Itnv51 Stundent-Ppt Ch7

Chapter 7:
Explore the Network

Introduction to Networks v5.1
Instructor Name: Touch Ra
24,April 2016
7.0 Introduction
7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
7.3 Connectivity Verification
7.4 Summary
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Dotted Decimal Address
Octets
32-Bit Address
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Decimal Positional Notation
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Applying Decimal Positional Notation
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Binary Positional Notation
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Applying Binary Positional Notation
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To convert a binary IPv4 address to its dotted decimal equivalent:

Divide the IPv4 address into four 8-bit octets. Apply the binary positional
value to the first octet binary number and calculate accordingly.

Repeat for each octet.
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The following illustrates how to use the binary positional value

table to convert decimal to binary.
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Continue to evaluate the decimal until all positional

values have been entered, which results in the
equivalent binary value.
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See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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One portion of the 32 bit IPv4 address identifies the network, and another
portion identifies the host.
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Comparing the IP Address and the Subnet Mask

The 1s in the subnet mask identify the network portion while the
0s identify the host portion.
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Logical AND is the comparison of two bits.

ANDing between the IP address and the
subnet mask yields the network address.
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Shorthand method of identifying a subnet mask.

It is the number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
Written in slash notation, a / followed by the number of bits
set to 1.
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See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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Unicast
Broadcast
Multicast
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Unicast communication is used for normal host-to-host
communication.
The unicast address applied to an
end device is referred to as the host

address.
The source address of any packet is
always the unicast address of the

originating host.
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A host sends a single packet to a selected set of hosts that
subscribe to a multicast group.

The 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 range of addresses are
reserved for multicast.
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Private Addresses:
10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
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Loopback addresses
127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254

Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses
169.254.0.0 /16 or
169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
TEST-NET addresses
192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0
to 192.0.2.255
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Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced

cider).
Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to

allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)
instead of only by a class A, B, or C address.
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The migration techniques can be divided into three categories: Dual
Tack, Tunneling, and Translation.

Dual-stack allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network.
Devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously.
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Tunneling is a method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an
IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4

packet.
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Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allows
IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices

using a translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6
packet is translated to an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.
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Hextets 4 Hexadecimal digits = 16 binary digits
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(cont.)
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(cont.)
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Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
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Example 1
Example 2
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Example 3
Example 4
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There are three types of IPv6 addresses:
Unicast
Multicast
Anycast
Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.
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IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation.

Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address using the
following format:
o IPv6 address /prefix length
o Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
o Typical prefix length is /64
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Uses of an IPv6 Link-local address
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Reading a Global Unicast Address
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EUI-64 Process
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EUI-64 Process
Randomly Generated Interface ID
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IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8.

There are two types of IPv6 multicast addresses:
o Assigned multicast
o Solicited node multicast
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ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:

o Host confirmation
o Destination or service unreachable
o Time exceeded
o Route redirection
Although IP is not a reliable protocol, the TCP/IP suite provides
for messages to be sent in the event of certain errors. They are

sent using the services of ICMP.
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Thank you.

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Chapter 7:

Explore the Network

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Dotted Decimal Address

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Decimal Positional Notation

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Applying Decimal Positional Notation

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Binary Positional Notation

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Applying Binary Positional Notation

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

To convert a binary IPv4 address to its dotted decimal equivalent:

value to the first octet binary number and calculate accordingly.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

The following illustrates how to use the binary positional value

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Continue to evaluate the decimal until all positional

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Comparing the IP Address and the Subnet Mask

0s identify the host portion.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Logical AND is the comparison of two bits.

subnet mask yields the network address.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Shorthand method of identifying a subnet mask.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Unicast communication is used for normal host-to-host

end device is referred to as the host

always the unicast address of the

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

A host sends a single packet to a selected set of hosts that

subscribe to a multicast group.

reserved for multicast.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.