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Topic1 Matter
Topic1 Matter
Topic1 Matter
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY SK016
Chapter
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
08/16/11
Topics
Hours
Matter
Atomic Structure
Periodic Table
Chemical Bonding
State of Matter
Chemical Equilibrium
Ionic Equilibria
Total
7
7
4
2
7
5
12
54
matter
CHEMISTRY SK026
Chapter
Topic
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
Thermochemistry
Electrochemistry
Reaction Kinetics
Intro To Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Compounds
Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides)
Hydroxy compounds
08/16/11
matter
Hours
4
6
7
4
8
3
4
3
3
CHEMISTRY SK026
Chapter
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
08/16/11
Topic
Carbonyl
Carboxylic acids & Derivatives
Amines
Amino acids and Proteins
Polymers
matter
Hour
4
4
5
2
1
ASSESSMENT
1. COURSEWORK (20%)
Continuous evaluation (tutorial/test/quiz) - 10%
Practical work
- 10%
2. MID-SEMESTER EXAMINATION
- 10%
matter
REFERENCE BOOKS
CHEMISTRY ,9th Ed. Raymond Chang, McGraw-Hill
CHEMISTRY The Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change, 3rd Ed. Martin Silberberg, McGraw Hill
CHEMISTRY The Central Science, 9th Ed. Theodore
L.Brown, H.Eugene LeMay,Jr, Bruce E Bursten,
Pearson Education
GENERAL CHEMISTRY Principle & Structure, 6th Ed.
James E Brady, John Wiley and Sons.
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matter
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matter
Chapter 1 : MATTER
1.1 Atoms and Molecules
1.2 Mole Concept
1.3 Stoichiometry
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matter
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matter
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
(a) Describe proton, electron and neutron in
terms of the relative mass and relative
charge.
(b) Define proton number, Z, nucleon
number, A and isotope.
(c) Write isotope notation.
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matter
10
Introduction
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has
mass.
e.g: air, water, animals, trees, atoms, etc
Matter may consists of atoms, molecules or
ions.
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matter
11
Classifying Matter
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matter
12
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matter
13
SOLID
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LIQUID
matter
GAS
15
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matter
16
matter
17
Subatomic Particles
Particle
Mass
Charge
Charge
(gram)
(Coulomb)
(units)
Electron (e)
9.1 x 10-28
-1.6 x 10-19
-1
Proton (p)
1.67 x 10-24
+1.6 x 10-19
+1
Neutron (n)
1.67 x 10-24
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matter
19
Isotope
Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same
element that have the same proton number in
their nucleus but different nucleon number.
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matter
20
Examples:
1
1
235
92
2
1
H(D)
238
92
3
1
H(T)
Isotope Notation
An atom can be represented by an isotope
notation ( atomic symbol )
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X=
Element symbol
Z =
A=
=
Nucleon number of X
p+n
matter
22
Nucleon number of
mercury, A = 202
Proton number
of mercury,
Z = 80
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matter
23
In
a neutral atom:
number of protons equals number of
electrons
In
a positive ion:
number of protons is more than number of
electrons
In
a negative ion:
number of protons is less than number of
electrons
Exercise 1
Give the number of protons, neutrons, electrons
and charge in each of the following species:
Symbol
Number of :
Proton
Charge
Neutron Electron
200
80
Hg
63
29
Cu
O2
17
8
Co3
59
27
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matter
25
Exercise 2
Write the appropriate notation for each of the
following nuclide :
Species
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Number of :
Proton
Neutron
Electron
10
matter
Notation
for nuclide
26
b) Molecules
A molecule consists of a small number of
atoms joined together by bonds.
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matter
27
A diatomic molecule
Contains only two atoms
Ex : H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
A polyatomic molecule
Contains more than two atoms
Ex : O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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matter
28
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, student should be able
to :
(a) Define relative atomic mass, Ar and
relative molecular mass, Mr based on
the C-12 scale.
(b) Calculate the average atomic mass of an
element given the relative abundance of
isotopes or a mass spectrum.
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matter
29
Relative Mass
i.
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30
31
Example 1
Determine the relative atomic mass of an
element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of Y to
carbon-12 atom is 0.45
ANSWER:
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matter
32
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1
12
matter
12
33
Example 2
Calculate the relative molecular mass of
C5H5N,
Ar C = 12.01
Ar H = 1.01
Ar N = 14.01
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matter
35
MASS SPECTROMETER
An atom is very light and its mass cannot be
measured directly
A mass spectrometer is an instrument used to
measure the precise masses and relative
quantity of atoms and molecules
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36
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37
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38
Relative abundance
63
8.1 9.1
24
25 26
the 3 isotopes
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matter
39
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, student should be able
to :
(a) Calculate the average atomic mass of an
element given the relative abundances of
isotopes or a mass spectrum.
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matter
40
matter
41
Example 1:
Calculate the relative atomic mass of neon
from the mass spectrum.
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42
Solution:
Average atomic
mass of Ne
=
= ( % a b u n d a n c e i s o t o p i c m a s s )
% abundance
(9 0 .5 2 0 u ) (0 .3 2 1 u ) (9 .2 2 2 u )
(9 0 .5 0 .3 9 .2 )
= 20.2 u
Relative atomic mass Ne = 20.2
Example 2:
Copper occurs naturally as mixture of
69.09% of 63Cu and 30.91% of 65Cu. The
isotopic masses of 63Cu and 65Cu are 62.93
u and 64.93 u respectively. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of copper.
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44
Solution:
Average atomic
mass of Cu
=
=
=
% abundanc e
( 6 9 .0 9 6 2 .9 3 u ) (3 0 .9 1 6 4 .9 3 u )
( 6 9 .0 9 3 0 .9 1)
63.55 u
Example 3:
Naturally occurring iridium, Ir is composed
of two isotopes, 191Ir and 193Ir in the ratio of
5:8. The relative isotopic mass of 191Ir and
193
Ir are 191.021 u and 193.025 u
respectively. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of Iridium
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46
Solution:
mass of Ir
=
=
(5 191.021 u) (8 193.025 u)
(5 8 )
192.254 u
47
Cl-35Cl
35
Cl-37Cl
37
Cl-37Cl
35
MASS SPECTROMETER
Cl2
Cl-35Cl+
35
Cl-37Cl+
37
Cl-37Cl+
35
Cl2 + e
Cl2+ + 2e
Cl2 + e
2Cl+ + 2e
Cl+
37
Cl+
35
Exercise:
How many peaks would be expected in a mass
spectrum of X2 which consists of 3 isotopes?
MATTER
1.2 Mole Concept
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
Avogadros Number, NA
Example:
1 mol of Cu contains 6.02 1023 Cu atoms
1 2 .0 1 g
Mass of 1 C atom =
6 .0 2 x 1 0
23
= 1.995 x 10-23 g
= 1.66 x 10-23 g
Example:
From the periodic table, Ar of nitrogen, N is 14.01
g
The mass of 1 mol of N atoms 14.01
=
Mr of CH4 is 16.0
5
The mass of 1 CH4 molecule = 16.05 amu
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
(a) Interconvert between moles, mass,
number of particles, molar volume of gas
at STP and room temperature.
(b) Define the terms empirical & molecular
formulae
(c) Determine empirical and molecular
formulae from mass composition or
combustion data.
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MATTER
61
Example 1:
Calculate the number of moles of molecules for
3.011 x 1023 molecules of oxygen gas.
Solution:
6.02 x 1023 molecules of O2
1 mol of O2 molecules
23
3
.
0
1
1
1
0
m o le c u le s 1 m o l
23
3.011 x 10 molecules of O2
6 . 0 2 1 0 23 m o le c u le s
Example 2:
Calculate the number of moles of atoms for
1.204 x 1023 molecules of nitrogen gas.
Solution:
1 mol of N2 molecules
2 mol of N atoms
1 .2 0 4 1 0 23 m o le c u le s 2 m o l
6 .0 2 1 0 23 m o le c u le s
Example 3:
Calculate the mass of 0.25 mol of chlorine gas.
Solution:
1 mol Cl2
2 35.45 g
2 3 5 .4 5 g 0 .2 5 m o l
1 m ol
18 g
or
Example 4:
Calculate the mass of 7.528 x 1023 molecules of
methane, CH4
Solution:
6.02 x 1023 CH4 molecules (12.01 + 4(1.01)) g
7.528 x 1023 CH4 molecules 1 6 . 0 5 g 7 . 5 2 82 3 1 0
6 .0 2 1 0
= 20.06 g
23
Temperature
273.15 K 1 atm
0 C101325 N m-2
101325 Pa
and Pressure
760 mmHg
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MATTER
67
Example 1:
Calculate the volume occupied by 1.60 mol of
Cl2 gas at STP.
Solution:
At STP,
1 mol Cl2
occupies22.4 L
1 .6 0 m o l 2 2 .4 L
1m ol
= 35.8 L
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MATTER
69
Example 2:
Calculate the volume occupied by 19.61 g of
N2 at STP
Solution:
1 mol of N2
1 9 .6 1 g
2 ( 1 4 . 0 1 ) g m o l 1
occupies
22.4 L
1 9 .6 1
m o l 2 2 .4 L
2 (1 4 . 0 1)
of N2 occupies
1m ol
= 15.7 L
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MATTER
70
Example 3:
0.50 mol methane, CH4 gas is kept in a cylinder at
STP. Calculate:
(a) The mass of the gas
(b) The volume of the cylinder
(c) The number of hydrogen atoms in the cylinder
Solution:
16.05
g
(a) Mass of 1 mol CH4
=
1 6 .0 5 g 0 .5 0 m o l
Mass of 0.50 mol CH4
=
1m ol
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MATTER
= 8.0 g
71
1 mol of H atoms
2 mol of H atoms
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72
Exercise
A sample of CO2 has a volume of 56 cm3 at STP.
Calculate:
a) The number of moles of gas molecules
(0.0025 mol)
a) The number of CO2 molecules
(1.506 x 1021 molecules)
a) The number of oxygen atoms in the sample
(3.011x1021atoms)
Notes:
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1 dm3
1 dm3
= 1000 cm3
=1L
MATTER
73
MATTER
74
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MATTER
75
Example:
A sample of hydrocarbon contains 85.7%
carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass. Its
molar mass is 56. Determine the empirical
formula and molecular formula of the
compound.
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MATTER
76
Solution:
C
M ass
8 5 .7
1 4 .3
N um ber
o f m o le s
8 5 .7
1 2 .0 1
1 4 .3
1 .0 1
S im p le s t r a tio
= 7 .1 3 5 7
= 1 4 .1 5 8 4
1 .9 8 4
2
E m p ir ic a l fo r m u la = C H
56
n
1 4 .0 3
3 .9 9
4
M o le c u la r fo r m u la n ( C H 2 )
M o le c u la r fo r m u la C 4 H
Exercise:
A combustion of 0.202 g of an organic sample
that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
produce 0.361g carbon dioxide and 0.147 g water.
If the relative molecular mass of the sample is
148, what is the molecular formula of the sample?
Answer : C6H12O4
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MATTER
79
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
(a) Define and perform calculation for each of
the following concentration measurements :
i) molarity (M)
ii) molality(m)
iii) mole fraction, X
iv) percentage by mass, % w/w
v) percentage by volume, %v/v
08/16/11
MATTER
80
Concentration of Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances:
solvent + solute(s)
e.g: sugar + water solution
sugar solute
water
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MATTER
solvent
81
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MATTER
82
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MATTER
83
a) Molarity
Molarity is the number of moles of
solute in 1 litre of solution
m o le s o f s o lu te ( m o l)
m o la r ity , M
v o lu m e o f s o lu tio n ( L )
Units of molarity:
mol L-1
mol dm-3
M
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MATTER
84
Example 1:
Determine the molarity of a solution
containing 29.22 g of sodium chloride, NaCl
in a 2.00 L solution.
Solution:
N aC l
nN
aC l
s o lu tio n
2 9 .2 2
m o l
( 2 2 .9 9 3 5 .4 5 )
2 .0 0 L
0.250 mol L-1
Example 2:
How many grams of calcium chloride, CaCl2
should be used to prepare 250.00 mL
solution with a concentration of 0.500 M
Solution:
C a C l2
M
=
C a C l2
x V s o lu t io n
0 .5 0 0 m o l L
m a ss o f C a C l2 n
C a C l2
2 5 0 .0 0 1 0
x m o la r m a s s
= ( 0 .5 0 0 2 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 ) m o l
( 4 0 .0 8 + 2 ( 3 5 .4 5 ) ) g m o l1
1 3 .9 g
b) Molality
Molality is the number of moles of
solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent
m o le s o f s o lu te ( m o l)
m o la lity , m
m a s s o f s o lv e n t ( k g )
Units of molality:
mol kg-1
molal
m
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MATTER
89
Example:
What is the molality of a solution
prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of CaCl2 in
271 g of water?
Solution:
n C a C l2
3 2 .0 g
-1
4 0 .0 8 2 (3 5 .4 5 ) g m o l
3 2 .0
m
o
l
M o la lit y o f C a C l2 1 1 0 . 9 8 3
27110 kg
1 .0 6 m o l k g
Exercise:
Calculate the molality of a solution
prepared by dissolving 24.52 g of sulphuric
acid in 200.00 mL of distilled water.
(Density of water = 1 g mL-1)
Ans = 1.250 mol kg-1
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MATTER
nA
nA
nT
nA
nB nC
93
MATTER
94
Example:
A sample of ethanol, C2H5OH contains
200.0 g of ethanol and 150.0 g of water.
Calculate the mole fraction of
(a) ethanol
(b) water
in the solution.
Solution:
n
e th a n o l
w a te r
e th a n o l
2 0 0 .0 g
( 2 ( 1 2 . 0 1 ) 5 ( 1 . 0 1 ) 1 6 . 0 0 ) g m o l 1
1 5 0 .0 g
1
(2 (1 .0 1 ) 1 6 .0 0 ) g m o l
2 0 0 .0
4 5 .0 7
2 0 0 .0 m o l
4 5 .0 7
0 .3 4 7 7
m o l
1 5 0 .0 m o l
1 8 .0 2
w a te r
= 1 0 .3 4 7 7
= 0 .6 5 2 3
m
a
s
s
o
f
s
o
l
u
t
e
% w w
x100
m a s s o f s o lu t io n
Note:
Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
08/16/11
MATTER
98
Example:
A sample of 0.892 g of potassium
chloride, KCl is dissolved in 54.362 g of
water. What is the percent by mass of KCl
in the solution?
Solution:
0 .8 9 2 g
% m a ss
100%
0 .8 9 2 g 5 4 .3 6 2 g
=
1 .6 1 %
Exercise:
A solution is made by dissolving 4.2 g of
sodium chloride, NaCl in 100.00 mL of
water. Calculate the mass percent of
sodium chloride in the solution.
Answer = 4.0%
% v
v o lu m e o f s o lu te
x 100
v
v o lu m e o f s o lu tio n
N o te :
m a s s o f s o lu t io n
D e n s it y o f s o lu t io n
v o lu m e o f s o lu t io n
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MATTER
101
Example 1:
25 mL of benzene is mixed with 125 mL of
acetone. Calculate the volume percent of
benzene solution.
Solution:
% v o lu m e
25 m L
100%
25 m L 125 m L
= 17%
Example 2:
A sample of 250.00 mL ethanol is labeled
as 35.5% (v/v) ethanol. How many
milliliters of ethanol does the solution
contain?
Solution:
% v o lu m e o f e t h a n o l
V e th a n o l
V e th a n o l
100%
V s o lu t io n
3 5 .5 % 2 5 0 .0 0 m L
100%
8 8 .8 m L
Example 3:
A 6.25 m of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution has has a density of 1.33 g mL-1
at 20 C. Calculate the concentration
NaOH in:
(a) molarity
(b) mole fraction
(c) percent by mass
Solution:
(a ) M
n NaO H
=
V s o lu tio n
6 .2 5 m o f N a O H
th e r e is 6 .2 5 m o l o f N a O H in 1 k g o f w a te r
fo r a s o lu tio n c o n s is ts o f 6 .2 5 m o l o f N a O H a n d 1
k g o f w a te r;
V
s o lu tio n
m a s s s o lu tio n
=
s o lu tio n
m a s s s o lu tio n = m a s s N a O H + m a s s w a t e r
m a s s NaO H = n
N aO H
m o la r m a s s o f N a O H
= 6 .2 5 m o l ( 2 2 .9 9 + 1 6 .0 0 + 1 .0 1 ) g m o l1
= 250 g
m a s s s o lu tio n = 2 5 0 g + 1 0 0 0 g
= 1250 g
V
s o lu tio n
1250 g
1 .3 3 g m L
N aO H
6 .2 5 m o l
=
3
1250
1
0
L
1 .3 3
= 6 .6 5 m o l L
(b ) X
N aO H
n NaO H
n N a O H n w a te r
1 k g o f w a te r c o n ta in s 6 .2 5 m o l o f N a O H
n
w a te r
m a s s w a te r
=
m o la r m a s s o f w a te r
=
N aO H
1000 g
(2 (1 .0 1 ) 1 6 .0 0 ) g m o l
6 .2 5 m o l
1000
6
.
2
5
m
o
l
m
o
l
1 8 .0 2
= 0 .1 0 1
(c ) % (w /w ) o f N a O H
m a s s NaO H
=
m a ss NaO H m a s s
100%
w a te r
250 g
=
100%
250 g 1000 g
= 2 0 .0 %
Exercise:
An 8.00%(w/w) aqueous solution of
ammonia has a density of 0.9651 g mL-1.
Calculate the
(a)
molality
(b)
molarity
(c)
mole fraction
of the NH3 solution
Answer:
MATTER
1.3 Stoichiometry
Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, students should be able
to:
a) Determine the oxidation number of an
element in a chemical formula.
b) Write and balance :
i) Chemical equation by inspection method
ii) redox equation by ion-electron method
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MATTER
114
Example:
xA +
yB
zC +
Reactants
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wD
Products
MATTER
115
MATTER
116
Inspection Method
1. Write down the unbalanced equation. Write the
correct formulae for the reactants and products.
1. Balance the metallic atom, followed by non-metallic
atoms.
1. Balance the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
1. Check to ensure that the total number of atoms of
each element is the same on both sides of equation.
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MATTER
117
Example:
Balance the chemical equation by applying the
inspection method.
NH3 + CuO Cu + N2 + H2O
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MATTER
118
Exercise
Balance the chemical equation below by applying
inspection method.
1. Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
2. C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
3. N2H4 + H2O2 HNO3 + H2O
4. ClO2 + H2O HClO3 + HCl
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MATTER
119
Redox Reaction
Mainly for redox (reduction-oxidation)
reaction
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MATTER
120
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MATTER
121
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MATTER
123
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MATTER
124
Exception:
1. H bonded to metal (e.g: NaH, MgH2) oxidation number
for H = -1
1. Halogen bonded to oxygen (e.g: Cl2O7)
number for halogen = +ve
oxidation
08/16/11
MATTER
125
Exercise
1. Assign the oxidation number of Mn in the following
chemical compounds.
i.
MnO2
ii. MnO41. Assign the oxidation number of Cl in the following
chemical compounds.
i.
KClO3
ii. Cl2O721. Assign the oxidation number of following:
i.
Cr in K2Cr2O7
ii. U in UO22+
iii. C in C2O4208/16/11
MATTER
126
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MATTER
127
MATTER
128
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i.
Fe2+ Fe3+
ii.
MnO4- Mn2+
MATTER
129
Mn
+
+
8H
4H2O
MATTER
08/16/11
i.
ii.
MATTER
131
5 . C h e c k t h e e q u a t io n t o m a k e s u r e t h a t t h e r e
a r e t h e s a m e n u m b e r o f a t o m s o f e a c h k in d
a n d t h e s a m e t o t a l c h a r g e o n b o t h s id e s .
5Fe
T
=
=
=
2+
+ MnO
+ 8H
o ta l c h a rge re a c ta n t
5 (+ 2 ) + (-1 ) + 8 (+ 1 )
+ 10 - 1 + 8
+17
5Fe
T
=
=
=
3+
+ M n
2+
+ 4 H 2O
o ta l c h a rge p ro d u ct
5 (+ 3 ) + (+ 2 ) + 4 (0 )
+ 1 5 + (+ 2 )
+17
08/16/11
MATTER
134
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MATTER
135
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MATTER
136
Exercise:
1.
2.
Zn + SO42-
3.
(basic medium)
MnO4- + C2O42- + H+ Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O
4.
(acidic medium)
(basic medium)
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MATTER
137
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
A chemical equation can be interpreted in
terms of molecules, moles, mass or even
volume.
08/16/11
MATTER
138
Example 1:
How many grams of water are produced in the
oxidation of 0.125 mol of glucose?
C6H12O6(s) +
O2(g)
CO2(g) +
H2O(l)
Solution:
From the balanced equation;
1 mol C6H12O6 produce 6 mol H2O
0.125 mol
C6H12O6 produce
0 . 1 2 5 m o l 6 mH2oOl
1m ol
Example 2:
Ethene, C2H4 burns in excess oxygen to form
carbon dioxide gas and water vapour.
(a) Write a balance equation of the
reaction
(b) If 20.0 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is
produced in the reaction at STP, how many
grams of ethene are used?
Solution:
(a) C2H4 +
(b)
O2
CO2 +
H 2O
2 0 .0 d m
CO2
1m ol
2 0 .0
2 2 .4
2 0 .0
m
o
l
1m ol
2 2 .4
2 m ol
m a s s e th a n e
2 0 .0
2 2 . 4 m o l x [ 2 ( 1 2 . 0 1 ) 4 ( 1 . 0 1 ) ] g m o l -1
2
= 1 2 .5 g
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
a)
Define the limiting reactant and
percentage yield
b)
Perfome stoichiometric calculations
using mole concept including limiting
reactant and percentage yield.
Limiting Reactant/Reagent
Limiting reactant is the reactant that is
completely consumed in a reaction and limits
the amount of product formed
Excess reactant is the reactant present in
quantity greater than necessary to react with
the quantity of limiting reactant
08/16/11
MATTER
148
Example:
3H2 + N2 2NH3
If 6 moles of hydrogen is mixed with 6 moles of nitrogen,
how many moles of ammonia will be produced?
Solution:
3 mol H2 reacts with
1 mol N2
6 m ol1m ol
3 m ol
= 2 m ol N
produce
6 mol H2 produce
2 mol NH3
6 m ol 2 m ol
3 m ol
= 4 m ol NH
or
1 mol N2
6 mol N2
6 m o l 3 mol
m o l NH3
1m ol
= 18 m ol H
is n o t e n o u g h
lim it in g r e a c t a n t
H 2 lim it s t h e a m o u n t o f p r o d u c t s f o r m e d
3 mol H2
produce
6 mol N2
produce
2 mol NH3
NH3
6 m o l 2 m o mol
l
3 m ol
= 4 mol NH3
Exercise:
Consider the reaction:
2 Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2 AlCl3(s)
A mixture of 2.75 moles of Al and 5.00 moles of Cl2 are
allowed to react.
(a) What is the limiting reactant?
(b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed?
(c) How many moles of the reactant remain at
the end of the reaction?
08/16/11
MATTER
154
PERCENTAGE YIELD
The amount of product predicted by a balanced
equation is the theoretical yield
The theoretical yield is never obtain because:
1. The reaction may undergo side reaction
2. Many reaction are reversible
3. There may be impurities in the reactants
08/16/11
MATTER
155
08/16/11
MATTER
156
actual yield
% yield
x 100
theoretica l yield
08/16/11
MATTER
157
Example 1:
Benzene, C6H6 and bromine undergo reaction as follows:
C6H6 + Br2 C6H5Br + HBr
In an experiment, 15.0 g of benzene are mixed with excess
bromine
(a) Calculate the mass of bromobenzene, C6H5Br
that
would be produced in the reaction.
(b) What is the percent yield if only 28.5 g of
bromobenzene obtain from the experiment?