a2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Designing Air Flow Systems designing air ow systems. 1. AirFlow 1A. Types of Flow 1.2. Types of Pressure Losses or Resistance lo Flow 1.3. Total Pressure, Velocity Pressure, and Static Pressure 2. AirSystems: 24. FanLaws 22. AirDensity 23. System Constant 3. Pressure Losses ofan Air System 3.1. Sections in Series 32. Sections in Parallel 33. System Effect 4. Fan Performance Specifcation 44. Fan Total Pressure 42. Fan Static Pressure 5. Pressure Calculations 5A. Methodology 52. Assumptions and Corrections: Problem # 1 —An Exhaust System Problem #2—AChange to the System's Air Flow Rate Problem #3—A Supply System Appendix 1 - Equations 10. Appendix2—ASHRAE Fittings ‘11. Appendix3 - Bullhead Tee Curves 1. Air Flow Flow of air or any other fuid is caused by a pressure differential between two points. Flow will originate from an area of high energy, or pressure, and proceed to area(s) of lower energy or pressure. — 0‘ FLOW (\ PL>Po Py Po Duet air moves according to three fundamental laws of physics: conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and conservation of momentum. hntpiworcaptveaie-com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM theoretical and practical quide tothe basics of Download Word document, 1198arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Conservation of mass simply states that an air mass is nether created nor destroyed. From this principe it follows thatthe amount of air mass coming nto a junction in a ductwork system is equal to the amount of air mass leaving he junction, or the um of air masses at each junction is equal to zero In most cases the airin a ductis assumed to be incompressible, an assumption that overlooks the change of ar densiy that occur as a result of pressure loss and flow n the ductwork In ductwork the law of conservation of mass means a duct size can be recalculated for a new air velocity using the simple equation Va= (V1 * AiVAz Where Vis velocity and Ais Area The law of energy conservation states that energy cannot disappear; itis only converted from one form to another. This is the basis of one of the main expression of aerodynamics, the Bernoulli equation. Bemoull’s equation in its simple form shows that, for an elemental flow stream, the difference in total pressures between any two points in a ductis equal to the pressure loss between these points, or: (Pressure loss)1-2 = (Total pressure)t - (Total pressure)2, Conservation of momentum is based on Newton's law that a body will maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless compelled by another force to change that state, This law is useful to explain flow behavior in a duct system's fiting, 1.1. Types of Flow Laminar Flow Flow parallel to a boundary layer. In HVAC system the plenum is a duct Turbulent Flow Flow which is perpendicular and near the center ofthe duct and parallel near the outer edges of the duct. Most HVAC applications fallin the transition range between laminar and turbulent flow. 1.2. Types of Pressure Losses or Resistance to Flow Pressure loss is the loss of total pressure in a duct or fiting. There are three important observations that describe the benefits of using total pressure for duct calculation and testing rather than using only static pressure. © Only total pressure in ductwork always drops in the direction of flow. Static or dynamic pressures alone do not follow this rule. © The measurement of the energy level in an air stream is uniquely represented by total pressure only. The pressure losses in a duct are represented by the combined potential and kinetic energy transformation, i.e, the loss of total pressure. ‘© The fan energy increases both static and dynamic pressure. Fan ratings based only on static pressure are partial, but commonly used Pressure loss in ductwork has three components, frictional losses along duct walls and dynamic losses in fitings and ‘component losses in duct-mounted equipment. ‘Component Pressure Due to physical items with known pressure drops, such as hoods, fiters, louvers or dampers. Dynamic Pressure Dynamic losses are the result of changes in direction and velocity of air low. Dynamic losses occur whenever an air stream makes turns, diverges, converges, narrows, widens, enters, exits, or passes dampers, gates, orifices, coils, filters, or sound, attenuators. Velocity profiles are reorganized at these places by the development of vortexes that cause the transformation of mechanical energy into heat. The disturbance of the velocity profile starts at some distance before the air reaches a fiting. The straightening of a flow stream ends some distance after the air passes the fing. This distance is usually assumed to be no shorter then six duct diameters for a straight duct. Dynamic losses are proportional to dynamic pressure and can be calculated using the equation: Dynamic loss = (Local loss coefficient) * (Dynamic pressure) where the Local loss coefficient, known as a C-coeficient, represents flow disturbances for particular fitings or for duct- mounted equipment as a function of their type and ratio of dimensions. Coefficients can be found in the ASHRAE Fittings diagrams. Alocal loss coefficient can be related to different velocities; itis important to know which part of the velocity profile is relevant. The relevant part of the velocity profile is usually the highest velocity in a narrow part ofa fting cross section or a straightibranch section in a junction. Frictional Pressure Frictional losses in duct sections are result from air viscosity and momentum exchange among particles moving with different velocities. These losses also contribute negligible losses or gains in air systems unless there are extremely long duct runs or hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 2198a2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance there are significant sections using flex duct ‘The easiest way of defining frictional loss per unit length is by using the Friction Chart (ASHRAE, 1997); however, this chart (shown below) should be used for elevations no higher of 500 m (1,600 ft), air temperature between 5°C and 40°C (40°F and 10°F), and ducts with smooth surfaces, The Darcy-Weisbach Equation should be used for ‘non-standard’ duct type such as flex duct ool LIA / 300 1000-00 ‘000 10.000 000 60,000" ‘AR QUANTITY, cfm Friction Chart (ASHRAE HANDBOOK, 1997) 1.3. Total Pressure, Velocity Pressure, and Static Pressure Itis convenient o calculate pressures in ducts using as a base an atmospheric pressure of zero. Most positive pressures occur'in supply ducts and negative pressures occur in exhaustrelumn ducts; however, there are cases when negative pressures occur in a supply duct as a result offting effects Airflow through a duct system creates three types of pressures: static, dynamic (velocity), and total. Each of these pressures can be measured. Air conveyed by a duct system imposes both static and dynamic (velocity) pressures on the ducts sttucture. The static pressure is responsible for much of the force on the duct walls. However, dynamic (velocity) pressure introduces a rapidly pulsating load. Static pressure Static pressure is te measure of the potential energy ofa unit of arin the particular cross section ofa duct. Air pressure on the ductwall is considered stat. Imagine a fan blowing into a completely closed duct itwill create only stati pressure because there is no air fow through the duct. A balloon blown up with aris a similar case in which there is only static pressure, Dynamic (velocity) pressure Dynamic pressure isthe kinetic energy ofa unt of airflow in an air steam. Dynamic pressure isa function of both air velocity and density: Dynamic pressure = (Density) * (Velocity)? /2 The static and dynamic pressures are mutually convertible; the magnitude of each is dependent on the local duct cross section, which determines the flow velocity. Total Pressure Consists of the pressure the air exerts in the direction of flow (Velocity Pressure) plus the pressure air exerts perpendicular to the plenum or container through which the air moves. In other words: Pr=Py+Ps, hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 3196arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance P;= Total Pressure Py= Velocity Pressure Pg = Static Pressure This general rule is used to derive whatis called the Fan Total Pressure, See the section entitled Fan Performance Specifications fora definition of Fan Total Pressure and Fan Static Pressure, 2. Air Systems For kitchen ventilation applications an air system consists of hood{s), duct work, and fan(s). The relationship between the air flow rate (CFM) and the pressure of an air system is expressed as an increasing exponential function. The graph below shows an example of system curve. This curve shows the relationship between the air low rate and the pressure of an air system, Pressure Gn. 9) Al Flow Rate (cfm) Complex systems with branches and junctions, duct size changes, and other variations can be broken into sections or sub-systems. Each section or sub-system has its own system curve. See the diagram below for an illustration of his concapt. Fan Section 3 = Section 1 Sealant Seation 2 Section 2 Section 3 2.1, Fan Laws Use the Fan Laws along a system curve. Ifyou know one (CFM, S.P) point ofa system you could use Fan Law 2 to determine the slatic pressure for other flow rates. They apply to a fixed air system. Once any element ofthe system changes, duct size, hood length, riser size, etc..the system curve changes. CPM, RPMx Fan Law 1 CFM known RPM known hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 4198arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance SPx OFM? RPM Fan Law 2 2 2, SP known CFM known RPM?known BHP, CFM, RPM, Fan Law 3 BHP known CFM nown RPM known Other calculations can be utlized to maneuver around a fan performance curve. For example, to calculate BHP from motor amp draw, use the following formula: 1 phase motors, 3 phase motors BHP =V*I"E* PF BHP = V" I" E* PF* 1.73 746 746 where: BHP = Brake Horsepower V=Line Voltage Line Current E = Motor Efficiency (Usually about 85 to 9) PF = Motor Power Factor (Usually about 9) (Once the BHP is known, the RPM ofthe fan can be measured. The motor BHP and fan RPM can then be matched on the fan performance curve to approximate airflow. 2.2. Air Density The most common influences on air density are the effects of temperature other than 70 °F and barometric pressures other than 29,92" caused by elevations above sea level, Ratings found in fan performance tables and curves are based on standard air. Standard airis defined as clean, dry air with a density of 0.075 pounds per cubic foot, with the barometric pressure at sea level of 29.92 inches of mercury and a ‘temperature of 70 °F, Selecting a fan to operate at conditions other then standard air requires adjustment to both static pressure and brake horsepower. The volume of air will not be affected in a given system because a fan will move the same amount of air regardless of the air density, In other words, ifa fan will move 3,000 cfm at 70 F itwill also move 3,000 CFM at 250 °F, Since 250 °F air weighs only 34% of 70°F air, the fan will require less BHP but it will also create less pressure than specified ‘When a fan is specified for a given CFM and static pressure at conditions other than standard, the correction factors (shown in table below) must be applied in order to select the proper size fan, fan speed and BHP to meet the new condition. The bestway to understand how the correction factors are used Is to work out several examples. Let's look at an example Using a specification for a fan to operate at 600°F at sea level. This example will clearly show that the fan must be selected to handle a much greater static pressure than specified. Example #1: A 20" centrifugal fan is required to deliver §,000 cfm at 3.0 inches static pressure, Elevation is 0 (sea level), Temperature is 600°F. At standard conditions, the fan will require 6.76 bhp 1 Using the chart below, the correction factor is 2.00. 2. Multiply the specified operating static pressure by the correction factor to determine the standard air density equivalent static pressure. (Corrected static pressure = 3.0x 2.006". The fan must be selected for 6 inches of static pressure.) 3. Based upon the performance table for a 20 fan at §,000 cfm at 6 inches wg, 2,018 rpms needed to produce the required performance. 4. Whatis the operating bhp at 600 °F? Since the horsepower shown in the performance chart refers to standard air density, this should be corrected to reflect actual bhp at the lighter operating air. Operating bhp = standard bhp + 2.00 or 6.76 + 2.00 = 3.38 bhp. hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 596a2016 [Nir Flow, i Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance AIR DENSITY CORRECTION FACTORS Ten, Brion (Fat Above Sn Lev “Foo Se an SND SON na oa | ene | ene as | HH RT TR Ed RH EE) Ed dC SOT | FOR] ATO] ¥4a] 34m | ze] a7] vse] ta] vee] vow] tae] eo Tew | Ta Tao | ae ‘Sia vas] vad | vo] veo] 186 [172 | 7] ae] vad] zor | zoe | 29 | Fas | 29s | Bas | 2a 30 rs5] 150] toa] 74] 177 [vos to oe 208 ave azz [ear | sao at | a0 | 27 eas famo| 2or [15] 225 | 251 | 3a] 70] 280] 200] zea] Bat | soe] awe sae Sa Lee ‘an_|230| 2a0 | F57| 207 [270 |2m0 [700 | 300 [ 921] o35| 3a [ soe [ S74] Seo] aoe | aa ‘ab_|290| 266 770 | 287 | 297 [307 [320] 930] 3a] 380[ 371 | 987 | aos | azo | aoe | aos 2.3. System Constant Every air system or sub-system has a system constant. This constant can be calculated as long as you know one (CFM, Static Pressure) point. You use a variation of the fan laws to calculate the system constant. To calculate the system constant: K system = SPUCFM? (Once you have the system constant you can calculate the static pressure for any flow rate. SP.= (CFM? *K system 3. Pressure Losses of an Air System Pressure losses are more easily determined by breaking an air system into sections. Sections can be in series orin parallel. 3.1. Sections in Series For sections or components in series simply sum up all the sections. A single duct that has the same shape, cross section, and, mass flow is called a duct section or just a section, Following Is the recommended procedure for calculating total pressure loss in a single duct section: ‘© Gather input data: airflow, duct shape, duct size, roughness, alitude, air temperature, and fittings; © Calculate air velocity as a function of air flow and cross section; ‘+ Calculate local C-coefficients for each fiting used; and + Calculate pressure loss using the friction chart The following is a simple example of how duct pressure accumulates and is totaled in a section. hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMarnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Fan Total = 5" + 2" + .2"=.9" 54@ col 3.2. Sections in Parallel When designing sections that are parallel itis important to remember that the branches of a junction all have the same total pressure. Thisis a fact. Itis governed by a principle which states that areas of high energy move to areas of lower energy. We will see how this applies to air systems in parallel. Toilustrate these concepts we will reference the diagram below. In this example we calculate the pressure losses for Section 1 to be -0.75" atthe junction. We calculate the pressure losses for Section 2 to be -0.8" athe junction. (NOTE: For simplicty's sake we do not consider the pressure loss incurred by the junction.) These would be the actual pressure losses of the system were they operating independently; however, they do not. They interact atthe junction. This means that whenever air flow encounters a junction itwill ake the path ofleast resistance and the total prassure losses of each branch of the junction will be the samo. For sections that run parallel, always use the section with the higher pressure loss/gain to determine pressure lossesigains through a system. Adjust the branch with the lower pressure lossigain by increasing the flow rate or decreasing the duct size to increase the pressure loss to that of the higher branch. Ifthe flow rate or the duct size is not changed the air fow through each branch will adjustitselfso that each branch has the same. ‘otal pressure lossigain. In other words, more ar flows through the branch with the lower pressure lossigain or energy state. In the example below, the actual pressure loss would be somewhere between -0.75" and -0,6", Section 1 would pull less than 2000 CFM and Section 2 would pull more than 1800 CFM. Fan Section 1 Section 2 Total =.5"+.25"=.75" Total + 2"= 6" For total loss at junction use 0.75". 3.3. System Effect ‘System Effect occurs in an air system when two or more elements such as fitings, a hood and a fiting, ora fan and a fiting occur within clase proximity to one another. The effectis to increase the energy or pressure in a systam as air flaws through the elements. To calculate the pressure loss incurred by such a configuration, consider two elements ata time. For example, iftwo elbows occur 4 feetfrom one anather this configuration will have a pressure loss associated with it Calculate the pressure lossigain associated with each fing as ifitoccurs alone. Sum these and muttply them bya system effect, coeficient (k). The system effect cooficient can be obtained from the ASHRAE Fitting Diagrams for only a limited number of configurations of elements. hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 7198arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Configurations notlisted mustuse estimates or best guesses. In many cases, you can use a listed configuration as a guide. (One configuration notlisted is an elbow within close proximity to the collar of a hood. As a rule of thumb, the chart below can offer some guidance for determining the system effect for this situation, Remember the coefficients in the chart are only an estimate, ‘System Effect Table Distance between Riser andElbow | System Effect Coefficient (K) Zieet 115 3 feet 15 ‘A feet 13 Bieet 12 The diagrams below show system effect factors for straight through elements and turning elements. For rectangular ductwork, D = (2HW)/(H=W). The following formula should be used to calculate the pressure caused by system effect: Pressure Loss = K * (Element A Resistance + Element B Resistance) a RESISTANCE > ELEMENTS a a ippx] 12s] 15 [3s] 0 oat K [1s [a [os [x2 [ras] 1 [05] 10 10 [1.08 [i.75| 1.3 [1.30 Straight Through Flow Turning Elements The following diagrams show proper and improper methods of constructing ductwork: hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 896arnvzots [Nir Flow, Ai Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance cope Ete ROMESGESVSORZEGRY aggro tome cmor Lesdsrhengeot ac strait op nar use seunee ones 4, Fan Performance Specification Afan performance specis given as a Fan Total Pressure ora Fan Static Pressure which can handle a certain ow rato, Most manufacturers’ performance charts are based on Fan Static Pressure, 4.1, Fan Total Pressure Fan total Pressure is the pressure differential between the inlet and the oullet ofthe fan, ican be expressed in these terms: Ptfan =P tioss *P v system outlet * (Ps system outlet * P's system entry * P v system entry) P tan = Fan Total Pressure P toss = Dynamic, Component, and Frictional Pressure through the ar system, Ps system outlet Static Pressure at System Outlet Pg system entry ~ Sialic Pressure at System Entry Py system enty = Velocity Pressure at System Entry P system outet = Velocity Pressure at System Outlet For most HVAC applications: (P s outlet *P s entry *P v entry) =0 Therefore: Ptfan =P tloss *Pv system outlet 4.2. Fan Static Pressure The Fan Static Pressure is expressed as the Fan Total Pressure minus the velocity pressure at he fan discharge, or: P stan™Ptioss* Py system outlet~P v discharge Where P y discharge = Velocity Pressure atthe Fan Discharge. For Exhaust Systems with resistance only on the inlet side, the fan static pressure is: P sfan=Ptioss For exhaustsystem: Py system outlet =P v discharge For Supply Systems with resistance on the oullet side, the fan static pressure i: P sfan=Ptioss~P v discharge Py system outet CaN be assumed fo be 0 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 9196arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance The diagram below illustrates the difference between exhaust and supply systems. Exhaust System ‘Supply System System Outlet = Fan Discharge ‘System Inlet V=— Fan oscars ‘System Inet t + system ower 5. Pressure Calculations 5.1. Methodology Break the system into sections. ‘Anew section occurs at 1) Changes in duct size. 2) Change in air volume Calculate losses for each section, Begin atthe section farthest from the fan and work towards the fan. For each section: 1. Write down or calculate all Known variables. Air Flow Rate. (Q) Duct Cross-Sectional Area of he section. (A) Center-Line Length ofthe section. (L) Air Velocity through the section. (V=G/A) Velocity Pressure, (Py = (Vi4005)") 2. Write down or calculate all pressure losses in the section, a) List the Component Losses/Gains. Incurred by hoods, ESPs, fters, dampers, ete. b) Calculate the Dynamic Losses/Gains. ‘Occur through elbows, transitions, tees, or any other lype of iting, Use the ASHRAE Fitting Diagrams to find Dynamic Loss Coefficients for ftings. Be sure to factor in System Effect! ©) Calculate Frictional Losses/Gains. Use the ASHRAE Friction Char for “standard” galvanized ductwork, Use the Darcy-Weisbach Equation for ‘non-standard’ duct such as flex duct. ‘Sum up the Component, Dynamic, and Frictional Pressure for the section, ‘Sum up the pressure losses forall ofthe sections. 5.2. Assumptions and Corrections ‘Standard Air Density, 075 Ibicu ft, is used for most HVAC applications. Frictional losses based on galvanized metal duct with 40 joints per 100 ft. Correction for "Non-Standard" Duct Material Ifmaterial other than galvanized metal is used in parts ofthe system, you will have to adjustfor the difference in the ‘material's roughness factor. This means the Friction Chart typically used to determine frictional losses cannot be used and you must use a variation of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation. See the section tited Equations for more information on this equation, Correction for Density ntpiworcaptveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM +08arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Notneeded ifthe temperature is between 40 ‘F to 100 ‘F and elevations are between 1000 ftto 1000 f. Correction for Moisture Not needed ifair temperature < 100 ‘F. 6. Problem # 1 — An Exhaust System Exhaust Fan 90 deg mieten wise 20"x 30" Main Duct 90 deg Mitered Elbow 13! Hood 10” x 30" riser 0.688” @ riser 16! Hood 10" x 36" riser 4 0.688" @ riser T4000 cfm The first step is to break the system into sections. Section 1 runs from the 16' Hood to the Bullhead Tee. ‘Section 2 runs from the 13° Hood to the Bullhead Tee. ‘Section 3 runs from the Bullhead Tee to the Exhaust Fan. Now calculate the pressure losses for each section Section 1 Air Flow Rate Cross-Sectional Area A Center Line Distance L=2'+6'=8! Velocity V=4000/2.5 = 1600 fumin Velocity Pressure = Pyy = (V/4005)? = (1600/4005)? = 0.16" = 4000 fm 10 x 36/144 = 2.5 9 Loss Calculations Component Losses Hood Loss Phoodt = -0.688" Look up from manufacturer hood static pressure curves. Here isa link to the Hood Static Pressure Calculator. Frictional Losses Use the Friction Chartto look up the pressure loss per 100 ftof duct. Pips = 16°/100 ft) * (8')=-0.013" Dynamic Losses. hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 1196arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Mitered Elbow. Look up Fiting 3-6 in Appendix 2 ASHRAE Fittngs. The dynamic coefficient Cg = 1.3 Patwowt = ~Pys ={1.3)"(0.16") = -0.20 Bullhead Tee. Look up coefficient from Appendix 3 - Bullhead Tee Curves. ‘Some general rules for bullhead tees: » “ 3. ALL things being equat_yse the Since Section 1 has a larger duct size, this section is the “u' side of the bullhead tee. The following describes how to use the bullhead tee curves to find K, for the “‘u" side of the bullhead tee. Since Ay /Ap = (10x36)(20x30) = 6, we find the bullhead tee curves for which Ay /Ap is 6 and the y-anis represents Ky, We know that QQ = 4000/(4000+3400) = 64. For simplicity and ease of graphing, we round 54 to the nearest 10" ving us 5. We also know that Ay ip = (10x30)(20x30) Equipped with these ratios, can draw a line from the pointon the x-axis where Qy /Qyis § up to where itintersects the Ccurve for which Ay /Ap is 5 We find K, = 1.6 NOTE: Due to human error resulting from manually graphing he value of Ky ,the number you graph may be slighty differentthan the value show above. The important thing isto know how to use the curves and get a reasonable value forky. Now we can calculate the pressure drop contributed by the bullhead tee for Section 1 Phuitoes = -K, * Pys =1.6)"(0.16")=-0.256" The total pressure loss for Section 1 i: Peioss 1=Phoodt ~Pirt + Petbowt + Pouliteot P tioss 4 =-0:688" -0.013"-0.208"-0.256"=-1.165" Section 2 Air Flow Rate Q= 3400 cfm Cross-Sectional Area A = 10 x 30/144 = 2.1 Center Line Distance L=2'+7'=9' Velocity V= 340012.1 = 1619 min Velocity Pressure = Py2 = (Vi4005}* = (1619/4005)? = 0.16" Loss Calculations Component Losses Hood Loss Phooda = -0.688" Look up from hood static pressure curves. Frictional Losses Use the Friction Chartto look up the pressure loss per 100 ftof duct, Phra = .18°/100 f)* (9')=-0.016" Dynamic Losses Mitered Elbow. Look up Fiting 3-6 in Appendix 2 - ASHRAE Fitings. The dynamic coefficiont Co = 1.3 Painowa =- Pye =-(1.3)"(0.16")=-0.208" Bullhead Tee. Using the methodology described for the bullhead tee in Section 1, we can find the value of the Coeficient, Kp, for the “b' side of the bullhead tee. Use the bullhoad tee curves for which Ay /Agis 6 and the y-axis represents Ky, We find that Ki = 1.75 and the resulting pressure loss is: Pputtee 2 = Ki * Pyo =-(1.75)*(0.18")= 0.280" hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 1208arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance The total pressure loss for Section 2 is: Pttoss 2 = Phooaz * Pir + Petbowe + Pouitooz P toss 2 =-0.688" -0.016"-0.208" -0.280" = -1.192" Balance by Design Note thatthe pressure loss of Section 2is greater than the loss of Section 1. To balance the system by design increase the air low rat in Section 1 to bring itup othe higher pressure loss of Section 2 To correct the airflow rate for Section 1 use the Fan Laws: Q4 now =Q1 ota” (P ttoss 1 new! P ttoss 4 oid)” 4 new = 4000 * (1.192/1.165)"? = 4046 cfm Section 3 Air Flow Rate Q= 3400 cfm + 4046 cfm = 7448 cfm Cross-Sectional Arca A=20x 30/144 =4.17 #2 Center Line Distance L=8 Velocity V=744604.17 = 1786 fimin Velocity Pressure = Pys = (V/4005)* = (1785/4005) ? = 20" Le ion Component Losses None Frictional Losses Use the Friction Chart to look up the pressure loss per 100 ftof duct. Peg =-(15°1100 f) * (9) =-0.014" Dynamic Losses None Total pressure loss for Section 3 is: Pttoss Pttoss Total Pressure Loss of System Since the pressure loss of Section 2 is greater than that of Section 1, itis used to calculate the pressure loss ofthe entire system as shown below: Pttoss =P toss 2*P tioss 3 =-1.192"-0.014"= 1.206” 7. Problem # 2 -A Change in the System’s Air Flow Rate Now we will change the air flow rate through Section 2 from 3400 CFM to 3000 CFM. We wil illustrate how once you know one (CFM, SP) point ofa system you can use the Fan Laws to calculate the pressure loss for other air flow rates. Section 1 There isno change. Ptioss 1 =-1.165" Section 2 Air Flow Rate Cross-Sectional Area A Genter Line Distance Velocity V= 3000/2, Velocity Pressure = Py; }000 CFM 10 x 30/144 = 2.1 A +729 = 1429 ftimin (via005)? = (1429/4005)? = 0.13" Loss Calculations hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 198arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Component Losses Hood Loss. Use the Fan Laws to calculate a new Hood Loss or look itup in the Hood SP. chart. Phooda = -(0.688")*((3000 CFM)2(3400 CFM?) Phooda = -0.534 Frictional Losses Use the Friction Chart to look up the pressure loss per 100 ftof duct, Pa = (15°10 t)* (9')=-0.014" namic Losses Mitered Elbow. Look up Fiting 3-6 in Appendix 2-ASHRAE Fitings, The dynamic coefficient C= 1.3 Petbow2 = Py2 =41.3)"(0.1 0.169" Bullhead Tee. Since Section 2 is the “b" side, we use the set of bullhead tee curves for which Ay lp is 6 and the yeaxis represents Ky, We find that Ky = 1.65 Pouttee 2= Kp * Pyo Total Section Loss: P tioss 2 =Phoodz * Pir + Pebowa * Poultooz P tioss 2 = -0.536" -0.014"-0.169"-0.215" = -0.93 Using the Fan Laws to calculate the new total pressure loss for Section 2: P tioss 2= {1.192)((3000 CFM)?/(3400 CFM) Balance by Design 0.93" Note that the pressure loss of Section 1 is now greater than the loss of Section 2. To balance the system by design we ‘mustinerease the airflow rate in Section 2 to bring itup to the higher pressure loss of Section 1 To correct the air low rate for Section 2 use the Fan Laws: Qznew= 22 01d” (Ptioss 2 new! P tioss 2 oid” 3000 * (1.165/0.93)"? = 3357 CFM Q2new Section 3 Air Flow Rate Q= 3357 CFM + 4000 CFM Cross-Sectional Area A = 20 x 30/144 = 4.17 A? Center Line Distance L= Velocity V=7357/4.17 = 1764 fumin Velocity Pressure = Py = (Vi4005)? = (1764/4006)? = Loss Calculations Component Losses None Frictional Losses Use the Friction Chartto look up the pressure loss per 100 ftof duct, Phra = (0.14°/100 f)* (9')= 0.013" Dynamic Losses. None Using the Fan Laws to calculate the new total pressure loss for Section 3: P tioss 3 = {0.014°)"((7387 cim)2/7448 cim)2) = -0.013 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM a8ana ‘ir Flow, Ai Sytoms, Pressure, ard Fan Pefrmanece Total System Loss Calculated with Tables and ASHRAE Charts: Pitas =Pttoss 1+Ptiogs 3 =-1.165"-0.013 ‘As shown above, Branch 1 ofthe junction is used to calculate the system's total pressure loss because ithas the greater pressure drop ofthe wo branches. Calculated with the Fan Laws 4.206") (7357 cfm)2(7446 chm?) = 1.478" a78" Ptioss 8. Problem # 3 - A Supply System 1O"x16" to 3 piece 90 deg 14" ead ratinsed ebow transition “ ‘ Point #2 after Ist ehow transition 6" high 3 piece 90 deg raised ebowr ‘8' Hood. Exhasst = 2000 cfm ‘Supply = 1000 cfm Se asikee Measurement Point #1 ‘Measurement @ collar Point #3 after 2nd elbow: Supply Fan ‘The first par ofthe problem will how the pressure gains obiained from measuring the total pressure at 3 points shown in the diagram above. will provide some rules of thumb for estimating pressure for elbow and atthe supply collar. The second part ofthe problem will calculate the pressure gain of the system and compare itto the measured pressure gain. ‘The entire system satisfies the defnition of section since there are no junctions or duct size changes. The transitions off the supply collars can be included in the section Supply System - Measured Pressure ‘A0"fo 1" Dwyer manometer was used to measure the pressure of the system at3 points. The pressure was measured fortwo different ‘low rates. The results are show in the table below. ‘Measurements Taken at 3 points of the Supply System Air Flow Rate | Velocity (Wimin) | Point 1 Point2 Paints (crm) @ collar (in. wg) after 1st elbow after 2nd elbow (in. wg) (in.wa) 7000 335 COTS 0-140 0.260 1920 1793 0.276 0.570 0.910 The table shows 1) _ How high air velocities greaty increase the pressure. When the air flow rate is raised to 1920 cfm, the velocity through the duct about doubles and the pressure increases 3-1/2 fold, 2) The system effect of having 2 elbows dose to each other and being close to the hood. Using the pressure gains for 1000 cfm flowing through the system, we see that the pressure gain for the first elbow is:0.14"- 0.075" = 0.065", This reflects the system effect ofhaving an elbow close to the supply opening of a hood. hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 1508arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance ‘The pressure gain for the second elbow is: 0.26"-0.14"= 0.12". This reflects he system effect of having two elbows within close proximity to one another and being close to the hoad 3) When the system supplies 1000 CFM, the pressure gain at the supply collar is 0.075". This illustrates how low the pressure really is when a system Is designed for the desired velocity between 900 and 1000 firmin. The table below provides some rules of thumb when estimating pressure gain at the supply colar Hood Length (L) Pressure Loss Estimate 1/16" max TAG" to 1/8" max 1/8" to 114" max. ‘This table assumes thatthe system has bean designed for veloditias around 1000 fmin Test Kitchen Supply System - Calculated Pressure Section 1 AirFlow Rate @= 1000 cm Gross-Sectonal Area A= nt? = n(7)F/144= 1.069% GenterLine Distance L= 18 Velocity V= 10001 068= 835 tin Velocity Pressure = Py4 = (V/4005)? = (935/405) 2 .055" Loss Calculations Component Losses Hood. Assume 1/16” pressure gain atthe collar, P hood = 0.063" Frictional Losses Use the Friction Chart to look up the pressure loss per 100 ftof duct. Py, = -(0.095°/100 ft) * (15')= 0.014 Dynamic Losses 12x 20" to 10" x 16” Rectangular Transition Use ASHRAE fing 6-1 in Appendix 2 ~ ASHRAE Fitings, To find the dynamic coefficient we calculate: 012 = tan “*(2"6") = 18° Therefore: = 36° ‘Ag/Ay =(12x20)(10x16)=1 5 Therefore Cy = 0.05 P transt = CoPys = (0.05)(0.085") = 0.003" 410"x 16” Rectangular to 14” Round Transition Use ASHRAE fiting 4-6 in Appendix 2 ASHRAE Fitings. WIH(Ag /Ay J? = (16/10)(1.069)1.111)?= 1.48 Re = 8.56DV = (8.56)(14")935 fimin) = 11205 Therefore Re x 104 = 11. Use the value fore x 10= 10 UD is notrelevantin this case. 0.110.055") = 0.006 Two 90° Radius Elbows Use ASHRAE fiting 3-2. Assume a 3 piece elbow. Assume r= 10", So, nD = 10/14 =,71 therefore Kg = 1 y= 054 P etpow = CoP = (0:54)(0.055° P ebow2 = CoP ut = (0.54)(0.055" Wie must igure inthe system effectincurred by having an elbow close tothe supply collar. Use the table in the System Erect section ofthis paper to estimate the system effect, The elbow is about 2’ above the supply iser to Kge = 1.75 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM +098arnvzots [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance 053" P S£ etbowhood = Kse P otpowt =(1.75\0.03") = Now we must factor in the system effect for the 2 elbows in succession. We decide to the $-Shaped fiting in the ASHRAE handbook to estimate the system effect We use ASHRAE fiting 3-14. o=90° UD =607N4"= 4.29 K5e=1.55 P se saiting = K SEP otnow + P ebou2) = 1-55(0.03" + 0.03") = 0.093 Total Section Loss: P toss 1=Phood + Pir* Ptranst * Ptrans2 *P Se elbowshood * P SE siting P tose 1 0.083" + 0.014" + 0.003" + 0.006" + 0.053" + 0.093" Pitoss 170.232" The measured value of 0.26" differs because of error in the system effect estimates. Now we can determine the size fan we need, A 10" blower will handle 1000 cfm at 0.232", To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: Pstan™Ptloss-P v discharge Use the blower manufacturer product literature to get the dimensions for the blower outlet so the velocity pressure at the fan discharge can be calculated: Pv discharge =(V cscharge4005)2 Py discharge = ((1000/(11.38°13.13)/144)V4005) Pv discharge = 0.058" 0.174” P s fan = 0.232" - 0.058" 9. Appendix 1 - Equations Total Pressure (P 7) PrEPyePy P y= Velocity Pressure P = Static Pressure Fan Static Pressure (P s fan) For Exhaust Pstan=P toss For Supply Ps tan=P toss “Pv discharge P s fan = Fan Static Prossure P toss = Dynamic and Friction Losses /elocity Pressure atthe Fan Discharge Pv qischarge Velocity Pressure (P y) Py =p(vito97/? Forstandard air P y equals: P= (vi4o0s)? Velocity through the duct. Friction Losses (P j) Darcy-Welsbach Equation ‘hepsi capiveir com/M/ANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGNIDESIGNAIRSYSTEMS HTM 1708[Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance P p= (f/D)xLXVP Then substitute (f/) with H ¢ P= HyxLxVP L= Duct Section Length (f) Friction Factor uct Diameter (f) His defined as: Hes avi floc through the duct ross section. Q= Flow Rate (cfm) through the duct section. See Table titled Surface Roughness Correlation Constants to get values for ab, and c. Surface Roughness Correlation Constants Material kK A b © ‘Aluminum, Black Iron, Stainless | 0.00075 0.0425 0.0465 | 0.602 Stee! Galvanized 0.0005 0.0307 0535 0612 Flexible Duct 0.003 0.0311 0,604 0.639) k = Roughness factor for the material. 10. Appendix 2—ASHRAE Fittings Fitting 3-2 3.4. and S.Pieces, Round (Locklin 1950, Fig. 10) Y [ | . | lo 0 ri Lo CeKC Coefficients for 90° Elbows (C,) No. 7D of 07s 1 us ry on om 019 4 030 037 on 02 3 oss oa 03 0.33 Factors Ke (ldetchik 1986, Dingram 6-1) @ 0 20 3 4 © 75 9 110 130 150 180 0.31 0.45 060 0.78 0,90 1.00 1.13 1.20 1.28 140 Fitting 3-6 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Ne Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance 34 Elbow, Mitre, Rectangular I4elehik 1986, Diagram 6-5) 6, = Rute ww ois 05 078 WG 1S 20 30 40 89 69 30 008 008 0.08 007 007 007 006 006 00s aos ons 30 O48 O17 OF7 O46 O45 O15 O33 O43 O42 O12 ONL 43S O38 O37 0.36 034 039 O31 028 027 026 028 O28 $ 040 039 037 038 032 O48 046 O41 O41 O39 O38 5S 049 OT O84 O81 037 073 067 063 O41 O58 O87 So 12 13 1212 11 098 092 049 O88 O8s Reynolds number corrections factor mat 7s 6 8 0 3M ky 10) Te ie 109108 1.0810 Fitting 3-14 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 936a2016 [Nir Flow, ie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance a= kG, where C,, = offset loss coefficient ingle elbow oss coefficient (see Fittings 31, 3:2 Qdg 0 OS S016} CLT)CBS 9S 20) 1901939 2020 Fitting 4.6 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 46 Transion, Recangolar 0 Round (leh 1986, Diagram He be a! oe Jf sy [Nr Flow, Ar Systems, Pressure, and Fan Performance z ws 12s Dee oat O50 0S5 07 O90 Dag 047 O49 05) 068 O82 Oat O87 O48 050 O58 0 04S 046 O48 O48 O51 057 Gas O46 Ou O44 O44 OSI bas Oss Que ost 049 O85 Dal 0a} 046 081 044 O90 Da) O4s O48 059 OTE Oa O42 O44 04s 084 OBT Sal az Oa2 G4) gar 08) Bal Oat om O82 Oa ous Oa O81 042 03) 04s O99 ON 035 035 040 088 O79 O31 On O34 OM 089 O6F O31 032 033 036 O47 O57 030 OM Om 03) O36 Oar 930 OSI om O31 O33 036 030 O31 os On Om 3 019 021 02) 028 04) 048 030 022 03 037 035 08 3 On axe om oss On 1s O19 020 02 024 0% D4 077 O19 019 019 02 03 039 046 G1 019 02 O32 O36 O34 958 0) 012 017 00 086 1125 Om O10 O14 029 04 O80 19 Boe 00 O12 020 O93 Os Le 8 030 o4s Dor O07 oof O10 O12 O18 03 O57 006 ccs 1 02 036 003 005 010 025 010 099 25 Oar 004 O08 a1 O37 O76 18 Om O03 de ai O37 Os) 13 001 002 00) 006 O2e O88 901 Oot oo OG 00 on O28 exw GO ots 11 om oa om 039 091 007 3} 0d 037 Om 039 O30 003 403 037 od 038 039 O32 Son 03 0m om 037 a2 1035 025 026 0327 029 08 } 0% 035 03 0m 0% On 4038 035 03s 036 927 090 S03 035 038 035035038 Ou 018 019 020 022 028 } OM Ol O19 Om Oo O27 4 Gun O18 019 O49 030 023 So om Om one ote ote Fan en gz ou olsen yo oat on ol one 4 Gu an oO On on ote Son on om om on on 31 00 004 00s 006 008 a6 2 0m Oot Os oo om oO $dae ooe Os oes Oo oom Som 004 091 dor om 004 10 oom 008 oor 010 3D 0 Om om cm cay 4 8 8 bot bor oe ons 58 oo 80! Fitting 5-1 hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 21186a2016 [Nir Flow, Ae Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance 5-1 Contraction, Round & Rectangular! — tg == = 180° ¢c &, degrees Ay/Ag 10 __ 15-40 50-60 90120150180 2 0.05 0.05 (0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.26 4 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.17 0.27 0.35 0.41 6 0.05 0,04 0.07 018 0.28 0.36 0.42 10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.19 0.29 0.37 0.43 11. Appendix 3 — Bullhead Tee Curves AulAg = 0.2, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE without Turning Vanes A,/Ag=0.2 0 O01 02 G3 G4 C5 06 O7 CE ; : yo Pa a ayegg Hifi Aya = 0.2, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE without Turni A/Ag=0.2 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 4 i 9 | i . ~4l | t | | at j ! i | -4 | | pid i | 6 0 0102 03 04 05 06 07 O08 09 1 Re AulAg = 0.3, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE without Turning Vanes A,/Ag=0.3 W/Q AuAa= 03, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE without Turning Vanes A,/Ag=0.3 QO 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 We Aa = 04, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLEEAD TEE without Turning Venes Q/4 AAa= 04, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 27188a2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Ky AylAg=0.5, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLEEAD TEE without Turning Vanes Ay/Age0.5 AuAa= 05, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance ‘AD TEE without Turni A,/A=0.5 AuAa= 06, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Ae Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE without Turning Vanes A,/Ag=0.6 AyAa= 06, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM 3186a2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE without Turning Vanes A,/Ag=0.6 0 Ol 02 03 04 05 06 O07 08 #09 1 ean eon mo mR oO Ky AylAg = 0.8, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance BULLHEAD TEE vithout Turning Vanes ky xi 2 -4 -§ 0 01 02 03 0s (5 06 O7 08 09 1 QQ AylAg = 0.8, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, ie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance l 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 sf 2 1 Au/Aa= 1.0, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 BULLHEAD TEE without Turn A,/Ag=1.0 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Aug = 1.0, Ky hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTMa2016 [Nir Flow, Nie Systoms, Pressure, and Fan Performance Dect temeir a Q BULLEEAD TEE @ 2 © «©, hntpiwor captveaie.com/MANUALSIAIRSYSTEMDESIGN/DESIGNAIRSYSTEMSHTM