Formula for Engineering Thermodynamics I (254231) semester 1/2550

Concept and Definition:

Pressure:

If Pabs ,1 > Patm ; Pgage = P = Pabs ,1 Patm

If Pabs ,2 < Patm ; Pvac = P = Patm Pabs ,2

P = gH

Manometer:

V2
v2
W2 = PV
= mPv

1 1 ln
1 1 ln
V
1
v1

T [ R] = T [o F ] + 459.67

x=
x=

mtot

v vf
v fg

mvap + mliq
=

u uf
u fg

u = Cv dT , h = CP dT

P2 V1 v1 T2 n 1
= = =
P1 V2 v2 T1

mvap
h hf
h fg

s sf
s fg

v = v f + xv fg = (1 x)v f + xvg
u = u f + xu fg = (1 x ) u f + xu g

h = h f + xh fg = (1 x ) h f + xhg
s = s f + xs fg = (1 x ) s f + xsg
Ideal gas:

Pv = RT
PV = mRT = nRT

PV PV
If m = const ; 1 1 = 2 2
T1
T2

n 1

n 1
n

Ideal gas:
1
n

P
T
T2 v1
v P
= = 2 , 2 = 1 = 1
T1 v2
v1 P2
P1
T2
Polytropic work:
1
( PV
1W2 =
2 2 PV
1 1)
1 n
1

w2 =

1
n 1

1
R
( P2 v2 Pv
(T2 T1 )
1 1) =
1 n
1 n


Heat transfer: q = Q = Q

m m
Conduction: Q = kA dT
dx
Convection: Q = hAT
4
Radiation: Q = A(Ts4 Tamb
)

Specific heat of Ideal gas:

C p 0 = Cv 0 + R

Open System (Control volume):

k = C p 0 / Cv 0

Mass flow rate: m

=

Reduced properties:

P
T
v
v
PR = , TR = , v = =
Pc
Tc
vc ( RTc / Pc )
Compressibility factor (z):

Pv = zRT ; R = 8.314 kJ / kmol.K

2

Work: W = Fdx = PdV

w = W / m = W / m

m = m
i

Enthalpy (ideal gas): h = u + RT

Specific heat, heat capacity:
u
h
Cv =
; Cp =

v
T P

Polytropic relations:

Properties of pure substances:

Continuity Equation: Conservation of mass (SSSF)

h = u + Pv
u = h Pv

4. Polytropic process:
PV n = const , Pv n = const ; < n <

T [o F ] = (T [o C ] 1.8 ) + 32

dmc.v.
dE
= 0, c.v. = 0
dt
dt

Enthalpy:

v2
v
P
= RT1 ln 2 = RT1 ln 1
1 w2 = Pv
1 1 ln
v1
v1
P2

T [ K ] = T [o C ] + 273.15

Control volume: Steady state process (SSSF)

1
E = U + KE + PE = mu + mv 2 + mgZ [kJ]
2
1 2
e = u + v + gZ [kJ/kg]
2

Temperature:

mvap

Total energy:

Work:
1. Isochoric process: n = , v = const
2. Isobaric process: n = 0, P = const ,
3. Isothermal process: n = 1, T = const

K
K Av
Av =
v

u = Cvo (T2 T1 ); h = C p 0 (T2 T1 )

Solids:
u2 u1 C (T2 T1 ) , h2 h1 C (T2 T1 )

K
K
dmc.v.
Av
Av
= i i e e
dt
vi
ve
Conservation of Energy:
dEc.v. 
v2
v2
= Qc.v. Wc.v. + m i (hi + i + gZ i ) m e (he + e + gZ e )
2
2
dt

 / m
Heat per unit mass; q = Q
c .v .
Work per unit mass; w = Wc.v. / m

Energy Equation: 1st law of Thermodynamics (SSSF)
v2
v2
Q c.v. + m i ( hi + i + gZ i ) = m e ( he + e + gZ e ) + Wc.v. [kW]
2
2
1 2
1 2
Q + m (h + v + gZ ) = m (h + v + gZ ) + W [kJ]
c .v .

c .v .

Control mass (Closed system)

1
1
q + hi + vi2 + gZ i = he + ve2 + gZ e + w ..[kJ/kg]
2
2

mass constant: m = m2 = m1

q + htot ,i = w + htot ,e .[kJ/kg]

Energy Equation: (1st law of Thermodynamics)

1st Law of Thermodynamics for Cycle:

Control volume: Transient process (USUF)

v Q = v W
Integrated 1st law:

Qnet = Wnet

dmc.v.
dE
0, c.v. 0
dt
dt

st

1 Law of Thermodynamics for Process:

1

Q2 = ( E2 E1 ) +1 W2 ........[kJ ]

1 Q2 = m (e2 e1 ) +1 W2 .......[ kJ ]
1

q2 = (e2 e1 ) +1 w2 ...........[kJ / kg ]

* if no change of kinetic and potential energy

KE = 0, PE = 0

Continuity Equation: (Conservation of mass)

dmc.v.
= m i m e
dt

K
K
Ai vi
Ae ve
=
v v
i
e

Q2 = (U 2 U1 ) +1 W2 .[kJ]

Q2 = m(u2 u1 ) +1 W2 ..[kJ]

Rate equation of 1st law of Thermodynamics:

dE
Q c.m. = c.m + Wc.m.
dt

Continuity Equation: Conservation of mass (USUF)

m2 m1 = mi me

Energy Equation: 1st law of Thermodynamics (USUF)

1
Qc.v. + mi (hi + vi2 + gZ i )
2
v2
v2
= m2 (u2 + 2 + gZ 2 ) m1 (u1 + 1 + gZ1 )
2
2
1
+ me (he + ve2 + gZ e ) + Wc.v.
2