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SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944
Tirupur
27714

ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp xope;J ,q;fpyhe;J mu

rpd; Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ kpf
Kf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wk;.

,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk;

,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; fp.gp 1600 Mq;fp
Nyau; tUif Kjy; 1947 ,y;
,e;jpa
Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ tiuapy; tpupthd tu
yhwhf jahu; nrag;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf
gpupl;b~; epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s uaj;thup>
kw;Wk; kfy;thup Kiwfisg; gw;wpa tpsf;
fq;fs;
kw;Wk; ,z;bNfh ,af;fk;> rk;g
uhd; rj;ahfpufk; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fisg;
isg
gw;wpa KOikahd fz;Nzhl;lk;
Mfpa
tw;iw Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F ,ilg;gl;l
gFjpapd; rpy jfty;fis kl;Lk; je;Js;
Nshk; ,jDila Kw;g;gFjpAk; gpw;gFjp
Ak; mlq;fpa KOikahd Gj;jfk; vq;f
sJ mfhlkpapy; fpilf;Fk;.

O jpl;lkpl;l

Njjpf;F Kd;dNu tpgj;jhf

Gul;rp njhlq;fptpl;ljhy; ehL KOtJ
xNu Neuj;jpy; jhf;Fjy; elj;j Kbahkw;
NghdJ> Gul;rpahsu;fis xUq;fpizj;J
top
elj;j
jiytu;fs;
,y;yhky;
NghdJ> Nghjpa jsthlq;fs; ,y;yhky;
NghdJ> Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F tpRthrkhf
,Ue;j ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpdu; kw;Wk; $yp
Ml;fs; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; 1857 Gul;rp
Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

O rPf;fpa

tPuu;fs; KOikahf Mq;fpNy

au;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;J Gul;rp tPuu;
fSf;F vjpuhf Nghupl;lJ. NtY}u; rpg;gha;
Gul;rpjhd; 1857 Gul;rpf;F fhuzk; vd
ehk; $wpf;nfhz;lhYk; njd;dpe; jpahtpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ve;j Nghuhl;lKk; me;j
fhyfl;lj;jpy; elf;f tpy;iy vd;gNj
cz;ik. ,JTk; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F rhj
fkhf mike;J tpl;lJ. ,y;iyNa Gul;
rpia fl;Lg;gLj;j Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,q;Fk;
mq;Fkhf miye;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

1857 Mk; Mz;L khngUk; fpsh;r;rp

my;yJ Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghh;
mwpKfk; :
O ,e;jpa KOtjpYk; Mq;fpNyaupd; gy;NtW

uhZtj; jsq;fyp
Yk; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa
rpg;gha;fs;> rpW FW kd;du;fs; kw;
Wk;
mtu;fspd;
gilfs;> xU rpy
kfhuh[hf;fs;> Gul;
rpf;fhufshf khwpa nghJkf;fs; vd mid
tUkhf Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyau;fsplNk ifg;
gw;wpa Jg;ghf;fpfs;> gPuq;fpfs; kw;Wk; cs;
ehl;L ntbnghUl;fis nfhz;L jhf;fpa
khngUk; Nghuhl;lk;. gy;NtW Cu;fisAk;
efuq;fisAk; KOikahf kPl;L fUT+
yq;fisf; ifg;gw;wp Ra Ml;rp mikf;f
Kbe;j Gul;rp. ,e;Jf;fSk; K];yPk;fSk;
xd;;whf Nru;e;J elj;jpa Nghu;fs;. gy;yh
apuf;fzf;fhd Mq;fpNyau;fs; nfhy;yg;
gl;lJk; mjw;F gopthq;f nts;isau;fs;
Cu;fisNa nfhYj;jpaJk; epfo;e;j> mjd;
fhuzkhf ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; cyf
mstpy; ftdpf;fg;glTk; Fwpg;ghf ,q;fp
yhe;jpy;
kpfg;ngupa
rydj;ij
cz;L
gz;
z;zTk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j Nghuhl;lk;.
,j;jid epfo;e;Jk; ek;khy; ntw;wpngw Kb
ahky; NghdJ xU JauNk vdpDk; ,g;Gul;
rpapd; fhuzkhf fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;

O ,g;Gul;rpia Mq;fpy tuyhw;W mwpQh;fs;

giltP
giltPuh;h;fs; fpsh;r;rpp vd;W $Wfpwhu;fs;>
Mdhy; Kjy;
Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghh;
vd;W V.D.rhtu;
rhtu;f;fu;u $Wfpwhu;;
O Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; FOtpd; mlf;F

Kiw Ml;rpahy; ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F Vw;g

l;l kdf;frg;Gk;> gy fhykhf Njf;fp
itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Jauq;fspd; ntspg;gh
LNk> 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpahf ntb
j;jJ vdyhk;. mr;rkaj;;jpy; fhdpq;
fhdpq; gpuG
gpuG
,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;jhh;.

Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
murpay; fhuzq;fs; :
O Mq;fpNyah;fspd;ehL ,izg;Gf; nfhs;if
f

kpf Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fSs; xd;whFk;.

nty;
nty;ny];ypd; Jizg; gilj;jpl;lk; ,e;
jpa murh;fspilNa mjpUg;jpia Vw;gL
j;jpaJ. ly;n`srp gpuGtpd; ehL ,of;Fk;
nfhs;if ,e;jpah;fspilNa xU gaj;ij
Ak;> mikjpapd;ikiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

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,f;nfhs;ifapd; %yk; rjhuh> ehf;G+h;>

[hd;rp Nghd;w muRfs; Mq;fpNyah;fshy;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; ,e;jp
ah;fs; kd mikjpia ,oe;jdh;.

tzpff; FO
FO eph;thfj;jpy; ey;y Ntiy
fpilf;F nkd;W vjph;ghh;j;J Vkhw;wk;
mile;jdh;.

nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs; :
O mNahj;jp

ethg;> Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa

FOtpdUld; Vwj;jho xU E}w;whz;Lf;
fhyk; el;Gf;nfhz;bUe;j nghOJk; $l>
mNahj;jpia Mq;fpy muR ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;lJ. ,jidf; fz;L ,];yhkpah;
fs; kl;Lkd;wp kw;w ,e;jpa murh;fSk;
Mq;fpy murpd; kPJ rpdq;nfhz;ldh;.

O ehl;bd;

nghUshjhur; Ruz;lypy; Vuhs

khd nry;tk; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ kw;Wk;
,e;jpaf; ifj;njhopy;fs; mopT Mfpa
it ,e;jpa kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;
ifia rPh;Fiye;jd. ,e;jpag; nghUl;f
Sf;F ,q;fpyhe;jpy; mjpf fhg;GthpAk;>
Mq;fpy
nghUs;fSf;F
,e;jpahtpy;
Fiwe;j ,wf;Fkjp thpAk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;jpa nerthsh;fs; kw;Wk; iftpid
fiyQh;fs; Mq;fpy mYtyh;fspd; tpUg;
gj;jpw;Nfw;g njhopy; GhpAkhW fl;lhag;
gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.
mjw;F
mth;fSf;F
Fiwe;j CjpaNk toq;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt
mth;fSf;Fnjhopypd; kPJ ,Ue;j Mh;tk;
Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; kpfg;nghpa mstpYk;>
kpfg; gaDilajhfTk; tpsq;fpa ,e;jpah
tpd; nerTj; njhopy; mope;J> kf;fspd;
tho;f;if ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfp> Ntiyapy;
ngz;bq;
yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ. ngz;
gpuG
gpuG fhyj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l tq;fhs
epy
Fj;jif
rl;lj;jpd;gb
Fj;jif
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ghl;by;
nfhz;L
tug;gl;ljhy;
epyr;
nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs; gyh; tWikf;Fj; js;sg;
gl;ldh;. fp.gp. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy;
ghjpapy; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l VO gQ;rq;fs;
ehl;bd; nghUshjhu epiyia nghpJk;
ghjpj;jd.

O Kfyha tk;rj;jpd; filrpg;Nguurh; ,uz;

lhk; gfJ}h; ~htpw;Fg; gpwF> mtuJ

thhpRfs; jq;fsJ guk;giu muz;kid
kw;Wk; nrq;Nfhl;ilia Mq;fpy murplk;
xg;gilf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;W
tw;GWj;jg;
gl;ldh;.
O kuhj;jpa

jiyth; ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd;

kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> mtuJ tsh;g;G kfd;
ehdhrhfpg;gpw;F toq;fg;gl;L te;j Xa;T+
jpak; epWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; kuhj;jpah;
fs; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjphpfshf khwpdh;.
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fpy; mjpUg;jp nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Mq;fpy
Ml;rpapy; mth;fs; jq;fs; murpay; mjp
fhuj;ij ,oe;J tpl;ljhff; fUjpdh;.

eph;thff; fhuzq;fs; :
O ,e;jpah;fSf;F Mq;fpy eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ

ek;gpf;ifapd;ikAk;> ntWg;Gk; Vw;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ghurPfnkhop
f;Fg; gjpyhf Mq;fpy nkhopiag; GFj;jp
aij kf;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. Mq;fpNya
hpd; ePjp toq;Fk; Kiw mjpf nryT
ilajhfTk;; ,ae;jpuj; jd;ik cilajh
fTk;(Mechanical)fhytpuaj;ij nfhz;ljh
fTk; ,Ue;jJ. vdNt> kf;fs; jq;fs;
cilikf;Fk;; caph; kw;Wk; nfsutj;jp
w;Fk; ghJfhg;G ,y;iy vd;gij czh;e;
jdh;. Mq;fpy eph;thfj;jpy; mjpfkhd
ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ epythp
epythp
epythp Kiw
ahFk;. epyg;gpuGf;fSk;> Fbahdth;fSk;
mjpfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; mjp
fkhd epythp nrYj;j Ntz;b apUe;jJ.
,e;jpah;fSf;F murpaypYk;> ,uhZtj;
jpYk; cah; gjtpfs; kWf;fg;gl;ld. ey;y
Mq;fpy
fy;tp fw;w ,e;jpa ,isQh;fs; Mq;

r%f kw;Wk; rkaf; fhuzq;fs; :

O ,e;jpahtpy;

Ntfkhfg; gutpa Nkiy

ehl;Lg; gz;ghLk; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpKiwAk;
goikthjpfis
gPjpailar;
nra;jd.
rjp
rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. ngz; rpRf; nfhiy jLf;f
g;gl;lJ. tpjitfs; kWkzk; rl;lg;G+h;t
khf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa eltb f;iffs;
%yk;> ,e;Jf;fs; jq;fspd; rka gof;f
tof;fq;fspy; Mq;fpy muR jiyapL
tjhff; fUjpdh;. ,e;Jf;fspd; nrhj;
nrhj;J
hpikr; rl;lk; khw;wg;gl;L> fpwp];jth;
fshf khwpath;fSf;Fk; jq;fspd; Kd;
Ndhh;fspd;
nrhj;Jf;fspy;
gq;FngWk;
chpik
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;Jf;fis>

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vd;Wk; tje;jp fpsg;gg;gl;lJ. gRf; fis

,e;J rkaj;jpdh; GdpjkhfTk;> gd;wpia
,];yhkpah;fs; ntWg;Gf;Fhpa tpyq;fh
fTk; fUjpdh;. vdNt> mg;Gjpa tif
Njhl;lhf;fis cgNahfpg;gJ jq;fsJ
rkaf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F vjpuhdJ vd;Wk;
,U rkaj;jpdUk; fUjpdh;. 1857 Mk;
Mz;L khh;r; 29k; ehs; fy;fj;jhtpw;F
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gphpitr; rhh;e;j kq;
kq;fs;ghz;Nl
l
vd;w
,sk;
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f;f kWj;jhh;. ,th; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;glNt>
NtWtopapd;wp
jdJ
Nkyjpfhhpiar;
Rl;Lf;nfhd;W> jdJ vjph;g;ig ntspg;g
Lj;jpdhh;.Mdhy;> mth; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L>
ePjp tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L gpd;dh;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;. guhf;G+hpypUe;J fhyhl;
gilg;gphpT
kPul;bw;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,r;nra;jp gutj; njhlq;fpajhy; ,e;jpag;
giltPuh;fs;
ntt;NtW
gFjpfspy;
Gul;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdh;.

fpwp];jth;fshf kjk; khw Cf;Ftpf;fNt

,r;rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljhf fUjg;
gl;lJ. Nfhapy; fSf;Fk;> k#jpfSf;Fk;
nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspd; kPJ Mq;fpNyah;
tpjpj;j thp> kf;fspd; rka czh;tpidg;
nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ.

,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs; :
O ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l mjp

Ug;jp Gul;rpf;F toptFj;jJ. ,e;jpa tPuh;

fspilNa Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd
ntWg;G
ehSf;F
ehs;
mjpfhpj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl te;jJ. ,uhZtj;jpy; ,e;jpag;
gil tPuh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l kpf cah;
e;j gjtp RNgjhh;
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gjtpf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Cjpak; Gjpajhfr;
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fhd rhj;jpaf; $WfSk; ,y;iy. ,e;jp
ar; rpg;gha;fis Mq;fpNyah; ,opthfTk;>
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zpg; gilr; rl;lj;ijf;
(The General Service Enlistment Act))
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vz;zpf;if
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,Ue;jd.
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midj;Jk; ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fis Mq;fp
NyaUf;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;aj; J}z;L
Nfhyhf mike;jJ.

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O 1857-y;

tq;fhsj;jpy;
guhf;G+hpy;jhd;
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cldbahf mlf;fg;gl;L Gul;rpahsh;fs;
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Mz;L Nk khjk; kPul;bypUe;j gilg;
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k`hy;> fd;th;rpq; MfpNahh; jpfo;e;jdh;.
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nly;yp> fhd;G+h; kw;Wk; yf;Ndh Mfpa
itahFk;.

fhd;g+h; :
O kuhj;jpa gP~;th
jj;Jg; Gjy;thud

,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd;
ehdhrhfpg; fhd;G+hpy;

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Gul;rpahsh;fSld; ,iz e;J> Gul;rpf;F

jiyik jhq;fpj; jd;id Ng~;th
vd
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jhe;jpahNjhg; MfpNahh;
jiyik jhq;fpdhh;. ,UtUk; tPuj;Jld;
Nghhpl;ldh;. MZil jhpj;J ,uhZtj;
je;jpuj;Jld; ,uhzp
,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; cz;
ikahd xU tPuidg;Nghy; tPug; Nghh;
Ghpe;J Fthypaiu
Fthypaiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ,Ug;
gpDk; [hd;rp ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; 1858
Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjk; eilnw;w Nghhpy;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. jg;gpr; nrd;w jhe;jpah
Njhg;Gk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;
lhh;.

g;nua;yp :
O Nuhfpy;fz;bd;

jiyefuhd gpnua;ypapy;;
giltPuh;fs; Gul;rp nra;jdh;. mth;fs;
jq;fs;
(Nuhfpy;
y;yh;fspd;)
jiytid
jq;fs; gFjpf;F MSeuhf mwptpj;jdh;.

gPfhh; :

nly;yp :
O

Gul;rpahsh;fs; trk; ,Ue;j nly;ypia

rh; Mh;r;Nly; tpy;rd;> epf;fy;rd; kw;Wk;
rh; [hd; yhud;]; Mfpa ,uhZt
mjpfhhpfs; kPl;ldh;.
nly;yp ifg;gw;wg;
gl;L> Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; Mq;fpNy
ah;fshy; ,uf;fkpd;wp nfhy;yg; gl;ldh;.
nkhfyha kd;duhd ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h;~h
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L
MAs;
ifjpahf
uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;. mth;
mq;F jdJ 87tJ tajpy; ,we;jhh;.

O gPfhhpy;

cs;s Muhtpy;
Muhtpy;> [fjP~;G+hpd;
epyg;gpuGTk;> 80 taJ epuk;gpatUkhd
fd;
fd;th;rpq; Gul;rpf;Fj;
jiyikj;jhq;fp> 1858y;
jhd;
,wf;Fk;
tiuapYk;
tPuj;Jld;
rz;ilapl;lhh;.
,th;
Nkw;Fg; gPfhhpd; kpfr;
rpwe;j ,uhZtj; js
gjpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd;> mtU
ila rNfhjuh; mkh;
mkh;rpq; Gul;rpf;Fj;
jiyik jhq;fpdhh;. Mdhy; Gul;rp tpiu
tpy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.

yf;Ndh :
O yf;Ndh Gul;rpapd; xU ikakhf tpsq;
fpaJ.
jiyik Mizah;fshd rh;
n`d;wp yhud;];> fh;dy;
ePy; MfpNahh; nfhy;yg;
gl;ldh;.mNahj;jp ethg;gpd;
kidtpahdNgfk; `];uj;
k`hy;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F
vjpuhf fyff;fhuh;fSld;
Nrh;e;J Gul;rpapy; <Lgl; lhh;. ,Wjpahf
rh; fhypd; Nfk;g;ngy; vd;gtuhy; yf;Ndh
1858 khh;r; khjk; kPlfg;
f
; g;gl;lJ.

Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :

O Gul;rpahsh;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l xw;Wik

apd;ikNa ,g;Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;F Kjy;

kw;Wk; Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.
O Gul;rp

ehL KOtJk; guttpy;iy. tl

,e;jpahtpy; kl;LNk Gul;rp ikak; nfhz;
bUe;jJ. njd;
njd;dpe;jpah> gQ;rhg;> rpe;J
kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd; ,g;Gul;rpapy; gq;Nfw;
ftpy;iy.

kj;jpa ,e;jpah :
O kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w Gul;rpf;F
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Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; :

O ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW kd;dh;fSk;> nry;t

k; kpf;f [kPd;jhh;fSk; ,g;Gul;rpapy; gq;F

nfhs;stpy;iy.
O Gul;rpia

Mjhpf;fhj
eLepiy tfpj;jdh;.

,e;jpa

O ngUk;Gul;rp ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Muk;gpf;

fg;gl;lNjh me;j Nehf;fj;ij mila

tpy;iy.vdpDk; gy;NtW tpisT fis
Vw;gLj;jpd. ,g;Gul;rp ,e;jpa Ml;rpapy;
khw;wq;fis nfhz;L te;jJ. Mq;
Mq;fpy
tzpff;
FOtpd;
Ml;rpp
KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy
murpd; Neub Ml;rp eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
1858y; xU rpwg;Gr; rl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb> fl;Lg;ghl;
Lf; FOTk; (Board of Control) kw;Wk;
,af;Feh; FOTk; (Board of Directors)
fiyf;fg;gl;ld.
,tw;wpw;Fg;
gjpyhf
,e;jpa eph;thfg; nghWg;ig ftdpf;f
,e;jpar; nrayhsUk;> mtUf;F cjtp
nra;a 15 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jp
af; FOTk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpaj;
jiyik MSeh;>,e;jpa itrpuha;
itrpuha; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. itrpuha;
itrpuha; vd;gjw;F
murg;
murg;gpujpepjp
vd;W nghUs;. ,e;jpa
pujpepjp
kd;dh;fSf;F jj;
jj;J vLf;Fk; chpik
chpik
toq;fg;gl;lJ.,uf;fkw;w Kiwapy; ,e;jpa
muir ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nfhs;if
iftplg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; Kw;wp
Yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
goikahd
gz;ghL
gof;ftof;fq;fs;
,dp kjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W cWjp mspf;fg;
gl;lJ.
,e;jpah;fSf;F
KO
rkar;
Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. midj;J ,e;jp
ah;fSk; ,df;nfhs;if NtWghL ,d;wp>
jFjp kw;Wk; jpwik mbg;gilapy; muR
eph;thfg;gzpfspy; Eioa jFjpAila
th;fs; vdTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. gPuq;fpg;
gil Mq;fpNyah;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
,e;jpah
Rje;jpuk;
ngWtjw;fhd tpij ,g;Gul;rpapd; %yk;
tpijf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1947 Mk; Mz;L
Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij KbTf;F nfhz;L
te;jJ.

murh;fs;

O nghJthf gbj;j ,e;jpah;fs; ,g;Gul;rpia

Mjhpf;ftpy;iy.
O je;jp

kw;Wk; jghy; Jiw Mq;fpNyah;

fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjhy; jf;f ,uhZt el
tbf;if vLf;fTk;. jq;fsJ gilg; gphpT
fis ntFtpiutpy; Gul;rp ele;j ,lq;
fSf;F mDg;gTk; NgUjtp Ghpe;jJ.

O Gul;rpahsh;fs;

etPd
Nghh;f;fUtpfisf;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
mth;fs;
jq;fsJ
goikahd MAjq;fisf; nfhz;L Mq;fpy
,uhZtj;ij vjph; nfhz;ldh;. ,t;thA
jq;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; etPd Nghh;f;fUtp
fSf;F <lhftpy;iy.

O Gul;rpapd; jiyth;fs; ehdhrhfpg;> jhe;jpah

Njhg; MfpNahh; Mq;fpyg;

fSf;F <lhdth;fs; my;y.

gilj;jsgjp

O 1857>

Nk 31Mk; ehs; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;j

Gul;rp> jpl;lkplg;gl;l ehl;fSf;F Kd;d
jhfNt njhlq;fptpl;lJ. vdNt> Gul;rpf;F
Njitahd Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; KOikail
ahky; Njhy;tpf;F top tFj;jd.

O Gul;rpahsh;fs;

jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk; nray;

ghLfspy; kpff; Fiwe;j gapw;rpNa ngw;wp
Ue;jdh;. ,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; tPuj; jpYk;>
jpahfj;jpYk; rpwe;jth;fs; vdpDk;> gil
fis jiyikNaw;W elj;jpr; nry;tjpYk;>
tPuh;fisf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;J ,Ug;g
jpYk; jtwptpl;ldh;.

O Gul;rpahsh;fspilNa

xUkpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;
,y;iy. ,];yhkpah;fs; Kfyha muir
kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp
dhh;fs;. ,e;Jf;fs; kuhj;jpa nry;thf;if
kPz;Lk; epWt Kaw;rpj;jdh;.

tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp Nguwpf;if 1858 :

O 1858Mk;

O Mq;fpNyah;fs;

jq;fspd; murpay; je;jpu

gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;ifapd; %yk;
khd gphpj;
,e;jpa murh;fis xU nghJthd fhuz
j;jpw;fhf xd;W Nrutplhky; jil nra;jdh;.

Mz;L
etk;gh;
1k;
Njjp
,e;jpahtpd; filrp jiyik MSeUk;;
Kjyhk; itrpuhAk; Md fhdpq;gpuG myfh
gj;jpy; eilngw;w khngUk; $l;lj;jpy;
tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf; ifia
ntspapl;lhh;.

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fpsh;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;w jiyth;fspd; KbT :

O mJ ,e;jpa kf;fspd; kfhrhrdk; (chpik

rhrdk;) vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nguwpf;

ifapd; gb ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig
,dp ,q;fpyhe;J murp Neubahf Nkw;
nfhs;thh; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt
mtUf;F gjpyhf
jpyhf mtuJ gpujpepjp ,e;jp
ahtpd;
Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig Nkw;nfhs; thh;
vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb fhdpq; gpuG
Kjy; murg;gpujp epjp
Mdhh; ,e;jpa murh;
fSld; Mq;fpy tzp
ff; FO nfhz;bUe;j
cld;gbf;iffSf;F
cWjpaspf;fg;gl;ld.
midtUf;Fk;
nghJ
kd;dpg;G
toq;fg;gl;
lJ.
,e;jpahtpd;
goikahd gz;ghLk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk;
kjpf;fg;gLk; vd cWjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ. Gul;
rpapd; NghJ Mq;fpNyahpd; kuzj;jpw;F
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;fs; jtpu> kw;w mid
tUf;Fk; epge;jidaw;w nghJ kd;dpg;G
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
O ,g;Gul;rpahdJ

Njrg;gw;iw kf;fspilNa
tpopj;njor; nra;J Njrpa
Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;
Wtjw;F toptFj;jJ. ,g;Gul;rp gpd; dh;
ele;j ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU
%yf;fhuzkhf mike;J> 1947-y;
1947
,e;jpah
Rje;jpukila cjtpaJ.

O Gul;rpapd; jiyth;fs; :

fhd;g+h;

yf;Ndh
[hd;]p

- ehdh rhNfg;> uht; rhNfg;>

jhe;jpah
NjhNg
kw;Wk;
m`kjy;yh
- Ngfk;`];uj; kfy; kw;Wk;
m`kJy;yh
- ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha;

,uz;lhk;
gfJ}h; ~h

- uq;$Df;F ehLflj;jg;gl;L
mq;F kdk; tUe;jp 1861y;
,we;jhh;.
- Neghsj;jpw;F jg;gp xbdh;.

ehdh
rhNfg;
kw;Wk;
Ngfk;
jhe;jpah
- gpbg;gl;L 15 Vg;uy; 1859k;
NjhNg
Mz;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
,uhzp
- Fthypah; Nghhpy; 17 [_d;
nyl;Rkpgha;
1858k;
Mz;L
nfhy;
y
g;
g
l;
l
hh;
.
Fd;th; rpq; - 1857 Mf];by; mtj;jpw;F
jg;gp nrd;W gpd;G kPz;Lk;
1858
Vg;uypy;
gPfhUf;F
te;J Nghh;fsj;jpy; 9 Nk
1858y; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

Gul;rpapy;
Fwpg;Gfs;:

<Lgl;ltu;fspd;

tho;f;if

kq;fs; ghz;Nl
O kq;fs; ghz;Nl (Mangal
Mangal Pandey>
Pandey R+iy 19>

1827 Vg;uy; 8> 1857) vd;gtu;; Mq;fpy

fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;gdpapd; tq;fhsj;jpd; 34tJ
nu[pnkz;l;by; xU gil tPuuhf ,Ue;jtu;.
,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuu;fspy;
Kd;Ndhbfspy;
xUtuhff;
fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;gdpf;nfjpuhff; fpsu;rr
; papy;
<Lgl;likf;fhf kuzjz;lid tpjpf;
tp fg;gl;Lj;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;.

tho;f;ifr; RUf;fk;:
O ghz;Nl cj;jug; gpuNjrj; jpy; ehf;th vd;w

mh;uh(gPfhh;) - Fd;th; rpq; (n[fjp];g+h;

[kPd;jhh;>
Mq;fpNyauhy;
(gPfhh;)
gjtp
,wf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lth;)
kw;Wk;
mtuJ rNfhjuh; mkh; rpq;.
gNua;yp
- fhd;; gfJ}h; fhd; (Nuhfpy;
fz;bd;
filrp
Ml;rpahshpd; Ngud;)

fpuhkj; jpy; gpwe;jhu;.ehf;th fpuhk kf;fs;

jq;fs;
Kd;Ndhuhf
uhf
kq;fy;ghz;NliaNa
Fwpg;gpLtu;. kpfTk; jPtpu
khd ,e;Jthd ghz;Nl
1849 ,y; Mq;fpNyaupd;
Mq;fpNyaf;
fpof;fpe;jp
af; fk;gdpapy; jdJ 22
tJ tajpy; ,ize;jhu;.
mf;fk;gdpapd; 34tJ gpup
tpy;
gzpGupe;jhu;;.
,g;gpuptpdNu
mjd;
gpupl;b~; mYtyu;fisj; jhf;fp rpg;gha;f;
fpsu;r;rp> 1857 my;yJ ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghiu Muk;gpj;J itj;jtu;fs;.

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1857 epfo;T:

(mf;Nlhgu;
1775

7
etk;gu;
1862)
,e;jpahtpd; filrp Kfyhag; NguurUk;>
ij%upa tk;rj;jpd;
jpd; filrp Ml;rpahsUk;
Mthu;. ,tu; Kfyhag;
Nguuru; ,uz;lhk; mf;gu;
rh
rhdp
vd;gtUf;F>
mtuJ ,e;J uhrGj;jpu
kidtpahd
yhy;gha;
%yk; gpwe;jtu;. ,uz;
lhk; mf;gu; rh 1838 Mk;
Mz;L nrg;nlk;gu; khjk;
28 Mk; Njjp fhykhd gpd;du; gfJ}u; rh
r/ghu; Kfyhag; Nguuru; Mdhu;. r/ghu;
vd;gJ xU cUJg; Gytuhf mtu; jdf;F
itj;Jf;nfhz;l Gidngau; MFk;. ,tuJ
je;ijahu; ,uz;
,uz;lhk; mf;gu; rh rhdp" 1806
f;Fk;> 1837 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
tpiuthfr; RUq;fp te;j Kfyhag; Nguuir
Mz;L
te;jhu;.
,f;
fhyj;jpNyNa
gpupj;jhdpaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;gdp Kfyhag;
Nguurupd; rhu;gpy; Ml;rp elj;jp te;jJ.

O fy;fj;jhtpd; guhf;G+u; efupy; khu;r; 29> 1857

khiyapy;
jdJ
gpuptpy;
cs;s
gy
rpg;gha;fs; fpsu;e;njOj;j epiyapy; cs;shu;
fs; vd nyg;bdz;l; Ngh (Baugh
Baugh) vd;gtd;
mwptpj;jhd;. mj;Jld; mtu;fspy; kq;fs;
ghz;Nl vd;gtd; Jg;ghf;fpAld; kw;iwa
rpg;gha;fis fpsu;r;rpf;F tUkhW mioj;Jf;
f
nfhz;bUe;jjhfTk; Kjypy; fhZk; nts;
isf;fhuiu Rl;L tpLtjhfTk; ga KWj;jpf;
nfhz;bUg;gjhfTk; mwptpj;jhd; Ngh cl
NdNa jdJ Fjpiuapy; Vwp thisAk;
cUtpf;nfhz;L
rpg;gha;fis
Nehf;fpr;
nrd;whd;.
Fjpiur;
rj;jj;ijf;
Nfl;l
ghz;Nl
mq;fpUe;j
gPuq;fpapd;
gpd;dhy;
kiwe;
e;J nfhz;L Nghit Nehf;fpr; Rl;lhd;.
vdpDk;
mJ
Fwp
jtwp
Fjpiuiaj;
jhf;fpaJ. Ngh ghz;Nlia Nehf;fpr; Rl
Muk;gpj;jhd;. ghz;Nl jdJ this cUtp
Nghitj; jhf;fpf; fhag;gLj;jpdhd;. mjd;
gpd;dNu N~f; ghy;l;L vd;w NtnwhU
rpg;gha; ghz;Nlia NkYk; jhf;fhjhthW
jLj;J epWj;;jpdhh; ghz;Nl gpd;du; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L xU thuj;jpd; gpd;du; tprhu
izapd; gpd;du; mtDf;F kuz jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Vg;uy; 8> 1857 ,y; mtd;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhd;. 34tJ ,uhZtg; gpupT
jdJ mYtyu;fisg; ghJfhf;fj; jtwp
aikf;fhf Nk 6 Mk; ehs; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.

O ,uz;lhk; mf;gu; rh rhdp> mtuJ thuprhf

O ghz;Nlapd;
d; jhf;Fjy; ,e;jpau;fspd; vOr;rp

f;F
Kd;Ndhbahfg;
gyuhYk;
ghu;f;fg;
gLfpwJ. kq;fs; ghz;Nl jpahfp"

vdg;
gpd;dhy; fUjg;gl;lhh;.
O kq;fs; ghz;Nlapd; tuyhw;iwr; rpj;jupf;Fk;

rpy jpiug;glq;fs; ntsp te;jd. The Rising

vd;w jpiug;glk; 2005 ,y; ntspte;jJ
O ,e;jpa

muR kq;fs; ghz;Nl epidthf

mf;Nlhgu; 5> 1984 ,y; mQ;ry; jiy
xd;iwAk; Kjy;-ehs; ciwiaAk; ntsp
apl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; gfJ}h;~h

O mG r/ghu; rpuhRj;jPd; Kfk;kj; gfJ}u; ~h

r/ghu; vd;Dk; KOg; ngau; nfhz;ltUk;

gf J}u; rh> ,uz;lhk;
gfJ}u; rh vd;Dk;
ngau;
fshYk;
miof;fg;gl;
ltUkhd
gfJ}u;
rh r/ghu; (Bahadur
Bahadur Shah Zafar)
Zafar

gfJ}u; rh r/ghuiuj; njupT nra;atpy;iy.

mtuJ xU kidtpahd Kk;jhR Ngfk;
jdJ kfd; kpu;rh nrfhq;fPiu thuprhfj;
njupT nra;Ak;gb tw;GWj;jp te;jhu;. mf;gu;
rh ,jw;F ,zq;Fk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk;>
kpu;rh [fhq;fPu; Mq;fpNyaUld; ey;YwT
nfhz;buhjjhy; ,J rhj;jpakhftpy;iy.

Nguuruhf gfJhH ~h:

gfJ}u; rh Ml;rp nra;j Kfyhag; NguuR>
jpy;ypf; Nfhl;ilapYk; rw;Wg;
g ngupajhfNt
,Ue;jJ. gpupl;b~hNu
Nu mf;fhyj;J ,e;jp
ahtpy; gyk; tha;e;j murpay;> ,uhZt
rf;jpahf tpsq;fpdu;. Mq;fpNya ,e;jpah
Tf;F ntspNa rpwpJk; ngupJkhd gy
muRfs; ,Ue;jd. Mq;fpNyau; Kfyhag;
NguurUf;
uurUf;F XusT kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;jJld;>
mtUf;F Xa;T+jpak; toq;fg;gl;lJld;> rpy
tupfis
mwtpLtjw;fhd
cupikAk;>
jpy;ypapy; rpwpa gilnahd;iw itj;jpUg;
gjw;fhd mDkjpAk; nfhLf;fg; gl;bUe;jJ.
,jdhy; mtu; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j ve;j
rf;jpf;Fk;
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vt;
mf;fiwAk; ,y;yhjpUe;jJld;> NguuR vz;
zq;fs; vJTk; ,y;yhjtuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

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apUe;j Kfyha tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j tu;fs;

gyu; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu; my;yJ
ehLflj;jg;gl;ldu;.
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itj;jJ.

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NghJ ,tuJ vOj;Jf; fspy; xUgFjp
xU
mope;
ope;J NghapDk;> mtu; vOjp atw;Ws; gy
jg;gp tpl;lJld;> gpd;du; Fy;ypaj;- , r/ghu;
vd;Dk; ngaupy; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. ,tuJ
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gpupj;jhdpa
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,tuJ jFjpf;F mjpfkhdjhfNt> ,tuJ
rigapy; gy Gfo; ngw;w cUJg; Gytu;fs;
,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fspy;> fhypg;> lhf;> Kkpd;>
rhTf; (jhTf;) vd;gtu;fs; mlq;Ftu;.

O gfJ}u;

rh ehLfle;j epiyapy; 1862

etk;gu; 7 Mk; Njjp uq;$dpy; fhykhdhu;.
,tuJ cly; uq;$dpy; cs;s RNtjhfd;
gNfhlhTf;F mUfpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;
gl;lJ. ,J ,g;NghJ gfJ}u; rh ju;fh vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.[2] ,tuJ kidtp
rPdj; kfy; 1886 Mk; Mz;L fhykhdhu;.

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1857
Mk;
Mz;bd;
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gilapdu;
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xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd Njit Vw;gl;ljdhy;>
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N
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jpUe;jJld;> Kfyhag; Nguurpd; topapdu;
MfTk; ,Ue;jJ mtu; kw;nwtupYk; jFjpah
dtuhff; fUjg;glf; fhuzkhapw;W.
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xl;rd;> r/ghupd; Mz;kf;fshd kpu;rh Kfy;>
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MfpNahiu jpy;yp EiothapYf;F mUfpd;
cs;s $dp ju;thrh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
itj;Jr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. r/ghupd; FLk;
gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Vuhskhd
khd Mz; cWg;
cW gp
du;fs; gpupl;b~huhy;
uhy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. jg;gp

O ehLflj;jg;gl;L

,Ue;jNghJ gfJ}u;
gf
rh
r/ghu; mtuJ Gfo; ngw;w ,uz;L ahu;L
epyk; (Mwb epyk;) vdj; jiyg;gpl;l
,Utupg; ghliy vOjpdhu;. cUJ nkhop
nk
apy; vOjg;gl;l ,g; ghlypy; jdJ nrhe;j
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$l ,y;yhj epiyiaapl;L kdk; tUe;jp
As;shu;.

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kpgha;
,uhzp
uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; my;yJ[hd;
J
rp ,uhzp
(Rani Lakshmibai>>
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17> 1858) tlkj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; rhd;rp
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ngUk;gq;fhw;wp ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b~hupd;
~h
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O ,f;

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O etk;gu; 19> 1835,y; thuzhrpapy; gpuhkzf;

FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j nksupage;ju;-gfPujpgha;

jk;gjpapdUf;Fg;
gpwe;jtu;
[hd;rp
,uhzp. ,tUf;Fg;
ngw;Nwhu;
,l;l
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pfh
,tu; kD vdTk;
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
,tUf;F ehd;F tajhFk; NghJ gfPujpgha;
,we;J Nghdhu;. ,tu; rpW tajpNyNa

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FjpiuNaw;wKk;
ths;
tPr;Rk;
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,we;jhu;.

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J mj;
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tPug; ngz;kzp. gpupl;b~hu;
~h %d;W ehl;fspd;
gpd;du; Fthypaiuf; ifg;gw;wpdu;.

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hd;rpia

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gw;w xU tPuhq;fidahf vd;nwd;Wk;
,tu; ngau; mopahg; Gfo; ngw;Ws;sJ.

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kfd;; jhNkhju; uhit Ml;rpapy; mku;j;j

vz;zpdhu; [hd;rp uhzp.
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MSeu;
ly;`Trp>
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apd;gb> jj;Jg; gps;is
ia
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why;> me;j muR jq;fSf;Nf nrhe;jk; vd
cupik nfhz;lhb te;j Mq;fpNyau;fs;
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&ghia Xa;T+jpakhff; nfhLj;J [hd;rpf;
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[y;fhupgha;
O [y;fhupgha;

kiwT :
O ,uhzp

,yl;Rkpgha;> jhNkhju; uhTlDk;

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gilfSlDk;
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FthypaUf;Fr; nrd;W Fthypaupd; kfhuh[h
[ah[puht; rpe;jpahtpd; giliaj;
gilia
Njhw;

(Jhalkaribai)
Jhalkaribai)
etk;gu; 22> 1830-1890)
1890)
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apd;
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tfpj;j Xu; ,e;jpar; Rje;
jpug;
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gpd;du;>
kpf
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g wTk;
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cau;e;jhu;.
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uhzp yl;Rkpghiag; Nghy; cil mzpe;J
nfhz;L gilf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp> uhzp
yl;Rkpgha; Nfhl;ilia tpl;Lg;
g ghJfhg;ghf
ntspNa nry;tjw;F cjtp nra;jhu;.

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tp.b.rthh;fh;

O [y;fhupghapd; tPu tuyhW gy E}w;whz;Lfs;

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:
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ahf Vw;Wr; nray;gLj;jpdhu;.

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tdj;Jiw ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

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tpl;lhu;.
(mJ
mJ
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;dNu eilKiwf;F te;jJ)

rPu;jpUj;
jpUj;jq;fs; nra;a efuhl;rpf; fofr;
rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. muNr ,uapy;fS
f;F cWg;gpdu;fSk; Nju;e;njLf; fg;gl;ldu;.

O 1865,y;

nghJg;gzpfs; :
O ,uapy; ghijfs; NkYk; tpupthf;fg; gl;Lg;

Nghf;Ftuj;J
mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
muNr
,uapy;
ghijfs;
NghLk;
gzpiaj;
njhlq;fpaJ. mjd; epu;thfKk; murpd;
Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; nray;gl Muk;gpj;jJ.
gil nryitf; Fiwj;J Mf;fg;gzpf;F
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. nghJg;gzpj; J
iwia mtNu Vw;Wr; nray;gl;lhu;. fpof;F
aKidf;
fhy;tha;>
Nkw;F
aKidf;
fhy;tha;>
rhujh
ujh
fhy;tha;
Nghd;w
ePu;g;ghrdj;
jpl;lq;fis
,tu;
Vw;gLj;
jpdhu;. uh[Gjdj;jpy; NkNah fy;Y}upia
Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
1870,y;
,e;jpahTf;Fk;
,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; Neubj; njhlu;G nfhs;s
je;jp epiyaKk;
yaKk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
gok;
ngUikia
ntspf;fhl;lg;
gok;
nghUs; Ma;tpay; Jiw
Ji Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
tzpfk;
kw;Wk;
Ntshz;ikj;
Jiw
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L
thzp
thzpgKk;
tptrhaKk;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;
gl;lJ. cg;GtupAk;> tUkhd
tupAk; mjpfupf;fg; gl;ld. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy;
tpf;Nlhupah
kfhuhzpahupd;
,uz;lhtJ
kfd; vbd;gu;f; Nfhkfd; 1869,y; ,e;jpah
tpw;F te;jhu;.

O gQ;rk; : ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; ,UKiw fLk;

gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. 1866,y; xurhtpy; fLk;

gQ;rKk;> nts;sKk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy;
Rkhu; ,UgJ yl;rk; kf;fs; capu;tpl;ldu;.
1868-69,y;
69,y;
,uh[Gjdj;jpYk;
gz;Nly;
fz;bYk;
nfhba
gQ;rk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
MfNt gQ;r epthuzf; FO xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

khNah(1869
1872)
khNah(18691869-1872)
ru;
[hd;
yhud;];f;F
gpwF khNah
it];uh
ahf nghWg;Ngw;whu;. yhu
d;]; gpuGit gpd; gw;wp
NkNah
1869 ,y; murg;
gpupjpepjpahdhu;. ,tu;1852>
1858> 1866 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; mau; yhe;J
tptfhu mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wp atu;.

rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; :

O kf;fs;

njhiff;
ff; fzf;nfLg;G : ehl;bd;
kf;fs;njhif
njhif tsu;r;rpiaAk; nghUshjhu
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; mwpa kf;fs; njhiff;
fzf;nfLg;G elj;j NkNah gpuG cj;jputpl
lhu;.

O ,tUila fhyj;jpy; jhd;

upr;ru;L nlk;gpy; kw;Wk; ];l;uhr;rp

rNfhjuu;fspd;
cjtpAld;
xU
tuT
tuTnryTj; jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy;
MWNfhb &gha; cgupahf ,Ue;jJ. 1870
Mk; Mz;by; epjp gd;Kfg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk; rpy tupfs;
t#ypf;Fk; cupik khepy muRf;Nf jug;
gl;lJ. tUthapy; kPjp ,Ue;jhy; mjid
mLj;j Mz;bw;F itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
,jd; %yk; tutpYk; khepy muRfSf;Fr;
nrytpYk;
KO
mjpfhuk;
jug;gl;lJ.
,jdhy; Cuhl;rp Kiwf;F top Vw;gl;lJ.
gy khepyq;fspy; epjpepiyiar; rupnra;J

Gul;rp ,af;f
q;fspd; Kd;Ndhbahf fUjg;gLk; thRNjt;
thRNjt;
gy;te;j; gl;Nf
l;rpahsuhf
cUthdhu;.
f Gul;
,tu; jdJ Gul;rp
,af;fq;fs;
%yk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F ngUk; ,og;ig Vw;g;gLj;jp
dhu;. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Gul;rp ,af;fk; Vw;gl
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;.

O ru;

thRNjt; gy;te;j; gl;Nf

O

thRNjt; gy;te;j; gl;Nf (Vasudeo

(
Balwant
Phadke)) (4 etk;gu; 1845 17 gpg;utu; 1883)
,e;jpa MAjg;
jg; Gul;rpf; FOf;fspd; je;ij
vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu;> ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;

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fhfg; Nghuhba kuhl;ba khtPuu;. Mq;fpNya

Ml;rpahy; rPu; FiyAk; ,e;jpag; nghU
shjhuk; fz;L nghUkpa
mtu;> MAjf; FOf;fis
cUthf;fp
nts;isau;
f[hdhitf;
nfhs;isab
j;J Mjpf;f Ml;rpia mjpu
itj;jhu;.
kuhl;baj;jpd;
uhNkh~p> Nfhyp];> gpy;];>
jhq;fu;];
[hjp
kf;fis
jpul;ba
gl;Nf>
mtu;fspy;
Nju;e;
njLf;fg;;gl;l 300 ,isQu;fisf; nfhz;L
xU
jhf;Fjy;
gilia
cUthf;fpdhu;.
mtu;fSf;F Jg;ghf;fpahy; RLjy;> Fjpiu
Naw;wk;> jw;fhg;G cj;jpfisg;; gapw;Wtpj;jhu;.
,e;jg;gil Kjd; Kjyhf Mq;fpNya mu
Rf;F nrYj;Jtjw;fhf tR+ypj;J itf;fg;
gl;bUe;j fg;gg; gzk; &. 400 I xU
tzpfu; tPl;bypUe;J nfhs;is mbj;jJ.
me;jg;gzk;
gzk; gQ;rj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;f
spd; eyDf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,sik tho;f;if :

mikg;ig 1870 y; epWtpdhu; gl;Nf. mjd;

%ykhf ,isQu;fis gl;Nf xUq;fpizj;
jhu;. rhy;Nt
Nt cldhd; njhlu;ghy;> gpw;gLj;
jg;gl;l
[hjpiar;
rhu;e;j
kf;fSld;
,ize;J gzp Guptjd; thapyhfNt Mq;fp
Nyaiu vjpu;f;f KbAk; vd;W czu;e;jhu;
gl;Nf.
O Rje;
Rje;jpu ufrpa rq;fk;
k vd;w xd;iw epWtp

ky;Aj;jk;> ths; rz;il> fj;jpr; rz;il>

FjpiuNaw;wk; vd gy gapw;rpfis ,isQu;
,is
fSf;
f;F nfhLj;jhu;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F
cjtplTk; ViofSf;F mspj;jplTk; Njit
g;gl;l gzj;ij> thRNjt gy;te;j; gl;Nfapd;
fpuhk kf;fs; mlq;fpa gil xd;W gzf;
fhuu;fsplkpUe;J R+iwahbaJ. Mq;fp Nya
murpd; ngaiu nfLg;gjhf ,tuJ nray;
fis mike;jd. ghy fq;fhju; jpyfu;
jpyfu
,tUila ghriwapy; gapw;rp vLj;jhu;.

muRg; gzpj; Jwg;G :

O ,e;epiyapy; jhd; gl;Nfapd; tho;tpy; jpUg;G

Kidahd rk;gtk; ele;jJ. mtuJ jha;

kuzj; jWthapy; ,Ue;jNghJ mtiuf;
fhz tpLKiwf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jhu; gl;Nf.
Mdhy;> tpLKiw kWf;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy;
jhapd;
apd; ,Wjpf;fzj;jpy; mtuhy; cldpUf;f
Kbahky; NghdJ. ,jdhy; kdk; ntFz;l
gl;Nf muRg; gzpapypUe;J tpyfpdhu;. Vw;f
dNt mtuJ neQ;rpy; fdd;w Rje;jpu
jhfk;> vupkiyaha; ntbj;jJ.

O kfhuh~;buhtpd; uh[;fhl; khtl;lk;> gd;Nty;

tl;lk;>
~pu;jhd;
fpuhkj;jpy;>
tptrhaf;
FLk;gj;jpy;>
kuhl;ba
rpj;gtd;
gpuhkz
tFg;gpy;> 4.11.1845 y; gpwe;jhu; thRNjt;
gy;te;j; gl;Nf. rpWtajpNyNa ky;Aj;jk;
cs;spl;l clw;gapw;rp rhfrq;fspy; ehl;lk;
nfhz;bUe;j gl;Nf> cau;epiyg; gs;spapy;
,ilepd;whu;.
vdpDk;>
Gdhtpy;
,Ue;j
uhZt fzf;Fj; Jiwapy; vOj;juhfg; gzp
Gupa tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. mq;F mtu; 15
Mz;Lfs; gzpGupe;jhu;. mg;NghJ Mq;fp
NyNa Ml;rpapd; mepahaq;fis Neupy;
fhZk; tha;g;G ngw;whu;.

Mq;fpyf; fUT+yf; nfhs;is :

O 1875 y; gNuhlh rk];jhdj;jpd; nfa;f;thl;

Gul;rpg; gil ,af;fk;:

O mg;NghJ Gul;
ul;rptPuu; yh`P[p t];jhj; rhy;Nt

cld; gl;NfTf;F njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ. rhy;Nt

elj;jpa clw;gapw;rprhiy nrd;w gl;Nf>
mq;F Njrgf;jpg; gpurhuq;fis mwpe;jhu;.
mNj rkak; kuhl;baj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;W
tpsq;fpa kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j uhdNltpd;
nrhw;
nghopTfisAk;
mtu;
Nfl;lhu;.
mg;NghJ>
NghJ> ekJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsk;
Mq;fpNya murhy; nfhs;isabf;fg;gLtJ
gl;NfTf;Fg;
Gupe;jJ.
,jw;F
khw;whf
VjhtJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w cs;sf;
fplf;ifapy;> 'If;fpa tu;j;jpdp rghvd;
w
rgh

kd;du;
Mq;fpNya
murhy;
gjtpePf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
mjid
vjpu;j;J
gl;Nf
kf;fsplk; jPtpukhf gpurhuk; nra;jhu;. me;j
rkaj;jpy; jf;fhzg; gPlG+kpapy; fLk; gQ;rk;
epytpaJ. Mq;fpNya muR ehl;il Ruz;L
tjpy; fhl;ba mf;fiwia ehl;
eh L kf;fisf;
fhg;gjpy; fhl;Ltjpy;iy vd;gij czu;e;j
gl;Nf> gQ;rj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F
cjtj; Jbj;jhu;.mjw;fhf Mq;fpNya murpd;
fUT+yq;fisf; nfhs;isabf;fTk; Jzpe;
jhu;. muRg; gzj;ijf; nfhs;isabj;j
Fk;gy; kPJ muR NjLjy; Ntl;ilia
KLf;fptpl;lJ. Mdhy;> cs;Shu; kf;fspd;
MjuT fhuzkhf> gl;Nf FOtpdiug; gpbf;f
Kbatpy;iy. gy ,lq;fspy; muR gzj;

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ijf; nfhs;isabj;j gl;Nf FO Mq;fpNya

muRf;F ngUk; ,luhf MdJ.

O Gdh nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl;l gl;NfTk; mtu;jk;

Njhou;fSk; Mq;fpNya murpd; tprhuizf;F

gpwF MAs; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
gl;Nf mNld; rpiwr;rhiyf;F mDg;gg;
gl;lhu;. Mdhy;> rpiwf;fjit cilj;J
jg;gpdhu; gl;Nf (13.2.1883). mjd;%ykhf
kuhl;bak; KOtJk; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
vdpDk; kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gl;Nfit
kPz;Lk; ifJ nra;j gpupl;B~; NghyPrhu;>
kPz;Lk; rpiwf;F mDg;gpdu;. rpiwapy; mt
Uf;F gaq;fu nfhLikfs; ,iof;fg; gl;ld.
mtw;iwf; fz;bj;J> rpiwf;Fs; cz;zhtpu
jj;ijj;
Jtf;fpdhu;
thRNjt;
gy;te;j;
gl;Nf. njhlu; cz;zhtpujj;jpd; Kbtpy;>
17.2.1883 y; capu; ePj;jhu; gl;Nf.

gpd;dilT :
O gl;Nftpd;

jsgjpahd jTyj;uht; ehaf;

vd;Dk; uhNkh~p ,dj;jiytu; rpf;fhyp
vd;w ,lj;jpy; muRf; fUT+yj;jpy;
p
&.1.5
yl;rk; muRg; gzj;ijf; nfhs;isabj;Jj;
jg;gpaNghJ muRg; gilfshy; R+og;gl;lhu;.
,U jug;Gf;Fk; ele;j Jg;ghf;fpr; rz;ilapy;
jTyj;uht; ehaf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. gl;Nftpd;
Kaw;rpfSf;F ngUk; rWf;fy; Vw;gl;lJ.
nfhs;isf; Fk;gypd; jiytdhd gl;NfTf;F
Mq;fpNya
muR
tiy
tpupj;jJ.
mtu;fsplkpUe;J
jg;gp
=iryk;
nrd;w
gl;Nf>
ky;ypfhu;[{du; Nfhapypy; jiykiwthf rpy
ehl;fs; ,Ue;jhu;. mq;fpUe;jgb> kPz;Lk; 500
,isQu;fs; nfhz;l kw;nwhU gilia
cUthf;fpdhu; gl;Nf. vdpDk; ngUk; MAj
gyk;
nfhz;l
Mq;fpNya
muR
Kd;
gl;Nftpd;
Kaw;rpfSf;F
ngUk;
gyd;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.

O fhD}u; vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpupl;B~; uhZtk; kPJ

gl;Nf FO elj;jpa Neubj; jhf;Fjy;>

muRf;F vr;rupf;ifahf mike;jJ. Mq;
fhq;F nfhs;isfspy; <Lgl;Lte;j thRNjt;
gy;te;j; gl;Nfitg; gpbj;Jj; jUNthUf;F
ntFkjp miog;gjhf muR mwptpj;jJ.
,jw;F
gjpybahf>
bahf>
gk;gha;
khfhz
MSeiug; gpbj;Jf; nfhLg;gtu; fSf;F
guprspg;gjhf gl;Nf mwptpj;jhu;.

O gl;Nftpd;

capu;j;
jpahfk;
Mq;fpNya
muRf;F xUthwhf mikjp
ia mspg;gjhf mike;jJ.
MapDk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehl;by;
Njhd;wpa Gul;rpg; gilfSf;F
gl;Nftpd;
tPuk;
ce;Jrf;jp
mspf;Fk; fhtpakhf khwpaJ.

O ,tu;

cUtk; nghwpj;j mQ;ry;

kj;jpa muR ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

jiyia

Ff;fh fofk; :
O Ff;fh

kj FUthd rj;FU uhk;rpq;[p

vdgthpd; jiyikia Vw;W kjj;njhz;lh
w;wp te;j Ff;fh kj ,uh Zt tPuuh;fs;
Rkhh; 200Ngh; 1872 Mk;
Mz;Lj; njhlf;fj;jpy;
jpBnud;W
gphplb~;
,uhZtj;ij vjph;j;Jg;
Nghhplj;
njhlq;fpdh;.
mjw;Ff;
fhuzk;>
Ff;fh
FU
uhk;rpq;
[papd;
Nghjidfs;
jhd;>
ntWk;
gf;jp
khh;f;f j;ij kl;Lk; Nghjpj;J te;j FUuhk;
rpq;[p> kj Rje;jpuk; Njit vd;why;>
murpay;
y;
Rje;jpuk;
mtrpak;
MFk;.
mjw;Fg; gf;jpkhh;f;fk; kl;L;k; NghjhJ. fh;k
khh;f;fj;ijAk; ehk; gapd;W nray;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. vd;W Nghjpj;J te;jjh;.

O Mq;fpy

murpd; NjLjy; Ntl;ilapypUe;J

jg;gpa gl;Nf> i`juhghj; rk];jhdj;jpw;F
nrd;whu;. mq;Fk; mtu; Gul;rpg; gilf;F Ms;
Nru;f;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;Lte;jhu;. Mdhy;>
,uTk; gfYk; gyE}W Mq;fpNya NghyPrhu;
gl;Nfit tiytPrpj; Njb te;jdu;. ep[hk;
murpd; fhtyu;fSk; mtu;fSf;F cjtpahf
gl;Nfitj; Juj;jpdu;. ,Wjpapy; ge;ju;g;G+u;
nry;Yk; topapy;
Nfhtpypy; kiwe;jpUe;j
gl;Nfit fyhl;rp vd;w ,lj;jpy; 20.7.1879 y;
Mq;fpNyaf; fhtyu; ifJ nra;jdu;.

O kpNyr;rh;fis

vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhb md;id

G+kpia tpLtpj;jhy; jhd;> ekJ kjKk;
tpLjiy ngWk; vd;w FUuhk;rpq;[papd;
gpur;rhuk; Ff;fh ,uhZt tPuh;fis jpBh;
jpBh

,Wjpf; fhyk; :

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Gul;rpf;F
J}z;btpl>
mth;fs;
jq;fs;
FUtplKk; Nfl;fhky;> jf;fj; jahhpg;G
vijAk; nra;J nfhs;shky; vjphpfshd
Mq;fpNyah;fs; kPJ gha;e;J tpl;lhh;fs;.
O Ff;fh ,uhZt tPuh;fspd; Gul;rp ,uz;Nl

ehl;fspy; mlf;fg;gl;L Rkhh; 68 Ngh; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;ldh;. mth;fspy; 50 Ngiu gPuq;fp
thapy; fl;bj; njhq;ftpl;L Rl;Lf;nfhd;wdh;
Mq;fpyg;gilapdh;. 18 Ngiu gfpuq;fkhf
rhiy xukuq;fspy; J}f;fpl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;.
FUuhk;rpq;[Pia 1872 [dthp 14 Mk;
Njjpad;W ifJ nra;J ehL flj;jpaJ
gphpl;b~; muR.

Rje;jpu Ml;rpia elj;jpa Rj;j

tPuh;fs;
,e;j t`hgp ,af; fj;jth;.
O 1897 Mk; Mz;by; ghPj;G+h; vd;w ,lj;
,l ijj;
jiyik
,lkhff;
nfhz;L
t`hgp
,af;fj; jiytuhd ~hpaj; cy;yhTk;>
mtuJ kfd; lhl;
lhl;LkpahDk; Gul;rpg; gil
fis top elj;jpdh;. mth;fsJ FO (Farz)
(
^l;b
flik
vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jf;FOtpdh;jhd; ehbah khtl;lj;ijAk;>
ghPj;G+h; gFjpiaAk; tpLtpj;J Rahl;rpia
];jk;gpj;jdh;.
O

t`hgp ,af;fk;
fk; :
O Ff;fh ,uhZt tPuh;fspd; vOr;rp

mlf;
fg;gl;l mNjMz;by; fpsh;e;J vOe;J
Gul;rp nra;j kw;nwhU Gul;rp ,af;fk; jhd;
t`hgp ,af;fk;.

O mkPh;fhd;

vd;
d;gth;
me;j
,af;fj;jpw;F
jiyik Vw;
w;W top elj;jpte;jhh;. Ghuj
Njrj;ij ghgh;> mf;gh;> ~h[fhd;> xsu
q;frPg;> ehjph;~h> gfJ}h;~h Nghd;w K];yPk;
kd;dh;fs;>rf;futh;j;jpfshfg; gl;lk; #l;bf;
nfhz;L
Mz;l
tuyhw;iw
K];yPk;
,isQh;fSf;F vLj;Jf;$wp> Mq;fpNyah;
fs;
s; tpahghuk; nra;a te;J> vg;gb #o;r;rp
nra;J Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jdh; vd;g ijAk;
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O t`hgp ,af;fk; vd;gJ> ,];yhkpa kjj;

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Mz;L ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 3 tJ gphptpd;gb
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24
MtJ
gh;f;fhdh gFjpfis gphpl;b~; Ml;rpahshpd;
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1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rp Njhy;tpAw;whYk;>

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khNahtpd; ,Wjp KbT :

O me;jkhd;

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,e;jpahtpd; gh];by; rpiwvd
rpiw
miof;fg;
gl;l
me;jkhd;
rpiwiag;
ghh;itapl
te;jhh;.

SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944
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27714

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SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944
Tirupur
27714
O rpiw mjpfhhpfs; Gil#o xt;nthU miw

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myp.

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O jdpikr;

ehu;j; g;&f;(1872(1872-1876)
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O NkNah

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jw;NghJ vq;fs; fy;tp epWtdj;jpy;

IAS>>TNPSC-Group
Group-I,Group II, SSC,
TET,
IBPS
IBPS-PO,
IBPS-SO-III
f;fhd
hd gapw;rp tFg;Gfs; eilngw;W
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O tupr;Rik

:
tupr;Rikiaf;
Fiwf;f
,wf;Fkjptupia 71 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 5

SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944
Tirupur
27714

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