p, kX-y-n A-s\-b-s-n IqSn-bpw.
Ccw \S-]S- n-I \nKq-Va- mb Hcp _e-{]-tbmK coXnsb Ah-ew-_n-bvpp. F-s\-sb-m hy-Xy- kvX A`n-{]m-ba- p-h
- sc If-s- -Sp-p-tm
B kaq-l
- n Ah-cpsS PohnXw Zp-la- m-hp-p. DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, a\pj-y-\nn-X-amb Imem-hm hy-Xn-bm-\-n\v sXfn-sh-mWv Fv tNmZ-yap-bp Hcp k-I-em-ime A-ym-]-I\v Nne-tm tPmen \ntj-[ntmw As-n m\--bw \ntj-[n-t-mw. Hcp kz-X{ kaq-ln-, sXmgn-ep-S-aI Ah-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-p--hsc tPmen-bvs-Sp-Ws- av \n_-h
- pan am[-ya- v hnhm-Zh
- n-jb
-
- dntmp sNW-sa-p _m[-yX
- b
- p-an-. ]t FhnsS hnZ-ym-`y- m-k
- m-]\
-
- tfm Asn am[-y-a-tfm As-n km-cns \S-n-n-ep Ip-Itbm
\yq\-] A`n-{]m-ba- p-ff- h
- c- psS A`n-{]m-b
- Hgn-hm-pXv - bYm
141
_e-{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cn-pw.
kln-jvWp-Xbpw kX-y-n\p th-n-bp At\-z-j-Whpw
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-nse kln-jvWpX aX-]-c-ambpw As-n {]X-yb-im-kv{X-]c- a- mb hy-Xy- m-k
- f- nepw Imp kln-jvWp-Xt- b-mfpw Apdw
Fn-\np-p. DZm-lc- W
-
- n\v, {]I-Sn-n-bvp-hm-\p k
- z- m-X{- -yhpw
kwkm- c w, Fgp- v , {]t- ] Ww Asn at- s Xmcp am[- y - a hpw
skkjn-n-msX {]I-Sn-n-p-hm-\p kzm-X{- -yw Fnh CXn DsSp-p.
Nne Bfp-I skkjnv Cm temIs AKm-[-amb DXvI-WvTmP\-Ia- m-bn- I-cp-Xmw. Hcp kz-X{ temIv aptm-p-hb
- vs- -Sp hmpI-tfm, k--tfm, hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-tfm Bi-b-tfm [mcmfw t]cn
sR-ep-f-hm-n-tb-mw. ]t Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n Bfp-I-fpsS
kwkmc kzm-X-{-y-s XS--s-Sp-p-hmt\m Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-sf
adp hbvp-hmt\m \apv Ah-Im-i-an-, Hcp ]t Ah ]d-bp--Xv
\pv Fm-hpw tbmPn-p-hm Ign-bm-tXm, Ip-Ic- a- mbn tXmpItbm As-n kZm-Nm-ch
- n-cp-a- mbn Hs tXmp-p-sh-n t]mepw.
Xo-bm-bpw, Nne kwkm-c--fn As-n {]kw-K--fn D]-tbm-Kn-s-Sp hmp-I ap-hv A]-I-S-apm-p--Xn\p Imc-W-amIp-p-sh-n AhnsS Nne \nb-{-W- kwkmc kzm-X-{-y-n thn-h-cp-p. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcm Hcp Xotb--dn-\-Ip \nv Xo Fp
hnfn-p-Iq-hp-p. Cs\ \ncp-c- h
- m-Z]
- c- a- mbn ap-h
- v ]cn-p-I
]m-hp coXn-bn A]-IS-
- n\p Imc-Wa- m-Ip-h
- v \ DNn-Xa- mb
in \Ipw. AXp-t]mse \ Ipn-If Nne hmp-I tImXncnp-hm\pw Nne Nn{X- ImWphmXn-cn-p-hm\pw Icp-X FSp-p-p,
ImcWw AXv Ahsc tami-amb kz-`m-h-n-tev \bn-p-sav \
hni-z-knp-p. kvqfp-I-fpsS ]cn-k-c--fn ab-p-a-cp-p-I-fpsS hy-amb ]c-k-y- _nt_mUp-I-fn {]Zin-n-p-hm \-sfm-cnepw A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bn-. Bfp-Iv icn-bmb coXn-bn hnh-c-
\IpI Fsmcp i-amb kwK-Xnbpw Ahn-sS-bpv. DZm-l-c-Wn-\v, kn\naIfpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-bv t]mep-h
- , AXv P\-sf Ahv
Ak-z--X-b-p-mp Imc-y--fn A_--n sNp-Nm-Sp--Xn
\npw kwc-n-p-p.{]tX-yI hmp-I, Nn{X-, hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z
- ,
142
Bi- b - FnhbpsS {]t- W - sf ]q- a mbpw XS- b p

skkjnn \nv CXv hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Hcp bYm kz-X{
kaq-l-n Hcp skkjnv D-m-bn-cnm Ign-bn-, ImcWw AXv
kpXm-cy-X-bnepw sXc-s-Sp--enepw ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv {]hnbvp--Xv. P\-v hnth-I-]qw sXc-s-Sp--W-sa-ntem Fmh-cp-sSbpw `mhn-bpsS ]ptcm-KX
- np-thn ]pXnb Bi-b
- v {ianW-sa-ntem sXc-s-Sp-p-hm-\p Ah-k-c--fpsS e`-y-Xsb Ipdnv
Ah Xo-bmbpw t_m[-hmam-cm-bn-cn--Ww. sk-kjnv Ccw
Ah-kc-
- pw sXc-s-Sp-e
- p-Ipw XS-bn-Sp-tm AXv \pv
]ptcm-K-Xnsb \ntj-[n-p-p.
skkamsc hni-z-kn-bvp-hm\pw \apv Ign-bn-. kX-yhpw A[n-Imchpw (A-[n-Im-c-m-\--fpw) cpw c-p Imc-y--fm-Wv. Nne Bi-b-
{]N-cn-n-bvp-Xv \ntcm-[n-bvp-X
- n\v A[n-Im-c
- n Ccn-bvp-h
- v
Ah-cp-tSXmb - -kzbw ]cn-]m-e\w t]mep Imc-W- D-m-Ipw.
sk-kamv P\--fpsS anI Xmev]-c-y- kwc-n-bv-W-sav
Dt-i-y-aps--n t]mepw Ahcpw A{]-am-Zn-X-z-ap--h-c-. Ahv hnthI-ns Ip-Itbm, FmWv kX-yw, FmWv Ak-Xyw F-Xn-s\-pdnv {]tX-yI Adn-thm Dm-bn-cn-bvn-. N-Ifpw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-fpw
A\p-`-h-fpw am{Xta AXv \n-bn-bvp-Ibpq. skk-am
kXys A_-
- n aqSn-sh-p-p. kX-ys aqSn-sh-bvp-p. Ah
\ntcm-[n-p Bi-b- icn-bm-bn-cp-p-shv HSp-hn sXfn-bp-sav
Ahv Hcn-epw Dd-np-hm t]mepw Ign-bn-. Nne Bb- anhmdpw sXm-bn-cn-bvmw, ]t AXn kX-y
- ns Hcw-is- a-nepw Dmhmw,
AXv N-I-fn-eqsS shfn-psImp hcm Ign-bp-am-bn-cn-bvpw. ap
Bi-b
- f- psS kX-y
- hy-a- mbn hcp-Xn\v Nne-tm Ime- FSptmw.
\mw kXyhpw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-hp-amb Bi-b- aqSn-sh-p-n Fv Dd-mm Dff Hcp amw, AXn-t-Xmb Fm KpW-tZm-j-h-i-fpw Nbn-eqsS ]pd-p-hcpw F {]Xo-t- bmsS Fm Ai-b
- t- fbpw {]t]Ww sNpI F-Xm-Wv. CXp-sIm-am-p-X
- v, P\-sf Ah-cpsS
ImgvN-m-Sn hmZn-p-hm, Hcp-]t `qcn-`mKw t]cpw Ak-n-Kv-am-bXm-sWp Dd-n-bvp hnj-b--fn t]mepw, A\-ph-Zn-pp FmWv . kXyw Acw Hcp a- c - n- e qsS in- s - S p- I tbm Dffq.
143
Cm-cWw sIm-p-Xs Bbn-cn--Ww, 1587 apX 1983 hsc tdma

Itm-env Nv, ]pW-ymf ]Z-hn-bn-tebvv ip]mi sN-s-Sp
Hcms-Xnsc hmZnp-hm 'sNIp-ms hm-hns\' \nb-an-n-cp-Xv. \psS hnizm-k-sf tNmZyw sN-s-Sp--Xn\v hgn-sbm-cp-p-Xv
D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-Wv. Hcm-fpsS ImgvN-m-Sp-I sXm-sWv \ hni-z-knp-p-sh-n B A`n-{]m-bs am\nv AXv sXm-sWv sXfn-bn-Ww,
AmsX AXns\ \n-_vZ-am--cp-Xv.
tkm{I-okv (Socretes)apX Ctm-v, kzw A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-fpw
ImgvN
- m-Sp-Ifpw ImcWw Ipm-tcm-]W
- h
- n-t[-bcm-bh
- c- psS DZm-lc- W
-
-
sImv Ncn{Xw \nd-n-cn-p-p. Ccw Ipm-tcm-]-W- As-n
hnNm-c-W-I ]etmgpw P\-sf \n-_vZ-cm-bncnm t{]cnnpp,
Ah-cpsS Bi-b
- ]nm-ev icn-bm-sWp AwKo-Ic- n-bvs- Spw
Fp Ddp-s-n IqSn. tdma Itm-enIv Nns D{K-tIm]w
`b-n-v, \ntm-fkv tIm\n-kv (Nicolas Copernicus), D]-{K-l-
kqc-ys\ hew-sh-bvpp F At-l
- ns hn-hm-I knm-s-
1543 At-l-ns ac-W-n\p sXmp-app hsc {]kn-o-I-cn-n-.
At-l-ns inj-y Keo-entbm Keoen (Galileo Galilei) aX-t{Zm-lhn-Nm-cWbvp hnt[-b\
- m-hp-Ibpw injvSI
- mew hop-XS-
- e
- n Ign-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ccw òj-Wn-I kX-ysbpw N-Is- fbpw ]ptcm-KX
- n-sbbpw
ASn-a- p-p, CXv kaq-lsbpw IqSmsX ]oVn-n-s- -Sp ssZh\n-tj-[n-I-tfbpw A]-I-S-s-Sp-p-p.
hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z
- smpw A\p-aX
- n-bn-msX \ shdpsX \S-n-ep
Bi-b-sf AwKo-I-cn-p-tm B Bi-b- \ne-\npXv kpcn-X-a-m Hcp ASn--d-bn-em-bn-cn-pw. \ncq-]Wm--I-a-m AwKoIm-ca- m-bn-cnpw Ah-bp-tS-Xv. A-]q-amb kX-y
- p ]Icw Ah
shdpw a-c
- f- mbn Xocpw. ]pXnb Bi-b
- BX-y
- n-Ia- mbn Dbp
hcp-tm Ah XovWhpw `wK-s-Sp-pXpw Bbn-o-cpw.
P\-, \mw ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn hntbm-Pn-p--Xmb Imcy- ]d-bpIbpw sXm-sWv \mw ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-p Bi-b- {]I-Sn-n-pI-bpw AKm-[-ambn sRn-n-p-Xv Fv \mw Icp-Xp Imcy- sNpIbpw \psS [mn-Ibpw aX-]-c-hp-amb hnizm-k-sf ]cn-l-kn-pIbpw sNbvXm AXv Akz--am-bn-cn-pw. Fm Ccw Imc-y-144
fn-ep kln-jvWpX shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv kzm-X{- -yt- m-Sp \psS {]Xnm-_--Xbpw hy-X-ykvX Bi-b- ASn--ap--Xn\p ]Icw N
sNp-hm A\p-h-Zn-p--Xn-eqsS \ IqSp-X ]ptcm-KXn D-mpw
Fpw ]pXnb kXy- thK-n Ispw Fp-ap-ff hni-zmkhpamWv.
\ntcm-[\
\psS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X
- n \ne-hn Bk-zZ- np sImn-cn-p ]e
Imc-y
- fpw \ntcm-[n-m-s-m \ tIm]m-Ip-ec- m-Ipw. \n`m-Ky- h
- i
- m
Ah-bn ]e-Xn-s\bpw CXn\Iw Xs \ntcm-[np Ign-n-p-v. 2
\ncp-]-{Zh \nbaw ]d-bp--Xv, Fs-nepw {]h-\- ap--hv
lm\n-IcamIp-n-s-n As-n A]-I-S-I-c-amb òj-Wn-sbmpw
Cm-sb-n Ahsb \apv XS-bm bmsXm-c-h-Im-ihpw Cm-sb-mWv. Fm At\Iw {]h-\-, lm\n-I-c-amb {]h-\--fn
Gs-Sp-hv Xs lm\n-I-c-am-sW ImcWw ]dv \ntcm-[nsSp-p-v. ab-p-a-cpv D]-tbm-Kw, ]pI-h-en, aZyw As\bp
At\Iw Imc-y- \ntcm-[n-p--Xn\v ]nnse ImcWw CXm-Wv. ]t
CXnse Hcp {][m\ {]iv\s- a-msWpsh-m P\-sf Ah-p-Xs
lm\nI-c-am-Ip {]hn-I sNp--Xn \npw kwc-n-p
\ym-bo-Ic- Ww GXv {]h-\
- sfbpw \ntcm-[np-hm\pw Ahsc A\ph-Zn-p-p. ]-kmc IqSp-Xe
- S-
- nb ]m\o-b
- IpSn-p-X
- v, sImgpp
IqSnb Blm-c
- Ign-p-X
- v, A]-IS- I
- c- a- mb ImbnI hnt\m-Z
- f- n
]s-Sp-p--Xv, thi-ym-hr-n-bn Gs-Sp-Xv As-n kz-h
c- X
- n, hy-Xy- k
- vXa- mb asmcp aXw kzo-Ic- n-bv As-n A[n-Im-cn-Isf
tNmZyw sN Ch-sbms P\-v lm\n-I-c-am-sWpw As-n
A]-IS- I
- c- a- mb Ah-b
- n sIms-n-p-sapw hmZn-p-hm hfsc
Ffp--am-Wv. Ccw Imc-y- Xopw As\ Xs-bm-sWv hmZnp- P\--fpsS F-a-\p-k-cn-v, Hcn- Cu XXzw \jvS-sp Ignm kzm-X-{-ys Xs ASn--ap Imew hnZq-c-am-bn-cn-n-.
2. \ntcm-[-\-s-p-dn-p \smcp Nbvv ImWp-I, tPm aotUm-hvt{Im^vv
(F-Un.), s{]mln-_o-jkv, Cn--yqv Hm^v C-tWm-anIv A^tbkv, e--,
2008.
2.
For an excellent discussion of prohibitions, see John Meadowcroft (ed.), Prohibitions, Institute
of Economic Affairs, London, 2008.
145
\ntcm-[\
-
- v ]e-tmgpw {]tbm-Kn-Ia- mbn \miw hcp-p ê-fpw
Dv. cl-ky- a- mb Nne hkvXp-f- psS Bh-iy- I
- X IqSn hcp-tm, Ahsb
\nco-n-bvp-hm\pw \nb-{n-bvp-hm-\pw {]bm-ka- m-Ipw, am{X-hp-a {Inan\-ep-I Ah-bpsS hnXcWw Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw. DZm-l-c-W-n\v, bpssW-Uv tvkn aZy hnev]\ Hcp {Inan-\ Ip-am-bn-cp--tm,
AXn\v \ntcm-[-\-tas-Sp-nb \qm-v apX Cv hscbpw {Inan-\
am^nbbpsS kmn-[yw Ahv \nb-{n-bvp-hm Ign-bm--hn[w
hfp-sIm-n-cn-p-p. bpF-kv-F-bnse an `mK--fnepw XpS-cp
NqXm-
- n\pw thiym-hr-npw FXn-cmb \nb-a\
- n-tcm-[\w Ccw tkh\- {]Zm\w sNm\pw Ah-bpsS Bhiyw \nd-th-m\pw Xm-dmb Iphm-fn-Iv {]tNm-Z-\-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\ntcm[\ P\-v AhcpsS s]cpamfpsS A\cê
Fmbncnpsav a\nemphm\pff Ahkcw \ntj[npp. P\ Ctmgpw ab-p-a-cp-p-I hmp-hm Xmev]-cyw ImWn-p-pv,
AsXmcp \ntcm-[nX hkvXp-hm-b-Xn-\m AXv D]-tbm-Kn-bvp-Xp sImp Zqj-yh
- i
-
- f- psS icn-bmb hnh-c
- P\-v e`n-p-hm {]bmk-am-Wv. CXv hmp D]-t`m-m-v Ah-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]cntim-[n-p-X
- n\pw {]bm-ka- m-bn-cn-pw. abpacpn\Snabmb P\-v
NnInkbpw kmaq-ln-I- klmbhpw Bh-i-y-ambn hcp--hv AXv
tXSm hfsc _p-ap-p Imcyam-Wv AXv AhcpsS Xs Ipw
kXnemWv. am{X-hp-a P\-v ap A]-I-S-I-c-amb AhIsfbpw t\cn-tS-n hcp-p. \nb-a-hn-cp--amb acp-p-I kpc-n-X-amb
Ah-bn D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm Ign-bm-X
- n-\m, AWphnapIvXam
kqNn-I D]-tbm-Kn-p--sXms FbvUvkv t]mep amcI tcmK-
]I-cp-hm-\p A]-IS- I
- c- a- mb km[-yX
- I
- hfsc IqSp-Xe
- m-Wv. kX-y
- n,
an-hmdpw acp-p-I IqSp-X-embpw Zqj-y-amIp-Xv Ah \nb-a-hn-cp-am-Ip-tm-gm-Wv. 3
3. an {ôUvta B v tdmkv {ôUvta, Imn--enkw B v {ôUw, NnmtKm

bqWn-th-gvknn {]v, Ckvn-yqv Hm^v C-tWm-an-Iv- A-^-tbgvkv,e -- , 2008
3.
146
A point made strongly in Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom,
Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.
tNmZ-yw : P\-sf Ah-cn\npw Xs \ kwc-n-t-Xt?

th. \nv \n-fn \npw Xs kwc-n-s- -SW
- s- av B{Kl-aptm? As-n \nfpsS PohnXw Fs\ Pohn--W-sav
\n Xs-bmWv Xocp-am\w FSp-t-sXv \n hnNm-cn-ppt-m? \ppth-n \Xpw Nobpw Fm-sWp Xncp-am-\np-Xn\v km-cns\ A\p-hZ- n-m AXv ê-{]-Za- m-bn-cn-n-, Zqscbp DtZ-ym-K
- v a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-p-X
- nt-\
- mfpw anI
coXn-bn \ GsSpp shphnfnI \apv kzbw Adn-bphm Ign-bpw. AXv A]-I-S-I-c-amb Ah-- BWv.km Fmhcpw lm\n-Ic- a- m-sWv k-Xn-p hkvXp-sf \ntcm-[np-hm
XpS-p-w, ]s Hcn- B XXzw AwKoI-cn-p-sIm-Sp-m, Ahv
Fmw \ntcm-[n-p-hm Ign-bpw.
sImsbv D]-tbm-Kn-p-X
- n \npw, ]pI hen-p-X
- n \npw,
aZyw IpSn-p--Xn \npw, sImgpp IqSnb `-W- Ign-p-Xn \npw As-n ]-kmc IqSnb ]m\o-b- IqSnp-Xn \npw \ XS-b-s-S-Wtam? hym-bm-a- sNp--Xn\pw
A]-I-S-I-c-amb Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z- Dt]-n-p-hm\pw, ]ffnbn
t]mIp--Xn\pw \nb-a--fm \sf \n_-n-t-Xptm? A]I-S-I-c-amb ]pkvX-I- hmbn-p--Xn \npw As-n
`cWImsf hnain-p--Xn \npw \sf \ntcm-[n-tXpt-m? Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- nse Dcw C Fm-bn-cnpw.
P\ \psS [mn-IX
- sb [n-cn-p-Itbm As-n A]-IS-Ic- amw hn[-n Fs-nepw sNp-Itbm sNbvXm \-fXv AhtcmSv ]d-bW
- w. ]t Ah ap-h
- v bmsXm-cp-hn[ D]-{Z-hhpw
D-m-m-n-St- mfw Ahsc XS-bp-hm \apv Ah-Im-ia- n-.
Dm-k
- nt\m t\cw-t]m-nt\m th-n ab-p-acpp D]-tbm-Kn-p-X
- nepw
As-n NqXm-
- n Gs-Sp-X
- nepw As-n hon-en-cpv kplrp--tfm-sSmw aZ-y-]n-p--Xnepw Hcp Zqj-yhpw ImWm AYhm
kX-y-k--cmb P\-sf Ccw \ntcm-[-\- IphmfnIfmpp,
kX-y-n Ccw {]h-\- Hcp-hn-[-nepw ap--hv tZmjI- c - a m- I p- n- . am{X- h p- a - , \nm- c - a mb Imc- y - fn \nb- a - ns\
147
\nnpXv IqSp-X A]-I-S-]-c-amb Ipfntevv sIms-n-pIbpw sNpw.

A[nIw \ntcm-[\fpw Hcn-epw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia- m-bn-cn-n-. bpssW-Uv
tvknse aZy \ntcm-[\
- w, cl-ky- a- mb aZy D]-tbm-K
- n-tev sIms-np, Fm CXv \nb-{n-p-hm Ign-bp-I-bp-an-. Iiamb ab-pa-cpp hncp\nb-a-pw henb ]ng-I-pw, temIns ]e
`mKpw \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p ]e \qdp tImSn- tUmf aqe-ya- p acpp
hym-]m-cs XS-bm Ign-n-n-.
s]mXp--e--fnse s]cp-am coXn-I As-n {]h\ coXn-I
Cm-Xm-p-hm {ian-p-Xv hn\m-i-I-cam-Wv. Ccw \ntcm-[-\-fpw
\nb-{-W-fpw ê-h-m-I-W-sa-n AXn\v hn]p-e-amb \nco--Wfpw \n_--ambn \S-n-em-p-hm-\p kwhn-[m-\-fpw AX-ym-hi-yambn hcp-p. CXv kzm-X-{-y-n\v òj-Wn-bmbn Xocp-p. am{X-hp-a
CXv bYm-n tZmj-I-c-amb Ip-Ir-X-y-sf At\-z-jnp--Xn
\npw hnNm- c W sNp- - X n \npw \nb- a - \ - S - ] - S n- I mbpff
hn`hsf hy-Xn-N-en-n-p-p. t]meo-kn\pw tImS-Xnpw Agn-a-Xn-bpsS
Ah-k-c- CXv Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p-p. NqXm-hpw As-n ab-pa-cpp D]-tbm-Khpw hfsc Ipd Af-hntem As-n Hpw Xs
tZmjw ap--hv D-m-p-n-s-n IqSn-bpw, AXn-\p ]ng in
hfsc hep-Xm-Wv, AXp-sIm-p Xs Ccw {]hn-I-fn Gsn-cn-bvp--h-cn \npw henb XpI-I ssIqen hmp-hm DtZ-ymK-v Ign-bp-p.
s]mXp kz-Im-cy s]cp-am--
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l
- nse \nb-a
- s]mXp s]cp-am-w \nbnpp
hy-n-I Fs\ ]c-kv]c _lp-am-\-tmsS s]cp-am-dp-p FXv.
Fm kz-Im-cy s]cp-am-- B Hcp kz-Im-cy Npp-]m-Sn _-sn-cn-p hy-n-Isf am{Xw _m[np Hm-Wv. CXv ap-h
- v tZmjI-c-ambn _m[n-p-hm Imc-W-am-Ip-s-n am{Xta AsXmcp \nb-a-]cn-[n-bn hcp hnj-b-am-Ip-p-q.
Hcp kz-X{ kaq-l-n, bYm- tZmjhpw tZmj-am-Im-hp A]-I-Skm[-y-X-bpw AhymPamsWv hfsc {im-]qw a\-n-em-t-Xv
148
AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. hnj- hnp-hm P\-sf A\p-h-Zn--Wtam?

a\p-j-y\v tZmj-ap-mm [mcmfw D]-tbm-K- hnj-p-v,
Ah hnp-hm A\p-hZ- n-p-X
- n-t\-m, tZmj-ê
-
- D-mI
- m-\p
km[-yX Ah \ntcm-[n--s-Sp-tm-gm-Wv. hnj- hnp--h-cp-sS
bpw hmp--h-cp-sSbpw t]cp hnh-c- tcJ-s-Sp-p-Xv DNn-X-ambn-cn-pw, Atm AXv hnp--hv Ahsc s]sv I-p-]n-Snp-hm km[npw Fsmcp t_m[w Ftmgpw D-m-hpw, ]t AXn
IqSp-X Hp-an-. 4
s]mXp aZ-y-]m-\-n-s\-Xnsc Hcp \nbaw D-m-tI-Xpt-m? Hcp thi-yme-btam NqXm tI{tam \S-p--Xn-s\-Xnsc \nbaw thWtam? thWw,
Ah A{I-a-v Imc-W-am-Ip-s-n am{Xw, AX-s-Im-p Xs
At\Iw cmP-y- Ahbvv ssekkp-I A\p-h-Zn-n-p-v, ]t
IqSp-X-embpw Ccw {]h-\- _m[n-p-Xv AXn Gs-Sp-hsc am{X-am-Wv. Ah-sc Ipdn-tmp-tm ap--hv Ah-tcmSv
shdp-p-m-Ip-p, Fm ap-h
- v hkvXp-\n-jvTa- mb tZmj-v
Imc-Wa- m-Ipp FmsX Fn-s-sb-nepw t]cn, Ccw {]h\- \ntcm-[n-p-hm \ A\p-h-Zn-m, a\p-j-y-cpsS Hcp {]h\-fpw kZm-NmchmZn-I-fn \npw kpc-n-X-am-hn-.
Ah[n Znh-k--fn Bfp-Isf hym-]mcw sNp-hm A\p-h-Zn--Wtam?
_lp-`m-cy- X
- zw A\p-hZ- n-W
- tam? AX-hc- psS kzw Imc-y
- f- m-Wv, \fpambn _-s-X
-
- , AXv Hcmpw tZmj-Ic- a- m-Ip-p-an-. Hcp kz-X{ kaql-nse \nb-a- \ne-\np-Xv hy-n-I-fpsS kzm-X-{yw kwc-np-X
- n\pw hym-]n-n-p-X
- n\pw th-nb
- m-Wv, AmsX Nne Bfp-If- psS
kZm-Nmc ap-hcn-tev ASn-tn-p--Xn\p th-n-b-.
Fn-cp-m-epw, Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-n P\-v \ncp-]-{Zh \nbaw
ewLn-bvm coXn-bn Ah-cpsS kzw kz-n-t \nb-a- Xmdm-phm Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-np-v. At\Iw cmP-y--fn, s]mXp e- (tjmnwKv amfp-I t]mep--h) cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \nb{-W-n Bbn-cn-p--Xn\p ]Icw Ah kzIm-cy DS-a--X-bn-emWv
4. tPm phv an, Hm en_n, 1859, Hm en_n B v AZ Ft-bvkv,
HmIvkvt^mUv bqWn-th-gvknn {]v, HmIvkvt^mUv, 2008
4.
This and the following points are made well in John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859, in John Stuart
Mill, On Liberty and other Essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
149
{]hn-p-X
- v. 2005 sXp-In-g
- Cw-nse qhm- tjmnwKv
sk AhnsS ssZh-\nm hN-\-fpw ]pI-h-enbpw eLpteJI
CSp-Xpw apJw ad-bvp Xc-n-ep hkv{X- (in-tcm-h-kv{-X-
Dff hkv{X t]mep--h) [cn-p-Xpw \ntcm-[n-p. a[y Cw-nse,
tNmtv \nm-Xm-hmb tPmv ImUvs_dn (George Cadbury)m]nXpw At-l-ns XX-z- A\p-k-cnv Hcp kz-Im-cy {Sn Iogn
{]hn-p--Xm-amb ^mIvSdn Su- t_mhn-t-bn ]c-k-y-amb
aZ-y-hn-ev]\ A\p-h-Znp-n-. qhm-dpw t_mhn-tbpw kz-Im-cy kzp-f- m-bXn\m Ah ]q-ambpw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i
- p-n
Xs-bm-bn-cpp {]hn-n-cnpXv.
\nkzmX knmns {]iv\

-
kz-X{ kaq-lhpw kz-X{ kZv hy-h-bpw AXn-eps-Sp--h-csS
kzbw Xmev]-c-y- ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv {]hn-p--sX Nn
At\Iw Bmsc Atem-k-c-s-Sp-p-p-v. Ah CjvS-s-Sp-Xv
ap-h
- c- psS Xmev]c- y-
- pw ]ptcm-KX
- npw \nk-zm-ambn B{K-lnbvp-- \nkzmXknmn\m \bnsSp Hcp temI-sbm-hpw. Fm CXv {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-t\-m IqSp-X
{]iv\- krjvSn-p--Xn-te-mhpw \bn-p--Xv. 5
ap--hsc klm-bn-p--Xn\v am-\nt-i- C
BZyambn, ap-- Bfp-If- psS Xmev]c- y-
-
- Fm-bn-cnp-sav Fs\,
Ftm-sg-nepw \pv Adn-bp-hm Ign-bpw? Ah-cpsS a\-p-If- n-tetm
aqe-y--fn-tetm t\cnv IS-p-sN-phm Hcp am-hp-an-. Ah-cpsS
Xm]cyn\-\p-kc- nv \ Imc-y
- sNp-hm {ian-p-Ib
- m-sW-n
\ Xo-bmbpw hfsc henb A_-- krjvSn-p-I-bmhpw sNp-Xv. Bs-nepw Ah-cpsS ]nd-m Znhkw Hpw tbmPn-m Asn DNn-X-a-m Hcp km\w Ftm-sg-nepw kzo-I-cn-t-n hn-ps-n IpSpw-_
- mcpw kplr-p-fpw t]mepw Ah-cpsS CjvS
- sf
Fs\ sXmbn a\-n-em-pp F-hv Adn-bm Ign-bp-p.
5. IqSp-X hni-Zmw-i-v, amthm bpjn, Zv ]mc-tUmIvkv Hm^v samdm-en-n, tSmw Pn
]ma Zv samdm-enn Hm^v Imn--en-kw, pU vkv t^m en_n B v Avekv
ût-j, Aen-Mv, hn F 2011
5.
150
For a fuller explanation of this, see Mao Yushi, The paradox of morality, in Tom G. Palmer, The
Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.
\ne-hnse kwkvImcw Hcp apgp-h kaq-l-sbpw ]cn-]m-enp sIm-pt]m-Ip-hm A]-c-ym-]vX-am-bn-mWv ImW-s-Sp--Xv.

ap--h \apv Xcp hkvXp-sf hnai-\m--I-ambn ImWp-Xv
Aev]w _pn-ap-p Imc-y-am-Wv. Hcp ]t \ Ahsb shdp-p-ps-- nepw \n-tbmsS \ B km\w kzo-I-cn-p-p. CXn-\w
\nkzm]camb Hcp kaq-lw FmWv ap--h icnbvpw B{K-lnp--sXv Hcn-bvepw IrX-y-ambn a\-n-em-p-n Fm-Wv. Hcp hnXc-W-m-c-\n \npw D]-t`m-m-v th-Xv IrX-y-ambn Inn-bn-m-sbn AX-h ]d-bp-I-bpw, Ah-cpsS hym-]mcw as-hn-tS-bvs-nepw ampsav òj-Wn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp kzbw Xmev]-c-y--fn ASn-m\-amb kZv hy-h ]q-ambpw CXn \npw hn]-cn-X-am-Wv. kzbw
Xmev]c- y- w, P\-v Bh-iy- a- mb Dev]
-
- anI KpW-\n-eh
- m-c
- nepw
km[n-p-n-S-tmfw Iqd hne-bnepw e`-y-am-p-hm hnX-c-W-msc
t{]cn-n-p-p.
\nkzmXknmw Ielw krjvSn-pp
a\-]qw ap-h
- sc klm-bn-p-hm {i-an-p-I- FXmWv IhShn\na-b
- v {]tNm-Z\
- s- an, Ahn-sSbpw Cs kzbw Xmev]c- y temIv
\S-p--Xp-t]mse A{Xbpw k- hmp--hpw hnevp-hpw CS-bn D-m-Ipw. hnev]-\-mv B\p-Iq-e-y- e`n-p-Xn-\mbn hmp--h Db hne-bvv hmp-hm Xm-dm-Ipw. hmp-hv IqSp-X B\p-Iq-e-y- e`n-p--Xn-\mbn hnev]-\-m hneI Xmtgv sIm-ph
- c- pw. CXv Cv kw`-hnp-X
- ns Hcp {]Xn-_nw_w
am{X-am-Wv.
Hcp hn]Wn kZv hy-h--bn kzbw Xmev]-c-y- D Bfp-I ]ckv]cw Ie-ln-p-p, Fm hne-t]i-en-eqsS B Ie-l
- Ahp
Xs ]cn-l-cn-p-hm Ign-bpw. ap--h-cpsS {]tbm-P-\- am{X-amWv
Dt-in-p--sX-n AhnsS Ie-l- ]cn-l-cn-p-hm Hcp amhpw
D-m-hn-. Hmtcm \nkzmhmZnbpw ap--h-cpsS em`-n-\mWv Asn ap-h
- v anI-Xp \Ip-hm-\mWv \n_w ]nSn-p-X
- v. Atm
c-p Iqcpw Hcp CS-]m-Sn t\w B{K-ln-p-n-m-sb-n Ah-cpsS
kzw Bh-i-y-fpsS ASnbcnXn Hcp Xocpam\nsem
Ahsc klm-bn-p-I-bn-.
151
kzbw Xmev]-c-yhpw em`w A\pam\nepw

kzbw Xmev]-cyw ZmXmtfbpw D]-t`m-m--sfbpw e-y-an-Sp-p, AXneqsS Hcp hn\n-ab
-
- ns B\p-Iq-eyw AXns Nne-hn-t\-m Ihn-p\npp Fp Ddp hcp-pp. Hcp \nkzmaXnbmb-, bmsXmcp emt`bp-an-msX tPmen sNp hnX-c-W-m-c Ah-cpsS ka-bhpw
A-zm-\-n\pw Hcp Nne-hp-an-m-bn-cpp F sXmb hnh-c--fmhpw
Fm-hpw \Ip-I. D]-t`m-m-, Cu sXmb Adnhv apJ-hn-es- Spv Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-
- f- p-ambn hnX-cW
-
- m-cs\ ]c-hi
- \
- m-p-p. hnXc-W-mv B tkh\w \Ip--Xv \nc-kn-p-hm Hcp amhpw
D-mh
- n-, CXns {]tbm-P\w hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-n t]mepw As-n
Nne-hv hfsc IqSpXem-sW-n t]mepw Ahv B tkh\w XpS-tcnhcp-p.
DZm-lc- W
-
- n-\v, XpI sXmgn-em-fn-Iv Ah-cpsS apn, km[-\
-
dn-b sNp-X
- n-\mbn Bfp-If- psS Hcp \o- \nc Xs ImtW-n hcpw.
kzw Xmev]c- y- a- p hn]Wn kZv hy-h
- b
- n, Ccw hym-]m-cn-I AhcpsS km[-\- dn-b sNbvXm aqe-y-an-m-sb-n AXp Xpdp ]dbp-Ibpw As-n Ah AXn\p hf-sc Db hne kqNn-n-bvpIbpw sNpw.Atm D]-t`m-m- Xocp-am-\npw AXns\-p-dnv
Bh-em-Xn-s-SWtam Fv. hn]Wn Bh-iy-
- sf ssIIm-cyw sNpIbpw
Fn- \ mWv aqe- y - s av a\- n- e mn ]cn- { i- a - AXn- t ev
tI{oIcnpIbpw sNp-p.
Hcp \njv] temIv, Bfp-I Fm-c-
- nepw Abmsc klmbn-p-X
- n-\mbn Xncv Iqp-w DZm-lc- W
-
- n\v Hcp hoSv \nn-p-hm.
Fm {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw Nnehp Npcp--ens `mK-ambpw Nnn-m,
sXmgn hnZ-Kv[c-
- m Abm-fpsS kplr-p-f- psS klm-b
- m hoSp
\nn-p--Xn-t\-mfpw IqSp-X anI-Xv hn]-Wn-bn-ep GsX-nepw
hnZKv Krl\nmXmhns\ Gn-p--Xm-hpw \Xv. B AbmcpsS Ign-hp-I at-sX-nepw Xc-n-ep tPmen-I-fn ka-ambn
{]tbm-P\
- s- -Sp-m Ign-m \jvShpw eLq-Ic- n-p-hm km[n-bvpw.
Hcp hn]Wn, Bfp-I Fn-emtWm IqSp-X Ign-hp-h
- c- m-bn-cn-p-Xv
AXn-tebvv Ah-cpsS ka-bhpw ]cn-{i-ahpw ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-phm t{]mm-ln-n-p-p.
152
tNmZ-yw : Zcn-{Z-cmb Bfp-Iv Xmm-hp coXn-bn hne-I \nb-{W-hn-t[-b-amtXpt-m?

C. hne-I Zue-`y- X
- b
- psS kqN-\bmWv. FhnsS IqSp-Xepw FhnsS
Iqdhpw Ds-v Ah \tmSv ]d-bp-p. Ah Dev]m-Z-I-tcmSv IqSpX Bh-i-y-ambn hcp Dev]--sfIpdnv ]d-bp-p, D]-t`m-m-tfmSv Hp hmp--Xn \npw ]nn-cn-bp-hm\pw As-n ]Ic-am-bp-Xv tXSp-hm\pw ]d-bp-p. CXv km[mcWbmbn HpwXs
ê{]Zam Zue-`yw Dff hkvXpfpsS ]cnanX hn]\hne
bntev \bnpp.
Hcp-Zm-l-cWw hmSI \nb-{-Ww, eyw Xmm-\m-hp hmS-I-bn
hoSp-I e`-y-am-p-I-bm-Wv. ]t kX-y-n Ah sNp-Xv hoSp
hn]-Wnsb \mi-n-tebvv \bn-bvp-Ibpw As-n hoSp-I InmXm-p-Ibpw BWv. hop-Sa-
- v A-hc- psS hkvXp-hn\v Al-amb
aqeyw InmsX hcp-tm hoSp hn]-Wn-bn \npw Ah Ah-cpsS
hkvXp- ]nh-en-
- p-p. Ipd-m-fp-Iv AX-ym-hi
- y- a- m-bXv Xmm\m-hp-n-s-n, AXn-\p anI ]cn-lmcw hn]Wn hy-h--bn
ssII-S-p-I-b, adnv Ahp th-p ]Ww kz-Im-cy [m-]-\- hgntbm As-n \nIpXn bn \npw Iqd hcpam\ ]-Xn-bn-eq-sStbm \Ip-Ib
- m-Wv sNtXv. Atm Ahv
as-m-hscbpw t]mse AtX Imc-y{- ]m-]vXn-tbm-sSbpw a-cm-[n-Iy- a- p
hn]-Wn-bn \npw th-Xv hmp-hm Ign-bpw.
hn]-Wn--es [mn-IX
kX-y
- n kzbw Xmev]c- y-
- ASn-m-\a- mn {]hn-p Hcp kzX{ hn]Wn kZv hy-h AXns\ Hcn-epw A[mn-I-am-p-n-.
hn]-Wn-bn Bfp-I A`n-hr-n-{]m-]n-p-X
- v, ap-h
- c- p-ambn Ahmh-i-y-ap km[-\- hnX-cWw sNbvXv ]c-kv]cw tbmPnp {]hnp-tm am{X-am-Wv. kmaq-lnI hncp--amb s]-cp-am-- As-n
{]h-\- inn--s-Spw; k-X-cmb At\Iw Bfp-I IhSw
sNp-hm Xm-dmbn \np-tm Fn\p \ Hcp {]mIrX\mb
a\p-j-y-hn-tZ-z-jn-tbmSp hym-]m-c-n Gs-SWw?
153
hn]Wn bmsXmcp _e-{]-tbmK k-hp-anmsX hfsc A\m-bm-k-ambn

{]hn-pp Fv Ddp hcp-p-hm-\mbn AhnsS \nb-a-fpw \nehn-ep-v. Fm Hu]-Nmcn-I-amb \nb-a-v Fm {]tXyI tIkp-Ifpw ssIIm-cyw sNp-hm Ign-bn-. hn]Wn A\n-hm-c-y-ambpw hni-zm-k-y-Xbn B{i-bn-p-Ibpw Ah hni-zm-k-tbm-K-y-am-b-hv Alamb {]Xn^-ehpw \Ip-p. kzbw Xmev]-c-y- BWv hn]-Wn-bpsS {]h\
in, Fnt]mepw At\-ym-\yw {]tbm-P\
-
- \Ip [mn-IX
- sb
hn]Wn t{]mm-ln-n-p-p.
I\nIfpsS kmaq-lnI D-c-hm-Zn-Xzw
At\Iw Bfp-I Bh-iy- s- -Sp-Xv IhSm]-\
- IqSp-X [mnI-ambn {]hn-W
- s- apw kwL-Sn-Xa- mb kmaq-lnI D-ch
- m-Zn-Xz-
-
t{]mm-ln-n--W-sapw BWv. At\Iw At-iob IhSm]\- \]uc-m-cm-Im Ah FmWv sNp--sXv hni-Zo-I-cn-p- Ctm hmjnI dntmp-I {]kn-o-I-cn-bvpp-v.
Fm hy-n-Ip am{Xta D-c-hm-Zn-X-z-ap--htcm As-n \ncp-ch
- m-Zn-Xz- a- m-bh
- t- cm, [mn-Itcm As-n A[mn-Itcm BIp-hm
Ign-bq. {Kqp-Iv Ah-cp-tS-Xmb {]tX-yI [mn-IX
- s- bmpw C. Hcp
cmP-y
- n-t\m, \K-c
- n-t\m, hwi-n-t\m, h-n-t\m, p-Itm Asn Hcp I-\ntm [mn-Itam As-n A[mn-Itam BIp-hm
Ign-bn-, AXnse hy--nIfmb AwK-p am{Xta AXn\p Ign-bq.
Xo-bmbpw, _nkn-\kv t\Xm- Ah-cpsS m]-\--fn [mn-Iamb Hcp kwkvImcw hf-n-sb-Sp-p-Xv \apv CjvS-am-Wv. ]t
[mn-I-Xbpw D-c-hm-Zn-X-zhpw {]h-\--fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv
Acw {]h-\- D-m-Ip-Xv hy-n-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv, {Kqp-I-fneq-sS-b-.
kwL-SnX kmaq-lnI D-c-hm-Zn-Xz kwcw-`w, kX-y-n ]uc kw_--ambXpw ta-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Nnehns D-c-hm-Zn-Xzw _nkn\-kp-Imcn Gn-p--Xns Hcp DZyaamWv. _nkn-\-kp-Im, {]m-tZinI kvqfp-Ipw kmap-Zm-bnI {Kqp-Ipw apw [\-k-lm-b-
\In Ah-cpsS D-ch
- m-Zn-Xzw Fs\ t_m[-ys- -Sp-m-sav {ian-bvpp. Cs\ sNp-Xv Ah-cpsS \smcp _nkn-\kv Bi-b-am-Wv; Fmn-\p-ap-]-cn, {]mtZinIkvqfp-I-fn \npw Ahv tPmenmsc sXc154
s-Sp-t-n hcp-p, Ah-cp-am-bn Hcp BtcmKyIcamb_w \ne\nn-bm am{Xta Ccw sXc-s-Sp--ep-I IqSp-X Ffp--amIq. Fm CX-h sNp-Xv \oXn-im-kv{X-ns t]cn \n_-nX-cm-b-, `mchmlnIfpw Hmlcn DS-a-Ifpw tNs-Sp-p Hcp _nkn\kv Xoc-pam\w am{X-am-Wv.
_nkn-\k
- p-I AXns icn-bmb coXn-bn a-cm-[n-Iy- a- p-X
- m-sW-n,
hmWn-P-y-]-c-ambn _nkn-\-kns\ klm-bn-m {]mtZ-inI ]-Xn-Isf
klm-bnp-hm-\mbn A[nI ]Ww D-m-In-. m]-\
- v Ccw ]Xn-Iv apS-p-hm ]Ww Ds-n AXp kqNn-n-p-Xv hn]Wn
icn-bmb cnXn-bn {]hn-p-n Fp-X-s-bmWv (DZm-l-c-W-n\v, km N- a-cm-[n-Iy-
- n \npw I-\n-Isf kwc-n-bvpp).bYmakchn]Wnbn cmjv{Sob]cn]mSnbpsS ka{]Xn
]mZ\amb {]mtZinI]XnI XffnfbpIbpw emàpmpIbpw
sNbvX av m]\tfmSv tXmv t]mhpp.
kX-y
- n Ccw kmap-Zm-bnI ]-Xn-Iv ]Ww hn\n-tbm-Knp-tm
_nkn-\kv sNp Bfp-Iv B ]Ww anI coXn-bn Nne-h-gnp
Fp-dp hcp-p-hm\pw Ign-bp-n-. P\-v icnpw Bh-i-y-ambn
hcp Dev]--fpw tkh-\-fpw \In Ah-cpsS apJy e-y-amb em`n-tev {i tI{o-Ic- n-p-hm _nkn-\k
- p-Imsc D]-tZ-in-p-Xv \Xm-bn-cn-bvpw. CXn-eqsS Ahv kzv IqSp-X km-Zn-p-hm\pw
As\ ]tcm-]Imc {]h-\- Xmm-\m-hp-Ibpw sNpw.
155
8. kzImcyhcWhpw BtKmfhcWhpw
IpSntbhpw kmtXnIhnZybpw
`qanbn Hcn HspInSncp aqeIsfmpw Ctm
As\b. sSenhnj, tdUntbm, Cs\v, av hn\nabam[ya
Fnh ap PohnXcoXnIsfbpw kwkvmctfbpw, hwitfbpw,
a\pjytcbpw, cmjv{Stfbpw, km LS\Itfbpw \ntev
ASnnpp. hnam\kmchpw, thKXtbdnb D]cnXe KXmKXhpw
IqSpX e t\cnv kinpXv km[yampp.
CXv kmcpIv AhcpsS sXpIsf aqSnhbvm _pnappm
pp. kzw ]ucmcn\nv AhcpsS IpdhpIsf aqSnhbvm
XfpsS {]tZin\vNppw km Hcp aXn sIpXn C\n Hcp
{]knbpan. temInse av `mKfpambp kaqlam[ya
fneqsSbp ssZ\wZn\ kêambpw D]{Kl {]t]Ww
sNp hntZi SnhnIfneqsSbpw B ]ucm anhmdpw anSfnep
Xnfp Ahkcsfpdnv t\ctXs t_m[hmmcmbncnpw.
Xêambn ]e cmjv { Sfpw temIns t\v hmXn
ASbvm\p {ia \nnbncnpp. Ah Ctm
kmcnIpw av kiIpambn Xpdv sImSpncnpp.
Ign Ipdv Zim_vZfn djy, ssN\, hnb\mw, _a (ayma)
Fnhbpw apap ]e henb cmjv{Sfpw Amcmjv{Skaqlnse
IqSpX Xpd AwKfmbnpv. Cv A^vKm\nms
P\kwJybpsS Ansemcp `mKw AhcpsS PohnXns GsXnepw
Hcp `mKw hntZiv hkn hcmWv.
156
kzIm-cy-h-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h-c-Whpw
Bibhn\nabw
]pXnbtemIv P\ am{Xa bm{X sNpXv Bibfpw
AhtcmsSmw Hcp bm{X Xcampp. P\v {]hnm\pw
Nnnm\pw kwkmcnm\pw kzmX{yap hyXykvX temIfpsS IYIfpambn kmcnI hcpp. kztZinI hntZiv t]mbn kmcnI
]d IYI kXyamsWv ApXtmsS a\nempp.
P\v , Cs\pw D]{KlSnhnbpw e`yamsWn Ah
tIpXv IYI Ah kv{Io\n ImWpXpsImv ncoIcn
sSpp.
hmWnPyn\pw CtX êamWpXv. Hcp cmPyw Amcmjv{Shn]W\
n\v XpdpsImSpm AhnSps ]ucm av kwkvmcfn
\nphcpambn IhSw sNm\pw Ahcpambn kulrZw m]nm\pw
apPohnXcoXnIsf a\nemm\pw XpSpw.
CXv IqSpX DZmcamm\p kmcntep kw IqSpw.
kzmX{ys t\cnv ImWpIbpw A\p`hnpIbpw sNp P\
]ptcmKXn t{]mkmlnnm\pw A`nhrn hym]nnpXnepw D
AXns hn]peamb in a\nempp. Ahv B ]ptcmKXn
bptSbpw A`nhrnbptSbpw Hcp ]v Ahmbn thWw. kmtXnIhnZy,
hmWnPyw, IpSntbw, hnt\mZkmcw, BtKmfhn]Wn Fnh
kzX{kaqlns hmfmWv.
Hcp kzX{kaqlns hf
apXemfnns tSm]vUu kao]\w A. apv HpanmXncpnSv
Hcp kzX{ kaqlw krjvSnpIsbXv Ffpap Hcp tPmenb.
]pXnb kmcpIfpw Amcmjv{S klmbkwLS\Ifpw Hmôkv
\nhlWnencnp Fm DtZymKhrsfbpw amn m]n
pI, kmcn\pIognep henb hyhkmbsf kzImcyhXvcnp
Xpwt]mep hepXpw \mSIobhpamb amfnemWv apJyambpw {i
tI{oIcnpXv.
]etmgpw Ccw kao]\ Hcp ZpcamWv . A[nImcw
hyn]camb Xmev]cyp thn Zpcp]tbmKsSpp Hcp
kwkvImcw Ctmgpw \ne\npXpsImpw {]mtZinI
157
hn]WnbpsSbpw acfpsS {]mtZinIamb Hcp [mcW

CmXpsImpw At\Iw kzImcy hXvIcW{ia (1980 IfpsS
Ahkm\n saIvkntmbn kw`hnXpt]mse) Ahkm\w tns IpI apXemfns CjvSmcpsS ssIn sImsn
pp. s]mXpP\v appmbncp tv apXemfnXn\npw
Cu kzP\apXemfnw Hpw hyXykvXambn ImWsSpn. am{Xhpa,
\oXn\ymb hyhnXnbpsS ]cnh\\S]SnI ZiI
FSppsa Xn\m, Ccw kzP\]]mXw tImSXnIfm tNmZyw
sNsSmsX aptmp s]mbvsmncnmw. AXpsImp P\ tv
\nb{nX{]iv\sfsbt]mseXs kzImcykwcw`sbpw tZmj
tmsS am{Xta ImWppp. At\Iw t] hnizknpXv
kaqe]cnjvIcWhmZnIpw hnhImcn Ipw am{Xta, {]amWn
hsf AhKWnv s]mXpP\pthn ]pXpXmbn Fsnep
sams sNm Ignbq Fv.
kzmX{yns t_mw A]v kzm[o\inI

tSm]vUu apXemfnns kao]\w ]cmPbsSm ImcWw Ah
kmaqlnI \nba kwm]\fpsS ASnm\]camb \ne]mSpIfnepw
{]h\fnepw B\pIqeyfnepw am hcpmsX AhbpsS
_mlycq]n klmbIamIp Xcn am hcpphm
{ianXmWv.
Hcp kzX{kaqlns kmKXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw hfcpXv,
Fs\ P\ ]ckv]cw kzX{ambn klIcnpw HcpatbmsS
bpw Pohnpp FXns\ \nbnpXv, \nba]chpw
[mnI]chp amb NfpsS amXrIbneqsSbmWv. \apv Acsamcp
{]h\ \nbafpsS amXrI sImphcm Ignmepw, Acw
\nbapn \npsImv P\v AhcpsS kzw PohnXw
sInSpm kzmX{yw \Inbmepw, Atm apgph P\fpsSbpw
kzm`mhnIamb Duhpw A`nemjfpw hyhm\pkmcamb
amfntev \bnpw.
DZmlcWn\v, P\v Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\kv XpSpXn\pw
BhniymktmSpIqSn AXv kyambn \Sphm\pw kynt
kpcnXamb DSamhImiw t\Sphm\pw Dev]mZ\aXbp aqe[\w
158
kamlcnpXn\pw kyX{ambn hym]mcw \Sphm\pw Ahsc

A\phZnpp Fp IcpXpI. Cs\ sNpXneqsS kmnI
hf ssIhcnp Xn\pw hyhm\pkmcamb kmaqlnI
]cnjvImc DtPnnpXn\pw hgnsbmcpp \nbafpw
t{]mml\fpw \ krjvSnpp. P\ sNdnb _nkn\kpI
XpSpw, Fns\ _nkn\kv sNWsapw A`nhrn t\Sphm\pw
Ignbpsav ]Tnmw kmnIamb t\ am{Xa Ah t\SpXv
]t hn Bhnizmkhpw IqSnbmWv. IqSpX Bhnizmkap
Hcp kaqln\v, DtZymKhrtfbpw km hyhkmbsfbpw
\hoIcn pXpt]mep _rlXv A[nImc \nbp {]iv\fpambn
t]mcmSphm Ignbpw. AXpsImv \ apgph tv kwm]\
sfbpw ]cnjvIcnphm {ianpXv henb \nebn XpScpXv.
apgph \nbakwm]\hyhIfnepw hyhm\pkmcamb am
sImphcp Xn\mbn B\pIqeysf \Snemnsmv sNdnb
\nebn XpSpIbmWv thXv. 1
kzhImiw {]hrnbn
s]dphnse kzhImiw
1990s XpSn {][m\ambpw, kmnI hnZKv\mbncp
slWmtUm Un tkmtmbm (Fernando De Soto) kzm[o\w
sNeps s]dphnse kzhIminse ]cnjvImc AXoh
Xmev]cyapWp Hcp DZmlcWamWv. DtZymK ta[mhnXznsbpw
AgnaXnbpsSbpw êambn Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\kv s]dphn cPn
sNWsan GItZiw Hcp hjtmfw thnhcpsav Un tkmtm
BhemXnsp. kzv kzampXn\pw kam\khntijXI
Dmbncpp. CXpImcWw etm]ew sNdpkwcwÌv AhcpsS
Irjntmtfm, sNdp _nkn\kpItfm Asn hoSpItfm
\nba]cambn kzamm Ignn. AXv AhcpsS kwcw`
hn]peoIcnpXn\mbn \nt]tfm Asn hmbv ] Itfm
e`yamIpXn\v _pnapmn. Ahv AhcpsS hoSpItfm Asn
1. Rm BZw kvanv C\m-j-W, ]o bMv, o^ sP. amntbmSpw
AhcpsShnZKv Adnhn\v ISsncnpp
1.
I am grateful to Peter Young and Stephen J. Masty of Adam Smith International for their expert
insights on this.
159
_nkn\tm hnphm Ignn. am{Xhpa AhcpsS kzntatem

Asn _nkn\ntem DmIp X ]cnlcnphm tImSXnbpsS klmbw tXSphmt]mepw Ignn.
s]dphn cpXcnep kmnIhyh \nehnepmbncpp.
Hv \nba]cn[npnepw \nbakm[pXbneqsS Fm kmnI
B\pIqeyfpw \nba]camb kwcWhpw A\p`hnphcpw
asmv AhcpsS hoSpIfpw _nkn\pIfpw \nba]cambn
\ne\nm Xn\m Zmcn{Zntev XnhnSs etm]ew
sNdpInS kwcwÌ. \nba]cam sNdpInS _nkn\pIfn\npw
\nIpXn ]ncnm IgnbmXpImcWw kmcns hcpam\hpw
Ipdp. am{Xhpa Ahv bmsXmcp \nba]camb kwcWhpw
e`nmXn\m Cu kwcwÌsc {Inan\epIfpw IyqWnv hmZnIfmb
KdnIfpw (Shining Path Guerillas) A\mbmkw NqjWw sNbvXp.
Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\v cPnkv sNpXn\v \nehnep DtZymK
ta[mhnXzns \nb{W FSppIfbpIbpw _nkn\v
\SpXn\p ssIhiapmbncnt Hpan ssekkpIfpw
s]anpIfpw Dt]npI, CXmbncpp Un tkmtmbpw aphcpw
aptmp sh \nti Asn ]cnlmcam. BZyambn
Zien IqSpX s]dqhnb IpSpw_v AwKoIrX
`q AhImiw t\SnsmSp `q ]cnjvImcfpw AXn Dmbncpp.
AXns êambn, DSav AhcpsS _nkn\v hn]peoIcnphm
hmbv] FSpphm\pw hkvXphII hmphm\pw hnphm\pw
kzmX{yw InnbtXmsS sNdpInS _nkn\kpI A`nhrn t\Sn.
P\v aqe[\w Dmm\pw kmZnphm\pw IgntXmsS
]mnSkuIcy ]ptcmKanpIbpw cIm AhcpsS
av hnZym`ymkw \IpXn\mbn IqSpX ]Ww Nnehgnphm\pw
XpSn.
]cnjvImc hnai\clnXambncpn. Nne BfpI hmZnpXv,
`q{]amW \oXn bpambncpp FmWv. AXn\h ]dbp
ImcWw Bcv Fv A\u]NmcnIambn ssIhiw shncpp Fv
m]nphm _pnapmbncpp FXmWv. apNne hmZnpXv,
`q{]amWw Zcn{Zpw sNdpInS kwcwÌpw tase hInS
160
IpSntbmv IqSpX tatmbvaI \InsbXpw, CXneqsS

Zcn{Zcmb IjI B{ibnncnp s]mXp`qanI Ahp
\jv S sp Fpw Cu DSaX A\utZymKnIsanepw \mbn
{]hnncp ]mhyhsb Anadnp FpamWv. apNne
hmZnpXv, Cu `q]cnjvImc A{Xv tabpXmbncpn,
am{Xhpa kmnI ]ptcmKXnv hensbmcp XSw P\fpsS
kwkvmcw AhcpsS A`nemj fnt ASntev]n ]cnanXnIfmWv. apv Hpw \nehnenmXncpnSv \ coXnbn {]hn p
Hcp hn]Wn m]nsSppXv hfsc ITn\amWv. Hcp AtIzdnbn
\npw ao kqv Dmphm hfsc FfpamWv , ]t ao
kqn\npw Hcp AtIzdnbw DmpI Ffpa. Fmbncpmepw
ap cmPy s]dphnse ]cnjvImc ]Iphm {ianp. emn
Atacnbnsebpw B{^nbnsebpw ]e cmPypw Un tkmtm
t\cnv D]tZi sImSpp.
]npWbvp ]cnjvImc
]t \coXnbn {]hnp kzhImi apJyamIptmgpw,
ap ]npWtbIp ]cnjvImcfpw A\nhmcyamWv. DZmlcWn\v,
AhnsS \coXnbn {]hnp hmbv], sNdpInS hmbv]m hn]WnI
A\nhmcyambpw DmbncntXmWv, CXv ZpLSamb Npw
DtZymK ta[mhnXzn\pw Ffpn Aa sNm\mhn.
(Xmev]cyapWp Ghpw \smcp DZmlcWw, _wmtZin sNdpInS
hmbv]I \Ip {Kmao _mv. {KmaoW hyhkmbv CXv
sNcphmbv]I \Ipp. kzambn `qanbnm h\nXm kwcwÌv
hbsev sSet^m D]tbmKnv t]t^m tkh\neqsS hmbv]I
e`yampXpw CXnepsSpp.)
AhnsS hnizmktbmKyambXpw Imcyahpamb Hcp \nbahyhbpw
AXymhiyamWv, Fn am{Xta P\v AhcpsS Xfpw apw
thKnepw hnizmktmsSbpw ]cnlcnphm Ignbq. \nba
hyhbntev Hcp {]tXyI ]cnjvImcw ]mmphm\pw FSppXp
hsc \apv ImncntXn. hynKXtIpIfn \nv krjvSn
s kmam\y\nbaw hfsc thKnepXmWv. {]mtZinIP\XbpsS
\oXnt_m[n\\pkcnv, m]nXamb IogvhgfpsS LS\bn
161
Hcp {]mtZinI \nbahyhbpw AhnsS BZyta \ne\ntXmWv.

Fm DSamhImi LS\, hyn]camb _m[yX, Hmlcn
]mfnaphcpsS AhImi, ]mcXzw XpSnb _nkn\v
{]h\sf kw_np ASnm\\nba \
cq]oIcntXpw AXymhiyamWv.
Hcp hn]Wnbntev {]thinphm XS krjvSnp \nbasf
\ eLqIcntXpw A\nhmcyamWv Fm am{Xta ]pXnb
Bib DSseSpq. DZmlcWn\v, t\mfnse `cWm[nImcnI
1950Iv apv ]pdwtemIhpambn bmsXmcp _hpw ]penbn
cpnm cmPyw kzImcy I\nI AhnSs sSet^m kwhn[m\w
\SnpXv P\fn òXnbpfhmpw F ImcWm Ah
AXns kqamb hnev]\ XnckvIcnp.
Fm ]pXnb BfpIv {]thi\m\paXn \Ip ]pXnb
ssekkpI \Im kXnp. Cu ]pXnb I\nIfpsS {]thi\w
t\mfnse sSet^m kwhn[m\s h hnPbamn Xop.
C\nbpw IqSpX DZmlcW ChnsSbpv. sNdnb _nkn\pIfpw
]pXnb hn]WnIfpsS {]thi\hpw hfp, IqSpX tPmen km[yXI
krjvSnsp, ]ptcmKXn hnp, D]t`mr tkh\ IqSpX
sasp, {][m\ambpw hcpam\hpw kpw DmpXn kzmX{y
n\p AXn{][m\amb ]v P\v a\nemphm km[np.
CXv F{Xtmfw ]npW kamlcnpp A{Xtmfw Ipdth P\
auenIambXpw Fm BXynIambn \nb{W inbp D]m[nI
B{Klnq.
ImjnI ]cnjvImc
kzhImi {]m_eyn DXns t\v DZmlcWamWv
djybnsebpw ssN\ bnsebpw hnbv\mansebpw ImjnI ]cnjvImc.
AhnSs IyqWnv kmcpI `qanbnepw ImjnIkwcw`fnepw
Iqambp DSamhImin FmbnSpw Irjn Bcw`np. B
kapZmb `qan D]tbmKnpXn\pw ]WnsbSppXn\pap
AhImi \nb{npIbpw kaXzm[njvTnXamb Hcp hnXcW
k{Zmbw ASntev]npIbpw sNbvXp. Fm CsXmcp Zpcambn
162
cpp. B kapZmb hfsc hepXpw, \nb{W hnt[bamXpw

ta[mhnXzapXpw Bbncpp. hynIv AhcpsS Azm\ns
êw aphpIqSn ]pshbv t nhcpXn\m Ahv
ITn\mzm\w sNphm\pw Asn Dem]mZ\aX Iqphm\pw
Xmev]cyw Xosc Ipdhmbncpp.
Cu s]mXp DSamhImiXXzw Dt]nphm ssha\kyw
Dmbncpp Fnepw 1970 s Ahkm\tmsS hn\miIcamb Cu
tkmhnbv amXrIbn ssN\ hnpt]mbn. Hcp IpSpw_ Dc hmZnXz
hyh \nehn hp, IpSpw_v AhcpsS kzw `qanbn
]WnsbSpmw. CXv Azm\hpw êhpw Xnep _s
]p\cpohnnp. ssN\bnse ImjnItaJe A`nhrn {]m]np. [m\yw,
]cpn, Fpcp XpSnb hnfIfn bYm{Iaw 5, 8, 14 iXam\
tmfw hmjnI h\tbmsS 1980 s XpSn ssN\bnse
ImjnI kv thKn hfp. 2
]t Cu XpSnse hf A[nIImew \op\nn. Cu hyh
Atmgpw A]cym]vXambncpp. ans hyXykvXfmb KpW
Xpeyammw F {]Xobn Hcp hnkvXrXamb ew \IpXn\p
]Icw XppIfmbnmbncpp IpSpw_v `qan A[nImcnI \In
bncpXv. Hmtcm IpSpw_nsbpw Azm\w ]e Xpp efnembn
NnXdn InSpXn\m anIcoXnbnep k{Zmb \SnempI
A{]tbmKnIambncpp. XppInSbnep hgnI IrjnbnSns
\smcp ]v FSpp. am{Xhpa hnXcW kwhn[m\w Hmtcm IpSpw_
fpsSbpw {]tXyIamb Azm\tbpw Dev]mZ\aXtbbpw IWn
seSpncpn.
AXpsImv, kmtXnIambn `qanbpsS DSamhImin am
hcptsv Xocpam\npIbpw Fm Hcp `qan D]tbmK
AhImihyh AhXcnnpIbpw sNbvXp. CXv IpSpw_v Hcp
`qanbn ZoLImew ]WnsbSppXn\v AhImiw \IpIbpw,
2. IqSpX hnhcv ImWpI, thm^vKmMv Imkv], Z knyq
FIvkvs]cnsav, Hmkvt{Senb tPW t^m ssN\okv A^tbgvkv, 7,
s^{_phcn 1981, ]n]n 16372
2.
For details, see Wolfgang Kasper, The Sichuan experiment, Australian Journal of Chinese
Affairs, 7, February 1981, pp. 16372.
163
AXn \npw hnfshSpphm\pw hcpam\w t\Sphm\pw Acw

AhImi aphcntev ]Icphm\pw Ahsc A\phZnpIbpw
sNpp.
hopw, Hcp kzX{ hn]WnbpsS Asn kzhImifpsS
ImgvNmSn \npw Cu hyhbpw ]qambpw ê{]Zambncpn.
kmcns kamlcWhpw hne \nb kwhn[m \hpw IjIv
AhcptSXmb Xocpam\ FSppXn\p Ignhns\bpw AhcpsS
kzw Azm\ns apgph êsfbpw A\p`hnpXn\p
AhImitbpw Anadnpp. `qanbpsS Hcp bYm hn]Wnbn
msX, XppefpsS GIoIcWnt\m kwtbmP\nt\m hfsc
Npcpnb km[yXItf Dmbncppq. Fm {ItaW Hcp `q
D]t`mKhn]Wn Xpdp hp.
DZmlcWn\v, hS Knjyhnse tabv Iunbn {Kmahmkn
Ifpw DtZymKcpw `qan ]mns\Spp Imebfhv 20 hjtv
ncoIcnncpp, CXv IpSpw_v ZoLIme ]XnI
BhnjvIcnphm klmbIambn. Hkymbn sImSpphm\pw AhcpsS ]mw ssIamw sNphm\pw Xpp`qanI kwtbmPnnphm\pw
D A[nImcw IjIv \Inbncpp. Irjn sNmsX InSp
`qanIfpw ]camh[n D]tbmKsSpphm\p {]tNmZ\fpw Dmbn
cpp. AXns êambn IqSpX e Irjnmbn
D]tbmKsSpn, IpSpw_ ans\ kwcnphm XpSnb
Xn\m AXns ê]pjvSn hnpIbpw sNbvXp. B[p\nI
D]IcW D]tbmKnpXpSn. 1995 tabv amXrI
]nXpScphm ap {Kmasfbpw tZiob km t{]mmlnnp.
As\ kzhImi hyhv kam\amb Hv FmbnSpw
{]Ncnm XpSn.
shn\p AhImiw
kmcnt\mfpw anI coXnbn hn\ntbmKnphm kzhImi
n\v Ignbp asmcp A]qamb hn`hamWv shw. bpssWUv
tvknse hc ]Snmd {]tZifn sImSpwhcbpsS òjWn
Hcn kkm[mcWambncpp. shns Zue`yw sIm adnv
CXv hn\ntbmKnpXn\p ITn\amb \nbahyhI sImmbn
164
cpp CXv kw`hnncpXv. DZmlcWn\v, Hcp Acphnbn\npw

BcmtWm BZyw shw FSppXv, ]noSv hcphcn\npw
apKW\ Abmmbncnpw. Fm Cu Bhiyw \ne\nnsImp
t]mIpXn\v, AhcpsS shn\p Bhiyw IpdhmsWnepw
Ahv AXv Ignbp{X NqjWw sNtnbncpp.
1990 s XpSn tamm\bpw AcntkmWbpw t]mep
kwm\ shn\p BfpIfpsS AhImi hn]W\w
sNphm A\phZnm XpSn. Ctmgpw AhnsS At\Iw N
Cu hn]Wnsb Xfm \nehn Dsnepw, shns D]tbmKw
Aaqeyamb coXnbn \Sppsv Ddphcpphm AXv
klmbnpp. shw D]tbmKnm\p AhImiw Bhiym\pkcWw
hmphm\pw hnphm\pw IgnbpXpsImv, anXamb D]tbmK
aph (BmtWm shw Ipdp]tbmKnphm Ignbph
Asn ]pXpn D]tbmKnph) ipamb shw D]tbmKn
m\p AhcpsS AhImiw AXp IqSpX Bhiyaphv
sImSppp. CsXmsbmWv shnep AhImifpsS hn]Wn
sImp KpW, CXv ]Snmd bpssWUv tvkn BIam\w
{]NcnpIbpw sNpp.
kzImcyhXvIcWns \nmWX{w
km \nb{Wnep hyhkmb anhmdpw P\v
sXcsSpphm\p Ahkc \Im IpII
Bbncnpw. AXpsImpXs Ahv KpWta Ipd hkvXp
pt]mepw Db hneI CuSmphm IgnbpIbpw CuSmpIbpw
sNpp. A[nImcnIfpsS ssIspwZqcv GsXnepw
GPknIfpsS NpaXebnemsWnt]mepw Ah km[mcWbmbn
A[nImcn{]amWnIfptStbm AhcpsS kplrpfptStbm \nb{W
nembncnpw. am{Xhpa CsXms anhmdpw \nb{npXv
`cWcwKs {]amWnamtcm Asn Ahv thshtcm
Bbncnpw.
DZmlcWn\v, Cdm\nse Hcp ImcpWy{]h\ {Ssp
IcpXsSp t_mbmUvkv BWv AhnSs kzv hnIk\nsbpw
ImjnItaJebpsSbpw \nmWtaJebpsSbpw jnnn sbpw
165
ASw Ansemv kmnI t{kmXpIsfbpw \nb{npXv.

XpSn jm XpSnb CXv Hcp ImcpWy{]h\{Sv Aspw
adnv `cWIqSns cm[nImcn\pw em`n\pw thnbp
D]m[nbmWv Fv ]cs hnai\w Dmbncpp. Fnpw, 1979 se
hnhn\ptijw A[nImcn h ]pXnb kmcpw AXns\
BZmbIcambn IXn\m Dt]nphm Xmdmbn. AXpsImh
\ne\npIbpw \nIpXnbnfhpw am\pIqeyfpw kzampIbpw
kmcntev IpsIp kzImcy hkvXphII Ahcntev
FpIbpw sNbvXp. Ah \ne\npXv Zcn{ZcpsS Da\n\p
thnbmWv Fp ]dbppsnepw Acmn AhcpsS
{]tbmP\ FpXv A[nImcn CcnphcntemWv.
km \nb{nX _nkn\kpI kzImcyhXvIcnptm, kzImcy
DSamhImins Dukzeamb ê DmhpIbpw DtZymK
ta[mhnXz IpIInSbnse hgnsbmcpp Ibpw kpXmcyamb
hmWnPy CS]mSpIfneqsS AgnaXn CmXmhpIbpw sNWw. CXv Cu
hyhkmb fpsS aqe[\w XncnsI s]mXpP\fpsS ssIIfn
senpXn\v klmbnpIbpw sNmw. ]t Cu t\ ssI
hcnWsan AXn\p hoWw, {]m]vXn, {im]qamb \b cq]o
IcWhpw Fmw BhiyamWv.
AhnsS Hcp GI \nmWX{an. km \nb{nX hyhkmb fpsS
kzImcyhXvIcWw cmjv{Sobhpw IqSmsX kmnIimkv{X]c hpw Bb
ImcyamWv.
Hmtcm hyhkmbfpw hyXykvXamWv. AXpsImpXs hyXykvXfmb
kao]\fpw BhiyamWv. hyhkmb ]e Xcnepw henn
epaphbmWv, AhbpsS ]cnjvImc XSsSpp hyXykvX
Xmev]cyfp kwLfpw Dv. AXpsImpXs apgph P\Xbpw
B{ibnp shw, sshZypXn t]mep Ahiytkh\v XmcXtay\ IpdmfpIsf _m[np \nmWtaJebnse I\nIfn
\npw XnIpw hyXykvXamb kao]\amWv Bhiyw.
sNdnb kwcw`fpsS Imcyn Ahsc hmWnPy\SnpImv
hnpXv {]mtbmKnI amWv, {]tXyInpw ]pXnb Bibfpw IqSpX
aqe[\hpap hntZip Bsnepw. Fm km
166
I\nI hntZinIv hnevpXv hnhmZ]camtbmhpXmWv.

hInSkwcwÌv, Hmlcn hnev]\bneqsS s]mXpP\sfIqSn
I\nbpsS DSamhImintev DsSppXv hfsc
{]tbmP\IcamWv. AhnsS ]pcmX\amb Htc Hcp Hmlcnhn]Wn am{Xta
Dmbncnq FpXpsImpw A[nIw P\pw Hmlcn
FmsWv AdnbmXp sImpw AXns\ Ipdnsmcp Aht_m[mv
Bhiyambhcpw. tkmhnbvhmgvN XIXn\ptijw, djy Hcp {]amW]{X
kzImcyhXvIcWw (hu ss{]hsstkj) Bcw`np. CXv km
kwcw` fn s]mXpP\v Xpey]mfnw ê{]Zambn \In.
]t ]noSv anhmdpw P\fpw AhcpsS HmlcnI hfsc Ipd
hnev hnpIbpw Ahkm\w Ah ]pXnb {]amWn hfnep
_nkn\kv {]`pmcpsS \nb{Wn BhpIbpw sNbvXp.
hn]Wn XXzfpsS AhXcWw

kzImcyhXvIcWns `mKambn IpII XItXv AXym
t]nXamWv . kmcpI Nnetm Nnntmw AhcpsS
IpImhImiw \ne\nnsImv IhS hnp XneqsS
IqSpX hcpam\w t\Smsav, ]t As\ IpImhImiw XpSpw
\ne\nm AXv s]mXpP\v Atbw tZmjIcambncnpw.
kmcns IpImhImiw acap LSIfneqsS CmXmn
bm AXv ZoLImetv kmcn\pw s]mXpP\pw
t\apmpw. AhcpsS IpIm[n]Xyapmbncp apKmanI
tfm ]pXnb kwcw` IqSpX Xgp hfcpIbpw IqSpX
Dukzehpw \ho\hpambncnpw.
1996se tKmnamebnse sSet^m kwhn[m\fpsS kzImcyhXvIcWw
Ccw taJeIfn acn\p {]m[m\yw sXfnbnpp. AhnsS
sSentImw taJebnse IpImhImiw kzImcy hXvIcnpXn\papv,
sSentImw hn]Wn acn\p hmXnepI XpdpsImSpp. hmbp
XcwKfpw (Fb thhvkv) kzImcyhXvIcnXv sshZypXImnI
kv s ]Iv { Sfn kzhImi \nehn hcppIbpw AXv
hn\nabcwKs ]pXnb I\nIv hfsc A\mbmkw hmphm\pw
D]tbmKnphm\pw Ignp. CXns êw acns hfsc henb
hn]peo IcWhpw, Db Xenep hcWm[nImchpw hn]peamb
167
hym]v X n Bbncpp. \ncpI, emn Atacnbnse Ghpw

IpdXmhpIbpw samss_ sSet^m D]t`mmfpsS Fw
Hcp Zim_vZn\pw Ipdv tasebp Imebfhn\pn \qdpIWn\v
aSv A[nIcnpIbpw sNbvXp. 3
icnbmb coXn kzmbam

kzImcyhcWns cmjv{Sobhpw \nmWX{hpw icnbmbn
\Snemm ]cnjvImsf klmbnp [mcmfw Amcmjv{S
A\p`hfpw {]mhoWyhpw Dv.
CXn\v apJyambpw thXv {]{Inb ]qambpw kpXmcyhpw
s]mXpP\v AXn ]sSp phm IgnbpXpw BbncnWw.
As\bm Fn B ]cnjvImc s]mXpsh AwKoIcnsSn.
DZmlcWn\v, B{^nbnse Nne kmcpI Ahiytkh\fmb
shw, _mnMv XpSnb taJeIfnse hyhkmb Nne hntZi
\nt]Icpambn klIcnv kzImcyhXvIcnp. ]t Xtinbcmb
P\v AXn DSamhImiw t\SpXn\p bmsXmcp Ahkc
hpw XpdpsImSpn. CXv shdpsamcp cmjv{Sob]camb \njvfX
am{Xa, adnv kaXz ]cn]me\n\mbp Hcp kzX{kaqlnse
XXzpw hn]coXhpamWv.
IqSpXembn, DSamhImiw IqSpX hn]peampXnt\m
IpdmfpIfpsS B kzImcy hXvIcn hyhkmbfpsS \nb{Ww
kmcnep A[nImcnIfpsS kplrpfpsS ssIIfntev Xncnv
Bhpw. CXv IqSpX kzImcyhXvIcWw F Bibs Zpjnnp
Ibpw ap km A[o\Xbnep hyhkmbsf hn]Wn XXz
AhXcnnp DZyan \npw ]namdm t{]cnnpIbpw sNpw.
GXp ]pXnb DZyahpw AgnaXnmcmb {]amWnhmsX
s]mXpP\v D]Imc{]Zambncnpsav P\sf hopw ]dp
hnizknntXpv . IgnbpnStmfw IqSpX hn]Wnbnse
ac Ignbp{X thKn AhXcnnpXmhpw CXv
3. ImWpI, shbv F sebv, sKnwKv ss{]hsstkj ssdv: F tIkv Un,
Cnyqv Hm^v CtWmanIvkv A^tbgvkv tmKv, e 2013.
3.
168
See, Wayne A. Leighton, Getting privatisation right: a case study, Institute of Economic Affairs
blog, London, 2013.
Ddmm\p \ amw.
km CmsX a\pjytkh\
Nne s]mXptkh\ kmcn\m am{Xta \Im Ignbq Fsmcp
ap[mcW Dv, {]tXyInpw a\pjytkh\fmb BtcmKyw, hnZym`ymkw,
ta{]h\ apXembh.
NnecpsS A`n{]mb{]Imcw Ccw Ahiytkh\fpsS {]m[m\yw Ah
hn]Wnbn Cdm ]m{X {][m\amWv . akc_pnbp
kzImcytkh\ZmXmsft]mse D]t`mmsf Xr]vXnsSpn
PohntXm]m[n kmZnt Ah \nIpXnWwsImv {]hnp
tkh\ZmXmv C. cmjv{Sobmsc kzm[o\npw AhcpsS
Bhiy AwKoIcnnsn tkh\kv X w`\w F òjWn
apgnbpamWv Ah _Pv hnnpXv . AhcpsS {i
kmcnemWv P\fne.
km[mcW km \nb{nX tkh\ZmXm t\cnSpXnt\mfpw
acw kzImcy m]\ v t\cntSn hcpp. ]etmgpw km
tkh\ZmXmfpambn acnpXv \nbahncpambncnpw.
AXpsImv km taJebnep tkh\ZmXm Ah \evIp
tkh\ \hoIcnpItbm kaImenI {]kntbmsS tkh\
\IpItbm sNpn. ImcWw AhcpsS D]t`mmv Acw
tkh\ e`yampXn\mbn aspw t]mIm\n.
]t Fs\sbms Bbmepw an kmcpIfpw s]mXptkh\
fpsS \Snv Ahcn Xs tI{oIcnphm\mWv CjvSsSpXv,
P\ Fmbvtmgpw AhcpsS IpI ta[mhnXzn\pNppw ap
am At\zjnp Ispp. kmcnXc ZmXmfpw
A\u] NmcnI ZmXmfpw Ccw tkh\ hfsc anI coXnbn
\IpXn\v temIw apgph\pw [mcmfw DZmlcWfpv.
km CmsXbp hnZym`ymkw
hnZym`ymkns Imcyw DZmlcWambn FSpmw. A[nIw BfpIfpw
knpXv kzImcy hnZym`ykw kv am{Xw D ImcysamWv.
Fm hnZym`ymk hnZKv[\mb s{]m^k sPbnwkv Sqen (Prof. James
Tooley) Cybnepw, Lm\, ss\Pocnb, sI\nb XpSnb cmPyfnepw
169
cp hjambn \Snb ]T\fn IsnbXv AXn\p

hn]coXamWv. Cu cmPyfnse Ghpw Zcn{Z taJe Ifnep IqSpX
kvqIpnIfpw kmcnXc kvqfpIfnembncpp t]mbncpXv.
hfsc A[nIw Zcn{ZtaJeIfmb sslZcm_mZv , A{Im, emtKmkv
FnhnSfn aqn Hv Asn AXnt\m Ipdp km
kvqfpItf Dmbncppq. aqn cv Asn AXnt\m
IqSpX kvqIpnIfpw kzImcykvqfpIfnembncpp
s]mbvsmncpXv, Ahbn ]e kvqfpIpw km AwKoImcw t]mepanmh Bbncpp. anhmdpw Cu kmcnXc kvqfpIfpw
\SnbncpXv kzImcy DSacmbncpp. hfsc Ipdpt]v [
tkh\ m]\fpsS klmb e`nncpp, Fm Bpw
km klmbw Innbncpn. cmImfn \npw hmp
Xpamb ôkmWv AhcpsS GI hcpam\w. 4
As\sbms BsWn t]mepw, kzImcy kvqfpIfnse t\
hfscb[nIw DbXmsWv Sqen Isn. sslZcm_mZn,
IWnse icmicn amv km kvqfpIfn teXnt\m GItZiw
An Hcp aSv DbXmbncpp, AXpw km taJesb
At]nv hfsc Ipdv (3/4) ifw hmnv Aym]I ]Tnnp
kzImcy kvqfpIfn. ap \nehmcfpw AtXt]mse
DbXpXsbmbncpp. km kv qfpIfnse Aym]I
AhcpsS sUkvIpIfn XeNmbvNv DdpXv Sqen Isn. am{Xhpa
Aym]I an Znhkfnepw hcmXncnpXpw km
kv qfpIfnse Hcp henb {]iv \ amWv . kzImcy kv qfpIfn
mIvt_mUv, Ifne, sUkvIpI, IpSnshw, tSmbvev
XpSnb Fm kuIcyfpw t`Zs coXnbn Hcpnbnpv. (kzImcy
kv qfpIfn 96 iXam\n IqSpXepw tSmbv e v kuIcyw
{]Zm\wsNptm ]IpXn km kvqfpIfnte AXv e`yambpq.)
Acw kvqfpIfn hnZymn Aym]I A\p]mXw GItZiw
km kvqfpIfnteXns ]IpXnbneSpp am{Xta Dq.
Zcn{ZtaJeIfn kzImcyhnZym`ymkn\p {]m[m\yspdnv
kmcpI t_m[hmmc. ssN\okv kmcns IWn
]X{]tZiamb Kmkphn shdpw 44 kzImcy kvqfpItf Dq,
Fnepw SqenbpsS KthjI 696 Fw Isn, AXn 593 kvqfp
170
Ifnembn Ghpw hnZqcamb D\mS {Kmafnse 61,000 IpnI

]Tnppv. `qcn`mKhpw \SnbncpXv Imfpw {KmaoWcpambn cpp. Kmkphnse icmicn hmjnI hcpam\w 150 tUmfdmbncpp
Fnepw Ah IqSpX A`nhrn t\Sn. k_vkldm B{^nbnse
Ghpw henb tNcn{]tZifmb Int_d, (sI\nb) 750,000 Hmfw
P\kwJybp AhnsSt]mepw 12,000 hnZymnI ]Tnp 76
kzImcy kvqfpI Sqen Isn.
IrXyambn ]dm, temInse Nne Ghpw Zcn{Zamb efn
t]mepw kzImcy m]\ v km m]\tfmfpw anI
coXnbnep hnZym`ymkw \Iphm IgnbpIbpw \IpIbpw sNpp.
am{Xhpa CXns Nnehv ]mhs IpSpw_v AXv Xmmhp{X
IpdhmWv. hnZym`ymkcwKv km Hcp Bhiyambn ImWpn.
km \Sp kvq ]XnI hfsc hn]peamb kcmPy
fn CXpt]mep ac sImphcphm\pw hnZym`ymkn
cImv IqSpX hcWkzmX{yw \Iphm\pw Ah
hfscb[nIw B{KlnpXn AXnibsSms\mpan. 1991
kzoU Hcp ]pXnb ]Xn BhnjvIcnp. AXn{]Imcw kvqfpIfpsS
ASnm\ NnehpIp ]Ww km XpSbmbn \IptXm
sSmw emt` CmXpw DXpw Bb {KqpI AhcpsS kzw
kv qfpI Bcw`npIbpw, AhcpsS kv qfntesp
hnZymnIfpsS Fns ASnm\n km ^pI
t\Sphm\pw km[npw. Aym]I bqWnb t]mep hnaiI BZyw
CXns\ FXnncpp Fnepw Ctm Ah AXns\
]npWbvpp. ]pXpXmbn XpSnb Bbncntesd kvqfpIfpsS
{]tXyInp _pnaptdnb Zcn{ZtaJeIfn D Imcy{]m]vXnbnepw
\thmm\nepw KpW\nehmcnepw Dmb {]`mhw Acn
epXmWv. Ctm ap cmPyfpw AtX amXrI ]nXpScppv.
kmcns ]npWbnmsX BtcmKy]cn]me\w

anhmdpw cmPyfpw kmcns A[nImc]cn[nbn \ne\nnbncn
p asmcp kp{][m\ taJebmWv BtcmKy]cn]me\w. ]etmgpw
\nba]cncpw \nIpXnWwsImp [\klmbmepw ap
\nb{WsImpw akcn\nv Ah kwcnsSpp.
171
hopw, CXv {itI{oIcnpXv tcmKnIv anI tkh\

\evIpXne, adnv kmcn\npw Inp IqSpX ]Wntepw
Db IpIm[nImcfnepamWv.
bpssWUv tvkv ]etmgpw AhcpsS kzX{hn]Wn FpIcpX
sSp BtcmKy]cn ]me\ hyhbpsS Db Nnehns\pdnv
hnai\hnt[bamImdpv. Xobmbpw CXv Nnehv IqSnbXmWv; ]t
kXyn CXv temInse Ghpw {IaoIcns Hcp hyhbmWv,
am{Xhpa CXns BtcmKy]cn]me\n\p kmcns {]Xnioj
Nnehv temIn aqmaXmbn CSw ]nSnncnpp (t\mthpw
eIvkw_Kn\pw ]nn). \nIpXnbpw \nb{W \nbafpw BtcmKy
Cjpdkn\p tPmenbpambn _nnpp, CXv P\ tPmen
bnmXncnptm Cjpdkv ]cncbnm Ahbn
Bpp. AtXkabw sXmgnemfnI saUn sNn\pw
ip{iqjpw, AhXns Bhiyw Csnt]mepw BhiysSpp
(tUmIvSam AXv t{]mmlnnpp) ImcWw AXns NnehpI
hlnpXv sXmgnepSaI BsWpXmWv . Hcp saUn
Cjpdkv DSSnbn Fsmw DsSpWsapw Ah Fs\
hnWsapw N \ntinpp (DZmlcWn\v, AhcpsS
kzw \mn am{Xta Cjpdkv I\nI {]hnphm ]mSpq,
AXhsc kmnIambpw tZmjIcambn _m[npp).
AXpt]mseXs, tUmIvSamv tcmKnIsf ]cntim[nWsan
ssekkv thWw, CXv Xocpam\npXpw \SnempXpw
tUmIvSam XsbmWv. Ah IqSpX tUmIvSam B cwKtv
hcpXn\v XSw \npIbpw AhcpsS thX\w Iqphm
\n_nXcmpIbpw sNpp. As\ Ccw Fm \nbafpw
bpFknse BtcmKy]cn ]me\w IqSpX NnehpXmn ampp.
t\scadnv, bYmn bpFknt\mfpw kamb Hcp sNdnb
cmPyamb knwKq, AtacnbpsS km Iognep BtcmKy
]XnIv hcp {]Xnioj Nnehns GItZiw Bdn Hp
Nnehmpp. IpSpw_ hcpam\ns An Hcp `mKw AhcpsS
`mhn BtcmKy]cn]me\n\pw dnbsan\ptijap PohnXn\pw,
]mnS NnehpIpw apambn anw ]nSnt Bhiyta CXn\p
hcppq (Zpc aqeamIp saUn NnehpIv km
172
^ns ]XnI Dsnepw). kXysaspshm, P\ AhcpsS kzw ]Ww AhcpsS kzw BtcmKy]cn]me\ ]XnIfn
\nt]npIbpw sNpXpsImv Ahv IqSpX aqeyw Inphm
Xm]cyw DmhpIbpw AXpsImpXs kzImcy tUmIvSamcpw n\n
pIfpw P\v anI ]cnNcW \Iphm acnpIbpw
sNpp.
kznvkemUn, km \Sp Hcp Cjpdkpw C; P\
Cjpdkpw saUn tkh\fpw kzImcy ZmXmfn \npw
e`yampp. kmcns Ihyw k_vknUnI sImSppI FXv
am{XamWv , tkh\ZmXm, ]t ASnm\ BtcmKy]cn
]me\wt]mepw Xmm Ignbm tcmKnIv. AXnsImp hopw,
Atacnmcn \npw hyXykvXambn, kznkv ]ucm BtcmKy]cn]me
\n\v Ah Nnehgnp ]Wn\p IqSpX aqeyw B{Klnp
hcmWv. an bqtdm]yamcpw IcpXpXv kznvkemUnse hn]peamb
kzX{ hn]Wn hyhsb temInse Ghpw anI BtcmKy]cn
]me\ hyhbmbnmWv.
kmcnmsXbp ta{]h\
Zcn{Z\mb Hcp hynpthn sNt Ghpw hensbmcp ta{]h
\w Abmv ifap Hcp tPmen XcsSpn sImSppI
FpXmWv. Fm kmcns Iogn \Sp ta{]h\
tPmen CmXmpIbmWv sNpXv. bqtdmn anbnSpw
kmaqlnI Cjpdkn\pthn XpI IspXv tPmen sNp
hcn\npw \nnX \nIpXn CuSmnbnmWv, CXv sXmgnepSaIfpsS
Nnehv hnnpIbpw, ]pXnb tPmenmsc \nbanpXn\v Ah
ssha\kyw ImWnpIbpw sNpp. AXn\w IqSpX BfpI
sXmgnenmbva B\pIqeyv AlcmsWmWv, Atm AXn\p
XpI Isphm\pw IqSpX \nIpXnI Npatn hcpp. CXv
XIbntep Hcp NpgnbmWv.
Ccp]Xmw \qmns ]IpXnhsc kzoU kzX{hpw, \nIpXn
IpdXpw A`nhrnbpsSbpamb Hcp cmPyambncpp. ]ns 1970 apX
Ctmv cv ZiIfmbn, AhcpsS hym]Iamb ta {]h\ ]Xn
Iv XpI IspXns `mKambn Db \nIpXnI Npaphm
173
XpSn. (kXyn 1976 Hcp kzoUnjv FgppImcn AhnSs \nIpXn

\ncv 102 iXam\w hsc Fn sbv ]cmXnsSpIbpmbn ). Ccw
Db \nIpXnI AhnSs tPmensbbpw kwcw` sfbpw
{]XnIqeambn _m[n apJy XSfmbncpp. 1990 Cu ]Xn
]nhenpXphsc kzoUs hf hfsc Xmgv \nebnembncpp.
kzX{ cmPy kcmIm {ianpp, k cmPy
Bhiyaphv ImcpWy tkh\klmb e`yamphm\mbn
IqSpX NnehnSpp. km kzambn Bhnjv I cnp
ta{]h\v P\fn\npw \nIpXn CuSmn XpI
IsmsX sNp Ccw {]h\ [mnIambpw
BtcmKy{]ZamWv. ta{]h\fnse B\pIqey km
A[nImcnIfpsS kplrpv \IpItbm FXncmfnIfn A[nI
\nIpXnI NpapItbm sNpXpsImv am{Xa. bYm
ImcpWy{]h\w Fp]dbpXv kzta[bm Hcm asmcmv
sImSppXmWv, AmsX _ew {]tbmKnv sNnpX.
km ta{]h\fpsS asmcp {]iv\sap ]dbpXv Ah
B{inXXzns Hcp kwkvImcw krjvSnpp FXmWv. hepXpw
s]mXptkhIcm {]hnnpXpambXn\m Hcp bYm
[m]\w sNpXpt]mse Bhiyfpw Ignhpw hyn]cambn
hnebncp nbpw Alcmbhsc IspIbpw sNpXn\p]Icw
\nbafpsS ASnm\n {]hnphmt\ Ignbppq. CXv
P\sf Ah AlcmsWv sXfnbnm \nbasf hfsmSn
phm t{]cnnpp. Nnetmsgms, ]mhs IpSpw_,
IqSpX B\pIqey e`npXn\mbn AhcpsS kmlNcy
a\qw hfsc tamiambn Nn{XoIcnpp, CXv bYmn \
t\Sm\m{Klnp eyv t\sc hn]coXambncnpw. bpssWUv
InMvUw t]mep Ghpw ]gbXpw hepXpamb tacmjv{S cmPyfn
DtZymK Ctm IWmpXv aqmw Xeapdbnse B{inXXz
sbmWv, AXmbXv BcpsS amXm]nXmfpw Aq\qamcpw Cu
B\pIqeysf B{ibnv Pohnncppthm B IpSpw_nse aqmw
Xeapdmcpw As\Xs Pohnpp.
kzImcy BXpctkh\ m]\ t{]mkmlnnp kzbwc
174
IqSpX am\pjnIhpw, DtPnnpXpw ê{]Zamb amw BWv

1940IfpsS apv bpsI bn sXmgnemfn hfpsS tan\mbn
Hcp hninjvSamb hyhbpmbncpp. tacmjv{Sw AXv Xqv
Ifbp hsc. sXmgnenmbv a thX\w, saUn Cjpdkv ,
acWm\c NSpI t]mephbpsS \Snn\mbn AwK Fm
BgvNbnepw AhcptSXmb kw`mh\I \Ipambncp kulrZkwL
Bbncpp Ah. Ah km[mcWbmbn Hcp {]tXyI tPmenbn
{i tI{oIcnncpp, AXpsImhv B sXmgnemfnIfpsS {]tXyI
Bhiy\pkcnv {]hnphm\pw Ignbpw. etm]ew
IpSpw_, {]tXyInpw ]mhs IpSpw_ CXn GsXnepw
Hcp kanXnbn AwKfmIm Xm]cysp. kmcns CSs]S
CmsX Fmhpw taw Xobmbpw km[yamWv.
a\pjykvt\l]camb taJesb ]p\cpohnn

Db tvkv ta{]h\kwhn[m\fp cmPyfn Xmakn
p At\Iw P\ hmZnpXv, \nIpXn ]WneqsSbp
kmaqlnI B\pIqeypw s]j\pIpw D DZmcX
kzImcy BXpctkh\n\pw a\pjykv t \l{]h\pw
DmIn FmWv. Xobmbpw kmcpIv ap P\fpsS ]Ww
sImv IqSpX hnimea\kvIXtbmsS {]hnphm FfpamWv,
am{Xhpa ASp P\nphogm t]mIp Xeapdbpw Ahp thn
IS_m[yXsbms ASpXopw FdnbmhpXpsImv
AXncpIhn B\pIqey hmKvZm\w sNphm\pw cmjv{Sobmv
AXoh Xmev]cyamWv. CXpXs kmaqlnIta{]h\fn \npw
cmjv{Sobmsc Hgnp\nWsaXns {][m\ ImcWambXpw.
AXpIqSmsX cmjv{Sns B\pIqey hfsc DbXmsWn
AXv IpSpw_v Ahpthn kmZnphm\p Dmlw
\jvSsSpIbpw hynIv B\pIqeysf B{ibnv Pohnp
Xnt\m ]WnsbSpv PohnpXn\p t{]cWbpw \jvSsSpw.
AXnt\m IqSpX, Ccw ta{]h\ \ coXnbn
\SnemhWsan AXn\pthn ]Ww Isphm, tPmen
sNphcpsS \nIpXn \ncpI Ips\ IqtXmbn hcpw.
FXp sImv CsXmw DtiyipntbmsS DXmsWnepw, CXns
175
Ahkm\êw P\fpsS {]Xo Isfbpw B{Klsfbpw

\innpIbpw Ahsc Hcp B{inXXz PohnXntev XnbnSpIbpw
Bbncnpw.
kzmX{yns ]mXbneqsS kcnWsav B{Klnp cmPy
AhcpsS hn]peamb ta{]h\ hyhsb hfsc sNdpXmnbpw
IqSpX {]mtZinIamnbpw sImphcnIbmWv BZyw sNtXv. Nne
coXnIfnep hynKXcq]ntev CXns\ thXncnphm Ignbpw.
CXv IpSpw_sf AhcpsS DchmZnXzspdnv t_m[hmmcmp
hm\pw Ah bYm \nIpXnZmbIcm klmbnsSpIbmsWpw
adnv hnkvXrXamb Hcp kwhn[m\mespw a\nemphm\pw
klmbnpw. Cu hyhsb Cs\ hnLSnnpsImphcpXv
kzImcy taJebnse ZmXmfm {]h\ IqSpX Imcya
ampXn\v A\phZnpp.
Nnenbnse s]j kwhn[m\w HcpZmlcWw BWv. 1981 B cmPyw
AhnSs ]cmPbsXpw \oXnbphpam s]j kwhn[m\
s hynKX AupIfntev amn. sXmgnemfnI AhcpsS
s]j\pthn anw ]nSnphm _mycmbn, ]t Ahv ]e
kzImcy ZmXmfn\npw AhcpsS XpI \mbn ssIImcyw
sNphsc sXcsSpphm Ignncpp. Cu kwhn[m\w
kmZyn\mbp hyn]camb DchmZnXzw t{]mmlnn pIbpw
sXmgnemfnIv anI BZmbw \IpIbpw sNbv X p. ]e
`qJWv V fn \np At\Iw cmPy Cu kwhn[m\w
]npScppv.
knwKqcnse slv tkhnMv Auv kwhn[m\w asmcpZmlcWw
BWv. CXv hyn Ifnepw IpSpw_fnepw hfscb[nIw DchmZnXzw
GnpIbpw AhcpsS kzw BtcmKy ]cn]me\n\pw
amhiypw anw ]nSnphm P\sf t{]cnnpIbpw sNpp.
bpssWUv InMvUnse kplrZvkaql, s]mXp B\pIqey
hyn]chpw kzImcyhpamb AupIfmbn hnLSnnpXphgn
Ffpw ]p\x krjvSnmhp Hcp amXrIbmWv.
]cmPbamb tv klmb Ccw ameneqsS ]cnjvIcn
ptm, hynIv sXmgn tXSphm\pw kmcns\ B{ibnp
176
Xn\p]Icw AhcpsS kzw ]cn{ianepw IpSpw_mcpsS klmb

sfbpw B{ibnp Pohnphm Ahsc t{]cnnpp. AhnsS
Ctmgpw kzImcy ImcpWy{]h\nsbpw a\pjy kvt\lnsbpw
BhiyIX Dv. ]t AXv IqSpX ssIImcyw sNmhp A\p]mX
nembncnpw. \ IXpt]mse, kzmX{yhpw Xmgv \nIpXn
\ncpIfpw P\v DZmcaXnIfmhm\p B{Klfpw kpw
\evIpXn \p \smcp amamWv, henb cmPyhpw Db \nIpXnbpw CmXmp Hcp {]tNmZ\w.
BtKmfhXvIcWhpw hmWnPyhpw
BtKmfhXvIcWns kZvê
t\mfns\t]mse ]e cmPyfpw Fs\ IqSpX BtKmfoIcns
hn]WnI Ahsc _m[npw FXn DXvIWvTmIpecmWv. ]t
Ccw DXv I Wv T Ifn `qcn`mKhpw Am\mWv , am{Xhpa
BtKmfoIcWnsbpw hmWnPynsbpw km[Iamb t\
KWyamWv. hn]WnhneIfpsS LS\v \n, \apntm temIs
hnsSbpap BfpIfpambn t\cntm AmsXtbm hym]mcw \Smw. \
[cnp hkv{X, \ Ignp `W, \psS hoSpIfnepw
HmôkpIfnepw hyhkmbimeIfnepap D]IcW Fnhsbmw
AXnibIcamw hn[w hnhn[fpw hnZqcfpamb Dev]fmWv.
]t hn]WnIfpsS BtKmfoIcWw cv coXnbn {]hnpp.
temIns \m\m`mKfn\npw km[\ hmpXn\v
kcmjv{Ssf klmbnpI am{Xa. CXv hnZqc cmPyfnse
P\v AhcpsS Dev] Amcmjv{S hn]WnIfn Fnv
AhcpsS kzw A`nhrn Dbphm Ahkcw \IpIbpw
sNpp. DZmlcWn\v, GXv [m\yw Hcp {]mtZinI Irjnmc
hnfbnWw? apImefn [m\yfpsS hne\nehmcw Adnbphm\p
GI amw {]mtZinI IhSmtcm Asn tv GPknItfm
Bbncpp. Xobmbpw Ahv AhcptSXmbkzw Xmev]cy
Dmbncnpw. Imemh t]mep LSIsf B{ibnv {]mtZinI
hne\nehmcw ]etmgpw hyXnNenmw. am{Xhpa {]mtZinI hn]WnI
\ t]mse {IaoIcW Hpw Cmhbpw Bbncpp. Cv Hcp
IjI\v Hcp samss_ t^msWSpv hn]WnhneIfpsS ]nI
177
e`yamIp A\h[n sh_v s skpI ]cntim[nmw `mhnbnse

hnebpssS, GItZiw Fm hnfIfpsSbpw temInse Fa Fm
hn]WnIfn sebpw hneI Adnbphm Ignbpw. Ctm IjIv
AhcpsS hnfI kwLSnX Amcmjv{S hn]WnIfn apIqn
Adnbmhp hneIfn hnphm km[npw.
\yqkvemv hgn Xpdpp

hmWnPynepw hym]mcnepap \nb{W Dt]npsImv
hnIk\ns ]mXbn tev Xncnph \yqknemv Hcp Da DZmlcWamWv. 1980IfpsS XpSn Ccw \nb{Wsf henb
Afhn B{ibnncpXn\m B cmPyw Atbw ASna
sXpw kmnI {]Xnkn hfsc cqhpambncpp. Fm 1984
Bcw`tmsS AXv kwcWhmZsf Dt]npIbpw AXns
Amcmjv{S hym]mcw IqSpX hnimeampIbpw temI hn]Wn ac
ntev AXns hn]Wn XpdpsImSppIbpw sNbvXp. hyhkmb
taJepw ImjnI taJepw \Inbncp k_vknUnI \n
emn. hfsc \nb{nXambncp sXmgn hn]Wn DssS Xtiob
hn]WnIsfmw ]p\{IaoIcnp. t{SUv bqWnb AwKXz kzta[bm
DXmpIbpw DSSnI sXmgnemfnIfpw sXmgnepSaIfpw Xn
IqSnbmtemNnp Xocpam\v hnpsImSppIbpw sNbvXp.
kzm[o\inIfpw, kIemime Aym]Icpw, aXt\Xmmcpw
bqWnb sXmgnemfnIsf NqjWw sNp DtZymKcpw DssS
bp Fm hnaiIcpsSbpw, Cu ]p\{IaoIcWw Hcp (kzovtjmv)
kmnI nXn krjvSnpsa B]kqNIamb {]hN\
sXmsWv CXv sXfnbnp. icmicn thX\w Dbp. thX\ DSSnI
hfsc thKn ]cnlcnsp. kacapdI ]qPyn\v AcnIn
Fn. sXmgnenmbva Ipdp, {]tXyInpw amthmcn, IpSntbm, ap
Zcn{Z Asn XmtgnSbnep P\ FnhcpsS CSbn
sXmgnenmbvabpsS Afhv XzcnXKXnbn Ipdp. temInse Ghpw
kzmX{yhpw ac _pnbp cmPyfn Hmbn \yqknkm amdn. 5
kmwkvImcnI kzXzw
hn]WnIfpsS BtKmfhXvIcWw AhcpsS cmPyfpsS X\Xmb
178
kzXzsbpw kwkv I mcsbpw \innpsav Nne BfpI

hymIpesSpp. {]tXyInpw, Atacn {_mUpIfpsS {]NmcWw
Hcn khntijambncp cmPy \ncmimP\Iamb kam\Xbntev
Xncnbm XpSpsa DXvIWvT DbpXpw ]Snmd km[\
fpw s]cpamfpw ap cmPyfnephsb \innpsaXpw BWv
ChnSs {]iv\w. am{Xhpa temInse almb kwkvImc
Ahtbm Xpambhbm IogvsSpsSpsav Ah `bsSpp.
Xobmbpw kmnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb kwkvImc amdnsm
ncnbmWv. Hcp {]tXyI cmPynse hntijs Hcp Dev]w Cv
ap cmPyfpsS henb sXcphpIfnepw \apv ImWmw. sshhn[yhpw
\m\mXzhpw A{]XyamIpIbmsWv CXpsIman. t\scadnv,
Fm cmPyfnepap P\v Ah apv DmbncpXnt\m
sshhn[yw Ctm e`yamIpp. DZmlcWn\v , bpssWUv
InMvUnse ]ucmv HcpImev AhcpsS cmPyv {]knambncp
kuayhpw A[nIw thhnXpamb `W IqSpX Igntnhcn.
Ahn tm Cy, hnbv\maokv, emn Atacn, Cdm\nb,
awtKmfnb, t]mfnjv, Fa at\Iw `Wfpw hnp dtmdpIfpw tSIv Fth tjmpIfpw kq ampIfpw Ismw. ap
cmPyfnse P\pw CtX sshhn[yam Ahkcw e`npp.
Hcp Imev Ccw sshhn[yw BkzZnphm `mKyw e`nh
FmbnSpw bm{X sNphm aXnbmthmfw kcmb Ipdp t]
am{Xambncpp. CXv Hmtcm cmPyfnsebpw kwkvImc
\jv S sSppn, adnv Fm kwkv I mcfpw Fmhpw
BkzZnphm\mbn Ahkc e`npIbmWv sNpXv.
BtKmfoIcWn\nv Ahsc kwcnWsah ]dbp t]mse
kwkvImc Hcnepw \nehpw amp hnt[bamImXpa.
Hcp cmPyns kwkvImcw Fmbvtmgpw amdnsmncnpp. Hcp
kwkvImcw IqSpX kPohhpw ktNX\ambXpw Bbncpm IqSpX
5. Cu ]cnjvImcfpsS inev]nbn\np IqSpX hnhcWmbn ImWpI,
tdmP Ukv, phmUv t{]mkv]cnn, tUhnUv t_vta, HmmUv, \yqknemUv,
1987.
5.
For an outline by the architect of these reforms, see Roger Douglas, Toward Prosperity, David
Bateman, Auckland, NZ, 1987.
179
]pXnb kmwkvImcnI Bibv AXv ImcWamIpIbpw Atm

kwkv I mc IqSpX amdpIbpw sNpp. Cv anhmdpw
Dukzeamb cmPyfnse Ie, kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, PohnX coXnI,
^mj XcwKfpw Hcp \qmn\papv AhnsS Xmaknncphv
XnIpw A]cnNnXamWv.
Hcp kwkvImcw ap kwkvImcp apn Xpdp ImsSptm
Ah ]ckv]cw ]pXnb ]pXnb Bib BnpIbmWv. AXv
P\v AhcpsS PohnXcoXnpw kabn\pw tbmPn LSI
sXcsSpphm Ahkcw \Ipp. Amcmjv{S hym]mcfn
eqsS \apv ap hntZicmPyfnse kwkvImc XXz ImWphm\pw
a\nemphm\pw AXn\npw D]tbmK{]ZambXv \psS kwkvImchpambn kwtbmPnnphm\pw Ignbpp. Fm Ccw am
BtKmfhXvIcWsa Bibw DSseSppXn\v hfscmew ap]v
Xs \Sppmbncpp.
\psS kwkvImcn h amfn \ IqSpXepw ]m]n
pXv, \psS kwkvImcn\v \jvSs Ghpw hmàmb Asn
almb`mK, hntZi kwkvImc fpsS tatmbva sIm
kw`hnncnpXv, AXv XnIpw B[p\nIhXvIcWns A\c
êfmWv. ]pcmX\amb A\pjvTm\, k{Zmb, tZiob
hkv{X[mcWcoXnI Chsbmw A{]XyambXv BtKmfhXvIcW
ns êamb, adnv \psS PohnXcoXnI Xs amdnbXpsImmWv.
HcpImev IjIkaqln\v kp{][m\ambncp {]tXyIImesf
{]Xn\n[m\w sNbnXncp BtLmj, Cv \fn ]IpXntbmfwt]
\Kcfn hknp temIv Hcp A\pcW\hpw AmsXbmbn
amdnbncnpp. 6
Hcp]t CsXms kwkvImcw Xs amdpXpw Bbncnmw. temI
n \ne\np ]e kwkvImcfpw A[nImcnencph
P\fntev \n_]qw ASntnh Bbncpp. anhmdpw
6. acntbm hKmkv entbmkm, Zv I Hm^v en_n, C tSmw Pn ]ma,
Zv samdmenn Hm^v Imnenkw, pUvkv t^m ens_n Bv Avsekv
ûtj, AenMv, hn F 2011.
6.
180
For these points, see Mario Vargas Llosa, The culture of liberty, in Tom G. Palmer, The Morality
of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.
kzmX{yw Ipd cmPyfnse kwkvImc kXyn tZmjIcfp

ambncpp. ]ptcmKan bm{XmkuIcyfpw hn]peamb tNmZyw sNep
Ifpw Nne cmPyv Nne Iqsf ssZ\wZn\ambn \nnpIbpw
ASnapIbpw Asn hnthN\p hnt[bampIbpw
sNp, AhcpsS kwkvImcw \ne\nnsImpt]mIp Imcyw AXoh
ZpLSw ]nSnXmbn amn.
tNmZyw : kcmPy temInse IqSpX kpw
ssIempptm?
C. kv IgnhneqsSbpw kwcw`fneqsSbpw Duw, ]cn{iaw,
kwLS\, \nt] FnhbneqsSbpw \n DmnsbSp
p HmWv. kcmPy Xobmbpw kv t\Sppv,
]t AXpt]mse Ah AXv krjvSnppapv. Ahpthn
am{Xa, Ah Ip]nSp \SpXpw {][m\s
Dev] hnIknnsSppXpw FmhcpsSbpw PohnX
sasSppXn\pw IqSnbmWv, {]tXyInpw Cu `qapJs
]mhs P\fpsS PohnX\nehmcw DbpXn\pthn.
DZmlcWn\v, sshZycwKs aptw bw, atednb t]mep
amcItcmKsf Cu temIv \npw XpSp\opXn\v klmbIambn. P\nXI kmtXnIhnZy s\nsbpw AXpt]mep ap
[m\yfpsSbpw hnfhv hnnpXn\pw hnfI \innp
Iran IoSfn \npw Ahsb kwcnphm\pw klmbnpp.
]pXnb kma{KnI sInS \nmWw Nnehv IpdXpw
kpcnXhpampp.
kcmPyv \oXnbpamsX A]lcnsSpm\mbn AhnsS
sbmcp ncamb kv hnXcWan. t\scadnv, kcmPyfnse
sshZKv[yw aphv ]pXnb Ahkc krjvSnpp.
kam[m\ns {]m[m\yw
BZw kvanv (Adam Smith)Hcn FgpXn: (Hcp cmPyns\ Ghpw
tamiamb arKobXzn\nv Ghpw Db karnbntev Dbm
kam[m\w, Xmgv \nIpXnI, klnjvWpXbp \oXn \nlWw
181
FXn IqSpXsempw Bhiyan.
karamb Hcp kzX{ kZv h yhv A\nhmcyambn thXv

kztZipw hntZipap kam[m\amWv. bpwsNp ]uctk\
Ifmtem Asn AXn{IanpISp ssk\yn\mtem AhcpsS
kv sImbSnsSpsav Ah hnizknpp Fn P\
kwcw`fntem Dev]mZ\aXbp aqe[\ kamlcnpXnt\m
\nt]nm Xmdmhn. cmPy AhnSs P\ hym]mcw
\Sp ap cmPyfpambn kwLjn GsSpXpw hfsc
hncfamWv. km[\ AXnn ISnmsbn ssk\yw ISpw.8
19mw \qmn Pohnncp {^v kmnI imkv { X\pw
cmjv{Sobmc\pamb s{ÛdnIv _mymn (Frederic Bastiet) hmpI
CXv shfnhmpp.
kam[m\wsImv kmnI]cambpw kmwkv I mcnI]cambpw
KpWfpv. ]cn{iafpw hn`hfpw hn\mi{]h\fn \nv
Dev]mZ\aXbp {]h\fntev XncnphnSm kam[m\w
Ahkcsamcppp. CXv aqe[\ kamlcWn\pw kamb
kzX{ kZv hyhsb krjvSnphm\p kmlNcysamcppp.
P\sf AhcpsS IpSpw_fpsSbpw AhcpsSXsbpw `mhn
Xocpam\nm CXv A\phZnpp. kmwkvImcnIhpw hnZym`ymk]c
hpamb {]hrnIfntesSm Bhiyamb kabhpw kpw
hnizmkhpw CXv \Ipp. BfpIfp sSbpw km[\fpsSbpw
BibfpsSbpw kzX{kmcw kam[m\w km[yampp. ]ckv]c
[mcWIfpw kkarnbpw ]pXpaIfpw CXv {]Ncnnpp.
BZw kvanns (Adam Smith) asmcp hoWambncpp, \apv
kcmhm atsXnepw Hcp cmPys Zcn{Zamt Bhiyan.
7. 1755se {]`mjWw, UpKUvkvddphv, Auv Hm^v sse^v Bv ssdnkv
Hm^v BZw kvanv, F F Un, sk4,25.
8. _mkvddnmv C{]Imcw ]dXnsfnhn ]s Ah A{]Imcw
Atlns A`n{]mbs A\pam\npp.
7.
8.
182
Lecture in 1755, quoted in Duguld Stewart, Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LLD,
Section IV, 25.
There is no evidence that Bastiat actually said these words, but they sum up his point of view.
See Frederic Bastiat, Bastiats. The Law, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2001 [1850].
FXv \psS D]t`mm kcmbncnpXmWv \apv t\w.9

AXpt]mse Xs \ icmhpXn\pthn aphsc Xft
Bhiyan. cp Iqpw kam[m\ns KpW t\Sm
Ignbpw.
kam[m\n\mbn Xobmbpw ]etmgpw t]mcmSWw. kpw
P\fpw kwcnsSWw. AXymhiyhn`h {IasSpnsImp
t]mIpXn\v kmcns \nb{nXamb CSs]S BhiyamWv. ]t
kmcpI hepXmIptm ]etmgpw ssk\nIta[mhnXz ntev
amdmdpv . cmPyns kpcnXXzn\v XymKhpw sFIyhpw
ssk\nIinbpw AXymhiyamsWv AhImispsImv Ah
Zmcn{Zsbpw kzmX{anmbvasbbpw aqSnshbvphm {ianpw.
kzX{kaqlfnse P\ AhcpsS cmPytmSv Iqdp Ipdh
A, Fm XpdXpw kzX{hpamb Hcp kaqltmSpw AhcpsS
IpSpw_tmSpw, kplrptfmSpw D]t`mmtfmSpw k
kwLS\ItfmSpw BWv P\v {]Xn_X. AmsX Hcp GIm[n
]XntbmtSm, Hcp ]XmItbmtSm Asn Hcp tZiob hnImctmtSm
A.
Nne BfpI NnnpXv kam[m\w krjvSnpXn\v amw Hcp
cmjv{SmXoX temI km cq]oIcnpXv BsWmWv. Amcmjv{S
kanXnI A`n{]mb hyXymk ]dp XopXn\pw kwLj
km[yXI IpdpXn\pw D]Imc{]ZamsWnepw \psS \nehnep
tZiob kmcnt\m GsXnepw Xcn Ah anXmsWv
knm\mhn. CXns A]mcamb hym]vXnbpw, P\fn \np
IqSnb AIbpw IWnseSpm A[nImcw hn]peoIcnm\pw
Zpcp]tbmKw sNm\pw D CXns {]hWX hfsc A[nIambncnpw.
temIns atsXnepw `mKv t]mbmepw AXn\npw ct\Sm
Bpw Ignbn. C, kam[m\w hfm\p Ghpw anI amw
kmcpIsf hepXmpIb adnv sNdpXmbn cq]oIcnpIbpw,
a\pjyPohn F \nebn P\v ]ckv]cw klIcnphm\pw
AhcpsS At\ym\amb kmlNcysf sasSpphm\pw D
kzm`mhnI {]hWXsb B{ibnpIbpw BWv.
9. BZw kvanv , Zv shv Hm^v t\j,1776, _pv4, Aymbw 3, `mKw 2.
9.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book IV, ch. III, Part II.
183
9. hmZw Npcpn
kzmX{yn\mbp hmZw
kzmX{yw A`nhrnsb krjv S npp. kzmX{ys kzoIcn
kaql kcmbnpv. kzoIcnmXncph Zcn{Zcmbn XpSp.
]s Hcp kzX{kaqlw AùXnIXenepw DbXmWv. CXv
hynI Xnep ]ckv]c hnizmknsbpw klIcWnsbpw
ASnm\nemWv {]hnpXv, A[nImcnsbpw
_e{]tbmKnsbpw A. AXnse ]ucm KmVamb kmwkvIm
cnI, kZmNmc, hyn_ ]menpp. Ah s]mXphmb \v
thn hynI Xnep kz`mhkhntijX kzta[bm AwKoIcnp
p Cu \nba AhcpsS ta ASntev]npXp sImmsX
AhcpsS kmcpIv `cnsSphcpsS AwKoImcw Dv IqSmsX
Ah A[nImcZphn\ntbmKw sNmXncnm \nbafm kzbw
\nb{nsSpp.
Hcp kzX{kaqlw am\pjnI IgnhpItfbpw Ip]nSptfbpw
\hoIcWtbpw kzX{ampp. CXv apnmXncp kv
krjvSnm ]cym]vXampp. A{XXs kzX{ am cmPyfnse
{]amWnIsftmse aphsc NqjWw sNbvX kzX{kaqlnse
P\ kcmIpXv. aphsc IqSpX Zcn{Zamn Ahv
IqSpX kcmIm Ignbn. aphv thsXmw \evInbpw
AhcpsS PohnXw sasSpnbpw am{Xta Ahv kcmIm
]pIbpp.
184
hmZw Npcp--n
\nb{nX km
anhmdpw P\, \oXn \Snemm\pw, hynIv X\nsb
FSpm\mhm Xocpam\ FSpphm\pw km BhiyamsWv
hmZnpp. Fm Hcphn[w P\fpw kmcns A[nImcw
\nb{nXamIWsav kXnpp. ]ucmv A]ISw hcpXv
XSbm\mWv kzX{kaqlnse km \nesImpXv. CXv,
a\pjysc kam[m\]cambv Hnv klIcnm {]m]vXcmp
kzm`mhnI \nba \oXn \ne\npIbpw \SnempIbpw
sNpp.
Hcp kzX{kaqlnse km \nbahyhbm ]cnanXsn
cnpp. CXnse \nba Fmhpw Hcpt]mse _m[IamWv.
CXnse t\Xmv kzw t\mbn P\sf ]nmt\m,
kplrpv hgnhn klmb sNphmt\m, i{XpsXnsc
A[nImcw D]tbmKnmt\m km[nn. A[nImctmsSmw hcp
AgnaXn IpdbvpXn\mbn AhcpsS A[nImcfpw ]Zhnbnse Imem
h[nbpw ]cnanXamWv. P\m[n]Xym]\fmb kzX{hpw kpXmcyhpw Bb sXcsSppI, kzX{kw`mjWn\p AhImiw,
{]Xn\n[nIfpsS ]Zhnbnse Imemh[n, `cWLS\mN
Fnhsbmw cmjv { Sobt\XmfpsS A[nImcn\v ]cn[n
\nbnpp.
Akmam\y kaXzw
kzX{kaqlns kmnI in knmns {][m\
KpWt`mm kmnI kzmX{yw DhcmWv. ]cX{kaql
nse {]amWnIv am{Xw e`nphncpXpw Ipdv sImw apv hsc
kz]v\w ImWmt]mepw km[nmXpamb kuIcy kzX{kaql
nse ]mhs P\ BkzZnpp.
ùXnIkaXzw ASntev]nm Hcp kzX{kaqlw {ianpn.
kpw hcpam\hpw kaXzoIcnm\p {iaw hn]coXêapfhmp
XmsWv AXv AwKoIcnpp. CXv kzbw sasSpXn\pw,
ITn\mzm\n\pw, kwcw`pap {]tNmZ\w \jvSsSppp.
apgph kaqlnsbpw Dev]mZ\aX hnp aqe[\krjvSn
185
bn\nv P\sf \ncpmln npp. CXv ]pXnb kpw ]pXnb

aqeyhpw krjvSnpXn \nv P\sf XSbpp.
kzmX{anm kaqlnenm ]e {][m\ kaXzfpw kzX{
kaqlw AwKoIcnsncnpp. Hmtcm a\pjyPoh\pw hnesXpw
kwcnstSXpw Bbn IWmsSpp. \nban\v apn
kaXzapv. hn[n XopI \nfmcmWm{ibn adnv hkvXpX
IfpsS ASnm\nemWv. ]ucmv cmjv{Sob kaXzw Dv. Ahv
sXcsSpn acnm\pw thmv sNm\pw A[nImcnIv
F{XXs AkjvSIcamsWnepw kzw cmjv{Sob A`n{]mbw
{]ISnnm\pw kzmX{yw Dv. IqSmsX Ahv AhkckaXzapv.
P\ sXmgnenepw hnZym`ymknepw AhcpsS hw, aXw, hwiw
Asn atsXnepw {]tXyIXIfpsS t]cnep hnthN\w
A\p`hnpn.
Hcp kzX{ kZv hyh

Hcp kzX{kaqlw AXns P\v AhcpsS kmaqlnIhpw
hyn]chpamb sXcsSpepI t]mse kmnI]cambp
sXcsSpen\pw kzmX{yw \Ipp. Hcp kzX{kaqlnse
P\ kzta[bm D hn\nabfneqsS aqeyw krjvSnpp. kzX{
hn\nab cpIqpw anIXp \evIpp, As\bm Fn
AhcXp sNn.
aphcpambn klIcnpw Ahpth Dev] \Inbpw,
Ctmp BhiyapXv Ahcn\npw hmnbpw hynI
A`nhrnsSpp. t\fpsS {]Xo aphv FmWv
Bhiysav Isphm\pw AXp hnXcWw sNphm\pw kwcwÌv
t{]mml\w \Ipp. Ipdhns\bpw A[oI e`yXsbbpw Ipdnpw,
Fv Dev ] mZnnWsapw Fv kqnWsapw hneI
Bibhn\nabw \Spp. CXneqsS kabw, Ignhv, ]cn{iaw, aqe[\w
a{dp hn`h Fnh ASnbnc Bhiyw DnStbvv kzbtah
BIjnsSpIbpw {]m[m\yw Ipd D]tbmKfn\nv Zqsc
t]mhpIbpw sNpp. P\ Fv sNWsav km ]dtb
Bhiyw AhnsSbn.
186
hmZw Npcp--n
Hcp kzX{kaqlw \ coXnbn {]hnbvphm Fs\ P\

]ckv]cw klIcn bvWw FXns\pdnv kzoImcyamb Hcp \nba
NqSv am{Xta Bhiyapq. DSamhImin\pw hkvXp
ssIamw sNpXn\pap \nbafpw DSSnIfnse hyhI
]menpXn\p Icm \nbafpw Chbn DsSpp. P\v
_nkn\kpI sInSpWsanepw km[\ hn\nabw
sNWsanepw kzImcykzv AXymhiyamWv. ]t ap kzmX{y
\nb{nbv pIbmsWn cmjv { Sob {]h\fpw Xpd
hmZ{]XnhmZfpw Akmyambnocpp.
\oXnbpw \nbahmgvNbpw
\nbak`mwKfm A\pimknt H \oXn. \nbahmgv N
a\pjykz`mhns Hcp `mKamWv, hynInSbn kam[m\]camb
klIcWn\v t{]cW \IpXmWv \psS Hcp ImXemb `mKw.
Hcp kzX{kaqlnse P\v Cu kzm`mhnI \oXnbvv AhcpsS
a\pjyXzn\m AhImiapv. kzm`mhnI \oXn{]Imcw \nba,
hyhpw \nnXhpw BbncnWw, Ah P\sf kamcmbn ImWWw, Ah Akm[yambXv B{Klnpn, Ah apIme {]m_ey apX
IqSmsX inI apIqn ImWmhpXpw Ipnt\mSv s]mcpap
Xpw BbncnWw. \oXnbpamb hnNmcWtbmSpIqSnbXpw hnNmcW
bnmsX ZoLIme XShnmsXbpw D bpamb \nba\S]SnI Fm
Imcyfnepw DmbncnWw. Ipmtcm]Whnt[bcmIp P\sf
Ah IpmcmsWp sXfnbpXphsc \nc]cm[nIfmbn ImWWw,
Hcp Ipns t]cn ]eXhW hnNmcW sNbvXv ]oUnnphm
]mSpX. AhcpsS cmPyw, kwkv I mcw, hw Asn aXw
CsXmn\pw D]cnbmbn anhmdpw Fmhcpw Ccw \nba
AwKoIcnpp.
Cu kzm`mhnI \oXnbpw \nbahmgvNbpw DdphcppXn\v cmjv{Sob
t\XmfpsS kzm[o\n\npw apamb Hcp kzX{ \oXn\ymb
hyh BhiyamWv. AXpt]mse t]meokpw kzX{ambncntXv
AXymt]nXamWv. kzmX{yw \ne\nWsan t]meoknepw
\oXn\ymb hyhbnepw ssIqenbpw AgnaXnbpw s]mdpmhpX.
187
Bfl{]tNmZnXamb kaqlw
Hcp kzX{kaqlw B{]tNmZnXamb kaqlamWv. kam[m\]camb
klIcWs t{]mmlnnp \nba ]nXpScp hynIfpsS {]h\fneqsSbmWv CXv cq]w sImpXv. CXv tasebp
cmjv{Sob cmjv{Sob A[nImcnIfm ASntev]nsSpX.
]ckv]ct\n\mbn klIcnphm P\ Fm Imcyfnepw
tbmPntXn. Ncv ssIamw sNph hnebn am{Xw tbmPnm
aXn. Fm B klIcWw êhmIm hynI aphcpsS
Bibtfbpw \S]SnItfbpw klnjvWpXtbmsS ImWWw. Hcp
kzX{ kaqlw hynItftbm kmcnt\tbm aphcpsS {]hn
Ifn CSs]Sm A\phZnpXv bYm tZmjw hcpXpXSbm
am{XamWv. kzbw Db [mnI\nehmcaphscp Nnnphcm
FmhcptSbpw kzmX{yw shnIpdbvSpXns\Xnscbp Fm
XSfpw, AhcpsS s]cpamw AwKoIcnm ]mtXm IpIcambtXm BbXn\m P\fpsS kzmX{yw ]cnanXsSppXneqsS
\osSpp.
amfpIfpsS Bibfpw PohnXcoXnIfpw am\npXv kaqln\v
KpWw sNpw. kXyw Fmbvtmgpw {]ISambncnn, AXv BibfpsS
kwhmZfneqsSbmWv DbphcpXv . skkam sXmb
Bibsf am{Xta ASnaq Fv \apv hnizknphm Ign
bn. `mhnbn kaqln\v hfsc {]tbmP\sSp Bibfpw
{]h\coXnIfpw Ah A_n ASnantbmw.
kzmX{yns temIw
A[nImctamlnIfmb kmcpIv AhcpsS IgnhptISpI
temIns ap`mKfn \npw adp]nSnphm IqSpX
_pnapp AhbmWv Cv kwPmXambn sImncnpXv. AXns
êambn, IqSpX IqSpX cmPy hym]mcn\mbpw Sqdnkn\mbpw
Xpdp sImSppIbpw As\ ]pXnb Bib {]NcnpIbpw
sNpp. kmnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb kzmX{yns t\
IqSpX P\ a\nempIbpw Ah AXv BhiysSpIbpw
sNpp.
188
hmZw Npcp--n
kzmX{yw \nehnenm HcnSv [mnIXbpw Hcp kzX{kaqln

s kwhn[m\hpw krjvSnpXv hfsc {iaIcamb HmWv. Ahsb
Hmbn ASntnpXn\p ]Icw sNdnb tXmXn Bcw`nv P\sf
kzX{ambn {]hnm A\phZnpIbpw AhcpsS {]h\
fneqsS Hcp kzX{kaqlw krjvSnpIbpamWv \Xv. CXns Hcp
apJyamb `mKsav ]dbpXv kzhImi m]npIbmWv.
Atm P\v _nkn\kpI Bcw`nphm\pw AhcpsS
kzp Bcpw IpsIn F BhnizmktmsS hym]mcw
\Sphm\pw Ignbpw.
]cnjvImc bYm kmnI kzmX{yw \IWw. AmsX
ssa{Xo apXemfns A. At\Iw kmcpI km
m]\ kzImcyhXvIcnpp FhImispsImv AhcpsS
kplrppw _ppw AhbpsS DSamhImiw ssIamdpIbmWv bYmn sNbvXXv. bYm am DmIWsan
kmnI ]cnjvImcfn apgph P\fpw ]mfnIfmhWw.
Amcmjv{S hym]mcneqsS cmPyv \jvSw kw`hnpn. ac
hn]Wnbn \npw {]mtZinI Dev]mZIsc kwcnpXv hneI
DbcpXn\pw {]mtZinI D]t`mmv \nehmcanmh hmtn
hcpXn\pw ImcWamIpp. Amcmjv { S hym]mc kaqln
`mKamhpI hgn {]mtZinI kwcwÌv ]pXnsbmcp hn]Wnbpw Ahkc
fpw e`npp. aqp ZiIfn Bbn Cu hym]mcnse Xpdp
sImSp \qdp tImSnbne[nIw P\sf ISp Zmcn{Zn \npw
IcIbnbnpv. kzmX{yw kXyn a\pjyNcn{Xnse Ghpw
A]ISIc amXpw Dev]mZ\aXbpXpamb inIfn HmWv.
189

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1

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

Hcp kzX{ kaqlns ASnd

Foundations of Free Society

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

2. kzmX{yns [mnIhpw kmnIhpw Bb KpW^e 16

Hcp kzX{ kaqlw

Hcp kzX{ kaqlns m]\

kzX{ kwcw`hpw hmWnPyhpw

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

Xncnpt]mv kw`hnpp. Itmfhpw P\m[n]Xyhpw \ coXnbn

Fmw IEA bpsS {]kn-o-Ic- W

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

kzmX{yw A`nhrnsb krjvSnpp. AXv \qX\mhnjvImcw,

kzmX{yw Ipdhp cmPyfnse {]amWnI sNpt]mse

Hcp kzX{kaqlnse Zcn{ZcmWv kmnIamb Ne\m IXbpsS

BtKmfhmWnPyw kwc`Iv ]pXnb Itmf sImSpp

kpw hcpam\hpw kaXzhcnm\p kmcpIfpsS

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

Hcp kzX{kaqlw B{]tNmZnXamb kaqlamWv. kam[m\]c amb

kmcn\v hfsc ]cnanXamb ]t Dq. Hcp kzX{kaqln\v

kzX{kaqlnse km \nbahyhbm ]cnanXs XmWv.

aphcpsS PohnXcoXnItfmSpw BibtfmSpw klnjvWpX

hmmhn\nab kmtXnIhnZy GIm[n]Xy kmcpIv AhcpsS

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

Zqscsbdnv \innmsX AhcpsS IpSpw_v FmWv Ghpw

Cu ]pkvXIw Fs\ cq]sncnpp

hniZoIcnpXneqsS Hcp kzX{kaqlns kmnI NqSv

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

2. kzmX{yns [mnI kmnI \I

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

IhsSmsXbpw A]mbsSpmsXbpw \nfpsS PohnXw aptmv

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

kzmX{yhpw kmcns ]pw

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

s]mXpXm]cyw Dn D kmcpIt]mepw, A]mbclnX

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

_e{]tbmKw Bhiyamb hn]msWnt]mepw \mw _e{]tbmKw

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

aX hnaXsc aXt{Zml hnNmcW thbmSptmgpw ]Xn\mdmw \qmnse

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

{]amWnI D]tbmKnp ]nSnp]dn X{neqsSb AXv hcpXv.

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

AkzX{kaqlfnse ]e kmcpIfpw Ccw kwLS\Isf

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

kzX{kaqlw ANehpw \njv^ehpw hynXm]cyfpsS

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

kplrptfmSpw Ab]mtcmSpw Hcp kzm`mhnI B`napJyw Dv,

AwKoIcns \nbafneqsS klIcWw

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

AhbpsS AXnhcpI Fa {]mhiyw Fa tImSXnIfn

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d

_e{]tbmKmepmIp Xnsb IpdbvpI FXmWv.

kzmX-{y-ns [mnI km-nI \-I

bpssWUv tvknteXv 100 BWv. kzmX{yns kZv^esImv

Hcp kzX{ kaq-l-ns ASn-d