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Igartua v. United States, 1st Cir. (2011)
Igartua v. United States, 1st Cir. (2011)
Before
Lynch, Chief Judge,
Torruella, Boudin, Lipez, Howard and Thompson,
Circuit Judges.
___________________________
ORDER OF COURT
Entered: August 4, 2011
Plaintiffs-appellants
Gregorio
Igarta
and
other
Intervenor Commonwealth of
First
Circuit
Internal
Operating
Procedure
Pursuant
X(C),
the
The
Id. at 150.
into
doubt, but
the Supreme
-2-
Court
has expressly
See Medelln v.
Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346, 1356 (2008) (quoting Igarta III, 417 F.3d
at 150).
We believe Igarta III was correctly decided and no
majority of this court can, in consequence, exist for any outcome
other than affirmance of dismissal of the case.
Fed. R. App. P.
Circuit
rehearing en banc.
Judge,
concurring
in
the
denial
of
the panel majority in this case, which concluded that the issues
are governed by our en banc decision in Igarta de la Rosa v.
United States, 417 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2005).
I had dissented in the en banc case.
In that case, I
thought
that
language
in
the
text
of
Article
25
Senate's
executing.
the
Supreme
declaration
that
the
treaty
is
not
self-
has
provided
further
guidance
in
treaty
-3-
relied
extensively
on
other
interpretive
sources,
consistent and strongly held views of the Executive and the Senate
that the ICCPR is not self-executing.
As a result, it is not
the
plaintiff,
question right.
the
panel's
lead
opinion
plainly
got this
see
Igarta,
417
F.3d
at
184-185
(Howard,
J.,
constitutional
power
with
respect
to
Congressional
-4-
to
block3
consideration
by
the
full
court
of
the
Cf. Igarta v. United States, 626 F.3d 592, 612 n.21 (1st
Cir. 2010) (Torruella, J., dissenting) (Igarta IV).
-5-
Article 25, ICCPR: "Every citizen shall have the right and
the opportunity . . . : (a) To take part in the conduct of public
affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives; [and]
(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which
shall be by universal and equal suffrage."
7
importance"
because
they
implicate
fundamental
am
sorry
to
say
that
the
vote
against
en
banc
to
disparage
these
rights,
and
to
prevent
their
The
Article 2(2), ICCPR: The United States agrees "to take the
necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes
and with the provisions of the present Covenant, to adopt such laws
or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights
recognized in the present Covenant."
9
alleged
infringement
meticulously scrutinized."
(1964) (emphasis added).
must
be
carefully
and
are
procedural
not
of
"exceptional
crossroads,
the
importance."
merits
of
this
Yet,
at
controversy
this
are
of
the
panel
decision's
result
is
when,
and
if,
-8-
proposition
which,
submit,
clearly
fits
the
This is
fundamental
10
present petitions.
grand total of ten cases in the last five years, although none has
been granted in the last two years.12
cases heard during this period represents less than 1% of the 914
petitions presented, with granted en banc petitions amounting to an
infinitesimal proportion of the total of 10,372 appeals presented
during the same period and through March 31 of this year.
A perusal of the issues raised in the cases in which we
granted en banc review during this five-year period is of use in
12
2011 n/a
2010 n/a
2009 SEC v. Tambone, 597 F.3d 436 (1st Cir. 2010)
United States v. Textron, 577 F.3d 21 (1st Cir.
2009)
2008 Aronov v. Napolitano, 562 F.3d 84 (1st Cir. 2009)
United States v. Giggey, 551 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2008)
2007 United States v. Santiago, 519 F.3d 1 (Cir. 2008)
2006 Carcieri v. Kempthorne, 497 F.3 15 (1st Cir. 2007)
Castaeda-Castillo v. Gonzalez, 488 F.3d 17 (1st
Cir. 2007)
Narragansett Indian Tribe v. Rhode Island, 449 F.3d
16 (1st Cir. 2006)
United States v. Scherrer, 444 F.3d 91 (1st Cir.
2006)
United States v. Jimenez-Beltre, 440 F.3d 514 (1st
Cir. 2005)
-11-
point, I will briefly describe the issues raised in just the last
four granted en banc petitions.
was
misleading
whether
defendant
prospectus
underwriters'
statements
use
constituted
of
the
false
and
"making
of
2009), the issue was the right of the IRS to engage in discovery
regarding "tax accrual work papers," which were claimed to be the
work product of counsel in contemplation of litigation.
In Aronov
v. Napolitano, 562 F.3d 84, 85-86 (1st Cir. 2009), the question was
whether undue delay by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service
in processing a citizenship application, thus requiring legal
action by the applicant, entitled the prospective citizen to
recover attorney fees against the government under the Equal Access
to Justice Act.
-12-
Judge Winter in Falwell v. Flynt, 805 F.2d 484, 489 (4th Cir. 1986)
(Winter, C.J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc), rev'd
on other grounds, 108 S. Ct. 876 (1988), is apropos: "Why, when the
court has freely granted rehearings in banc in recent years in many
cases
less
significant,
it
declines
to
do
so
here,
is
of
roulette
wheel
operated
by
chance."
Beatty
v.
Chesapeake Ctr, Inc., 835 F.2d 71, 75 n.1 (4th Cir. 1987) (en banc)
(Murnaghan, J., concurring).
Whether a question meets the standard of "exceptional
importance" should be determined by objective criteria,13 and should
not
depend
13
--
as
some
have
suggested
--
on
whether
it
is
which we have granted or denied en banc review one cannot help but
wonder if those are the criteria that are prevalent in this circuit
when considering en banc petitions.
as
those
presented
by
in
the
to,
and
from
the
standpoint
of
the
rights
of
the
result
reached
threatens
potentially
serious
and
Int'l Olympic
Comm. v. San Francisco Arts & Athletics, 789 F.3d 1319, 1320 (9th
Cir. 1986) (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en
banc). Judge Easterbrook has said that "the questions of principle
glossed over by the panel's opinion are far more important than the
outcome of th[e] case, and they are worth the extra judicial time
14
Cir.
1987)
(Easterbrook,
rehearing en banc).
J.,
dissenting
from
denial
of
This much is
16
question.").
See statement
ago
by
academic
alchemists
at
noted
Northeastern
18
20
553 U.S. 723, 758 (2008) ("It may well be that over time the ties
between the United States and any of its unincorporated Territories
[have]
strengthen[ed]
in
ways
that
are
of
constitutional
changes that have taken place in the composition of this court since
Igarta III was decided, should counsel convening a new en banc
court to allow the expression of views on these exceptionally
important questions from all the present members of this court.
As stated in my separate panel opinion, see Igarta IV,
626 F.3d at 612 (Torruella, J., concurring in part; dissenting in
part), although I am of the view that Article I, Section 2 of the
-18-
Although
this may seem at first glance a mere theoretical topic for academic
discourse not directly at issue in this appeal, in fact this is a
key matter in considering the failure of the United States to comply
with
its
treaty
obligations
under
the
ICCPR.23
Stated
more
22
U.S. Const. art. IV, Sec. 3: "Congress shall have the Power
to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting
the Territory and other Property belonging to the United States;
and nothing in the Constitution shall be construed as to Prejudice
any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State."
-19-
joint
opposing
opinion
makes
much
of
what
it
See Medelln
v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491, 505 (2008) (citing Igarta III, 417 F.3d at
25
150).
argument,
further
foundation.
analysis
shows
that
it
rests
on
shaky
with the Vienna Convention and not the ICCPR, and so any reference
to the latter is at best dicta.
states
"while
treaties
'may
comprise
international
26
at
189
(Howard,
J.,
dissenting),
"a
court
must
conduct
an
The
with respect to the ICCPR because this was not an issue before the
Court.
is
administration
now
of
beyond
cavil
treaty
are
that
matters
the
interpretation
within
the
and
exclusive
The Paquete
552
U.S.
at
562
(explaining
-22-
that
"explicit
See also
textual
summarily
discussing
these
issues,
some
courts,
text
or
history
of
the
ICCPR,
or
of
the
domestic
legal
Had
they done so, they would have discovered that the Senate did not
express "reservations" about Articles 2 and 25 of the ICCPR.28
They
28
29
the Land; only reservations are part of the treaty and become the
Law of the Land.
In
short, had this court given these issues the attention they deserve,
they would have found that the petitioners are entitled, as a matter
of domestic law, to a declaratory judgment stating that the United
States is in violation of its obligations under the ICCPR.
Even, however, if the relevant portions of the ICCPR are
not self-executing -- that is, even if they do not create a private
cause of action -- I believe that would not preclude a federal court
from issuing a declaratory judgment stating that the United States
is in violation of its obligations under the ICCPR.
Treaties have
See Whitney
314
(1829)
(describing
"import[ing] a contract").
the
terms
of
some
treaties
as
suggest
that
ratification
of
treaty,
no
Such a view
matter
how
I, for
ante.
31
declaration
of
United
States
law,
including
13 Cl. Ct. 667 (1987) ("Juda II"); Juda v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct.
441 (1984) ("Juda I").
Finally, I must respectfully disagree with Judge Howard's
claim that the Supreme Court's recent opinion in Abbott v. Abbott,
130 S. Ct. 1983 (2010), is at all helpful in resolving this case.
Judge Howard suggests that Abbott somehow enhanced the significance
of the views of the executive on the status of a treaty. Abbott did
no such thing.
I agree
under the ICCPR provide this court with principled grounds for
correcting this intolerable stigma of inequality, this avenue is
foreclosed and blocked by those who are entrenched on the wrong side
of history. By their veto, the opponents of en banc review continue
to support the outdated anachronisms that maintain the United States
citizens of Puerto Rico in their pervasively undemocratic and "un-
-28-
American" condition.
Fed. R. App. P.
the
few
matters
that
facially
meet
the
"exceptional
Motion to Intervene, at 4.
32
that three of my colleagues have shut the door on review by the full
court.
believed the panel could not properly reconsider issues that were
decided by the full court as part of our 2005 en banc ruling that
Puerto Rico citizens did not have the right to vote in presidential
elections.
I emphasized in my
of
the
plaintiffs'
claims
of
entitlement
to
issues
that
would
be
addressed
were
either
not
Banc, at 6.
-31-
The question,
right
to
others.
contemplated in 2005.
That
is
not
question
that
even
was not self-executing and thus did "not adopt any legal obligations
binding as a matter of domestic law."
150.33
Id.
Judge
33
dissenting).34
I did not at the time appreciate the appropriateness of
Judge Howard's focus because I did not contemplate the possibility
that
the
residents.
Constitution
might
permit
enfranchising
Puerto
Rico
Judge
Torruella
argues
forcefully
the
surrounding
34
Judge Howard explained that the Senate's non-selfexecution declaration concerning the domestic effect of
the ICCPR was "in reality[] an attempt to legislate
concerning the internal implementation of a treaty,"
which the Senate lacked the power to do. Igarta III,
417 F.3d at 190-91 (dissenting opinion). Judge Howard
noted that the declaration was therefore "merely an
expression of the Senate's view of domestic policy . . .
[with] no domestic effect." Id. at 191.
Igarta IV, 626 F.3d at 610 n.19.
-33-
confront
it.
The
Supreme
Court
has
recently
confirmed
that
obligation
to
decide
questions
of
"exceptional
35
The Commonwealth,
in the case was the former Solicitor General of the United States.
The United States was ably represented by the Department of Justice.
In addition, as we have done in other en banc proceedings involving
questions of exceptional importance, we could have invited amicus
participation from legal scholars, historians, and other interested
parties.
have
received
from
this
court
the
respectful
-35-
Their
It arises from a
threshold
permits
question
Congress
to
in
this
extend
case
voting
whether
rights
to
the
the
The critical
"exceptional importance."
-36-
By the Court:
/s/ Margaret Carter, Clerk
36