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Chuyên Đề - So Sánh Bán Kính Nguyên Tử Giữa Nguyên Tử Và Ion
Chuyên Đề - So Sánh Bán Kính Nguyên Tử Giữa Nguyên Tử Và Ion
Chuyên Đề - So Sánh Bán Kính Nguyên Tử Giữa Nguyên Tử Và Ion
l 0,74 A v gia tm ca hai nguyn t clo l 1,98 A => rH = 0,37 A v rCl = 0,99 A .
i vi bn knh ca O, C v S chng hn, c th xc nh bng cch o khong cch O H, C Cl, H
S trong cc phn t H2O, CCl4 v H2S.
Bng cch hoc 1 vi cch khc ta c th xc nh c bn knh nguyn t ca hu ht cc nguyn
t. Ngi ta cn bit rng, trong mt phn t cng ha tr AB, di lien kt
A B gn bng mt na khong cch A A cng vi na khong cch B B.
V vy bit bn knh nguyn t, ta c th nh gi c mt cch gn ng
di lien kt ha hc.
Khi chi tc dng ca mt yu t, cc electron trong lp v c th b
tch ra khi nguyn t to thnh cc cation (ion dng) hoc nhn thm cc
electron (ion m). Qua mt nguyn t c th tn ti dng nguyn t hay
dng ion => C bn knh nguyn t v bn knh ion nguyn t.
Bn kinh ion nguyn t:
Khong cch gia 2 ht nhn ca cation v anion trong tinh th bng tng bn knh nguyn t ca
cation v anion. Bng thc nghim, khong cch gia cc cation v anion ca mt lot cc tinh th ion (bng
phng php nhiu x tia X, ph vi sng, ) ngi ta c th xc nh c bn kinh ca cc ion ring bit.
0
Li
Be
Bn knh, Ao
1.52
1.13
0.88
0.77
0.77
0.66
0.64
Hin tng co d, co f
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Bn knh, Ao
2.31
1.97
1.60
1.46
1.31
1.25
1.29
1.26
Nguyn t
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Bn knh, Ao
1.25
1.24
1.28
1.33
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.17
1.14
+ Trong mt nhm: Theo chiu tang dn ca in tch ht nhn (t trn xung di) trong mt nhm
bn knh nguyn t tang.
Gii thch: Theo chiu t trn xung di, tuy in tch ht nhn c tang nhng s lp electron cng
tang theo ln lm gim sc ht ca ht nhn vi cc electron => lm cho bn knh nguyn t tang ln.
Bn knh ion nguyn t
+ Bn knh ca cc cation bao gi cng nh hn bn knh ca cc nguyn t tng ng.
Gii thch: Khi electron b mt i th khng cn tng tc y ca n vi cc electron khc v cc
electron cn li trong nguyn t b ht mnh hn v pha ht nhn => lm cho bn knh ion b co li. S gim
kch thc ca ion c bit ln khi c lp electron ngoi cng b mt i.
*Cch gii thch su* Cation c hnh thnh do nguyn t mt electron hng s chn ca cc
electron gim in tch hiu dng ca ht nhn Z* tng bk Cation b hn bk nguyn t.
V d
Ti
Ti2+
Ti3+
V2+
V3+
V4+
r, Ao
1.46
0.90
0.69
1.31
0.88
0.71
0.60
*Cch gii thch su* Anion c hnh thnh do nguyn t nhn elctron hng s chn ca cc
elctron tng in tch hiu dng ca ht nhn Z* gim bk Anion ln hn bk nguyn t.
V d
N3-
O2-
F-
r, Ao
0.70
1.71
0.66
1.40
0.64
1.35
Ngoi vic so snh bn knh ca cc nguyn t vi nhau; gia cc ion vi nhau th trong nhiu bi tp
cn c s so snh v sp xp ca hn hp gia cc nguyn t v ion vi nhau. c th so snh c, ta cn
cn c vo c im ca s lp electron v in tch ca ht nhn nguyn t v ch vo mt s quy lut sau:
1. rcation < rnguyn t < ranion c to thnh t cng mt nguyn t.
2. Cc ion cng in tch v c cu to eletron tng t nhau: khi tng s lp v electron, bn knh s
tng. l trng hp ca cc ion cng in tch ca cc nguyn t cng phn nhm.
3. i vi cc ion ng electron (cng s electron): Bn knh gim khi tng in tch. Quy lut ny p
dng cho cc ion ca cc nguyn t cng chu k c in tch bng in tch ca nhm. S gim bn knh i
vi cc ion dng xy ra mnh hn.
4. Cc ion c lp v electron ca kh tr c bn knh ln hn cc ion c phn lp v d ngoi cng cha
bo ha.
V d: cc ion to thnh bi cc nguyn t chu k 4.
+
19K
Ion
2+
20Ca
3+
24Cr
2+
25Mn
3+
26Fe
0,63
0,80
0,64
27Co
3+
2+
28Ni
29Cu
2+
2+
30Zn
3s23p6
CH
Bn
knh
1,33
0,99
Cu hnh e kh tr
0,63
0,62
0,83
0,98
Cu hnh 18 e
i vi nhng ion cng in tch (in tch ion): s bin thin bk ion cng ging nh s bin thin
bk nguyn t.
5. Trong cng mt chu k, nhng ion cng in tch ca cc nguyn t d c bn knh gim dn. (hiu
ng gim bn knh ca cc ion ca cc nguyn t d cng c gi l "s co d" do s tng s electron trn phn
lp v (n-1)d.
V d:
Cation:
Mn2+
Fe2+
Co2+
Ni2+
rion:
0,80
0,74
0,72
0,69
6. Trong cng mt chu k, bn knh cc ion cng in tch ca cc nguyn t f cng gim dn. (s co f).
Khi lm bi tp so snh bn knh, chng ta cn tm ra phn c bn knh ln nht v nh nht la chn
v loi tr cc p n trong trc nghim.
BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1: Cho cc nguyn t Li (Z = 7), Cl (Z=17) , Na (Z=23) , F (Z=9). Bn knh ca cc ion c sp xp tng
dn theo th t no ?
A.Li+, Na+, F-, ClB. Li+, F-, Na+, ClC. F-, Li+, Cl-, Na+
D. F-, Li+, Na+, ClHng dn:
Gii thch:
+ Li+ : 1s2
+ Na+: 1s2 2s2 2p6
+ F-: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Clo c s lp electron nhiu nht nn bn knh ln nht. (Loi p n C)
Li chc chn c bn knh nh nht v s lp e nh nht (loi D)
So snh F - v Na+ :
Cc ion c cng s electron, in tch ht nhn tng nn bn knh nguyn t gim dn: F- > Na+
Vy p n ng l A: Li+ ,Na+ , F- ,Cl-.
Cu 2: Cho cc ion sau: 13Al3+, 12Mg2+, 11Na+, 9F- v 8O2-. Bn knh ca cc ion c sp xp tng dn theo th
t no ?
A. Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2-
Hng dn:
Ta thy Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, F-, O2- u c chung cu hnh l : 1s2 2s2 2p6.
Cc ion ng e (cng e): so snh in tch trong nhn, in tch cng ln => sc ht cng ln =>
bn knh cnh nh.
=>
Theo chiu tng dn R : Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2Theo chiu gim dn : O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+
Cu 3: So snh bn knh nguyn t v ion sau: (1) Mg ; (2) O2- ; (3) S ; (4) P ; (5) K+ ; (6) Al3+
A: 5 > 1 > 4 > 6 > 3 > 2
Hng dn:
(12 electron)
8O (10 electron)
B. K, Mg, Si v N
C. K, Mg, N v Si
D. Mg, K, Si v N
Cu 5: Cho nguyn t R, ion X2+ v ion Y2- c s electron lp v bng nhau. S sp xp bn knh nguyn t
no sau y l ng?
A. R < X2+ < Y2-
Cu 7: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: 3Li, 8O, 9F, 11Na c xp theo th t tng dn t tri sang phi
A. F, Li, O, Na.
B. F, Na, O, Li.
C. Li, Na, O, F.
D. F, O, Li, Na.
Cu 8: Bn knh cc nguyn t v ion xp theo th t tng dn
A. Al < Al3+< Mg
B. Al3+< Mg < Al
D. Al3+< Al< Mg
Cu 9: Cho Na+ (Z = 11), Mg2+ (Z = 12), O2- (Z = 8), F- (Z = 9). Bn knh cc ion gim dn theo th t:
A: Mg2+, Na+, F-, O2-.
B: Na+, Mg2+, F-, O2-.
C: F-, O2-, Na+, Mg2+.
D: O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+
Cu 10: Nguyn t no sau c bn knh ion nh hn bn knh nguyn t tng ng?
A. Nhm
B. Photpho
n+
C. Lu hunh
n+
D. Clo
2
Cu 12: X, Y, R, A, B theo th t l 5 nguyn t lin tip trong bng h thng tun hon. Tng intch ht
nhn l 90. Dy no sau y sp xp theo chiu tng dn bn knh nguyn t:
A. R, X2-, Y-, A+. B2+