UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CEWB121 MECHANICS OF FLUID LABORATORY

EXP. TITLE

: HB 020 IMPACT OF JET

EXP. NO

:4

STUDENT NAME : NUR FAREHA BINTI ABDUL GHAFAR

STUDENT ID

: CE096508

SECTION

: 01

GROUP

: 02

GROUP MEMBERS: 1. AZRUL AFFAN BIN MUHAMAD RASHIDI

CE096502
2. HARIGARAN A/L KANDASAMY
CE096504
3. MOHAMMAD OMAR HAMID WAGIEALLA
CE097089
INSTRUCTOR
Performed Date
29 JUNE 2015

: PROF. IR. DR. MARLINDA BINTI ABDUL MALEK

Due Date
06 JULY 2015

Submitted Date
06 JULY 2015

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE

PAGE

Objective

Theory

Apparatus

Procedure

Data, Observations and Results

6-8

Discussions

Conclusions

10

Critique

10

References

10

Appendix

11

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the reaction force
produced by the impact of jet of water to a variety of type of target vanes
and experimentally determine the force required to keep a target at a
datum level while it is subjected to the impact of water jet. The
experiment is also conducted to test the validity of theoretical expression
for the calculation of the force.
THEORY
When a water jet of velocity V hits a target plate, its velocity will change direction to V0 as
shown in figure below.

Assume the jet flow rate is W kg/sec along the X (vertical axis) with V m/sec. After striking
the target the jet velocity becomes V0 m/sec and its direction deviate from the original
direction by angle .
Momentum of jet before hitting the target plate = WV kg-m/
Momentum of jet ater hitting the target plate = WV0
kg-m/
This impact force
= change in momentum
= WV0
kg-m/
- WV kg-m/
= Newton
Reaction F by the target plate
F = WV0 Newton
N = kg-m/
Reaction F for various target are
F on Flat target:
= 90 degree,
=0
FF = WV Newton
F on 120 cone target :
= 120 degree,
= - 0.5
Assume very little energy loss between nozzle and target
V = V0
FC = WV
= 1.5 WV0
F on hemisphere target :
= 180 degree,
= -1
3

FH = WV
= 2 WV0 or 2 times that of flat target

APPARATUS

The apparatus is set up using the following steps:

1. Water from a Hydraulics Bench is connected to an inlet pipe at the bottom of a clear
acrylic tank diameter 200(mm) such that water jet and its impact or target plate can be
easily seen.
2. Water is discharged vertically through a nozzle diameter 7(mm).
3. Three target plates each diameter 36(mm) is provided :
(i)
Plate
(ii)
120 degree cone
(iii)
Hemisphere
4. The target place is connected to a vertical stem with spring near which a stem level
indicator is provided. This indicator is set when there is no jet and also weight on the
stem.
5. Selected weights are then placed on the stem and at the same time flow rate of water
jet is adjusted to hit the target plate raising it to its original level. Weights provided are
10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 (gram).
6. Flow rate of the water jet can be obtained from the Hydraulics Bench measuring tank.
PROCEDURE
1. The equipment is adjusted to an approximate level to make sure the jet is vertical.
2. The required target plate is installed and the stem level indicator is adjusted to a fixed
point on the stem.
3. 200 gram weight is put on the stem so that the stem will lower it-self.
4. The hydraulic bench valve is opened to allow the jet to hits the target and the flow is
adjusted until the stem rises to its original level.
5. The volume and time on measuring tank are recorded.
6. Steps 3 to 6 are repeated with increasing weights.
4

7. Step 6 is repeated for other types of target plates. The plates are designed such that
heights above nozzle are the same for all targets.
8. The graph of Impact Force on vane is plotted, F (N) versus Rate of Delivery of
momentum, WVo (N) for different types of target plates.
9. Comments on results are obtained
DATA, OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
Target type: Flat plate
Weigh
t

Water
Vol.

(kg)

(L)

0.20

4.00

0.25

4.00

0.30

4.00

0.35

4.00

0.40

4.00

0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.79
0.83

4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

Time
(sec)
14.0
3
12.2
1
10.5
3
12.9
7
10.7
5
10.5
3
8.24
8.34
9.50
8.68
8.44
7.38
8.09
8.08

Mass Flow
Rate

Exit Jet
Velocity, V

Momentum
,m

Impact
Force

(m/sec)

Velocity
Deflected
by vane, V0
(m/sec)

(kg/sec)

WV0 (N)

(N)

0.2851

7.4053

7.3654

2.0999

2.1113

0.3276

8.5091

8.4744

2.7762

2.7876

0.3799

9.8667

9.8368

3.7367

3.7480

0.3084

8.0105

7.9737

2.4591

2.4705

0.3721

9.6648

9.6343

3.5848

3.5962

0.3799
0.4854
0.4796
0.4211
0.4608
0.4739
0.5420
0.4944
0.4950

9.8667
12.6088
12.4576
10.9364
11.9696
12.3100
14.0781
12.8425
12.8584

9.8368
12.5854
12.4339
10.9095
11.9450
12.2860
14.0571
12.8196
12.8355

3.7367
6.1094
5.9635
4.5935
5.5046
5.8228
7.6190
6.3385
6.3542

3.7480
6.1208
5.9749
4.6048
5.5159
5.8341
7.6304
6.3498
6.3656

Weig
ht

Water
Vol.

(kg)

(L)

0.20

4.00

0.25

4.00

0.30

4.00

0.35

4.00

0.40

4.00

0.45

4.00

0.50

4.00

0.55

4.00

0.60

4.00

0.65

4.00

0.70
0.75
0.79
0.83

4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

Tim
e
(sec
)
17.5
3
15.2
8
15.4
7
14.5
3
13.4
7
12.8
2
11.9
1
11.8
1
11.5
9
11.0
3
10.6
9
9.37
9.30
9.20

Mass Flow
Rate

Exit Jet Velocity,

V

Momentum,
m

Impact
Force

(m/sec)

Velocity
Deflected
by vane, V0
(m/sec)

(kg/sec)

WV0 (N)

(N)

0.2282

5.9268

5.8769

1.3410

2.0229

0.2618

6.7995

6.7561

1.7686

2.6643

0.2586

6.7160

6.6720

1.7251

2.5991

0.2753

7.1505

7.1092

1.9571

2.9470

0.2970

7.7131

7.6749

2.2791

3.4300

0.3120

8.1042

8.0678

2.5173

3.7872

0.3359

8.7234

8.6896

2.9184

4.3890

0.3387

8.7973

8.7638

2.9683

4.4637

0.3451

8.9643

8.9314

3.0824

4.6350

0.3626

9.4194

9.3881

3.4046

5.1182

0.3742
0.4269
0.4301
0.4348

9.7190
11.0882
11.1716
11.2931

9.6887
11.0616
11.1452
11.2670

3.6253
4.7221
4.7937
4.8987

5.4493
7.0945
7.2018
7.3594

Target type: Cone

Weigh
t
(kg)

Water Vol.
(L)

Time
(sec)

Mass Flow
Rate
(kg/sec)

Exit Jet Velocity,

V
(m/sec)

Velocity
Deflected
by vane, V0

Momentum,
m
WV0 (N)

Impac
Force
(N)

(m/sec)
0.20

4.00

0.25

4.00

0.30

4.00

0.35

4.00

0.40

4.00

0.45

4.00

0.50

4.00

0.55
0.60

4.00
4.00

0.65
0.70
0.75
0.79
0.83

4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

16.6
5
14.2
2
13.6
9
13.7
5
12.6
3
11.4
4
11.1
6
10.9
4
9.91
10.7
8
9.13
9.40
9.09
9.07

0.2402

6.2400

6.1927

1.4877

2.986

0.2813

7.3063

7.2659

2.0439

4.099

0.2922

7.5892

7.5503

2.2061

4.423

0.2909

7.5561

7.5170

2.1868

4.384

0.3167

8.2261

8.1903

2.5939

5.199

0.3497

9.0818

9.0494

3.1641

6.339

0.3584

9.3097

9.2780

3.3255

6.662

0.3656
0.4036

9.4969
10.4840

9.4659
10.4559

3.4610
4.2203

6.933
8.452

0.3711
0.4381
0.4255
0.4400
0.4410

9.6379
11.3796
11.0528
11.4297
11.4549

9.6073
11.3537
11.0261
11.4039
11.4292

3.5649
4.9743
4.6920
5.0182
5.0404

7.141
9.959
9.395
10.047
10.092

Target type: Hemisphere

Impact force vs Momentum For Flat Plate

Calculations
The Mass Flow Rate is calculated by the following formula:
1 Liter = 1 kg
Mass Flow Rate,W : 4 kg
14.03 sec
: 0.2851 kg/sec
The Jet Cross Section, A0 is calculated by the following formula:
A0 = D2
4
= (22/7)(72) = 38.5 mm2 = 3.85x10-5 m2
4
The Exit Jet Velocity,V is calculated by the following formula:
V=

W
A0
=
0.2851
(1000)(3.85x10-5)
= 7.4053 m/sec

The Velocity Deflected by Vane, V0 is calculated by the following formula:

V0 = V2 2G
= (7.4053)2 2(9.81)(0.030)
= 7.3654 m/sec
The Momentum, m (after hitting the target plate) is calculated by the following formula:
Momentum = WV0
= 0.2851(7.3654)
= 2.0999 N
The Impact Force is calculated by the following formula:
Impact Force: WV0 cos - WV
Where for Flat target plate
Cone target plate
Hemisphere plate

: 90o
: 120o
: 180o

Impact force ;
0.2851(7.3654) cos 90 0.2851(7.4053) = -2.1113 N
8

*(The other calculations are done using the same steps.)

DISCUSSION
Based on the result that we get, what we can observe is that if the plate curvature
increases, the force retaining also increases. The result that we get when plotting the graph
(flat plate) for the impact force against momentum is increasing nearly. However the result
that we get is not stable. As for the flat plate, when taking the time, the time taken that we
take does not have same proportion. Sometimes it will increase but then decreasing and
increasing again. Some errors might occur while doing this experiment. Before start taking
the time we need to make sure the bottom of the load should have same level with the
original level. This is to ensure the accuracy of our results. Other than that, parallax error also
might have occurred when reading the volume of water level. Human error also contributed
to the error when conducting the experiment. Our members might start taking the time late
that it should be.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the initial objective is met because we are able to conduct the
experiment well. We are also able to plot the graph of Impact force versus momentum. The
result varies because there are some errors occurred during conducting the experiment as
stated above. We also managed to calculate the Mass Flow Rate, Exit Jet Velocity, Velocity
deflected by vane, Momentum and Impact force by using the provided formula. Other than
that there is no problem during conducting the experiment.
CRITIQUE
We successfully conduct our experiment by referring the lab manual. The problem is
just that the lab manual has some typos when explaining the formula derivation.
REFERENCES
1. Mechanics of Fluid Laboratory CEWB121, Lab Manual, Experiment 4 :
HB020 Impact of jet
2. Impact Of Jet Experiment - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXLI-IeAynI