Modern Welding Technology

Raimo Suoranta
Room 1215 F

Work environment

Welding technology

- Fumes
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- Noise
- Ergonomics
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Welding

-Processes
-Equipments
-Mechanization
-Automation
-Robotics
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Quality
assurance
-

Quality systems
Qualified welders
Testing

Metallurgy

- Base materials
- Filler materials
- Assistant
materials
- Weld
-

Design
- strength
calculations
- fatigue design
- DFM

Welding Symbols
SFS-EN ISO 2553 (2014)

Double sided butt preparations

Double sided preparations are normally made on thicker materials, or
when access form both sides is unrestricted

Double bevel (K)

Double

Double Vee (X)

Double U

Types of weld
Groove, butt weld

T-joint Fillet weld

T-joint, butt weld

Spot

Compound
Plug

Back weld
Edge

Welding drawings
For the purpose of simplification usual joints are
represented by symbolic representation
The symbolic representation shall give clearly all necessary
indications regarding the specific joint to be obtained
without over-burdening the drawing with notes or
showing an additional view
This symbolic representation includes an elementary
symbol, which may be completed by
a supplementary symbol
a means of showing dimensions
some complementary indications (for workshop drawings and
inspection)

Welding drawings
References should be made to specific instructions or
particular specifications giving all details of the
preparations of edges to be welded (brazed and
soldered) and welding procedures, rather than
showing these indications on the drawings of the
welded parts

Elementary symbols
The various categories of joints are characterized by
a symbol which, in general, is similar to the shape of
the weld to be made
The symbol shall not to be prejudge the process to
be employed
If the joint should not be specified but only be
represented that the joint will be welded, the
following symbol shall be used

NOT RECOMMENDED

Weld symbols
1.

Elementary symbols
Edge flanged weld

Square butt weld

Single-V butt weld

Single-bevel butt weld

Elementary symbols
Single V-butt weld with broad root face
Backing run/(back(ing) weld)

Single-bevel butt weld with broad root face

Fillet weld

Single U-butt weld

Plug weld (slot weld)

Single J-butt weld

Elementary symbols
Steep-flanked single V butt weld
Spot weld
Steep-flanked single bevel butt weld

Seam weld
Edge weld

Overlay

Elementary symbols (rarely used)

Surface joint

Inclined joint

Fold joint

Elementary weld symbols

Root welds

Specified root reinforcement

Elementary weld symbols

Fillet weld

Elementary weld symbols

Spot weld

Seam weld

Elementary weld symbols

Edge weld

Surfacing

Combinations of elementary symbols

The elementary symbols are to be combined for
welding from both sides in such a manner arrangin the
applicable elementary symbols symmetrical to reference
lie
Fillet weld

Double bevel

Double V

Double J

Double U

NOTE: For symmetric welds dashed

line is not used

Position of the symbols on drawings

An arrow line (1) per joint
A dual reference line, consisting of to parallel
lines, one continuous (2a) and one dashed (2b)
Elementary and suplementary symbols (3)
A certain number of dimensions
References (5) (optional)

(3)

(2a)
1
Joint

(2b)

(5)
(Lower/upper

Tail (optional)

WPS
Sequence of information in the tail
Process (as per ISO 4063)
Acceptance level (as per ISO 5817 or ISO 10042)
Working position (as per ISO 6947)
Filler materials (as per ISO 544 or ISO 2560 or ISO 3581)

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Position of the reference line

The reference line shall be drawn parallel to the

bottom edge of the drawing, or if impossible
perpendicular

Position of the reference line

The symbol is placed on the continuous line side
of the reference line if the weld (weld face) is on
the arrow side of the joint
The symbol is placed on the dashed line side if
the weld (weld face) is on the other side of the
joint

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Examples of application
Weld on the arrow side
Arrow side
Other side

Examples of application
Weld on the other side

Arrow side
Other side

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Examples of application
Weld on the other side
Other
side

Arrow
side

Examples of application
Weld on both sides

Arrow side

Other side

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Broken arrow lines

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Examples of application
Where is the weld?

Symmetry in welding drawings

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The weld all-around symbol, added at the junction of the arrow and
reference lines, may be used to designate a continuous weld, single
or double-sided, extending around a series of connected joints

The weld all-around symbol shall not be used if:

a) the weld does not start and end at the same point, i.e. it is not continuous;
b) the weld type changes, for example from a fillet weld to a butt weld;
c) the dimensions change, for example the nominal throat thickness of a fillet
weld. In this case, each weld shall be identified using a separate welding
symbol;

On site welds

Weld between two points

The weld between two points symbol may
be used to designate a continuous weld, of
the same type, extending between two
points

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Multiple reference lines

1 first operation
2 second operation
3 third operation

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Dimensioning of welds
The dimension that locates the weld in relation to the
edge of the sheet shall not appear in the
symbolization but on the drawing
Main dimensions to be shown
The main dimensions relative to the cross-section are
written to the left-hand side of the symbol (before)
Longitudinal dimensions are written after the symbol

The absence of any indication following the symbol signifies that

the weld is to be continuous over the whole length of the
workpiece

Concave

Toes blended smoothly

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Two or more arrow lines may be combined with a single

reference line to indicate the locations of identical welds

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a5

Fillet weld
a-throat
z-leg
The letter, s, shall be placed in front of
the required deep penetration throat
thickness placed in front of the nominal
S8a6

In the absence of any cross-sectional

dimension, butt welds shall always be full
penetration
Butt weld

s II

s II
s

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Classifying steels, principal

symbols
EN

Definition of steel classes,

SFS-EN 10020

Non alloy steels

Non alloy steels are steel grades in which none of the
limit values is reached by the contents as defined in
table 1

Stainless steels
Stainless steels are steels with at least 10,5 % of
chromium and max.1,2 % of carbon

Other alloy steels

Other alloy steels are steel grades not complying with
the definition of stainless steels in which at least one of
the limit values in table 1 is reached

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Boundary between non alloy and alloy steels

Table 1
Al
B
Cr
Cu
Mn
Mo
Ni
Si
V

% by mass
0,30
0,0008
0,3
0,4
1,65
0,08
0,3
0,6
0,10

Classification of main quality classes

Non alloy steels
Non alloy quality steels
Non alloy quality steels are steel grades which, in general,
have specified property requirements (toughness)

Non alloy special steels

Higher degree of cleanness than quality steels particularly in
respect of non-metallic inclusions
In most cases they are intended for consistent response to
different treatments
Precise control of chemical composition and special care in
manufacture and process control

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Classification of main quality classes

Stainless steels
Steels with at least 10,5 % of chromium and max.1,2 %
of carbon

Steel names and principal symbols

Named by steel manufacturer
Coding by the standard in force
Coding by old standards
Coding by standards of different economic
regions
Nicknames given by users in e.g. machine
shops

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SFS-EN 10027-1
Designation systems for steels. Steel names
There shall be one unique steel name for each
steel
Steel names are classified into two main groups
Steel castings are preceded by the letter G

Classification of steel names

1.

2.

For the purposes of designation, steel names

are classified into two main categories
Steels designated according to their application
and mechanical or physical properties
Steels designated according to chemical
composition

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Symbols, EN 10027, group 1

Steels designated according their application and
mechanical/physical properties

S, structural steels
P, steels for pressure purposes
L, steels for linepipe
E, engineering steels
Followed by a number being the specified minimum
yield strength in N/mm2

Symbols, EN 10027, group 1 (continue)

B steels for
reinforcing concrete

Y steels for prestressing concrete

R steels for or in the

form of rail

followed by a number being the

characteristic yield strength in N/mm2
followed by a number being the
minimum tensile strength in N/mm2
followed by specified minimum
Brinell hardness

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Definition and classification of steel

According to the chemical composition
Non-alloy steels
Percentage content of each alloy element is below its nominal
limit

Stainless steels
C-percentage content < 1,2 and Cr-percentage content >10,5 %

Other alloy steels

Steels that are not stainless steels, and at least percentage
content of one alloying element is above nominal

Symbols, EN 10027, group 2

Steels designated according their chemical
composition
1. (Non-alloy steels (except free-cutting steels),
with an average manganese content < 1%)
letter C
a number being 100 x the specified average
percentage carbon content

Common grade

C45

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Symbols, EN 10027, group 2 (continue)

2.

(Non-alloy steels with an average manganese

content > 1 %, non-alloy free cutting steels and alloy
steels (except high speed steels) where the content,
by weight, of every alloying element is < 5 %)
a number being 100 x the specified average percentage
carbon content
chemical symbols indicating the alloy elements that
characterize the steel. The sequence of symbols shall be in
decreasing order of the value of their content
numbers indicating the values of contents of alloy elements.
Each number represents, respectively, the average
percentage content of the element indicated multiplied by a
certain factor

Typical grade

34 CrNiMo 6-4

FACTORS
Cr, Ni, Mn
Mo, V, Al
S
B

4
10
100
1000

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Symbols, EN 10027, group 2 (continue)

3.

Alloy steels (except high speed steels) where

the content by weight, of at least one alloying
element is > 5 %

the letter X
a number being 100x the specified
average carbon content
chemical symbols indicating the alloy
elements that characterize the steel. The
sequence of symbols shall be in decreasing order of
the value of their content
numbers indicating the values of contents of alloy
elements. Each number represents, respectively, the
average percentage content of the element indicated
rounded to the nearest integer

Typical grade

X3CrNiMo 18-10-3

NO FACTORS

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High speed steels

HS
PM = Powder metallurgy (where necessary)
Alloy element content
n-n = numbers, separated by hyphens, indicating percentage
content (rounded) of alloy elements in the following order
tungsten (W)
molybdenum (Mo)
vanadium (V)
cobalt (Co)

HS2-9-1-8

Additional symbols

For structural steels

impact strength J, K, L corresponding 27, 40 and 60 J
testing temperature R, O, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
S355J2

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