catechism

ai ole ia,

Kpili ole manao ao

manao paa au e
Nohona, a me ka hoonaauao
me ka illustrative examples
a
Mg TH. Fechner

Leipzig
ma Baumgartner ka pookela
1823

maio
Introduction
First MOKUNA O ka Mhele o ke kpili
Pure Logical Elementarlehre
MOKUNA elua Mai ka kpili o na mea, a me n hiona
MOKUNA III O ka luna kanawai o ka manao
Ka Mokuna eha o ka manao i loko o nui
Ka Mokuna Five o ka nui o na kumu
Ka Mokuna Eono o ka Hawaii o n hua'lelo
Ka Mokuna ehiku o ke no a me ka modality o na kumu
MOKUNA VIII A no ka hooponopono ana i ka nui
Ka Mokuna Nine o ka categorical hoopai
Ka Mokuna umi o ka sameness, subordination, k', a me reversal o categorical
hoopai
MOKUNA XI O ka mea hypothetical a me ka olelo kupaa disjunctive
MOKUNA XII A no ka oko o na olelo kupaa, a me pohihihi e pili ana i kona manao

MOKUNA XIII O na wahi i puhi ai i ka nui a me ka categorical insbesondre

MOKUNA he umikumamaha, O ka mea hypothetical, a me n hooholo 'disjunctive
MOKUNA XV O ka abbreviated wahi i puhi ai
MOKUNA XVI O ke kii i puhi ai
MOKUNA XVII O ka lua pele i puhi ai
MOKUNA umikumamawalu miscarriages a me na fallacies
Pure Logical methodology
MOKUNA XIX Of Science, System a me Kiina
MOKUNA XX O na declarations
MOKUNA XXI O ka papa
MOKUNA XXII O ka hoike
haapili Elementarlehre
MOKUNA XXIII O ka Logical mai (Logical pathology)
MOKUNA XXIV O ka Logical laau (Logical Therapeutics)
XXV mokuna o ka pana o kaike, a me ka pau o ka hoao ana
MOKUNA XXVI noho
MOKUNA XXVII O ka manao
XXVIII mokuna o ka palapala o ka ike

Introduction
Oiai Ke kanaka naau, he meaahahui no ka mea hookahi e hiki ke hoomaopopo
aole manawa, a liuliu, wahi, pela no oukou e lawe aku e like me keano o ka hana ana
i expresses, hou waiwai ia ia, ma ka mea o ke kumu o keia mau hana, eimi. Ma ka
kahi mua, he hookae e ideational a cognitive kumu kula, a me ke kumu o ka
makemake, o kela mea keia mea i kaawale hou i loko o ka luna, a malalo ia ia. Ka
luna cognition ma kia ke kumu ( lki ) a me ka naau ( intellect ) me ka hope no, ke
akamai mawaena o lakou iho, eia nae kekahi manawa hea ka a pau maluna paakik
intellect, a kumu ma kekahi ano; ke kumu malalo o ka ike, oia ka (theoretical)
Sensuality ( sensualitas ), a iloko ona i kakauia na mawaho makaukau, a me ka na
ano, a hope e hiki beirechnen wale. - Me ka noii, a me ka hike o na kanawai kumu
o ka manao, a me kaike waiwai, hoohana ae la o theoretical klaiike, a me ke kumu
kanawai kumu o ka makemake mea hiki.
Ka sensuality i ka nui o ka'ina i ka pokole ( perceptiones ), i ka mea i
hoomaopopo a pau notions a pau i hawi mea (mea objectum ) ma kona alo lawe
pololei iloko o kakou. No laila, I lawe i ka laau oiaio, ina ua maoli imua ou k, ae e

ike, a ikeia e iau, ke ike nei au he kui i ka wa au i kou ae aku i ka ia, he leo, ina oia
maoli lohe ana, ua laweia mai kou pepeiao; i ka wa au e haawi aku i ka laau, he
puupuu a me n kani wale ka luna e manao mai iau me ka hana e kona mua ma luna
iho ou, he mea e, aole e manao ai e lawe mai. Mai ka 'ikamu i kakou e ike na mea a
pau e pono ai maoli e noho p, no ia kakou ke hoomaopopo eaaei e mau ana kekahi
wale i ho'kka' ikamu hiki ke ike, aole ak, nui no lakou, he pono ole ia e ohi paha e
pili ana ia mea; a ia kanaka i ka hana noiia hoonaauao hiona o ka pokole a me
manao o sensibility o ka manao, a me manao (ka hapai ana o ka naauao, a me ke
kumu). He mau laana, e kahaki i keia.
I ka wa au i ike i kekahi buke, pela lohe i ka manao, i ka mea i hiki ho'la iloko ou
ka sensibility i, he pokole, no ka mea, ua hua mai, ma ke alo o ka puke ia iho iloko
ou, a me he mea he hookahi kekahi buke, i ka mea I manao. Ina au he aka, ano ike
mau puke, i kou mau helehelena, a pau ae keia abgemerkt, a laila, pili iloko o kou
naau, pela no au e loaaia i manao i kia, a pau gesehnen o kou mau puke
collectively e lawe ano, aole pokole o ka buke no ka mea, aole i kekahi palapala hopu
i ka manao ia mea i loko ou, aka, me ka manao o ka buke, a hiki i kahi i loko o
kou naauano k kaawale o kekahi hookahi kekahi buke, a oukou i ua mea ke
hoomaopopo iho, no ka mea,o ka manao o ka buke loa no e pono i na buke, a ka
mea aole e hiki ole ai ke manao wale, he hookahi oiaio. Like, i ka wa au i lohe i ka
leo kekahi, pela keia hana i ka pokole o ia mea iloko ou. ina I aka, i kekahi mau
nanahe, a lawe mai ia mau pokole ia mau ano pu, e ia lakou a pau Hehe, pela I loaa
no hoi ma ka hoohuiia ka mea, aole pokole ana o kekahi leo, aka, he manao o ka
leo ma na mea a pau,aole hiki iau ke hana mai iau me ka leo ma kona alo, e kuu
wale i e ho ok .
Ka pokole, he kekahi kilo ( intuitiones ) a manao ( senationes ), ke kaumaha ma
muli o ka manao e excites o kekahi mea pololei ma kona alo, nui ma ka perceiver
iho (ke kumuhana o ka pokole) ai 'ole ma o ka ike mea (i ka mea o ka pokole) ua
nn. No ia mea, ke olelo aku nei au, e kakali no au i ka hale, he lau, he kani ma
(no ka mea, ma ka akeakamai i ka olelo kilo wale no, aole o ka pokole a makou mea e
loaa i ke ano o ka ike, hoohana '), ma ka kekahi lima, I haha aku i ka lau, I manao
maikaiana, etc. : ma ia hihia, e like me ia i keia, i e manao ma koke alo o na mea ia
lakou iho, oa ike, aka, ma laila ia ll ke 'ano a me klana o ka waiwai, ka hale, ka
laau a kani hou i loko o kou ike, i hoohuli i kou manao wale ma keia, manao o
keia mau mea, aka, aole i ou nei, no ka mea, ma ka hope hihia, i ka wa a ka waiona
ma ia ll kou iho, me ka perceiver, noho ana, he nui iloko o ka ike paka i, i
hoohuli i ka manao nui o nou iho, e hana au iau iho i malalo o kou hike,
ak,aole i na mea a lakou i kena.
Ka sensuality ole cognition ke hoomaopopo i na ma lalo o ka mawaho makaukau, a
me ka poe maloko ano. Ka mawaho makaukau na mea ma ka mea a kakou e nana i ka
noho ana o ke kino ao nei, a haha aku, a me he la lakou ia lakou iho e paa ana i ke
kino hui. eia hoi ka hoonaninani alanui i kapaia o elima makaukau, a me ke kino ai
na ano; aka, ai ke kipi ano, oia ka hookamaia, ai kakou, i ka mea a ka mea hele ma
loko o ko mkou iho naau, ike. A aia no he pokole o kou p ano, i ka wa au e hai i
loko ou iho,o wau n hauoli, a me ke kaumaha, a me ka lewa. Ka manao e hiki ke

manaoia me ka loko makaukau, ma ka mea a kakou i ka hapai ana i kupu mai ma

kahi' paha, aole i pau nae na mea iloko o ko makou naau ike.
Ina makou i ka hiki i ka pokole wale no, pela no makou e e hiki ia makou ke kekahi
mau hua'lelo e loaa nui n mea a pau i loaa, no ka mea, laana, ka manao o ka
pono, ka maikai, a pl n e hiki ia ia ke hana i ka haohao ana iloko o kakou, no ka
mea, he loa wale no, ke kaawale aole hoi e nana aku, aole hoi e hiki ke ike; O
mkou,aole hiki e hiki ke loaa mai ka sensible mea o ka makahiki. No ka mea, ina
au i Z. Nn B. ma ka hale, aole au i makemake e ike ana no hoi, ka mea iaano nui
no ia i ka hale, i ka mea au i hoohui pela iloko o ka manao o ka hale, a me ka mea
au e omit ia mea. Ina I loaa i ka melemele hale nana e like me me ka lalo hale, no ka
pokole e haawi mai no hoi e ao aku ia mea aka, o ka mea ia o ka hale maoli k i mua
ou, a me ka hulu kala like 'ole, a me ka p hale e like me ka nui e hiki mai ana ma
kou kilo, e like me ka paia, a me ka hale i na mea a pau, ka mea au e hoailona
oukou i ka ia. E kilo a me ka manao o ka ia, pela no e loaa au e lawe i ka hale, i ke
anakahi ma ka notion i ka hale e melemele, a e loaa ka lepo hale, i ka mea aole e
pono nae, no ka mea, no hoi na hale o na waihooluu a me ka acute puhi ua. Me kela
mea keia mea hou Outlook Pela e hoololi ae i kou manao, ua makemake au i lawe,
mai ka hale, a au e pau i ka ike ole i ka mea au e manao wale ma lalo ia o ka
nui. Ano, o ka uhane kaawale mai ke kumu mai o kilo, a me ko ka poe hele wale i
kia mea, a me ke akamai, e houluulu i na ano o ke kanaka pokole, kahi a lakou
coincide i kekahi i kekahi; i keia, mau pokole e hoohui collectively ke lawe ano, a
huluulu i ka hookahi. Ia he hui ana o na helehelena i oi ole pokole, ua kapaia like
ka manao ( notio, conceptus ) a me ka hiki ke lilo manao, manao. No ka mea,
laana, ina au he oi aku ke aloha mea, ina paha e kii mai e ka poe mawaho ano a ma
ka manao noonoo, pela kou manao, e hoohalike, a ua kaulana ia kekahi o keia mau
mea aloha e oi aku hiona i ka pono, e like. E like me aa, kumu, lala, lau, pua, lau,
Ak, na helehelena paha e okoa ai lakou. Na helehelena Ano, e ohi i ka naau, hui, a
ua hana i ka manao o ka laau i ka poe i pono ole helehelena lima, omit mai ka
manao o ka laau, a me ka pokole wale e hiki iau ke hoohala i ka mea e lawe kekahi
mau ukana e like me ka mea kona mau makana. Ka hoohalike perceives e like me ka
laau me ka kuhikuhi mai la lakou lau, a me keokeo pua; ka manao aka, me ka
Zackigsein na lau, a me ke keokeo kala like 'ole o n pua he, aole ma ka hoop me
ka manao o ka laau ana i ano, i ole ia i kekahi laau, i ole ai ia e kuhikuhi lau, a
keokeo pua ua, a me ka mea aole he malie aohe laau e lilo ina oiaae ole ia ma na mea
a pau naano a pau i ka mua i hana manao o ka laau. - Keia ha awina o ka manao ma
ka pono o ka mea ana i haku hookolokolo aku la ia mau helehelena, a me hiehie n,
ma ka mea e lilo manao, i kapaia ka discursive hana o ka naau, no ka mea, hiki ae
ma nano a pau i na mea, e like me ka mea ( discurrit ) e heluhelu mai i
ka'like. Keia, ua manao iho la e uwao.
Keia noonoo a ho okumu i ka hua'lelo i kekahi ke ano hou hoomaopopo okoa
hana a hana o ka naau. Oia, ina he iiiaanoaa percep-rula, ua haawi mai ai, mai ka mea
a ka manao e hana i ka manao,o ia ke, mahope o ka luna, aole pono na mea a pau i
nano a pau i komo iloko o ke kanaka pokole, ina aole lakou he ole, he pono ole ia
lakou i ka hana ana o ka makahiki e hana i ka hale, aole i ka hulu kala like 'ole e lilo i

ka manao o ke kanaka, aole kona lole hana, ino kia mau hiona i loko o kekahi
mauano like pokole, a pau i ka naauao a pau loa ma ka sensuality outfitted. Pela, ma
ka naauao o kia mauano, i ka mea aole me ka nui loa pili i n hua'lelo,o ia manao
e hana, e like me ka mea nana aku, aole lakou e olelo aku nei, oia Huluulu Manao
mai i ka ia; ma ka kekahi lima imi i ka naauao o n hiona i ka poe nui i ke kahua o
kona makahiki, a ma ka oi loa aku hoi huli i kona noonoo ana i keia, e olelo aku
lakou, oia lewa ma luna o lkou. No ka mea, laana, ina o ka naau i ka manao o
kaeleele, a me keokeo, ua aahuia, a me ke kapa ole poe kanaka ma ke alo o ia ia, ae
hoolilo au i ma keia ke kau kanaka i na mea a pau, pela ka mea, o kaeleele, a me
keokeo kala like 'ole o keia poe kanaka, i abstracting loa e like me ka kona ua
aahuia, a unbekleidetsein no ka mea, ua mau helehelena e komo iloko o ke manao o
n knaka i ole, no ka mea, i ole lakou e lilo e like me ia i na kanaka a pau; ma ka
kekahi lima ia mea ma luna o nano a pau i kaeleele, a keokeo, ua aahuia, a me ke
kapa ole poe knaka i loko o ho'noole, lewa, no ka mea, laana ma luna o ke poo,
lima a me na wawae, naau, etc.
I hoopaa 'ano kia mau pono hiona i loko o ka manao kapa manao paa, a me ko
lakou pili ana i kela a me keia ana. I ka hooholo 'n okoa mai ka noonoo, No ka
mea, o oukou ke noonoo a nana aku i ka hiona i loko o ka kilo, no ka mea, ua manao
ka manao mua e pono i ke kahua o ka manao, ai ole ia kekahi aole i ike ina paha he
pono paha, aole e Ka Pakipika i hiki i ka mea a oukou wale Ano makemake ai e
makaikai i ka noonoo ma hope aka, he mea hoowahwah e like me ka ukele. No
ka mea, laana, i ka wa au i mua noonoo i ke ano o ka keokeoeleele, e like me he
mea ma mua maka, me he mea e, e komo iloko o ke manao o n knaka me, ai ole
ia, ke makemake wale no e noii ana paha ka mea, no loko o ka manao o ke
kanaka; mahope aka, loaa ia mea, uaeleele poe kanaka, pela au e i ka manao paa o
ka noonoo, aole hahai, aka, abstracting hou o ka keokeo iliano; ina au i hana ai,
nae lewa ma luna o ke poo o n knaka, a me ka ano i loaa i na kanaka a pau maoli
no ke poo, pela no wau e hahai i ka manao paa o ka noonoo, i lawe au i maoli i ke
ano o ke poo, me ke kau kanaka, a hui pu iho ia ia, me ka na helehelena a pau au i
mua loaa. Mai keia mau likeole aayoaeuiinoe olelo hookaawale, he abstraction,
reflectivity, a Determinationsvermgen hui pu ana, waiwai no hoi, ma o ka naauao. Incidentally, he mea ia e hoomaopopo pono ai ka naau ka mea, aole hiki wale i ka
ho okumu ana mai pokole ma ka ohi ana o ko lakou mau pono ano hua'lelo, aka, e
hiki ia ia ia iho, e hiki i n 'ikamu hoi mai manao hou, ma ka lewa ma luna o lkou,
he pono ole ano. No ka mea, laana, mai ke kanawai, lokomaikai, ahonui kai hoonui,
a me ka kekahi maikai waiwai o na kanaka, i ka poe inherently ole, e hiki ia, ma ka
mea a pau ia lakou me Keoklani, huluulu i ole hui, hana i ka manao o ka
pono. Kekahi laana: Ina mea nana i ka nui o na kanaka insects, ka mea i kii i ka ua
Community helehelena, a me ka mea i hana i ka manao o ka insect i na mea a
pau; Eia, i ka wa ia i ike i kekahi mau manu, ka mea e hiki ai i ka manao o ka manu i
na mea a pau o keia no hoi; e like me ka hua'lelo ia, Sugtier a pela aku.; aka, ano
la e hiki hou nn i na mea a pau i ka okoa hua'lelo, insect, manu, ka ia, etc. me
kona naauao, a me ka lawe ana mai i ka hookolokolo aku la ia ia lakou, he pono ole
ano, he hana i ka manao holoholona; ia ano, ua mua i hana ka kau kanu, ia i hope pu

apono i ka pono ano o ka manao o na holoholona a me na mea kanu, a mai ka

manao o ka ke aloha ia ano a pela aku .., a no ia mea, ike i ka manao mau kiekie
ma loko o kona kumu i kekahi e ku a ia hope mai maluna loa nui, a ua pono ole i na
mea, e like me ka manaoana o ke. - Pono e kokua ka manao ma na mea a pau kona
hana ma ka hooponoponoana. Pehea l ka manao o n mea i iho, aka, no hoi no na
n manao. No ka mea, laana, he hale, aole au e hiki ole manao no lakou iho wale
par; aka, I hiki hoi i noonoo ai ma muli o ka hulu kala like 'ole; ma ka hihia mua au i
wale kekahi i ka manao maemae, a me ka kilo maemae o ka hale, aka, e like me
au i ka pilina ma waena o ka hulu waihooluu, a me ka hale ma ka kekahi hihia, ke i
aku nei au, aole au i ahewa pela e like me ka hale, he melemele, a me ka hale, ua aole
melemele, a me n hale a pau, ua melemele, etc. he pohihihi. Ka mea, ua hikiwawe
ike ai i ka manao paa a me ka hui pu ana, ka mea maoli pono, he hoopono, a hiki
nolaila, i ka pono, a hiki ia oukou makemake i ka naauao, i n ia mau hanana. Search he Ano, ke kumu o ka hooponoponoana i loko o kekahi, pela ae ai ka kekahi,
mai ka kekahi mai, i keia mea i kapaia Close. No ka mea, laana, i ka wa au e olelo
aku nei na mea a pau ke aloha kanaka a pau e ola ana, i ka ilio, he aloha iahahui, pela
ka ilio, ua ola; I Ua hoopili; no ka mea, ua loaa iau ka olelo, O ka ilio ka mea e ola
ana, i ka hoopai ana: All ke aloha kanaka a pau e ola ana, loko. Ka Pani 'ia, oia ka
hoailona hana o ke kumu, a me ka malie maopopo ka hoopai ana, ina kona oiaio mea
e loko, a inferred mai kekahi, e like me ka hope e hiki wale ke manao mai ia i ka mea
nui a he mea nui iloko iho - i ole ia e kona oiaio ua e pani ia iho hou - hookahi kkau
no hoi ke kumu o ka ike paka i ka piha a me ka nui, a me kona pili i ka pili p ana a
me ka ho'kka 'ia, hoi kapaia pono ia unconditional nui kau ka manao, oia ka mea
kiekie loa, i ka mea a ke kanaka uhane e hoala mai. Keia mau poomanao, hookomo
i ka manao i ke Akua, ke ku okoa ana.
Ma ka hana o ka naau, i ka mana o ka hookolokolo a me ka pono, a ma ka ho
okumu i manao, ua manao kpaa a me na kuhi, no laila, n? Pili ana i ka luna o ka
manao, no ka mea, o ka sensuality hoolako 'ano o ko lakou pokole wale no ka mea i
ka manao. Ano ia oukou ke nana i ka manao i loko o elua aoao; a hiki wale ana, ka
manao i ikeia no kona noonoo, noonoo iho la ma ko lakou no i kekahi i kekahi, me
ka haawiia keia i na mea ia lakou iho iloko o ka noonoo, ka mea e imua e No ka mea,
laana, i ka wa au e olelo aku nei ia kanaka, ua naauao, paha, ka holoholona ku i ka
pololei, pela no wau e hiki ua kpae i na mea a pau i hikeia e n hua'lelo kanaka,
holoholona, a me rationality, a pau, ae hoolohe wale no paha ke kau ua maoli nn
'ana i ka kekahi, e like me ia ma ka hihia mua, a ina oia ka mea hike e like me, aole
pili ia i ka lua o ka hihia, a ina paha he kau mea nui e pili ana i kekahi (no ka mea,
laana, ua make na kanaka a pau,) ai' ole ma ka nui (e like me kekahi na kanaka, he
kino), etc., pela no ia mea, nolaila, aole mea like maanei, no ka mea 'ikamu kau e
olelo aku, no ka mea, ua makemake wale no i ke ano o ka olelo, ina he mea
affirmative, io, nui a maikai, etc. iloko o ka noonoo. Ma keia manao, nolaila, i ka
holo 'awelika, he, ke Akua he mana, i ka holoholona, ua voracious, i ka laau, he
uliuli, me kona mau mea a pau ka ia, no ka mea, maanei i n manao mana,
voracious, a pau uliuli i ka ua laha aku ai ka manao i ke Akua, ka holoholona, laau i
pili, eia nae holoholona, laau, etc., ua nui okoa mai kekahi i kekahi. E manao manao

o keia palapala wale no, ka mea, ua kapaia ka hoohana a mkau noonooloi, hoi
manao paha par pookela; Eia kekahi, aole ia e malama i na mea i manao ai, aka,
wale no i ke ala ma ka mea a ka manao i pili. Aka, ina kakou i ka Ia manawa, i ka wa
manao maluna o na kanaka a pau o noonoo, a ua manao, a manaoia i ka pilina o n
manao, aole mawaena o lakou iho e (e like me ka mkau noonooloi), aka, me ko
lakou mau mea, ua kapaia, he materiales a kemikala loi, a hiki hoomaopopo, i ka wa
analytic loi, me ka manao kapaia par. Nolaila i ka olelo oiaio no e hoomaopopo i ka
noonooana o ka substantive oiaio. A hoohewaia e hiki e Ka Iwi loa ai pono a me ka
oiaio ina oia ka mea i kue i na kanawai o ka olelo loi, aka, ukana hewa. I ka i aku nei
au, no ka mea, laana: O na pua, he keokeo, pela i kia'lelo, he Iwi pololei, no ka
mea, he nui pilina o ka, aole conflicting manao e pili ana i kia hiki maoli ke hana e
like me na kanawai o ka olelo manao, mai keokeo i ka pua, a me he mea ole nei a
pau ka ia paha ka manao pua a laau, a keokeo aole hoi i eleele hihia moe ma ke
kumu, aka wale i ka manao i lkou iho ua pili i kekahi i kekahi ma ke ala pololei, a
nolaila, i ka hoopai ana i ka helehelena pono. Material he aka, ai ole ia, malalo o na
Kanawai o cognition o ka olelo: All pua, he keokeo, hewa, no ka mea, ina wau maoli
i ka mana mea ia lakou iho, pua, a me keokeo ano iloko o ka noonoo makemake,
Aole i loaa iau ka mea, aole na pua, ua keokeo. Aka, o ka manao: Animal ka mea,
aole holoholona, e noho Iwi hewa, no ka mea, e noho like hewa ina au no hoi e lawe i
ka holoholona i kekahi mea, ka mea au wale loa makemake; no ia mea, nolaila, e
hiki mai nei, aole lilo kona falsity hiki no i ke ano o ka mea, aka, ma ka hewaano o
ka pili ana o ka manao iho, a nolaila, e pono ia i loko o ke ano o ka
hooponoponoana. - 'Olu mai keia mau hoailona ia mea, e noonoo i ka manao nui
ma wale no i kekahi i kekahi, ai ole ia, hou, i pili aku i ko lakou mau mea, e hiki no
hoi noonoo i ka hoolako mai ka manao o kekahi mea i ka manao o ka oluolu ole e
poino ai hooeueu ae iloko o kakou, pehea IAOEIAaO i ka noonoo o ka nani maka
lealea, a heino grimaceaumakua ulu n keano iloko o kakou; o kapa susceptibility
i na ano o ka oluolu a me ka eha, he aha ka manao e inu iloko o kakou ho'o iho au.
Mahope iho o keia mau mea ekolu aoao o ka nnana i ko kakou manao, mai
hemo mai ka theoretical akeakamai i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pauku ekolu, i ka
kpili e epa me na kanawai kumu o ka 'olelo manao, a me ka manao ua ao mai
Schlechtweg; metaphysics, ka mea epa a me na Kanawai mua o na mea a noonoo o
cognition, a no ia mea, ua kapaia n hoi epistemology; hope iloko o ka aesthetics a
me ke kumumanao o ke ono, oia no ke kanawai o ka loio a me ka 'ike ai o na mea,
pehea la lakou i hooeueu ae i ka manao o ka oluolu ole e poino ai lakou iloko o
kakou.
Ia penei, mai ka keia, o ka papa, i ke kpili hiki ole kkau manao ma luna o ke ano
o na mea e ao aku ia makou iho, no ka mea, aole lakou i noonoo i ka manao no ia,
aka, wale no i kekahi i kekahi. Ma ka kpili o kekahi hou truths ke nolaila, e loaa,
aka, ia oukou ke kikoo ina na truths a oukou manao ia oukou, ua loaa nae like loa me
ka 'ano o ko kkou manao kumu, aka; ka mea, ke hike aku i ke ala e loaa mai
maoli loaa truths kekahi poe e hahai pololei, a me na hewa a pau ho i ka pioloke,
pololei ole manao wehe ae oia i. Ka kpili hiki ole ao mai ia kakou i ka manao, aka,
ia oukou ke aka, i na kanawai, ma ka mea a ka noonooloi ua hana, maopopo iho la i

kau ia makou ma ka naau, a pl e hookomo ai i mkou i loko o ka oihana, e wehe i

ka wa, aole malama ana i na ia, na hewa i hana 'ia; ka mea a makou i ai e uku ina
kakou makemake i ka olelo oiaio o ka manao, Urteiles a losing e ninaninau ia lakou
ke hoike mai ia makou.

First Chapter
O ka Mhele o ke kpili
+
Ninau. Heaha ka kpili? Pane. Kpili oia i ka hapa o ka theoretical akeakamai,
ka mea i hoolauna i 'ia kakou i na kanawai o ka (olelo ole mkau)
manao. Aka, aole lakou i noonoo i ka manao, insofar e like me ka mea pili i
kekahi mau 'ikamu, aka, wale ao na kanawai o ka manao ma luna, nolaila,
Hike ke ano o ka mea a pau i' ikamu pono oukou i manao ai, ina pela okoa
iho la lakou, ua mau loa. E like me ia, ua ano manaoia wale i ke ala o ka
noonoo i loko ona iho, ua hoi mai la ia lakou makemake wale no i ke ano o
ka manao i loko o noonoo, ma ka kekahi lima mai o ka mea o noonooloi, ma
lalo o ka kekahi ka hoomaopopo i na maoli mana mea, i hooloheole ai a
Huluulu Manao.
F. How e kaana i ka kpili?
A. A hookaawale ka mua o na mea a pau i ka
nui a me ka ho'kka 'kpili. Na dila mua, a me ke ano o ka manao ma ka nui, a ua
hoi kapaia kula haahaaa kpili, ka hope, he rula no ka mea, manao i like ko
sciences, a nolaila, e hiki ole ia ke hike kaawale mai keia mau mea.
F. Pehea, ua maheleia ka nui kpili?
A. First o na mea a pau i loko o ka
maemae, a me ka noi. Pure kpili, i na rula o ka manao ma luna o n mea a pau i ko
lakou mua paa i kiekie ae cognition i noi aku ai ia absorbs i n klana likeole i loko
o noonoo, no ka mea ke noi ana o ia mau rula hilinai nui; e like ma ka olelo i hiki ia
ia ke alakai aku ia kakou i ka'lelo kpaa wahahee, ae forestall i nano like.
F. Pehea Ua maheleia maemae kpili?
H. Ma ka (maemae) kula haahaaa
ao ana, a me ka (he) methodology. Ka mua E hoomanao i na hana o ka naau, e like
me ka manao,'lelo kpaa a me na kuhi pkahi, a specifies i na rula e ana ia mea e
hana aku pela; i ka la mahope ao e hoomakaukau i na mea o ka pono lapaau no ia
mau hana a kakou? iie ike i ka noonooloi mkau kpono kino, a pela mea e hana
aku i ka mea e hiki ai e malama i loko o declarations, i ka manao a me ka hoike.
F. How e kaana i ka kpili noi i?
A. A i loko o ka (noi) kula haahaaa ao
ana, a me ka (noi) methodology. Ka mea mua ma kia me ka kumumanao o ka ho
omaka o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni Logical a me ka palapala aie (Logical
pathology), a me ke ao ana a na konohiki e ku e hewa (Logical Inc); ka hope epa a
me ka pana a me ka launa pu, a me ka ike.

Pure Logical Elementarlehre

lua o ka Chapter
Mai ka Logical mea, a me n hiona
Q. He aha ka mea, he Logical mea, a me ka Logical absurdities? A. A Logical
mea ( ens logicum ) he mea hiki ke manao no e like me na kanawai o ka manao, ina
he mea ole maoli loaa iloko o ke ao o ka hoao ana; he Logical absurdity ( nonene
logicum ) ku e ka mea hoi e hiki ole ai oukou i manao ai. pono e kaulana mai na mea
maoli, a me nonentities pono, no ka mea ke kahiko oia iloko o ke ao nei o ka hana i
ka Logical mea, a me absurdity maoli loaa, i ka hope, aole.
Q. He aha examples i kahaki i keia? A. An holoholona, ka mea a ke kinona o ka
deragona, a me ka nui lilo mai ia ia i ai i ka mahina me kona kua, e lilo ia i Logical
mea, no ka mea, ano ua lai 'ia makou i kekahi mea, makou e manao ia he
holoholona; ma ka kekahi lima ia mea, e lilo ia i maoli absurdity, no ka mea, aole
maoli loaa iloko o ke ao o ka hana. A huinahalike kaiapili aka, ai ole ia me ke kuina i
ka manawa hookahi, a me ka ia kahi omaomao a me ka uliuli, aole, e loaa ia mea e
kekahi i paa ole wale no maoli, aka hoi, no Logical absurdities, no ka mea, pela no
hoi e hiki ole hoi ke noonoo. Hanakimi ke ike mai i keia mau hoailona, ua nui
Logical mea i lilo, ka poe aole i maoli na mea, nolaila; lima, e kela mea keia mea
maoli mea, insofar e like me ka mea i pili ia kakou, e hiki ke manao no e like me ka
Logical mea, no ka mea, i ole ia ka mea hiki ole ke manao no, a nolaila, no makou a
me ka poe i laila. - Ma ke ala, he Logical mea - a wale no ia e hiki ma loko o ka
noonoo kpili o ka ninau - basically, aole oi aku mamua o ka manao, a me ka
manao o ka naau.
Q. Heaha ka hana i manao ai he mea?

H. Ma helehelena.

Q. He aha helehelena? H. Features ( notae ) he manao i ka poe i komo e like me

na hapa o na manao, a hiki ae hou i ka manao nui oko kekahi i kekahi. No ka mea,
laana, i ka laau, ka lau he hana noiia hoonaauao no ka mea, he manao i ka mea i
komo e like me ka hapa o ka hike o ka laau a pau, a hiki ia oukou ke differentiate ia
lakou, mai ka manao o ka hale holoholona i wehewehe aku.Hanakimi kahea nano
hoi pono ka waiwai, rula, anakahi, predicates huapalapala. Wale insofar e noho e like
me ia he mea hiki ke noonoo, a me ka mea i ole hiona e ua-mua e like me ka pono i
ole no ko makou manao, e hiki ole ai ke noonoo.
Q. Pehea la e hiki ai ia oukouike i keano? H. Ma loko, a ma waho, affirmative
a me ka io, nui a me ka ole-nui, mua a me ka loko, a me ka pololei indirect, momona,
a me infertile.
Q. Heaha na, a mawaho helehelena? H. Hawaii, a piha ano, he poe mea, lawe o
kekahi mea i loko ona iho, hooholo; ka mawaho helehelena aka, o ka mea hoi kapaia
pili, a pili paha lki ano, hooholo wale i ka pilina 'ole ka pilina ma ka mea i loaa ka

manao paa e kekahi mea. Pela, kumu, kumu, lau, pua, Kalaiainaano a pau i ka laau, e
like me ko lakou hoakaka i ka manao o ka ia me ka nn 'ole i kekahi mea; aku i ka
mea a ka laau i ulu ma ka honua, ai ole ia, o kona ohana i kekahi olelo ku ei kekahi
laau, ua mawaho paha pilina ano, no ka mea, ka mea pololei e kaomi i ka lki o ia
mea i na mea a pau i waho. O ka mea e ai i ka lki o ia hoi, ka pilina Merkmales, ua
olelo ia, e like me ia i ka mea maluna hihia, o ka honua, e hana Mitbezogene a
correlate. No ia mea, paia waho helehelena e noi mai ana i ka correlate.
Q. He aha affirmative a me ka hopena maikai 'ano A. Affirmative a maikai ano
i ka poe ma ka mea hookahi iki e like me imagines maoli no i na mea; hopena
maikai 'ole io Ak nae, ma ka mea a kakou i hookaawale ia ia kekahi mea na ka
mea. No ka mea, laana, ulaula, mehana, hookaiana, ua affirmative ano, no ka
mea, ka hoike waiwai a pau, he mea nae ppilikia; nae, uncolored, aole mahana io
ano, no ka mea, hookaawale waiwai, mai ke ola ana o ka mea. Ina io hookahi hiona i
hoole hou, pela no ia hana i mea affirmative hiona; like ole undyed ua like ka nui e
like me kohuia ka affirmative hiona.
Q. Pehea, ua nui a me ka non-nui helehelena? H. Main helehelena ( essentialia,
attributa ) ua poe mea i hiki mai ai i na mea i manao ia e kekahi manawa, a loaa
pono, ina o ka manawa, aole kokoke kekahi e lilo mai i na mea a pau ia lakou
iho. Ak, 'ole-nui hiona ( accidentalia ), i ka mea hoi i kapaia kaulele, o ka hoailona
a lakou e loaa kekahi mea me ka ia'ku, a nolaila, e hiki ke manao aku oia mai ka ia,
me ka hoololi ana i kona manao i loko o kekahi. Pela, no ka mea, laana, nae ke ano
o ka lawelawe 'neeana, he nui maloko o na holoholona, no ka mea, i na holoholona i
universally a consistently, i ka mea i nele i keia mau mea kanu, he mea e nui no ka
mea, aole holoholona, aka, he kanu ai ole, ea, e pono ke lilo i kekahi mea; , Ka hiona
o eha kapuai nae mea, heoiaio nui i loko o na holoholona, no ka mea, ua hoi na
holoholona i oi aku a emi malalo o eha kapuai, a me ka manao o ka holoholona nui
koe kl, ka ia, aole nae au i manao i ka hoailona o eha kapuai i. - O ka nuiano a
pau i ka mea lawe pu i kona naau, a ua keia mea kela wale n waiwai ( attributa
propria ), ai ole ia, e hele mai hoi na mea i, ( attributa communia ); pela no nae ke
ano o ka lawelawe 'ana ma luna o ka honua, ma ka liilii loa, i ka holoholona a pau
wale n ponoi; ka nui ano o ke kino, aka, ua hele mai ai na mea kanu. - Helu ano hiki
ke lilo i kekahi mea, no ka mea, ka hoike wale pili i kekahi mea; aka, o keia ke
hoololi hou no ia.
Q. Pehea ua kii, a me loko helehelena? H. Original helehelena ( notae
originariae, primitivae, radicales ) he mau mea i ho oholo, aole wale mai kekahi
kumu, loko ( derivativae mau. Consecutivae ) ma kekahi lima, ka poe he mea e like
me ka hopena o na hiona mea e noho. Pela ka pulakaumaka mea, he palapala hiona
o kaokioki kila, kona akamai Ak nae, e puunaue na kino, ma keia ike; he palapala
hiona o ka p ai oia i na mea a pau kona puan huina equidistant mai ka ia wahi; ana
oia he Hlawa laina, ma keia ike.
Q. He aha n moopuna a me indirect helehelena? H. koke ole ae helehelena, he
poe i na kumuhana like hewa wale, indirect a ku e loihi aku ka poe mea hou mua a
hiki i ka ma kekahi hiona o ke kumuhana, a wale insofar no Haawina iho pili. No ka

mea, laana, ka pepa e lilo ma ke ala hiona o ka laau, no ka mea, like pili ia i ka laau
ia; i ka launahele kala like 'ole Ak nae ia mea, i indirect hiona, no ka mea, o keia
pili ia i ka pepa wale no, a me ka wale no ka lilo ana o maluna o ka laau.
Q. He aha momona, a me infertile helehelena? H. momona helehelena, he poe i
hana i na mea he nui na helehelena hiki ke loko, a me ka mea hiki ia mea, e hoohana
'ia e maopopo o kekahi mea mai na mea. Infertile helehelena, nae, ua ka poe ma i
keia, aole ia e ana.
MOKUNA ekolu
O ka luna kanawai o ka manao
Q. E hiki anei i ka manao i loko o ka loaa ano e kakau iho i na mea o ka manuahi
arbitrariness, ai ole ia, ua paa ia ma kekahi mau kanawai? H. He mea, e like me ka
mea hana i loko o ke ao nei me na kanawai, e paa ana ma kekahi mau kanawai, ana i
e malama ina kona manao,o ia ke i (olelo) oiaio. O Wai manao i kia mea ku e,
Logical manao paewa ai 'ole pololei ole. Ka kpili e hai mai, aole wale no ka
nnana i kia mau knwai; aka, e aho lakou i kukulu ai pela nui ma keano o ko
makou hoomaopopo ana, i hahai aku la lakou i kela mea keia mea unconsciously, i ka
wa ia i loaa i ka maamau, he pono ole ano. Ka kpilianei ka mea e ae e hana ma
mua o ka hana i ko makou manao maopopo.
Q. Heaha ka luna kanawai o Logical manao? H. O ka rula o Meriba, a
antagonism ( principium contradictionis mau repugnantiae. ); i ka loina o ke ao e
hookolokolo pono ( princip identitatis absolutum. ); i ka loina o ka loa o ka Middle
ole Ekolu ( HA. exclusi medii mau. tertii ) a me ka rula o ka lawa kumu ( HA.
rationis sufficientis ). Hanau keia poe eha kumu, ua n ku e like me ka walaauana
kanawai o ka manao. Krug i kapaia ka rula o Meriba, a me ka rula o ia hoi, a waiho
aku la ia ia i ka rula o antithesis, ka loina o ka lawa no, aka, ua hoi kapaia ana o ka
hoololi kemikala, i ke kaina o proportionate a pili i klike e like me ka nui rula o ke
kpili i ka palapala ,
Q. ? Heaha ka rula o Meriba A. One ke hoike aku pela: None mea e hele mai i
contradictory ano, ai ole ia, kekahi mea wale lkahi ano ana. O ua kapaia
contradictory ano like, kekahi o na mea kokoke ana ma ka mea a ka kekahi i
hoonoho, a me ka mea hiki ke manao ia mea, aole hui ma ka mea. Ia contradictory
ano, ua like ia me ka uliuli a pau, aole uliuli; kino, a aole hoi make. Hana hiki no hoi
ka hoike i keia loina e like penei: Aole e hiki ole ai A manao i oi aku e A i ka manawa
hookahi. manao A mau loa aku kekahi mau mea kanu a mea, ka mea hookahi e hiki
wale loa manao e hoomaopopo.
Q. ? Heaha na examples i kahaki i ka rula o Meriba A. E like me ka rula o
Meriba, ua hiki ole ia kekahi manao ka mea, ua i ka manawa hookahi a puni, a aole
hoi puni; ka mea, ua hoi ka papaaina, a aole he papaaina, he lau bea hua i ka
manawa hookahi, a me ka hua. A pau o keia eokoa, kahi e hoopau i ka hiona i ka
kekahi i hoonoho.
Q. aha la oukou i hea ka mea e hiki ai oukou i manao ai o ka rula o Meriba, e like

me ka, a ua anei i manaoia? A. hiki ke hoololi i e like me ke ano o ka ia, ua

hoonohonoho hiki, a pela loa ia ua anei i manao kekahi hoonohonoho maoli, a me
ka Logical mea. Ka mea, he Logical mea, aka, i ka poe like me ia ma ke ao o ka hana,
ua pono ia, e hoolako vorfindend e kau aela ma luna. - Owai la ka manao o ka rula o
Meriba apparently i, nolaila, ka nohoaliiokoa o ka olelo, alaila, manao ae absurd.
Q. He aha ka mea i koe e hai i ke kanawai o Meriba, e hiki ia ia ke ole e
misunderstood? H. He hiki no mawaho helehelena i ka hoike wale hoahanau, a me
ka pili ma ka mea me he mea la me ko lakou i manao i contradictory 'amelika i loko o
kekahi mea. No ka mea, Eia kekahi laana, ia oukou paha la ma ke kanaka hookahi:
He ka lihi, a ma kekahi aoao hou: He Aole nui. Aka, o ka mua o ka manawa a
oukou e nana i ka mea, paha i pili i ka puamauu, i ka lua o ka manawa no ia i ka
Elephant; nolaila, Pono n nei i nolaila, i ka piko, aole ma ka mea i hoonoho iho ai
ma ka kekahi, e like me ku e ke kanaka puamauu, nae nui, e ku pono o na elepani,
aole nui, a me ka nohoalii Meriba, oia wale no iloko o ka olelo, aole ma ka
waiwai. E kaulana, hou, i ka loina o Meriba, ua pololei ia wale n, mai ka manawa
hookahi a me ka ia hookahi, no ka mea, he mea hiki, no ka mea hoohlike i keia la,
aoleapp e lealea, a me he koo; ai ole ia, ma ka maka ulaula, a me na mea kaua
oleulaula. N nae, he mea hiki ole loa, i ke kanaka e manao ai e hoi e koo, a aole
he koo, a me ka ulaula ma ka ia kahi, a aoleulaula.
Q. ? Heaha ka rula o ke ao e hookolokolo pono 'ole sameness A. It pushes ia e
like me kia, kl me kia mea, ua like ia iho, ai ole ia; kl me kia mea, ua'like me
ia iho, ai ole hoi, A he A. o, no ka mea, o ka mea wale no hiki ke manao ma
helehelena, ae e hoike no ka huiano a pau i ka manao o n mea a pau; e like me ka
pono e like me ka pono e loa like na ano o ka mana mea, a me ka manao o ka mea
hookahi. A malaila, o keia rula aole i manao 'i kekahi mea. No ka mea, laana, i ka
makahiki; hoopoepoe, a me na helehelena, laina, e wahi apau equidistant mai kekahi
wahi aku, lawe pu, ua hele mai na mea a pau i waho i hookahi; no ka mea, e like me
ka mea au i manao a hiki i ka p ai. ma I huluulu i n hiona i oleloia.
Q. ? He aha ka hopena a hiki e holo pololei ana mai ka loina o ka sameness A. O
ka mea i hele mai i na ano a pau o ka manao, ka mea hoi n ka manao iho e hoon
'ia, a me ka mea nele i na ano, me ka hiki ole e hiki i ke kau ia; Eia kekahi, i ka oiaio
o na ano a pau o ka manao, ka mea oiaio o ka manao iho, a, he nanookoa, o ka
manao iho, heokoa.
Q. ? Heaha ka rula o ka loa o ka ekolu poe, a me ka Middle A. Ua hoi kapaia ka
loina o ke ao manao, a me pushes ia mai e like me keia, No ke aha la nui o kekahi
mea, ua paa ko hapai e like me consistently, e haawiia mai ai ia ia, mai na hiki aneane
e ku pono ana ano hookahi. Pela pono ina puni paha, aole puni, e like me keokeo a
ole-keokeo, ua mea hookahi mea e ola paha aole e ola ana. Mai ia i ka downright e ku
pono ana, a contradictory ano o ka naau ua mau koi e koho i kekahi, ae hoopau i ka
mea (na i ka manawa hookahi, ua pono, mahope iho o ka mua rula, aole) a aole no he
kolu, a waena hiona i ka mea ana i lawe i kekahi o ka poe elua e ku pono hiki lawe i
ka manao; nolaila, o ka inoa o keia rula. Hana hiki no hoi ka hoike i keia loina e like
penei: kl me ka mana hooholo ihola e like me consistently k'' 'pono paha

hoouna kl me kia hiona paha, aole.

Q. Heaha ke kanawai o ka lawa kumu? H. One waiho iho i keia ala: Link kela i
positing i ka presupposed e like me ka mea a pkole E noho iki me kumu. Mahope
iho o ka mua rula o pono no e kekahi mea o elua contradictory ano hookahi; ka naau
hiki aole loa keakea kumu apo ai i kekahi o na mea a pau, aka, he mea pono e
poloai a koi e kekahi mea, ma kekahi a me kekahi, ma ka omaomao paha, aole uliuli,
e ola ana paha aole e ola ana, hoopau i na mea no ka hana. I keia manawa, no ka mea
ke kumu o ka naau, i ka mea e kau aku i ka hiona kaoi loa i mua o kekahi, oia ke
kumu, a me, ke kaumaha ma muli o keia kumu, o ka hopena. Keia rula e like me koi
o ka mea e koi ana i kekahi mea, e ike no ke aha la kona koi ana ia mea; a me ka mea
i makemake ia e noho kekahi mea i kekahi mea, no ka hiki ole ke haawi aku i kekahi
kumu o ia mea e grossly kue ana i na Kanawai o ka manao. Nolaila, he mea pono no
hoi i ka hoomaamaa ma recriminations (hoopaapaa) aole e kaua aku i ka ae, ae, a
aole, aole, aka, o kona mau manao, e hoomalu aku i ka manao hoopii, a me ka hoa
koa e ho'o e rebut ma kumu. - The Logical kumu no ke ala e ike okoa ia ka maoli
kumu: ka mea kahiko, ua wale no ka mea i kekahi mea pela, a aole ole ia, manao iho
la oia, aka, o ka lua ia kekahi mea mea maoli ia ma kekahi alanui.
Q. Heaha ka rula o ka antithesis? H. He mea hiki e hoike ia penei: Malalo o ke
alo o Ka hooholo 'ana i kekahi mea, e kau wale no hookahi, a ina keia mea he lkou,
pela no oe i ka poe i kekahi mau hoewaa. Keia rula o ka antithesis keia mai ka loina o
ka ia hoi, a me ke kue.
F. ? Heaha ka rula o ka hoahnau akamai, a proportionate e hookolokolo pono
A. Ua olelo ia, elua hua'lelo i coincide me ke kolu, a pili, kamailio p kekahi i
kekahi, ma ka ia like. ai ole, ea, elua mau mea a pau i ke kolu o ka ia, ia oe. No laila,
in kela mea A like me na mea X, a me lkou, i ka mea X i na mea B, e like me ka
mea B, e like me na mea A. Keia uku hilinai nui ma luna o ka mea a pau a me ka
rula o ka causality, no ka mea klike o ka mea X a me na mea a pau, a me na mea A
B, eia oia ke kumu i hiki A a me B iho oia i ka ia.

MOKUNA Lau
O ka hua'lelo i loko o nui
Q. He aha ka mea, he manawa? H. A makahiki ( notio, conceptus ) ua hanaia me
ka ike paka i kuhikuhi ana kekahi mau pono 'ano a me ka helehelena mea ia e
hoohalike ai i ka hoohuiana o ka a pau. Ua hoohuiia e comparation (e like me ka
mau manao), abstraction (waiver o na helehelena likeole a pau), manao (nana ma
luna o ko na hiona); Hooholo '(i hoopaa' ia o ka pono hiona i loko o ka pau no e
hana), a me ka hoohui p 'ia (Ka Hui o n kkauia hiona i ka pau), e like me
kkkk i loko o ka hookomo' ia. Incidentally, o keia mau hana likeole o ka
naauao, aole hemo ma ka ike maopopo e like me ka mea i hike mai i ia
maanei; e aho, lakou i holo p n ma laila, a ua hoike aku la kaawale wale no e

makou no ka pono o ka nanea o ka noonoo.

Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma Huluulu Manao a me ka phaku puna
hua'lelo? H. Ina kakou makahiki he maemae, a hookaawale no ia iho, pela no ka
mea, ua kapaia he Huluulu Manao manao;he phaku puna aka, pehea la i kekahi
manao i ua hoopili ia ia me na manao, a me ka pili ana i kekahi mau mea. Pela, no
ka mea hoohlike pono par manao, he Huluulu Manao manao; Manao, ina au i
manao he pono ke kanaka, pela au i manao i ka manao o ka pono phaku puna; ma
ka manao ia ia, me ka manao o ke kanaka, ua hoopili ia ia e pili ana i ka poe. Like
me, ka manao o ka launahele hou,aole loa i manao ai he Huluulu Manao
manao; aka, manao no o ka lau, he phaku puna. - Ma kela manao, ua Huluulu
Manao, no ka mea, he pono ia i hana ma ka abstracting, Single, e nana aku, mai ka
hapai ana likeole o ia ia; He mea, nae, ma ka manao ia mea iloko o ka pilina, ua
hike hewa; a ma keia mau mea no hoi, o ka hua'lelo, e like me ko lakou manao
wale pomaikai no kakou concretely pili i ka mea.
Q. Ma ka aoao makou, ua maa e noonoo i ka hua'lelo e hana i ko lakou Logical
ano considerably? H. Ma olelo o ko lakou a pau, i ko lakou quality, i ko lakou
hoahanau, a me ko lakou modality.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

MOKUNA Lau
O ka hua'lelo i loko o nui
Q. He aha ka mea, he manawa? H. A makahiki ( notio, conceptus ) ua hanaia me
ka ike paka i kuhikuhi ana kekahi mau pono 'ano a me ka helehelena mea ia e
hoohalike ai i ka hoohuiana o ka a pau. Ua hoohuiia e comparation (e like me ka
mau manao), abstraction (waiver o na helehelena likeole a pau), manao (nana ma
luna o ko na hiona); Hooholo '(i hoopaa' ia o ka pono hiona i loko o ka pau no e
hana), a me ka hoohui p 'ia (Ka Hui o n kkauia hiona i ka pau), e like me
kkkk i loko o ka hookomo' ia. Incidentally, o keia mau hana likeole o ka
naauao, aole hemo ma ka ike maopopo e like me ka mea i hike mai i ia
maanei; e aho, lakou i holo p n ma laila, a ua hoike aku la kaawale wale no e
makou no ka pono o ka nanea o ka noonoo.
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma Huluulu Manao a me ka phaku puna
hua'lelo? H. Ina kakou makahiki he maemae, a hookaawale no ia iho, pela no ka
mea, ua kapaia he Huluulu Manao manao;he phaku puna aka, pehea la i kekahi
manao i ua hoopili ia ia me na manao, a me ka pili ana i kekahi mau mea. Pela, no
ka mea hoohlike pono par manao, he Huluulu Manao manao; Manao, ina au i
manao he pono ke kanaka, pela au i manao i ka manao o ka pono phaku puna; ma
ka manao ia ia, me ka manao o ke kanaka, ua hoopili ia ia e pili ana i ka poe. Like
me, ka manao o ka launahele hou,aole loa i manao ai he Huluulu Manao
manao; aka, manao no o ka lau, he phaku puna. - Ma kela manao, ua Huluulu
Manao, no ka mea, he pono ia i hana ma ka abstracting, Single, e nana aku, mai ka

hapai ana likeole o ia ia; He mea, nae, ma ka manao ia mea iloko o ka pilina, ua
hike hewa; a ma keia mau mea no hoi, o ka hua'lelo, e like me ko lakou manao
wale pomaikai no kakou concretely pili i ka mea.
Q. Ma ka aoao makou, ua maa e noonoo i ka hua'lelo e hana i ko lakou Logical
ano considerably? H. Ma olelo o ko lakou a pau, i ko lakou quality, i ko lakou
hoahanau, a me ko lakou modality.

Text original

Er wird gebildet durch Komparation (Vergleichung mehrerer

Vorstellungen), Abstraktion (Absehen von den verschiedenen
Merkmalen

derselben),

Reflexion

(Hinsehen

auf

ihre

gemeinsamen Merkmale);
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

MOKUNA Five
O ka nui o n hua'lelo
Q. Heaha ka nui o ka manawa? H. Ma ke kauoha o ka manao a pau ia oukou ke
manao ua hoopiliia e ia. Keia hiki ano e kekahi mea o ka nui a me ka nui o ka
maio o ka manao.
Q. Heaha ka laul a me ka oluolu no o ka manao? H. O ka laul, a sphere o ka
manao ( ambitus ka sphaera notionis. ) E hana i mau mea a pau i waho,o ka manao
e hiki ke kuai, e like me ka hiona e ka mea; , Ka maio o ka manao (nae complexus
notionis ) ninoieo ma kl mau manao i manao i loko o ka ia e like me ka hui.
Q. He aha examples o keia? H. Mai ka manao ke kanaka,o ka laul, he ka poe
o ka poeEulopa, Hawaii,Apelika, Americans a me Sdindier, no ka mea, a pau o
keia, ke kau ke kanaka ua hai mai e like me ka hiona. ma kekahi lima i ka maio o
ka manao o ke kanaka, ka manao poo, umauma, abdomen, na lima a me na wawae,
manao, kumu, 'lelo, etc., no ka mea, a pau o keia mau hiona e ahu iho ai i ka
makahiki kino wale no. Pela ka laul o ka makahiki, he laau ano lauoka, beech,
kaa, hua laau, etc., ma ka kekahi lima kona Contents ma ke kumu, ke kumu, ka lau,
etc.
Q. ? Heaha ka mea e, e komo malalo iho o ka hapai ana, a ma ka manao A. O na
mea a pau e ka palena manawa o ka manao, e ka mea i ka manao e hiki ai ke loaa
pela e like me ka hiona, aole lakou e olelo aku, O oe no lalo o n hua'lelo me, mai
na mea e ae lima, e ahu iho ai i ka maio o ka manao, ka mea, ua komo iloko o ke
hua'lelo. Pela lauoka, beech, ua komo p tidara ma lalo o ka manawa laau iloko o
ka maluna hihia; Ak, aa, kumu, na lau ia mea i loko o ka makahiki. Hoi i noonoo ai i
kau ma lalo iho o kekahi, 'o ia hoi, subsuming ia mea ma lalo.
Q. Heaha ka pilina a me ka laul o n hulihonua ma ka olelo o ko lakou mau mea i
kekahi i kekahi? H. O ka nui o ka palena manawa o ka manao, ka uuku kona
oluolu, a me ka hope versa. No ka mea, laana,o ka laul o ke kau ke kanaka, ua oi
aku ia mamua o ka laul o ka makahiki Negro Aia no malalo o ka olelo kanaka, ke
ole ka poe negroes nae komo nui no hoi na ano kanaka; nae, ke ano o ka makahiki

Negro, ua oi aku ia mamua ia o ka makahiki kanaka, no ka mea Negro nae kaeleele

ili mai mai na ano o ke kanaka hoi i loaa, i ka woolly lauoho etc. Like me, ka laul o
ka makahiki, ua oi aku ia mamua o ke kii o ka manao o triangle mauna; no ka mea,
iloko ona mawaena o lakou iho, a hiki ke nn 'ana i ia mea e like me ka hiona, aole
wale no i na triangle mauna a pau, aka, hoi mika phoonui lua, pentagons, a kinona,
etc. Ak, i ka maio o ka manao triangle, ua oi aku ia mamua ia o ka makahikiano,
no ka mea, iloko ona, aole wale no i ka hiona o i kaupalena 'lelo, makahiki, ka mea e
pili ana i ka huahelu, i ka mea i hana i keia mau palena ma ka laina ekolu a me ka nui
e ae, e loko mea. - O ke kumu o keia pilina ma waena o ka laul a me ka oluolu no o
ka manao,o ia ina mea lawe mau ano iloko o ka maio o ka makahiki, a pau ia mau
mea i ke e hookoe 'ia mai ka mea kaupaona, a aole no i keia hiona. Ina kekahi poe,
no ka mea, laana ma ka mpuna kanaka maoli no hoi nae ke ano keokeo kala like
'ole, pela hoomhuahuaoe i ka nui o kona mau Contents, pela alaila, i keia makahiki
ke kanaka e hou e hookumu' ia o ka Negro, a ma laila ia e hookaawale ia mai ka
hua'lelo, ka laul makemake e hoemi ia mea.
Q. Heaha mea puni a me ka hui hua'lelo, kanaka lelo, a me na ole? H. A alodio
hopuna'lelo ( notio simplex ) oia ka mea nona ka oluolu, he uuku ia i ka mea wale no
ninoieo ec he hookahi helehelena, a me ia mea ma aole Ka Ikepili hiki Wwahi iloko
o kekahi mau manao; i ka lua ( aole. composita ) ma kekahi lima, he mea kahi e like
me ka decomposition i loko o kekahi mau 'ano a hana nae e wahi. Mai ka luna ia
penei ia e loaa ai ka nui me ka unahiole proportionate alodio hua'lelo. A hookahi
hopuna'lelo ( notio individualis ) he makahiki kona laul, he uuku ia i ka mea he
mea e hopohopo nei aole remanded manao hou mawaena o lakou iho; he nui paha,
he pono ole , (aole. universalis ) ma kekahi lima, ma lalo iho o ka noho he
manao. Kanaka lelo i kpa i ka nui maio.
Q. ? Heaha poe examples i kahaki i keia A. i ka manao o ka mea, he mea
manao e oe loa e hiki ole dissect i oi aku hiona; Aka, precisely no, no ka nele o ka
maio oia i ka vastest laul: No ka mea, ia oukou ke hai aku i na mea a pau i ke ano o
ka noho ana, a ola. I ka manao o ka nee he ano he lua: No ka mea, ia oukou e hiki ia
hoomaopopo i na ano o ka loli o Zeitlichsein, a me Rumlichsein no ka nee ka mea,
he luna nei i ka manawa spatial oko a. Aka, o ka neeana i hoi i ka liilii anapuni; no
ka mea, aole lakou e hiki ole hai aku i na mea a pau e like me ka hiona. - A hookahi
manawa, oia ka manawa o kekahi ano, e like me ka kekahi mea kanu, he kekahi
holoholona, aka, i mea e ole e hookahuli ai i ka kilo, no ka mea, aole i pololei pili i
kl me kia malalo, aole ma kona koke ana ma ka kona, aka, kahiko o ka'ina wale
n i loko o ka naauao, ua hanaia ma e kuhikuhi ana i kona kanaka helehelena. A e
like me ka manawa o kekahi manawa e hikiano i okoa mea.
Q. He aha? Ueo, a ma lalo iho o generic hua'lelo? A. He mau hua'lelo i kapa
aku i ka laul o n hua'lelo. A? Ueo manao ( notio specialis ), oia ka mea nana wale
no he kanaka mea mawaena o lakou iho; he genus ole generic manao ( notio
generalis ), nae, he manawa e komo i ka ho'kka 'manao mawaena o lakou iho. No
laila, i ka manawa llia mea, he? Ueo manao; mai kona laul, ioiinyony wale no mea
kanaka, i na mea a pau kanaka lilia mawaena o lakou iho; , Ka manawa kanu nae he
generic kau; no ka mea, loaa ka mea i ho'kka 'manao llia, ala, carnation, etc.

mawaena o lakou iho. Ka generic lelo, ua mheleia i lalo a kiekie. O oi aku generic
kumu e komo malalo iho o ka okoa generic hua'lelo hou, ao keia mea no o ka mea
kiekie generic manawa; pela no ka generic manao insect, ka ia, manu, etc. e, e
komo malalo iho o ka generic manawa kiekie holoholona; a me ka generic olelo
holoholona a me na mea kanu ma lalo o ke ahiahi kiekie, ke aloha kanaka. - The
kiekie loa generic manao,o ia ka mea iloko ona i kakauia na na generic olelo
mawaena o lakou iho, a no ia meao ia i ka nui me ka unahiole, aka, i ka poe uuku
maio, e hiki ia ia ke e pili ana i na hana a pau o mea, e like me ka hiona, lakou no
laila huluulu mawaena o lakou iho. Manawa hea, niioaaonoaaiii kiekie loa generic
hua'lelo e like me ka mea kiekie wale n i loko o ka ua nui o na mea a pau. Pela
hoi ka mea kiekie generic manawa no na mea a pau kanaka o kia lhui kanaka, i ka
makahiki ke kanaka, aole ia maoli k iho, ma lalo o ka manao o ka ke aloha ia.
F. Pehea hoonoho naturalists ka lalo, a me luna papa? H. , ua kapaia ka genus, i
initially he mau haahaa genera mawaena o lakou iho kauoha a pau he mau kauoha
mawaena o lakou iho, ka papa, a he mau papa mawaena o lakou iho, he aupuni o ke
maoli ,
Q. He aha waena Huli i, ae genera a me ka mamao genera? H. Ma waena o
genera ( genera Media ) no ka mea, ua oi aku mamua o ka hookahi, aka, ma lalo o
kekahi laha, a k ma waena o ia mau mea paa. No ka mea, laana, laau He palapala
genus ma waena o ka hua na laau a me na mea kanu, no ka mea, ua oi aku mamua o
ka genus o ka hua laau, ua haahaa ma mua o ka generic kanu; poeo ia n mawaena
o lakou iho; malalo o keia oia iho no. - The genus malalo i ka? Ueo ua pololei kapaia
no ka mea, o keia ka ae ( genus proximum ), i, nae, ma lalo i ka mea loaa wale n
kahiko o ka'ina ma waena genera, he loihi ( genus remotum ).
Q. Heaha ka subordination, a me ka lanakila i n hua'lelo? A. Subordinate
manao ( notiones subordinatae ) no ka poe a pau i pihai ma lalo o kekahi
manawa. No ka mea, laana, i na olelo o na manu, ka ia, ka hua'lelo holoholona, ua
subordinate. Nolaila, o na ano a pau o Huli, a me na kumuwai papa he i ka
subordinate kiekie. Ka manawa, i mea subordinate i kekahi mea, no ka lalo aolol
( emi mau angustior. ); aka, o ka mea hoopii i ka kekahi mawaena o lakou iho, o na
luna a oi ( i oi mau. latior ). Man ka mea, he manao oi aku mamua o negro, a me
Kalmuck; Plant i oi aku mamua o ka laau a me ka mea uliuli a pau. Ke kiekie
manawa n i ka lalo mea a pau. - Klike o hua'lelo ( Not coordinatae. Nei ka poe a
pau i elua iloko o ia manawa a ma ke kolu o ka manawa). A insect a me ka ia, he
wahi lelo mahope mai o lakou, ua laua komo malalo iho o ka makahiki
holoholona; no hoi lau, a me aa he wahi lelo mahope mai o lakou, ua hookomoia
iloko o ka makahiki loa. Mkk adjunctive hua'lelo hiki ole ae e na subordinated
aku a Hope versa. Kaumaha wahi hua'lelo i genera a? Ueony, ua kapaia kiekie?
Ueo ole N hana? Ueo. No laila, he rodents, a me ruminant holoholona Ma waho
genera; Mouse, iole, ma-aoao. - Ma Ke Kahakai manawa, oia no hoi ke kiekie
generic manao, ua nui ka plki, hiki e subordinate i kekahi, aole hoi paa? Aiaiiuo,
aka, na mea a pau, ua subordinated mawaena o lakou iho.
Q. Heaha kanawai pili me ka nn 'ole i n hua'lelo ma luna, a malalo?

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

H. He

aha e pili ana i n hua'lelo ma luna a hoole aku paha i ka mea e hele mai ai a hoole
aku paha i na mea a pau malalo iho ona haahaa hua'lelo; a ma na olelo e, He aha e
pili ana i ka pau sphere o ka manao a hoole aku paha, e hele mai ana io a hoole aku
paha i na wahi a pau o keia sphere. Eia kekahi: He aha e pili ana i na mea a pau
malalo lelo a hoole aku paha i ka mea e hele mai ana i 'ole hoole aku paha i ko lakou
kiekie manao. mai ka ke kanawai mua aicieeaao, holo pololei ana mai ka i mai o ke
ao e hookolokolo pono hopena i ka oiaio o na ano a pau o ka manao, a me ka
manao e pili wale; No ka mea, o ka manao luna, oia wale ka mea iloko ona i
kakauia na mea a pau malalo mawaena o lakou iho, a nolaila, e like me ka hiona ma
luna o ka mea e hiki ia ia ke loaa. Ka kekahi kanawai kupu mai ka mea; i ka manao
kiekie o ka mea i hanaia e kuhikuhi ana i ka pono helehelena o kona lalo
kumu; Nolaila, heaha ka mea, he pono ole i na mea a pau malalo olelo, e pono i loko
o n hua'lelo kiekie e loaa no hoi. - Ma ke ala, he nui hiona hiki no ke ma lalo
hua'lelo i ole e komo i ka oi; no ka mea, he precisely, no ko lakou uuku ka unahiole,
i ko lkou manao, ua oi aku.

MOKUNA eono
Mai ka Hawaii o n hua'lelo
Q. He aha ka mea i noonoo ana ia manawa, ma ka kbps o ka hua'lelo? H. Ka
nui o ka ike paka i, a me ka mea i manao i loko o hua'lelo ua hoopili i ka manao
nui. Ma hope o keia hookaawale ua maopopo, pahi, piha me ke kina ole, aole hoi
hemolele hua'lelo.
Q. Heaha ka clarity ( claritas ) i kekahi manawa? H. Ma ka degere o kaike no
n 'ano o ka manao, ma ka pono o ka mea hookahi, ua hiki ke maopopo i kona
manao, mai na mea i nui. Ke kaumaha ma muli Ano, o ka nui o na mea a pau i ka
makemake o ka manao ke ike okoa, nui a liilii, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka clarity o ka
manao o ka mea nui a uuku. Ke ku ana o ka maopopo manao, he pouli ( aole.
Obscura ). A he nui loa na kanaka i pouli wale notions o ka akeakamai, he aha ka
mea kpili. oa lakou i ike i keia mau sciences no e oko na mea e ae. Lawe maopopo
ka manao ua kapaia, hoomhala ia ia.
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma distinctness ( perspicuitas ) i ka hua'lelo?
A. poe degere o ka ike paka i na ano o ka manao, ma ka mana o ka mea he mea hiki
ia, pono e maopopo hou i na ano o kekahi i kekahi. nolaila, ke clarity o ka manao, he
mea oi aku mamua o ka clarity o kona mau helehelena, a me ka like degere. Ke ku
pono ana o clarity, ka nele o ka clarity ( imperspicuitas ) oia no hoi ka mea haumia
hilahila ( confusio ) kahea aku i ka wa a keano o ka manao, aole hoi ka manao o
lakou e hiki mai kekahi i kekahi, aka. Nolaila, he maopopo manao, aole ia e pono ai
e maopopo. No laila, ua hiki ike i ka maopopo pono mai ka kekahi sciences, klaiike
n, ak, paha i hoakaka i na helehelena a pau e mai i ka naau o ke akeakamai, no ka
mea, ua ike lakou i hiki ole ke kaawale ai a me ka hanohano. No laila, ma keia hihia

au i ka ike paha, aole akaka hapai ana no i ke akeakamai. - Conversely, he ike manao
pono a pau e hala ole: no ka mea, hua'lelo hiki ke ike okoa wale no ma ka ike paka i
ka likeole hiona i loko o ia mau mea; ao keia kaike, he pono i loko o ka clarity e oi
aku mamua o ma ka maula clarity.
Q. In mea hoahanau hiki ke manaoia ka clarity o n hua'lelo? H. Ka clarity o ka
makahiki e hiki i kapa aku i ka oluolu, e like me e pili ana i ka palena manawa o ka
manao. Ka poe i no hoi oia i ka intensive paha analytic clarity, ua hua mai ma
decomposition o ka manawa i loko o nano a pau i ka mea i haku a me ka ulu ana ia
mea; i keia, nui a kemikala clarity, ma ka discriminating ka lalo hua'lelo, a ua
hookomoia iloko o ka kiekie. Ka mea mua i wahi ma weheweheana, i kia hopena
o na papa. Holoholo ana ka manao o ke akeakamai e lilo akaka ai iau, no ka mea, ua
ike au e maopopo i na mea a pau, mai na sciences, au i makemake ai aka, ia ia e
haawi mai nui, a intensively me ka nui loa; I e imi i kaike i ka olelo o kona laul na
sciences likeole i loko malalo iho o ka makahiki akeakamai; A mua o na mea a pau, i
ka theoretical a me ka mea hiki akeakamai; ka mea, e lilo iau nui hoi clearer, ua
makemake au i loko o theoretical akeakamai, kpili, metaphysics a me na
aesthetics; eike i hoomaamaa i ka loio i olelo ia pono a me ka hoomana ana ao
hooikaika oe; ka clarity nei e kipaku nae, aole au e nana aku no ka mea, i loko o
kekahi o kia mau 'epekema hou i ka hapa maemae e noi e lauwili ana, a pela aku.,
ma keia aoao e hana aku ai au i ke akeakamai a nui, a synthetically me ka nui loa, a
mahelehele au ia laua. No ka mea, iau nei, aka, no hoi ka makahiki akeakamai pono
e intensively paha analytically, au e uhai iho i lalo i loko o kona ano; ia akeakamai a
he 'epekema, a me ia mea, e imi i na kumu hope, a me na hana a pau o kanaka, a me
ka ike aayoaeuiinoe. E hook i kekahi degere he oi aku o ka, pili clarity, ke
makemake ka hua'lelo 'epekema, ka ike, haawina, kumu dissect manao hou, a pela
hiki ma hoomau Dissecting e degere loa maluna o ka clarity, wehewehe i ka manao
nui a me ka nui. - Simple manao hiki ole intensive clarity, eia nae clarity noho: No
ka mea, aole lakou e apo ia kekahiano o n hiona i loko ona iho, nolaila, e hiki ke
ano manao, e like me ka mea o ka noho ana, aole wehewehe aku, hookahi wale
hua'lelo, nae, hiki mai kekahi nui clarity, aole noano o na mea mawaena o lakou
iho, a nolaila, aole lakou e hiki ole ai ke maheleia. - O ka clarity o ka mea i kk mai
nei hoi, i ka Logical, 'imi naauao, a discursive, ma ka Ak nae i ka ke kino, a
aesthetic, i ka mea he vividly hana no ka mea, ua nui wahahee, ka mea ma ke ala o ke
kumu hoohlike, e like me ka mea a pau loa a ma keia Mkua ia ana.
Q. Heaha ka verbosity a me ka completeness a ike lea ana o ka hua'lelo? H. Ua
poe kiekie pae o ka clarity. Ke au mamuli o ka manao i ka mea ninoieo ma ka degere
o ka ike paka i o kona ano, ma ka mana o ka mea he mea hiki ia, pono e dissect keia
mauano
nolaila,
Contribuu ahou,
millorar
la traduccima ke kalae o na mea kanu lakou ia lakou iho, Ke' mai, ma ka
maluna ano he kumu hoohlike, i ka manawa akeakamai ma ka au mamuli me ka
olelo o kona laul dissected. No ka mea o oukou e hiki hoomau i ka Ikepili o na ano a
pau o ka manao a me ka maluna, pela ke au mamuli i kona degere. Ka kiekie loa
degere o Logical comprehensiveness ka completeness a me ka manao maikai, o na
olelo, ka mea i wahi i ka wa o kekahi i hiki mai ma o hoomau Ka Ikepili o ia olelo, a
aole e hiki hou dissect; pili ana i ka maio ma ka alodio, hookahi ma olelo e like me

Text original

ia i ka laul.

MOKUNAEhiku mau
Mai ke no a me ka modality o na kumu
Q. Heaha ka pili o n hua'lelo? H. Ma ka olelo o ka olelo, a hoomakaukau ia
mau mea wale, i noonoo ana i na kumu; No laila, ma ka manao lokahi lki ona. Keia
lki hiki Ano, e ka quadruple type; ka mea, ua, e like me ka sameness a me ka like,
ke a me ka paio, ka Kuhina Kalaiaina a me ka paia waho, i ka mea a me ke ano o ka
hua'lelo.
Q. Heaha ka hua'lelo ua kapaia mea, a me ka ia? A. ka mea, ua pau na ano i
pau. - Similar ai 'ole n hua'lelo ( . Aole cognatae ) he mau mea, eia nae aole i na
mea a pau, aka, he nui ke ano ma ka pono.Kekahi anal hua'lelo i loko o ka mahalo o
na ano a pau, aole he pono ole. - Terms ka poe i loa ia mea a'like, ua kapaia
reciprocal manao; no ka mea, o oukou ana i kekahi ke kau ma kahi o ka kekahi. Hiki
wale n insofar hou ana hoohlike i ka wa a lakou i kekahi poe kanaka okoa, ai ole
ia e ka ia poe kanaka i okoa wa, ai ole ia, e manao ana e like me n hiona i okoa na
mea e, i ole lakou e hana wale no hookahi, a me ka ia manao.
Q. Heaha ka lkahi a me ka conflicting manao? A. lkahi ( consentientes,
convenientes ) he poe i hiki ke hui ma ka hoohalike ana o kekahi mea a pau. Adverse
In ka mea, ua ku pono paha conflicting haawiia iloko o ka hoomhuahua pono. Ke
k' ke ano e wahi kekahi ai 'ole kahiko o ka'ina. Ma ka hihia mua ia mea, ua kapaia
ke gula maikai, a he pono k' ( oppositio contradictoria, diametralis o ka simplicem
negationem. ), A me ke ku pono ma keia aoao hua'lelo: conflicting, contradictory, io,
pololei a aneane e ku pono ana hua'lelo. Ka mea, i kahi wa kekahi o ka poe e
keakea i manao wale loaa he negation o ka mea i hoonohoia ma ka kekahi
manawa. Mai ai 'ku pono ana i hua'lelo ( ole. Contrariae, s. Contrarie oppositae,
oppositae ka positionem alterius ) i mea hoi kapaia ku e, olelo ikaika mai paha
kahiko o ka'ina huli k' mai ana, ke hoala mai kekahi i ka kekahi, ma ma maula
negation, aka, ma ko lkou mau maikai ano. From conflicting hua'lelo mau elua
wale no ua paa, a me kekahi o ia mau mea e pono ai na mea i hele mai ma lalo o ke
kanawai o ka loa o ka Middle. Mai wale conflicting hua'lelo oi aku mamua o elua
hiki ke lawe ia wahi, a ua hiki na mea a pau, e manao aku, mai kekahi mea.
Q. He aha examples no ka wehewehe i na mea kahiko? A. Lokowaka, a me ke
keokeo, ua lkahi like ole; no ka mea, e hiki lilo ma na hana hui i ka wa au i manao
e pili ana i kekahi mea, ka mea aole i hooki i ka mea uuku i keia manao nei au iau no
hoi ike. Puni, a aole puni, aka, aole hoi i keokeo, a aole keokeo, he contradictory a
pono e ku pono ana, no ka mea, o kaaneane e hoole i ka mea a ka poe kekahi e puhi
ia; ka mea hiki wale no paha ke hapai i kekahi, a me ka ia manao. elua i ka manawa
hookahi manao aku, oukou la. Puni a kuea, a pomaikai a me ka luuluu, ua
conflicting manao, no ka mea, o ka mea a pau au i kekahi mea e like me poepoe, I

ole ai i ka mea hiki ole ke ka poe i like me he ahalike; Ia hihia, ua kaumaha a me ka

pomaikai ma.
Q. ? Heaha ke Kuhina Kalaiaina a me ka paia waho o ka makahiki A. The loko o
ka manao ninoieo iloko o kona nui hiona. ka paia waho Ak nae i loko o kona ma
textures nonessential ( affectiones ) ai 'ole ka lki. ( relationes he). No ka mea, o ke
Keena Kalaiaina o ka manao, he hookahi holoholona; ka mea, he aloha ia i ko ia
neionioni mai manuahi arbitrariness, a me kona ai, mai ka 'elele i hookolokolo aku
la ia; ka paia waho Ak nae ka manawa holoholona komo i ka hiona o eha kapuai,
ai ole ia o ke ola i loko o ke kula.
Q. He aha ka mea a me ke ano o ka hua'lelo? H. O ka mea o ka makahiki,o ia i
loko o kl mau manao, i ua hoopili ma ka ia lkhi, aka, me ka helehelena. Ma ke
ano o ko lakou pili Mai ka kpili o ka mea i hikeia e n hua'lelo, loa 'Aohe wai
iau, e like me ka nana kokoke ma ka mea o na olelo, aole ia e no i loko o ka ia.

MOKUNA ewalu
O na olelo kupaa i ka nui
Q. Heaha ka mea he hooponopono A. A hooponoponoana ( judicium ) no ka
manao paa o ka pilina 'ole ka pilina ia i wahi ma waena o ia hana; a ua kheaia ma
ka'lelo, hookahi kau (propositio, enuntiatio ). I olelo aku e like me ke kanaka, he
kino, pela no au e hoakaka nei i ka pilina ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka make, a pela
Lunakanawai.
Q. Pehea e hiki ai ia oukouike n'lelo? A. lelo, a me ke ano. Ka mea o ka
hooponoponoana o i ka manao, ma waena o ka mea a ka mea pilina imagines, ma
luna o ke kanaka a me ka make; aka, ke kinona o ke alanui i ka pilina ma waena o
kia mau manao, ua manao. Ka kpili hoolako i ke ano o ka mea o na hoopai mai
na mea a pau a noonoo olelo manao ao wale no ke ano o ka ia.
Q. Ma ka aoao makou, ua maa e noonoo i ka hoopai ana ia lakou ma ka ano ku ia
oukou? H. E like me ka manao ma ka olelo o ko lakou a pau, quality, hoahanau a
me ka modality. I ka mea hooholo i ka laul o ke kanaka i loko o ka hooponopono,
ka mea e like ai no ke 'ano o ka predicate; ka pili i ke 'ano o ka loulou ma waena o ka
iho gegebnen i verdict manao, a me ka modality, ka lki ma i he oiaio, i ko kakou
cognitive faculties na olelo hoopono. Ma schicklichsten ia mea, i ke ana a hiki i ka
wa e noonoo pono i na pohihihi no basically.
F. How e hoomaopopo i na olelo kupaa, e pili ana i ko lakou mau hoahanau?
H. Ma categorical, mea hypothetical, a me disjunctive.

MOKUNA Nine

Mai ka categorical hoopai

Q. He aha ka mea, he categorical ka hoopai? A. A categorical hoopai
(hookolokolo hooponopono) ka mea hookahi ma ka mea a ka hoahanau he manao
like (affirmative ole io kekahi) hiona i ka kekahi.Na hoopai, ua pinepine no hoi
kapaia hoopai par pookela. Ka luna olelo, E ke kanaka, ua make, he categorical, no
ka mea, o ka makahiki make i ka nn 'ana ma loko o ka hiona ma ka manao ke
kanaka.Na hoopai a pau, aole hiki categorically, ua he huina lakou o categorical, a ma
ka hoailona kpili ana ia mea, e wale no ka mea hypothetical a me ka disjunctive
hoopai aku. Ka nui a me ke kpono o n knwai pili initially wale i categorical.
Q. ? Heaha ke kumuhana, predicate a me ka copula i loko o ka categorical
hoopai A. ahahui kapaia kl manao o ka mea i kekahi mea i maopopo n
haumna e like me ka hiona. Aka, predicate, heaha ka mea e pili ana i ke kumuhana
e like me ka hiona. Pela ke kanaka ma luna o ke kumuhana, ke predicate make. Ke
kumuhana Ua ana mua ia e ka hoopai, aka, e hiki no hoi, me ka hoololi ana i kona
naau i loko o kekahi mea, e waiho ma ke kua o ka predicate, no ka mea, laana, ke
kanaka, kahi a laila ua kapaia ia ke kauoha i offset ua make. Ka copula ai 'ole ka hui
olelo ma categorical hoopai he mea e ae o ka olelo, nae ka mea, ua pinepine wale no
hnia ma loko o laila. No ka mea, laana, ka hopuna'lelo: Man ua manao, ua
hoonohonoho papahana, Man, he manao-hana. - Pinepine copula a me ka predicate
merged iloko o kekahi olelo. No ka mea, laana, he kanaka manao; i ka mea like me
ke kanaka ka mea, he manao. Kekahi pohihihi mea e loaa ole malalo, e like me ka
mea hekili, ua ka ua. Eia nae, i kekahi i ka predicate manao pili i 'oi ka vague kupa
ak, maanei. Ia pohihihi, ua kapaia kekahi hoonohonoho imperfect.
Q. Pehea ka nui o categorical ka hooponopono 'ano apau loa, aia no iloko o olelo o
ka pau? A. Ekolu. o Ia,o ka predicate ua kekahi i pili wale no i ka hookahi kupa, a
me na kanaka a pau o kekahi hoailona, a me na kanaka a pau o kekahi 'ano ma ka
hihia mua, ua ka hooponopono ana, he hookahi paha individuales, i loko o ka lua, he
kuikawa paha particulate. ke kolu, he nui paha a paa. Guttenberg invented i ke
akamai o ke pai, he hookahi olelo; he nui n knaka e noho ana i ka ai hapalua, he
hana; na holoholona he manao, he nui. Na hoailona e hoike i ka nui o ke kumuhana, o
na pronouns i keia, hookahi, hookahi, etc. no ka mea, o ka kanaka olelo hoopono.; no
ka mea, ka mea kikaw:: kekahi, i kekahi, he nui loa, mau, a pela aku. no ka mea, ka
mea nui: a pau, i kekahi, aole, etc. i koho hoopai, he mau wahi i ke kumuhana, he
peripheral ano o keia ano o ka hoon, ua, unmarked, kahi ka mea i nalowale. Kekahi
mau'lelo kpaa ( . Jud determinata ) ua kapaia ka poe nui, a me kia'lelo
kpaa; indefinite ( indeterminate ) ho'kka 'ia.
Q. Pehea ka nui o categorical ka hooponopono 'ano apau loa, aia no iloko o olelo o
ka kbps? H. hoi ekolu: affirmative paha affirmative, io, a io a me ka mana,
restrictive paha limitative. Ma ka affirmative hoopai i ka predicate ua lawe e like
maoli me ka oluolu o ka malalo, a heaha la ka ia, ke kumuhana hike e like me
laweia mai iloko o ka sphere, a me ka laul o ka predicate; i ka negating pohihihi o ke
kumuhana, ua manao ke ole ke sphere o ka predicate; ma o ka mana loa, ka mea i
hoonohoia ma loko o ka sphere o ka manao, ka mea ma waho o ke sphere o

kekahi; a heaha hoi ka ia nei, ma o ka hole o ka hiona i kekahi mea i hoonohoia

ma loko o ka maio o ke kanaka.
F. ? He aha examples o keia A. Affirmative hoopai he: O ka liona ka mea
ikaika; ke kanu he maka, no ka mea, ma na hihia a ke kanaka i loko o ka sphere, a me
ka laul o ka predicate, starch a me ka omaomao kala like 'ole; a me ka poe i
hookomoia e like me n hiona i loko o ka maio o n hua'lelo liona a me ka mea
kanu. Io hoopai e ku e ia poe, ke gula, aole keokeo, ka la, aole ia e holo i ka honua a
puni; no ka mea, eia ka mea malalo o, mai ka laul o ka predicate, a me ka predicate
Ua paleia'ku ia mai ka maio o ke kanaka. Limitative hoopai poe, ua make ole ka
kanaka uhane; ka lole, ua undamaged.Eia au e lawe mai i ka pili ma ka negation o ka
palaho i ka sphere o ke ola mau loa; i ke kapa komo ma ka hoole ana i ka poino ma
lalo o ka sphere o wholeness. - The limitative hoohewa pela kaulana mai ka hopena
maikai ma pela a hiki e like me ia i ka mua o ka malalo o ka sphere o ka affirmative
kna moolelo paleia'ku ia, aka, aole i laweia mai iloko o ka sphere o kekahi
affirmative kna moolelo. ua kau ma na la mahope ak, pono, ma ka loa, mai ka
sphere o ka affirmative kna moolelo i loko o ka kekahi affirmative.
Q. Heaha ka pkole inoa i haawiia i ka categorical ka loiloi 'ana, e like me ia i ko
lkou nui, a me kona mea e like? H. Ua koho ka mua eha vowels; no ia mea, A he
nui, a ma ia manawa affirmative; E, he nui, a ma ka manawa hookahi io kekahi, au i
kekahi hana, a ma ia manawa affirmative, O expresses i kekahi, a me ka io hookahi
ka hooponopono. Nolaila, ke Roma pauku;
Asserit A, negat E Ak universaliter ambo,
Assarit I, O Ak negat particulariter ambo.
Ka limitative a me na kanaka hoopai maanei, ua hoohanau, no ka mea, no ka mea, o
ka hopena a me ka manao o ka mea keia ua nele hoi i designation, ua wae aku, i na
kanaka hoopai o ka poe nui a me ka limitative na affirmative like aayoaeuiinoe: 'O
kekahi designation no keia mea;
A. All holoholona a pau ke aloha kanaka.
E. No holoholona, e hiki ola ole ai.
I. Kekahi poe kanaka, ua ao mai.
O. He nui n knaka, ua, aole ao.
Q. ? He aha ka mea i olelo mai no ke modality o categorical hoopai H. Ua hoi
paa ekolu ano o ka hooponoponoana; ka problematic, assertoric a me ka
apodictic. Ma ka mua, ka pilina ma waena o kumuhana, a me predicate ua wale no
imua e like me ka hiki; Ma ka kekahi maoli hana, a hike mai i ia e like me ka
hana. hana ma ke kolu e like me ka pono. 'O kekahi problematic hoopai he: ke ola
ana o ke kanaka ke lawe i oi aku mamua o hookahi haneri makahiki; ke kaua e uhai
aku koke; o ka assertoric: Life, ua pokole; ke kaua i uhai aku; o ka apodictic: e make
ke kanaka; e uhai aku i ke kaua.
F. Ua paha na nui oko ao, ke ole e hike i ka olelo o ka mea, e like ai, a me
modality o ka categorical hoopai ano, e wehe i ,? A. ua ana ka papa kuhikuhi ano o

categorical hoopai ana ma keia mau hookokoke mai. Ma keia manao, nae, e like me
na olelo kupaa kheaia ma ka'lelo, pl e i holo 'awelika mea e hiki n hoomaopopo
verschiedne ano maluna o lakou, i hiki hook' ia e ka penei noaia. Ka holo 'awelika,
he:
1) walaauana ( propositiones simplices )
2) haku ( prop. Compositae )
a) apparently haku
) hui pohihihi
Vergleichungsstze

. )

b) hnia ka lua
) Ausschlieungsstze
wale n i loko o ka puali ololi ano
b) exzeptiv

a)

. ) w e kuhikuhi
a) restrictive ma ka puali ololi ano
reduplikativ b).
Q. Pehea e hana i ka mea lua o ka holo 'awelika oko? A. A i mea puni, ma kahi o
ke kumuhana, oia o ka predicate wale o ka papa kuhikuhiE manao, in i na olelo o
ke kanaka, a me predicate he ole oluolu, a me ka olelo, he mau paha ka mea paa; ma
kekahi lima, ina o ke kumuhana, a predicate, a pau pu ua mau lau, ua haku o ke kau,
no ka mea, he mau hoopai basically; oia no ke aha la oukou i hoi exponibel kahea ia
ia i ke kea ano, a me ka haku mele, he huna, exponibel ma ka ikaika ano.
Q. ? He aha na examples o keia A. alodio pohihihi, he: ke keiki, ua
docile; kanaka aloha aku i ka makemake. A ahupapa hoike: n knaka a me n
holoholona he ola mea. no ka mea, maoli ka mea, o ka pohihihi elua: People, he ola
mea. Na holoholona, ua ola mea. Hoi: ka aniani, ua fragile a me ka aniani moakaka,
ua, kekahi hoonohonoho papahana, ke aniani, ua fragile; Ke aniani He aniani
moakaka.
Q. He aha e kuhikuhi ana a copulative pohihihi, a me Vergleichungs- a me n
pohihihi, ma ka mea hookahi like ana kaae n hoi ahupapa? H. Ma ka copulative
pohihihi na kanaka a predicates ua interconnected; iloko o ka me n hookahi mea he
hiona i komo pu iloko o nui loa ma mua o kekahi. 'O kekahi copulative pohihihi, o
na kanaka helu ma mua mai; mau pohihihi a pau, ke tiga, ua paa loa ia e like me ka
liona; ua nawaliwali ma mua o ke kanaka i ke keiki. Keia mau kumu e ulu wela: O ka
liona ka mea ino; Ke tiga, ua oi aku ka lokoino. Ke kanaka i kekahi degere o ka
ikaika; Ke keiki i ka haahaa loa o ka ikaika.
Q. Heaha Ausschlieungsstzen ole exclusive a kaupalena 'ia ka holo' awelika, a
restrictive? A. exclusive a exclusive i loko o ka hoomhuahua ano, na pohihihi
iloko a ka loa i na mea a pau, a me restrictive ma ke kea ano, i ka mea o ka w ia
ll i na mea a pau. Ina o ka malalo o ka loa o na mea a pau kekahi hana i alu mea a
pau ia ia ia i kekahi mea hewa, pela ke kauoha ma ka mea wale n i loko o ka ikaika
ano, aka, ina ua hoon ka palena wale n i ka loa o kekahi hapa o ia mea i kekahi
mea, pela ke kauoha, he exzeptiv; e like me ke kaina o restrictive ma kaolol

hoohalike, ina ua hana i ka w i loko e kekahi admixture; reduplikativ kekahi lima,

ina he ua wale kaheaia ma ka recurrence.
F. ? He aha examples o keia A. wale n i loko o ka ikaika ano he n pohihihi, ka
cuckoo wale n ke hoike nei i kona mau manu hoomoe mai kekahi poe; Wale
unfilled pua amo na anoano. Ka hope'lelo e ke kino, no ka wela: Nui pua, he
unfilled; lakou ua lawe na anoano, na mea e ae a pau, aole e hali ana i na
anoano. Exzeptive pohihihi, he: hana nui na Helene me ka uku kilokilo, koe wale no
ka poe Lacedaemonians. Alahele, he puaa, koe ka ino ino. Restrictive aia ma ka
puali ololi ano: The Sciences, elike me oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe, aka, ua hiki ole
iaike. I ke kl e like me ka mea i maikai hope, ua nui nui. Reduplitative pohihihi,
he: e lilo o ka ikaika o kaalihikaua e like me ka luna koa. Ka uku, e like me
kumukuai he mau'hewa. - Pele holo 'awelika, i ka poe restrictive ma ka ikaika ano,
expresses ia mea, i ka mea i olelo e pili wale i kekahi i ka mahalo. Ma reduplikative
pohihihi e ku ei ka mea a pau i ka olelo i ka mea i hai, he mea ia e lawe i kona nui
literal, nuiano, ka mea hiki wehewehe Kuhikuhi 'i na hoailona.
MOKUNA He umi
Mai ka sameness, subordination, k' a me ka reversal
ka categorical hoopai
Q. Heaha ka poe i kapaia me n'lelo kpaa mea, a like i pololei ia ( identica,
aequipollentia )? A. ka poe iloko o na mea nui a me ke ano hoi i ka ia. Nolaila,
monotony hoopai hiki wale no e hookoaia ma a hiki e like me ko lakou i haawiia i
kaokoa mau olelo; No laila, e okoa e puhi ia; paha insofar e like me ka lakou i
manao ai o ka poe kanaka okoa, a okoa manawa.
Q. Heaha ka subordination o na olelo hoopono? H. hoopai ho i kahi o ke kanaka
a me ka predicate iloko o ke alanui o ka ia kumu. i kekahi o ka mea a ke anapuni o ke
kanaka, ua nui, aka, mamua ma ka kekahi, ua kapaia emi ( subalterna ); o ia ka mea
i hookolokolo, ma kahi o ke kumuhana, oia ke kekahi manawa, i ka subordinating
( subalternans ); aka, o ka mea a he mea ka lalo, ke keiki ( subalternatum). Pela, i
keia pohihihi, ua subordinate: 1) The o ka poeEulopa uaaahuia; 2) ua aahuia i
The kia kanaka Kelemnia; 3) n koi lipi, ua aahuia. O ka poeEulopa ua i kekahi
manawa e like me ka poe kia kanaka Kelemnia; no ka mea, ua komo ma lalo ia
mea; Nolaila, i ka wa 1) a 2) ua hoohlike; 1) ka subordinating, 2) ke keiki i ka
pono. Ak nae, ina 2) a 3) ua hoohlike, he 2) ka subordinating, a me 3) ke
keiki; no ka mea, i ka manao o ke kanaka Kelemnia ua wider ma mua o ka mea o
ke kumuhana Saxony. - E hiki mahope iho o ka luna, i oleloia kanawai, i ka mea a ka
manao kiekie no, no hoi na mea a pau ma lalo iloko o lalo ia mea, kpono ai ka
oiaio o subordinating i ka hooponoponoana o ke keiki.
Q. Heaha hana. ? Kekahi malalo o lkahi a me ke alo o hoopai A. lkahi hoopai
( consentientia ) he mau mea elua e hiki ai oukou i manao ai no, e like me ka oiaio i
ka manawa hookahi. aka, ai 'ole conflicting e ku pono ana ( opposita, repugnantia )
ka poe o ka mea ana ma ka mea a ka poe kekahi e puhi ia; o ka mea e hiki ia mea, e
manao o hookahi wale no mea e noho nei. Ke k' o na hoopai i ano e i koke,

pololei, adversarial, a indirect, indirect, me ke ku ei e like me n

hua'lelo. Contradictorily ka mea, i ka wa i loko o ka hooponopono i ka mea hana, e
like me ka negation o ka mea i hoonohoia ma loko ookoa verdict; kue manao, ina
ua hoki aku e holo i kekahi mea i loko o ka hooponopono ( 'o ia hoi,aole ma
maula negation), ka mea o ka mea i kauia maokoa verdict.
Q. He aha examples o keia? H. lkahi hoopai: Man aloha ke ola; Man ua
make. Pono e ku pono: ke kanaka, ua make; Ke kanaka ka mea, aole e
make. Contrarian: keia hale, ua pau loa ia i ka pohaku;Keia hale, ua pau ka laau. Pono e ku pono ana hoopai kela a me keia manawa elua wale no mea hiki; a me
kekahi o ia mau pono e oiaio ole kela a me keia ano loaa i ke ku e ana i loko iho. No
ka mea, laana, e lilo ia no n'lelo hoopono, he kino ka quadrangular uhane, i ka
quadrangular uhane ka mea, aole e make, aole hoi o lakou oiaio, mai ka manao o ka
quadrangular uhane, ua conflicting iloko wale;contradictory hoopai e hiki manao oi
aku mamua o elua me kekahi o ia mau mea, e pono ke noho pono oiaio.
Q. He aha subkontrre hoopai ana? H. ua, no ka mea hookahi pakahi aku la ia i
ka mea a hooiaio i kekahi e hoole pakahi aku la ia ( 'o ia hoi I a me O); e like
holoholona kekahi poe carnivorous; kekahi holoholona i carnivorous; a Kolo
holoholona he mau wwae, kekahi holoholona ka mea,aole wawae. Ka mea, ua
hikiwawe ike ia subkontrre hoopai elua paha, eoiaio.
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma reversing ( conversio ) o ka poe e puhi ia? A. A i
mihi ia hoi, e hana i ka predicate i loko o ke kumuhana, a me ka poe malalo o ke
predicate. Keia reversal hiki Ano, i ekolu aoao, paa 1) simpliciter () ina ka nui, a me
ke kpono o ka ia e nana e hoole i ka pono, ua purely, a waiho kl
kl; 2) peraccidens ina ka nui o ka hoopai ana, a me 3) Via contra n klana
hana, ina ua hoololiia ka mea e like ai o ka hooponoponoana. Ka hookolokolo ana i
kekahi i ka hoololi, oa ma o ka elua hihia mua o ka ae paha conversum ia, ma ka mea
hookahi pio ia e reversing paha convertens . I ka wa Contraposition, oia ka mua i ka
pono, o ka contraponierte, ka kekahi i ka contraponierende.
F. ? He aha he examples o keia A. kaula kohi i nana e hoole, No holoholona he
kupono; No kupono no ka holoholona; Kekahi Happy, ua pono oe; kekahi pono ua
pomaikai lakou. (Nui olelo ana: No A he B, aole B, he A. kekahi A he B, kekahi B, ua
A.) Per accidens Ua nana e hoole: All mea kanu a pau ke aloha kanaka; kekahi ke
aloha mea, he mea kanu. All ppoki he carnivores; kekahi Moana, he mau
ppoki. (General: All A he B, kekahi B, he A.) By Contraposition i nana e hoole, ua
make na kanaka a pau; he make ole ka mea, he kanaka maoli; na holoholona a pau e
ola ana, aole ole ola mea, he holoholona. (General: All A he B,aole ole-B, he A.)
MOKUNA He umikumamakahi
No ka mea hypothetical a me ka olelo kupaa disjunctive
Q. He aha ka mea, he mea hypothetical hooponopono (inferential hoopai)? H. O
ka mea o ka mea hypothetical hoopai ana he mau categorical hoopai; i ke kino a me
ka naau o ka mea ia i loko o ka mea a keia mau categorical'lelo kpaa, e like me ke
kumu, a me keia i pili i kekahi i kekahi. 'O kekahi mea hypothetical hoopai he: I na

hoku a nee a puni ka la, pela no ko lakou maluhia, he maopopo wale no;Eia kekahi,
ina o ka mea i kumu, e ia no hoi. Iloko o na hoailona, ka mua categorical hoopai loaa
ke kumu i ka kekahi, ua hoonoho; na la mahope, ua nolaila, e manao e like me ia i
kailihune o ka mua.
Q. ai k ka mea hypothetical hoopai? A. The antecedent (antecedent,
ana, kuhiakau, lki, conditio, membrum prius k antecedens. ), Ka mea kpono ai ka
mana e like me ka kumu o ka hoopai ana; a me ka consequent (ka hindlimb,
Conditional, ia hoi, rationatum, membrum posterior k. consequens ), a iloko ona i
kakauia na implication o ka antecedent. Ka hooponopono ana penei: I mea pono ke
kanaka, pela no ia i ka manao maikai; oia ka mua olelo o ka antecedent, i ka lua o ka
nmua kiionioni. Hana e hiki, nae, no hoi i ka nmua kiionioni no ka mea mua; e
like ke kanaka i ka manao maikai, ina he pono; keia hoololi mai mamuli o ke ano o
ka olelo, (o ka nui, kaheaia ma ka olelo, maluna), ak,aole i ka hooponopono ana
ia. (Particles), ina pela, na mea i hoohanaia e wehewehe i ke kinona o ka mea
hypothetical hoopai 1) ua particulae consecutivae kapaia.
1)

You i manaoio i ka olelo, ina pela, ina ke ano iho; lakou i hookauwa wale no e hike i ka ia.

Q. Pehea' ae e pili ana i ke ahiahi, e hai ana i ka mea hypothetical hoopai?

H. Ma keano o ka categorical hoopai e hana i ka lole o ka mea hypothetical, ina
pkahi, ma ka nui, affirmative a io, etc., ua, iloko o ka Logical noonoo o ka mea
hypothetical hoopai i lawe i noonoo; no ka mea, o ka ke kpili manao ia lakou wale
no ke ano o na olelo kupaa, ka mea ma lalo mea hypothetical i loko o ka hoailona
kpili ana o ka categorical'lelo kpaa elua, a me na mea a pau hoi ka ia, nae ka
categorical hoopai e noho iloko iho pelaokoa; ka mea, ke kala e hoohuli ia lakou ma
o kekahi mea hypothetical hoopai ia lakou, ua like me ke kumu, a me keia i pili i
kekahi i kekahi; a me keia lki mea e noho pono wale wehewehe. - Ina o ka mea
hypothetical hoopai o oi aku mamua o elua'lelo kpaa, he mea i ka lua; No ka mea,
laana, ina ka vicious he mau hauoli, a mau olioli ole, pela no ka mea, e lilo ia i
knaka apau i mkaukau i ka hana pono, ae pale aku Hope i ka pono kanaka.
Q. Heaha ka naau o ka disjunctive hoopai (k' hoopii)? H. Ina manao kekahi
mau makana e ku pono ana ano kekahi me ka loa o kekahi mea e ae ma ka manao
me ka hoike ole nae ia, pela precipitating ka disjunctive hoopai , Ano he kumu
hoohlike disjunctive hoopai he: O ka lealea ka mea, ma ka aeia paha, aole ia i
loko; I keia kanaka no kekahi me ka German a he Pelekne ai 'ole ka Farani.Nei au
iio n manao wale no e like me ka ka mea o ka poe ku pono ano, Kelemnia,
English, Farani, (ka mea, he oppositely kahiko o ka'ina, a me ke ku ei), e hoouna
aku i kekahi kanaka, aole nae ia; i ka manawa hookahi hikeia hoi i ka loina
hooponopono i kekahi manawa maoli i kia mau mea kanu, ua hookomoia iloko o ka
makahiki, alaila, ua paleia'ku ia i na mea e ae, i au i na kanaka, ina wau anei ke
manao wale ia ia e like me ka Pelekne, a hiki i ka manao e like me Farani ka poe,
ka mea i loko o kekahi hihia ma ka mana o ke ano o ka contradictory kau e, aole e
hiki.
Q. He aha ka mea hou aku kaulana ma ka disjunctive'lelo kpaa a me ka mahalo

aku i ko lakou mau mea, ae hana? H. O ka mea o ka disjunctive hoopai nae he mau
ku pono categorical hoopai. Ka ilaila e ku pono ana predicates kapa kaawale lala
( membra disjuncta pela) e like me maluna Kelemnia, English, Farani nei. Ka mea
lki o ke kaawale ana ll, hookahi ka mea ua hele akula ia i ke ano oiaio o ka auhau
mea, i ke ano o ka disjunctive hoopai ana, a ua manao ia e ka poe (particles) keia, ai
'ole ( particulae disjunctivae ia, ai ole ia i koho) no hoi paha wale no ma hookahi. Ke
kaawale lala ke kai piha pono e ku pono ana, e like me ka aeia mai luna a aole ia, ai
'ole kahiko o ka'ina, e like me Kelemnia, Farani, English; ma ka hihia mua, he elua
wale isolation n ll. hope hiki mai ai ka mau.
Q. Pehea e hiki ai ia me ka nn 'ole i ka modality o ka mea hypothetical a me
ka'lelo kpaa disjunctive aoi? H. kou wahi, ua lawe pkahi problematic; Aka,
nana aku la au e like me ka a pau e like me ko lakou mau helehelena, ua
dogmatically, oa ka mea, ua hoonoho ia e pono ai. I ka mea hypothetical'lelo kpaa,
aole hoi i ka antecedent mea ma ka mea i manaoia no ka mea, e noho pono, aole hoi
me ka dia lala; aka, e kuhikuhi ana paha o like me ka pono a me ka hopena. Pela
manao nei anei oukou iloko o ka disjunctive hoopai, aole oiaio o kela a me keia o na
kanaka e ku pono categorical hoopono, mai i ka mea i hana, e like me ka pono; ka
pau hoopai mea i kau like me ka pono, no ka mea, o keia wale no hooholo precisely
ia o kekahi mau makana hiki helehelena mea e loaa i ka mea.
MOKUNA umikumamalua
Mai ka oko o na olelo kupaa, a me pohihihi no kona manao 2)
2)

Ia ka kpili maoli nn ma ka maio 'ole i ka mea a me ka ho omaka ana o ka poe knwai i loko o ka
naauao; aka, he mea e, aole e ole e kkkk i kia pili i kekahi mea e pili ana; e like me ka hana ma ka
hapanui puke o ke kpili.

F. Pehea analytic a me ka kemikala hoopai oko? A. Analytic hoopai he poe kahi

hookahi, komo i ka hiona i manao mua i loko o ka manao o ke kanaka a hiki i keia
e like me ka predicate. Ka kekahi anal kemikala. No ka mea, laana: The ai manao ia
no ka mlamaana o n mea, he mkau manao, no ka mea, o ka makahikiai au i
noonoo ai i na manawa me ka hiona i wehewehe aku ana i hanai, ua loaa.By Ak, i
ka olelo e, ka ai, ua tasty, synthetically, no ka mea, o ka hiona o ka palatability mea,
aole nae ma ka olelo o ka ai. Pela makemake i ka olelo, O ka malamalama, ua
malamalama, mkau, no ka olelo o ka malamalama au i ua manao wale i ka gloss e
like me ka hiona me komo; ku e: O ka malamalama, ua hookai, heae n hoi
kemikala manao, no ka mea, e like me ka manao o ka mm holo i makemake ia
iloko o ka malamalama. - In mkau he mau mea no ia mea, e lawe aku oe i ka ano,
mai ka manao o ke kanaka wale, a me hoohui ia mea ma hope e like me ka
predicate pela; iloko o kemikala kekahi e kaili ia mea mai wahi. - Tautalogisch ka
mea, he mkau manao, i ka wa a ke kanaka, ua pili ia iho, e like me ka predicate; e
like me ka berena, he berena; he ola a pau e ola ana. - He mea mama, i ko makou ike
maoli hiki ole ke hoomaka ia e ho okumu i analytic hoopai; no ka mea, hoike wale no
ia i ka mea a makou i ike ai mamua; aka, ma ka ia ko kakou noonoo hou i hele ai i
kanakaano a pau i ka manao, a pela ka clarity o ka manao e hoolaha. Ia kakou ke

maoli hoomahuahua i ka laul o ko kakou mau mea, ua ulu wale ma ka ho okumu i

kemikala hoopai.
Q. Pehea la theoretical a me ka mea hiki e puhi ia oko? A. O ka poe i kekahi mea
e makeshift o ka ike; keia mau mea e olelo aku i kekahi mea na ka mea e pono o ka
hana.
Q. He aha indemonstrable a me demonstrable holo 'awelika? H. O ka ua mua
koke kekahi, oa ka poe aole loko mai o na manao nona ka oiaio (hike) e hiki ai ia,
aka, ua akaka i loko iho. Na mea e ae, he kahiko o ka'ina kekahi, oa ka poe nona ka
oiaio e hiki ai ke loko mai o na pohihihi a me ka pono.
Q. Heaha ka rula? A. rula, axiom a rula hoi koke kekahi theoretical ana, ka mea
hiki ke loko pela, mai kekahi e ae, aka, i hoohana 'e loaa ia mea i na mooolelo. Pela
ka luna kanawai o ka manao, no ke kue, ke ao e hookolokolo pono, etc. kumu. 'O
kekahi loina o ka makemakika, ua i pololei laina elua mai hookomo i ka wa; na ua
huiia e makemake, na ia.
Q. Heaha ka postulate? A. postulate, a koi ana, he mea hiki kau, ka mea Hike
ia ia, e lawe, a maanei e like koke kekahi presupposes, aole hiki ke hua mai la no
hoi. Ia postulates poe, e kikoo aku i ka laina pololei ma waena o elua wahi; ai e
pololei i ka laina loa. No ka mea e hiki ia o hooiaio mai i keia mea maoli e hiki (o
insofar aole hoike ma ka ho'oana, ua oleloia); nolaila, ak,aohe mea i olelo aku i
keia kuhikuhi i ua koi iki absurd; mai a pau, ua hoomaopopoia au no ka oiaio koke o
ka practicability o koi. - Mai keia mau postulates i loko o ka mau ano a pau, e
hoomaopopo i ka pela-kapaia postulates o ka mea hiki no, ka mea, aole ia i noi i
kekahi mea e hana aku; aka, e aho, i kekahi mea e hiki ole ai ke maopopo, e manaoio
ole hooiaio ana i ka pono panee makemake; e like me ke ola ana o ke Akua, a me
kanaka ku okoa.
Q. He aha ka mea, he manao paha theorem, a me ka hana 'ole ka pilikia? A. O ka
mua, he theoretical manao kona oiaio e loko wale mai kekahi; ka hope, he mea hiki i
ka mea hooholo i ka hooko ana i ka hana, e lilo ia i mea hoao wale ana, ua hiki ke
hook 'ia. An hana o ka theorem oia; i ka poe pana pua i loko o kekahi rectilinear
triangle pu elua akau mooolelo, no ka mea, e ikea wale mai kekahi makemakika
theorems; he kumu o ka hana, oia: An equilateral triangle kakauia. I ka pilikia e pili
ana 1) ka Qustion. di Aloha i lkou i specifies aha ka mea e hana ai; 2) o ka olelo
hooholo i ke ano o ka hooko Hike; 3) i ka h ike, i loaa mai na mooolelo i ka
Required'll e hoalaia mai maoli ma ka hana i hoakaka ia ma ka olelo. - Ma ka
theorem wale no ka hoi a me ka h ike he nui, i ka mua o ka mea iloko ona i
kakauia na i ikea ka olelo, i ka hope hoike ia ia iho - E hana ia pela hou puha pokole,
he axiom he pono kekahi theoretical, he postulate i koke kekahi mea hiki
huapalapala. he theorem kekahi indirect a hoike hiki ia oe, a me ka nele o
theoretical; he pilikia ka e like me pono kini pue wale. - He pono e kaulana ai keia, a
me ka poe hahai haole, ka 'aoao Corolarium, Lemma, Scholion e oi pinepine ia ma
ka makemakika.
Q. He aha ka mea i additive paha Corolarium, hoi pono-ike Porisma a
Consektarium? A. A i ka mea hiki ke hoopuni nn pololei mai ka hai'lelo ka

mea mua, a nolaila, nele,aole piha maopopo. Pela oukou e hiki aku ai i ka manao a
pau i loko o kekahi rectilinear triangle ka pana pua ekolu pu i elua pono, e like me
kau Scholion; ka mea, ina he triangle mea, he pono paha, he obtuse (i oi aku mamua
o ka pono) huina i wahi, i elua pana pua kekahi, kela mea keia mea e pono ai e
kuhikuhi (emi malalo o ka akau).
Q. He aha ka mea, he Lehnsatz (aole dogma) a Lemma? A. A kauoha a laweia'ku
la lakou i ka hikeiaana o 'epekema, mai na kekahi akeakamai, a no ka mea, o kona
oiaio, ua mua, ua hookumu' ia ka mea, aohe maopopo hou.
Q. He aha ka mea, he Scholion paha ka manao hoopuka? H. He poe, aole nui
lohe i loko o ka paiapili o ka hike o ke akeakamai, aka, ua wale huli i loko o ka
ulterior maka pua; ka hapanui i ka lawe imua e wehewehe hou.
Q. He aha ka mea he empirical ka hoopai? A. Na konaoiaio, ua nn 'ana i
hoike mai ka ho'oana, ak,aole ia mai na olelo hoopono.

Text original
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MOKUNA heumikumamkolu
O na wahi i puhi ai i ka nui, a me ka pau o ka categorical
Q. He aha ka hopena ( ratiocinium, syllogismus )? H. O ka oiaio o ka malie ka
mana e like me ka maopopo ole ka pono o kekahi ka mana e like me derivation.
Q. ai k n hopena a? A. lelo, a me ke ano. I ka mea a ka lole i na hoopai a pau e
ahu iho ai i ka puni; ke kino, n nae i ka hopena ninoieo precisely i loko o ka
hoailona loulouano o n'lelo kpaa, ma ka mana o ka mea a ka poe i
hooponopono e like me ke kumu o ka oiaio o ka kekahi, ua hoonoho. O keia ano he
hapa o ka olelo no ia mea, ( ergo i hike).
Q. He aha okoa, ma ka mea o ka hopena a A. mau olelo kupaa a hoohui p i ke
kumu o ka loko, ua, no ka mea, ua i ke alo ma ka pololei, i puhi ai i ka mea mua
akamai, i na premisses a assumptions (propositiones praemissae kapaia); ka olelo
aka, na ka loko, i ka hopena ai 'ole ka Conklusion ( conclusio, conclusum ). No ka
mea, laana, ma ka hopena, a pau ilihune kanaka, he poe olioli ole, Nero he ino
kanaka; A Nero, ua olioli ole, ka mua elua pohihihi na pa, a me antecedents; ka la
mahope o ka Conklusion ai ole ia ka hopena.
Q. ? Heaha ka likeole o ka p, a mawaho kinona o ka hopena a A. The na
kinona pili ia i ka loulouano o n'lelo kpaa ma i puhi ai, e like me ka mua manao
iloko o ka naau; ka pahale mawaho aka o na oko ao, ma olelo o ko lakou mau olelo,
ma ka'lelo.
F. Pehea e maopopo i ka hopena o kona na helehelena? H. ke kaumaha ma muli
o ka p kula mua (o ka nui p kula) He categorical, mea hypothetical a disjunctive i
ka pono, i loko o categorical, mea hypothetical, a me disjunctive.
Q. He aha examples o keia? H. He categorical hopena oia, he kino All kanaka,
Caius ka mea, he kanaka, nolaila, Caius ua make. Manaoia ma hahai catfish: I Caius

ka mea, he kanaka,o ia ka mea make, Ano Caius ka mea, he kanaka, pela no ka mea,
ua make; ka mea, e lilo ia i mea hypothetical ka hopena; a disjunctive ia e lilo ina
kona manao pela, Caius ka mea ina kino paha ia mea, aole he kanaka, Ano Caius ka
mea, he kanaka, pela no ia, ua make.
Q. ? Heaha ke ano o ka loa categorical ka hopena A. First o na mea a pau ekolu
Kanawai ( propositiones ), i ka mua o ka antecedent ole ke rula ( . Prop nui ) O (i
loko o ka maluna kumu hoohlike, na kanaka, ua make); ka kekahi o ka pedestal, ke
assumtion ole subsumption ( prop N hana. ) (Caius ka mea, he kanaka); i ke kolu o
ka hope loa olelo ( conclutio ) ( 'o ia hoio Caius make). O keia ka papa kuhikuhiE e
puhi ia ekolu manawa i ka papa kuhikuhi manao (ekolu termini e komo pu); o elua
hua'lelo kona pili i kekahi i kekahi mea i manao ia ma na ahaaina hope loa, o kekahi
o ka mea a ke kanaka, a me ka poe N mpuna ( Ka Nalu Minor ); ka kekahi i ka
predicate ai 'ole ka hoolauna ( Ka Nalu nui ) no. Keia, he pono e huiia ka waena
manawa ( Ka Nalu medius ). Kela papa kuhikuhiE manao komo i loko o ka loa
categorical ka hopena i mua palua; ka hoolauna (make) ma ka nui, a me ka welo
'ana, n manawa e like me ka predicate; kaolol manawa (Caius) ma ke N hana a
me ka panina o ka neeana, n manawa e like me he kumuhana; a me ka waena
manawa (kanaka) i loko o ka p kula nui, a me ka nnn, ma laila e like me ia malalo
iho, maanei me he predicate. nolaila, i ka inoa hoolauna a me kau hookonokono ae,
no ka mea, o ka hoolauna ana i ka luna, me ka haahaa makahiki he lalo, a ma ka
hopena pono ka subordination o ka lalo manawa e loko malalo iho o ka hoolauna,
ma o ka 'uao' ana o ka wati waena makahiki, mai ka nui p kula.
F. ? Ma ka noaia hiki ka hoike i ke kulana o ka papa hulihonua ma ka maemae, a
me ke kina ole, categorical hopena A. O ka hoolauna 'ole ke kumuhana inoa o S,
ka waena makahiki M, i ka manawa a ka predicate P, pela lakou i hele mai i loko o ka
hahai mau aoao a pau i;
M=P
S=M
S = P.
Q. On mea i hookuu holopono ka validity o ka categorical hopena a? H. Ma ka
hahai, He aha ka hiona o ka mea a pau a hoole aku paha i ka mea e hele mai no a
hoole aku paha i na mea ia lakou iho; ai ole ia, i ka mea dala i ka mea a ka genus
holookoa a pau, a hoole aku paha i ka mea e hoole aku paha i na mea a pau? ueo a
me na kanaka o ka ia; ka genus a? ueony-manao he o, ma o ke ao akaka e like hala
ole oe i ka olelo o ka helu, nui ano o na mea a pau i na mea a pau ma lalo o
lkou. Pela i hiki mai ka hopena ma luna o ka predicate kino make i ka hiona o
Caius, kanaka, i, nolaila hoi i ka Caius ia iho;ai ole ia, ma na olelo e; ka hiona, kino,
ke hele mai i ka papa a pau o knaka, e like me ka Caius, oia no he kanaka i keia
genus. hiki ke loko i ka oiaio o keia rula, mai ka loina o ke ao like. Lakina ka mea, ua
kheaia e like me: nota notae loa nota me Rei ipsius, a quicquido o Omanai valet,
valet etiamo quibusdam listen singulis listen quidquido nullo valet, nec de na
quibusdam nec Aloha de singulis valet ( ka pela-kapaia dictum de Ka Omanai listen

nullo ), ai ole ia, quicquid valeto genere, valet etiamo laha 'ole, quicquid repugnat
generi, repugnat etiam speciei.
Q. He aha nui rula oia e malama i ka nui p kula i loko o categorical hopena a?
H. He pono e nui. (Ua paia hoopai no ka nui hopena, limitative i ka affirmative
like). No ka mea, ina i ole ma muli o ka hoolauna ma ka holookoa anapuni o ka
wati waena makahiki, aole i pili ole, koe aku ia ia; pela no ia e hiki ke hai mai i ka
oiaio, i ke kumuhana, a me ka mea i hoonohoia e like me ka loko ma lalo o ke
anapuni o ka waena makahiki. No ka mea, laana, makemake i ka hopena: haumana
kekahi poe ilihune, Leibniz he haumana, a Leibniz he ilihune, hewa, no ka mea, o ka
hoolauna ka meailihune maanei ma ka pau anapuni o ka wati waena makahiki
haumna, ak, wale no ma kekahi aoao, me ka mahalo ia mea, e like me ka olelo
kekahi ka hike 'ana; Aka, ano, he mea hiki i ka io kau Leibniz, aole i pono komo
malalo o keia aoao, me ka ilihune, ua maopopo n haumna e like me ka
hiona. nolaila, e hele au ma kia hopena, aole loa pono o Leibniz, ua ilihune
maoli. Hiki I haawi aku nei au i na haumana, uailihune, Leibniz he haumana, he mea
e hanaia ana me ka incontrovertible pono a Leibniz, ua hoi ilihune, no ka mea, eia ka
mea ilihune ma ka holookoa anapuni o ka wati waena makahiki haumna, ma lalo i
kekahi manao Leibniz e like me na, ka nn, a pela e loaa e like me ka olelo
kanawai, i ka mea a keano o ka mea no, no hoi i na mea a pau ia lakou iho, e hiki
mai ana, Leibniz wehewehe nui no ka poe ilihune.
Q. Pehea e loaa i ka pedestal ma categorical hopena a? A. ke kumu e, aole e lilo i
ka io, i; e aho ka subordination o ka lalo manao pono e maoli i kkau 'ia ma lalo o ka
waena manawa i loko ona; pela no ka mea i ka agena no ka olelo, e hiki e alaila hoike
mai no hoi, mai ka manawa lalo. Mai ka p kula: All kanaka, ua make; ka popoki
mea, aole he kanaka maoli; e like ka nui me ka mea e manao nei, no ka mea, ina au e
hoike make nei i ka nui p kula o na kanaka; aka, alaila, ma ka nnn ka popoki,
aole i ka loaa ana ma ka laul o ka manao o ke kanaka, e hookaawale ia ia mea, a
laila e hana i ka mea i predicated o na kanaka, aole olua i ka popoki, a me keia mea e
kino paha, aole, he hiki ke lilo i i kekahi mea mai ka pa infer. Eia kahi mea akaka
oluolu e ike i ka hikiole, e infer i kekahi mea, mai keia mau pa; koe ka mea, ina
kakou e lawe i ke kanaka, make, popoki, lawe manao a pau ia oukou makemake.
Q. Heaha ka rula Ua pili mai welo 'ana mai o categorical hopena a? H. Ua
kuhikuhi ma ka manao o kona mea e like ai e like me ka introductory olelo, a me ka
mahalo i kona nui, mahope iho o ka nnn. No ka mea, laana, ina au e loaa i ka pa:
No holoholona, he kumu, a pau n ppoki poe holoholona, aole au e Ano i ka olelo
hope negatively a me ke ao; no ka mea, o ka nui p kula (ma ka olelo o ka kbps) he
io, a me ka subset mea, (ma ka olelo o ka mea) a paa. nolaila, au e hoike i ka hopena.
Nolaila, aole popoki i manao. (No uhi p o loko o ka olelo, he nui hole o). Oiai I
hiki no hoi infer mai o ka pa. Pela no kekahi ppoki i manao; kahi, oia ka olelo hope
e particularistic; aka, manao ma keia aoaoae n hoiuuku; downright hewa ak, e
lilo i ka hopena, ina au i makemake ai e waiho aku ia ia iloko o ka affirmative, A pau
n ppoki he manao.
Q. He aha ka mea i olelo mai no ke kumu o hulihonua ma ka categorical hopena

a? H. It hiki i ko lakou, aole oi aku mamua o ekolu paa, a me ka Mitbegriff pono

no ia mea, e lawe i loko o ka nui, iloko o ka hookahi ano e like me ia ma ka
nnn; ole ia ia oe, ua lilo eha walaauana manao; ina elua i hookohu 'ia e ka ia
olelo. I ia ka hihia, ke predicate ua ma luna He wahi ala okoa hiona i loko o ka p
kula nui, e like me ka mea ka i ka mea a ke kanaka, ua subordinated iloko o ka
nnn; no ia mea, aole i pono i ka predicate o ka nui p kula ai e lawe pono ma luna
o ke kumuhana i loko o ka panina neeana, e like me keia i laweia mai ma kekahi
ano iloko o kona sphere. A kaapuni ma i keia manao, uaaole hoi i mlama, ua
kapaia sophism ambiguitatis ke amphiboliae. ; a he hiki pinepine loa ridiculous a me
absurd e hele mai i waho, e like me ka hahai examples hike: He aha ka mea
popopo, i pilau iau. Caius ka mea palaualelo, ka mea i pilau iau Caius. The Rose, he
mai; keia pua he pua rose, pela no keia pua, he mai. O Wai ka hewa, e loaa i ka
olua, o keia waipuna, ua hewa, pela no keia luawai e loaai ia he maopopo. Apparently, ma o ka hana mua o ka wati waena manawa popopo iloko o ka nui, kahi
ia 'o ia hoi i nui e like me popopo, lawe i loko o ka loa okoaano ma mua i loko o ka
N hana, ma kahi e ua like ka nui me palaualelo; nolaila, Caius ka mea, aole i laweia
mai iloko o ka laul o kekahi digester i loko o ka nnn, ma ka mea pili i ka pilau, e
like me ka hiona, a me ia nolaila, e hiki ole e hookumu 'ia ka Caius ma ka hope loa
kau.
Q. Ma ka aoao o na lunakahiko hoopaanaau i n kinona iaiyoe imi ana e loaa ka
categorical ka hopena ma ka nui a me ke kpono o n knwai iloko o ia mea, ino
ia ka mea maoli i na kanawai o ke kumu o like me ka? H. Ua hana i keia mau
olelo, a na vowels i ke ano haawi i loko o n'lelo kpaa; o, ka mea A he nui
affirmative, E expresses he nui io hookahi olelo; Wau, he loa affirmative, O ka mea
maopopo io hookahi.
Barbara (All kino, he kaumaha, na apana a pau i ke kino, a me n phaku a pau, ua
kaumaha.)
CElArCnt (No holoholona i 'lelo, n monkeys poe holoholona, i ole monkey' lelo.)
Dariu (a pau ke aloha ua hanaiia oia, i mau mea ma ka honua ua hanaiia oia ke aloha,
pela mau ma ka honua.)
FERIO (no ka mea ulu e hike me arbitrariness, kekahi ke aloha mea, he mau mea
kanu, pela kekahi ke aloha mea e nee me keakea kumu.)
Ka mua vowel iloko o kela a me keia olelo expresses i na ano a pau o ka p kula mua,
ka lua ia o ka kekahi, o ke kolu ia o ka hope neeana, i ka olelo barbara nolaila,
Hike ia ma loko o ka categorical ka hopena nui p kula, N hana p kula a me ka
Contribuu
la traducci
hopena
kea millorar
lilo nui,
a me kona hoakaka ana i ka manawa hookahi ; i ka
olelo Celarent ia p kula a me ka hopena nui io, i ka pedestal aka, malia paha e hana
nui ma ka affirmative, a pela no -: kl categorical hopena i hiki ole ke laweia mai i
kekahi o keia mau eha ano, e like me na kanawai o ke kpili, a olelo hewa i ka wa
paha ka mea iloko o ka hope olelo; e hiki mai i ka oiaio. Ina au e hookaawale ia, no
ka mea, laana: ua hanai na ke aloha kanaka, aole pohaku ka mea, he aloha ke ano
maoli, pela mea hanai, aole pohaku; mea e, nae, accidentally pololei i ka pohaku ka
mea i hanai, aole nae ia i hahai mai ka poe premisses, a me ka hopena i makemake
laila n n oiaio, aka, aole olelo (sd e pili ana i ka unuhi ana i ka mea a me ka olelo

Text original

oiaio Introduction); ia iae kekahi hoonohonoho wahahee. Oia, i hana elua hewa i
loko o kia hopena; ka mua, o ka pedestal ua io; ka lua, i ka hopena, aole kuhikuhi
iloko o kona mea e like ai ma ka p kula nui; ke kaina o n vowels e noho ma kia
hopena me neia, Aee. e like me ka mea ia ll ia ma kekahi o n'lelo helu, a ina
oukou makemake e hanaokoa hopena a mahope iho o ia i ka palapala, a me ka ka
wahahee e alaila, hiki wawe ka lele i loko o n maka, e like na kanaka a pau, ua
make; aohe holoholona he kanaka, pela no aole holoholona, ua make. No kekahi mea
ku ei ka mea oiaio o premisses kekahi i k'' 'ana, pela no ia e noho ma loko o ke
kino o ka hopena mai o lakou i ka loko hope neeana n ka hewa.
MOKUNA heumikumamh
No ka mea hypothetical, a me n hooholo 'disjunctive
Q. Heaha ka uku i ka mea hypothetical ka hopena? H. hoi ua kapaia ekolu
kanawai, i ka nui p kula, N hana p kula a me ka hopena, i ka mua o na mea he mea
hypothetical hooponopono. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu aka, ai 'ole ' lelo oi aku
mamua o ekolu paa ma loko o laila.
Q. Heaha ke kumu o rula no ka mea hypothetical hopena a? H. Ina o ke ano a me
ke kumu o ka mea i kau, pela no hoi ka Conditional a me ke kaina, ua hoonoho, a ina
ka hooponopono a ua hoki aku i ke kaina, he mea no hoi i ke ano a me ke kumu
hoopau ia. Roma e like me: A veritate rationis a veritatem lki nati, he falsitate
lki nati a falsitatem rationis valet consequentia . - The validity o keia rula ma luna
o ka loina hooponopono kupono no, ma ka pono o ka mea i kupono pilina ma waena
o ke kumu a me ka hopena i wahi.
Q. Heaha keia ano o na mea hypothetical hopena a he nui? H. Two ano; he
affirmative ( modas ponens ) a me ka hopena maikai ( modus tollens ). Ma hope o
keano mua komo kekahi o ka oiaio o ka mua hehee ai i loko o ka p kula nui ma
luna o ka mea a ka hope hoa e like me: I Caius ka mea, he kanaka,o ia ka mea
make; Ano, Caius ka mea, he kanaka; A no keia mea, ua make; mahope iho o kekahi
mea e pani o ka falsity o ka diawahine ia mau koo ma ka falsity o ka puka o mua e
like me he mea ia Gaio, e lilo ka Mea Kiekie loa, oia ua make ole; Ano, Caius ka
mea, aole make ole, pela no ia mea, aole ka Mea Kiekie loa. O keia mau laha pani
hypothetically, e paipai ia lakou iho mai ka loina hooponopono haawiia i ka mea
hypothetical hopena.
Q. E hiki anei ia oukou i kokoke ma ka falsity o ka puka o mua i loko o ka mea
hypothetical nui p kula i mea na dia lala, a me ka oiaio o ka diawahine ia mau koo
ma ka puka mua? H. No, no ka mea, e hiki ke hana i ka mea oiaio, oiai mea hewa,
aka, paha mai ka mea wahahee i kekahi manawa, e manao kekahi oiaio; eia nae, aole
no hoi no ka oleloia kumu wahahee oiaio, aka, e hiki ai i kekahi i kekahi maoli kumu
ole. No ka mea, laana, ina hahai ka mea hypothetical nui p kula o kuhi e, Ina o na
mea kanu a pau i keokeo pua, e like me ka llia he keokeo pua; pela no e hewa ke
antecedent, mai laila ua hoi kanu me kekahi mamua o keokeo pua; aka, ua inferred,
he oiaio hindlimb; mai ka lilia maoli carries keokeo pua. Ua au e infer mai ka
wahahee mai o ka puka o mua a hiki i ka hope hehee ai i loko o ia ka alanui Ano, Ua

pono, aole na mea kanu keokeo pua, e like me ka llia i aole keokeo pua, pela ka
hopena, e like me oukou hiki wale ike, e hiki mai ka hewa; a like hewa au e pani, ina
au i makemake e kaulike ma ka aoao o ka oiaio o ka puka o mua, mai ka dia lala,
Ano, i ka llia he keokeo ka pua, a me na mea kanu i keokeo pua.
Q. He aha ka mea, he disjunctive ka hopena? H. A mai ka nui p kula, N hana
p kula a me ka welo 'ana, i ka mua o na mea he disjunctive hooponopono. Hou, e
hana ana ka papa kuhikuhi manao oi aku mamua o ekolu.
Q. On mea i hookuu holopono ka validity o ka disjunctive hopena a? H. Ma ka
eia, a ina o ke kaawale hehee wale i loko o ka disjunctive hoopai kekahi mea i like
me kaoiaio, a laila, i ka kekahi, e hoopau e like me ka wahahee, ai ka mea ina
kekahi o ka kaawaleana lala ua hoonoho ia e wahahee, a laila kekahi o ka poe
kekahi, ( 'o ia hoi, i kahi e loaa elua wale isolation hoa, aole, i ka kekahi,) e kau i ka
oiaio. Lat . A positione unius contradictorie oppositorum a negationem alterius, he
negatione unius a positionem alterius valet consequentia (keia he Roma rula i mea
wale e pili mai ia disjunctive wahi i puhi ai kahi wale wale elua pono e ku pono ana
kaawale hehee wale i kahi, aka ia no hoi Ua pili insofar nui no o kekahi mau indirect
e ku kaawale lala i kekahi mau pono i ka poe i koe e lawe pu i ka pololei ku pono, no
ka mea, laana, e lilo i ka hookaawale lala keokeo, ulaula, eleele, e like me he ulaula,
a me eleele, aole hoi i keokeo; keokeo, a me ka ulaula, aoleeleele ;.eleele, a
keokeo, aole ulaula)
Q. Heaha keia ano disjunctive hopena a he nui? A. A disjunctive syllogism , kahi
paa ma ka negation hookahi a oi kaawale ana n ll ma ka vague mai nei o ke koena
o ke kaawale lala, a me ka modus ponendo tollens kahi o ka hana i ho'kka mai nei o
kekahi, a me ka indefinite nei oi kaawale mau lala, oia ka kekahi a pau paa hou mai la
ia i ka manao o negation. Lakou i mea hoike no ka disjunctive mua o ka hopena, oia
ke hahai, Oia nei no kekahi me ka haumana, a he artisan, a he koa; Ano ia mea, aole
he haumana, pela no ka mea, he kahuna hana paha koa; ai ole ia; Ano ia mea, aole he
haumana, aole hoi paahana, pela oia he koa. Lakou i mea hoike no ka lua o ka
hopena, ua; ka honua e nee aku a puni ka l kekahi, ai ole ia, i ka l o ka honua a
puni, ai ole ia laua elua e ku malie oukou; Ano, o ka honua kolo ana a puni o ka l, a
he mea ma ka standstill; No laila, i ka loniole i ka honua a puni; ai ole ia; Ano, o
ka honua e nee aku a puni o ka la; No laila, i ka loniole i ka honua a puni, aole nae
lakou i elua e ku malie oukou. Q. He aha ka mea, he hihia ole pu kaapuni ( cornutus )? A. mea An kumu o ia, i
ka wa a ka palapala o ko Helene poe ino, ina ua make kekahi a me kona heluhelu ana
i keia manawa e malama ole; Ano, aole lakou i kau, a me ko lakou heluhelu e Ano,
aole e malama ole; Pela no ka mea, aole i inoino. Eia ka nui p kula hoohui i ka mea
hypothetical hookolokolo me ka disjunctive; ma na la mahope kpono ai ka hindlimb
o ka mea hypothetical ka hoopai ana; no hoi ka falsity o na mea a pau kaawale hehee
wale iloko o ka nui p kula, ua oleloia ma ka subset; a mahope manao, mai keia
falsity o na lala kaawale ana o ka dia koo ma ka falsity o ka puka o mua i loko o ka
mea hypothetical nui p kula. Ma keia mau apana, ua like me ka naau o ka hihia. A
he he mea hypothetical ka hopena, nona ka nui p kula he i ka disjunctive hindlimb, a

mahope iho o ka modus tollens pani. - Ua loaa anei na lala kaawale oi aku mamua o
elua, ia 'o ia hoi ka hopena i vielgehrnter a Polylemma.
MOKUNA heumikumamlima
Mai ka abbreviated wahi i puhi ai
F. How e puunaue i ka hopena a me ka pili ana i ko lakou mawaho ano? H. Ma
olelo, a me n olelo. Poe ua piha, a ma ia manawa kupono hopena, e like me ua
Kuhikuhi 'pela a hiki i ka hoailona; keia he kpili, abbreviated aohe mea i hunaia
( crypticae ) ina iloko o ia mau mea i kekahi mea maoli i ka hopena pili, nele; he
kupanaha, kekee, kii hopena a hope loa huahelu; ina ke klana o ko lkou mau'lelo,
a me ka papa lelo Hawai okoa o ka huakai maoli o ka manao i loko o kekahi
manao.
Q. Heaha ka hopena? Ueo ua manaoia i ka kpili a me ka hopena? A. keia
poomanao zufrderst poe kahi i ka hopena o ka mooolelo o kona validity e ukali
wale iki; o ka pono e like me IAOEIAaO oe e hooikaika oe e, no ka mea, e lawe mai
nei a pili i ka manao o ko kakou mau ola kekahi. Eia, mai ka olelo hope o ka mua, oia
no keia kuhi, he elua hewa. Hoi i manaoia maanei i kapaia o Enthymemata, oa
hopena a ma i ka p kula, ua hike p 'ana; a me ka hookaawale ma Enthymemen
ka mua lua paha o ka papa, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mua elua a me ka p kula, ua
nalowale. - An hoohalike o Enthymema ka mua o ka papa, ua: Caius ka mea, he
kanaka; A no keia mea, ua make; kekahi mai kekahi mai o ka lua o ka papa, ua make
na kanaka a pau; nolaila, ua make Caius. I mea e hana i keia mau hopena loa; e loaa
kekahi e hooko ai ma ka hihia mua, ua make na kanaka a pau; i loko o ka lua, Caius
ka mea, he kanaka. Ia Enthymemen na pkole olelo pono ia hookahi e hiki ke kuhi o
ia ka mea heluhelu, a me ka poe lohe i ka hike p 'ana p kula e hiki aku mamua o
oukou i manao ai o ke ahiahi hoomaopopo ia mea.
Q. He aha' ae maopopo ma lalo o n moopuna a imi naauao hopena a? A. A
hookaawale ia ma mua, a ma kekahi mau hihia paha Ano indirect kuhi paha
syllogisms, e like me na mea a pau i mua i makemake ai, a me ka koke kuhi paha
hopena a manao. he hookahi mea, o ka mea ia i manao i ka mea hiki ke loko me
mediating hoopai wale mai o ka p kula i ka inoa o na la mahope; a ia lakou e pono a
hiki wale i ka p kula, no ka mea, ma ka mea wale huli ana ma ka mea o ka ha awina
o ka naauao o ka olelo hope loa, e lawe mai ma hope loa i hiki. Hana e manao nei e
Enthymemen i ka mua o ka papa i keia ano o na wahi i puhi ai, nae, no ka mea, ma na
mea a pau o ia mau mea i ka manao e hike 'o kekahi mea hypothetical nui p kula
oia i ka ia he remarkably ka malamalama maluna o na mea a pau okoa Ano, i alakai?
Ueo.
Q. He aha ano o koke kuhi he nui? A. 1) The like i puhi ai ( ratiocinia
pariationis mau. Aequipollentiae )
2) subordination wahi i puhi ai ( iole.
Subordinationis )
3) k' i puhi ai ( iole. Oppositionis )
4) hahana i puhi ai
( iole. Conversionis )
5) Modalittsschlsse ( iole. modalitatis ).

Q. He aha e hookolokolo pono hopena a? H. Oia, kahi o ka oiaio, a falsity o ka

hoopai mai kekahi mea inferred i na olelo he okoa wale no ma ka mea o. Ua like
hopena, ua like penei: ua lolilua All mea a pau, pela no lakou i mau noho i loko o ka
hookahi noho. Keia kanaka i aihue kekahi, pela no ia mea, he aihue.
Q. He aha subordination hopena a? H. ua, kahi o kekahi o ka oiaio o ka mau
manao a pau i ka nui o kia mau loko, i mea subordinate i ka mea; ai ole ia, mai ka
wahahee mai o ka kikaw ana, i ka falsity o ka mau, oia no ka mea nui o kia mau
oi. 'O kekahi o keia poe: All kino, he kaumaha, no kekahi mau kino, ua kaumaha; ka
mea, aole ao kekahi poe kanaka, pela no hoi i ao na kanaka a pau. Ka validity no keia
o ka hopena, ua ma luna o ka muaia olelo loina o ka mea i sphere holookoa no, e
hoi hoouna aku i na wahi a pau o keia sphere, a nolaila, ina he mea ole na mea a pau
ma luna o ka sphere no, no hoi a puni ka sphere e hiki iau ke hele aku. Lakina: A
veritate universalis propositionis a veritatem particularis. he falsitate particularis a
falsitatem universalis valet consequentia. It e hoomaopopo pono; i kekahi e komo
ae o ka falsity o kekahi mau manao i ka wahahee o ka mea ma lalo ona kikaw, a
me ka oiaio o ka hana ana i ka oiaio o ka maluna ona nui.
Q. aha, ua k' hopena a? H. ua, kahi mea ho oholo i ka oiaio, a falsity o ka
hoopai mai kekahi kaua k' ana i ia mea. Ka mea, he hoopaapaa kekahi paha
hopena a Kontrarittsschlsse; ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kue i wahi ai 'ole kahiko o
ka'ina. No ka mea, o ka poe a oukou e pani i ka oiaio o ka hoopai ma luna o ka
falsity o ka kekahi, ai ole ia hope versa, e like me ke kanawai o ka loa o ka ekolu
poe; e like pela, i ka pono, ua pomaikai; no ka mea, aole kona olioli ole. In
Kontrarittsschlssen ke manao wale mai i ka oiaio o ka hoopai ma luna o ka falsity
o ka kekahi; aka, aole Hope versa; mai a elua i ka hewa. I i no ka hoohlike puke:
keia papaaina, he lau, Pela hoi, aole o ka pohaku; aka, aole pela; keia papaaina no,
aole o ka pohaku; Pela no ka mea, o ka laau, no ka mea, e hiki n ia i ka nui e ae.
Q. He aha hahana i puhi ai? H. Oia, kahi a ka oia manao, me ka hooponopono
ma ka olelo reversal o ka mea e hiki mai ana ma hope o ka mua i hoakaka ia maloko
o ekolu aoao : simpliciter no accidens, a ma ka contrapositionem . Ka hihia kahi na
rula no ka reversal Hiki ke koho i ka mea kahiko scholastics, aole nae aole loa paa, e
like me kaheaia ma ka hahai iki poem:
. f E c. I simpliciter convertitur, E V A no ka accidens ,
A HOME RD 0 keneta contra; ili pono conversio tt .
Ka mea, mai ka E, a me I hiki ke paa e maemae reversal; mai E a me A no
accidens ; mai A, a 0 ka contrapositionem .
Q. He aha Modalittsschlsse? H. ua, kahi hookahi kaulike i ka oiaio o ka
hooponoponoana o ka haahaa modality o ka hooponoponoana o ka modality
kiekie ae. Hana ianei, mea e ae e hana, ma mua o ka hana i apodictic lelo i assertive,
ai Contribuu
ole ia he
assertoric
ka pilikia. No ka mea, laana, e make ke kanaka i kekahi
a millorar
la traducci
manawa, a ka mea make i kekahi manawa; a make ia kanaka i kekahi manawa, a me

Text original

ka mea ke make i kekahi manawa. Conversely, nae, i kekahi pono i loaa mai i ka
hooponoponoana o ka haahaa modality kekahi o kiekie ae; oa assertoric ka hoopai o
ka problematic a apodictic he assertoric;nolaila, ke Roma rula, Ab esse a posse valet
consequentia, he posso a esse ole valet consequentia .
MOKUNA Heumikumamono kona
O ke kii i puhi ai
Q. He aha ka mea i kii i puhi ai (hope loa na kii, kekahi, i na hopena a). H. maoli
ia hopena, i ka mea a ka maoli manao aoao kpono n i ka holo 'awelika, a me n
hua'lelo, ma waho, nae, e hana i ka Logical oiaio o ka hopena iho demolition
hoololi, ka mea. Olelo, ua manaoia, nae, o ka mea maamau hope kinona like me ke
aka hope. - E e kaulana, incidentally, i ua hoopaaia i na kii hope aku mamuli o na pa
categorical hopena, no ka mea, ua koiia mai e ka Mea hoololi.
H. Ma ka aoao o ka mea hou, hiki ke hana i ke kauoha maoli hope loa na kii?
A. Ina e hoomaikai aku oukou i hui pu wale no i ka pa, me ka hoololi ana i kekahi
mea i loko o ke kulana o ke kumu manao iloko o lakou; ai ole ia oukou wale 'oni iki
i ka papa kuhikuhiE olelo, me ka kulana o ka pa, e hoololi ia; a lawe i ka dislocation
ma ka mahalo o na pa i mua o ka papa hua'lelo. Ka mua displacement type he (i ka
bakeke) ua thetic hope huahelu; ka lua, oia ka antithetical huahelu; ke kolu o ka
kemikala. I ole ia oukou i kii i hookuu wale i ka maamau ano o ke kuhi a ekolu
antithetical na kii i na kino displacement o ka papa kuhikuhiE manao, ae e ka poe i
koe o ka po.
Q. Pehea ka nui o hope na kii, ua, a pehea la lakou e hiki ai e maopopo a nui ho
i? H. Ina kakou e huli i ka pono kaapuni kinona me ia i na kii, ma laila n i ko
lkou ewalu 1) ka maamau, 2) ka thetic, 3) : ekolu antithetical, 4) ekolu kemikala ka
noaia, hiki ai ia lakou ke hoomakaukau e, ua like penei: Where M meakino-makahiki,
P, oia ka predicate paha ka hoolauna, ke kumuhana S, a me kaolol makahiki.
Ano o thetic antithetical kemikala
hope loa helehelena huahelu huahelu
12345678
MP SM PM MP PM SM MS MS
SM SP SM MS MS PM PM MP
SP
Ka ka ho'miana o kekahi hope huahelu ( reductio syllogismi figurati ) e wahi i loko
o ia mea, hoopii wahi Ao hou na ke konohiki, a me kona mau manao i ia ma
hope o ka makahiki hope helehelena.Keia hiki ke hana ma ka antithetical a me ka
kemikala wale no ma ka reversing i na pohihihi, eia nae aole i mau maemae
a simpliciter , aka, pinepine i ka accidens ole Via contrapositionem pono e
hana;heaha ka mea, nae, e lilo i mau rula, no ka mea, pinepine a hiki i pono i ke ano
o ka olelo mai i hooloheole aku hoi ka noonoo kpili. Ma ka hapanui hoopii, keia
e alakai ke hoike i ka hahana i puhi ai i hike Verschen.
Q. He aha examples o ka hope loa na kii?

H. I 1) ka maamau hope huahelu: All

ke aloha mea, ua make; na kanaka a pau ke aloha kanaka, i na kanaka a pau, ua

make. Ma 2) o ka prosthetic kino: All kanaka a pau ke aloha kanaka; a pau ke aloha
mea, ua make, o na kanaka a pau, ua make. I 3) ka mua antithetical huahelu: No ka
mea, make ole he aloha ia; na kanaka a pau ke aloha kanaka, no laila,aohe mea, ua
make ole. I ka 4) All ke aloha mea, ua make; aole kuina 3) he mea, he kanaka, o na
kanaka a pau, ua make. At 5) No make ole he aloha ia; aole kuina ano he kanaka,
pela no, aole kekahi mea make ole. I 6) o ka mua kemikala huahelu: All kanaka a pau
ke aloha kanaka; aole make ole oia i ke aloha ano, no laila,aohe mea, ua make ole. I
ka 7) No n kuinaano he kanaka; a pau ke aloha mea, ua make, o na kanaka a pau,
ua make. Ma 8) No n kuinaano he kanaka; aole make ole oia i ke aloha ano, no
laila,aohe mea, ua make ole. - O keia hope loa na kii o 2) i 8), eia nae, ua hemolele
Logical hopena ikaika;aka, no ka pili i ka pono ka hopena; kela mea keia mea i ka e
kkulu i 1).
3)

ke kumu, aole io maanei; no ka mea, elua negations affirmative.

MOKUNA he umikumamahiku
O ka ahupapa wahi i puhi ai
F. Pehea e maopopo alodio, a hui i puhi ai? A. A alodio kaapuni
( monosyllogismus ) he mea e ninoieo ec wale no hookahi hopena; i ka lua kaapuni a
kaapuni puke ( polysyllogismus, moo syllogistica ) kahi mau hopena a ku like me n
mea a me na waiwai a me kekahi i kekahi mai; iloko o ia i kekahi ala e hiki i ka
hopena o kekahi, ua mau paha e like me ka generic kau ana o na mea e ae. No ka
mea, laana, 1) All kanaka, ua make; O ka poeEulopa a pau ka poe kanaka a pau, no
ka poeEulopa a pau ua make. 2) All o ka poeEulopa poe make; a pau German poe
o ka poeEulopa, pela a pau German poe make;3) All German poe make; Caius ka
mea, he German, nolaila, Caius ua make.
Q. Heaha Vorschlu, a me Nachschlu? A. Vorschlu ( prosyllogismus ) he mau
mea hopena, i ka hopena ua i ka p kula o kekahi kaapuni, a me keia alaila, ua
Nachschlu ( episyllogismus ). Pela, no ka mea, laana ma luna o 1) ka Vorschlu o
2), a me 2) ka Nachschlu o 1). Eia kekahi, 2) ka Vorschlu o 3), a me 3) ka
Nachschlu o 2). Ka Vorschlu e na mea a pau iloko ona na kumu o Nachschlusses.
Q. He aha ka mea e holumua ai, a me regressive Pani 'ia kaua? A. A e holumua
ai ole e holumua ai (prosyllogistische) hope loa moo he mea kahi ia oe hpai i ka
Vorschlusse, a loaa i ka Nachschlusse; o ka mea a ka luna kaapuni moo, he mea e
hoohalike ai; he regressive ole retrograde (episyllogistische) puke, n nae, he mea
kahi ia oe, e hooikaika mai i ka Nachschlusse, a pii aku i ka poe closures. i hana wale
ia e hoololi i ka luna puke, n hopena a mamuli o ka aoao o 3), 2), 1) hahai no ka
mea, pela no oe i ka hana ana i ka regressive puke.
Q. He aha ka mea, he Epicherem? A. i ka hopena kahi hookahi a elua pa i ke
kumu o validity ua pili wale iki me ka hana ana ia mea i ke kupaianaha kaapuni. No
ka mea, laana, na ka poeEulopa poe kino, no ka mea o ka poeEulopa a pau, ua
make; Ano, a pau kia kanaka Kelemnia o ka poeEulopa, pela a pau German poe
make.

Q. He aha ka mea, he kaula ka hopena, a sorites? A. A kaula kaapuni ( sorites,

syllogismus concatenatus, syllogismus acervatus komo p) aicieeaao i ka wa a kekahi
mau enthymematisch abbreviated i puhi ai, ua pili ia i kekahi i kekahi, i ko lakou mau
antecedents kokoke, a he na ka hopena : No ka mea, laana, Caius he
Kelemnia; ka mea, he German ka mea hoi, he Europa, oia no he Europa, oia hoi, he
kanaka maoli; ka mea, he kanaka i mea no hoi he aloha ia; ka mea he aloha ia, ua
make; nolaila, ua kino Caius. Eia kekahi laana o ka maamau ai 'ole, he pono ole
kaula kaapuni, ka mea hiki hook' ia e ka penei noaia:
Mai A oiaio B
-B-C
-C-D
-D-E
- E - F.

_____________________________

A oiaio o A F.

Eia oe e heleo ia i ke kumuhana o ka hopena (kino, A) e like me ka kau, a ua hoopili

aku i ka ia i n verschiedne predicates (B, C, D, E, F,) e like me ka mea hua'lelo ma
ka noho, he pili ia i ka kekahi, a komo oukou i ka mea predicates, ka mea e ua
hoopili e like me ka hoolauna i na kanaka (make me ka Kelemnia, a i F). Kue i
keia ano o na pa i ka mea, a hiki i ka hopena o ka i koe ia, i ka hopena, oia ke ae
paha goklenianischer lei kaapuni, ka mea i ka hahai ana noaia:
From E pili F
-D-E
-C-D
-B-C
- A - B _ ____________________________

Pl n A F.

No ka mea, laana, a pau ke aloha kanaka (E) he kino (F):

All kanaka (D), ua aloha kanaka (E),
ka poeEulopa a pau (C), he poe kanaka (D),
a pau German, (B) ua o ka poeEulopa (C);
Caius ( a) he Kelemnia (B):
A Caius (a) kino (F).
O oe anei ke kaula hopena o keia palapala.
In A hoi, alaila, B
-B---C
-C---D
-D---E
- E - - - F _____________________________
Ano, ua A; e like me F (e like me ka modus ponens ) paha:
Ano, F ka mea, pela no hoi i A (mahope iho o ka modus tollens ). Ka
hopena, he mea hypothetical kaula hopena o ia mea. Keia hualoaa ma ke ala o
ka'ana i ka mea i loli kekahi mea i loko o ka nui kino o ke kaula i puhi ai, ina e

haawi ia lakou aku, a me poeuuku lala mamua o ka mea, mea, maanei kakou ma na
ano.
MOKUNA umikumamawalu
Miscarriages a me na fallacies
Q. Heaha ka likeole ka mea,o ia ma waena o ka falsity o na hopena a?
H. Akahi no na mea a pau, he hookae he mea, a me ke klana falsity o na hopena. O
ka mua pili i ka waiwai, ke kinona hope ona.Ina au e hookaawale ia, no ka mea,
laana: All holoholona kekahi kumu; ka ilio, he holoholona, pela ka ilio, ua
kupono; pela no e waiwai hewa i ka hopena, no ka mea, ua oleloia ma ka nui, a me ka
welo ana, aole ia e lawe i kau wahi iloko o ka lanakila. olelo, nae i ka hopena e oiaio
a me ka pololei; no ka mea, ua pau malama i ka mua maloko rula o kuhi. Ka nui p
kula, ua paa; ka subset affirmative; ka hopena hilinai nui iloko o kona mea e like ai
ma ka p kula nui, a ma kona mea i ka pedestal; He nui wale ekolu papa kuhikuhiE
manao ma laila; mau i ko lakou pono wahi; Ma ka olelo, He mea maemae,
hemolele, categorical hopena ma kona helehelena, a aole hoi i ka mea uuku, e hiki ke
wehe '. I mau pp ma Ak nae pela: All holoholona, ua manao; Ke kanaka, aole ia
he holoholona; nolaila, ke kanaka hoi aole manao, o keia hopena e mea oiaio; aka,
Iwi hewa. It e nae e hiki i ka ike maopopo, i na holoholona, ua manao; no hoi i ke
kanaka, aole ia he holoholona, a me ka mea he mea ole kpono; nolaila, i ka mea a ka
maio o ke kanaka nee; oia hoi, no ka mea, o ka hopena ua e pili ana, aohe he
kue; nae, no ke kinona o ka huakai kaapuni a hewa loa, i ka wa a ka subset, aia iloko
o ka io, a me ka neeana hope, aole kuhikuhi iloko o kona mea e like ai ma ka p
kula nui. - He hiki ke hoomaopopo eaaei i kauole mai ai i puhi ai, kahi na ano o ka
hewa, ua hui.
Q. Heaha ka likeole ka mea,o ia ma waena o ka fallacy a paralogism, a me ka
fallacy a sophism ( Captio, fallacia, cavillatio )? A. Ka mua, he hopena mea,
unconsciously, ano incorrectly, i ka hope o ka hopena i ka mea ana i kekahi
hoopunipuni,
wahahee
Contribuu a millorar
la traducci kau iluna. Ua loaa mai na lunakahiko ka nano likeole o kia
mau hewa hopena a verschiedne, ano uuku oi aku na inoa.

Text original

Pure Logical methodology

MOKUNA XIX
Mai akeakamai, nenoaia a me ka hana
Q. He aha ka 'epekema? A. Science, heano o ka hoike ana mahope iho o kekahi
kumu rula (mua rula) ua kauoha, ae ho i pela ka concordant ho okumu i ke kuikahi a
pau; paha: No ka mea, i ka aoao hiki ole ia i waho mai, ke ole ma ka ikaika mau o ke
kpili a me ka naauao rula. Nauka heano o ka hoike e hana i kekahi, e like me ke
kpili rula e pili ana a pau. Hana e hoomaopopo i keia waiwai, a me ke ano i n
'epekema. I ka waiwai, he precisely ka multiplicity o ka gegebnen i ka 'epekema ike e
like me ka loihi e like me ka mea ua noho maka oukou ia mea, disorganized,ikepili,
ua kapaia he' Ohi; ka palapala, n nae, he ka pololei, concordant ke kuikahi,
paiapili i loko o ka mea a keia mau mea, ua ulu, ua lawe mai.

Q. Heaha ka nenoaiu? A. System i na mea a pau ana paha o kekahi ano i ka

multiplicity o na wahi hiki loaa, i ka mea i kauoha ia e kekahi rula. Ke ano o ka
'epekema, oia pela systematically, a hiki ia oukou ke no hoi i kapa aku ai' epekema
iho i systematic ike a pau. Pinepine no hoi kapaia paha i ka 'epekema iho (' o ia hoi,
ia mea, a hana pu iho) nenoaiu, a me ka inoa ia, aole hoi i kekahi mea ma luna o ka
mea loaa he systematic ano. - An Ohi a no kaike hiki wale n e ka 'epekema, ka mea,
ua lawe mai iloko o systematic ano. - E kau mea i ike KoOlau i na rula o ka
noonoo i ka nui, a me ka pau ana no o ka manao,'lelo kpaa, a me n hooholo
'; ia e ua wehewehe aku i ka mea no ke kpili. Ina mahope iho o na mea a pau, he
mea hiki kekahi kkau e pili ana i ka puke i kia waiwai; aka, no ia mea, ia mea a pau
i hui pu; ma ka paha ka manao i loko o olelo o ka manao; a laila, alaila koke hana
mai ai i ka nui Kanawai o ka manao, hou o n hua'lelo, a ma waena me kekahi aoao
o na aloha hope loa, ka wa o na olelo hoopono; ia e ua lawe mai i ka 'Ohi o ka' ike i
loko o kia buke. aka, aole he akeakamai. Makemake Ano, aka, i kekahi, a ua kauoha
i keia mau mea, ua ulu i ka mea wale no, ma na kanawai o ka manao i loko o kekahi
mau mea; alaila, negotiated no kela a me keia kanakaano o ka manao; i ka mea ka
mea, he kekahi o na manao,'lelo kpaa, a me n hooholo ', kela abhandelte pu a
hou hoi oe ma ka maikai pololei; i keia pa alima hiki i kau lakou ia lakou iho ma ka
ike ana i haawi mai ia ia i ka systematic kino, i hana lkou i ka 'epekema.
Q. aha la oukou i hea i ke kaina hana ana a ka crude k nuipa a me ka Ohi a ua
haawiia mai ka systematic ano? A. hana; pehea o hana 'o ia hoi kekahi mauano o
ka hana.
Q. He aha ano o ka hana, ua, e like me ka mea hopena, e hiki ai e ua hoopili i ka
'epekema a pauokoa? H. O ka mkau (a me ka olelo hooholo, inventing,
heuristic, retrograde, regressive hea) a me ka kemikala (haku, iao?, Scientifische, a
laila,, e holumua ai ).
Q. Ma ka ala a makou e kakau iho i loko o ka mkau iaoia? H. Ua hoomaka mai
ka nui o na kanaka, a me kama'ina truths. Mahope iho o ko lakou ike ana i keia
luawai, hoohlikelikeia ia mau mea i kekahi i kekahi, e kali ana i ka mea ma loko o
ia mau mea i ka ia, a pela loaa ma compilation o ka ia nui truths. ua hoohlike o na
ia a paa truths hou, malie nana e huki hou nui truths mai ia lakou, a me na ee ma ke
ano hookahi aku la, a hiki i ko oukou hope hiki i ka nui truths, ka mea i subordinated
i na mea a pau keia Ohi a pau o kekahi mau haina. Pela no oukou e hele aku i n
mkau iaoia ka kekahi i ka mea nui; a pehea kikaw hiki ke nn mau e like me ka
mea mau kumu, hookahi helu o ka conditional, a ili aku i na olelo a me na kumu.
F. How e hoomau aku ma ka kemikala iaoia, a pehea la ke ano o ka ia a hiki i ka
mkau? H. Ma ka kemikala iaoia oukou pa wale i ka kekahi aoao o ka
analytic. Keia wale huli ma na kumu, a nui, a me n loina mua o ka 'epekema no ka
nui o kia mau; ka kemikala iaoia ma kekahi lima ke hoala mai o na kumu, a me ka
lawelawe ai kuikawa mai ia mea. ina nui truths It waiho mua ia, a me ke kuli
hoohana 'ana, loaa ma ka mkau hana, a me na wahi ia mau mea i loko o kona noi
ana i ka nui o kia mau hihia ho i, Pela no anei keia kikaw hihia nae mau truths, ua
hike hou i kekahi mea kikaw ma ka mea a ka mea n hualoaa a hiki i ka mea i

pono' subordinated i ka pau k nuipa i ka lani kiekie loa n loina. - O ka mkau iaoia
i ka inventing kapa, no ka mea kanaka manao mau ukali, ua ia mai ka prospecting o
kekahi mau truths; ka lima kemikala ua no hoi ia i ka inoa o iao? a scientifischen no
ka mea, ma hope ooukou e hiki ke hook 'maopopo fittest a zusammenhngendsten
ke ao; wale no e pono i hoopoina i ka mea i ka hapanui, hiki i na kumu mua, ma ka
mea a makou e hoomaka me ia ka kemikala e hoohalike wale analytically hookahi. Keia Mkua ua, a hiki i ka mea e leie aku i ke kapa o ka mea i Contents koho 'ia e ka
kemikala hana. Aole anei waleia i loko o ka nui kanawai o ka manao, a laila hoike
mai i ko lakou mau palapala noi i ka manao,'lelo kpaa, a me n hooholo '; ua
hoouna mua i ka kekahi, a hiki i keia mau kanaka pauku mau ka hou nui. Ina I Ak
nae hana i ka mea au wale i hookahi hua'lelo like e deduct mai i na kanawai o ka
manao i kau nui wale loaa e like me ka pono ma ka hoohlike o ke kanaka, i ka
pono, a me ka hopena? Ueony kanawai no ka mea,'lelo kpaa, a me n hooholo
'ma ka nui; ina ua loaa ma ka hoohlikelikeia i na kanawai o ka manao ma ka
olelo,'lelo kpaa, a me n hooholo ', i na kanawai o ka manao i loko o ka nui ala,
a, ano lakou i poe pee wale no e like me n loina, pela no au e analytic kaina. - Ma
pololei akeakamai hai'lelo mau hoohana i ka kemikala hana, no ka mea, e ao mau
mea maopopoike kekahi i kekahi, ma ko lakou ae dependence ka paiapili o n
haina; ma o ke ao hai'lelo, a ma ka puke aka, hookahi e pinepine huli pili no ka
mkau hana, i kahi mea, he mea maikai i loko o kona wahi, no ka mea i hana i ka
naau, e imi i mau truths. - Lohe kekahi o na kumu rula, no ka mea kemikala iaoia i
puhi ia, aole ana hookama hoolakolako iho e like me ka lokomaikai kiekie loina o ka
oiaio o ka mea hookahi, aole ka naauao manaoio; a me ka mea a laila, i ka pau
'epekema hahai pono (me consistency) ho oholo wae mai o na kumu hookahi
hookupaaiai. Ina kekahi mea i incapable, pela no ka mea, he hailona ia o na kumu
mua, ina aole i hewa, aka, ku ma shaky lepo, a me ka oi akahele ninaninau pono i
mua o kekahi i hoomau ma ka kemikala 'ole o ka' epekema.
Q. He aha ka meaano nui koi 'ia no ka hike methodical o ka' epekema? H. O
ka maio, laul a me ka paiapili o ka haawi mai ai i ko lakou mau mea, ua ulu oe e
noho pono n i ia; ka mua, ua hana ma loina, i ka lua o ka hopena o na papa, ke kolu
maContribuu
ka hoike.
a millorar la traducci

Text original

MOKUNA He iwakalua
O na declarations
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma hoakaka ( declaratio ) o ka makahiki? H. A kau,
a he huihui 'ana o ka lau e puhi ia, kahi o na ano a pau o ka manao, ua hawiia ma
ke alanui, i keia hiki pela ke ike okoa mai kekahi poe. Ke kumuhana kona ano poe e
precisely i hoakaka ia, ia 'o ia hoi wehewehe ( declaratum ); a me ka predicate, ka
mea a oukou e like me indicative o kona hiona-explanatory ( declarans HI.
membrum ).
Q. Heaha hoi kau e hana ai no ke paleana ma waena wehewehe, wehewehe, a me
ka ho'kka 'ana, na ano a pau o verschiednen hoike? A. wehewehe ( explicatio )
ua kapaia, he lkou, i loko o ka mea hookahi iki wale wehewehe e like me ka mea ua

lawa ia i kekahi mea e pono ai; Description ( descriptio ) i ka wa hoakaka ana i na

ano o ka manawa i mea e maopopo ai ka mea noho nanea ana o kekahi poe;Definition
( definitio ) aka, ina e komo wale no ke kumu helehelena elua o ka mea hookahi, i ka
hoohanau ( genus ) e hoike ana i lalo i ka hai aku no, i ka kekahi , ( nota specialis
mau. Laul koena unuhi ) e hoike ana i hiki i hai aku ai ma ka na laha o ka ia ke keka,
heokoa.
Q. ? He aha na examples o keia A. Ina au i olelo mai ai, penei o ke akeakamai,
ke akeakamai brightens ko kakou mau manao, maa ia ia, wale, aole e ku ma waho o
n mea e noho, aka, e like me ko lakou mau pahale noho, e noii ana i ko lakou mau
kumu; ka lawe ia nachzusuchen ke Kuhina anywhere ka nui, a me ka hooikaika, aole
wale i loko o kona mau mea, ua ulu, aka hoi, ma kona mau hana apau iloko o ka
naauao mokuna, etc., pela no wau e loaa i ka wehewehe ana o ka makahiki
akeakamai i pili i ka beneficent hopena o ko lakou mau haawina ma expresses ko
makou naau, i haawiia mai. - I makemake ai e hoolako i ka piha ano o ke akeakamai,
pela no wau e loaa i na helehelena kanaka e kii ia oukou e hoakaka; Eia nae, e like
me keia ia hai, i ka piha hoohalike ai klaiike ke hiki e like me makou, ua maa aku
ai, oia ka ia e like ole e hoohuli i ka 'epekema i keia manawa, no ka nei coincided i
ke ano, me ka hoohalike ana o ka mea wale; huli ia ia e ku e ia oi pinepine i maoli
mea. Ina au i makemake ai e wehewehe i kekahi laau no ka hoohlike, aole au e
hoakaka i n hiona i ka poe o kona lau, kumu, kumu, etc. nona. E haawi aku i ka
mana o ke akeakamai, ke i aku nei au ia oukou Kuahiwi O ia ka 'epekema i Hawaii o
na kumu hope, a me na hana a pau o kanaka, a me ka ike aayoaeuiinoe. Eia ka genus,
'epekema. ka mea i ho'kka 'like , a me ka mea i ho'kka' likeole aka, ma o ia mea,
mai kekahi mea, a hiki i kahi o ka makahiki 'epekema e like me genus no,
heokoa. Ka hiona i ka mea epa a me ka hope kumu, etc., no ka mea, o keia hiona
ka mea,aohe pahi' ae 'epekema. Pela makemake i ka ho'kka 'ana: ku okoa ana,
oia ke kumu o ka hooponopono manao paa, waiwai o ka genus ; ke ano o ka
hooponopono paa, aka, e haawi aku i ke ku okoa ana o na waiwai he okoa, ka mea i
ho'kka 'like.- mau Notes e kkulu i ka manao i loko o kekahi mau kanaka e
mahalo, e ke kk a paio paha ( expositio ).
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma analytic a me ka kemikala olelo? A. kemikala
olelo, ua hanaia, nae, o ka mkau hawi hua'lelo. Lalo-i hua'lelo olelo nei au no ka
poe i hana wale no, ma ka haku mele 'ana o kekahi mau hiona ia lakou iho, i ka
kekahi wela i haawiia mai. Ina au e like me na helehelena, laina, a me
Gleichweitabstehen zusammenvereinige a pau i ko lakou wahi, mai kekahi wahi, pela
au e hele ana au ma ka hanaana i ka manao o ka p ai; a laila, i ka wa au e hai aku
i ka apana e like me ka laina, hiki i ko lakou mea nui a pau, equidistant mai kekahi
wahi, nau n e hawi i ka kemikala (by haku mele kpono) wehewehe ia mea. lawe
I aka, e like me ka olelo e like me divinity, a me ke ku okoa ana a me ka uhane, e like
me kl mau hua'lelo i mai iau e loa haawi, a au e makemake ai, ina aole lakou,
aole i pau na mea lelo a pau, aole i na mea a pau e wehewehe, hiki wale analytically
hoomaopopoia e I hoike mai iloko o ko lakou verschiednen hiona (ua klailai).
Q. Heaha ka inoa declarations, ka waiwai declarations a me na declarations o ke
kumu? H. O ka inoa wehewehe, a olelo hoakaka ( d. Nominalis mau. Verbalis )

keia anei ke ano o ka olelo ma kekahi synonymous hua'lelo e hoike me ka ike ole i
kekahi mea e pili ana i ke ano o ka manao iho. Oukou zweckt mai wale e pale ai ka
hilahila o na olelo, aole o ka manao iho. A ia i ka inoa hoakaka e, i ka wa au i olelo
aku, He aha ka mea o keia ano i loaa ia makou ka ma muli hoi o n maka. Ma kia
Hike, ua lilo kakou akamai e pili ana i kekahi mea i loko o ka mea i maoli ma muli
o keano o ka hihio, aka, aole makou i ike hoi, a makou i e hai aku i ka makahiki
hihio. - A waiwai ole maoli wehewehe ( . D Realis ) oia kahi hookahi Hike ke ano o
ka manao iho, aole i ka olelo a ka olelo, aka, me ka manao, he okoa mai n
hua'lelo. I na mea e like me ka hoakaka ana o ka poe maluna i oleloia akeakamai. An kumu, a me ka molekumu o hoakaka ole aaiaoe wehewehe ( . D Genetica ), he
mea i specifies keano o ke kumu o ka mea; e like me ka mea penei: The a puni, oia
ke aka i ka mea i hana i ka wa a ka laina, ua pili ia i ka mea hope, ua huli ae a puni
ma ka kekahi, a he mai hou i kona kahiko kulana. - He pono e kaulana i loko o
makemakika ka aaiaoe ho'kka maoli, a me ka oiaio ua kapaia nominal.
Q. Heaha ke kumu nui hoakaka a me ka hou wehewehe? A . Main wehewehe
( d. Primaria ), oia ka mea a ka poe koke helehelena aoao hoakaka ( d. Secundaria ),
nae, hoike ana i ke indirect ano o ka manao. Hana ke hoomau aku e hiki i ka hou
ho'kka a hiki i kekahi hea ma alodio helehelena; Ma keia ala, he manao, ua ulu
hou a nui.
Q. Heaha ka hua'lelo hiki ole ke oiaio wehewehe ana? H. O ka noonoo, no ka
mea, ia oe Hiki ke koho 'keia kekahi ano. Pela, e haawi aku i kekahi i kekahi okoa, e
like me ka olelo ano o ka manao o ka ia; i ka'ana a puni, ua like ka nui e like me
nei; e like me ka uuku manao e e hiki i kekahi maoli ho'kka o ke ola. hoakaka wale
e hiki ke ano maopopo, i hiki no ka mea, i kekahi mau 'ana ma ka hike' ano o ia
mau mea.
Q. ? Heaha kekahi hapa o ka ho'kka 'ana maikai o ka makahiki A. oe e lilo 1)
kpono ( adaequata ), oa aole oi aku ka mamao o ( latior HI suo definito. ),Aole
Pilikia ( angustior ); 2) ana (PRAECISA ); 3) i ka ia ( idem no idem declarans ); ka
wa a me na mea e like me ka hiki, a me pictorial hookamani wale i.
Q. ? Heaha hoi ka laula, a me ka pilikia i ka ho'kka 'ana A. A oi aku ka laul ka
ho'kka' ana no kekahi ma ka mea oi aku kakaikahi helehelena ua hoonoho
iho; nolaila, o ka mea ma luna o kekahi 'ikamu ma mua o hiki pono maluna o w i na,
a me ka oukou nolaila, ua hiki ole ia pono maopopo mai ka poe ia ia. Ia overly kea
ka ho'kka 'ana e lilo i kumu hoolike: Man ka mea, he aloha ia; no ka mea, mahope
iho o ia, ua hoi monkeys a me geese i ka poe kanaka. Pilikia he ho'kka 'ana, nae,
ua kahi nui helehelena ua hoonoho iho; nolaila maoli no ma ka w hua'lelo hou hapa
waena o kona periphery, ke hookoe 'ia, wale no ka mea, aole lakou i noho nae ke ano
i aku kekee. A ma laila e noho pilikia he ho'kka 'ana, ke kanaka ka mea, he mohai
anei i kumu hookalakupua e liki me ka keokeo ili. Eia waihoia e ia nae ke ano
keokeo ili nui loa, ma ka liilii makemake i ka Negro nui e kanaka. - A ho'kka 'ana
i loko o kekahi ano nui loa, ma kekahi eoi aku pilipaa, e like me penei: Man mea
aloha heahahui me ka keokeo ili.
Q. Heaha ka mea i ka ho'kka 'ana e anaia?

H. ina aole kaulele a loko aka nui

wale, a kii kahi hiki komo leo affirmative ano. Pela no e hana hewa ana ia i keia rula,
ina, e like me he kahiko akeakamai, o na kanaka i ho'kka 'ia e like me he elualegged holoholona me ka hulu. No ka mea, i loko o ka hiona mua o n wwaeelua,
ua immaterial ma luna o n knaka i ole ia e kela a me keia poepoe mea e lawe aku i
na koa ma manao, hele aku ia ia manao kanaka; a laila no hoi i ka hopena maikai
kia mau mea kanu, ua hoohui. - Ua nolaila, i like Noke ano, aole e lawe i ka
ho'kka 'ana ma, no ka mea, aole e hiki ke kau i ka naau o ka mea no ka ia i loko o
ka makahiki, nae, i kekahi manawa, ia oukou e hiki ole ai lakou i ka hanohano n
hoi n loa manao loa kpae'. - A loko hiona au e ua huiia mai i ka luna o ka
ho'kka 'ana o ka pai, ina au i olelo mai la oia he poepoe aka. No ka mea, e hiki ia
ia, e noho a, penei, mai ka mea a na puan a pau equidistant huina mai kekahi wahi.
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma kekahi'like ka ho'kka 'ana? H. makou i kapa
aku ai ia i ka loop hoakaka ( orbis mau. Circulus ma ka definiendo ). Ka mea, e wahi
i ka wa a ka hai wale, ka mea i hai ia ma ka papa, a iloko o kekahi ma hope o ka
hoakaka a nolaila mea makemake e lawe mai ma ka mea e haiia'ku wale iho, ke
hoakaka mai i kekahi. Ia i makemake ai, no ka mea, laana: The a puni, he
hoopoepoe aka. Ola no ia ma ka olelo ha awina o ke aloha aoa. Ka mea, ua
hikiwaweike i ka manao e hiki ole ai e loaa i ka mea uuku, a me clarity distinctness
ma na wehewehe; aka, pinepine hule untrained ma ka hook 'ole' ia e hoohana
'ana o ka ia.
Q. No ke aha la e ole ma wehewehe pictorial, ka 'aoao ua manao? H. No ka
mea, ia oukou ke manao wale ia me heano, a pela ka manao mea, aole pono i
ho'kka' a me ka hanohano ma ka ia. 'O kekahi mau wehewehe poe, Peace, he
hoopaa
loa
o kalauhane;
Contribuu
a millorar
traducci Aoi, oia ka pnwai o ke ola. E like me poetic like me k,
noonoo iho, e like me pohihihi e hiki ai ia ia ma ka hakahaka i loaa, e like ole e like
me ka weheweheana i ka poe i kkulu i ka naau o ka manao. Ma pololeiepekema
hana i kekahi pono Nolaila apo ia ia.

Text original

MOKUNA He iwakalua
O ka papa
Q. Heaha ka Mea Maluna? A. Mea Maluna ( divisio ) he PAaIEN o ke 'ano i ka
mea i komo iloko o ke nui o ka manawa e like me ka wa e like me ka mea i hanaia
ma ke alanui a pau i hiki i ka (contradictory ai' ole ma ka mea ku) ku pono ana i n
manao hoikeia kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi , A hoike mai i ka wa mahele ana i ka
luna manawa ma ka lalo he malalo iho ona, ka genus i ka laha ma kekahi lima, o ka
manawa ua decomposed ma ka wehewehe ma ka helehelena i loko o ia mea. Ka oi
aku manao, a ua maheleia, kapaia i ka wanaao, a pau ( totum divisum ); i ka lalo
hua'lelo, i ka mea a ka mea kiekie oia ka mea i puunaueia, ke papa ll ( membra
dividentia ); a me ke ano o ka mea au e papa, ka Mea Maluna kumu o ( fundamentum
divisionis ). Pela, ma Linnischen kanu nenoaiu kanu i katotum divisum ; ke kanaka
kanu genera a? ueony membra dividentia ; ka nui a me kaoihana o ka stamens, ma
hope o ka puunaue ka hana, i ka fundamentum divisionis .
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma ka olelo mahele, ka waiwai mahele,

fragmentation,aha kanaka? A. Word Mea Maluna ai 'ole e pono ai ( divisio

verborum mau distinctio. ) No ka PAaIEN o keano manao o ka olelo; ae i ka laul o
kekahi olelo, aka, aole he ano hiki manao iho; nolaila, e pili ana ma mua o ka
Pili'lelo o ke kpili. Ia mea: popoki ho he loihiili aa kala, a me kekahi Moana, a me
ka mai o ka Steel Institute. Waiwai mahele, nae, he ka maoli Logical kaawale i kahi
o ka makahiki, ma genera a? Ueo. No ka mea, laana, ka mea feline holoholona
( membrum divisum ) he i ka liona, ke tiga, ka popoki, etc. ( membra dividentia ). Decomposition ole fragmentation ( Partitio ) ka mea i Ka Ikepili no ka laul o ka
makahiki, a he mea PAaIEN o ka mea i ai i ka manawa, ua loaa e like me ka
hiona.nolaila, o ka mea maoli mhele ( divisio ) e hoomaopopo; aho, he mea wale n
e hike i n eiiiiiaiou o ka lua a pau ( totius compositi ); no ka mea, laana: ka
popoki, oia mailoko mai o ka naau, ke kino, na wawae, huelo, etc. ka papa ai 'ole
paku o ka laina o ka manao, oia hoi hooponoponoana o Kamehameha
( dispositio kapaia). No ka mea, laana, he hoonoho o n ppoki First e loaa i ka
hahai ana i kekahi, o ka poe kino ai ka waiwai, ka lua, o ke ola ona, ke kolu, o na
pomaikai a me ka poino lakou ke kumu, he olelo ana
F. Pehea e maopopo i na Mea Maluna ma olelo o ka nui o ka paku ll? H. Ma
elua-tier ( dichotomae ) a me ka nunui-pa alima ( polytomae ), ka mea hope e pela
tripartite, eha ll. Ka puka me adversarial mahele n ll he pono dichotomy, a me
ka mea ku ole lakou e lilo i polytomisch. No ka mea, laana, ka mea penei Mea
Maluna o ka poe kanaka: People, he keokeo paha, aole keokeo, makemake, aole e oi
aku mamua o elua lala e; ma kekahi lima, n knaka, he keokeo, eleele,eleele, e
polytomisch.
Q. Heaha ka mea kiekie papa, a me na subdivisions? H. Ma hou i ka mhele
( codivisiones mau. Divisiones coordinatae ana) ina mea i hookaawale ai he manawa
no kela Mea Maluna kumu. No ka mea, laana, o na kanaka, e like me keano
mheleia i loko o keokeo, eleele, etc., a laila e like me ko lakou manao koa iloko o
akamai, he koo, hupo, etc., e liloaoao puka. Subdivisions - ( Subdivisiones mau
divisiones subordinatae. He poe i hoomaka ai i ka wa a ka paku ll, ua maheleia
hou). Like, ina i mokuahana ia oukou i ka me n loko o herbivorous, carnivorous,
etc., pela no oukou e hiki hou-hana o ka herbivorous holoholona subdivisions e waiho
i lkou i loko o einhufige a mehrhufige etc. kekahi me kekahi. Mau subdivisions
aka, e hiki ke hoomau wale aku ai i na kanaka, a laila paku wale no ae aku.- O ka
papa helu o na mea a pau e hiki ma ka manao o ka makahiki kela a me keia elua a me
subordinate mhele ua kapaia, he ano o ka manao, a me ka kpili papa.
Q. Heaha ka rula no ka mahele ana i? A. 1) pono e loa ana ka wanaao, manao
ma ka mahele hoa, heaohe mahele hoa, heaha ka mea maoli i kkau 'ia ma loko o ka
palena manawa o ka manao, ke hookoe' ia, i kekahi mea o wale no ka mea i ka
manao mea e kau i loko o ka mahele ll. 2) ka paku lala e hookaawale ia kekahi i
kekahi; oia hoi, he mea pono e hiki ole ai i kekahi wahi o ka lala mahele ma lalo o
kekahi paku ll; mea no ka mea, Eia ka papa o na lau nalo ma ka puni, oblong, a
serrated, no ka mea, aole e hiki ke elongated a roundish mawaena o ka niho o
lau; nolaila, kekahi i makemake e ike ma lalo o ka mahele hehee ai kekahi e pono ke
hana pela ka puke pai ia e laua serrated e like me oblong. Keia rula e hiki ai ke

malama wale e hookau e ku pono ana ina contradictorily paha contrarily ka mahele
lala. 3) Ka mahele e nee noke; na subdivisions pono, aole e kawili pu ia me ka poe
luna, a skipped i olelo no mahele. I maheleia na holoholona i mammals, manu, ka ia,
amphibians a keokeo-ka w holoholona, pela no au i ke Maanei, i ka oi mahele hoa,
keokeo-ka w holoholona uhi etc. ma ka pae a me ka poe malalo Sugtier, manu, no
ka mea, ua manao iho la e lawe i wahi i ka subordination pela: The Animals ua
maheleia i rotbltige, a keokeo, ka w, i ka ula-koko ma ka me n, manu, ka ia, a me
amphibians; ka weibltigen ma insects, crustaceans, mollusks, a me na ilo 4) . A
Lele i loko o ka Mea Maluna au e hana ina au i ka ula-koko holoholona maheleia
like pela ma na lio, bipi, carp, nahesa, no ka mea, ma keia aoao o ka Central mahele
ll, e like me ka mammalian, manu, ka ia, amphibian ua skipped. 4) It e pono, pili i
ka hana Mea Maluna kumu ua wae aku e loli keano o ka einzuteilenden mea. Owai
la ka mea e, no ka mea, laana, n knaka ma ka puke moolelo maoli kilo ma na
kapa lakou komo ana, mokuahana!
4)

Eia nae, he ua hoi okoa 'ia n pp Piihonua i loko o kekahi mau holoholona o keia papa.

MOKUNA XXII
Mai ka hoike
Q. He aha ka mea i maopopo ( argumentatio, probatio )? A. The ( 'o ia hoi i
puhi ai hanaia) derivative o ka oiaio o ka cognition mai kekahi e like me kaoiaio
presupposed, a me ke ano o ke kumu o ka pono o kekahi mea. Na hoopai mai
i'koakoa hoike, ua, i kona mau lako e ( materia ), ke ano o ko lakou linkage, aka,
kona ano ( forma ) o; ka hapa o ka loko, a hiki e like me ka mea hele i ka hoailona
pololei o ka hooiaio ia iho, e, kekahi hapa he mawaho, insofar e like me ka mea e
hooholo i n hike o ke maopopo ma e puhi ia. I ka manao
hoopii ( fundamentum argumentationis mau. Probationis ), oia ka mea e
hooponopono, mai ka mea, pololei ka ike e loko e like me ka elue no ka oiaio, a me
ua poe hoi ma na olelo, he rula ( principium ). 'O kia kekahi he kiekie loa, hope, ma
lung, ina he mea hiki e loko mai o kekahi mea, a no ka paa, ua aponoia koke, a he
hoahanau, ina ia no ke waiho mai i kiekie kumu i loko; aka, aka, no ka mea, o ka nui
o kia mau hihia, me ka iho wale hoao iho la e like me ka kulana oiaio. Ka probative
waiwai o ke aalolo, a me ka uhane o ka oiaio ( nervus mau. VI argumentationis mau.
Probationis ) ninoieo ma ka papa kuhikuhiE maio o ka olelo a pohihihi o ka mea i
inferred ai e hoao.
F. Pehea e maopopo ka naauao hoike, a me ka hoao ana ho'o? A. A ka naauao
maopopo ole hike he priori ( arg. Rationalis ) ua ia wahi makou ho oholo i kekahi
mea mai epekema iikeia e ko kakou cognitive faculties e like me ka mea e pono ai
n loina. An hana hoike o empirical hike, a maopopo he posteriori , nae, oia ke
kahi i kekahi o sensory pokole (mea o ka hana) ua hoao. No laila, he mea maopopo ,
he priori i ka wa au e dartue mai i na kanawai o ka umekaumaha, i ka pono no ka
mea au iike ai ma mua, i ka pohaku ka mea i haule mai kekahi kiekie, e kekahi
dala o ka manawa pono e hoia loa maluna o ka honua. A maopopo , he
posteriori Ak nae e in aku au ia ia e lilo ai ka mea maoli mahope iho o ka hala ana

o keia manawa au i na pohaku ike hea ma ka honua.

Q. He aha ka mea ma ke ala, koke, ostensive hoike, a me ka indirect, consequential
paha apagogical? A. O ka mua, he hooiaio i loko o ka mea e kokoke dartut e e ikea
ai oukou, mai ka oiaio o ka hoike kumu, o ka lima hope, o ka mea no hoi deductio me
absurdum mau khea, ua kahi o kekahi o ka poe ho oholo i ka oiaio, e ho'o welau o
ka falsity o kona k pono. Ka mua maopopoano he nui na la mahope, ua
preferable. Ma ka mea ia oukou ke ike i ka pilina ma waena o ke kumu a me ka
kanawai ma kekahi; Keia, he pono n e pio e ae aku i ka maopopo, aka, aole i ike i ke
kumu o ia mea, pela no, aaole ole.Ka kpili ke hai aku ia ma ke ala wale ka poe
indirect hoike o lilo kahi i ka oiaio o ia mea, ua inferred i pnaewele ma ko lkou mai
loko mai o ka hewa o kona pololei ku; no ka mea, makemake mai ai, aole lakouana i
ka falsity o ka contrarian e k pono ana, pela oukou e bedchte aole loa he oi aku
contradictory e ku pono ana, a malia o ka zukme ka oiaio ole pono ia mea e lilo i ka
mea maluna o ka hoike no ia mea maoli n ke kaawale. Loa pinepine ka
makemakika a nui hoohana absurdity , ka mea e loaa hiki ma Euclid ka hehee wale
hinlngliche examples; Zeb I. 7. 14th
F. Pehea e maopopo , noho hoao ana, a paha hoike? A. ole apodictic hoike
( , demonstratio ikaika ano ), he mea i mea alakai ma ka ikaika i kaili
wale ia, a nolaila e leie aole kupono poepoe. Probazion ( probatio ikaika ano ), nae,
he wale, he maopopo, i ka mea i kaawale mai la ka inaina o ka hoopii k'. A
wahrschein1icher maopopo ( arg. Probabilis ) he mau wahi mea hiki aku ai, no ka
hiki ole ke lawe mai ia mea i ka loa pono nui a me ka oi nui kumu no ka mea, mamua
mai kekahi mea.
F. Pehea e maopopo i ka nui i pololei ia hoike (?????????, a veritatem ) o ka
kikaw ikaika (????????????, a hominem )? A. O ka mua, he mea mau mea wale a
nui i na kumu, ua lilo, e hali ana i kona credibility iloko o lakou iho, a me na mea koe
oiaio, a ina ua manoio oia ma aole hookahi; aka, ua hewa ka kekahi i kekahi ma wale,
aka, ua alakai no ia ia i hookahi a oi aku kekahi kanaka i ike ole i ka ike i ka
hoopunipuni nn aku ia wahi, hoomaopopoia no ka oiaio o ka hoike i ka welau. No
ka mea,'lunu Uwao i keia ano o ka hoike na kahu i hoohana pinepine, ua kapaia
lakou no hoi Advokaten- paha pettifoggers hike.
Q. Pehea kekahi hoomaopopo i ka hoike me ka pili ana i ko lakou mawaho ano?
H. Ma alodio (monosyllogistische) a me ka lua pele (polysyllogistische); iloko o
scholastic a olelo, a me paha aole e olelo; ka a pau, a me ka loihi lima, a kpili paha
abbreviated. - O ka manao o kia mau hua'lelo, ua hooholo koke lakou ia' ae, mai
na olelo ia lakou iho.
Q. Heaha ka rula e hahai i ka wa a ke hoike? A. Zufrderst i na rula pono e
malama nei ka mea i mua i ho'kka 'ia ma ka hooholo hope' ana mahope mai o ka
pau manao hoopii k' ma luna kuhi.Aka, alaila kekahi, e akahele pale aku i ka
hahai
ka wahahee:
1) hanakimi a erschleiche erbettle iki ( petitio principu mau
Contribuu
a millorar la traducci
fallacia quaesiti medii. ). Keia mea hana, ina hookahi presupposes kekahi mea e like
me ka hoike waihona ipu, ka mea i hewa ma downright, ai ole ia, ma ka liilii loa ka
hooponopono pono i keia manawa nele. 2) hanakimi 'aelike i mea e ae mamua o ka

Text original

mea ka mea e maopopo, a ma na olelo e, e Ke Kai i ka ninau omaka ( punctum

quaestionis ole) o ka maopopo; no ka mea, i ole ia ka loa manao o ka maopopo, e
ikeia kou nalo ana. Ke kuhihewa oe penalized mai naaupo o ka poe maoli nnau wahi
o keia rula oia, ignoratio elenchi kapaia; , Ka keakea kumu kuapo kona
nae mutatio elenchi , a me ka kpono paa hopena sophism mutationis elenchi . 3)
hanakimi e loaa kekahi hike i ka ao ka iloko o ka poai nei; o ia hoi ka poe kahi o
ka ai e ikea ai oukou e like me ka hoike kumu o iho ai ( ka Astronomical ma ka
demonstrando, diallelus k. ????????????). 4) Care pono e lawe mai na mawae ma ka
hoike ( saltus ma demonstrando ka probando. ); oia hoi, o kekahi aole ia e loaa mai i
ke kaina o ka poe kekahi me ka pili ka hoololiana'lelo kpaa, a me n hooholo
'. Ma ka hahai ana i laana, hoike e lilo i ka lele kawa akula, E ke kanaka, he kino,
pela no ka mea, ua make; no ka mea, eia ka mea, aohe mediating mau knwai: The
kanaka kino, he malalo o na kanawai a pau o ke aloha kino, a me na mea a pau ke
aloha kino, he kino. - Eia nae, ua hike p 'ana i ka puhi ia o kekahi ano e lakou i
kela mea keia mea oluolu i hoohuiia ke aloha o iho, ua manaoia ia ia i ka lelele iho i
ka pela a me ka hookolokoloia e like me ka mea e hoolilo aku i ka conciseness o ka
hike. 5) pono e lawe Care, kona hoakaka he nui loa; 'o ia hoi, e pale kekahi manao
hoopii k', mai ka mea eia nae seemingly i ka oiaio o ka mea e hooiaio welau hiki,
aka hoi mlie ae i ka kekahi wahahee hooholo' ana; alaila, mahope iho o ka poe
kahiko i hahai mai kekahi olelo oiaio mea hewa, alaila kekahi ina ua e wehewehe ana
i ka manao hoopii kponoole, a me ia i ka hoike. Ka mea, no ka mea, laana, ka
kia i na Piihonua ala hou i loko o ka mea kanu i loko o ka lewa, e ho'o ana e
wehewehe mai i attraction o ka l, e ho'o nui loa, no ka mea, alaila inorganic paipu,
e ma kekahi, ua hoalaia hoi fluids e ia i attraction.
MOKUNA XXIII
Mai ka Logical mai (Logical pathology)
F. aha kakou hoomaopopo malalo o ka inoa Logical mai? A. 'oihana a me ka
hewa o keia hoopunipuni. Kekahi hoonohonoho bila i wahi laila, koke ua loaa i ka
manao o ka mea mea okoa manao, ao n mea. Ka makou e hanai me ia
erroneous'lelo kpaa, a makou i manaoio he oiaio, ua kapaia keia mau hewa.
Q. Heaha ka maoli kumu o ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni? H. Ma ka hookau 'o
kanaka cognition. Oia, ina e hiki ia oe ko kakou mau manao e kau wale mai n mea a
pau i loko o kona hui pu ana, pela i bila kanawai, a me keia wahi aku aole hewa o
keia hoopunipuni e paa no ia ia. Aka, e like me ka lokomaikai he ololi inhibit ke
kuokoa a me ka kupono aayoaeuiinoe o ko kakou cognition, ae hooholo i ka hoopai
ana i ka hoopai wahahee, o ka oi aku i ka wa he nawaliwali paha inexperienced o ke
'ano' ole, ina ua haawi mai ia i ka auhauia 'ikamu i ka pono noonoo. Q. Heaha na ololi i ka poe hiki ke Logical 'oihana a me ka hewa o keia
hoopunipuni? H. Eia no ka mua o na mea a pau i ke ano. Ka hoohalike ana iho,
nae, hiki ke hele wale n ke nn aku, aole kuhihewa, no ka mea, aole ia e
hooponopono. I ike e like me ka'pana o ka mai i kou mau maka e nana melemele,
nona wale nae uliuli; pela no i keia mea he illusion, no ka mea, owau no kekahi mau

mea (a maoli melemele, a me ka uliuli lau) nei oe i na mea a pau i ka hookahi

manao. Ina iau, aka, me ka pepa manao maoli melemele, pela i kou ilihune naau a
me kou kumu, alakai ma ka hopena, e olelo aku i ka Pai ka mea, aole maoli
melemele, aka, i ka mea pono mai iau pela; pela ma keia hihia komo au iloko o
kekahi kuhihewa, no ka mea, aole au e e iau iho e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka
hewa hoopai, ma ke ano bila. Aka, aole au e hoahewa nei puke pai, ka mea au
erroneously akaka melemele, he maoli o keia ano, ke makemake nei au e hana ana i
ka hewa. Kakou e ike mai i keia, i ka wa a ka poe makaukau ole lalau iho, aka, ma ko
lakou aoao ma ka kiekie cognitive faculties ke kumu hewa. Keia hiki kekahi e hanaia
e ka poe mawaho makaukau no, i ka wa a na mau kino i ka mea a lakou i i pili, aole
ma ka like ana, a loaa i ka AYEIE pilina, a me ka pono kulana pili ana i na hana e apo
akuk ai; hapa ma ka hoohalike maloko, maanei pinepine Hanalei Moon poeleele hoi
i na manao o na mea, ai ole ia loko ano manao, no ko lakou excessive vivacity e ikea
e like me mawaho. Kekahi kahea aku i ka sensuous hewa ( errores sensuales ) hoi
Beschleichungsfehler ( vitia subreptionis ), no ka mea, o ka naau, ua hana e like me
ka mea haohao paha, kokolo aku la ma kuu naau.
Q. He aha ololi e no hoi e hiki i ka naita hewa? H. Ina o ka iaiyoe gehabten
manao, aole i oiaio, a ua oi wawe ko lakou, aole lakou i poe kekahi visualized manao
me ka clarity, ai ole ia wale ka noonoo 'kii hiki ke hele mai e like me ka makemake
mea; a ina ka mana o ke iaiyoe, i mea e ike i ka gehabten n manao hou (insofar e
like me ka mea oia ka iaiyoe hanohano, oia wale waiho) aole ia e hana pono, pela no
hoi ma keia aoao hewa hiki ana; ka mea hookahi, ina ua kena ae la e hoomanao,
hoomanao kuia ai hewa ( errores memoriales ) kahea aku, einbilderische hewa
( errores imaginarii ), nae, i ka mamao o ka erroneous ana o ka manao ia mea ulu n
keano. Ka hui o n manao, a me involuntary hui o na manao ma ka pono o ka mea
hookahi ma ka manao ma mua waiwai wale e hoano ei ka muli o kekahi wa he hana
(e ku ana ma Ak nae) ina like ole me ko lakou contrasting, a hiki i kekahi manawa,
i loko o ka manao ma ka nano me kona hanaia i; e loaa ole maluna o ka excitation na
ka wahahee; ma ka manao i hui ole ia pu, ua hoopili a me kekahi mau manao e
hiki ai ke mokuahana.
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma linguistic ole symbolic hewa ( errores linguistici
mau. Sermocinales )? A. O lkou nei ka poe i ho i misunderstanding o na olelo a
pohihihi. Ke 'ano nui, a me ambiguity o na olelo ke kumu ia lakou pinepine; hoi e
like me ka 'lelo a me na huapalapala he hookahi o ke poo kumu a mea' o ia hoi ke
ala i ko kakou hopena.
Q. Aole anei o ke kumu o ka makemake a me ka akamai e haha aku i kekahi kumu
o ka hewa? A. He oiaio no. Na Hanalei Moon o ko kakou Begehrungs-, a aloha
waiwai, ua nui keiki i n manaoi hooholo 'ia makou hana, a ua hiki ke hana ia
makou nui ihola e malama i keia ao, i ole hinlngliche kumu oiaio a hoopunipuni, e
like me ka mea coincides me ko makou noho ana o ka manao a me ka ole.Pela ka
miser manaoio i kona kuko ino (excessive ke kino makemake) hoopouli iho, ke kala
no ka mea kiekie loa maikai; pela no ke kanaka dismal ike na mea a pau i loko
oeleele malamalama. No hoi kikaw Hanalei Moon o ko makou manao e hiki
distract ko makou noonoo ana, mai mea, o like me pili ana n i ka ia wale n ma luna

o ka concordant ia lakou, a hiki kena ae la ia unclear, i hookahuli ai, a downright

hewa n manao, mai ka poe i kupu mai iloko o kakou.
F. haawi E hiki no hoi pono mawaho ana i ka haku o ka illusion a me ka hewa o
keia hoopunipuni i ka manawa maopopo? A. Ae. Kino haku mele 'ana, e like me ka
hoonaauao, ka nohona hoahanau,'ina, ola,ano o na ano a pau, a nui' ae e hiki ke
manaoia loihi kumu o ka hewa ma ka haawi ana i ka ha awina o ko makou manao ai'
ole kahiko o ka'ina i ka hana, a me hookahi kapakahi ao ao.
Q. Heaha ka mea prejudice ( praejudicia )? A. Oia ka poe hewa i ala mai, mai ka
bila i kauoha aku e mawaho ana (s. The mua nnau). No ka nui o prejudices ma o ka
hoonaauao,ano, etc., kumu, o ka mea a ka poe i kela ola e hoolako lawa
examples. Keia poomanao prejudices o ke alii, no ka noho ana, prejudices, i keia ai
ka aina, oia ka maikai, etc.
Q. paha hoomaopopo i ka ka mua rula ana ma ka prejudice? A. He oiaio no. A ka
mua hoopai ( .. J praevium ka ka mua Bedroom ) oia o kekahi i kekahi haule ana, no
ka hiki ole ke haawi i hinlngliche kumu o kona validity; aka, me ka hoopaa
manawa, he mea mau i ka noonoo.
Q. Heaha ka naauao hewa? A. O lkou nei ka poe i ala mai, mai ka pololei ole
noi o na Kanawai o ka naauao, a me ke kumu; e like, ina oukou, mai ka mea i elua
mau mea i ka manawa loaa ia oe kekahi i kekahi, i ka hopena mea, i kekahi o na
kumu o, ka kekahi, he ( kia hoc, ergo propter hoc ); a ina o kekahi ho oholo i kekahi
mea, mai ka maopopo wahahee basically.
F. Pehea e maopopo pono kvila kanaka hewa ( errores principales, radicales,
originarii, ??????????) a inferred ( lalau derivativi. )? A. The kahiko, he mau olelo
kupaa wahahee mai i na mea e ae he wahahee manao; ka kpono inferred wela loko
hewa. Kela kuhihewa, ia i ka mea i hoohana e like me ka rula, oia ke kahua
kuhihewa, a hiki lilo loa disadvantageous ma ia mea, ua hoohana 'ia e loaa i ka
hailona o na hewa.
F. Pehea e maopopo theoretical ole speculative a me ka mea hiki hewa? H. O ka
mua, he poe i discriminate wale i ka oiaio o ko makou ike; ka hope ka poe i loaa ole i
ko kakou mau hana. Pela makemake o ka mea hiki i loko o ka hewa ka mea e
noonoo i ka suicide no ka mea, pela.
MOKUNA XXIV
O ka Logical laau (Logical Therapeutics)
Q. No ke aha loa no ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni avoidable? H. No ka mea, o
kela kanaka, he kaupalena i ka olelo o kona nona iho no ka ike, no ka mea, kela mea
keia mea ololi, ua waihoia, ka mea e haawi aku ai i ka hanauna o ka hewa, e like me
kela mea i nui, ua malalo o ka hewa. - Aka, o na hewa o keia hoopunipuni kupu ana
mai o ka bila, a ua noho i pio basically wale ka noa hana o ko kakou hoopai ana, ina
ua manao e hana i keia bila kanawai, he hewa, pela no a hiki kela hookahi kuhihewa
ma ke akahele hana paha avoidable. Nui nolaila, e ma kekahi, a hiki i ka wisest a
smartest kanaka ana hihia i kona wahi, ua hewa; aka, i ole ai kekahi i e hookuu mai i

ka i ana iho la, he ai e ka hewa, no ka mea, o ka pupule nui, ua inevitable pono iloko
o keia a me ua kanaka kekahi hihia.
F. Pehea e maopopo i na konohiki e ku e hewa o keia hoopunipuni ( remedia
erroris )? H. Ma preventive ( remed, praeservantia ) a me ka hoola ana ( remed
sanativa. ); ka mua pale i ke muli o ka hala; ka kekahi ke eae i ka ua incurred
kuhihewa.
Q. He aha preventives ku e hewa? A. 1) mau makamaka, a me ko makou
cognitive mana, o na kanawai o ko lakou laul, a me na palena o ko lakou mau
palapala noi. 2) ike o na kumu o ka hewa. 3) e haalele aku, akahele a me ka noonoo i
ka hoopono ana. 4) kohi 'ia ai (???) o ka applause ma na mea a pau kanalua hihia. O ka rula hope loa mai nei i kekahi e ina mea i ole he lawa ke kumu no ka oiaio o ka
hooponopono, aole nae lawe ia e like me ka meaio a me na hihia, aka, e aho e
waiho ia undecided.
Q. He aha hoi i ka ho'la laau no ka hewa i loko o nui? H. pono ka loaa, a me
hooholo ana o ka Bila Kanawai e hana i ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni, e like me ia e
pili. Ka bila, ua wehe ae ia i ka wa a oukou e hele ai e ike i ka hoophoihoi, kumu o
ka hewa i loko o ka ua hihia; hoon i ka wa a kaokoa n manao i manao ai e lilo i
ka mea,okoa, a me ka'like manao i manao ai e okoa, hooiaio no ka mea.
F. Pehea la e hiki ai ke ike i kekahi mea i loaa ma ka kuhihewa, a ua koiia nolaila, e
hoala mai au ia? Oe aka, A. koke aku la kekahi la e hiki ai o kela kekahi hewa, i
keia oiaio, aole i ike, no ka mea, i ole ia ka mea, eoiaio n e hou hewa i ka wa a ko
lakou wahahee ina ua ike. Aka, no ka makou mau mea e hover i ka kaike a kakou i
malalo e like me na kanaka ma ka nui e kuhihewa, pela no makou e pono i kela a me
keia hoopai ana makou hana, ma ka liilii loa e noonoo i ka manawa kpono a pau,
he mea erroneous, a ma hai ikea ai a me ka e like n'lelo kpaa kekahi a puni ia
mea, e oiaio no e imi ana no.
Q. He aha hoi ka mea i ka poe maluna o kela a me keia ano o ka hewa o keia
hoopunipuni? H. Ua komo wale i loko o ka pololei o ka hike mua n l hike no
ka Kohiana a me ka laau o ka hewa rula i kanaka hihia.
XXV Chapter
Mai ka pana o kaike, a me ka pau o ka hoao ana
Q. He aha n mea i loko o ka mea a makou i loaai ka ike?
noonoo.

A. ka hana a me ka

Q. Heaha anei kakou ano ma ka ho'oana? H. makou, alaila, e olelo aku nei
kakou i ka ho'oana, i ka w i kekahi mea e like me ia hoi, e ike i ke ano.
Q. Heaha ka hana oukou i kapa aku ai i ka experiential, ma ka mea hiki i ka ike?
A. The empirical ala, i na olelo Helene mai Empiria ia ka hoao ana 'o ia hoi. N
haina iho, ka mea i loaa ma ka ho'oana, i kapaia o empirical, a ike i ka posteriori ,
a me ka naauao a me ka ike , he priori k',o ia hoi, ka poe i nohoole loaa ma ka
aoao o ka hoao ana; nolaila, ina he poe hana pela, ma mua he poe mua iloko o
makou, a ua hoi mediated ma ka cognition kiekie.

Q. O ka mea oiaio i ka empirical haina? A. Empirical hoike hiki e like me ka

mea loaa ole loa paa a me ka pono validity. Experience mau hike mai o wale
hanakimi; a ina kakou ua hiki nn 'ole i manao ai no ka nui hanakimi; pela makou e
aka nae haawi i PAaIEN o na mea a pau e like me i nana, aole hoi i manao ai. Ka
hoao ana e hiki lilo, pololei olelo ana, i mai iau, nae mau e ao mea aka, o keia paha
ka mea e waiwai ma na mea likeole au iike, hiki aku, ina paha lakou no hoi ma na
mea a pau au e ike aku, he mea hiki ole ia olelo; aole hoi i ka mea e pono ai e haawi
aku ai ia i na mea ike. Ko kakou kumu ia e hiki ke kikoo mai ka hana, aole paa a me
ka mea e pono ai hooholo 'ana; hiki ole ia e hahana i puhi ai e kau i ke ala i kekahi
hoopai ana, he nui, a me ka assertive hiki ke loko apodictic. Aka, e like me-kaapuni
hoailona ia mea, ua i 'ae' ia kona noonoo.
F. Ina oe i ike i neia manawa hope loa? Ueo iimi aku i ka kekahi kanaka, a me ka
paa, a loaa Pili? A. Ae. O lakou na hopena a mahope iho induction, a me analogy,
ka mea i no ka mea, i kumu e maula probability, a aole oiaio, aka, o ka ikaika o, no ka
mea, hoomaka mai ka hoao ana. Ua nn 'ana i ka assumption o ke kanawai a paa o
ke ano o ko makou naau manao nei impelled eae.
F. How to jog i loko o ka hopena? H. Ina makou i ike i kekahi affirmative a io
hookahi hiona nui kanaka mea he hoailona e hoopuka, kakou hooponopono ma ka
inductive iaoia, oia hiona e no hoi e hiki i na mea a pau na nui a pau o ke ia ano, ina
paha ka mea, ua like ia aole i ike i loko o ka ia; a me ka inductive o ka hopena, ua hoi
holoholo i ke kumu o ka hiona, ina ka mea, no i na laha o ka genus, ae hele, e pau na
laha o keia genus wa he mea like e, aole anei ike i loko o ia mau mea. Hula i kekahi
mea ke hoike i ka loina o ka induction ia. He aha ka mea oiaio o na mea a pau i
kekahi? Ueony a genus, hoi pololei o ka kekahi. - 'O kekahi inductive wahi i puhi ai
komo i na mea kanu a pau au i ike ai, he lau lau; A me na mea kanu a pau au i ole
maoli ike, uliuli na lau, e loaa. Na kanaka, o ka mea au i aoia e ko lakou mau a na ka
hoao ana i kino, pela ka nui, kanaka a pau e make. - Ua hikiwawe ike i hiki ole i keia
mau hopena a lawe i ka maamau p ano o na syllogisms, no ka mea, o ka nui p kula
e noho particularistic. Ka probability, nae, hiki pinepine e nui loa, i ka mea i loaa ma
keia inductive o ka hopena, aka, hookahi no pono ole i hanauuku hana, no ka mea
hookahi e pani; sunning hiki e conducive i ua wikiwiki hopena, e like me ka pono
hiki i kela la.
F. Pehea e maopopo loa, a kpili induction? A. makemakika Induction he
hookahi kahi mea i hana i na mea a pau nui a pau o ke ano keia ano, a me na kanaka a
pau o ka laha 'genus mai ka hoao ana i kekahi mau mea kanu lakou e hoopuka, a
manao ia ia mea no hoi ka pau genus e hoopuka. Keia o ka hopena ma ka
makemakika induction loaa, i ka mamao o ka hoao ana e hookupaa, ma ka mea ka
mea, ua muli, a paa a me ka pono validity; aka, oia nae loaa ole wahi, no ka mea,
pehea la e hiki ai ke ike i kekahi mea maoli kama'ina a me na mea a pau i ka nui o
kia mau, a me ke ano o na? ueony a genus ma ka hoao ana ia oukou, no ka mea; mai
ka mea ua lai 'ia heokoa ka ike kekahi wahi. Kpili induction ua wale kapaia ka
induction o ka luna aeo ia i ka'lelo kahi hookahi komo wale na lau-Nui.
F. How to jog i loko o ka hopena ma ka analogy?

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

H. E like me ia, ka mea i

manao ai, na mea ina lakou e coincide i loko o kekahi mau mea o ka pono, ike hiona
i ka kekahi, e noho ma ka aelike, eia nae ka mea, aole i ike keia , No laila, ina
oukou ka poe mamuli o induction, e kau aku loa pokole, pela me kia mau: hana ma
na aoao a ma na mea a pau; pela no oukou e pani i kou lima mai o ka analogy, nui na
mea iloko o hookahi; Pela na mea a pau i loko o kia o ka. Ka probability ka mea i
haawi mai i ka analogy (no ka pono e hiki ai e loaa ia mea, aole hoi, e like me ka
lawelawe 'ia e ka induction), ua pau ka nui i kela a me keia o na apana i ka mea e ai
kekahi i ka hopena, ua malamaia coincident me ka, mai ka mea e hana i ka hopena. 'O
kekahi Analog i puhi ai, he; I ike i ke aloha a me ka mea mau na ke aloha mau mea ia
e like ia ia mea he pua, lau, kumu; no ka mea, ano lakou hoi ka aa, pela au e manao
nei makou, o ka mea e loaa i ke kumu. A he hopena ma analogy, ina au e manao nei
makou poe kanaka i ka manao iloko o ko lakou lehalehu helehelena, e manao iloko o
ko lakou ano. - O ka analogy o ka hopena o ka hlwai hoolohe basically i ka mea a
pau ia, ua manaoio aku ia ia, o na mea i hui pu ai kekahi i kekahi, ma loko o kekahi
mau apana, he like lepo ppilikia; a he pono e ukali no ka ia kumu no hoi ka ia, pela
no hoi keia e like me ka walaauana e like me ka hopena no na mea iloko o kela a
me keia, i aole wale lawe mai i ka ike i ka mahalo. - O ka polokalamu kele, Schelling
ka wahine paha, akeakamai a kupu maoli akeakamai, ka mea wale ke hoomaopopo
iho i ka maoli lepo o na huli, loa pinepine ana e hooiaio ma o analogies.
MOKUNA XXVI
hoomau
Q. Pehea ka pono', a me kekahi poe e ae 'ka hoao ana? A. kou hoao ana, ua i
kahi ikamu o makou, haole, kahi a lakou i ike ma na mea e ae.
Q. Heaha na loina, a me ka mua huli? A. loina ( observationes ) ua deliberate,
me ka maliu hou pili pokole haawiia phenomena me keakea kumu loli ia
mea; Hoao ana ( Experimenta ), nae, ka noonoo e hoolimalima hou me ia mea i ka
poe hana ana, a no ka hana ana i kekahi waiwai o ia e ao i kekahi ike kekahi i
kekahi; e ala therethrough ia loli, e hiki ia oukou ke kiai mai ia lakou, mai kekahi
mauaoao, a me kekahi mau hulimahi. Na loina, a me ia mea hookauwa aku, e
haawi aku i ka maikai hana maluhia a me ka pono, a me ka pono e, kahi hiki, mau e
pili ana i kekahi i kekahi.
Q. He aha ku mea e hana aku ina mea makemake e hoohana haole hana no ka ike
lea ana o kona ike A. hana e nn i ka palapala hoike, i kekahi hoike i ko lakou ike
i ka credibility o ka hoike (testimonium) di Aloha; pela no oukou e holo i loko o ka
pilikia o ka hana ana i hewa, a me na deliberate untruths ka 'ona hewa. Eia, e hiki
Ano e ike ma o ka pahale, a me ka poe mawaho credibility o ke anaina.
Q. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma na, a mawaho credibility? A. The credibility
loko o ka palapala hilinai nui ma paha o ka mea olelo o ka ia mea, i iho ua hiki ole
paha. Hai aku la i ka mea no ka hoohlike, ka mea ana i ike ai, heumi kbita nui
nunui, pela no e kia moolelo haalele i na credibility ina iho e lilo i ke kanaka nana i
hai aku ia hai, e like me ka sensible, aano hoio ike. - The mawaho credibility o ka
hoike ma ka kekahi lima hilinai nui ma luna o: 1) Mai ka holo ( dexteritas ) ka hoike,

ina oia maoli i (ola makaukau, a me ka naau) na koi no ka pololei pokole, a ina paha
oia mea, he mea pololei hoike (hoike) ole wale no indirect (earwitness) ka mea, no ka
mea mamua, ua nui a oi aku mawaho credibility no lakou iho, e like me ka mea hope,
o. 2) Mai ka oiaio ( mai ritas ) i ka poe hoike no na mea he nui o ka makemake, a
hooikaika e hoole i ka oiaio i ka wa e hoi i ko lakou like paha maopopo n i ia.
Q. Heaha He kaao? H. He moolelo a pau ma luna aole maopopo hoike ana ia
mea hiki ole ia i noonoo pono no ko lakou mawaho credibility. He n kaao
hoopulapula e na kanaka makahiki, ua kapaia he moolelo ( traditio ), a koke iho la
laua me ka ewaewa ole initially ma aole maopopo hoike, he alaila lono ( lono ).
Q. aha la oukou i hea i ka manaoio i haawiia i na hana?
( piliwaiwai historica ).

A. Historical manaoio

MOKUNA XXVII
Mai ka noonoo
Q. Heaha ka noonooloi ( meditatio )? H. Ma ka intentional kuhikuhi ana o ka
naau ma luna o kekahi mea o ka ike ma ka mea e ao aku i ka ia loa. Ma hope o kia
kona hua lole iho o ka manao, he mea ma ke ala, aka, hahai i ka malihini huakai o
ka manao, he indirect mau manao. Ka mua, ua hoi manao iloko o ka puali ololi e
hoohalike ai 'ole ka noonoo' par pookela.
Q. ka manao koke Heaha kau i malama? H. oe e methodically hana aku e like
me na rula o ka manao maanei; kana kela olelo, a pau ia ll oiai manao, e nana
pono ai ke hana e pili ana i kona oluolu a me ka laul, ma mua o ka mea puka hou no
kona noonoo, mai ka kpono mea weheweheana a me na Mea Maluna e imi i ka
huki kuhi, a hiki i ka manao consciously no ka mea, o kona mea ka mea, ua
hukiia; oe e hoi Loulou i ka i ka mea o ka manao e pili ana i ka manao nui pu no ia
lakou i lilo i ka oluolu, e nana alii, a pili a pau.
Q. Ma ka ala e hiki ai i kahi o ka indirect noonooloi? A. kuleana ma ka
heluhelu ( lectio ), kekahi hapa ma ka hoolohe ( auditio ); Papao he
vividia; heluhelu, nae, Ke aeia'ku nei ia aku noonoo, a me keakea kumu wahi e
hana i ko lakou mau manao ma waena o noa hula.
Q. Heaha ka hana i ka mea e manao i ka paka ma ka lohe ana i kona naauao, e
malama ia? H. He pono ia ma luna o ke kumuhana o ka mea ana i manao ai e ao
aku ma ka hoolohe ana i hoomakaukau (praeparatio ), ai ole ia, e hoolako i ka mua
ike e pili ana i e hiki ke hahai i ka hlwai hooloheo ia i ke kumu a me kona mau
manao; oia e komo oiai hoolohe Ewalu ( attentio ), a ma hope hou i ka mea a lakou i
lohe ( repetitio ) e pale aku ia mea, mai einprge i kona hoomanao ana, a hiki
manaoia e ia, i oo, pela no ka poe i ka i ana repetitio loa mater studiorum . I ka
hlwai hoolohe pono loa ia he make hikiwawe o ka mea a kekahi olelo, aka, o ko
lakou mau manao koke, e hiki mau lilo ma ka hana e k ka mea a lakou i lohe.
Q. Heaha ka pono e, e noii ana i loko o ka hookolokolo pono 'heluhelu mua o na
mea a pau? A. 1) Ina oukou i na olelo maoli o ka hoopii ana i kkau moolelo i
mua ona, a me 2), oia ke ano oiaio o keia mau olelo; Ka mea mua nana i ka criticism,

i ka lua o ka hermeneutics (Exegetics, Auslegekunst).

F. Pehea e maopopo i ka criticism? H. Ma ka kiekie a me ka lalo. Ka Higher
Criticism hookolokolo aku la ia i ka oiaio (authenticity) o ka Font e like me ka a pau,
a me kona papa kuhikuhiE mau wahi, me ka haahaa, ke manao pono (ano hoopono)
ia mea, pela no ka hana i loko o ko lkou mau olelo kanaka, a me n hopuna. No
laila, ke criticism kiekie ae, e loaa e nana ina ka olelo, ua pili i ka Cicero, maoli a pau
o ia, ino ia puke a Herennium maoli i kkauia lkou a pela aku,, e like me ka mea
kkau o ka i ana, ua kapaia ka poe malalo pilikia paha keia a e olelo, kipaku keia a
me kela wahi, offset a ua ino, etc. ka criticism luna nana i ka authenticity o ka inoa oi
loa aku hoi ma ka hoohlike o ka hoailona mika a me ka uhane o ka poe like me ka
mea i ka i lanakila iloko o kekahi kanalua maoli palapala ma ka hookahi mea kkau,
ascertain; i ka lalo criticism heano nui like me k mau kope, unuhi a me n kmole i
ua outfitted mai o ka hoao ana kkau i loko o n hana, e kkua mai; a ia ina lakou e
hiki ke loaa lea pono i keia hana, aole, conjecture ( conjecturae ) e pili ana i ke ano
oiaio o ka Palapala Hemolele.
XXVIII Chapter
Mai ka palapala o ka ike
Q. He aha ano o ka palapala o ka ike, aole ia e hookoaia? A. The unilateral kahi
a ka poea pau i kekahi hapa i ke kulekele o ka kekahi wale no, a me ka reciprocal,
kahi o na aoao elua haawi ae i ko lakou aoia. Ka mua ao ka wa ia ll; i ka la
mahope, ma ke kamailio ana.
F. Pehea la e hiki ai hiki mai ana n haawina a? H. Ua hike waha, a ma ka
palapala ana; ak,o ka noonoo kpili rula, he hookahi no na ano. ano Nui ia ke ao
ma ke ano o ke ao ana ( methodus didactica ) e, 'o ia hoi, keano o ka hike, i ka
mea hoohana e hookuu i ka haina; ka mea, he hapa he na, i ka mea pili i ke ano o ka
hooponoponoana o Kamehameha a me ka kuhikuhi ana o ka manao iho, a, o
kekahi i kekahi mawaho loa ia mea pili i ka lole, a me kekahi loio o ka manao ma o
na olelo, a me pohihihi.
Q. He aha ano o ka laua kamailio ana, he olelo me ka pili ana i na ano? A. mua o
na mea a pau, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka manao ua hai aku ua hoopili i kemikala ole
mkau iaoia kemikala a me ka mkau. - Ua haawiia i ke Kumukanawai o ke kanaka o
ka noonoo i ka mea a ka hike, ua kauoha ia, ka mea e makemake ai kela
academically paha ke aupuni hae; e loaa no ka poe i makemake e loaa i ka
hookolokolo pono ike no ka 'epekema, e, e lawe imua, a me ka mea ike, e hana
pl; keia no ka poe i makemake e komo ilokooi aku ka nui i loko o ka 'epekema ma
waho, a me ka mea ike i ka loa ke ao' ana e komo i ka ia, aka, makemake e loaa
kekahiikeia i loko o ka ia, ka nui, ka mea hoi, no ka mea, o ka naaupo, no ka mea,
o na kanaka. Ka scholastic hike, oia hoi scholastic, atikala, 'epekema, scientifische,
systematic, akroamatische, esoteric. He hahai aku la i ka pololei Logical kauoha, imi
e k ai i ka mea nui e hiki pololei a me ka completeness, a hoohana i ko lkou
mauimi hoopunipuni'lelo (oaoieei-lelo Hawai i ka designation kupono o na manao
a pau i kekahi manawa oko ka maamau 'ana o ka' lelo ma loko o kona manao

loa). Ke aupuniaahu hike, ua hoi kapaia ka kaulana, exoteric. He pono no ka mea,

o ka makemake o ka clarity no ka mea, mau presupposes ke hoohana mai emi
'epekema ka hoonaauao, emi mai ka pololei Logical hana, hoopili aku i ka maamau
olelo ana i, ae imi e exemplify i ka lawe imua e like me hiki; la oia i kona mau
knwai ma luna o na mea kukulu, o ka mea ia e hiki ai ke ea o lakou no hoi ka poe
naaupo, ua ike, a me ka pinepine i hoohana loa oi'lelo ma mua o ka scientifische ao
ana ano, oia ka mea paha i hoike ia ma ke ano nui aole i hoomaopopoia ma e hana
kekahi, ka 'aoao a me n hopuna maopopo. - O ka makemakika iaoiaeii o ka hike
he mea', ma mua o ka scientifische hana, pili i ka makemakika. I ko lakou mau'lelo,
ua hiki i helu 'ana ma lalo o kekahi inoa, he mea nui, a, e pili ia i ka poe mawaho
helehelena.
Q. Heaha ano o ka hike hiki e hookoaia ma na olelo o ka p ke kinona? A. A
wawahi (fragmentary, aphoristic, rhapsodistische) ina mea Alex kona manao wale ma
pokole pohihihi, e like me ka mea i loko o Hippocrates 'inikua, a me Platner
philosophical aphorisms, a he kokoke (ana, kohrierende) ina e hike i n manao i
loko o ke ana pilina; - A unbildliche, pololei a me ka figurative, parabolic, indirect,
phaohao, enigmatic; ke kaumaha ma muli paha kekahi maoli expresses i kona mau
manao, ai ole ia e kahiko io mai ma na kii, na olelonane, enigmatic n moolelo; - A
monolingual (monologue) a bilingual (ano); ka hope, ina e hoololi maanei nnau a
me n pane wale no, oia hoi ka erotematische, a he alaila, ina catechetical a Socratic
(Socrates kapaia mamuli pela, e noho ana i loko o kiaano o ka erotematischen
hai'lelo ke Kumu), ke kaumaha ma muli paha lakou wale no ka iaiyoe, a me ka
manao o ke hoohana i ka Maopopo; i catechetical iaoia ua o wale mai i ka hulina i ka
Mana i ka mea ana i ike, ai ole ia, pono e ike; ma ka Ak, ua kukulu no hoi iluna
Socratic nnau i ka mea he mea e hoomhala iho ma ka mea ua ninau mai i ka mea
ana i makemake ai e hai aku i ka ninau. E loaa examples o keia, hookahi hana pono e
heluhelu Xenophon ka Memorabilia, aano o Plato, i mea Socrates, ua wahahee e like
me kana olelo ana. - Next kakouike i ka epistolarische ano kahi i kkauia lkou i
hike, ua kakauia i ma ke ano o ka palapala; ka syllogistic, kahi mea i kkauia i
loko o olelo hooholo 'ana; i ka waw nui,aole hoi desultory, ina he Pa, ahakanaka
la, a mai kekahi mea i kekahi skipping pinepine; ka rambling, digressive, ina oe
pinepine e hele ana, mai ka kumu nui n paha o ka hai'lelo, e noho ma ka aoao
mau.
Q. Heaha ka pono, e lawe i wahi, ina o ka hlwai ninaninau, ua e malama e like
me ka reciprocal manao'lelo i ike lea? A. The poomanao horn e hooikaika iho e
hele i loko o ka 'ikamu i ka mahalo i ka mea he okoa ko lakou hoopai ana, e loaa
kaaeana,aole hiki i lkou i loko o ku i ka oiaio. No ka mea, o kona manao iho,
ma ke ana oiaio o ke poomanao, 'horn kela a me keia, i ke kumu ma ka liilii loa, ole ia, aole hoi e kona manao - pela a pau, oia ke imi e lawe i ka kekahi manao e hiki
ia ia (i ka na) haawi aku, i kona manao , ae endorse, e iho, (ka mea mua) i. Mahope
mai o ka lawe wahi keia alualu ma kela aoao manao, ka mea e loaa ia oe kekahieleu
Ak nae ma waena o ke poomanao, 'horn, i manao-naau a me kumu Streit ( pugna
intellectualis mau. Logica ) ua kapaia.
F. like me ka hiki, e hana i n manao makaukau?

A. Ina e hoomaikai aku i ke

ano o kekahi kula noho ( colloquium familiare ) ai 'ole e like me ka lehulehu a me ka

eehia manao kaua ( disputatio solemnis ).
Q. Heaha ka rula no na ano o na manao hoopaapaa, ina he mea ia e mlama
'rationally? H. oe e mau malama i ka manao o ke kamailio ana ma ka naau,o ia ke
loaa ka oiaio, ma ka reciprocal e k'' mai;No ia mea, i hookahi i ka hoole, aole wale
no i na kuleana o kona hoa paio, ka mea ma kekahi ala ma ka hoohana 'ana i ka
nawaliwali o ka hoa paio, nana e lawe mai i keia, e noho malie, aka, ma ka nui kumu
ke Skona ia ia. Hana i ka hihia wale i ka lae o ka paio ( klana haahaa
controversiae ), di Aloha hooholo ka mea, i mea mahalo Eia n'lelo kpaa okoa, ina
he mea hiki, a haalele mai ia mea; mea pono ia ma luna o n kumu a pau e hookauwa
aku e like me ke kumu o ka hoopaapaa, hui no ka mea, ina kekahi hoike o ka e ku
pono rula i kekahi mea, aole mea e hiki ke Skona i ka kekahi, ao ia i holeia kna
ka loina hooponopono iho; oe e loaa ai, ina aole oukou iloko o like ma luna o n
kumu, arguing wale no keia mamua o oukou e hoopaapaa wale no e holo ana mai
ia hopena a. Nolaila o ka olelo: contra He negantem ole disputari potest . - He pono
no hoi na ninau lapuwale waha 'hoopaapaa, a me Logomachieen; e hoopaapaa wale
no na mea a pau, aole e hike 'hiki, no ka mea, mamua o na palena o ko makou
ike; aole maluna o ka poe i lilo arguing he, aole ia he maikai, ( de Ka Lana
caprina ). - O ka hoike ana o kaenemi ka mea, aole wale e noonoo hahai ana i kona
olelo, aka, hoi ia i kona mea pololei, a me kahi i kuhihewa, ua loaa, e i ka ike o ke
kumu o ka hewa no hoi. - Ina mea, ua holeia kna ka maopopo ana o ka manao, e
aole manaoio nei au e holeia kna e ka mooolelo wale makou, a ua hoi hoakaka i
ka pono o kona manao iho o oukou; no ka mea,okoa ka hoike kuhiakau ka hoa paio
i kekahi oi henua pololei wahi no kona hoahewa. Ka hoopaapaa pono e ka hope hana
me ka manao kanaka, a me ke kuko.