English Spanish Handbook PDF

February 28th,
SAN FRANCISCO
2007
LONDON
ENGLISH/SPANISH handbook
If this manual is useful for one more person,

then this job has not been in vain.
Si este Manual es til para una persona ms,
entonces, este trabajo no ha sido en vano.
Author:
C.A. Chim Prez
Lic. in Education: Spanish and Literature

(Antioquias University)
Translations:
English, french, italian and others.
Advising:
Thesis / Monographs and Investigation projects, Pre- ICFES
Assistance:
Maintenance and fixing: Laptops, Desktops; use and management of
softwares; PCs unlocking (pbp); recovery of information from
damaged disks (hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB)
Teacher (F.T.): E.I. LACEBE
(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
ENGLISH/SPANISH HANDBOOK
Ao: 2007
GORK XAX MIZX SHTHARH

1. THE ALPHABET
A (i) B(bi) C(ci) D(di) E(i) F(ef) G(yi) H(ich) I(i) J(yi) K(ki) L(el, ol)
M(em) N(an) O(u) P(pi) Q(ki) R(ar) S(ss) T(ti) U(i) V(vi) W(dbliu) X(eks)
Y(wui) Z(zi).
2. NUMBERS
2.1. Cardinal numbers
Uno (1): one (wun).
Dos (2): two (tu).
Tres (3): three (zr).
Cuatro (4): four (far).
Cinco (5): five (fiv).
Seis (6): six (siks).
Siete (7): seven (svan).
Ocho (8): eight (it).
Nueve (9): nine (nin).
Diez (10): ten (ten).
Once (11): eleven (ilvan).
Doce (12): twelve (tulv).
Trece (13): thirteen (trtn).
Catorce (14): fourteen (fortn).
Quince (15): fifteen (fftn).
Diecisis (16): sixteen (skstn).
Diecisiete (17): seventeen (svantn).
Dieciocho (18): eighteen (itn).
Diecinueve (19): nineteen (nintn).
Veinte (20): twenty (tunti)
(*)
Treinta (30): thirty (trti).
(*)
Cuarenta (40): forty (frti).
(*)
Cincuenta (50): fifty (ffti).
(*)
Sesenta (60): sixty (sksti).
(*)
Setenta (70): seventy (svanti).
(*)
Ochenta (80): eighty (iti).
(*)
Noventa (90): ninety (ninti).
(*)
Cien (100): one hundred (wun jndrit).
(**)
I love EARTH PLANET And you?
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Mil (1000): one thousand (wun duzand).

(***)
Un milln (1.000.000): one million (wun mlion).
(****)
NOTE:
(*) The intermediate numbers or the tens (between 20 and 3090 and 100) are built taking the
basic numbers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90), and adding to them the corresponding digit; for
instance: 23 = twenty three (tunti zri), 81= eighty one (iti wun), 95 = ninety five (ninti fiv).
(**) Basic numbers (the hundreds) between 100 and 1000 (thats to say, 200, 300, 400, 500,
600, 700, 800, 900) are built changing the digit one (1) in the one hundred by the
corresponding digit; for example: 200= two hundred, 500= five hundred. For the
complementary quantities, which are between 20 and 3090 and 100, you are to take the basic
numbers between 100 and 1000, adding it to them the tens with the respective intermediate
quantity; for instance: 628= six hundred twenty eight, 367= three hundred sixty seven
(***) Basic numbers corresponding to the thousands (1000, 2000900.000) are built changing
the digit one (1) by the corresponding digit or quantity; for example: 5.000= five thousand,
19.000= nineteen thousand. 500.000= five hundred thousand, 995.823= nine hundred ninety
five thousand eight hundred twenty three.
(****) In the case of basic millions, these are built changing the digit one (1) by the
corresponding digit or quantity; for instance: 15.000.000= fifteen million, 16.732.124= sixteen
million seven hundred thirty two thousand one hundred twenty four. Fort he intermediate
quantities, we are to pay attention to this suggestion besides the preceding (three) suggestions,
when necessary.
2.2. Ordinal numbers

Primero (1o) = first (ferst).
Segundo (2o) = second (skond).
Tercero (3o) = third (terd).
Cuarto (4o) = fourth (fortz).
Quinto (5o) = fifth (fiftz).
Sexto (6o) = sixth (siktz).
Sptimo (7o) = seventh (svantz).
Octavo (8o) = eighth (itz).
Noveno (9o) = ninth (nintz).
Dcimo (10o) = tenth (tentz).
Decimoprimero (11o) = eleventh (ilvantz).
Decimosegundo (12o) = twelfth (tulftz).
Decimotercero (13o) = thirteenth (trtintz).
Decimocuarto (14o) = fourteenth (fortntz).
Decimoquinto (15o) = fifteenth (fiftntz).
Decimosexto (16o) = sixteenth (sikstntz).
Decimosptimo (17o) = seventeenth (svantntz).
Decimoctavo (18o) = eighteenth (itntz).
Decimonoveno (19o) = nineteenth (nintntz).
Vigsimo (20o) = twentieth (tuntitz).
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NOTE: To build basic ordinal numbers (thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth), change y by ie, adding
th; in the case of the intermediate ordinal numbers, they are written taking the basic cardinal
numbers (20, 30, 4090), and adding the complementary ordinal number; for example: twenty
first (vigsimo primero); forty eighth (cuadragsimo octavo)
3. PREPOSITIONS
At: en, a, por, de, durante (It indicates relative/ static location).
Above: sobre, encima de, superior a, ms arriba de, ms alto que.
Against: contra, cerca de, en contraste con, por, para.
Among: entre, en medio de, en el nmero de (when they are three or more things).
Before: delante de, enfrente de, antes de, ante (in front of)
Below: debajo de, inferior a.
Beside: cerca de, junto, en comparacin de, fuera de.
Besides: adems de, excepto, fuera de.
Between: entre (relative to two things, countries, objects).
By: por, para, cerca de, junto a, al lado de.
Down: bajando, debajo de.
For: para, durante, por, a pesar de, desde hace, de.
From: de, desde, de parte de (origin, displacement).
In: en, de, dentro (particularly, it indicates internal location).
In front of: delante de, enfrente de, frente a.
In order to: para, con el fin de.
Into: en, dentro de, hacia el interior de
Of: de (content, property, matter cousin, unit of measurement ).
Off: libre de, fuera (de)
On: en, sobre, encima.
Out: por, all en.
Over: sobre, encima de, por encima de, por, al otro lado de
To: a, para, por, con, hasta, en, segn, menos.
Toward (towards): hacia, cerca de, tocante a, para con.
Under: bajo, debajo de, inferior a.
Until: hasta.
Up: a (en) lo alto de, encima de, (hacia) arriba de, sobre
Upon: en, sobre, encima de, contra, hacia
With: con, de.
Within: dentro de, al alcance de, poco menos de, con un margen de
Without: fuera de, ms all de, sin.
NOTE: See enclose N 1 (prepositions, some examples).
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4. PRONOUNS
4.1. Personal pronouns
I (i): Yo (first singular person).
You (yi): T, usted (second singular person).
He (ji): l (third singular person).
She (shi): Ella (third singular person).
It (it): l, ella, ello- neutro (third singular person; relative to animals, things).
We (wu): nosotros, nosotras (first plural person).
You (yi): Ustedes, vosotros, vosotras (second plural person).
They (di): Ellos, ellas (third plural person).
4.2. Objective pronouns
Me (mi): m, me (relative to I or 1st singular person).
You (yi): t, te (relative to you or 2nd singular person).
Him (jim): le, lo (relative to he or 3rd singular person).
Her (jer): le, la (relative to she or 3rd singular person).
It (it): le. Lo, la (relative to he, she, neutral 3rd singular person: animals, things).
Us (os, as): nos (relative to we or first plural person).
You (yi): os, les, los, las (relative to you or second plural person).
Them (dem): les, los, las (relative to they or third plural person).
4.3. Possessive pronouns
Mine (min): mo(s), ma(s).
Yours (yiars, yirs): tuyo(a), suyo(a), tuyos(as), suyos(as) (relative to you).
His (jis): su, suyo(a), suyos(as) (relative to he /3rd singular person).
Hers (jers): su, suyo(a), suyos(as) (relative to she /3rd singular person).
Its (its): su, suyo(as)...(relative to it /3rd singular person /animals, things, objects).
Ours (urs): nuestro(a), de nosotros (relative to we).
Yours (yiars, yirs): vuestro(a), de ustedes (relative to you).
Theirs (dirs, ders): suyo(a), de ellos(as)(relative to they).
4.4. Pseudo reflexive in function of reflexive pronouns
Myself (maislf): me, m mismo, yo mismo (relative to I).
Yourself (yiorslf): te, t mismo, usted mismo, s mismo (relative to you).
Himself (jimslf): se, s mismo (relative to he).
Herself (jerslf): se, s misma (relative to she).
Itself (itslf): se, s mismo(a) / (relative to it).
Ourselves (aurslvs): nos (relative to we).
Yourselves (yiorslvs): os, se (relative to you).
Themselves (demslvs): se (relative to they).
4.5. Possessive adjectives
My (mi): mi, mis (relative to I).
Your (yiar, yir): su, sus (relative to you).
His (jis): su, sus (relative to he).
Her (jer): su, sus (relative to she).
Its (its): su, sus (relative to it).
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Our (ur): nuestro(s), nuestra(s) /(relative to we).

Your (yir, yiar, yir): vuestro(s), vuestra(s), su, sus (relative to you).
Their (der, dir): su, sus (relative to they).
5. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS (WORDS)
**WHAT (jut): Qu? Cul?
What are you doing here?
(jut ar yi ding jer)
*Qu est(s) haciendo aqu?
What is the price?
(jut is de pris)
*Cul es el precio? *Qu precio tiene?
What does she want to do?
(jut das shi wunt tu du)
*Qu desea hacer ella?
**WHEN (jun): Cundo?
When are they going to sing?
(jun ar di ging tu sing?
*Cundo van a cantar ellos(as)?
When did you get back?
(jun did yi guet bak)
*Cundo regresaste? Cundo regres ud.? Cundo regresaron uds.?
**WHERE (jur): Dnde?
Where were you the day before yesterday?
(jur wur yi de di bifr ysterdei)
*Dnde estuviste anteayer? Dnde estuvo (estuvieron) usted(es) ayer?
Where does he come from?
(jur das hi com from)
*De dnde es l? De dnde procede (es oriundo) l?
**WHO (JU): Quin(es)?
Who is she?
(ju is shi)
*Quin es ella?
Who knows where they live?
(ju nus jur di liv)
*Quin sabe dnde viven ellos(as)?
**HOW (ju): Cmo? Cun? Con qu?
How is your sister?
(ju is yir sster)
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*Cmo est tu hermana? Cmo est su hermana?

How deep is that pond?
(ju dip is dat pond)
*Cun profunda es esa poza (charca)?
How often does she visit you?
(ju fen das shi vsit yi)
*Con qu frecuencia te visita ella?
**WHY (jui): Por qu?
Why did he do that?
(jui did ji du dat)
*Por qu hizo eso (l)?
Why do you say (that) she is dangerous?
[jui du yi si (dat) shi is dinyeros]
*Por qu dice usted que ella es peligrosa?
**WHOSE (juz): De quin(es)?
Whose houses are those?
(juz jusis ar duz)
*De quin(es) son esas casas?
Whose wallet is this?
(juz wulit is diz)
*De quin es esta cartera?
**WHICH (juch): Cul(es)?
Which are your shoes?
(juch ar yir shuz)
*Cules son tus (sus) zapatos?
Which is his trouble?
(juch is jis trbol)
*Cul es su problema? Cul es el apuro (la dificultad) de l?
6. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (PRONOUNS)
**THIS (diz): este, esta / ste, sta, esto [plural: THESE (diz)]
This little truck is very beautiful
(diz ltol trok is vri bitifol)
*Esta camioneta es muy bonita.
That shirt is nice, but I prefer this (one).
[dat shert is nis bat i prifr diz (wun)]
*Esa camisa es muy linda, pero prefiero sta.
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These soldiers are brave.

(diz sl-yiers ar briv)
*Estos soldados son valientes.
**THAT (dat): ese, aquel / se, aqul, eso [plural: THOSE (duz)]
That gentleman is my uncle.
(dat gntolman is mi nkol)
*Ese caballero es mi to.
Look that is my old town!
(luk dat is mi uld tun)
*Mira ese es mi viejo poblado!
Those are their books.
(duz ar dir buks)
*Esos (aquellos) son sus libros.
7. AUXILIARY (defective and/or modal) VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS
With these verbs and expressions no auxiliary is needed to ask or to answer.
CAN: poder (relative to competence to do something), saber.

COULD: pasado de can (It also indicates probability or possibility).
MAY: poder (It indicates permission, authorization, possibility, desire or assertion).
MUST: deber, tener que, deber de (obligation; it also means justification).
MIGHT: ser posible; podra, podramos (possibility).
OUGHT: deber (modo potencial); debiera, debiramos, debierais
SHOULD: deber; debera, deberamos (to form present and past conditional).
WOULD: ending a of some verbs in Spanish (present and past conditional); besides
potential mode, it also forms imperfect tense of the indicative mode when it indicates costum.
HAVE: aux, cuando significa haber (in USA) y cuando significa haber o tener (in
Great Britain).
BE: aux. ser o estar; tambin, significa haber (as auxiliar), deber, tener, haber
(character or existential mode), hacer, andar en, tocar a, depender de.
NOTE: See enclose N 2 (auxiliary verbs, defective, and modal).
8. THE AUXILIARIES: Do, Does, Did, Will

Auxiliaries (do, does, did, will) are utilized to ask, and answer (forms: short afirmative, short
negative, and long negative); they are also utilized to emphasize (to affirm flat). All of
these auxiliaries are used with verbs requiring them to ask or to answer, that is
to say, they are utilized with verbs and expressions distinct to auxiliary,
defective or modal verbs and/or expressions.
The auxiliaries, DO and DOES, are utilized with present tense (indicative mode).
DO Auxiliary is utilized with the following persons:
I (first singular person), you (second singular person), we (first
plural person).
plural person),
and they (third
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DOES Auxiliary is utilized with: SHE, HE, IT (third singular person).

DID auxiliary is utilized with past tense (indicative mode) con todas las personas (I,
You, He, She, It, We, You, They); DID is the past form of DO and DOES.
WILL auxiliary is utilized to form the simple future tense of the verbs; it is used
with all the persons, and in some cases is replaced with SHALL. Shall was
utilized (and it is still used as archaism) with the first person (both singular and
plural: I and WE).
Examples:
Do they have to suffer an examination today?
(du di jav tu sfer an iksaminishon tudi)
*Deben (tienen) ellos (que) presentar un examen hoy?
*Yes, they have to suffer an examination today.
*Yes, they do.
*No, they do not.
*No, they do not have to suffer an examination today.
Does she fix the meals?
(das shi fiks de mils)
*Prepara ella las comidas?
*Yes, she fixes the meals.
*Yes, she does.
*No, she does not.
*No, she does not fix the meals.
Did you go to the beach yesterday?
(did yi gu tu de bich ysterdei)
*Fuiste (Fuisteis) a la playa ayer?
*Yes, I (We) went to the beach yesterday.
*Yes, I (We) did.
*No, I (We) did not.
*No, I (We) did not go to the beach yesterday.
Will he be on time really?
(wul ji bi on tim rli)
*Realmente llegar (l) a tiempo?
*Yes, he will be on time really.
*Yes, he will.
*No, he will not.
*No, he will not be on time really.
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Will (shall) I have to work tomorrow?

[wul (shal) i jav tu wurk tumrou]
*Tendr yo que trabajar maana?
*Yes, you will have to work tomorrow.
*Yes, you will.
*No, you will not.
*No, you will not have to work tomorrow.
9. To BE Verb (ser o estar) in simple tenses (Indicative mode)
Present tense:
I am (i am): soy o estoy.
You are (yi ar): eres o ests, (ud.) es o sta.
He is (ji is): (l) es o est.
She is (shi is): (ella) es o est.
It is (it is): (l, ella, ello) es o est (relativo a animales, cosas, eventos)
We are (wu ar) somos o estamos.
You are (yi ar): sois o estis, (uds.) son o estn.
They are (di ar): (ellos o ellas) son o estn.
Past tense:
I was (i wus): Yo era (fui, estaba, estuve).
You were (yi wur): eras (fuiste, estabas, estuviste), ud. Era (estaba)
He was (ji wus): (l) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).
She was (shi wus): (ella) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).
It was (it wus): (l, ella, ello) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).
We were (wu wur): ramos (estbamos, fuimos, estuvimos).
You were (yi wur): erais (fuisteis, estabais), uds. eran (estaban).
They were (di wur): (ellos o ellas) eran (estaban, fueron, estuvieron).
Future tense:
I will be (i wul bi): ser o estar.
You will be (yi wul bi): sers o estars.
He will be (ji wul bi): (l) ser o estar.
She will be (shi wul bi): (ella) ser o estar.
It will be (it wul bi): (l, ella, ello) ser o estar.
We will be (wu wul bi): seremos o estaremos.
You will be (yi wul bi): seris o estaris, (uds.) sern o estarn.
They will be (di wul bi): (ellos o ellas) sern o estarn.
9.1. To BE verb: questions and answers (affirmative and negative forms)
Are they faithful?
(ar di fitzfol)
*Son ellos (ellas) confiables (de confianza)?
*Yes, they are faithful.
*Yes, they are.
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*No, they are not.

*No, they are not faithful.
Is she in?
(is shi in)
*Est ella en casa?
*Yes, she is in.
*Yes, she is.
*No, she is not.
*No, she is not in.
Are you student?
(ar yi sstdent)
*Eres (es) t (usted) estudiante?
*Yes, I am student.
*Yes, I am.
*No, I am not.
*No, I am not student.
Were you sick last week?
(wur yi sik last wuk)
*Estabas (estuviste) enfermo la semana pasada?
*Yes, I was sick last week.
*Yes, I was.
*No, I was not.
*No, I was not sick last week.
Will you (both or all) be ready in ten minutes?
[wul yi (butz or ol) bi rdi in ten mnits]
*Estarn (uds.) listos en diez minutos?
*Yes, we will (shall) be ready in ten minutes.
*Yes, we will (shall).
*No, will (shall) not.
*No, we will (shall) not ready in ten minutes.
What time is it?
(jut tim is it)
*Qu hora es?
10. THE TIME

What is the time?
(jut is de tim)
*Qu hora es?
*Its ten to five (its ten tu fiv): cinco menos diez.

*Its ten before five (its ten bifr fiv): cinco menos diez.
*Its ten to (before) five [its ten tu (bifr) fiv]: faltan diez para las cinco.
*Fifteen minutes past (after) three.
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[fftn mnits past (fter) zri]

*Tres y quince.
*A quarter past (after) four.
[e qurter past (fter) far]
*Cuatro y cuarto.
*Cuatro y quince.
*Its six oclock in the morning.
(its siks aklk in de mning)
*Son las seis en punto de la maana.
*Seven and thirty (a half).
[svan and trti (e jaf)]
*Siete y treinta (media).
11. CONTRACTIONS
Normal form:
Contracted form:
Am not
aint(*)
Are not
arent
Can not
cant, cannot
Could not
couldnt
Did not
didnt
Do not
dont
Does not
doesnt
Had not
hadnt
Has not
hasnt
Have not
havent
He (she, it) has
hes, shes, its
He (she, it) is
hes, shes, its
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will
Ill, youll, hell, shell, itll, well, theyll
I (you, we, they) have
Ive, youve, weve, theyve
Is not
isnt
Might not
mightnt
Must not
mustnt
Ought not
oughtnt (generalmente no se contrae)
Should not
shouldnt
There is (will be)
theres, therell be
They are
theyre
Was not
wasnt
We are
were
Were not
werent
Why not
wont
Will not
wont
Would not
wouldnt
You are
youre
NOTE:
(*)
AINT expression is also the contracted form of: Am not, Are not, Is not, Have not, Has not.
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12. DAYS OF THE WEEK, MONTH OF THE YEAR, AND DATES

12.1. Days of the week
Sunday (sndei, sndi): domingo.
Monday (mndi, mndi): lunes.
Tuesday (tisdei, tisdi): martes.
Wednesday (wunsdei, wunsdi): mircoles.
Thursday (trsdei, trsdi): jueves.
Friday (fridei, fridi): viernes.
Saturday (stordei, stordi): sbado.
12.2. Months of the year
January (yniueri, ynueri): enero.
February (fbriueri, fbrueri): febrero.
March (march): marzo.
April (iprol): abril.
May (mi): mayo.
June (yin): junio.
July (yiuli): julio.
August (guest, gost): agosto.
September (septmber): septiembre.
October (oktber, oktber): octubre.
November (navmber): noviembre.
December (dizmber): diciembre.
12.3. Dates
August the 21st, 1999.
(guest de tunti ferst, nintn ninti nin)
*21 de agosto de 1.999.
April the 9th, 1960.
(iprol de nintz, nintn sksti)
*9 de abril de 1.960.
December the 31th
(dizmber de trti ferst)
*Treinta y uno de diciembre.
Today its May the 1st, Day of the Worker.
(tudi its mi de ferst, di ov de wurker)
*Hoy es primero de mayo, Da del Trabajo o del Trabajador.
December the 15th, 2009.
[dizmber de fftntz, tunti u (zro) nin]
*15 de diciembre del 2009.
NOTE: in relation with the dates in English: the names of the months begin with capital letter; in the case
of the days, ordinal numbers are utilized; the years are read in centuries, adding the remaining quantities
to them, just as it was seen in the previous examples .
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13. IDIOMS
(See encloses- Enclose N 3)
13.1. Idiomatical expressions with To BE verb:
To BE (to BE): indica futuro (with both genders).
To BE afraid of: tener miedo a (de).
To BE angry: estar molesto, tener rabia (enojo, furia).
To BE back: regresar, volver, retornar.
To BE cold: tener fro.
To BE frightened: tener miedo (de), espantarse, estar espantado.
To BE hot: tener mucho(a) calor.
To BE hungry: tener hambre.
To BE in a hurry: tener prisa.
To BE in with: ser muy amigo(a) de, gozar de las simpatas de.
To BE in: estar (encontrarse) en casa (shop, restaurant, bar).
To BE off: irse, estar equivocado.
To BE out of: no tener ms.
To BE out: estar fuera de casa, estar en la calle
To BE right: tener razn, estar en lo cierto.
To BE starving: morirse de hambre, tener hambre excesiva.
To BE the matter with: tener, pasar, ocurrir
To BE thirsty: tener sed.
To BE tired: estar cansado, sentirse cansado.
To BE to: deber, tener que.
To BE up to: estar a la altura de, ser competente para
To BE warm: tener calor.
To BE wrong: no tener razn, estar equivocado.
13.2. Idiomatical expressions with To COME:
To COME about: suceder, girar, cambiar de direccin
To COME across: encontrarse con, atravesar.
To COME apart: desprenderse, desunirse, caerse (por partes).
To COME away: apartarse, retirarse, largarse.
To COME back: regresar, volver, retornar.
To COME before: llegar antes, anteponerse.
To COME between: separar, desunir
To COME in: entrar.
To COME into: obtener, recibir, heredar, entrar
To COME out: salir.
13.3. Idiomatical expressions with To GET:
To GET crazy: volverse loco.
To GET back: volver, regresar, retornar.
To GET in: entrar.
To GET into: conectar(se) a, entrar.
To GET off: bajar(se) de (un vehculo o nave).
To GET on: subir(se) a (un bus, un avin).
To GET out: salir.
To GET sad: entristecerse.
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To GET sick: enfermarse.

13.4. Idiomatical expressions with To HAVE:
To HAVE at: atacar, embestir.
To HAVE breakfast (lunch, dinner): desayunar (almorzar, cenar).
To HAVE on: llevar puesto.
To HAVE to: tener que, deber.
To HAVE to do with: tener que ver con.
13.5. General idiomatical expressions:
At that: sin ms.
But then: pero por otro lado, pero al mismo tiempo.
By the way: a propsito
From now on: de ahora en adelante.
On the other hand: de otra parte.
From then: de all en adelante, desde entonces.
From time to time: de vez en cuando.
Now and then (again): de vez en cuando.
Now that: ya que.
Now then: ahora bien.
On the contrary: por el contrario.
Side by side: lado a lado, uno al lado del otro.
Then and there: al momento, ah mismo.
To be a mere skeleton: quedar slo los huesos.
To be quiet: quedarse callado, quedarse quieto.
To cut ones way: labrar su camino.
To get married: casarse.
To have nothing to see with: no tener nada que ver con.
To make ones living: ganarse la vida.
To make up ones mind: tomar una decisin, resolverse, decidirse.
To put in (on, across, out): introducir [poner(se), llevar a cabo, sacar]
To shut up: quedarse callado, callarse (expresin muy severa).
To take for (on, off, in, up): considerar (tomar, quitarse, admitir, subir).
To take it easy: calmarse, ir con cuidado, descansar, ir despacio
Upon that: sobre eso.
NOTE: ones expression is replaced by the possessive adjective corresponding to the mentioned person
(my, your, his, her, its, our, their).
14. EXPRESSIONS OF EXISTENCE (There is, there was, there are, there were)
There is (der is): hay (singular form).
There are (der ar): hay (plural form).
There was (der wus): hubo, haba (singular).
There were (der wur): hubo, haba (plural).
There will be (der wul bi): habr (singular and plural).
Examples:
There is a tasty cake there.
(der is e tisti kik der)
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*Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ah (all, all).

*Is there a tasty cake there?
(is der e tisti kik der)
*Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ah?
*Yes, there is a tasty cake there.
*Yes, there is.
*No, there is not.
*No, there is not a tasty cake there.
There are two parrots shouting.
(der ar tu prots shuting)
*Hay dos loros gritando.
*Are there two parrots shouting?
(ar der tu prots shuting)
*Hay dos loros gritando?
*Yes, there are two parrots shouting.
*Yes, there are.
*No, there are not.
*No, there are not two parrots shouting.
There was an accident last night.
(der wus an ksident last nit)
*Hubo un accidente anoche.
*Was there an accident last night?
(wus der an ksident last nit)
*Hubo un accidente anoche?
*Yes, there was an accident last night.
*Yes, there was.
*No, there was not.
*No, there was not an accident last night.
There were three nice houses on that corner.
(der wur zri nis jusis on dat crner)
*Haba tres lindas casas en esa esquina.
*Were there three nice houses on that corner?
(wur der zri nis jusis on dat crner)
*Haba tres lindas casas en esa esquina?
*Yes, there were three nice houses on that corner.
*Yes, there were.
*No, there were not.
*No, there were not three nice houses on that corner.
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There will be a party next week.

[der wul bi e prti (pri) neks wuk]
*Habr una fiesta la prxima semana.
*Will there be a party next week?
[wul der bi e prti (pri) neks wuk]
*Habr una fiesta la prxima semana?
*Yes, there will be a party next week.
*Yes, there will.
*No, there will not.
*No, there will not be a party next week.
15. TAG QUESTIONS (Questions of corroboration)
For this kind of construction, the following thing should keep in mind:
The grammatical tense of the main verb.
If main verb needs or not an auxiliary.
If the expression is affirmative or negative one.
According to the previous thing, it is necessary to the following to elaborate
Tag questions:
1. If the expressions is affirmative, and besides that, the main verb is in the
present tense, and it needs auxiliary (to ask and/or to answer), DO auxiliary is
utilized if the subject is: I, You, We, They; DOES auxiliary is utilized if the
subject is: He, She, It- followed by the negation (NOT), and by the
corresponding personal pronoun.
2. If the expression is affirmative, and the main verb is in Past Tense; besides
that, if the verb needs auxiliary to ask and/or to answer, DID auxiliary is utilized
(with all the persons), followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding
personal pronoun.
3. If the expression is affirmative, and it is in simple future tense; besides that,
the main verb needs auxiliary to ask and/or to answer, then WILL auxiliary is
utilized, followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personal
pronoun.
4. If the expression is affirmative, and the main verb does not require auxiliary
(because it is auxiliary, defective or modal), then, the main verb is utilized to
ask, followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personal
pronoun.
5. If the expression is negative, it is necessary to keep in mind:
a. If the main verb is in the present tense, and needs auxiliary, DO or DOES
auxiliaries are utilized (as correspond), followed by the corresponding personal
pronoun.
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b. If the main verb is in the past tense, and it requires auxiliary, DID auxiliary is
utilized (with all the persons), followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.
c. If the main verb is in the future tense, and it needs auxiliary, we have to
utilize WILL auxiliary (with all the persons), followed by the corresponding personal
pronoun.
d. If the main verb does not require auxiliary neither to ask nor to answer, then,
the same main verb is utilized, followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.
Examples:
Basic expression:
Tag question:
They want to buy a new house.

(di wunt tu bi e ni juz)
*Ellos(as) quieren comprar una casa nueva
Dont they?
(dont di)
No es verdad?
Ariadne loves country music.

(riadn lovs kntri misik)
*Ariadna adora la msica campirana
Doesnt she?
(dsent shi)
No es verdad?
Katherine brought some presents.

(kterin brot som prsents)
*Catalina trajo algunos regalos.
Didnt she?
(ddent shi)
No es verdad?
Latin America will import food products.

(ltin amrica wul imprt fud prdoks)
*Amrica Latina importar alimentos.
Wont it?
(wunt it)
No es verdad?
You should be careful.

(yi shud bi krfol)
*Debera(s)(n) tener cuidado.
Shouldnt you?
(shdent yi)
No es verdad?
She doesnt want to study German.

(shi dsent wunt tu sstdi yrman)
*Ella no desea estudiar alemn.
Does she?
(das shi)
Verdad?
We didnt learn the lesson.

(wu ddent lern de lson)
*Nosotros no aprendimos la leccin.
Did you?
(did yi)
Verdad?
He would rather to stay in.

(ji wud rder tu ssti in)
*l preferira quedarse en casa.
Wouldnt he?
(wdent ji)
No es verdad?
NOTE: generally, Tag Question is negative, AUXILIARY (auxiliary expression, defective or modal verb) is
contracted together with the negation (NOT).
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16. To HAVE VERB (as auxiliary: HABER in Spanish)

Present:
Past:
I have: yo he
I had: hube, haba
You have: t has; usted ha
You had: hubiste
He has: l ha
He had: hubo, haba
She has: ella ha
She had: hubo, haba
It has: (l, ella, ello) ha
It had: hubo, haba
We have: nos. hemos
We had: hubimos, habamos
You have: vos. habis; uds. han
You had: hubisteis, hubieron
They have: ellos(as) han
They had: hubieron, haban
17. FIRST GENERAL VOCABULARY (complementary)
Airplane (rplein): avin.
Apple (pol): manzana.
Army (rmi): ejrcito.
Avenue (vniu): avenida.
Bag (bag): bolsa.
Bank (bank): banco.
Bathroom (bzrum): bao.
Battle (btol): batalla.
Bean (bin): frjol, habichuela, juda
Bed (bed): cama.
Bedroom (bdrum): alcoba.
Belt (belt): cinturn, correa.
Bird (berd): ave, pjaro.
Biscuit (bskuit): bizcocho.
Blade (blid): cuchilla.
Boat (but): barco, bote.
Bottle (btol): botella, envase.
Boy (bi): muchacho.
Building (blding): edificio.
Bull (bul): toro.
Bullfight (bulfit): corrida (de toros).
Bullring (blring): ruedo, corraleja
Butter (bter): mantequilla.
Cake (kik): bizcocho, panqueque.
Campus (kmpos): campo (de una universidad).
Can (can): caneca, envase (metlico), lata.
Cap (cap): caperuza, gorro.
Car (car): carro.
Card (card): tarjeta.
Ceiling room (sling rum): cielo raso.
Chair (cher): silla.
Chicken (chken): pollo.
Child (child): nio.
Cigarette (cgaret): cigarrillo.
City (cti): ciudad.
Cloud (clud): nube.
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Coat (cut): abrigo.

Coconut (cconet): coco.
Colledge (klich): colegio (de carreras profesionales).
Corn (corn): maz.
Corner (krner): esquina, rincn.
Country (kntri): pas, campo, campia.
Court (cort): corte o sala (de justicia), cancha (deportiva).
Cow (ku): vaca.
Crab (crab): cangrejo.
Curtain (krten): cortina.
Desert (dsert): desierto.
Dessert (dizrt): postre.
Door (dor): puerta.
Dot (dat): alarma.
Downtown (duntun): centro (de una ciudad).
Drum (drom): tambor.
Duck (dek): pato.
Eagle (gol): guila.
Electric bulb (ilktrik belb): bombilla.
Eyeglasses (iglsis): gafas, anteojos.
Feather (fder): pluma.
Fish (fish): pez, pescado.
Floor (floor): piso.
Fork (fork): tenedor, trinche (para comidas).
Fretsaw (frtso): segueta.
Game (guim): juego.
Hat (jat): sombrero.
Hawk, falcon (jok, flcon): halcn.
Hen (jen): gallina.
High School (jisskul): escuela secundaria, colegio de bachillerato.
Hill (jil): colina.
Hour (uar): hora.
House (juz): casa.
Hurricane (jrikin): huracn.
Jacket (yket): chaqueta.
Jigsaw (ygso): segueta.
Knife (nif): cuchillo.
Ladder (lder): escalera (movible, transportable).
Lifter (lfter): ascensor.
Lion (lion): len.
Little truck (ltol trok): camioneta.
Living room (lvin rum): sala.
Market (mrkit): mercado.
Marsh (marsh): cinaga.
Matress (mtris): colchn.
Meat (mit): carne.
Medal (mdol): medalla.
Mountain (munten): montaa.
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Mouse (muz): ratn.

Net (net): red.
Nut (not): tuerca.
Ocean (ushan): ocano.
Octopus (ktopos): pulpo.
Oil (il): aceite, petrleo.
Opus (pos): obra (literaria, dramtica).
Park (park): parque.
Parrot (prot): loro.
Passenger elevator (psinyer levitor): ascensor.
Phanter (pnter): pantera.
Pig, hog (pig, jog): cerdo.
Pineapple (pinpol): pia.
Plate (plit): plato, placa.
Plateau (plat): meseta.
Pond (pond): charca, poza.
Praerie (prri): pradera.
Purse (pers): bolso.
Rain (rin): lluvia.
Raincoat (rincout): impermeable.
Rainproof (rinpruf): impermeable.
Rice (ris): arroz.
Ring (ring): anillo.
River (rver): ro.
Road (rud): carretera, camino.
Room (rum): cuarto, pieza.
Rooster (rster): gallo.
Sack (sak): saco.
Saw (so): sierra.
Screw (sskru): tornillo.
Screwdriver (sskrudriver): destornillador.
Sea (si): mar.
Seagull (sgol): gaviota.
Serpent (srpent): serpiente.
Shirt (shert): camisa.
Shoe (shu): zapato.
Shopping center (shping cnter): Centro Comercial.
Shovel (shvol): pala.
Shrimp (shrimp): camarn.
Sky (sski): cielo.
Snake (ssnik): culebra.
Sock (sok): media.
Sof (sufa): sof.
Sparrow hawk (ssprou jok): gaviln.
Spoon (sspn): cuchara.
Stair (sstr): escalera (fija o corrediza).
Staircase (sstrkis): escalera.
Stocking (sstking): calcetn.
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Storm (sstrm): tormenta.

Stream (sstrm): arroyo.
Street (sstrt): calle.
Table (tibol): mesa.
Tablecloth (tibol klotz): mantel.
Telephone (tlefun): telfono.
Thunder (tnder): trueno.
Tie (ti): corbata, lazo.
Tiger (tiguer): tigre.
Time (tim): tiempo, hora.
Towel (twuel, twuol): toalla.
Tower (twuer): torre.
Town (tun): pueblo, poblado.
Train (trin): tren.
Trousers (trusers): pantalones.
Truck (trok): camin.
Truck driver (trok driver): conductor (de buses).
Turkey (trki): pavo.
Umbrella (ambrla): sombrilla, paraguas.
Underpants (nderpants): pantaloncillos.
University (yinivrsiti): universidad.
Valley (vli): valle.
Vulture (vlshor): buitre.
Weapon (wupon): arma.
Whale (juiol): ballena.
Worm (wurm): gusano, lombriz.
18. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY
[See enclose Number 4: PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY (Additional Vocabulary)]
Abdomen (bdomen): abdomen.

Ankle (nkol): tobillo.
Arm (arm): brazo.
Ass (as): trasero.
Asshole (asjul): ano.
Back (bak): espalda.
Buttocks (btoks): nalgas.
Calf (kaf): pantorrilla.
Cheek (chik): mejilla.
Cheekbone (chkbn): pmulo.
Chest chest): pecho.
Chin (chin): barbilla.
Ear (ir): oreja, odo.
Elbow (lbou): codo.
Eye (i): ojo.
Eyebrow (ibro): ceja.
Eyelash (ilash): pestaa.
Foot (fut): pie.
Forefinger (forfnguer): ndice.
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Forehead (frid): frente.

Hair (jer): cabello.
Hand (jand): mano.
Head (jed): cabeza.
Heel (jil): taln.
Hip (jip): cadera.
Knee (ni): rodilla.
Leg (leg): pierna.
Lip (lip): labio.
Middle finger (mdol fnguer): dedo medio o corazn.
Mouth (mutz): boca.
Nape (nip): nuca.
Navel (nivol): ombligo.
Neck (nek): cuello.
Nipple (npol): pezn.
Nose (nuz): nariz.
Penis, prick, cock (pnis, prik, kak): pene.
Ring finger (ring fnguer): dedo anular o dedo mdico.
Shoulder (shlder): hombro.
Skin (skin): piel.
Small finger (ssml fnguer): meique.
Thigh (ti): muslo.
Thumb finger (tomb fnguer): pulgar.
Tit (tit): teta.
Waist (wuist): cintura.
Wrist (rist): mueca.
19. CONJUGATION OF VERBS (regular ones)
To conjugate regular verbs we have to do the following thing:
a. The ending of the verbs.
b. Besides that, it is important to see the gramatical person and the person in
the expression or sentence.
(**) If verbs end with: S, SH, CH, X, Y1 (preceded by a consonant), Z or
VOWEL, it is necessary to do the following:
Add ES if main verb is in the simple present tense (Indicative Mode), when it is
with the third singular person (He, She, It), except when the verb ends with Y1;
when it ends with Y preceded by a consonant1, firstly, the Y is replaced by
I, and then ES is added; if verb ends with the vowel E, simply the consonant
S is added.
With the other persons (I, You, We, They) verb has no change, that is to say, it
is written just as it appears originally.
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To verbs with endings distinct to the mentioned ones (**), including verbs
ending with Y preceded by a vowel, the consonant S is just added (if verb is with
the third singular person, simple present tense of the Indicative mode); with the other persons (I,
You, We, They) verbs are written with no change.
(***) If verbs are in the simple past tense (Indicative Mode), the suffix ED is added
to the verb (with all the persons: I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They); it is to
keep in mind that verbs ending with Y (preceded by a consonant), firstly they
change the Y letter by I, and then the suffix ED is added.
Examples:
Simple present tense:
Simple past tense:
*FISH (fish): pescar.

I fish: yo pesco
You fish: (t) pescas, ud. Pesca
He fishes: (l) pesca
She fishes: (ella) pesca
It fishes: (l, ella, ello) pesca
We fish: (nos.) pescamos
You fish: (vos.) pescais, uds. Pescan
They fish: (ellos, ellas) pescan
I fished
You fished
He fished
She fished
It fished
We fished
You fished
They fished
*WATCH (wutch): mirar, vigilar, observar, velar

I watch: miro, observo
I watched
You watch: miras, observas
You watched
He watches: (l) mira, observa
He watched
She watches: (ella) mira, observa
She watched
It watches: (l, ella, ello) mira
It watched
We watch: (nos.) miramos.
We watched
You watch: (vos.) mirais
You watched
They watch: (ellos, ellas) miran
They watched
*MISS (mis): extraar, errar, fallar, echar de menos, perder
I miss: (yo) extrao
I missed
You miss: extraas, ud. extraa
You missed
He misses: (l) extraa
He missed
She misses: (ella) extraa
She missed
It misses: (l, ella, ello) extraa
It missed
We miss: (nos.) extraamos
We missed
They miss: (ellos, ellas) extraan
They missed
*FIX (fiks): reparar, preparar (las comidas), fijar (un objeto)
I fix: (yo) reparo
I fixed
You fix: (t) reparas (ud.) repara
You fixed
He fixes: (l) repara, prepara
He fixed
She fixes: (ella) repara, prepara
She fixed
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It fixes: (l, ella, ello) repara, prepara

We fix: (nos.) reparamos, preparamos
You fix: (vos.) reparais, preparais
They fix: (ellos, ellas) reparan
It fixed
We fixed
You fixed
They fixed
*COPY (cpi): copiar

I copy: (yo) copio
You copy: (t) copias, (ud.) copia
He copies: (l) copia
She copies: (ella) copia
It copies: (l, ella, ello) copia
We copy: (nos.) copiamos
You copy: (vos.) copiais, (uds.) copian
They copy: (ellos, ellas) copian
I copied
You copied
He copied
She copied
It copied
We copied
You copied
They copied
*BUZZ (bozz): murmurar, zumbar

I buzz: (yo) murmuro
You buzz: (t) murmuras
He buzzes: (l) murmura
She buzzes: (ella) murmura
It buzzes: (l, ella, ello) murmura
We buzz: (nos.) murmuramos
You buzz: (vos.) murmurais
They buzz: (ellos, ellas) murmuran
I buzzed
You buzzed
He buzzed
She buzzed
It buzzed
We buzzed
You buzzed
They buzzed
Ao: 2007
*WHEEDLE (judol): engatusar, conseguir por medio de halagos

I wheedle: (yo) engatuso
I wheedled
You wheedle: (t) engatusas
You wheedled
He wheedles: (l) engatusa
He wheedled
She wheedles: (ella) engatusa
She wheedled
It wheedles: (l, ella, ello) engatusa
It wheedled
We wheedle: (nos.) engatusamos
We wheedled
You wheedle: (vos.) engatusais
You wheedled
They wheedle: (ellos, ellas) engatusan
They wheedled
*PLAY (pli): jugar, tocar (msica), hacer (una mala jugada o pasada)
I play: (yo) juego
I played
You play: (t) juegasud. juega
You played
He plays: (l) juega
He played
She plays: (ella) juega
She played
It plays: (l, ella, ello) juega
It played
We play: (nos.) jugamos
We played
You play: (vos.) jugaisuds. Juegan
You played
They play: (ellos, ellas) juegan
They played
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20. SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF SOME NOUNS

Generally, nouns with regular plurals are those ending with: S, SH, CH, X, Y
(preceded by a consonant), Z or VOWEL, and the majority of nouns with endings
distinct to the mentioned ones, with some exceptions; all in all, they follow the
same rules to conjugate regular verbs (respect to the terminations of those verbs and their
utilization with the third singular person, simple present tense of the Indicative Mode ), as shown
subsequently:
20.1. Regular plurals:
Singular:
Ash (ash): ceniza
Branch (branch): rama, sucursal
Bull (bul): toro
Butt (bot): nalga, extremo
Buzz (bozz): zumbido
Church (cherch): iglesia
Clock (clak): reloj (de pared, de torres)
Country (kntri): pas, campo, campia
Cow (ku): vaca, hembra (de elefante)
Cup (kep): copa, taza, pocillo
Deer (diir): venado, ciervo
Dog (dog): perro(a), can
Eye (i): ojo
Flag (flag): bandera
Fox (foks): zorro(a)
Hand (jand): mano
Horse (jors): caballo, caballete (de madera)
Lip (lip): labio
Stair (str): escalera
Star (sstr): estrella, astro
Tree (tri): rbol
Watch (wutch): reloj (de pulso, de bolsillo)
Plural:
ashes
branches
bulls
butts
buzzes
churches
clocks
countries
cows
cups
deers
dogs
eyes
flags
foxes
hands
horses
lips
stairs
stars
trees
watches
20.2. Irregular plurals:

*Axis (ksis): eje
*Bacterium (baktriem): bacteria
*Crisis (krisis): crisis
*Datum (ditem, dtom): dato
*Knife (nif): cuchillo
*Leaf (lif): hoja (de rbol)
*Life (lif): vida
*Thesis (tsis): tesis
*Thief (dif): ladrn
*Wife (wuif): esposa
Child (child): nio(a)
Fish (fish): pez, pescado
Foot (fut): pie
axes
bacteria
crises
data
knives
leaves
lives
theses
thieves
wives
children
fish
feet
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Goose (guz): ganso

Louse (luz): piojo
Man (man): hombre
Mouse (muz): ratn
Ox (oks): buey
Tooth (tutz): diente
Woman (wman): mujer
Ao: 2007
geese
lice
men
mice
oxen
teeth
women
21. IRREGULAR VERBS
The suffix S is added to verbs when they appear with the third singular person,
that is to say, He, She, It (when they are in the simple present tense of the Indicative Mode );
except some of them ending with vowel, especially with O, to which the suffix
-ES is added, and the special cases, such as: TO BE verb (See apart number 9),
and TO HAVE verb (See apart number 16). Some of them, as CATCH
(coger) follow the rule to conjugate regular verbs ending with CH (in the simple
present tense of the Indicative Mode, with the third singular person only).
Subsequently, a list of some irregular verbs is presented:
Be (bi): ser, estar, tener, sentir
Become (bikm): llegar a ser, hacerse, convertirse en
Bite (bit): morder
Bring (bring): traer
Build (bild): construir
Buy (bi): comprar
Catch (catch): atrapar, coger, asir, sorprender
Choose (chuz): escoger
Come (kom): venir.
Cost (kust): costar
Cut (ket): cortar
Do (du): hacer, tributar, trabajar en, resolver, andar en
Fight (fit): pelear
Forget (forgut): olvidar, olvidarse de
Forgive (forguv): perdonar.
Get (guet): conseguir, obtener, recibir, ir por, tomar, llevar
Give (giv): dar, ofrecer, causar, ocasionar
Go (gu): ir, ir por, llevar (una ruta, un camino), tolerar
Have (jav): tener, haber
Hit (jit): golpear
Keep (kip): guardar, mantener, conservar
Know (nu): conocer
Learn (lern): aprender
Let (let): permitir
Make (mik): hacer
Pay (pi): pagar
Put (put): poner, colocar
Read (rid): leer
Say (si): decir
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See (sii): ver

Shut (shat): cerrar
Sing (sing): cantar
Sleep (sslp): dormir
Speak (sspk): hablar
Stand (sstnd): ponerse de pie
Sweep (sup): barrer, arrastrar, arrebatar, recorrer (con la mirada)
Swim (sum): nadar
Take (tik): tomar, llevar, traer, coger, aceptar, arrebatar
Teach (tich): ensear
Tell (tel): contar, referir, decir
Think (tink): pensar
Understand (ndersstnd): entender, comprender
Win (wun): ganar
Work**(wurk): trabajar
Write (rit): escribir
Grammatical tenses and past participles of some irregular verbs:
Present:
Be (am, is, are)
Become
Bite
Bring
Build
Buy
Catch
Choose
Come
Cost
Cut
Do
Fight
Forget
Forgive
Get
Give
Go
Have
Hit
Keep
Know
Learn**
Let
Make
Pay
Put
Read
Past:
was, were
became
bit
brought
built
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
did
fought
forgot
forgave
got
gave
went
had
hit
kept
knew
learned, learnt
let
made
paid
put
read (red)
Past Participle:
been
become
bitten, bit
brought
built
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
fought
forgotten, forgot
forgiven
gotten, got
given
gone
had
hit
kept
known
learned, learnt
let
made
paid
put
read (red)
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Say
See
Shut
Sing
Sleep
Speak
Stand
Sweep
Swim
Take
Teach
Tell
Think
Understand
Win
Work**
Write
said
saw
shut
sang
slept
spoke
stood
swept
swam
took
taught
told
thought
understood
won
worked, wrought
wrote
Ao: 2007
said
seen
shut
sung
slept
spoken
stood
swept
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
understood
won
worked, wrought
written
NOTE: **LEARN and WORK verbs, as well as some other verbs, acept or present two forms: regular and
irregular (they conserve their meanings in both cases).
22. COMPLEMENTARY READING

MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA
Don Juan de Torrezal Daz Pimienta founded the population of Holy Cross of Gait, in May the
rd
3 , 1740, this name was taken because in that date the Day of the Holy Cross is celebrated,
and because the place was located in the territory of the Indian Chief Gait. This place, besides
easy to flood, was really unhealthy, for that reason, Don Antonio de la Torre y Miranda
transferred the town to a higher place, the Islet of the Orica. From there the name of Holy
Cross of Lorica was originated.
2
The municipality has an extension of 1,033.7 square kilometers (Km ). Of all this territory, a
considerable part due to the frequent floods is wasted, particularly during the period of rains,
because Lorica is the natural reservoir for the immense quantity of water that flows back in this
bend coming from the Sin River (which begins to grow in the Knot of Paramillo, Western
Mountain Range, and has an approximate extension of 332 kilometers).
Lorica has an ardent climate approximately during 240 days of the year; while the remaining
125 days has a pleasant and smooth climate thanks to the strong hug and to the delicate and
subtle caresses that lavish themselves the breezes originating in the majestic Caribbean Sea
with the coquettish hills and the tops of the leafy trees that grow imposing in the fertile lands of
the magical Sin Valley. Lorica, besides that, is one of the most attractive and kindly cities of
the Department of Crdoba and on the Northern Coast of Colombia. It nailed like strategic point
and obliged route for the tourists who travel by road from the interior of the country toward the
beaches of Coveas, Tol, San Bernardo del Viento and Moitos, Lorica has been constituted
in commercial epicenter for all the adjacent municipalities and, including, for more distant
municipalities, in the same Department of Crdoba and for other departments.
Lorica was declared some few years ago " National Cultural and Tourist Patrimony". The Noble
Lady, the Old and Lordly City, the paradise where embrace and kiss themselves the waters and
the breezes of the Sin River and the ones coming from the Caribbean Sea, located at 5 meters
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above sea level, has modern plans of urbanization and enlargement of the road ring to do of
this peaceful small place of Colombia a municipality that looks with security and serenity toward
a promissory future. To recover the level of progress and industrialist and commercial push that
had already a long time ago when it was still a province of the Department of Bolvar.
Lorica, in the older zone, is a delight and a rest for our eyes to contemplate the old buildings
which take to natives and foreigners back to different epochs in the past (which includes the
colonial and the republican periods) among these buildings are: the Old Market or Large Mesh,
Afife Matuk building (Chekre building or Fort of Patty), Gonzlez building, Mogolln building,
th
Parish of Holy Cross of Lorica, and other historic relics (July the 20 Bridge or Old Bridge, the
Metallic Bridge, the Plaza of the Cross among others).
In Lorica, formerly cradle of the sinuan smallmouthed fish (where, according to some wellinformed persons about the matter, it was enough to jump into the waters of the Sin River, of
the Large Marsh or of its small rivers and moist grounds to trap many fish with our hands), they
are relevant the typical dishes of the regional and, especially, local gastronomy: smallmouthed fish broth, dog fish jumble (jumble meal), the unparalleled rice with coconut and other
specialties that do the delights of its fellow country people, and trap the will of all one who visit
it, whether as business, for recreation or to rest.
With respect to the general culture (art, painting, music, literature), Lorica counts on many
personalities of international, national, regional and local renown, as are: in literature: Manuel
Zapata Olivella (R.I.P.), David Snchez Juliao, Nelson Castillo Prez; in painting and plastic
arts in general: Marcial Alegra (painter who despicts regional manners and customs), Manuel
Salvador Viola Guerra (great teacher of the plastic arts, and famous caricaturist of the
quotidianity- that his example, both in the arts and his dedication to the job lasts a very long
time, and that it be emulated by the new generations), Adriano Ros Sossa; in history and
pedagogy: Fernando Daz Daz (R.I.P.), brothers Bernardo and Hctor Chim Prez (noticeable
educators in Lorica), Jos Gabriel Gonzlez Fernndez (educator, geographer, historian and
promoter of ecological tourism), Fernando Slovez (Italian resident in Lorica- R.I.P.), Carlos
Pacheco Mora (teacher of Physical Education who enjoys of a good retreat and rest), Luis
Garca Oquendo (the syndical activist of the sincerity), Luis Miguel Pico Romn (promoter of
sciences from the school and leader of ecological groups), Ricardo Ramos and Ramn
Seplveda (magicians for numbers, and others); in poetry and declamations: Professor Morales
Austin (R.I.P.) and many other ones in different artistic and professional fields belonging to the
long list that locates Lorica as "Cradle of the culture, of the agriculture and of the
stockbreeding".
With regard to parties and celebrations, in Lorica the following events are carried out: May the
rd
th
3 Party, Parties of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception (December the 8 , Whirl
Neighborhood or Barrio Remolino), Natural Watermelon Festival (when summer just begins in
this region, Saint Gabriel Section or Barrio San Gabriel), festival of the Mat (Rural District of
San Nicols of Bari), Craftmanship Fair: pottery and manufactures (in the middle of October
Month, Rural District of San Sebastian), Festival of Rice (Rural District of the Doctrine) and
many other events or celebrations, especially during the period of summer in this Magical,
Attractive and Marvelous Paradise called Bajo Sin (Lowlands of the Sinu Valley).
The beautiful City of Lorica counts on a good cover with regard to public utilities (aqueduct,
sewerage, gap of oxidation, health, telephony, electric energy) and to ways of
communication. In the educational field, Lorica has many public institutions: Lcides C. Bersal
Educational Institution (conspicuous educational institution, which gives samples of irrepressible
overcoming, with graduate students splitted throughtout the world and excellent teachers),
Antonio de la Torre y Miranda Educational Institution, Saint Cross Educational Institution,
Agricultural and Technical Institute of Lorica (ITA) and in the private order (Normal Santa
Teresita, Politechnical Lyceum of the Sin, Lorica City Institute, Admiral Columbus Central High
School).
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Lorica has the privilege to count on an excellent geographical location and with a marvelous
relief (almost all the municipality is of level grounds) and with the most fertile lands; besides that
it has many bodies of water: Sin River; Large Marsh; moist grounds of Cotoc Arriba
(Castilleral), as well as of Cotoc Abajo, Nario, Palo de Agua, Malena, Santa Mara, San Jos,
Old Riverwhich raises Lorica to a privilege place for the lovers of ecological tourism.
With regard to the sports and recreative activities, Lorica has excellent courts and sports
rd
settings: Stadium to play baseball (May the 3 Stadium), Stadium or court for softball and/or for
the healthy sport of the ball of rubber, Stadium to play Soccer
Currently, the municipal administration carries out magnificent works of social interest, among
which can be cited: Students Avenue, Enlargement of the Jess Mara Lugo Avenue (which
includes bridge of arches); in a not very distant future, they expect to culminate the New Market
Plaza of Lorica, the New Bus Station, and other works (construction of new schools or
enlargement of the physical plants of some existing ones) that will raise Lorica to the category
of "Magnificent contrast between the marvelous past and the post- modernity, between the
beautiful and arrogant urban architecture and the prosperous farm industry, between the
roughness and uprightness of its peasants and laborers and the intelligentsia of its inhabitants
in general".
ADDITIONAL DATA
SOURCE: DANE AND NATIONAL PLANNING OFFICE (2005-2006)
MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA, Departament of Cordova
Extension
Rural
Rural
Distance in Kms to
Municipality
Population Density
2
Km
Districts
Villages
Montera
Lorica
1,033.7
139,774 135.22
30
164
59
POPULATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA (2005-2006)

Total Population
Urban Population
Rural Population
Lorica
30.66%
69.34%
42, 855
96, 919
139,774
23. COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY

Bend (bend): recodo.
Bus Station (bos sstishon): Estacin de Buses, Terminal de Transportes.
Coquettish (kketish): coqueto(a).
Cradle (kridol): cuna.
Craftmanship (krfmanship): artesana.
Dog fish (dog fish): moncholo, pez perro.
Easy to flood (si tu flud): anegadizo.
Fellow country people (flou kntri ppol): coterrneos.
Foreigner (friner): extrao, extranjero, forastero, forneo
Formerly [frme(r)li]: otrora.
Gap of oxidation (gap ov aksidishon): laguna de oxidacin.
Hug (jog): abrazo.
Indian chief (ndian chif): cacique.
Intelligentsia (intliyensia): intelectualidad.
Islet (ilit): isleta.
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Jumble or jumble meal (ymbol or ymbol mil): revoltijo, revoltillo.

Laborer (liborer): labriego.
Large Mersh (larch mersh): Ranchn.
Lavish (lvish): prodigar
Leafy (lfi): frondoso.
Level ground (lvol grund): planicie.
Lordly [lr(d)li]: seorial.
Marsh (marsh): laguna.
Mat (mat): estera, petate.
Moist Ground (mist grund): humedal.
Mountain range (munten rench): cordillera.
Nail (niol): enclavar; ua, puntilla
Neighborhood (niborjud): vecindad, barrio
Old Market (uld mrkit): Mercado Viejo.
Older zone (ulder zun): zona antigua.
Peasant (psant): campesino.
Pleasant (plsant): agradable.
Pottery (ptri): alfarera.
Relic (rlik): reliquia.
Relief (rilf): relieve.
Roughness (rfnis): rudeza.
Rural District (rrol dstrik): corregimiento.
Rural village (rrol vlich): vereda.
Sea level (si lvol): nivel del mar.
Sewerage (serch, serich): alcantarillado, desage, aguas negras.
Small- mouthed fish (ssml muzt fish): bocachico.
Smooth (ssmtz): suave.
Stockbreeding (sstk- brding): ganadera.
Subtle [s(b)tol]: sutil.
To be wasted (tu bi wuist): desperdiciarse.
To begin to grow (tu bigun tu gru): nacer (un ro).
To flow back (tu flu bak): refluir.
Unhealthy (anjltzi): insalubre, poco saludable.
Uprightness (op-ritnis): honestidad.
Watermelon (wutermlon): sanda, patilla.
Takeback(tik bak): volver, regresar, remontar
Whirl (jurl): remolino.
NOTE: when in the figured pronunciation (which always appears between parenthesis, after each Word or
expression in English) appear cases such as: [s(b)tol] or [lr(d)li], this indicates that figured
sound isolated inside the parenthesis can be pronounced, too or it can be omitted; when this, mentioned
examples can be pronounced as: [stol] [sbtol] or [lrli] [lrdli].
24. SEASONS OF THE YEAR

Autumn, Fall (tom, fol): otoo.
Spring (ssprng): primavera.
Summer (smer): verano.
Winter (wunter): invierno.
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25. PASSIVE VOICE

25.1. Simple passive voice
The simple passive voice is formed interchanging the place and the
grammatical function between the agent subject (subject of the expression or
sentence in active voice) and the patient subject (generally, the direct object).
To structure the passive voice, the following thing should keep in mind:
Grammatical tense of the main verb (that is to say, if it is in the present, past or future
tense).
To BE verb is used as a link (auxiliary) without changing the grammatical
time of the main verb, followed by the past participle of the verb that
appeared as main one in the active voice.
The patient subject (direct object) of the active voice becomes "virtual
subject" in the passive voice; in turn, the agent subject of the active voice
passes to perform the role of receiver [preceded of the preposition POR (BY:
in English)].
Examples:
Active voice:
*Marietta understood the lesson.
(marita nderstud de lson)
*Marietta entendi la leccin.
Pasive voice:
*The lesson was understood by Marietta.
(de lson wus nderstud bi marita)
*La leccin fue entendida por Marietta.
Active voice:
*Ralph listens to the radio.
(ralf lsens tu de ridio)
*Ralph escucha la radio.
Pasive voice:
*The radio is listened by Ralph.
(de ridio is lsent bi ralf)
*La radio es escuchada por Ralph.
Active voice:
*Some criminal people kill many whales daily.
(som crminol ppol kil mni juiols dili)
*Algunos criminales destruyen (eliminan) muchas ballenas diariamente.
Passive voice:
*Many whales are killed daily by some criminal people.
(mni juiols ar kilt dili bi som crminol ppol)
*Muchas ballenas son eliminadas diariamente por algunos criminales.
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Active voice:
*Colombia will export the best meat towards other countries.
[colmbia wul eksprt de best mit tordz (towurdz) der kntris]
*Colombia exportar la mejor carne hacia otros pases.
Passive voice:
*The best meat will be exported towards other countries by Colombia.
(de best mit wul bi eksprtid tordz der kntris bi colmbia)
*La mejor carne ser exportada hacia otros pases por Colombia.
25.2. Composed passive voice
To form the composed passive voice is necessary to do the following thing:
As well as in the simple passive voice, it is necessary to see the
grammatical time of the auxiliary verb (in the active voice).
To HAVE verb is utilized as a link (auxiliary), followed by the past participle of
the To BE verb and, and also of the past participle (significant non- personal
form) that accompanies the To HAVE verb in the active voice.
The patient subject (direct object) of the active voice becomes "virtual
subject" in the passive voice; in turn, the agent subject of the active voice
passes to perform the role of receiver [preceded of the preposition POR (BY:
in English)].
Examples:
Active voice:
*Annie has eaten two fish.
(ni jas ten tu fish)
*Anita ha comido dos pescados.
Passive voice:
*Two fish have been eaten by Annie.
(tu fish jav bin ten bi ni)
*Dos pescados han sido comidos por Anita.
Active voice:
*Elizabeth and Betty have bought dresses.
(lizabet and bti jav bot drsis).
*Isabel y Beatriz han comprado vestidos.
Passive voice:
*(The) dresses have been bought by Elizabeth and Betty.
[(de) drsis jav bin bot bi lizabet and bti]
*Los vestidos han sido comprados por Isabel y Beatriz.
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26. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES (sentence patterns)

Simple sentences:
Affirnative expressions or nuclear sentences:
Subject
+ main verb
He
is
She
has
They
want
The cat
chases away
Seals
live
My grandfather
plays
Pollution
is
+ complement
an architect.
a headache.
to buy vegetables.
mice.
in the poles.
chess.
bad for life in general.
Simple interrogative sentences (when verb requires auxiliary)xx:

Aux.
+Subject
+ verb
+ complement
Does
the cat
chase away
mice?
Do
Seals
live
in the poles?
Does
my grandfather
play
chess?
Do
they
want
to buy vegetables?
Simple interrogative sentences with auxiliary verbs (defective):
Aux. Verb +
subject
+ complement
Is
he
an architect?
Is
pollution
bad for life in general?
Can
they
speak Japanese?
Are
you
very sick?
Would
you
like to drink something now?
Interrogative sentences (using interrogation words or adverbs):
Interrg. Adv. + aux.(Aux. verb) + subject
+complement (verb+)
What
do
you
do?
What
does
she
do?
Where
do
you
come from?
What
can
I
do for you?
What
do
you
want?
When
are
they
going to travel?
How
do
you
pronounce this word?
Why
does
the child
cry?
Who
does
she
love really?
What
is
the time?
Long affirmative answersxx:
(Yes) Adv.
+subject
Yes,
he
Yes,
seals
+main verb
is
live
+complement
an architect.
in the poles.
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Short affirmative answers:

(Yes) Adv.
+ subject
Yes,
he
Yes,
my grandfather
Yes,
seals
+ aux. (aux. verb)

is.
does.
do.
Short negative answersxx:

(No) Adv.
+ subject
No,
he
No,
my grandfather
No,
seals
+aux. (aux. verb)+NOT

is not (isnt).
does not (doesnt).
do not (dont).
Long negative answersxx:

(No) Adv.
+subject
No,
seals
No,
my grandfather
No,
he
+aux.()
dont
doesnt
isnt
+complement
live in the poles.
play chess.
an architect.
27. ADJECTIVE (EXPRESSIONS AND/OR ADVERBS) OF COMPARISON

Although there is not standard rule, generally, the monosyllabic words and
almost all the bisyllabic ones (especially the ones that are accentuated in the
last syllable) form the comparative one of increment and the superlative adding
-ER and -EST, respectively; the adjectives finished in "AND (preceded of
consonant)" change the "AND" by "I" before adding the respective suffixes;
some adjectives (monosyllabic ones, especially) which finish in consonant
preceded by a vowel, duplicate the consonant.
27.1. Of superiority (superlatives)
Referring word:
Cold (kuld): fro.
Cool (kul): fresco.
Fat (fat): gordo, grasiento.
Happy (jpi): feliz.
Hard (jard): duro, difcil.
Hot (jot): caliente.
Large (larch): grande.
Long (long): largo.
Old (uld): viejo.
Short (short): corto, breve.
Strong (strng): fuerte.
Tall (tol): alto.
Thin (tzin): delgado.
Tough (tof): arduo, difcil.
Warm (wurm): caluroso.
Wise (wuiz): sabio, listo.
Superlative:
The coldest
The coolest
The fattest
The happiest
The hardest
The hottest
The largest
The longest
The oldest, The eldest
The shortest
The strongest
The tallest
The thinnest
The toughest
The warmest
The wisest
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27.2. Of comparison (of increment and of equality)

Referring word:
Cold (kuld): fro.
Cool (kul): fresco.
Fat (fat): gordo, grasiento.
Happy (jpi): feliz.
Hard (jard): duro, difcil.
Hot (jot): caliente.
Large (larch): grande.
Long (long): largo.
Old (uld): viejo.
Short (short): corto, breve.
Strong (strng): fuerte.
Tall (tol): alto.
Thin (tzin): delgado.
Tough (tof): arduo, difcil.
Warm (wurm): caluroso.
Wise (wuiz): sabio, listo.
Comparative (increment):
Colder
Cooler
Fatter
Happier
Harder
Hotter
Larger
Longer
Older, elder
Shorter
Stronger
Taller
Thinner
Tougher
Warmer
Wiser
As poor as (as pur as): tan pobre como.

As tall as (as tol as): tan alto(a) como.
As thin as (as tzin as): tan delgado(a) como.
As wise as (as wuiz as): tan sabio(a) como.
As short as (as short as): tan corto(a) como, tan bajo(a) como.
As fool as (as ful as): tan tonto(a) como.
As rich as (as rich as): tan rico(a) como.
27.3. Of inferiority
To form the comparative and superlative of inferiority LESS and LEAST are
utilized.
Referring:
Intelligent
Delicious
Interesting
Comparative:
Less intelligent (than)
Less delicious (than)
Less interesting (than)
Superlative of inferiority:
The least intelligent
The least delicious
The least interesting
There are some adjectives forming the comparative and superlative in an

irregular way, such as:
Referring:
Bad, ill
Good, well
Far
Much, many
Comparative:
worse
Better
farther, further
More
Superlative:
Worst
Best
Farthest, furthest
Most
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28. SAYINGS, PROVERBS AND IDIOMS

**They are hand and glove together.
(di ar jand and glov tuguder)
**(Ellos) son ua y carne /(Ellos) son ua y mugre.
**Birds of a feather flock together.
(berds ov e fder flok tuguder)
**Dios los cra y ellos se juntan / Dime con quin andas y te dir quin eres.
**Hunger is the best sauce.
(jnguer is de best soz)
**A buen hambre no hay pan duro /Con hambre no hay pan duro.
**For foolish talk, deaf ears.
(for flish tok dif irs)
**A palabras necias, odos sordos.
**To be as common as dirt.
(tu bi as cmon as dert)
**Abundar como la mala hierba / Ser como la plaga/ Ser como la verdolaga.
**Clothes dont make the man.
(kluz dont mik de man)
**El hbito no hace al monje /Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se
queda.
**To look for knots in a bulrush.
(tu luk for nots in e bolrsh)
**Buscarle tres pies al gato / Buscar lo que no se ha perdido.
**like father, like son.
(lik fder, lik son)
**De tal palo tal astilla / Hijo de tigre sale (nace) pintado.
**Saying and doing are two different things.
(sying and ding ar tu dferent zings)
**Del dicho al hecho, hay mucho trecho.
**Where theres smoke, theres fire.
(jur ders ssmuk ders fiar)
**Donde hubo fuego, las cenizas quedan.
**The unexpected always happens.
(di anikspktid lwuis jpens)
**De donde menos se piensa (de cualquier matorral) salta la liebre.
**To kill the fatted calf.
(tu kill de ftid caf)
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**Echar o botar la casa por la ventana.

**Man proposes, God disposes.
(man propusis, god dispusis)
**El hombre propone, Dios dispone y la mujer lo descompone.
**Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
(nzin vnshort, nzin guent)
**Quien no arriesga, no gana /Quien no arriesga un huevo, no tiene pollos.
**A friend in need is a friend indeed.
(e frend in nid is e frend indid)
**En la crcel (en el hospital y en el peligro) se conocen los amigos.
**Thats a horse of a different color.
(dats e jors ov e dferent clor)
**Ser harina de otro costal.
**Quick as a wink.
(kuk as e wunk)
**En menos de lo que canta un gallo / Rpido como polvo de gallo.
**Theres no royal road to learning.
(ders nu ryal rud tu lrning)
**La letra con sangre entra.
**A bird in hand is worth (than) two in the bush.
[e berd in jand is wurtz (dan) tu in de bosh]
**Ms vale pjaro en mano que ver un ciento volando.
**An ounce of prevention is worth (than) a pound of cure.
[an unz ov privnshon is wurtz (dan) e pund ov kir]
**Ms vale prevenir que curar.
**Actions speak louder than words.
(kshons sspk luder dan wurds)
**Obras son amores, pero no buenas razones / Un hecho vale ms que mil
palabras.
**Out of the frying pan and into the fire.
(ut ov de frying pan and ntu de fiar)
**Salir de Guatemala y meterse en Guatepeor.
29. USEFUL (OR COMMON USE) PHRASES
Asking for information or requesting services:
*Is there anyone here to wait on me?
(is der inwun jer tu wuit on mi)
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*Hay alguien (aqu) que pueda atenderme?

*What do you want? / What can I do for you? / May I help you?
(jut du yi wunt / Jut ken i du for yi / Mi i jlp_iu)
*A la orden! / Qu se le ofrece? / En qu puedo servirle?****
****The three expressions are synonymous.
*Please, take me to the Colombian Embassy.

(plis tik mi tu de colmbian mbasi)
*Llveme a la Embajada de Colombia, por favor.
*Where can I get a good restaurant?
(jur ken i guet e gud rstorant)
*Dnde puedo encontrar (conseguir) un buen restaurante?
*Could you tell me where the Subway is?
(kud yi tel mi jur de sbwuei is)
*Podra decirme dnde queda el Subterrneo?
*How can I get to the Fifth Avenue?
(ju ken i guet tu de fiftz vniu)
*Cmo puedo llegar a la Quinta Avenida?
BEING IN BAD FIXES (EN GRANDES APUROS):
*Could you tell me where a bathroom (water closet) is?
[kud yi tel mi jur e batzrum (wuter clsit) is]
*Podra decirme dnde queda un bao (un sanitario)?
*I want to do pis.
(i wunt tu du pis)
*Tengo ganas de orinar.
*I want to do shit.
(i wunt tu du shet)
*Tengo ganas de ensuciar.
*I feel a little sick, and I think Im going to vomit.
(i fil e ltol sik and i zink im ging tu vmit)
*Me siento ligeramente enfermo(a) y creo que voy a vomitar.
*Doctor, help me. I have a bad headache.
(dktor, jlp_mi. i jav e bad jdeik)
*Doctor, aydeme. Tengo un terrible dolor de cabeza.
*Help Help. Somebody stole my handbag and my Money!
(jelpjelp. smbdi sstul mi jndbag and mi mni)
*AuxilioAuxilio. Alguien rob mi bolso y mi dinero!
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IN A RESTAURANT (EN UN RESTAURANTE):

*Waiter (waitress). Bring me the menu, please.
[wuiter (wutris) bring mi de mniu plis]
*Mesero (mesera). Trigame el men, por favor.
*I want a food of chicken and rice.
(i wunt e fud ov chken and ris)
*Quiero un plato de arroz con pollo.
*Bring me, fried potatoes with bacon, mustard and an Apple (orange) juice.
[bring mi frit potitos wuz beicon, mstard and an pol (rench) yuz]
*Trigame, papas fritas, con tocino, mostaza y un jugo de manzana.
*I just want to drink a pop (coke)
[i yast wunt tu drink e pap (kuk)]
*Slo quiero tomarme una gaseosa (Coca- Cola)
*Bring me the bill, please.
(bring mi de bil)
*Trigame la cuenta, por favor.
TALKING OVER THE TELEPHONE (HABLANDO POR TELFONO)
*Hello. This is Paul Gaskill speaking.
(jelu dis is pol gskil sspking)
*Hola. Habla Paul Gaskill.
*Is Miss Turner in?
(is mis trner in)
*Se encuentra la seorita Turner?
*Im sorry. Shes not at the moment.
(im sri. shis no in at de mument)
*Lo siento. Ella no se encuentra en el (este) momento.
*Could you leave a message to her?
(kud yi liv e msich tu jer)
*Podra dejarle un mensaje (una razn)?
*Of courseJust tell her I called, and that I call her back later.
(ov corsyast tel jer i kolt, and dat i kol jer bak liter)
*Por supuestoDgale que llam y que la vuelvo a llamar luego.
30. SIGNS, NOTICES AND WARNINGS
*Fasten belt
(fsen belt)
*Cinturones ajustados.
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*Fasten your belts.

(fsen yir belts)
*Ajusten sus cinturones.
*Dont smoke.
(dont ssmuk)
*No fume.
*Walk.
(wuk)
*Cruce o Ya puede cruzar (en los semforos).
*Dont walk.
(dont wuk)
*No cruce.
*Danger. High Voltage.
(dinyer. Ji vultich)
*Peligro. Alto Voltaje.
*Electrified Fence.
(elktrifid fens)
*Cerca o Valla Electrificada.
*Dont trespass.
(dont trspas)
*No traspase / No viole / No infrinja
*Police Line. Dont cross.
(pols lin. don cros)
*Lnea policial. No cruce.
*Warning: Poisonous Products.
(wurning pisones prdokts)
*Advertencia: Productos Txicos o Venenosos.
*Dont throw trash on the floor. Use the trash can.
(dont zru trash on de floor. ius de trash can)
*No arroje basura en el piso. Use la caneca.
*Dont spit on the floor (in the aisle)
[dont spt on de floor (in di iol)]
*No escupa en el piso (en el pasillo)
*(Keep) silent, please.
[(kip) silent pliz]
*(Haga) silencio, por favor.
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*Dont do it.
(dont du it)
*No lo haga / No lo intente.
31. COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY (2)
Actor (ktor): actor.
Actress (ktriz): actriz.
Alcohol (lcojol): alcohol.
Algebra (lyibra): lgebra.
Ant (ant, ent): hormiga.
Appendicitis (apendisitis): apendicitis.
Architect (rkitekt): arquitecto.
Athlete (zlit): atleta.
Attempt (atmpt): prueba, tentativa, esfuerzo.
Aunt (ent): ta.
Automobile (tomobil): automvil.
Bar (bar): cantina.
Basement (bisment): stano.
Beer (ber): cerveza.
Black (blak): negro.
Blood (blod): sangre.
Blow (blu): soplido, golpe, estallido.
Blue (blu): azul.
Boot (but): bota (calzado), inicio o iniciar (computacin).
Brother in law (brder in lo): cuado.
Bullfighter (bulfiter): torero.
Burst (berst): estallido, explosin.
Business (bsnis): negocio, oficio, asunto
Calendar (klendar): calendario.
Century (snchuri): siglo, centuria.
Chase away (chis ewui): ahuyentar.
Children (chldren): nios, hijos.
Climber (klimer): escalador, alpinista.
Colony (cloni): colonia.
Column (clom): columna.
Cooker (kker): cocinero.
Copper (cper): cobre.
Cotton (cton): algodn.
Cousin (ksin): primo(a).
Crime (krim): crimen.
Crush (crosh): choque, colisin, accidente.
Daughter (dter): hija.
DDR (di- di- ar / dbol dta rit): Doble tasa de transferencia.
Dead (ded): muerto.
Death (detz): muerte.
Download (dunlud): descargar.
Draft (draft): letra de cambio.
Driver (driver): conductor (de un carro), controlador (en computacin).
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Dust (dost): polvo.

East (ist): este, oriente.
Educator (yukeitor): educador.
Electrician (electrshan): electricista.
Empire (empiar): imperio.
Engineer (nyinir): ingeniero.
Family (fmeli): familia.
Father (fder): padre.
Father in law (fder in lo): suegro.
Fear (fer): temor.
Feeble (fbol): dbil, ineficaz.
Fireman (fiarman): bombero.
Fisherman (fsherman): pescador.
Fornight (frnait): quincena.
Fruit (frut): fruto, frutas.
Gallon (glon): galn.
Gardener (gardner): jardinero.
Give up (guiv ap): rendirse, darse por vencido(a), claudicar
Glass (glas): vidrio, vaso, copa.
Goddaughter (gad- dter): ahijada.
Godfather (gadfder): padrino.
Godmother (gadmder): madrina.
Godson (gdson): ahijado.
Grandfather (grandfder): abuelo.
Grandfather (grandfder): abuelo.
Grandmother (grandmder): abuela.
Gray (gri): gris.
Green (grin): verde.
Growth (grotz): crecimiento, desarrollo.
Gutts (gots): tripas, intestinos.
Hammer (jmer): martillo.
Headache (jdeik): dolor de cabeza.
Heart (jart): corazn.
Heart attack (jart atk, jratk): ataque cardiaco.
Hundredweight (jndrit- wuit): quintal.
In cash (in cash): en efectivo.
Inch (inch): pulgada.
Industry (ndostri): industria.
Influenza (influenza): gripe.
Iron (iron): hierro, plancha elctrica.
Language (lngich): idioma, lenguaje, lengua (hablada o escrita).
Laptop (lptop): Computadora Porttil.
Laugh (laf): risa
Leather (lder): cordobn, cuero.
Liason (liison): enlace.
License (lisens): licencia.
Liter, litre (lter): litro.
Liver (lver): hgado.
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Load (lud): carga, cargar.

Lung (long): pulmn.
Machine (machn): mquina.
Manager (mniyer): gerente, administrador.
Masonry (misonrri): carpintera.
Mile (mil): milla.
Milkman (mlkman): lechero.
Mind (mind): mente.
Miss (mis): seorita.
Mister (mster): seor.
Mistress (mstris), Mrs. (msis): seora, esposa.
MODEM (mudem): MODulador /DEModulador.
Mother (mder, mder): madre.
Mother in law (mder in lo): suegra.
Motherboard (mderbart): Tarjeta Madre.
Nephew (nfiu): sobrino.
Nickel (nkol): niquel.
Niece (nis): sobrina.
Nitrogen (nitroyen): nitrgeno.
North (nortz): norte.
Orange (rench): naranja, anaranjado.
Owe (u): deber (relativo a deuda).
Oxygen (ksiyen): oxgeno.
P.O. Box (pi- u- boks): Apartado Areo, Apartado de Correo, Apartado Postal.
Passport (psport): pasaporte.
Patent (ptent): patente.
PBX (pi- bi- eks): conmutador.
Physician [fa(i)sshen]: mdico.
Pilot (pilot): piloto.
Pink (pink): rosa, rosado.
Plumber [plm(b)er]: plomero.
Policeman (polsman): polica.
Pound (pund): libra.
Powder (puder): polvo (facial), talco.
Produce (prdius): producto, provisiones Produce (prodis): producir.
Purple (prpol): prpura, morado.
Reason (rson): razn, causa, motivo
Red (red): rojo.
Rhythm (rzem): ritmo, armona
Salt (sot): sal.
Science (siens): ciencia.
Scissors (ssors): tijeras.
Seal (sil): foca.
Search (serch): buscar.
Sharppoint (sharpint): pico, pica (relativo a herramienta).
Silver (slver): plata, plateado.
Singer (snguer): cantante.
Sir (ser): seor.
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Sister (sster): hermana.

Sister in law (sster in lo): cuada.
Slipper(s) [sslper(s)]: chancla(s), sandalia(s).
Son (son): hijo.
South (sutz): sur.
Spire [sspi(a)r]: capitel.
Step brother (sstp- brder): hermanastro.
Step child (sstp- child): hijastro(a).
Step children (sstp- chldren): hijastros.
Step daughter (sstp- dter): hijastra.
Step father (sstp- fder): padrastro.
Step mother (sstp- mder): madrastra.
Step sister (sstp- sster): hermanastra.
Step son (sstp- son): hijastro.
Stirrup (sstrop): estribo.
Stone (sstun): piedra.
Sugar (shguer, shgar): azcar.
Teacher (tcher): profesor, maestro (de escuela).
Terrace (tras): terraza.
Testicle (tsticol): testculo.
Theater, theatre (tater): teatro.
Touch (toch): tacto, toque, roce
Uncle (nkol): to.
Violet (violet): violeta.
Way (wui): camino, senda, manera, forma, costumbre
West (wust): oeste, occidente.
White (juit): blanco.
Wire (wuiar): alambre.
Wound (wnd, und): herida, lesin, dao
Yard (yard): yarda.
Yellow (ylou): amarillo.
32. THE ARTICLES (defined and undefined ones)
THE (de; di, when it is before a sonorous vowel): l, la, los, las.
*The cat (de cat): el gato.
*The apple (di pol): la manzana.
*The whales (de juiols): las ballenas.
*The trees (de tris): los rboles.
A (e, a): un, una (before a consonant or of a semivowel).
*A seal (e sil): una foca.
*A crocodile [e crcodai(o)l]: un cocodrilo.
*A one- story house.
(e wun sstri juz)
*(Una) casa de un solo piso (de una sola planta).
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AN (an): un, una (when it is before a sonorous vowel).

*An orange (an rench): una naranja.
*An engineer (an nyinir): un ingeniero.
SOME (som): unos, unas, algunos, algunas (really, it is the plural of A and AN).
*Some people (som ppol): algunas personas.
*Some managers (som mniyers): unos (algunos) administradores.
*Some metal plates (som mtol plits): unas placas (de autos)
33. UNDEFINED PRONOUNS AND EXPRESSIONS
ANYBODY (nibdi): alguno, alguien, cualquiera; nadie, ninguno.
*There isnt anybody able to do that.
(der sent nibdi ibol tu du dat)
*No hay nadie capaz de hacer eso.
*Anybody else?
(nibdi els)
*Alguien ms?
ANYONE (niwun): alguno, alguien, cualquiera.
*Is there anyone here talking English (Spanish)?
[is der niwun jer tkin nglish (sspnish)]
*Hay alguien aqu que hable ingls (espaol)?
*Anyone is able to do it.
(niwun is ibol tu du it)
*Alguien (alguno) puede hacerlo.
ANYTHING (niting): algo, alguna cosa, cualquier cosa; nada.
*I dont want anything else.
(i dont wunt niting els)
*No deseo nada ms.
*I dont have anything to see in that question.
(i dont jav niting tu si in dat kuschon)
*No tengo nada que ver con ese asunto.
EVERYBODY (vribdi): todos, todo el mundo.
*Everybody is to clean the house.
(vribdi is tu clin de juz)
*Todo el mundo debe limpiar la casa.
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*Everybody won the examination.

(vribdi wun iksaminishon)
*Todos ganaron el examen.
EVERYONE (vriwun): todos, todo el mundo, cada uno.
*Everyone is a winner if he wishes it.
(vriwun is e wuner if hi wushis it)
*Todo el mundo es ganador, si se lo propone (si as lo desea).
*Everyone is looking for you long since.
(vriwun is lking for yi long sins)
*Todo el mundo te est buscando hace mucho tiempo.
EVERYTHING (vriting): todo.
*Everything is fine.
(vriting is fin)
*Todo est bien.
*Not everything is right.
(not vriting is rit)
*No todo est bien / No todo funciona (marcha) bien.
NO ONE [n(u)wun]: nadie, ninguno.
*No one else must be here now.
(nu wun els mast bi jer nu)
*Nadie ms debe estar aqu ahora.
*No one is to get out of the Food Program.
(nu wun is tu guet ut ov de fud prgrem)
*Ninguno debe quedar por fuera del Programa de Alimentos.
NONE (non): nadie, ninguno.
*No, none came.
(nu, non kim)
*No, nadie vino / No, no vino nadie.
*I am waiting for just none.
(i am wuiting for yast non)
*No estoy esperando a nadie.
NOTHING (nzing): nada.
*I have nothing.
(i jav nzing)
*No tengo nada.
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*She says she has nothing else to report.

(shi ses shi jas nzing els to riprt)
*Ela dice que no tiene nada ms que informar.
SOMEBODY (smbdi): alguien.
*Somebody is trying to trespass the forbidden limits.
(smbdi is trying tu trspas de forbden lmits)
*Alguien est tratando de traspasar los lmites prohibidos.
*Somebody is asking for help over there.
(smbdi is sking for jelp uver der)
*Alguien est pidiendo ayuda por all.
SOMEONE (smwun): alguien.
*Someone else is coming.
(smwun els is cming)
*Viene alguien ms / Alguien ms viene.
*Someone shouts too much on the upper floor.
(smwun shuts tu mach on di per floor)
*Alguien grita demasiado en el piso superior.
SOMETHING (smting): algo, alguna cosa.
*I would rather to talk about something else.
(i wud rder tu tok abut smting els)
*Preferira hablar de algo diferente.
*Would you like something to drink right now?
(wud yi lik smting tu drink rit nu)
* Te gustara tomar algo en este momento?
34. OPPOSITES
Referring word:
Opposite word:
Brave (briv): bravo
Coward (kuard)
Clean (clin): limpio
Dirty (drti)
Dark (dark): oscuro
Light (lit)
Difficult (dficolt): difcil
Easy (si)
Fast (fast): rpido
Slow (sslu)
Fat (fat): gordo(a)
Thin (tzin)
Heavy (jvi): pesado
Light (lit)
Large (larch): grande
Small (ssml)
Male (miol): macho, varn
Female (fimiol)
Much (mach): mucho
Little (ltol)
Muscular (mskiular): musculoso
Skeletal (sskletol)
Rough (rof): spero
Soft (soft)
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Tall (tol): alto(a)

White (juit): blanco
Wide (wuid): ancho, amplio
Wise (wuis): sabio, listo
Ao: 2007
Short
Black (blak)
Narrow (nrou)
Dull (dol)
35. THE AFFIXES (prefixes, suffixes)

-ABLE: expresses condition, quality, and characteristic.
* Honor (nor): honorable
-DOM: expresses condition, spirit state, domain, jurisdiction
*King (King): rey; kingdom: reino.
-ESS: is utilized to indicate female gender of some nouns.
*Waiter (wuiter): mesero, dependiente; Waitress: mesera.
-EST: is utilized to form some superlatives.
*Low (lu): bajo, inferior; lowest: el ms bajo, nfimo.
-FUL: expresses condition of abundance, high or low level, quality
*Beauty (biti): belleza; beautiful: bonito(a).
-HOOD: expresses integration, phase
*Neighbor (nibor): vecino; neighborhood: vecindad. Child: childhood.
-LESS: it indicates absence, lacking.
*Stain (sstin): mancha, xido; stainless: inoxidable.
-LIKE: indicates resemblance, form to be or to act
*child (child): nio(a); childlike: como nio.
-LY: due to this suffix, adjectives become adverbs.
*Slow (sslu): lento; slowly: lentamente.
-NESS: is utilized to form abstract nouns (condition, state)
*Fit (fit): ajuste; fitness: conveniencia, aptitud, buena condicin (fsica)
-SHIP: indicates condition, relation, charge, rank
*Friend (frend): amigo(a); friendship: amistad. Scholar: scholarship
UN- (an): expresses opposition, resistance, irrevocability / reversibility
*Delete (delt): borrable; undelete: revertir (deshacer) borrado.
IM- (im): indicates opposition, contrary, extreme difficulty.
*Possible (psibol): posible; impossible: imposible.
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36. PROGRESSIVE TENSES: present and past

The progressive or continuous tenses are formed in the presence of the To BE
verb (as auxiliary or link) and the form -ING of the significant verb; that is to say,
the form -ING of the significant verb goes immediately after the To BE verb in
the logical affirmative structure (sentence). These grammatical tenses indicate
that actions are unfinished (in the progressive past) and that are still happening
(in the progressive present).
Progressive past:
RUN (ran): correr; RUNNING: corriendo.
*He was running in the park when it began to rain.
(ji wus rning in de park jun it bign to rin)
*l estaba corriendo en el parque cuando empez a llover.
WATCH (wutch): mirar, ver, observar; WATCHING: observando, viendo
*They were watching T.V. when the electric energy failed.
(di wur wutching ti vi jun di elktrik neryi filt)
*(Ellos) estaban viendo televisin cuando fall la energa elctrica.
HAVE LUNCH (jav lonch): almorzar; HAVING LUNCH: almorzando.
*I was having lunch when you called.
(i wus jving lonch jun yi kolt)
*(Yo) estaba almorzando cuando (t) llamaste.
Progressive present:
SWIM (sum): nadar; SWIMMING: nadando.
*They are swimming in the swimming pool.
(di ar suming in de suming pul)
*(Ellos, ellas) estn nadando en la piscina.
STUDY (sstdi): estudiar; STUDYING: estudiando.
*We are studying very hard.
(wu ar sstdiing vri jard)
*(Nos.) estamos estudiando arduamente.
37. NEXT FUTURE (be going to: ir a)
*I am going to travel tomorrow morning.
(i am gin tu trvol tumrou mning)
*Voy a viajar maana por la maana.
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*They are going to the cinema next weekend.

(di ar ging tu de cnema nekst wukend)
*(Ellos, ellas) van a ir a (al) cine el prximo fin de semana.
*He is going to give a lecture the day after tomorrow.
(ji is ging tu guiv e lkshor de di fter tumrou)
*(l) va a dar una conferencia pasado maana.
*We are going to practice Mathematics in a week from today.
(wu ar ging tu prktis mtzemtiks in e wuk from tudi)
*(Nos.) vamos a practicar Matemticas de hoy en una semana.
*He is not going to lend Money to us.
(ji is not gin tu lend mni tu as)
*(l) no nos va a prestar dinero.
*She is not going to give up easily.
(shi is not gin tu guiv ap sili)
*(Ella) no se va a dar por vencida fcilmente.
*He is going to fight very hard to defeat (the) death.
[ji is ging tu fit vri jard tu dift (de) detz]
*(l) va a luchar tenazmente para derrotar (a) la muerte.
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38. SOME BASIC EXERCISES (AND/OR OF REINFORCEMENT ONES)

** Exercises with auxiliary, defective and/or modal verbs (expressions):
To complete (to fill white blank) using the corresponding auxiliary (defective or modal) verb
(expression); take as reference the model or referring expression (structure), and, also, the
referring word that appears at the end of each sentence or grammatical structure:
**Arthur______________ lift that box because it_____ too heavy (no puede, es o est).
RTA.: Arthur cant lift that box because it is too heavy.
a. Nairla_________ clean the floor and the Windows (debe).
b. Yeikka_______ like to rest instead of work because she____ tired [(le) gustara, se siente].
c. Goirkell_______ be working, and Zirka_________ distract him too much (debera, no debe).
d. Yidtko and Mirtka________ __ be in line to be waited on (tienen que).
e. ________ I help you to hang that picture on the wall? (puedo).
f. What______ I do for you, sir? (puedo).
g. Nathaly and her friend Alice______ single yet (son o estn).
h. Nobody else__________ do it correctly (podra o pudo).
i. I_______ bought a beautiful pair of shoes for my little brother (he).
j. You__________ to be alert or somebody_______ steal your belongings (debiera, podra).
k. I_____ looking for a good fiance six months ago (estoy).
**Ejercicios con verbos regulares:
a. She________ almost whole the time, though she be wide-awake (suea).
b. They_______ too much coffee in the morning because they really ______ it (beben, adoran).
c. He_______ to run everyday to________ fit [trata, mantener (se)].
d. You listen to the radio while he_________ a letter (escribe).
e. We______ very hard because we_________ to get a good mark (estudiamos, necesitamos).
f. She______ she has nothing to do here (dice).
g.The cats____________ (the) mice (ahuyentan).
h. She_________ from her home to her office (camina).
**Ejercicios con verbos irregulares y participios pasados:
a. I_______ ______ here for three yearsAnd you? (he, estado).
b. They have_________ many useless things.(comprado).
c. She_____________ the lesson easily (entendi).
d. You___________ they havent________ you yesterday (pensabas, visto).
e. We__________ took English class to learn it pretty well (hemos).
f. Goose__________ very high when a plane_______ it (volaba, golpe).
**Ejercicios con los auxiliares Do, Does, Did:
Escribir el auxiliar correspondiente, en cada casilla o espacio en blanco, teniendo en cuenta el
sujeto y el tiempo gramatical del verbo principal.
Ejemplo:
*Yairtza likes strawberries very much. ________ not she?
*Yairtza likes strawberries very much. Does not she?
a. Parents_____ not want to say anything last night.
b. She______ not want to work now.
c. They and you_____ not pay attention to the teacher this morning.
d. We prefer to go away right now. _____ not you?
e. _______ not trespass this line. You will be prosecuted.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
GARCA, Severo J. History of the Departament of Cordova. Municipalities: Municipality
of Holy Cross of Lorica. Bedout Publishing House: Medelln, Colombia, 1969- 1971?
DANE: (Administrative National Department of Statistics). Bogot, Colombia.
NATIONAL PLANNING OFFICE. Bogot, Colombia.
BANK OF THE REPUBLIC. http://www.bancodelarepublica.gov.co/ .
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ANNEXES
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ENCLOSE NUMBER 1
A1.1. PREPOSITIONS (examples)
(Comes from the APART number 3- page 4)
At: en, a, por, de, durante (especially, it indicates relative/ static location).
*What a beautiful is my hometown AT night.
(jut e bitifol is mi jomtun AT nit)
*Qu bonito es mi pueblo DE (DURANTE LA) noche!
*They are AT home.
(di ar AT jom)
*Ellos(as) estn EN casa. (no specification about where in the house: in or out?)
*Come At three oclock.
(kom AT zri aklk)
*Ven (Venga) A las tres en punto.
In: en, de, dentro (particularly, it indicates internal location).
*Sinu Valley is the most fertile one IN the world.
(sinu vli is de most frtol wun IN de wurld)
*El Valle del Sin es el ms frtil DEl mundo.
*She is IN the classroom.
(shi is IN de clsrrum)
*Ella est EN (dentro del) saln de clases.
On: en, sobre, encima.
*The newspaper is ON the floor.
(de nispiper is ON de floor)
*El peridico est EN el piso.
Over: sobre, encima de, por encima de, por, al otro lado de
*(The) temperature is OVER 37 (centigrade) degrees.
[(de) tmpershor is OVER trti- svan (cntigrid) digrs]
*La temperatura SOBRE (POR ENCIMA DE) los 37C.
Up: a (en) lo alto de, encima de, (hacia) arriba de, sobre
*Go UP the hill.
(gu ap de jil)
*Ve (vaya) A LO ALTO DE la colina.
Above: sobre, encima de, superior a, ms arriba de, ms alto que.
*15 meters ABOVE sea level.
(fftn mters abv si lvol)
*Quince metros SOBRE el nivel del mar.
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Into: en, a, dentro de, hacia el interior de.

*Ill see you INTO the theater.
(il si yi ntu de titer)
*Te (le) ver DENTRO DEl teatro.
*Translate this from English INTO Spanish.
(trnslit dis from nglish ntu sspnish)
*Traduzca esto de ingls A espaol.
Within: dentro de, al alcance de, poco menos de, con un margen de
*This land is WITHIN the limits of the city.
(dis land is wuzin de lmits ov de cti)
*Esta (este) tierra (terreno) est DENTRO DE los lmites de la ciudad.
*They are WITHIN your hands.
(di ar wuzin yir jands)
*Estn AL ALCANCE DE las manos.
Of: de (content, property, matter cousin, unit of measurement ).
*A town OF cowards.
(e tun ov kwuards)
*Un pueblo DE cobardes.
*An avalanche OF mud and rocks.
(an valanch ov mod and roks)
*Una avalancha DE lodo y rocas.
From: de, desde, de parte de (origin, displacement).
*FROM them.
(FROM dem)
*DE PARTE DE ellos (ellas).
*Where are you FROM?
(jur ar yi FROM)
*DE dnde eres (es) t (usted)?
Off: libre de, fuera (de)
*Are you OFF duty today?
(ar yi OFF diti tudi)
*Ests LIBRE hoy? / No ests de turno hoy?
*Im OFF of Money.
(im OFF ov mni)
*Estoy SIN dinero.
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In order to: para, con el fin de.

*They went to a drugstore IN ORDER TO buy some pills.
(di wunt tu e drgstor in rder tu bi som pils)
*Ellos(as) fueron a una droguera PARA comprar algunas pldoras)
*IN ORDER TO avoid a tragedy, they put several traffic lights on Students Avenue.
(in rder tu avid e tryedy di put sverol trfik lits on sstdents vniu)
*CON EL FIN DE evitar una tragedia, colocaron varios semforos en la Avenida de los
Estudiantes.
To: a, para, por, con, hasta, en, segn, menos, que
*Ten minutes TO eleven.
(ten mnits tu ilvan)
*Once MENOS diez minutos.
*Diez minutos PARA las once.
*TO my personal opinin, you are wrong.
(tu mi personal opinin yi ar rong)
*SEGN mi opinin personal, t (usted) no tienes (tiene) la razn.
*Products were sold from door TO door.
(prdoks wur suld from door tu door)
*Los productos se vendieron de puerta EN puerta.
*You have three bills TO be paid.
(yi jav zri bils tu bi pid)
*T (usted) tienes (tiene) tres cuentas POR pagar.
For: para, durante, por, a pesar de, desde hace, de.
*FOR all of his money, he is going to die alone.
(FOR ol ov jis mni ji is ging tu di eln)
*A PESAR DE su dinero, va a morir solo.
*Excuse me FOR kissing you in public.
(ekskis mi FOR ksin yi in pblik)
*Disclpame (disclpeme) POR besarte (besarle) en pblico.
*This is FOR you.
(dis is FOR yi)
*Esto es para t (usted).
*She has been there FOR four hours.
(shi jas bin der FOR far uars)
*Ella ha estado ah DURANTE cuatro horas.
By: por, para, en, cerca de, junto a, al lado de.
*Im going to travel BY bus.
(im ging tu trvol bi bos)
*Voy a viajar EN bus.
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*When getting into the classroom, you both must sit side BY side.
(jun guting ntu de clsrrum yi butz mast sit sid bi sid)
*Cuando entren al aula de clases, ambos deben sentarse uno AL LADO DE l otro.
Beside: cerca de, junto (a), en comparacin de, fuera de, al lado de
*Her office is BESIDE Cleopatra Hotel.
(jer fis is bisid klioptra jutl)
*La oficina de ella queda AL LADO DE l Hotel Cleopatra.
*Its BESIDE the beach (seashore, seaside)
[its bisid de bich (sishr, sisid)]
*Queda JUNTO A la playa.
***They are BESIDE themselves with joy.
(di ar bisid demslvs wutz yi)
***Ellos(as) estn locos(as) de alegra.
NOTE: In this case, it is an idiomatical expression but a preposition.
Besides: adems de, excepto, fuera de, aparte de

*BESIDES that, she is a liar.
(bisids dat shi is e lier)
*ADEMS DE eso, ella es una mentirosa.
*BESIDES me, you all are thieves.
(bisids mi yi ol ar divs)
*APARTE DE m (EXCEPTO yo), todos ustedes son ladrones.
Between: entre (relativo a dos cosas, pases, objetos).
*BETWEEN you and her, there is nothing TO do just now.
(bitun yi and jer der is nzin tu du yast nu)
*ENTRE t y ella, ya no hay nada QUE hacer.
Among: entre, en medio de, en el nmero de (entre ms de dos cosas).
*AMONG human beings shouldnt exist hypocrisy.
(emng jiman bings shdent eksst jipcresi)
*ENTRE los seres humanos no debe existir la hipocresa.
NOTE: Among = amongst.
Down: bajando, debajo de, abajo

*DOWN the river.
(dun de rver)
*Ro ABAJO.
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*While you went DOWN the river, they went UP the river.
(juil yi wunt dun de rver, di wunt ap de rver)
*Mientras t ibas ro ABAJO, ellos iban ro ARRIBA.
Below: debajo de, inferior (a)...
*We live on the flat BELOW.
(wu liv on de flat bilu)
*Vivimos en el piso DE ABAJO (INFERIOR).
Under: bajo, (por) debajo de, inferior (a)...
*The boat sailed UNDER the small bridge.
(de but silt nder de ssml brich)
*El bote (barco) naveg POR DEBAJO DE l puentecito.
Toward (towards): hacia, cerca de, tocante a, para con.
*The hurricane is going TOWARD the coast.
(de jrikein is ging towurd de kust)
*El huracn va HACIA la costa.
Before: delante de, enfrente de, antes de, ante (en presencia de)
*She goes BEFORE them.
(shi gus bifr dem)
*Ella va DELANTE DE ellos.
*We must be there BEFORE ten oclock A.M.
(wu mast bi der bifr ten aklk e em)
*Debemos estar ah ANTES DE las 10 en punto de la maana.
With: con, de.
*Their bodies were cover WITH sand.
(dir bdis wur cver wutz sand)
*Sus cuerpos estaban cubiertos DE arena.
Without: fuera de, ms all de, sin.
*He did it WITHOUT authorization.
(ji did it wuizut otorizishon)
*Lo hizo SIN autorizacin.
NOTE: Without = with no.
Until: hasta.
*The shipwrecked people swam UNTIL they got tired.
[de ship-rkt ppol sum ntil di gat tiart (tart)]
*Los nufragos nadaron HASTA cansarse (HASTA el cansancio).
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Out: por, all en

*Go OUT that way.
(gu ut dat wui)
*Vaya POR esa ruta (camino, va)
*OUT that way!
(ut dat wui)
*Fuera de aqu! / Lrguese de aqu!
NOTE: The last one is an interjection.
Against: contra, cerca de, en contraste con, por, para.

*They are going to play AGAINST us.
(di ar ging tu pli egunst as)
*Ellos van a jugar CONTRA nosotros.
In front of: delante de, enfrente de, frente a.
*The tiger was just IN FRONT OF him.
(de tiguer wus yast in front ov jim)
*El tigre estaba justo FRENTE A l.
Upon: en, sobre, encima de, por, contra, hacia
*He will fight and die UPON his country and (UPON) his family.
[ji wul fit and di epn jis kntri and (epn) jis fmeli]
*l luchar y morir POR su pas y POR su familia.
In idiomatical expressions:
*Once UPON a time
(wuns epn e tim)
*rase una vez
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ENCLOSE Number 2
A2.1. AUXILIARY (defective) VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS: examples
(Comes from the APART Number 7- Page 8)
These verbs and expressions do not need auxiliar (neither to ask nor to answer).
CAN: poder (relative to capacity to do something), saber.
*He CAN lift that heavy box.
(ji ken lift dat jvi boks)
*l PUEDE levantar esa pesada caja.
*He will BE ABLE TO lift that heavy box.
(ji wul bi ibol tu lift dat jvi boks)
*l PODR levantar esa caja pesada.
*He COULD lift that heavy box.
(ji kud lift dat jvi boks)
*l PUDO (PODA) levantar esa pesada caja.
NOTE: CAN = BE ABLE TO (especially to form the simple future tense).
COULD: pasado de can (also indicates probability or possibility).

*At last they COULD finish their tasks.
(at last di kud fnish dir tasks)
*Al fin (por fin) PUDIERON (ellos) terminar las tareas.
MAY: poder (indicates permission, authorization, possibility, desire or assertion).
*MAY I help you?
(mi i jlp_iu)
*Puedo ayudarte (ayudarle)?
*MAY be.
(mi bi)
*PUEDE ser.
*Tal vez (this is an idiomatical variant of MAY).
MUST: deber, tener que, deber de (obligation; it also expresses justification).
*We MUST work very hard to survive.
(wu mast wurk vri jard tu sorviv)
*DEBEMOS trabajar duro (bastante) para sobrevivir.
*They MUST be very busy.
(di mast bi vri bsi)
*Estarn muy ocupados!
*Posiblemente estn muy ocupados.
*Quizs estn muy ocupados.
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MIGHT: ser posible; podra, podramos (posibilidad).

*She MIGHT come early tonight.
(shi mit kom rli tunit)
*Ella PODRA venir temprano esta noche.
*Posiblemente, ella venga temprano esta noche.
OUGHT: deber (modo potencial); debiera, debiramos, debierais
*We OUGHT to leave right now.
(wu ut tu livf rit nu)
*DEBIRAMOS partir (salir) de inmediato.
*For OUGHT I know, that is not true.
(for ut i nu dat is not tru)
*Por lo que (yo) s, eso no es verdad.
SHOULD: deber; debera, deberamos (it forms the present and past conditional).
*You SHOULD listen to your children.
(yi shud lsen tu yir chldren)
*DEBERAS (DEBIERAS) escuchar a tus hijos.
*If they SHOULD stay in the same place, they SHOULD die.
(if di shud ssti in de sim plis di shud di)
*Si PERMANECIESEN en el mismo sitio, moriran.
*Si hubiesen permanecido en el mismo lugar, habran muerto.
*Si se quedasen en el mismo sitio, posiblemente moriran.
WOULD: ending a of some verbs in Spanish (present and past conditional); besides
potential mode, it also forms imperfect tense of the indicative mode when it indicates costum.
*I WOULD like to drink a pop.
(i wud lik tu drink e pap)
*Me gustarA tomar una gaseosa.
*He WOULD prefer (rather) to stay at home.
[ji wud prifr (rder) tu ssti at jom]
*l preferirA quedarse (permanecer) en casa.
HAVE: auxiliary when it means haber (in USA), and when it means haber or tener
(in Great Britain). See APART Number 16 (Page 19).
BE: aux. ser o estar; it also means haber (as an auxiliary), deber, tener, haber
(existential carcter or aspect), hacer, andar en, tocar a, depender de. See APART
Number 9 (Page 10), and APART Number 13.1. (Page 14).
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ENCLOSE Number 3
Ao: 2007
(Comes from APART or numeral 13- page 14)
A3.1. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS

A3.1.1. IDIOMTICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) BE VERB:
To BE (to BE): indicates future (with both genders: male and female).
To BE afraid of: tener miedo a (de).
*I am afraid of my strange neighbour
(i am efrid ov mi sstrinch nibor)
*Tengo miedo a (de) mi extrao(a) vecino(a).
To BE angry: estar molesto, tener rabia (enojo, furia).
*She is angry now
(shi is ngri nu)
*(Ella) tiene rabia.
*Really, Im not angry
(rli am not ngri)
*Realmente, no estoy enojado.
To BE back: regresar, volver, retornar.
*They will be back next month
(di wul bi bak neks montz)
*Ellos(as) regresarn el prximo mes.
To BE cold: tener fro.
*Are you cold?
(ar yi kuld)
*Tienes fro?
*Tiene (usted) fro?
To BE frightened: tener miedo (de), espantarse, estar espantado.
*They are frightened
(di ar fritend)
*Ellos(as) estn asustados(as).
*Dont be frightened
(don bi fritend)
*No tengas miedo.
*No te asustes.
*No se asuste.
*No tenga miedo.
To BE hot: tener (hacer) mucho(a) calor.
*Its very hot here
(its vri jot jer)
*Hace mucho calor aqu.
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To BE hungry: tener hambre.

*We are hungry
(wu ar jngri)
*Tenemos hambre.
To BE in a hurry: tener prisa.
*Im sorry, I am in a hurry
(im sri, i am in e jri)
*Lo siento, tengo prisa.
*Dont be in a hurry
(dont bi in e jri)
*No tenga(s) prisa.
*Ve (vaya) con calma.
*No se apresure.
*No te apresures.
To BE in with: ser muy amigo(a) de, gozar de las simpatas de.
*She is in with Movie Stars
(shi is in wuz mvi sstrs)
*Ella es muy amiga de las Estrellas de(l) Cine.
*They are in with the director (manager)
[di ar in wuz de dairktor (manyer)]
*Ellos(as) gozan de las simpatas del director (gerente o administrador)
To BE in: estar (encontrarse) en casa (shop, restaurant, bar).
*He is in
(ji is in)
*l est en (la) casa.
*l se encuentra en (la) casa.
To BE off: irse, estar equivocado.
*She is off right now
(shi is of rit nu)
*Ella ya se va.
*They are very off
(di ar vri of)
*Ellos(as) estn muy equivocados(as).
To BE out of: no tener ms.
*I am out of Money
(i am ut ov mni)
*No tengo ms dinero.
To BE out: estar fuera de casa [pasado(a) de moda], estar en la calle
*They are out
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(di ar ut)
*Ellos(as) estn fuera de casa.
*Ellos(as) pasados(as) de moda.
*Ellos(as) estn anticuados(as).
To BE right: tener razn, estar en lo cierto.
*You are right
(yi ar rit)
*Usted tiene (la) razn.
*Ests en lo cierto.
To BE starving: morirse de hambre, tener hambre excesiva.
*I am starving
(i am sstrving)
*Me muero de hambre.
To BE the matter with: tener, pasar, ocurrir
*What is the matter with you?
(jut is de mter wuz yi)
*Qu te pasa?
*Qu le ocurre o Qu le pasa (a usted)?
To BE thirsty: tener sed.
*He is very thirsty
(ji is vri trsti)
*l tiene mucha sed.
*I am thirsty
(i am trsti)
*Tengo sed.
To BE tired: estar cansado, sentirse cansado.
*I am tired
(i am tiard)
*Estoy cansado.
*Me siento cansado.
To BE to: deber, tener que.
*We are to go now
(wu ar tu gu nu)
*Debemos (tenemos que) irnos ahora.
*You are to clean the house
(yi ar tu klin de juz)
*Tienes que limpiar la casa.
*(Uds.) deben limpiar la casa.
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To BE up to: estar a la altura de, ser competente para

*I am up to that job
(i am ap tu dat yab)
*Soy competente para ese trabajo.
To BE warm: tener (hacer) calor.
*It is warm
(it is wurm)
*Hace calor.
To BE wrong: no tener (la) razn, estar equivocado.
*They are wrong
(di ar rong)
*Ellos(as) no tienen (la) razn.
A3.1.2. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) COME:
To COME in: entrar.
*Come in, please
(km_in, plis)
*Entre(a), por favor.
To COME out: salir.
*It is better for you to come out now
(it is bter for yi tu kom ut nu)
*Es mejor que salgas ahora.
To COME back: regresar, volver, retornar.
*We are going to come back the soonest posible
(wu ar gin tu kam bak de snist psibol)
*Vamos a regresar lo ms pronto posible.
To COME across: encontrarse con, atravesar.
*I came across her yesterday
(i kim ecrs jer ysterdei)
*Me encontr con ella ayer.
To COME about: suceder, girar, cambiar (de direccin)
*He comes about the main subject constantly
(ji koms ebut de min sbyek cnstantli)
*l cambia constantemente el tema principal.
*It came about at three oclock in the morning
(it kim ebut at zri aklk in de mning)
*Sucedi a las tres en punto de la maana.
To COME apart: desprenderse, desunirse, caerse (por partes).
*In this moment,the wall comes apart
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(in dis mument de wul koms aprt)

*En este momento, el muro se cae por partes.
To COME before: llegar antes, anteponerse.
*She always comes before
(shi lwuis koms bifr)
*Ella siempre se antepone.
*He came before (me)
[ji kim bifr (mi)]
*l lleg antes (que yo).
To COME away: apartarse, retirarse, largarse.
*Dont come away from her
(don kom ewui from jer)
*No te apartes de ella!
To COME between: separar, desunir
*Ambition came between us
(ambshon kim bitun as)
*La ambicin nos separ.
To COME into: obtener, recibir, heredar, entrar
*Come into the office, please
(kom ntu di fis, plis)
*Entre a (en) la oficina, por favor.
A3.1.3. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) GET:
To GET crazy: volverse loco.
*He is going to get crazy for her
(ji is ging tu guet crizi for jer)
*l se va a volver loco por ella.
*Many people have gotten crazy because of the Global Heating
(mni ppol jav gten crizi bikz ov de glubol jting)
*Muchas personas se han vuelto locas por (debido a) el Calentamiento Global
To GET sick: enfermarse.
*If you go to a swampland you can get sick easily
(if yi gu tu e swamp land yi can guet sik sily)
*Si vas a un pantanal te puedes enfermar con facilidad.
To GET sad: entristecerse.
*
Dont get sad for your sickness, you will be fine sooner than you think
(don guet sad for yir sknis, yi wul bi fin sner dan yi tink)
*No te entristezcas por tu enfermedad, estars bien ms pronto de lo que crees
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To GET in: entrar.

*She used to get in without permission
(shi ist tu guet in wuizut permshon)
*Ella acostumbra a entrar sin permiso.
To GET out: salir.
*Get out right away!
(guet ut rit ewui)
*Salga de inmediato!
*Lrguese de inmediato!
To GET back: volver, regresar, retornar.
*They get back tomorrow
(di guet bak tumrou)
*Ellos(as) regresan maana.
To GET on: subir(se) a (un bus, un avin).
*Some bus drivers start at high speed when users just get on the vehicle
(som bus drivers sstrt at ji sspd jun isers yast guet on de vikol)
*Algunos conductores arrancan velozmente apenas los usuarios suben al
vehculo.
To GET off: bajar(se) de (un vehculo o nave).
*Please, tell me where I have to get off
(plis, tel m jur i jav tu guet off)
*Por favor, dgame (indqueme) donde debo (tengo que) bajarme.
To GET into: conectar(se) a, entrar.
*Get into INTERNET if you want to get good and/or excellent information
(guet ntu nternet if yi wunt tu guet gud and/or kselent informishon)
*Conctese a INTERNET si desea conseguir informacin buena y/o excelente.
A3.1.4. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) HAVE:
To HAVE to: tener que, deber.
*We have to work very early in the morning
(wu jav tu wurk vri rli in de mning)
*Tenemos que trabajar muy de maana.
*Debemos trabajar muy temprano.
*Tenemos que trabajar tempransimo.
To HAVE to do with: tener que ver con.
*What do I have to do with that?
(jut du i jav tu du wutz dat)
*Qu tengo que ver con eso?
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*What does that trouble have to do with us?

(jut das dat trbol jav tu du wutz as)
*Qu tiene que ver ese lo (problema) con nosotros?
To HAVE on: llevar puesto.
*They have on some hats
(di javo n som jats)
*(Ellos o ellas) Llevan puestos (unos) sombreros.
To HAVE at: atacar, embestir.
*Bulls have at him suddely
(buls jav at him sdenli)
*Los toros lo atacaron inesperadamente.
To HAVE breakfast (lunch, dinner): desayunar (almorzar, cenar).
*We have lunch at noon
(wu jav lonch at nun)
*Nosotros almorzamos al medioda.
*Nosotros almorzamos a las 12 del medioda.
A3.1.5. GENERAL IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS:
At that: sin ms.
*She went at that
(shi wunt at dat)
*(Ella) se fue sin ms.
But then: pero por otro lado, pero al mismo tiempo.
*He says he is Christian but then he doesnt attend at the church
(ji ses ji is crschan bat den ji dsen atnd at de cherch)
*l dice que es cristiano, pero por otro lado no asiste a la iglesia.
By the way: a propsito
*By the way, When will you come back?
(bi de wui jun wul yi kom bak)
*A propsito Cundo regresarn ustedes?
From now on: de ahora en adelante.
*From now on I will make my decisions by myself
(from nu on i wul mik mi decshons bi maislf)
*De ahora en adelante, tomar mis propias decisiones.
*De ahora en adelante, decidir por m mismo.
On the other hand: de otra parte.
*On the other hand you have nothing to do here
(on di der jand yi jav nzing tu du jer)
*De otra parte, no tienes nada que hacer aqu.
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From then: de all en adelante, desde entonces.

*From then he always looks sad
(from den ji lwuiz luks sad)
*Desde entonces, siempre luce triste.
*Desde entonces, siempre se ve triste.
*Desde entonces, siempre parece estar triste.
From time to time: de vez en cuando.
*They take a rest from time to time
(di tik e rest from tim tu tim)
*Ellos(as) descansan de vez en cuando.
Now and then (again): de vez en cuando.
*Now and then Politicians visit our community
(nu and den politshans vsit ar kaminiti)
*De vez en cuando, los polticos visitan nuestra comunidad.
*They say they will help us now and again
(di si di wul jelp as nu and egun)
*De vez en cuando, dicen que nos ayudarn.
Now that: ya que.
*Do honor to us now that you came
(du nor tu as nu dat yi kim)
*Ya que viniste, haznos el honor.
Now then: ahora bien.
*Now then listen what we have to do
(nu den lsen jut wu jav tu du)
*Ahora bien Escuchen lo que tenemos que hacer.
On the contrary: por el contrario.
*On the contrary he is the Evil One
(on de cntrari ji is de vol wun)
*Por el contrario, l es el maligno.
Side by side: lado a lado, uno al lado del otro.
*Please, sit down side by side
(plis sit dun sid bi sid)
*Por favor, sintense uno al lado del otro.
Then and there: al momento, ah mismo.
*Catch him then and there
(katch jim den and der)
*Captrenlo ah mismo.
To be quiet: quedarse callado, quedarse quieto.
*Be quiet, please!
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(bi kueit plis)

*Qudese callado, por favor!
To cut ones way: labrar(se) su camino.
*Everyone has to cut his way himself in this life
(vriwun jas tu ket jis wui in dis lif)
*Cada quien tiene que labrarse su camino en esta vida.
To get married: casarse.
*He is going to get married with Katherine
(ji is ging tu guet mrid wuz kterin)
*l va a casarse con Catalina.
To have nothing to see with: no tener nada que ver con.
*I have nothing to see with that
(i jav nzin tu si wuz dat)
*No tengo nada que ver con eso.
To make ones living: ganarse la vida.
*We make our living fishing sharks
(wu mik ur living fshing sharks)
*Nos ganamos la vida pescando tiburones.
To make up ones mind: tomar una decisin, resolverse, decidirse.
*Think very well before you make up your mind
(tink vri wul bifr yi mik ap yir mind)
*Piensa con cuidado antes de tomar una decisin.
To put in (on, across, out): introducir [poner(se), llevar a cabo, sacar]
*Put these flowers in the water for a while
(put diz flwuers in de wuter for e juil)
*Introduce estas flores en (el) agua durante un rato.
To shut up: quedarse callado, callarse (expresin muy severa).
*Shut up!
(shat ap) or (sharp)
*Cllate &#
!
*Cllese &#
!
To take for (on, off, in, up): considerar (tomar, quitarse, admitir, subir).
*What do you take for?
(jut du yiu tik for)
*Qu consideras t?
*Qu supone usted?
To take it easy: calmarse, ir con cuidado, descansar, ir despacio
*Take it easy!
(tik it si)
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*Clmese!
*Tmelo con calma!
*Vaya con cuidado!...
Upon that: sobre eso.
*Upon that we have to talk
(epn dat wu jav tu tok)
*Sobre eso tenemos que hablar.
NOTE: the ones expression is replaced by the corresponding possessive adjective related to the
mentioned person (my, your, his, her, its, our, their).
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ENCLOSE Number 4
A4.1. SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY
A4.1.1. DATA PROCESSING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Abort (abrt): abortar, salir, finalizar
Accept (acpt): aceptar.
ALU (i- el- i or aritzmtiks lyik init): Unidad Aritmtica y Lgica.
Array (eri): matriz, arreglo, disposicin o colocacin
Audit trail (dit triol): registro de auditora.
Backup (bkap): respaldo.
Band Width (band wutz): banda ancha.
Board (bord): tarjeta, tablero.
Boot (but): inicio, arranque.
Boot Sector (but sktor): sector de inicio (arranque).
Broadband (brudband): banda ancha, ancho de banda.
Bubble (bbol): burbuja.
Buffer (bfer): memoria intermedia, memoria simulada.
Bug (bog): error.
Bus (bos): bus, ducto, conducto.
Cache (katch): escondite, escondrijo
Cache memory (katch mmori): memoria inmediata (oculta).
Card (kard): tarjeta.
Cell (cel): celda, celdilla.
Chip (chip): chip, pastillita.
Close (kluz): cerrar.
Core (kor): ncleo, centro, corazn.
Crash (crash): cada, conflicto.
Debug (dibg): depurar, limpiar (un error)
Decline (diklin): declinar, desistir, no aceptar
Default (dift): defecto, omisin
Delay (dili): retraso.
Delete (delt): borrar, eliminar
Desktop (dsktop): escritorio.
Device (diviz): unidad, dispositivo.
Double Data Rate or DDR (dbol dta rit or Di Di Ar): Doble tasa de transferencia.
Download (dun lud): descarga, descargar.
Drive (driv): unidad (de disco), dispositivo.
Driver (driver): controlador.
Dummy (dmi): ficticio(a).
File (fil): archivo, carpeta.
Floppy Disk (flpi disk): disquete, disco flexible.
Frame (frim): marco, cuadro, fotograma
Hard Disk (jard disk): disco duro.
Input (nput): entrada.
Install (instl): instalar.
Key (ki): llave, clave, cifra, tecla.
Keyboard (kibrd): teclado.
Log (log): registro, registrar, bitcora.
MODEM (mudem): Modulador /Demodulador.
Motherboard (mder bord): tarjeta madre.
Next (nekst): siguiente.
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Off- line (of- lin): desconectado(a), fuera de (la) lnea.

On- line (on- lin): conectado(a), en lnea.
Output (utput): salida.
Pack (pak): empacar, paquete.
Password (pswuord): contrasea, clave de acceso.
Power Off (pwuer of): apagar.
Power On (pwuer on): encender.
Reboot (ribt): reiniciar, rebutear.
Recovery (rikveri): recuperacin, restauracin.
Restart (restrt): reiniciar.
Restore (ristr): restaurar.
Retrieve (retrv): recuperar, reencontrar, reintentar.
Run (ran): ejecutar.
Search (serch): bsqueda, buscar.
Sheet (shit): hoja (de cuaderno, libro)
Shortcut (shrkot): acceso directo, atajo.
Shutdown (shat dun): cerrar, apagar.
Slave (ssliv): esclavo(a).
Slot (sslt): ranura.
Telephone message or Telephone call [tlefon msich (t. kol)]: telefonema.
Teleprompter (tleprmter): tele apuntador, tele anotador.
Teletype (tletip): teletipo.
Uninstall (aninstl): desinstalar.
Unpack (anpk): desempacar.
Update (ap- dit): actualizar.
Upload (ap lud): subir, cargar, montar (un archivo).
A4.1.2. AUTOMOBILE'S PARTS (tools)

Brake light (brik lit): luz de frenado.
Cable (kibol): cable.
Carburetor (crberitor /crbiuritor): carburador.
Chassis (chsaiz): chasises.
Chassis (chsi): chasis, armazn.
Coil (cil): bobina.
Compressor (compresor): compresor(a).
Crank (krank): cigeal.
Cylinder (slinder): cilindro.
Flat tyre (flat tir /flat tiar): llanta pinchada (desinflada).
Front lights (front lits): luces principales (delanteras).
Fuel (fiol): combustible.
Fuel gauge (fiol guich): indicador de nivel de combustible.
Fuel tank (fiol tank): tanque (depsito) de combustible.
Fuse (fis): fusible.
Gas (gas): gasolina.
Gasket (gsket): empaque.
Gauge (guich): medidor, indicador
Gear (guer): engranaje, engrane.
Generator (yeneritor): generador.
Grille (gril): parrilla, rejilla.
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Hood (jud): cap, capot.

Hosepipe (joz pip): manguera.
Lever (lver): palanca.
Main lights (min lits): luces principales (delanteras).
Nut (not): tuerca.
Oil (il): aceite, petrleo.
Petrol (ptrol): gasolina.
Piston (pston): mbolo, pistn.
Pliers (pliers): alicates.
Pulley (pli): polea.
Pump (pomp): bomba, bombear.
Rear lights (rir lits): luces traseras (posteriores).
Rear- view mirror (rer vi mror): (espejo) retrovisor.
Screwdriver (sskru driver): destornillador, atornillador.
Spare tyre (sspr tir /sspr tiar): llanta de repuesto.
Spark plug (ssprk plog): buja.
Steering Wheel (sstring jul /juol): volante, timn.
Tail lights (til lits): luces traseras (posteriores).
Toolbox (tul boks): caja de herramientas.
Trunk (tronk): bal, portaequipaje(s).
Tyre (tir /tiar): llanta, neumtico.
Valve (velv): vlvula.
Wheel (juol): rueda.
Windshield (wundshild wuiper): limpiaparabrisas, lavaparabrisas.
Windshield (wundshild): parabrisas.
Windshield washer (wundshild wusher): limpiaparabrisas, lavaparabrisas.
Wire cutters (wuiar kters): alicates.
A4.1.3. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY (Additional vocabulary)
(Continuation of the Apart 18, PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY, page 23)
Aorta (iora): aorta.

Artery (reri /rteri): arteria.
Balls (bols): bolas, pelotas, cojones, polainas.
Bladder (blder): vejiga (urinaria, biliar).
Brain (brin): cerebro.
Cell (cel): clula.
Colon (kulon): clon.
Cubitus (kibitos): cbito.
Cunt (kent/ kont/ kant): raja, grieta, vagina.
Diaphragm (diefram): diafragma.
Esophagus (sofagos): esfago.
Femur (fmor): fmur.
Fibula (fbiula): peron.
Gums (goms): encas.
Gutts (gots): tripas, intestinos.
Heart (jart): corazn.
Humerus (jimeros): hmero.
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Jaw (yo): mandbula, quijada.

Jawbone (ybon): quijada, mandbula.
Kidney (kdni): rin.
Ligament (lgament): ligamento.
Liver (lver): hgado.
Lung (long): pulmn.
Mandible (mndibol): mandibula.
Maxilla (mksila): maxila, maxilar.
Muscle (msol): msculo.
Nasal fossa (nisol fsa): fosa nasal.
Ovary (uvari/ uveri/ uvri): ovario.
Pancreas (pncrias): pncreas.
Pubes (pibis): pubis.
Radius (ridios): radio.
Rectum (rktom): recto.
Scrotum (sscrutom): escroto.
Shinbone (shnbon): tibia.
Sperm (ssprm): esperma.
Spleen (sspln): bazo.
Stomach (sstmak): estmago.
Tendon (tndon): tendn.
Testicles (tsticols): testculos, pelotas.
Throat (zrut): garganta.
Tibia (tbia): tibia.
Tighbone (tibon): fmur.
Tongue (tong): lengua.
Urethra (iurtra): uretra.
Uvula (iviula): vula, campanilla.
Vagina (vayina): vagina.
Vein (vin): vena.
Vulve (velv): vulva.
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ENCLOSE Number 5
A5.1. PARTICULAR (COMBINED) EXPRESSIONS
*Eitheror : oo
*Neithernor : nini
*Something /Anything : algo, cualquier cosa.
*Nothing /Anything : Nada.
*Someone /Anyone : alguien.
*not only but also: no slosino tambin
The previous expressions, by separated, mean the following:
Either: (adjective): uno u otro, cualquierde los dos; cada (uno de los dos).
Either (when is a pronoun): uno u otro, cualquiera de los dos.
Either (when is an adverb): tampoco.
Either (when is a conjunction): o sea.
Or: o, u, de otro modo.
Neither (when is an undefined pronoun): ninguno (de los dos), ni uno ni otro, ni
lo uno ni lo otro.
Neither (undefined adjective): ninguno (de los dos).
Neither (conjunction): ni, tampoco, nitampoco.
Something: alguna cosa, algo, un poco.
Nothing: nada, cero, de ninguna manera.
Anything: nada, algo, alguna, cualquier cosa.
Someone: alguien.
Anyone: alguien, alguno, cualquiera.
Not: no.
Only: solo, nico, slo, solamente, nicamente.
But: pero, slo, solamente, excepto, menos, sino, mas.
Also: tambin.
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ENCLOSE Number 6
A6.1. IMPERATIVE FORMS
A6.1.1. Direct imperative form:
1. Direct imperative form (affirmative
following thing should keep in mind:
case):
for this direct imperative form, the
Firstly, the verb is written without the infinitive mark (that is to say, the
particle TO preceding the verb when this is not conjugated is suppressed)
and, then,
The complement is written (when necessary).
All imperative expression is written between signs of admiration (!).
Examples:
Go to the hell!
(gu tu de jel)
Vete o vyase al infierno!
Go fuck yourself!
(gu fak yiorslf)
Jdete o Jdase!
Open the door!
(upen de door)
Abre o Abra la puerta!
Shut up!
(shat ap /sharp)
Cllese o Cllate!
Cierre la jeta!
Cllese #$!
Wash all the Windows now!
(wush ol de wundous nu)
Lve todas las ventanas ahora!
Go to bed right away!
(gu tu bed rit ewui)
Vaya a acostarse de inmediato!
Throw the trash into the trash can!
(zru de trash ntu de trash can)
Eche o Arroje la basura en la caneca!
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2. Direct imperative form (negative case): for this one is necessary to do the
following thing:
Firstly, DO auxiliary is utilized, followed by the negation (NOT) and later the
corresponding verb (besides the complement, if exists). From time to time,
the auxiliary and the negation appear contracted.
In the second case, a non personal form of the verb (which finishes in -ING)
is utilized; this expression is preceded by the adverb of negation (NO).
Examples:
Dont do it!
(dont du it)
No lo haga /No lo hagas!
Dont try it!
(dont tri it)
No lo intente /No lo intentes!
Dont spit on the floor!
(dont sspt on de floor)
No escupa(s) en el piso!
Dont be late!
(dont bi lit)
No llegue(s) tarde!
Dont stop now!
(dont stop nu)
No te detengas ahora /No se detenga ahora!
No smoking
(nu ssmuking)
No fume /Prohibido fumar!
No parking
(nu parking)
Prohibido parquear!
A6.1.2. Indirect imperative form:
For the indirect imperative form is necessary to keep in mind the following thing:
At first, an expression indicating desire appears (that is to say, it expresses
hope, petition, suggestion)
Then, the expression (relative pronoun) THAT followed by the verb (in
Subjunctive Mode) in the Spanish Language, when passing into English, is
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replaced by the corresponding objective pronoun (me, you, him, her, us,
them), followed by the verb in infinitive.
Finally, the complement that cited expression has is written.
Examples:
In Spanish:
*Quiero que me contestes ahora.
In English:
*I want you to answer me now.
(i wunt yi tu nser mi nu)
--------------------------------------------------------In Spanish:
*Espero que llegues temprano.
In English:
*I hope you to be on time /I hope you to be early.
(i jup yi tu bi on tim /i jup yi tu bi rli)
--------------------------------------------------------In Spanish:
*Quiero que me quieras como yo te quiero.
In English:
*I want you to love me how I love you.
(i wunt yi tu lov mi ju i lov iu)
--------------------------------------------------------In Spanish:
*Dime que quieres que (yo) haga.
In English:
*Tell me what you want me to do.
(tel mi jut yi wunt mi tu du)
---------------------------------------------------------
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ENCLOSE Number 7
A7.1. VERBS: GENERAL LIST (from Spanish into English)
Abandonar: to abandon, to leave.
Abrazar: to embrace.
Abrir: to open.
Absorber: to absorb.
Aburrir: to bore.
Acariciar: to caress.
Acceder: to agree (estar de acuerdo); to access (tener acceso a).
Aceptar: to accept.
Acertar: to succeed.
Aclarar: to clear up.
Acordar: to agree.
Acosar: to harass.
Acostarse: to go to bed (relativo a dormir).
Activar: to activate.
Acusar: to accuse.
Administrar: to manage, to administrate.
Adquirir: to acquire, to get.
Afanar: to toil.
Afanarse: to toil oneself.
Afectar: to affect.
Afeitar: to shave.
Afinar: to tune up.
Afirmar: to affirm.
Afligir: to afflict.
Aflojar: to loose, to loosen.
Agarrar: to catch, to get, to take.
Agitar: to shake, to agitate.
Agotar: to exhaust.
Agotarse: to get exhaust.
Agrandar: to enlarge.
Agredir: to attack.
Aguantar: to endure; to bear (soportar).
Ahogar: to drown.
Ahorrar: to save.
Ahuyentar: to scare away.
Ajustar: to adjust.
Alcanzar: to reach (llegar a)
Alimentar: to feed.
Alinear: to align.
Aliviar: to alleviate.
Amar: to love.
Amarrar: to hitch, to tie.
Amparar: to project.
Ampliar: to expand.
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Analizar: to analyze.
Animar: to encourage, to cheer (relativo a Dar nimo).
Apagar: to turn off, to turn out, to put off, to put out.
Aparentar: to pretend.
Aplicar: to apply.
Apoyar: to support.
Aprender: to learn.
Aprehender: to apprehend (rel. a tomar, asimilar)
Apretar: to press; to tighten.
Archivar: to file, to archive.
Armar: to assemble.
Arreglar: to fix, to repair.
Arrojar: to trot.
Asegurar: to assure, to affirm.
Asfixiar: to suffocate.
Asistir: to attend, to assist.
Asombrar: to amaze; to astonish.
Asustar: to frighten.
Atar: to tie up, to tie.
Atender: to wait on, to attend.
Atrapar: to trap, to catch, to capture.
Aumentar: to enlarge, to increase.
Avisar: to notify; to inform; to warn; to report on.
Ayudar: to help.
Bailar: to dance.
Bajar: to climb down, to descend.
Balancear: to swing, to balance.
Balancearse: to swing oneself.
Baar: to bathe.
Baarse: to take a bath, to get bathed.
Barrer: to sweep.
Beber: to drink.
Besar: to kiss.
Bloquear: to block.
Borrar: to erase, to delete.
Botar: to throw away.
Brillar: to shine.
Brindar: to offer.
Bromear: to joke, to tease, to make a joke.
Broncearse: to get suntanned.
Bucear: to dive.
Buscar: to search, to look for, to search for, to seek.
Calentar: to heat.
Callar: to silence, to shut up.
Calumniar: to calumniate.
Cambiar: to change.
Caminar: to walk.
Camuflar: to camouflage.
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Cantar: to sing.
Capturar: to capture, to catch.
Cargar: to carry, to load, to enter.
Casar: to marry, to get marry.
Castigar: to punish.
Cazar: to hunt.
Centrar: to center.
Ceir: to gird.
Cerrar: to close, to shut.
Charlar: to chat.
Chequear: to check.
Chillar: to scream.
Chismosear: to gossip.
Chupar: to suck.
Cocinar: to cook.
Coger: to catch, to take.
Colaborar: to collaborate.
Colgar: to hang.
Colocar: to put, to place.
Combinar: to combine.
Comenzar: to begin, to start.
Comer: to eat.
Comparar: to compare.
Compartir: to share.
Comprar: to buy.
Comprender: to comprehend, to understand.
Comunicar: to comunicate.
Conducir: to drive, to lead.
Confiar: to hope (rel. a tener esperanza), to trust (tener confianza en alguien).
Configurar: to configure.
Conquistar: to conquer.
Conseguir: to get, to obtain.
Conservar: to conserve, to keep.
Construir: to build.
Contar: to count, to tell.
Controlar: to control.
Convertir: to convert.
Cooperar: to cooperate.
Copiar: to copy.
Corregir: to correct.
Correr: to run.
Cortar: to cut.
Cosechar: to harvest.
Coser: to sew.
Crear: to create.
Creer: to believe, to think, to think so.
Cruzar: to cross.
Cultivar: to cultivate.
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Curar: to cure.
Daar: to damage.
Dar: to give.
Deber: to must (de obligacin), to owe (de deuda).
Debilitar: to weaken.
Decidir: to decide.
Decir: to say, to tell.
Declinar: to decline.
Deducir: to deduce.
Defecar: to do shit, to defecate.
Defender: to defend.
Dejar: to leave, to let, to abandon.
Derribar: to knock down.
Desactivar: to deactive.
Descansar: to rest, to take a rest.
Descomponer: to break down, to disassemble.
Desempacar: to unpack.
Desencriptar: to desencrypt.
Desenredar: to untangle.
Desenvolver: to unfold, to manage, to act.
Desgarrar: to tear off, to tear.
Deshacer: to undo.
Desinflar: to deflate.
Desinstalar: to uninstall.
Desintegrar: to desintegrate.
Deslizar: to slide.
Desmenuzar: to cut into pieces.
Desmontar: to disassemble, to climb down, to get down.
Desnudar: to strip.
Desnudarse: to strip oneself.
Desobedecer: to disobey.
Despedazar: to tear up, to tear off.
Destacar: to emphasize.
Destrozar: to destroy, to tear off
Destruir: to destroy.
Desvestir: to undress.
Desvestirse: to undress oneself.
Detener: to stop.
Dibujar: to draw.
Difamar: to defame.
Difundir: to diffuse, to cast
Digerir: to digest.
Dilatar: to dilate.
Disculpar: to excuse.
Discutir: to discuss.
Disear: to design.
Disfrutar: to enjoy
Disimular: to dissemble.
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Disminuir: to diminish, to reduce.

Disparar: to shoot.
Dispersar: to scatter.
Disponer: to arrange.
Distribuir: to distribute.
Divertir: to entertain.
Divertirse: to entertain oneself.
Dividir: to divide.
Doblar: to double, to turn
Donar: to donate.
Dormir: to sleep.
Drenar: to drain.
Durar: to last.
Echar: to throw, **Echar de menos (extraar): to miss.
Editar: to edit.
Elaborar: to elaborate, to make.
Elegir: to elect, to choose.
Eliminar: to eliminate, to delete.
Elogiar: to praise.
Empacar: to pack.
Empaar: to blur.
Empaquetar: to package.
Empezar: to begin, to start.
Empujar: to push.
Emular: to rival.
Encabezar: to head.
Encender: to light, to put on, to take on.
Encerrar: to enclose.
Encoger: to shrink.
Encontrar: to find.
Encriptar: to encrypt.
Enfurecer: to enrage, to get furious, to get angry.
Engaar: to declive.
Enlistar: to enlist.
Enredar: to entangle.
Ensear: to teach.
Ensuciar: to dirty, to do shit.
Entender: to understand.
Entrenar: to train.
Entristecer: to get sad.
Entristecerse: to get sad oneself.
Enviar: to send.
Envolver: to wrap.
Escapar: to escape.
Esconder: to hide.
Esconderse: to hide oneself.
Escribir: to write.
Escuchar: to listen.
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Ao: 2007
Espantar: to frighten.
Esperar: to wait for, to expect, to hope.
Espiar: to spy.
Esquiar: to ski.
Establecer: to stablish.
Estar: to be.
Estirar: to stretch.
Estirarse: to stretch oneself.
Estudiar: to study.
Evitar: to avoid.
Explorar: to explore.
Exponer: to expose.
Expresar: to express.
Exprimir: to squeeze.
Expulsar: to expel.
Extender: to extend.
Extenderse: to extend oneself.
Extraer: to extract.
Extraar: to miss.
Fallar: to fail.
Favorecer: to favor.
Felicitar: to congratulate.
Finalizar: to finalize, to finish, to end.
Fingir: to pretend.
Firmar: to sign.
Flaquear: to become weakened.
Formatear: to format.
Formular: to formulate.
Fornicar: to make love, to fuck, to fornicate.
Fortalecer: to fortify.
Fragmentar: to fragment, to divide.
Frenar: to brake.
Ganar: to win, to gain.
Gastar: to spend
Gemir: to moan.
Generar: to generate.
Girar: to turn.
Golpear: to hit.
Grabar: to record, to tape.
Gritar: to shout.
Guardar: to keep.
Guiar: to lead, to drive, to guide.
Gustar: to like.
Haber: to have.
Habitar: to inhabit.
Hablar: to speak, to talk.
Hacer: to do, to make.
Herir: to hurt.
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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
Huir: to flee, to escape, to run away.

Iluminar: to illuminate.
Imaginar: to imagine.
Imprimir: to print.
Incomodar: to disturb, to annoy, to bother.
Inducir: to induce.
Inflar: to inflate.
Inhalar: to inhale.
Iniciar: to initiate, to begin.
Insertar: to insert.
Instalar: to install.
Instruir: to instruct, to teach.
Intercambiar: to exchange.
Interpretar: to interpret.
Ir: to go.
Jugar: to play, to gamble
Juntar: to join.
Juntarse: to join oneself.
Justificar: to justify.
Lanzar: to throw.
Leer: to read.
Liberar: to free.
Licuar: to liquefy.
Liderar: to lead.
Limpiar: to clean.
Llamar: to call.
Llegar: to arrive, to get.
Llenar: to fill.
Llevar: to carry, to take, to bring.
Llorar: to cry.
Luchar: to fight.
Manejar: to handle, to drive (a car)
Mantener: to maintain, to keep.
Marcar: to mark.
Masticar: to chew.
Matar: to kill.
Matizar: to tint.
Maximizar: to maximize.
Mear: to do pis.
Mentir: to lie.
Meter: to put.
Minimizar: to minimize.
Mirar: to look, to look at.
Molestar: to bother, to annoy, to disturb, to tease.
Montar: to mount, to get on
Morder: to bite.
Mostrar: to show.
Multiplicar: to multiply.
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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
Murmurar: to whisper.
Nadar: to swim.
Narrar: to narrate, to tell.
Negar: to deny.
Notar: to note, to notice.
Obedecer: to obey.
Observar: to match, to observe.
Obtener: to obtain, to get.
Ocultar: to hide.
Ocupar: to occupy.
Ocurrir: to happen, to occur.
Odiar: to hate.
Or: to hear.
Oler: to smell.
Olfatear: to smell, to sniff, to detect.
Operar: to operate.
Oprimir: to press.
Ordenar: to order.
Organizar: to organize.
Orinar: to urinate (relativo a oxidar), to do pis (relativo a mear).
Oxidar: to oxidize.
Pagar: to pay, to pay for.
Parar: to stop.
Partir: to leave (relativo a salir, irse)
Pasear: to walk, to stroll.
Patear: to kick.
Patinar: to skate.
Pedir: to ask, to ask for.
Pegar: to hit.
Peinar: to comb.
Peinarse: to comb oneself.
Pelear: to fight.
Penalizar: to penalize.
Pensar: to think.
Perder: to lose.
Perdonar: to forgive.
Permitir: to permit, to let.
Perseguir: to chase, to pursue.
Personalizar: to personalize.
Pintar: to paint.
Pisar: to step.
Poner: to put.
Ponerse: to put oneself, to put on, to take on.
Portar: to bear, to behave.
Preguntar: to ask.
Preparar: to fix, to prepare.
Presionar: to press.
Probar: to test, to prove.
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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
Proponer: to propose.
Proteger: to protect.
Protestar: to protest.
Quebrar: to break.
Quemar: to burn.
Querer: to want, to love.
Quitar: to remove, to put aside.
Razonar: to reason.
Realizar: to carry out.
Rechazar: to reject.
Recibir: to receive.
Reconocer: to recognize.
Recortar: to trim, to cut out
Recostar: to recline.
Recostarse: to recline oneself.
Recuperar: to recover, to recuperate.
Recurrir: to resort.
Reducir: to reduce.
Reemplazar: to replace.
Referir: to refer, to tell.
Refrescar: to cool.
Regalar: to give.
Regar: to water, to diffuse.
Rehacer: to redo.
Rer: to laugh.
Renunciar: to quit, to give up (give up: darse por vencido).
Reparar: to fix, to repair.
Repetir: to repeat.
Replicar: to retort, to reply.
Reponer: to replace.
Reproducir: to reproduce.
Resaltar: to stand out.
Rescatar: to rescue.
Resolver: to solve, to resolve.
Respirar: to breathe.
Responder: to answer, to respond.
Restar: to reduce.
Restringir: to restrict.
Retirar: to retire.
Retirarse: to retire oneself.
Revisar: to check, to revise.
Reunir: to gather.
Reunirse: to gather oneself.
Revisar: to revise, to check.
Robar: to steal.
Rogar: to beg.
Romper: to break.
Saber: to know.
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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
Saborear: to savor.
Sacar: to remove, to put out, to get rid of
Sacudir: to shake.
Salir: to go out, to get out, to leave.
Saludar: to greet.
Salvar: to save.
Secuestrar: to kidnap.
Seguir: to go on, to follow, to continue.
Seleccionar: to select.
Sembrar: to sow.
Sentar: to sit.
Sentarse: to sit down.
Sentir: to feel.
Separar: to separate.
Ser: to be.
Significar: to mean, to signify.
Sobresalir: to excel.
Sobrevivir: to survive.
Solucionar: to solve.
Soar: to dream.
Soportar: to bear.
Sorber: to sip.
Subir: to rise.
Suceder: to happen.
Sumar: to add.
Sumergir: to submerge.
Sumergirse: to submerge oneself.
Suministrar: to supply.
Suprimir: to supress.
Susurrar: to whisper.
Teclear: to type.
Temblar: to tremble.
Tender: to spread.
Tenderse: to spread oneself.
Tener: to have.
Terminar: to finish, to end.
Tirar: to throw.
Tocar: to touch (rel. al tacto), to play (rel. a inst. musicales), to turn (turno).
Tomar: to take (rel. a coger, abordar), to drink (rel. a beber).
Torcer: to twist.
Tostar: to toast.
Traducir: to translate.
Traer: to bring, to take.
Tragar: to swallow
Tranquilizar: to calm down, to take it easy.
Trapear: to mop.
Trazar: to draw.
Triunfar: to triumph, to succeed.
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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
Trotar: to trot.
Trozar: to cut.
Unir: to unite, to join.
Usar: to use.
Vaciar: to empty.
Variar: to vary.
Vender: to sell.
Venir: to come.
Ventilar: to ventilate.
Ver: to see.
Vestir: to dress.
Vestirse: to dress oneself.
Viajar: to travel, to take a trip.
Vigilar: to watch.
Violar: to violate.
Virar: to turn.
Vivir: to live.
Volcar: to overturn.
Vomitar: to vomit.
Votar: to vote.
I expect this manual (English- Spanish) be useful for you to overcome little by little the barrier of these two
languages and that it contribute to improve the adaptation and/or joining to the irrepressible phenomenon
of the economical, cultural, political globalization
I hope you to be lucky, and also I want you to live in peace; have a good luck in your actions, in your
paths
Sincerely,
X.U. Chim Prez
Comments or suggestions, please, send to: cchimperz@gmail.com , chimaperez@yahoo.com.mx ,
xuchimperz@gmail.com , xuchimap@hotmail.com
Page 92
(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
NDEX
1. THE ALPHABET ......
2. THE NUMBERS
2.1. Cardinal numbers......
2.2. Ordinal numbers....
3. PREPOSITIONS.......
4. PRONOUNS......
4.1. Personal pronouns........
4.2. Objective pronouns...
4.3. Possessive pronouns ...............................
4.4. Pseudo reflexive in function of reflexive pronouns...
4.5. Possessive Adjectives..
5. ADVERBS OR INTERROGATIVE WORDS....
6. ADJECTIVES / DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS..
7. VERBS AND AUXILIARY EXPRESSIONS .
8. THE AUXILIARIES: Do, Does, Did, Will...
9. To BE Verb (ser o estar) in simple tenses (Indicative mode)....
9.1. To BE verb: questions and answers (affirmative and negative forms)..
10. THE TIME....
11. CONTRACTIONS...
12. DAYS OF THE WEEK, MONTHS OF THE YEAR, AND DATES...
12.1. Days of the week....
12.2. Months of the year...
12.3. Dates....
13. IDIOMS....
13.1. Idiomatical expressions with (to) BE verb...
13.2. Idiomatical expressions with (to) COME verb.....
13.3. Idiomatical expressions with (to) GET verb........
13.4. Idiomatical expressions (to) HAVE verb..
13.5. General idiomatical expressions................................
14. EXPRESSIONS OF EXISTENCE (There is, there was, there are, there were)...
15. TAG QUESTIONS (Questions of corroboration)..
16. To HAVE VERB (as auxiliary: HABER in Spanish)...
17. FIRST GENERAL VOCABULARY (complementary)...
18. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY..
19. CONJUGATIN OF VERBS (regular ones)......
20. SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF SOME NOUNS....
20.1. Regular plurals....
20.2. Irregular plurals....
21. IRREGULAR VERBS........
22. COMPLEMENTARY READING......
23. COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY......
24. SEASONS OF THE YEAR...
25. PASSIVE VOICE....
25.1. Simple passive voice......
25.2. Composed passive voice.......
26. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES (sentence patterns).....
27. ADJECTIVE (EXPRESSIONS AND/OR ADVERBS) OF COMPARISON .....................
27.1. Of superiority (superlatives)...
27.2. Of comparison (of increment and of equality)....
27.3. Of inferiority..
28. SAYINGS, PROVERBS AND IDIOMS....
29. USEFUL PHRASES (OR OF A COMMON USE).....
30. SIGNS, NOTICES, AND WARNINGS.
31. COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY (2)
32. THE ARTCLES (defined and undefined)...
33. UNDEFINED PRONOUNS AND EXPRESSIONS......
34. OPPOSITES
35. AFFIXES (prefixes, suffixes)....
36. PROGRESSIVE TENSES: present and past.....
37. NEXT FUTURE (be going to: ir a)...
38. SOME BASIC EXERCISES (AND/OR OF REINFORCEMENT ONES)...........
39. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ANNEXES...
Pg.
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
8
8
10
10
11
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
17
19
19
22
23
26
26
26
27
29
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
41
43
46
47
49
50
51
51
53
54
55
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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez
Ao: 2007
INDEX OF ANNEXES (ENCLOSES, ATTACHMENTS)

Pg.
ENCLOSE NUMBER 1.....
A1.1. PREPOSITIONS (examples)........
A2.1. AUXILIARY (defective) VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS: examples.........
A3.1. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS....
A3.1.1. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) BE VERB.............
A3.1.2. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) COME VERB...............................................................................
A3.1.3. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) GET VERB...................................................................................
A3.1.4. IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH (TO) HAVE VERB.....
A3.1.5. GENERAL IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS.....
A4.1. SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY......
A4.1.1. DATA PROCESSING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ....
A4.1.2. AUTOMOBILE'S PARTS (tools)....
A4.1.3. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY (Additional vocabulary).....
A5.1. PARTICULAR (COMBINED) EXPRESSIONS.......
A6.1. IMPERATIVE FORMS....
A6.1.1. Direct imperative form......
A6.1.2. Indirect imperative form..............
ENCLOSE NUMBER 7..................................................................................................................................................
A7.1. VERBS: GENERAL LIST...........................................................................................................................
56
56
62
62
64
64
64
67
68
69
70
74
74
74
75
76
78
78
79
79
79
80
82
82
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February 28th,

If this manual is useful for one more person,

C.A. Chim Prez

Lic. in Education: Spanish and Literature

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

GORK XAX MIZX SHTHARH

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

Mil (1000): one thousand (wun duzand).

2.2. Ordinal numbers

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

Our (ur): nuestro(s), nuestra(s) /(relative to we).

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

*Cmo est tu hermana? Cmo est su hermana?

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

These soldiers are brave.

CAN: poder (relative to competence to do something), saber.

8. THE AUXILIARIES: Do, Does, Did, Will

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

and they (third

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

DOES Auxiliary is utilized with: SHE, HE, IT (third singular person).

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

Will (shall) I have to work tomorrow?

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

*No, they are not.

10. THE TIME

*Its ten to five (its ten tu fiv): cinco menos diez.

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

[fftn mnits past (fter) zri]

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

12. DAYS OF THE WEEK, MONTH OF THE YEAR, AND DATES

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

To GET sick: enfermarse.

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

*Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ah (all, all).

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

There will be a party next week.

I love EARTH PLANET And you?

(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez

They want to buy a new house.

Ariadne loves country music.