' 2012

ISBN: 978-960-337-111-3

Copyright 2012

, , ( 3 . 2121/1993).


, ,


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,
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. 1981 2000 -
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, ...
. 3611.2/05/05/16-12-2005 ( 1942 /30-12-2005
169 /13-02-2006),
....
 27
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. (1955-1959) , . (1957-1970) , . (1955-1983)
, . (1955-1984) . . , . (1970-2003) . ,
. (1958) /, . (1959-1966) /, / . ., . . (1967-
1969) , / . ., . (1967-1969) , . (1969-1971)
., / . ., . (1971-1972) .., / . .,
. (1972-1974) .., / . ., . (1974-1977)
.., / . ., . (1977) .., / . -
., . (1977-1979) .., / . ., . (1979-1981) . .,
/ . ., . (1981-1982) .., / . ., . (1982-
1984) .., / . ., . . (-2008) . (1984-
1986) .., / . ., . (1986-1988) .., / . .,
. (1988-1989) .., / . ., . (1989)
.., / . ., . (1989-1992) .., / . ., . (1992-
1993) .., / . ., . (1993-1994) .., / . ., .
(1994-1995) .., . (1995-1996) .., / . ., . -
(1996-1998) .., / . ., . (1998-2000) .., /
. ., . (2000-2001) .., / . ., . (2001) ..,
/ . ., . (2001-2003) .., / . ., . (2003-
2004) .., / . ., . (2003-2004) .., / . -
., . (2004-2005) .., / . ., . (2005-2008) ..,
/ . ., . (2008-2009) .., / . ., . (2009-
2011) .., / . ., . (2011-2012) .., / . ..


/ARPA
.
.. (..)

2012


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(Automatic Radar Plotting Aids).

, , ,
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(/)
-ARPA.
, , ,
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,
/ /-' 3615.1/01/07
9/7/2007, .
, 1972,
STCW 1995 (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watch Keeping for
seafarers) (International Maritime Organization
resolutions), ARPA,
.
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( model courses).
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[ . , COLREGS
72USCG, Ships RouteingIMO Resolution A. 572(14) ..]
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.


1. .




,
, .
18 ,
1910.
,
, 1954.
, o , -
(International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea) 1948
1954.
,
, ,
. 1960 IMCO
(International Maritime Consultative Organization), 1982 IMO (International
Maritime Organization), , -
1965.
, 1972,
1960 -
1972,
72, International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea (COLREGS 1972).
72
,
.
72, 1977 1981, 1987,
1989, 1993, 2001 2007.
.. 93/74 ( 293 /74) .. 94/77 (
30 /77) 15-7-77. , -
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, .
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.

.
38 (sections):
1) ': ( 13)
2) B': ( 419)
3) ': ( 2031)
4) ': ( 3237)
5) ': / ( 38)
, , -
-, :
1) : .
2)
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3)
 : - .
 V: , .
4)
 11

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) . , -
25() 18() () 25 ()
18 .
) , .
.
, ,
:
1) - (route monitoring),
(, , ..) .
, ,
(Course Over Ground-COG) (Speed Over Ground-
SOG).
2) (anticollision)
.
(heading),
(Speed Through the Water-STW).
-
(heading)
.
-
(course) (speed).
, .
:
1) 8, 1119, 27 34,
, , -
, 9 10 (COG),
.
2) 8 1119 , (STW),
9 10 (SOG).

.


heading COG.

, -
- .
- (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid-ARPA)
Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) .
5.7, 5.7.1, 5.7.2,
5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.18, 5.29, 7.8.2, 7.8.3 7.14.3 .
 '
1.1 .

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1() , .

1) [ 1()].
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, UNCLOS 1982 -
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2) [ 1()].
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 13

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72 .
(Inland Navigation Rules
1980), , ,
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3) [ 1()].
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-
, II ,
[. . 1.26(5)].

()  ,
. 1()

4) [ 1()].

 14

() 1(), . IMO -
,
, (. 1.10 . 2).

()  -
1() ,
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5) [ 1()].
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1() , 72, , , -
,
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 15

1.2 .

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72,
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2, ( ):

2: .
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1) [ 2()].
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 16

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 17

1.3 .

3, 13 ( ), ,
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3: .
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()  -
, WIG , - 3()
.

1) [ 3(a)].
(vessel)
. (non-displacement craft)
, , -
, .
(hydrofoils) (air cushion vehicles). ,
(non-displacement mode) ,
- .

() .
3()

2) [ 3()].
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(power-driven vessel).
, -
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25() .
, , :
1) .
2)
3) .
,
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()  ,
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3) (sailing vessel) [ 3()].

O , .
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25() (. ), -
.
 18

()  , ,
3() , .
() ,
.

4) [ 3()].
O
-
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, -
, (vessel engaged in
fishing). ,
18()(iii), -
26.

() , .
3()

5) [ 3()].
,
/ . (seaplanes) , float planes
flying boats. hydroplanes.
, 18().

()  , ,
3()
-
.

6) [ 3()].
, , -
, , . , -
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,
(vessel not under command)
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:
1) .
2) .
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 19

,
, 27()
.

()  ,
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.
, , :
(i)  , ,
.
(ii)  ,
.
(iii)  ,
, .
(i)  .
()  .
(i)  ,
,
.

7)
 [ 3()].

.
18, .
(vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre), -
3()[(i) (vi)].
,

(.. ). , -
,
3()(iii).
,
27 35,
.
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.

()  ,
, 3()
.

8) [ 3()].
(vessel constrained
by her draught), ,
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1) ,
2) .
 20

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-
(under keel clearance).
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18. ,
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(traffic separation scheme),
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28. , ,
35.
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.

() 
3() .

9) [ 3()].
(underway),
. :
(making way), -
() (making no way through the water),
35() 35().
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1) .
2) (heading)
.
3) -.
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 21

() .
3()

10) [ 3()].
(length) (breadth) -
.
. .

() 
. 3()

11) [ 3()].
,
' 72, . '
11 18 ,
' 19 .

()  , -
, , , , , 3()
.

12) (restricted visibility) [ 3()].

O ,
(in sight of one another),
. , -
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, (stopping
characteristics) . , , -
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()  Wing-In-Ground (WG) ,
, surface 3()
effect.

13)
 WIG [ 3()].
, ,
(. 1.3).
22

, -
-

.
ground surface effect
Ground Effect Vehicle (GEV).
WIG (Wing-In-Ground) -

, -
18()
, -
31.
WIG , . 1.3
- WIG.
.
 23

'

1.4 4 .

4 ' 72,
5 10 ,
.

4: .
-
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1.5  .

5, -
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5: .
(look-out), -
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S), VHF ...
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, (watch keeping)
(. . 1.43.1).
,
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(Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping of seafarers STCW) 1978, -
(. . 4):
1) VIII, 2 STCW
(-) .
2) VIII, 3.1 13-16 ' STWC,
24

, .
3) VIII, 3.1 ' STCW,
, -
.

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 25

1.6  .
, -
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(i) .

1) H [ 6()].
, -
26

.
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2) [ 6()].
(safe speed) .
(moderate speed),
. , , -
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3) [ 6()].
(at all times).
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4)
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5) [ 6()].
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(within a distance appropriate), ,
.
,
(moderate speed), ,
 27

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, 1 (..), 1/2 ..
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20 (knots). -
, , , -
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,
[. . 1.19(5)].
,
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6, .

6)
 [-
6()].
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6 . ,
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, , (Speed Over
Ground SOG), (Speed Through the Water STW).
SOG
- .
6()
. :
1) , -
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2) , -
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, (STW), -
 28

. ,
,
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3) (stopping distance)
(SOG), (turning circle) ,
.
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- (maneuverability)
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(bank effect) (interaction forces)
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4) ( )
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(i) , () .
(ii) , .
(iii)  ,
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() , , .
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7)
 ,
[ 6()].
6()
 29

6(), .
(operational radar) . -
, , -
, 5 ,
7, .
:
1) , , -
, -
.
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display Information System),
ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid)
GPS (Global Position System).
, .
2) , -
. , ,
,
.
3) T , , -
, , ,
- (closest point of approach)
ARPA
.
4) ARPA, 10.000 -
(..), SOLAS IMO,
, , ,
.
,
- . ,
,
,
[. 1.7.1(3)].
ARPA, .
, -
STCW.
,
, .
, -,
, -
- (. . 6.2 6.3) :
1) X band ( 9,3 9,5 GHz
3 cm), , , -
, -
. ,
, -,
.
2) S band ( 3 GHz 10 cm)
-
sea, rain clutter ( ).
, , -
30

,
sea-rain clutter, , , X band.
3) anti-clutter ,
, ,
. , sea-rain clutter,
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,
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-.
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(SOG) ,
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:
1) , ,
-
.
 31

2) , -
ARPA, ,
.
3) , ,
, , -
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.
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(traffic lane) ,
.
,
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.

1.6.1 .
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2)
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3) SOG STW SOG
STW .
4) , -
.
5)
.
6) , -
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8) , -
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32

1.7 .

7 72,
5 6, -
.
5, 6, 7 , -
. , , -
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8, 16 17 . ,
7 ,
19,
, .
,
(when risk of collision exists).
, (. 1.7 . 1.8.2):
1) 1,
(collision avoidance funnel), ,
. -
, , ,
, .
2) 2, , -
. , (headings)
(STW), , -
, . ,
(stand on vessel)
-
(give-away vessel), 16 17.
3) 3 , ,

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17()(ii) 17().
4) 4,
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5) 5 ,
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3 4. , :
, 2 (. 1.7).

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 33

()

5

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3

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. 1.7
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5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 18 19,
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1.7.1 7.
7, ,
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 34

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1.7, , ( 72), -
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7: .
()  ,
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1)  -
[ 7()].


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5, , .
,
, :
1) , , -
.
2) , .
3) ARPA , ,
-, , -
(Predicted Point of Collision PPC), (Predicted Area of
Danger PAD), () (Closest Point of Approach
CPA), (tracking history) .. (. . 7.3 7.4),
.
4) S ,
,
ARPA, -.
, AIS, -
, AIS , AIS.
5) VHF, -
, -
(),
, , , -
. ,
,
 35

,
.
6) ,
(Vessel Traffic System VTS), -
, .

2)
 -
[ 7()].
, 7()
.
, , -
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,
,
. ,
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2 (. 1.7) -
,
, ( 3 4),
(. 1.7).
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ARPA, ECDIS ,
, , -
.
, , -
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, -
, ,
.

()  , .
, 7()
-
.

3) [ 7()].
:
1) -
.
2) -
, -
.
 36

3) (stabilized display) ,
, (north up) [. 5.5.2(2)],
(course up) [. 5.5.2(3)]. -

.
( ) , [.
5.5.2].
4) (sea stabilization)
(true motion) (relative motion) , -
, -
, (. 5.7,
5.7.1, 5.7.4 6.10). (. 5.5, 5.5.1 5.5.2(4), 5.7.4, 5.18
5.30), , , (
), - -
. ,
.
,
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-
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( ), .
, .

5.7.4, 5.8, 5.8.1, 5.10 5.18. ( ), -
, - , .
(reflection plotter) (. 5.16
5.27), .
, , -
. 7() -
, , -
, ,
, ARPA,
SOLAS (. . 7.1). ,
, ,
- (CPA).

()  , -
7() , , ,
.

4)
 .
, ,
, -
, .
, 1.7, .
10 8 .., .
1 10 .. +1 8 .., ,
. 1,
 37

+1 , .L. ( )
-
2,2 .. . 10 ..
_1 +1
+1
1, _1 +1
8 ..
- -
2,2 .. .

-
,
. 2,2 ..
, 1
, ,

. 1.7
.
.

( ) -
-
, (close quarter situation).
, ,
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.
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,
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,
AIS,
, , ,
.
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(, ) (scanty
information), . , ,
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, , ,
, .

()  , , -
, : 7()
(i)  ,
.
(ii) 
. -
.
38

5)
 , , -
[ 7()].
[. 1.7.1(1), 1.7.1(2) 1.7.1(3)] ,

.
7()(i), , -
,
, .
7(), , -
,
.
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6,
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2)
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 39

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3)
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.
4) , -
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5) 7
.
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7) ,

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40

1.8 .
13, 14, 15, 16 17,
-
, :
,
.
,
,
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). ,
:
1) .
2) .
3) , .
, -
- .
2, ,
,
.

(13, 14, 15, 16, 17). , -
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5 () 7 ( ),
2,
, . 8 -
. , ,
-
,
, 8.
(. ), 8
, (heading) (STW), -
,
(anticollision), 8.

1.8.1 8.
8
, -
, , , -
.
8 5 (), 6 ( )
7. , ', 72
.
, 8 16
( ) 17 ( ),
 41

13 (), 14 ( ), 15 (
), .
, 8 19 (
).
8
. -
, 8
. ,
, .
, ,
(. 1.16). -
14,
[. 1.14.1(2)].
( ) :

8:
()

, - 8()
, (),
.

1) , () [ 8()].

(shall)
, (),
. 8() -
() , (
). , ,
, () (.
1.8). , ,
16 [. 1.16(1)].
8 ,
-

. ,

8() -
,
(in ample time)


(. 1.8).
16,
-

,
, -
19()
.
. 1.8
, - .
 42

. , -
, , -
-

,

[. 1.7.1(4)].

,
, ,
.
- -
,

(STW) . 1.8
.

17()(ii) [. 1.17.1(2)], .
8()
. 17()(ii)

[. 1.17.1(3)].

2)
 ' .
2003, -
'
72, 4 19. -

( 6 ), 8
8() ( ),
, [.
1.14.1(4)].

()  ,
8() , ,
, .
.

3)
 (STW)(.
1.8) [ 8()].
8()
. .

() ,
.
-
, ,
, , -
.
 43

-
-
,
. -
-

, -

,
/
.
, - (STW)
(STW),
,

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, . 1.8

(STW) , .
,
. , ,
, , .
, -
, .
8() , . ,
, ,

.
, , -
(. 1.8).
(cumulative turn) (STW) -
(. 1.8).
,
.
, ,
.

10
20
1
40
2 60 2

60

2
1 1

. 1.8 . 1.8
,
.
, .
 44

()  ,
8() .
, -
.

4)
 (. 1.8 1.8)
[ 8()].
-
(close - quarter
situation) (. 1.19.6) -

. 2

- 2
, ,

, 2
. -

,
1
, - 1
, -
,
. 1.8
.

(STW) - ,
, .
. ,
. ,
(STW) .
, -
, .
, , (STW),
,
( 6 ) .
(STW) , ,
. , -
(STW) , -
, .
- (STW), (. 1.8) -
, .
, -
, 17() 19()(i) ,
, .
,
, .

()  ,
8() .
() .
 45

5) [ 8()].
72.
,
.
, 17()(ii),
17().
,
,
19(). , ,
, ,
.
: ;. -
- , -
. (..
)
. (STW), -
,
.

6) [ 8()].
8() , -
, -
() .

.
,
5,
7,
, (.
. 1.43.6).
, , -
8(),
, -
ARPA
AIS, .
,
, , -
.
, -
().

()  -
, 8()
.

7)

[ 8()].
6 19() (), -
46

.
(STW) , 8()
(STW).
-
, ,
(STW), .


.
, (STW)
, , .
5, -
.
,
, (STW) .
, ,
.
,
(STW), (STW),
.
, (STW)
,
.

8)
 [ 8()].
(STW)
, , 8()
.
, , ,
[ (pitch)], ,
,
.
,
(crash stop),
(stopping characteristics) ,
,
[. 1.6(6).]
8() ,
( ) ,
.
, ,
(STW) ,
. -
, ,
(. ) . ,
(STW).
 47

() (i)  -
, , 8()
, -
.
(ii) 
,

.
(iii)  , , -
,
.

9)
 , [
8()].
8() 1989 -
(not to impede), 9(), (), (),
10(), (i) 18().
( 4 19, ').
(i)
8.
( )
,
.
,
. ,

(STW), 17()(i) [. 1.17.1(1)],
1 (. 1.7, . 1.7) .
, ,
, . ,
, . , -
,
, ,
, .
(ii),
. , ,
, (i) ,
1,
2 (. 1.7).

, ,
.
:
9(),
.
8()(i), .
,
48

, 8()(ii),
.

(STW)
18()(iii), ,
, 8()(ii).
,
, 4 9 . ,
, -
8()(iii), .
8()(ii) (iii) ,
.
, , -
, 17() ( ),
19() (
), . ,
, VHF .
(iii) 8() ,
, ',
.

2 , 4 19. :
1) , -
(, )
18, -
, .
13, 14, 15 18,
2) ,
19.
 49

1.9 .

(narrow channels)
(fairways) . -
,
, , , . , ,
,
. ,
.

,
. , ,
1885. 9 72,
.
, 9, (narrow
channel) (narrow fairway), .
,
. , -
, , 9

, .
. ,
: ,
. : , ,
.

.
,
.
, 9, .
, ,
.
,
, . 9 -
,
.
, -

. ,
. ,
, -
.
9 , -

. ,
, , -
,
. , ,
.
 50

1.9.1

.
, -
, 9.
9 ( 4 10) ' 72
. , 9,
2, 5, 6 10, 12 19
'.
, -
, , 9 -
12 18, -
.
, 9 19. ,
9 .
9, (course) (speed),
(Course Over Ground COG) (Speed
Over GroundSG), -
(. ).
9 ( ) :

9:
()  ,
9() , ,
.

1) [ 9()].
9() , ,
. ,
, .
, , ,
, -
(. 1.9).
-
(keep to starboard rule),

, COG
. ,

-
,
(. 1.9).
,
COG
,
(. 1.9).
, -
( . 1.9
) -
,
.
 51

,
.

- COG
- COG
, 9(),

. -
,

,

,
(. 1.9).
- . 1.9

. - , -
, .
,
, , (squat), , ,
(bank effect) (shallow water effect).
,
(proceeding along the way of narrow channel or fairway).
,
, (..
, ,
..).
, , -
9().
9, -
, ,
, ,
.

2)
 [-
9()].
, -
, ,
,
. -
, . -
, , .

()
 20 m , -
, 9()
.

3) 20 m [ 9()].
, , 18 (. 1.18.1,
. 108)
 52

-

.

-
,

. N

- N

- (deep wa- <20 m

ter routes) [. 1.10.1(13) 1.28].

< 20 m - N

, . 1.9
8()(i) [. 1.8.1(9)]. < 20 m ,
, , ,
.
-
,
,
(. 1.9).
9() 8() , , -
, , -
. < 20 m
,
, , -
. ,
, (. 1.9).
, 8()(ii) [. 1.8.1(9)] , -
,
, -
, -.
[. 1.3(8)]
,
3(). , ,
, 28 (. 1.28).
,
.

, , -
.

()  ,
9() , .

4) [ 9()].
9(),
, , .

 53

(. 1.9).
-
A
18
A
[. 1.18.1(4)], -
-
.

9(),

-

. - . 1. 9
, , , -
8() [. .
1.8.1()].
9

. ,
, -
8(), . , ,
, ,
.

()  ,
, 9()
. , -
, ,
34().

5)
 - [ 9()].
9() -
, -
,
(.
1.9). ,

-
,
, -
,

(

) 34()

[. 1.34(3), (. 1.34)].
-

,

,
. 1.9
-
1.3(8). , , , .
 54

- ,
-
. , 15 -
,
.
9(), ,
. , -
19,
.
9() -
, -
. ,
, ,
, .

6) [ 9()].
9 -
. 2(),
,
, ,
10().
, ,
, ,

. ,

, - .

() (i)  ,
9() , ,
,
(), 34()(i).
, , () -
34()(ii) .
, ()
34().
(ii)  ,
13.

7)
 -
[ 9()].
9() ,
.
72,
, , -
, ,
-.
, , -
 55

, -
.
, -
,
9()(i), .
34() [. 1.34(2)]. -
, -
( G Z ) [. 1.9 ()()]. ,
, -
( C) [. 1.9 ()()].
, ( ),
34(). ,
, .
, , -
[. 1.9 ()()] ,
. , -
(SOG), ,
.
, ,
,
,
:
1) (hydrodynamic interaction forces) -
, , -
1.13(7).
2) , ,
, -
- ,
:
)  ,
, .
)
 , .
)
 , ,

C
Z
COG
C COG
G
COG


COG

() ()
. 1.9
, ()
() , .
 56

, -
.
3) (squat) ,
(swallow water effect),
.

,
.
-
(v2), ,
-. ,
,
. , -


.
9()(i) 13,
(. 1.13).
9()(ii),
9()(i), ,
13 [. 1.13(1)].
, 9() 19 ,
. 9()(i)
34(),
. , 9 '
, 9()
.
9
19, .

()  () -
9() , ,
()
, 34().

8)
 -
, [ 9()].
, () ,
, , ,
,
.
(wheel over pointWOL),
, -
. -

. , -

(. 1.9).

 57

() -
,
-
,
9()
-


34()

[. 1.34(4)] (. 1.9). 34()
-
,
( ),
. ,
,
. 1.9
, -
,
,
.
.
9() -
,
. ,
,
. ,
VTS (Vessel Traffic System), , -
, , AIS
, .

()  , -
. 9()

9)
 [ 9()] (. 1.9).
,
9() , .
, ,
.

. 1.9


.

58

, , -
. ,
, , ,
(. 1.9).

1.9.2
 -
.
, ,
, -
. 14 (. . 1.14)
. , -
,
.
, ,
9()
. 14(),
(port-
to-port or red-to-red passing).
9(),
, -
.
1980, ... (US Inland rules 1980), -
9, ,
(Great Lakes), (Western Rivers)
33 C.F.R. (Codes of Federal Regulations).

1.9.3

.
,
, 15, -
9() 9.
-
, ,
[. (Course Over GroundCOG)] -
COG, -
COG. 9()
, -
. ,
(route monitoring),
() (COG),
, ( ) -
. , COG,
.
1.9.1(3) (4)
, 9() 9(), -
. , 8(),
,
.
 59

, ,
8()(i) (ii) [. . 1.8.1(2)].
, -
. ,
... ,
, -
, .

1.9.4 - 9.
1) 9 -
. ,
,
, .
2)
, -
, , .
3) (
COG) . 9
. -
,
.
4)
, , -
,
.
5) - -
, .
.
6) , -
, .

, , .
,
, , .
60

1.10  , -
, 10
IMO.

(. ), 72
1960
(SOLAS) 1960.
, 72,
(traffic separation systems). 10 -
,
.
-
, IMO Resolution
A.572 (14),
,
, ,
.
,
, -

.
10 -,
(COG),
.
10, , -
.

1.10.1 .
, IMO SHIPS ROUTEING IMO
Resolution A.572 (14), .
, .
, ,
, ,
(routeing system). :
1) (traffic separation schemes).
2) (two-way routes).
3) (recommended tracks).
4) (areas to be avoided).
5) (no anchoring areas).
6) (inshore traffic zones).
7) (roundabouts).
8) (precautionary areas).
9) - (deep water routes).
- 2.3.
, 72 10,
, ,
.
 61

- Dover

() (. 1.10) Folkestone

-



, o -

-

The

, Varne
Calais
Dungeness
The
, - - Ridge

. -
Cap Gris Nez





IMO, -

-


.
Boulogne

. 1.10
(traffic lane) (. 1.10)
().
-
,
-
. - -
- -
DW
(Deep water route)
, .
- (sepa-
ration zone-line) (. 1.10) -

DW

(COG).




-
, - DW
-
. 1.10
- .
, -
(. 1.10).
(. 1.10) ,
, -
. 10().

1.10.2 ().
10
, , -
.
, 4 9, .
1987
, , . -
,
 62

. ,
, ,
,
.
, 10() -
, ,
19 , .
10 -
, , . -
, - (passage planning) ,
,
, GPS ECDIS. ( )
:

10: .
()  ,
10() ,
, .

1) 10 [ 10()].
10() ,
10, IMO.
, *

10, .
, ,
IMO 10.
, -
2().

() , :
10() (i)  -
, .
(ii)  , , -
.
(iii) 
. ,
, -
.

2) [ 10()(i) (ii)].
, -
10()(i) (ii), -

* 22 United Nation on the Law Of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, 10

V SOLAS 1974 IMO Resolution A. 572 (14)
 63

,
(. 1.10).
-
COG
, -

. , Z
-

,
-
COG
COG
, -

,
-
. - . 1.10
, .

(COG), ,
(. 1.10).

. 9(),
, , ,
10() -
. , ,
, ,
,
(. 1.10).
, 9,
(COG), () , -
,
.

3)
 -
[
10()(iii)].
10()(iii),


. -
1.10, -
.
,
, (
)
A
(O
. )
, -
10()(i), . 1.10
.
 64

-
, A (
(O )
10()(iii) )

(. 1.10),

.
.
1.10,
,
.
,



. 1.10
.
.

()  , , () -
10()
. ,
, , ,
.

4) [ 10()] (. 1.10)
10(), (.
) (on a heading) (COG) -
90,
.
,
,
15 (
),
6.
Dover
1.10,
Folkestone
- A
- (O ) (
, , , A B, )
- The
Varne Calais
, - Dungeness
- The
, Ridge
. Cap Gris Nez

, ( )
,

(O )
Boulogne
. 1.10
. .
 65

() (i)  ,
10()
-
. , 20 m,
, .
(ii)  ()(i),
, ,
,
.

5)

[ 10()]. Dover
Folkestone
-
,

. , The
10(), Varne Calais
Dungeness
-
, The
Ridge
- Cap Gris Nez
,
.
1990,
, - Boulogne
-
. 1.10
- .

, (. 1.10).
, -
,
.
, .
< 20 m, ,
(. 1.10).

()  ,
, 10()
, :
(i) , .
(ii) .

6) - [ 10()].
, -
, .
, .
, 10(), -
 66

-

, -

/ -
,
Z


(/)

(. 1.10).


, -
, . 1.10
, -
, .
/
(. 1.10).
, , ,
. ,
(. 1.10).

()  () -
10() , .

7)
 -
[-
10()].

-
()
(. 1.10)
, -
10(). ,


. -
. 1.10
, - .
-
. , -
(precautionary areas),
[. . 1.10.3), (. 1.10)].

()  , ,
10() .
 67

8)

[
10()].
,
,
-

(. 1.10).

-
, ,
.
-

9()
. . 1.10

.

()  , ,
, , . 10()

9)


[ 10()].


, -

,
10() -
, Z
.


1.10(2)

(. 1.10
1.10).
. 1.10
, ,
, .

()  , , ,
. 10()

10)
 [ 10()].
, 10(), -
, .
 68

-

,

-
-
(COG) Z
,

-
(conference) IMO 1972. -
8() [. 1.8.1(9)]

,

-
. 1.10
(. 1.10).
.

()  20 m
10() , .

11)
 [
10()].

,
,
[. 1.10(5)] (. 1.10).

(COG)
Z
(SOG),



(COG) -

(SOG) ,

<20 m

. 1.10
(. 1.10). < 20 m ,
.
,
8().

()  ,
10() , -
,
.

()  , ,
10() , -
,
.
 69

12)
 10 [
10() ()].
, IMO, -
10.

, :
1) ,
2) , .
-
27() [. 1.27(2)],
, , -
10.
, -
, NAVTEX
. , ,
.

1.10.3
 - .
, IMO ,
- .
(precautionary area) (. 1.10) [. 2.2(12)] -
,
.
, . ,
,
-
, . -
.
,
,
.
, IMO -
[. 2.3(11)] - (deep water routes)
(. 1.10). , , -

DW

. 1.10 . 1.10
. .
70

,
.
. ,
,
,
(. 1.10).
, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, -
.

1.10.4 10.
YG,
. ,
(COG), -
, ().
 71

1.11 .
II ' (. ), 11 18,
() , ,
, :
1) 12.
2) 13.
3) 14.
4) 15.
5) , -
16.
6) 17.
7) , ,
18.
, , -
,
, .
11 :

11: .
.

, 1218 .
, ; 3(),
, , .
, II , -
,
. , -
, , , ,
.
, 1.5, -
, ,
, . -
, ,
.
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) , , -
, , ,
;
,
,
, . :
1) ,
1218 II.
72

2) ,
, -
19 III, ' , ,
.
3) ,
19
, II. -
,
.
4)
, -
,
II,
, .
3,
,
II 19. ,
,
.., , 35,
, 20()
, , 19(). ,
,
, 1 ... , 18()(iii),
.
,
,
1218. , -
, ,
18 ,
.
1218 (course)
(heading) , ,
. (COG)

(route monitoring) (anticollision),
, .
, , (speed)
(Speed Through the WaterSTW).
 73

1.12 , ,
12 18.
, II ' , ,
, .

1.12.1 .
12,
, , .
,
. , , , -
.
,
, : ()
(port or starboard tack), -
(windward side) . (upwind),
(windward). (.
1.12), ,
(. 1.12).
, 12() ,
:
1) , ( ),
() -
() (. 1.12). , ,

(Starboard side) (Port side)

. 1.12
, , .
, ,
.
74

,
(. 1.12).
2) (square - rigged) (. 1.12), -
, .
3) , ( )
(. 1.12), , . -
.
,
, 14 15:
1) (),
, (-
), [ 12()()].
2) (), -
(),
[ 12()(ii)].
12, -
, , 8, 9()(i) (
), 13, 16 17(), () () ( -
). ( 16),
, ,
.

2 1
1 2

. 1.12
- . 1.12
, . ,
.

. 1.12
, . 1.12
. .
 75

, ,
. ,
:
1) () , -
22,5 (),
13, ,
13 12.
2) , -
,
.
12, 2 ( ) :

12:
()  , ,
, : 12()
(i)  ,
.
(ii)  , -
.
(iii) 
-
, .

1) 
[ 12()(i)].
,
, ,
(), :
1) (keep out of the way) ().
2)
3) (give way) ,
(STW).
1.12(),
. -
(STW), , ,
8.

. 1.12

BB BB
- -





-

(

).
() ()
76

1.12() ,
, -
.

2) [ 12()(ii)].
,
(), (-
) , ,
(STW).
1.12 , .
.
, (STW) .
1.12 , . ,
. -, :
1) (STW),
, -
.
2) ,
(. ) . , ,
.
3) , -
, , .

3)  ,
[ 12()(iii)].
, , -
,
, ,
.

A
B

. 1.12 . 1.12
- -
( ( ), -
, ). ( ) -
( ).
 77

,
, (. 1.12),
, , .
1)  , ( 1 . 1.12).
2) , , ( 2
. 2.12).
, , -
(. 1.12),
, 12()(ii).

,
, , -
, , 12()(i),
12()(ii) .
1.12, , . , -
, ,
, ,
, 13, 12,
.

()  ,

,
12()
.

1.12, , -

(. 1.12). ,
.

A


135

2
1

. 1.12 . 1.12
- - .
( ( ,
, , , K
). 13, 12).
78

1.13  .
-
,

, (ead on situation)
(. 14
1.13):
6 6
1) (Crossing
(head on situation),
situation)
, (. 1.13). K 15
2)
(crossing situation) [ (.
1.13)]. 112
, 5
3) () -

(overtaking situation)

112,5

, [

(. 1.13)].
,
, -
,
(overtaking),
. - 135
, - (Overtaking)
, 13
-
(STW), -
.
,
, . 1.13
.
, ,

, .
,
,
,
, .
, -
,
. -
, . 13
13, 9() -
, , .
13 , ()
, ,
. ,

,
.
( ) :
 79

13: .

()  ', I II, 13()
, , .

1) 13 [ 13()].
1981, 1960, -
, ,
4 18 ( ' ).
, ,
,
. ,
, , -
. 13 12 18. ,
, , , -
.
.
,
, 9 9() (.
1.9.1). ,
, , .
9() -
, ,
. 13 9()(ii)
, -
, .
, 13 , .
,

. ,
,
- (STW) [ 17()
(i)], , . , -
,
, 2(), ,
.

()  , 22,5 -
, , 13()
, ,
.

2) [ 13()].
, ,
, (. 1.13) 112,5

(coming up with) (. 1.13).
 80

,
()
. , ,
135, (. 1.13).
,
, ,
. , -
, ,
. , ARPA
-
, .
,
,
, (. 1.13)
, 13().
, ,
, (.
1.13). ,
, -
(. 1.13). ,
, , :
1) ,
, -
(. 1.13).
2) ,
, (. 1.13), -
, , .
3) , -
,
(STW)
(. 1.13),
-
(STW) [ 17()(i)].

()  ,
13() .

3) [ 13()].
,
135 , ,
,
, 13().
,
.
, ,
, -
. -
,
.
 81

2
(
)
>5 ..

135
135

1
(
)

. 1.13 . 1.13
,
. 2 (
) .

135

. 1.13 . 1.13
, , -
,
. .

-

135
135

. 1.13 . 1.13
, - , -
, -
. , .
 82

, -

(. 1.13)
-

.

135

(STW)

, -

(STW),
-
(. . 1.43.5). . 1.13
-
, ,
- -
.
,
,
,
,
(STW) .
, ,
. -
.
,
, :
1) T -
,
.
2) , -
,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
.

()  -
13() , ,
, .

4)
 -
- [ 13()].
13() -
-
, ,
(. 1.13).
,
- ,
 83

135

. 1.13

- ,
.

135, -
.
13(), -
8(),
, .

1.13.1 .
,
(STW) , 17()(i).
(STW), -
, ,
34() [ 1.34(1)]. -
,
34() [ 1.34(2)] , ,
34() [ 1.34(3)].
,
, 9()
1.9.1(7)

1.13.2
,
,
.
, -
9() 1.9.1(7).

1.13.3
 ,
.
, ,
, ,
(interaction forces).
84

,
(STW) (STW).
, -
. , (.. )
,
,
.
, , -
, (STW) . -
(STW) [
(v2)].
-
, , . , -
, , ,
.
 85

1.14  -
.
1.13, , -
, (head on situa-
tion). H ,
,
, -
.
,

, .
,
(. )
. ,
, -
, .
, (,
)
.
(STW) , -
, -
(STW) .
(STW) , ,
,
, (v2).
, , ,
, , -
, . , -
,
,
, .
,
, ,
. :
1) 14,

2) , ,
, -
[. 1.13(7)], , -
,
. ,
, 9. 10
, ,
.

1.14.1 14.
14 .

 86

. , -
, .
5, 6, 7, 8 2. , -
9 10,
. 14 ( ) :

14: .
()  ,
14() ,
, .

1) 
[ 14()] (. 1.13).
14() ,

18 [. 1.3(9)].
, , -
, 180 , .
, ,
180 ,
.
-
180 ( 5 6 ) (. 1.13).
-
.
, ,
, 19.
,
() 1.11 (. 71).

2)
 ,
[ 14()].
,
,
,
.
, 14()
, ,
, (port to port) (. 1.14).
, 34().
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
14, , . -
,
, , ..,
, .
 87

(. ) ,
8() [. 1.8.1(1)], -
().
,
, .
, ,
14, 8 (. 1.8).
,
, . , -
,
,
(.. , ) (. 1.14).
1.14, ,
(. ) ,
1.14, ,
,
.

. 1.14 . 1.14
-
, ,

(port to port). .

B1 B2
2

3 A2 A1

. 1.14


.
 88

1.14, ,
(cumulative turn),
, ,
. -
,
(COG).

B
B

. 1.14 . 1.14
- -
, ,
. .

()  ,
14()
,
.

3)  [-
14()].
-
,
,
14() .
-
,
, ,
-
. ,
(. . 1.22.1).
, -
,
. , -
.
, .
,
. ,

180 ( 5 6).
 89

5 6 -
.
, , -
.
, -
, 14() ,

(COG). ,
(aspect) (. 1.11). ,
,
, ,
, -
, (. 1.14).
, ,
(COG) -
, . ,
, CG
. '
.
, ,
1.15.1(3), 15, -
,
. , ,
(STW)
, .
, -
, 14(), 14()
7, ,

, .
, :
1) ( ARPA AIS) [. 1.7.1(1)]
, ,
, -
.

OG)
(C
. 1.14
(eading) -

,

(CO -
(ead

G)
ing) ,

,

.


90

2) ,
, ,
, , -
, :
) 8(), .
)  7() 14(), , , -
, -

)  8(), , -
(close quarter
situation).
3) ,
, 14() -
,
, ,
.
14() -
,
, .
, 14()
(sea stabilization, . 5.7.3), -
(STW)
, , -
, (.. ),
. ,
(.. ), .
, .
14,
,
( ) , 7(). ,
,
.
, ,

, ,
.

4)
 , , -
[ 14()].
,
,
. , -
, -
, -
, (. 1.14).
, (2003) 8()
[. 1.8.1(1)],
(conflict actions).
 91

,

-

-
.
,

. 1.14
, -
-.
-
,
(. . B
1.43.3, 1.43.7, 1.43.9 1.43.11). 2
1
5)

.
-
, - 2
1
: A
(starboard to starboard
passage green to green) ; . 1.14
- .
7, 14
2() .
.
( 1, . 1.14), , -
,
, ( 2, . 1.14),
. ,
7 ,
14, , .
, ,
, -
, , .
(special circumstances), -
2(),
. , VHF

.
,
7, -
. -
, ,
(. . 1.43.4).

()  ,
. 14()
92

6)
 , -
[ 14()].
14() ,
, -
,
,
14, -
.
, ,
(13) , [. 1.21(2)] -
,
.
, -
, -
, ,

(. 1.14),
, .
,
, ,
, (. 1.14).
-
, ,
, (. 1.14).
, , -
, -
, (. 1.14 1.14).

(eading)

(eading)

. 1.14

.
 93

1.15  .

, ,
(crossing situation) (. 1.13).
, ,
.
,
.
, 15
, 16
17 .
, (, -
) ,
5, 6, 7, 8 2.
,
, 15 9 10. -
,
.
, -
15. -
,
[. 9()]. , < 20 m
, , -
10().
15 , ,
, -
. 9() -
(COG), ,
.
, , -
(. ).

1.15.1 15.
15 ,
, ,
. 15 :

15: .
,
, ,
,
.

, '
, , 11.

, 15 -
94

. ,
.
, ,
, .

1) .
14() ( ) 13()
( ), ,
(. 1.13 1.15):
1) .
2) .
3) , 6
, 112,5 22,5
.
, - 6 6
-
, A1
B1
- 1

.

12


B A

,5

,

112,5 o
(. 1.15,

, 1, 1 ). B2 A2
, - 22,5
22,5

-
:
1) . , 1, 1
2) .

3) .
135
4) ,
-
(.
. 1.15
1.15, 2, 2 ). .
, 1, 1
2) .

15, 14, , .
, -
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, ,
6112,5 , ,
, .
(give-way vessel)
(. 1.15).
,
6 112,5 , , .

,
(. 1.15).

3) .
, -
 95

, 6 6
15,
, ,
, 1
.

12


A

,5
-

112,5 o
, -

:

, . -
o
, -
,
, .
, -

135
, -
, -
. , 15 . 1.15
. ,
.
(keep out of the way).
-
,
(. 1.15) (. . 1.43.10).
,
,
/ , -
,
(. 1.15).
, -
,
,
. , -

. 1.15 . 1.15

, . /
.
96

,
, 3 ().
, ,
34(), -
34(). ,
, 34().

4) .
,
, .
, , (STW), -
, .
, .
, ,
15. , 17(i) -
(. 2, . 1.7). 8
, ,
34(), ,
34() ().
,
.

5) 15.
, -
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, ;
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.
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7 (. 1.7), 1.14.1(3)
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[. 1.7.1(5)], ,
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, , -
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.
11, , 15 ,
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19().
 97

, 15 ,
,
. -
.
() ,
, -
.
, -
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,
.

6)
 , .
,
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1) ,
.
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1.7.1(1) (2),
, 7().
, ,
14(), [.
1.14.1(6), . 1.14], 13()
[. 1.13(3), . 1.13].
98

1.16 .
12 [. 1.12(1), (2)], 13 [. 1.13(1), (2)] 15 [. 1.15(3)],
, (single vessel action),
, .
, 16 8.
16 -
, 8 , ,
.
1.16.1 16.
16 , ,
. :

16: .
, ,
, , .

1) 16.
( 12), -
( 13),
( 15),
,
18. ,
, :
1) , ,
, [. 1.12(1), .
1.12].
2) ,
[. 1.12(2), . 1.12].
3) , [. 1.13(1) 1.13(2), . 1.13,
1.13 1.13].
4) ,
(. 1.15(3), . 1.15, 1.15 1.15).
5) 18 (. 1.18, 1.18.1).
, ,
8, ,
5, 6 7.
, ,
(. ).
2) .
16, ,
:
1) , .
2) , -
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, ,
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 99

(to keep well clear) (. 1.43.7). , -

,
. , ,
, ,
(STW), .
, .
, -
, ,
(STW) .
,
,

. 8 16.
, , 8
16, ,
17()(ii), -
.

3) .
8 16 , , -
, , , 15,
, -
:
1) (.
1.43.71.43.9).
2) (STW) .
3) , -
(. . 1.43.10).
, -
:
1) ,
(STW), .
2) , ,
.
3) , .
4) , -
,
, .
5) , -
.
6) ,
.
7) , , -
.
:
1) , 1.12, 1.12.
2) 1.13 1.13 1.13
3) , ,
1.15 1.15.
 100

1.17 .
, 12, 13, 15, 16 18
,
14 [. 1.14.1(2)]. -
,
, , .
, , -
, -
, 18, ,
, 5, 6 7.
, ,
, , -
, .
17
8 .

1.17.1 17.
17 ,

. , -

, ,
, 16.
17, , 5, 6, 7 2. -
8
12, 13, 15 18.
17()(ii), () () 72
.
, , (.
).
( ) :

17: .
() (i)  ,
17() .
(ii) , ,
,
, .

1)
 (STW) [
17()(i)].
, 17()(i), -
(STW), ,
.
, (. 1.12,
1.13 1.15).
-
. (STW) -
 101

,
.
,
.
(STW),
, ,
[. 1.7.1(5)] , -
-o ,
1 (. 1.7).
-
(STW) :
, -
, -
.
(STW) -
,
,
(STW), -. -

(STW) 17()(i),
(STW) ,
-.
, IBS INS (Integrated Bridge System Integrated Navigation System)
(COG) (waypoints) -
. ,
(COG) ,
,
17()(i).

2) [ 17()(ii)]
(STW),
17()(i), ,
- , -
.
17 72, 17()(ii), -
(STW)
, , , -
- , ,
16 8.
, , 3
(. 1.7). 17() -
, ,
, ,
- ( 4, . 1.7).
17()(ii) .
-
,
(STW),
.
102

(STW) ,
- , .
-
(STW) ,
- ,
-,
. , -
(STW)
17()(i).
, -,
,
. , , -
34()
, ,
4 .
- ,
, .
17()(ii) ,
(.
. 1.43.8).

3) [ 17()(ii)].
, :
;, ,
.
.
, 17()(ii),
: , ,
. ,
VHF ( )
- , -
34(),
.
, -
, , ,
.
, 3
, , .
, 4 ..
, . -
, ( /-
) .

4)
 [ 17()(ii)
17()].
17()(ii),
. , -
, -
, -
 103

()

. -


17()(ii),
, (
17() -
)
-

,
,
. ,
- -
-
, . 1.17
(. 1.17), -
- - , , -
, - .
, 16
(. . 1.43.7). A
17(), 19()(i)

-

,



-

-
.

. 1.17 -
- -
, -

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.
- , ,
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.
17()(ii)
. :
1)
(. 1.17).
2) (STW) , :
)  (STW)
.
)  , .
)
 (STW) .
)
 ,
, ,
(STW)
.
3) (STW), -
. (STW) ,
104

.
4)
,
(. 1.17 1.17).
,
, 17().
5) , -
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, ,

(. 1.17). , -
, .
6) 60 -
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(. 1.17).
7) -
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135

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. .

135

<60

. 1.17 . 1.17
, ,

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 105

-
,
34() 34(). -
, ( 3,
4 5 , . 1.7),
.

() , , , -
, , 17()
, ,
.

5) [ 17()].
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17()(ii) -
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,
.
.
,
4 (. 1.7), ,
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-

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17(), ,


.

17(), -

17()(ii),



(. 1.43.10).

2(), -
, ,


, - . 1.17
. 1.17 , -
, 4, -
.
106

-
.
,
1.17,
360 , -
,
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5 (. 1.7), ,

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. ,
360o
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-

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3) , , -
.
4) , ,
, . , -
,
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(. 1.17).

6) [ 17()].
,
(-)
, , 17()(ii)
17(), ,
. (. 1.17),
.

7) [ 17()].
-
- .
(STW) -
. ,
, .
, , -
,
. ,
-
, , .
 107

()  , ,
()(ii) , 17()
,
, .
() 
. 17()

8) [ 17()].
, 17()(ii)
17() , , ,
. -
, , -
(. 2, 3, 4 5).
, 17(), -
-
, 17()(i),
17()(ii) 17(). ,
,
. ,
.
108

1.18 .

-
, , -
, , ,
.
, (
3), , -
, . -
, ,
.
-
18, , .
,
, 3(i),
( ).
, ,
, . , -
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, -
.
,
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.
, , -
17()(ii).

1.18.1 18.
18 ,
- .
,
, . 18()
, , -
- .
,
. , 18(),
1.18.
,
9, 10 13, . -
,
14 15 , .
, , :
1) , < 20 m -
9() () , 10() (),
.
2) , , 9().
3) , , ,
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 109

,
(STW).
4) , -
(STW), ()
. , -
, , .
,
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9 10 -
. ,
, ,
18(), -
.
18 , (. ).
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18: .
9, 10 13:
() :
(i) . 18(a)
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) .

1) , 18.
18() 18() () -
,
.
(. 1.18), -
, .
18, -
,
.
,
, 16.

, ,
18() ()
.
- , ,
(STW), 17()(i), -
, 17()(ii) 17(),
.
, , -
[. (STW)].
110

( )

-


WIG

. 1.18
-
.

2) [ 18() 18()].
, ,

18().
[ 18()]

28 (. 1.18).


-
-

,
,

,

-
.


18() -

, . 1.18
,
(), (),
, (), () ().
 111

. ,
, -
. , ,
, 17()(ii).

() :
(i) . 18()
(ii) .
(iii) .

3) -
[ 18()].

-

18(),
-
(. 1.18). E
Z

, -


,



,


, 9(),
10() 18(), . - . 1.18
() (),
, (),
, . (), ()
().

()  , ,
: 18()
(i) .
(ii) .

4)
 , [ 18()].
18() (. 1.18) -
,
.

, ,
. 150 m ,
,
, 26()(ii) [. 1.26(4)].
3(), o () -
, ,
 112

-
.

5)



[ 18()].

,

, -

.
-
,

1.3(6).
, -
, -
. 1.18
, ()
(), ()
, ().
(. 1.181.18).
18 -
,
.

6) [ 18()].
, , -
(. 1.18, 1.18, 1.18
1.18).
. -
, ,
12 15 , , -
, .
,
, 18(), ,
.
, , -

, . ,
, ,
[. 1.6(5)].

() (i)  , , -
18() , ,
, 28.
(ii) 
.

7) [ 18()].
,
, , -
 113

.
.
18() , -
() ,
,
.
, 8() [. 1.8.1(9)].
, ,
.
, , -
, . ,

, , .
8()(ii) [. 1.8.1(9)]
,
- ,
.
,
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, -
.
,
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, 8()(ii) 17()(ii). , -
, 17().
18()(ii) -
, ,
3() [. 1.3(8)],
,
(STW).
18():
, , -
, -
. ,
28,
, 6.

() 
. - 18()
, .

8) [ 18()].
, (), 18(), -
,
(. 1.18).
, (hovercraft hydrofoils) [. 1.3(1)],
, ,
, ,
 114

.
, 2(),
, .

() (i)  WIG , ,
18() -
.
(ii)  WIG ,
, .

9) WIG [ 18()].
WIG [. 1.3(12)]
, -
.

1.18.2 .
18 . -
,
.
, -
, , , .
,
15, 16 17().

1.18.3 .
1() , ,
. -
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,
, [. 1()].
, .

1.18.4

.
1) , -
, ' ( 4 18) ,
-
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1.7, , ,
.
2) (. 1.7),
,
,
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.
3) - -
 115

, - ,
,
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4) , (. 1.7):
)  1:
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2003, 8()
4 18 ( , II ' ).
)  2:
,

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() -
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.
(STW), 17()().
)  3: - -
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.
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17() 17
,
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)
 5: , . ,
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.
5) 1.7 -
3 4.
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(. . 1.43.1 1.43.11).
 116

1.19
 .
, ,
.
- .
, 5, 6 7.
, ,
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19.
19, , -
,
1960.
19 III ' ,

[. 1.19(4)]. , ,
, -
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,
,
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.
, ,
,
() (bridge resources management), -
, .
,
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,
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9 ,
(. 1.9.1), 10,
, ( 1.10).
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( ) :

19: .
()  , ,
19() .

1) [ 19()] (. 1.19).
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3, . ,
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 117

T ,
,
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35 (. 1.35),

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(. 1.34.1).
,
19() , [. 3() . 1.3(11)
1.35]. , , -
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1.6(5), ,
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-
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1218 19,
,
1218, , , 19().
8, .
19() -
. , 8() [.
 118

1.8.1(1)], , , ,
. , , 8() [.
1.8.1(3)], , ,
.
, , , ,
.
, -
,
,
.

()  ,
19() .
.

2)
 [ 19()].
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[. 1.6(7) 1.6(8)], .
,
,
1.19(1). , -
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, ,
, .
,
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, .
6.
19(), (engines
readiness), . ,

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, .
, ,
,
, .
19 ,
STCW SOLAS. ()
,
,
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3) .
, -,
, .
 119

, -
[. 1.6(5)].
. -
, , , ,
.

()  -
, . 19()

4) 4 10 [ 19()].
19() -

' 72:
1) ( 5).
2) ( 6).
3) ( 7).
4) ( 8).
5) ( 9) ( 10).
, 4, .
-
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, , ,
[.1.19(5)], , ,
.

()  ,
- 19()
. , -
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, :
(i)  ,
.
(ii)  ,
.

5) [ 19()].
19() -
SOLAS 74

(close quarters situation) ,
.
, , -
. ,
, .
1218,
,
19().
120

, , AIS, VTS -
, (STW) , 19()
, -
.

6)
 [-
19()].
5 7() , ,
[. 1.7.1(3)], .

(STW), .
(close quarters situation) 8(), 19()
(), . -
/.
, ,
, . ,
, : ,
.
,
,
, , , ,
.
, -
,
(. 1.19):
1) , ,
, 1/3 R, R
, 12 ...
2) ,
1/3 R.
3) 1/3 R , -
.
, , ,
- .
8()
19 ,

-

,
, . ,
-
. , -


Close quarters
, 800 , situation
R 2/3 R 1/3 R
, .
, , CPA
. 1.19
ARPA, - .
 121

, ,
(Closest Point of ApproachCPA) (.
5.6, 5.19, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25 7.15.5).
,
.
, (TCPA), ARPA -
, (CPA) -
( CPA) (. 7.5.1.2
7.15.5). (trial maneuver) (. 7.6 7.15.10)
, -
CPA.
, ,
ARPA -
(true motion-vectors sea stabilization), -
ARPA CPA TCPA (. 7.4
7.15.15), (potential area of danger PAD), (-
. 7.3.9.3 7.15.5) (tracking history) (. 7.15.9),
- , 19()
8(),
.
, ,
, ARPA -
(CPA/TCPA violation) (. 7.5.1.2), CPA TCPA
CPA TCPA. (.
) TCPA,

19() 8() .

7)
 , -
[ 19()(i) (ii)].
19(),
. ,
,
.
,
, [. 1.19(6)],
19() .
, -
, 19()(i) (ii), ,
:
1) , (-
) ( ) .
17(), -
, ,
[. 1.17.1(4)]. ,
, 1.19().
, 19()(i), 1, 2 -
, .
122

0 0

1 40
2 3
1 2

() ()
. 1.19
,
, .

2) , -
1.19() 3,
1 2, .
3) ,
[ 19()(ii)],
1.19, 1, 2
3.
19()
.
, (. )
. -
,
, .
,
,
,
, -
.

8) [ 19()].
, ,
(STW), .

[. 1.19 () 1], -
,
19()(i), ,
.
 123

0
,
,
, B B
N
. N
-
1
(STW) -

- 3
.
2
(STW) -
,

(. 1.19, 1).

, . 1.19
-

,
, - ,
. .

()  , ,
, 19()

, .
, ,
.

9)
 -
[ 19()].
19() , :
1) .
2) ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
7 (.
. 1.7) , ,
() CPA
, .
,
,
,
. ,
124

,
-
,
.
,
7() [. 1.7.1(2)]

,
-
. ,
7() [. 1.7.1(4)],
-

. , -
. 1.19
CPA, - ,
. .

,

:
(Deep water route)
1)
-
DW

DW

(. 1.19).

2)
Z

,

-
(.
1.19).
3)

. 1.19
- -
. .
-
, -
, -
.

10)

[ 19()].
, 19(), :
1) , .
2) , .
3) ,
.
 125

, . -

.
:
1) , 8() [ 1.8.1(7)],
.
,
.
2) ,

,
.
.
.
8 19,
.
,
, , ,
. 19(),
,
, -
. (kick ahead), .
,
, [. 1.17.1(5)].

, . -
kick ahead,
, ,
, , CPA .

, 0,5 .., (STW),
4 -
( ). ;
: , 19(),
.

1 .., (STW)
8 ,
.
;
: , 19(), (STW)

. , -
.
126

1.19.1
 -
.
.
, SOLAS STWC,
. -
5 7. , ,
,
.
, . -
.
, ,
-
. -
, -
, , .
, .
,
, 3 .. .
, 5 ..,
, .
19
. ,

. , ,
.
19() ,
. -
8.
, , -
- ,
. ,
.

19(),
(STW) , -
.
 127

'
1.20
 , -
20.

20 5 ( ) -
,
.
2131 ( ' ).

20: .
() . 20()

()  , ,
. . 20()
, ,
,
.

()  ,
, . 20()
, .

()  .
20()

() 
. 20()

1.20.1 20.
20(), 2131
.
. ,
.
. ,

.
, [
20() 20()] ( ).

, .
20(), , , (ferries),
.
, ,
2131
. , :
1) ,
.
128

2) ( )
.
3)
.
4) , , ( -
) ,
.
SOLAS 1974, -,
.
, 20() ,
, , .
 129

1.21 .
21, 6 ( )
,
, , .

21: .
() 
, 225 21()
, 22,5
.

1)
 [ 21()].
, , -
, ,
.2() [Annex I.2 (f)] (. 1.39, . 210)
. , , -
. , , .
(masthead light) 225 (.
1.21 1.21), 112,5 ,
112,5 .

2,5 )
o

(11



( 2

(112,5 o)
(3 0 )

)
135
(

. 1.21 . 1.21
. .

()  -
. 112,5 21()
, 22,5
. 20 m -
,
.

2)
 (sidelights) [ 21()] .
, -
. , (. 1.21 1.21) 112,5,
22,5
.
 130

.5 (. 1.39, . 210) -
() (matt) ,
, 1 3,
112,5.
()
, . < 20 m
( ),
.

() 
21() . 135 ,
67,5 .

3)
 (stern light) [ 21()] .
M -
, 135
(. 1.21 1.21), 67,5
( ).
,
. , -
, (. 1.21), ..,
,
, .
. 1.21
.

()  ,
21() () .

4)
 (towing light) [ 21()] .
,
-
(. 1.21). -
, .
, - . 1.21
, - .
.

() 
21() 360 ().

5)
 (all round light) [ 21()] .
, , ,
. 360 (. 1.21)
9() (. 1.39)
, 6 -
. ,
 131

,
.

()  120
. 21()

6) (flashing light) [ 21()].

, , 120
. ( )
WIG ( ), 23() () .
.
120 ,
,
60 .

.
,
.
132

1.22 .
22, 4 ( )
, .

22: .
, , -
8 , -
:
() 50 m :
, 6 ,
, 3 ,
, 3 ,
, 3 ,
, , 3 .
() 12 m , 50 m:
, 5 , 20 m,
, 2 ,
, 2 ,
, 2 ,
o , , 2 .
() 12 m:
, 2 ,
, 1 ,
, 2 ,
, 2 ,
, , , 2 .
() :
, , 3 .

1.22.1 22.
,
8() (. 1.39).

, .

13 (..) , , . -
, ,
, -
.
,
.
 133

1.23

( 23 31).
, -
, .
( 20 22) , -
,
, .

3,
, - .

1.23.1 (Power-driven Vessels Underway).

23, ( ),
, , .

23: .
() , :
(i) . 23()
(ii)  , ,
50 m, ,
.
(iii) .
(i) .

1) , [ 23()].
23(), , , -
(. . 1.21.1).
50 m, .
, -
(. 1.23), .
< 50 m,
(. 1.23). , -

. 1.23
. 1.23


50 m ( ).
< 50 m ( ).
 134

.
23() ,

1().

()  , ,
23() ()
, .

2) [ 23()].
(. 1.23)
, ,
. -
, . ,

45 (COG).

.
1.3(5) 1.18.1(10)
, -
,
, -
.
,
,
. -
,
2()

.
, - . 1.23
, -
, < 50 m
, ( ).
(. 1.23 1.23).

() () ()
. 1.23
< 50 m ()
, () () .
 135

()  WIG , ,
, () , - 23()
, .

3)
 -
WIG [ 23()].
WIG 18(),
-
.
23()
(. 1.23) ,
. WIG
,
. 1.23
- WIG , -
,
(. 1.23). , .

() (i)  12 m , -
() , 23()
.
(ii)  7 m -
7 , (),
.
(iii)  , 12 m,

. ,
,
, ,
.

4)
 , 12 m [-
23()(i) (iii)].
<12 m, -
23() ( ) (. 1.23 1.23):
1) , .
2) 7 m.
, (combine side
lights) (. 1.23 1.23), 21(),
20 m.
, -
, 23()(iii), -
, , .
, ,
. , -
.
136

5)
 , 7 m
7 knots [ 23()(ii)].
7 m
7 knots, ,
(. 1.23).
[ 23()(ii) 23()(i)] ,

, < 12 m.
< 7 m < 7 knots,
> 7 knots, -
. , , < 7 m
< 7 knots , .

. 1.23 . 1.23

< 12 m. < 12 m,
.

. 1.23 . 1.23

< 7 m < 7 knots.
< 20 m.
 137

1.24 .
24, 8 ( ), -
, , ,
(towing or pushing).
, -
, :
1) , -
(// -
) .
2) , ,
.
3) , -
, -.
4)
, -
. (, ,
) .

24: .
() :
(i)  23()(i) ()(ii), 24()
. ,
200 m,
.
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) .
()  200 m,
.

()  () ,
, , 24()
23.

()  ,
, : 24()
(i)  23()(i) ()(ii),
.
(ii) .
(iii) .

()  , () () , -
23()(ii). 24()

1)
 ,
200 m [ 24() 24()].
, 23(), -
(. 1.24):
138

1) , (. 1.24).
2) 1.21(4),
(. 1.24).
3) 50 m, -
[ 23()(ii)], 4,5 m
[. 2()(ii) I (. 1.39, . 210)], [. 1.24()].
4) , 50 m,
, , , [. 1.24(), (), () ()].
, , -
4,5 m [. 2() , . 210,
. 1.39, . 1.24()].

2)
 ,
200 m [ 24() 24()].
200 m, , -
, ,
(. 1.24).
, , -
(. 1.24).
,
2() (. 1.39). ,

() () ()

. 1.24
(a) , -
, < 50 m
200 m.
() , () ()
.
()

() () () () ()
. 1.24
, , 50 m
200 m: 2 :
() , () () .
2 :
() () .
 139

2
m, > 20 m, . -
,
, , .
, 50 m, -
1.24(1) (. 1.24).
, ,
, 50 m (. 1.24). -
, , 4,5 m

() ()

() () ()
. 1.24
() () , ,
< 50 m 200 m. () , () ()
. 3 .

() () () () ()
. 1.24
, , 50 m
200 m:
3 : () , () () .
3 : () ' () .
140

[. 2() , . 1.24()].

3)

[ 24(), 24() 24()].
,
, ,
( )
23(), (
50 m), (. 1.24).

, :
1) , 23()(i). -
50 m,
1.24(1) (. 1.24).
2) , -
.

() ()
. 1.24
: () < 50 m () 50 m
.

() ()
. 1.24
, (a) ()
.
 141

()  () -
, : 24()
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii)  200 m .

()
 ,
, : 24()
(i)  ,
.
(ii) 
.

()
 -
, : 24()
(i)  25 m,
, o () -
.
(ii)  25 m ,
.
(iii)  100 m ,
(i) (ii),
100 m.
(i)  -
. 200 m, -
,
.

()

() () 24()
, ,
.

()

24()
, -
() () , ,
, .

, 36,
.

4)
 [ 24(), 24()
24()].
24(), , -
,
24(), (. 1.24, 1.24 1.24).
142

,
(. 1.24).
200 m, ,
(. 1.24).
-
,
24()
24().
(, ..) (dracones), -
, (. 1.24 1.24).

24() 24(),

.
,
. , .

5)  [ 24()] (.
1.24 ).
, , -

. 1.24
-
. 1.24 .
, . ( ).

. 1.24
() , -
.
()
() .

()
 143

200 m

. 1.24 . 1.24
,
( ). , 200 m.

. 1.24
( -
) < 25 m.

. 1.24
-
-
25 m (
).

. 1.24
,
.
144

, , (.
1.24). , ,
, (. 1.24).

6) , [ 24()].
,
, (. 1.24).
-
, , :
1) ,
[. 1.24()].
2) , -
1.24().

, (. 1.24).
, -
, , .

7)
 -
[ 24()].
, , -
-
24() 24().
,
, , 36 (
).

1.24.1 .

-
, .
, -

. 1.24 . 1.24
( ) ,
, .
.
 145

, ,
.
, -
27() (
).

() ()
. 1.24
( ) ,
() () .

. 1.24
, -

.
 146

1.25 .
25, 5 ( ) ,
, ,
.

25: .
() :
25() (i) .
(ii) .

()  20 m , ()
25() , ,
, .

()  , -
25() () .

.
, ,
() .

1)
 [ 25()
25()].
,
, . -

, -
(. 1.25).
, 25(), -
-

, -
, .
-
-
(. 1.25).
, , . 1.25
- .
.

2)
 20 m [ 25()
25()] (. 1.25 , )
< 20 m, 25(),
(, , ),
(.
1.25, ).
, , -
 147

. ,
,
.
.
9 (. 1.39,
. 210).
, -
( ), 25() (. 1.25).
, < 20 m,
( ), 21(), (. 1.25).
.

. 1.25 . 1.25 . 1.25

- -
. , ,
< 20 m. < 20 m.

. 1.25

.
 148

() (i)  7 m , ,
25() () (). ,
,
, .
(ii) K
, , ,
.

3) 7 m [ 25()(i)] (. 1.25).

< 7 m, ,
. , ,
.

() ()
. 1.25
() () , < 7 m.

4) [ 25()(ii)].
, ,
,
, . ,

, (. 1.25).


,
.
, -
, (-
) , . 1.25
, .
,
.
 149

()  , ,
, . 25()

5)
 [ 25()].
,
, ( ) -
(. 1.25).
6 ( 1.39, . 210).
, , ,
, ( ),
.

. 1.25
,
.
 150

1.26 .

26, 5 ( )
,
.
, 3() -
1.3(4). , , .
26 ,
(. 1.26).
, 26() ,
, , .
,
.
, , ,
, , 26().
,
. , -
, 26, ,
18, .
, 18
.
:

26: .
()  , , ,
26() , .

()
 , ()
26()
, , :
(i)  ,

.
(ii)  .
50 m ,
.
(iii)  ,
(), .

1)
 50 m,
, [ 26() 26()].
, 50 m, (. 1.26),
, ,
(. 1.26).
, ,
, , -
.
 151

() ()
. 1.26
() () .

, -
,
,
6 .. (.
1.26). -
23(ii),
,
,
.

[. . 1.3(9)],

. 1.26
(. 1.26). - 50 m,
,
.

() ()

() () ()
. 1.26
() 50 m, . ()
, () , () () .
 152

(. 1.26).
,
(.1.26).

2)

50 m,
[
26()(ii)].
-
<50 m,
, (, ) (. 1.26)
1.26(1), -
[. . 1.26(1)], -
, 26()(ii) (.
1.26).
< 20 m,
, -
, . 1.26
21() [. (. 1.25)].
.

() ()
. 1.26
< 50 m, ()
() .

() , , :
26() (i)  ,

, .
(ii)  150 m ,

.
(iii)  , ,
.
 153

3)
 ,
[ 26()(i) (iii)].
, , ,
(. 1.26)
, , -
(. 1.26). [ .
1.26(1)],
.
, ,
(. 1.26).
, (. 1.26).
< 20 m, -
1.26(2), , .
, , 1.26(1)
1.26.

. 1.26 . 1.26
, , , ,
.
, .

() ()

. 1.26
,
, ,
. () ,
() () () .
 154

() ()
. 1.26
, ,
() > 150 m () 150 m.

4)
 -
, -
,
150 m [ 26()(ii) (iii)].

, -
> 150 m, ,
1.26(3),
,
,

(. 1.26). . 1.26
, ,
- ,
. 20 150 m,
m, .
,
.
, , 1.26(3), -
,
, [. 1.26 1.26()].

()  , ,
26() ,
.

5)

[ 26()].
20 m,
, , -
, (.
1.40, 215).
< 20 m,
 155

, , , -
.
,
, . 1(), ,
- ,
,
.
,
, 26()(i)
26()(i).
, , ,
, , -
, , 36.
.
, , ,
, :
1) G : .
2) P : .
3) I : .

()  , -
, , . 26()

,
, 26,
, -,
.
 156

1.27. .
27 , -
, , -
,
.
, -
3() 3() .
(. ).
, 8 ( ) :

27: .
() :
27() (i)  -
.
(ii)  .
(iii)  , ,
.

1)

,
[ 27()].
( -
)
, -
, ,
(. 1.27).
, -
-
,
(. 1.27).
,
. 1.27

, .
, ,
,
(. 1.27).

() () ()
. 1.27
, .
() () -
() () () .
 157

()  ,
, : 27()
(i)  .

.
(ii)  .
.
(iii)  , , ,
(i).
(i)  , -
(i) (ii), 30.

2)
 ,
[ 27()].
27() ,
[ 3(i) 3(vi)] ,
.
, ,
, (. 1.27).
, -
, (. 1.27
< 50 m . 1.27 50 m).
,
,

. 1.27

-
,
.

. 1.27
, .

() () () ()
. 1.27
() ,
< 50 m, . ()
() () () .
()
158

, 30 (. 1.27 < 50 m . 1.27

50 m).
, ,
- .
, -
, .
(. 1.27).
, , (
) (. 1.27), 30.

() () ()
. 1.27
,
50 m, .
() , () , ()
() () .

() () ()

. 1.27
-
, < 50 m, . ()
() , ()
() .
()

() ()

. 1.27

, 50 m, .
() () ,
() () .
 159

. 1.27 . 1.27
, ,
, . .

()  , -
27()

, , 24(),
() (i) (ii) .

3)
 , -

[ 27()].

, -
[ 24()],
[ 27()(i) (ii)], (.
1.27 200 m . 1.27 1.27 > 200 m).
27()(i) (ii) -
, ,
(. 1.27).

() () () ()

. 1.27
() ,
< 50 m, , -
() 200 m
. -
: () () . ()
() () ( ).
 160

() () () ()
. 1.27
() ,
< 50 m, , -
200 m -
() .
() () . ()
() () ( ).

. 1.27

, ,
200 m -
.

. ,
, , -
.

()  , -
27() , -
() (i), (ii) (iii) , , :
(i)  ,
, .
(ii) 
, .
(iii)  , ,
, 30.

4)
 () -
, [ 27()].
() , -
,
27()(i), (ii) (iii), -
 161

, .
-
-
( , , , -
..)
, -
,
:
1) -
,
. ,
, () ()
, - . 1.27
(. 1.27

. 1.27 ). ,
2) -
. ()
4() (. () .
1.39, . 210).
3) , ,
, ,
(. 1.27).
4) , ,
27(), (. 1.27)
30. ,
, ( 30) ,
27()(i).
5) ,
, -
, -

() () . 1.27
. 1.27
, -
, -

. , .
() () . ( ).
 162

(. 1.27). -
, 30 .
6) , -
IR PO.
, .
:
)  IR: .
[I am engaged in submarine survey work (underwater operations),
keep clear of me and go slow].
)  PO-1 8: ( ) [You should
pass..of me (or vessel indicated)].
)  : - (I am taking in or
discharging or carrying dangerous good).

()  , , -
27() ()
, :
(i)  , .
.
(ii)  , -
.
.

5)
 [ 27()].
, ,
-
27(), :
1) , ,
, .
(. 1.27).
2) , ( -)
, 1 m ,
(. 1.27). :
, , .
.

() ()
. 1.27
() () .
 163

()
 ,
23 - 27()
30 ,
.
.
1000 m,
.

6)

( ) [ 27()].
, -
,
, ( 23) -
( 30):
1) ,
(. 1.27 1.27),
.
2) , (. 1.27).

() () () ()
. 1.27 . 1.27
- -
, < 50 m, , 50 m,
. () () . () ()
. .

. 1.27

i .
 164

,
< 1000 m,
.

()  12 m, ,
27() .

7)
 12 m,
[ 27()].
< 12 m, ,
27,
.

()  ,
27() . IV .

8)
 [ 27()].
-
, ,
V (. 1.42, . 218). 27
.
-
.
 165

1.28 .
28 , -
, .
, 3()
1.3(8)
-
,
, .
1.3(8) , -
, IMO :
1) Dover-Calais ,
- (Deep Water Route DWR) (. 1.10.3), DWR C1 (Tail
of the Falls) (traffic lane) -
, , . DWR C1
(deep draught route), 1 .. -
22,7 m,
5,3 m.
2) ,
.
3) ,
,
(COG),
, -
.
4) ,
, (. 2),
- , . -
,
. ,
, , -
, Dover-Calais .
28 :

28: .
, ,
23, ,
.

1.28.1

.
,
( 23), ,
(. 1.28) 50 m
< 50 m (. 1.28).
, , (. 1.28).
-
, 16 ,
166

,
, 18(i).

() () () ()
. 1.28
() , 50 m.
() () , ()
() () .

() () () ()
. 1.28
, < 50 m () ()
() () .

. 1.28
.
 167

1.29 .
29, 2 ( ) , -
(pilot vessels or boats), -
, .

, , .
,
, .
, -
, ,
.

29:
() :
(i)  , 29()
, .
(ii) , .
(iii)  , , -
(i), , 30
.

1)
 -
.

, ,
(. 1.29).
,
(. 1.29 1.29).
.
,
, 30 (. 1.29 1.29),
.

() ()
. 1.29
. () , ()
( ).
 168

29
. ,
, . ,
, 36,
, .
, ,
, : (I have a pilot on board)
(. 1.29). , PILOT.

() , , ,
29() .

2)  , [ 29()].
, , -
.

. 1.29

() , ()
() .

() () ()

. 1.29



, () -
< 50 m, ()
50 m.

() ()

. 1.29
()
-

()
.

() ()
 169

1.30 .
K 30, 6 ( ), ,
.
(anchored vessel) ,
3() .
:
1)
2) , .
, , .
, ,
, . , -
, , . -
, , ,
.

30: .
() :
(i)  , . 30()
(ii)  -
(i), .
()  50 m,
, () 30()
.

1)
 50 m
[ 30() ()].
50 m, -
, .
6 m , 2()
(. 1.39, . 210).
(. 1.30).
, , 4,5 m -
, 2() (. 1.30).
< 50 m,
-
(. 1.30), . ,

. 1.30 . 1.30
, , < 50 m
50 m ( ). ( ).
 170

() ()
. 1.30
, () ,
() 50 m.

,
30().
,
, < 50 m (. 1.30).

()  , 100 m ,
30() , .

2)
 100 m -
[ 30()].
100 m,

,
,
, , -
,
.. (. 1.30).
, () ()
- . 1.30
< 100 m. () ,
100 m. () .
-
,
, -
- .

30() () , () ()
:
(i) .
(ii) .
 171

3) [ 30()].

( ),
30() (),
, , [. 1.30 1.30 (
)].
, , -
(. 1.30),
.

. 1.30 . 1.30
, < 50 m,
50 m, ( ). ( ).

() ()
. 1.30
,
: (a) 50 m () < 50 m.

()  7 m,
, , - 30()
() ()
.

4)
 < 7 m [ 30()].
< 7 m,
 172

,
, [. 1.30(1)].
, ,
.

()  12 m, ,
30() () (i) (ii) .

5) 12 m [ 30()].
12 m, ,
, 30().
 173

1.31 WIG.
31, WIG.

31: WIG.
WIG
,

.

WIG ,
, (. 1.31). ,
, ,
(. 1.31).

. 1.31
WIG,
.

() ()
. 1.31
WIG, .
() () .
174

1.31.1 
, -
23 31.
, , -
, .
23 31,
, ,
3, , -
- .
, , -
, , , -
, (.1.1).
, , .
1.1
.

/
(m)
.

-

,

1. 50 , 23() 1.23
.
. ,

.

,
-
2. < 50 , 23() 1.23
. 2 .
.

, -
1.23
3. < 20 , 21()
. 1.23
. .

-
, / 2 -


4. 7 & < 12 23() 1.23 ,
.

.
.



, / 2 ,

<7& .

5. . 23() 1.23
. 
< 7 .
-
. 7
knots.

()
 175

/
(m)
. WIG

 -

, ,
/ 1 2 .
1.23 -
6. . 23()
1.23 .

. -
.

,
/ 1 2
, -

7. WIG 23() 1.23

.

.
.

-
, ,
/ 1 2
.

- 24() 1.24 ,
8.
24() 1.24 , -
.
200 - ,
(-
).
50 m.



-

,

,
/ 1 2 50 m.
 -
24()
- 1.24 ,
9. 24()
1.24
. . 24()
> 200 - ,
(-
). ,

,
,

36.

()
176

/
(m)

-
,
, / 1
50
-
10. 24() 1.24
, .
< 50
, / 2

.

-
-

,
.
50 / 1 / 2
24() ,
11. 1.24
24() , -
< 50 -
,
.

.
50 m.

1.24  ,

-
1.24
- - 24().
1.24

1.24 
, (
12. 24()
-
- ,

. > 200 m). -
1.24 .

-
.< 25 -
-
-

. 25 . -
( )
24()(i)
-
M > 100 24()(ii) 1.24 ,
13.
24()(iii) 1.24
24().
- 24()(iv) -

-

/

> 200 > 200 m. .
.

,
1.24
14. 24()(i) ,
, 1.24

.

.
.

()
 177

/
(m)

-


:
(1)


-
, -
1.24
-
1.24


15. 24()(ii)
,
.

. (2)

-
-
.


1.24
-
, -


.

25() 1.25

-

- 25() 1.25
16. 20
( ).

() .

().

25() 1.25

-

25() 1.25
1.25
(-
17. < 20
( ). , ,

). 21() 1.25 .


(-
)
.

()
178

/
(m)

-


,


18. <7 25()(i) 1.25
( ).
,
-
.
,
.

-

19. 25() 1.25 (-

. . ),
.
.

-
-
,
20. , 25()(ii) 1.25
. ,

.
.



,
/ 1
-
.
-
,
,
26() 1.26
21. 50 ,
, 26() 1.26

-
. ,

.

. (-
).



.
26()



20 m,

-
-
- ,
, 21()
-

22. < 50 , 1.26() ,
,
21().
-
. ,

. ,

.
,
26()
(-
).

()
 179

/
(m)






-
-
.
,
,
26()
23. 50 , 1.26 ,
, 26()

-
. ,

-

. (-
.
).



- .
-
,
,

,
, 26()
24. < 50 1.26()
- 26()
,


.
- (-
.
. ).

,
-

-
- -

,

26()(i) 1.26
25. ,
, 26()(iii) 1.26()

-
.


150 m.
.
.

-
- -
- ,



, 1.26
26. , 26()(i)
- 1.26()


.

- 150 m. .
.

, /
-
25 ,
-
/ 25 ,
-
-
1.26
27. - - 26()(ii) -
1.26()
, ,

.
-
.
. >150 m.
.

()
180

/
(m)

- ,
- / 26
,
- -
/ 26
- ,
- 1.26

28. - 26()(ii) 1.26()
, ,
1.26
- .


.
- >150 m.
. .

(- , -

- , -

), , 27() 1.27
29.
- - 1.27 ,

,
.
. . .

(-
-

,
), 27()(i) 1.27
30.
(ii) 1.27
-

. .
.

, /1
/ 2


, , -
-
-
- 1.27 .
50 , 27()(i,
31. 1.27
< 50 ii iii) 
1.27
-
.
, -
- .
- .
.

-
, 

, -
- ,
- 50 27() 1.27 .
32.
< 50 (i ii) 1.27 
.
, -
- - .
. .

()
 181

/
(m)

- 
H
-
- -
-
- 1.27 .
50
33. 27()(iv) 1.27
< 50  -
- 1.27

.
/ 32 30.
/ 32

, ,
-
- / 8 / 32 1.27
27 ()(i)

27() (ii) -
200 / 32
- -
27()
34. -
,
, ,
-
- / 9 / 9 1.27
,
1.27
.
> 200 / 32 / 32
.

-

, ,

/ 31 / 31


()

35. 27()

-
, , ,
,
/ 32 / 32 .



.

-

, / , /

31 31


()


,
-

, 27() (i 1.27
36.
ii) 1.27
.


,






. .

.

()
182

/
(m)

-
, ,


/ 32 / 32

() .
-
,
 ,
-
, -
1.27
37. 27()
1.27
27(),
,



-


. . 30.
-
.



,
-
(), -

,
38. 27() 1.27
/ 32
27().
.
.  -
( -
-).




,
50 /1
< 50 / 2
1.27 .
-
39. 27() 1.27 .
.
. 1.27
(  -
.
-

).
30.
-

,
40. < 12 27()


. .
. .

, 
/1
- - 1.28 .
50 /2
41. 28 1.28
< 50 -  -
. . 1.28

. .
()
 183

/
(m)
.

-
,
-
, .
 ,
1.29
-
1.29
42. 29
- 1.29
-
. 1.29 .

.  -
, -
,

.

,
- -

1.30
43. - 50 - 30() 4,5 m -
1.30
.
, . .

.

-


- ,
.
1.30
44. - < 50 30()
. 1.30  , -
.
.

-
.

,

/43
, -
45. - 100 30() 1.30
/43
. -
100 m.
.

,
-
46. - <7 30()
. ,


.

()
184

/
(m)
.

,
/ 43 1.30 -
- 50 -
47. / 44 30() 1.30 -
. < 50 .
1.30
. .

-
-
48. < 12 30 ()
.
.

. WIG.



-
,

-
1.31 .
49. 31
WIG. . 1.31
 ,
, -




.
 185

'
1.32 . .
-, -
,
, ' ,
32 37. ,
, ,
. ,
.
(Automatic Identifica-
tion System AIS) ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid),
, , -
, -
. -
,
IS ARPA. AIS, ,
, , .
32, 3 ( ) :

32: .
() 
III - 27()
.

1) [ 32()].
(whistle) 32, ,
()
.
III
(. 1.41, . 216) .
, :
1) (steam whistle),
, .

2) , .

() . 32()

() .
32()

2) [ 32() ()].
(blast) , ,
, .
(short blast), ,
1 , (prolonged blast), -
, 4 6 .
 186

1.33 .

33, 2 ( ), -
, , .
, (bell) (gong).
,
.
:

33: .
()
 12 m , ,
33() 20 m ,
100 m ,
. ,
III .
,
,
.

1)
 12 m
[ 33()].
12 m ,
1 III (. 1.41, . 216).
, 250 700 z,
1() III, .
, 0,5 .. (. 1()
III), , -
.

2)
 20 m [
33()].
20 m ,
1.33(1), ,
2 III .
-
, -
.

3)
 100 m [
33()].
, 100 m,
,
.
2 III.
75 m 200 m, 130 350
Hz, .
1,5 .., [. 1.33(1)],
.
 187

> 200 m, 70 200 Hz,

2 ...
, ,
.

()  12 m
() , , 33()
.

4)
 12 m [
33()].
< 12 m, , ,
,
(aerosol type foghorn) .
 188

1.34 .
34, 6 ( ), ,
, ,
-
.
, shall indi-
cate 34(), (), () (),
.
,
,
. -
.
.

. , ,

.
( ), -
34(), .
, 34(), , -
.
-
100 m, -
, .
(. ).

34: .
()  , ,
34() , ,
:
: .
: .
, : .

()  , -
34() () , ,
:
(i) :
, : .
 , : .
, : .
(ii)  , -

.
(iii)  , ,
5 -
.
 189

1) H

-
[ 34(), ()].

, -
,

, -
:
1) (),

(), (),
( ) . 1.34
() ( )
(., ( ), :
) (. 1.34). .
2) (-
), ( )
() -
(.,
) (. 1.34).
3) (-
), ( S)
-

( ) (. 1.34).
4) -
-

-
(I am altering my course), . 1.34
, ( )
[ 2()], ( ), :
, - .
.
5) ,
,
.
: S

)  ,

,
.
) 
,

. . 1.34
6) ( S)
34() - ( ), :
, .
 190

, , (..
350 m 10 m -
).
7) ( S), ,
,
.
, (variable pitch)
(.. azipod propulsion system),
.
() ,
. :
1) , ( ) -
(. 1.34).
2) ( ), (.
1.34).
3) ( S), (. 1.34).
1 .
, .
, -
, 10 -
, .
,
.
, -
. 2.2.2 19 -
5 (Chapter V / 19 / 2.2.2) SOLAS 1974,
150 ...
.
, . -
, (aldis),
.
, ,
12 (. 1.39, . 210),
5 .. . ,
, 2 m , .
, , ,
2 m .

() :
34() (i)  , 9()
(i), :
 , : -
.
 , : -
.
(ii)  , 9()(i), -
:
 , , , .
 191

2)
 -

, -
, G

[ 34()]. C

,

(. . 1.34
) (
- G), :
, ( , ,
(), C), :
9()(i) .
,
:
1) - C
( G),
- Z

(.
1.34).
2) -

( Z),

(. 1.34).
-
- . 1.34
, (
, ), :
, , , - ( , ,
( ... C), :
C) (. 1.34 1.34). .
-
, -
, . -
,
( ), 34() .
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
(STW) ,
 192

, , -
, 13(), .

()  , -
34() ,
,
, , ,
. .

3)
 , -
[ 34()].
,
,
, ,
- ( ).
,
, ,
(. 1.34).

(stand on ves-
sel) 8.

-
,
-
16, N
. -
, -
, ()
,
-
N
-
[
. 1.34
(wake up signal)], (
: !!! ( ) (
-), : -
).
.

()  ,
34() , .

.

4)
 -
, , -
[ 34()].
,
,
 193

,
( ) (. 1.34).


( ), : !!! -
.
,

, -
-
. ,
S, -

, . 1.34
( T),
. !!! ..
,
, SOLS .

()
 ,
100 m, 34()
.

,
100 m, .

1.34.1
 ,
.
1.2 , ,
, :
1) K - ( )
, , -
.
2) , ,
(), -
, ()
,
-.
3)
,
.
4) , -
,
- ,
.

VHF .
, , -
.
.
194

1.2
,
.

/
()


(-
) -
1
1. - 34()() 1.34
. .
. (
).
(-
) -
2
2. - 34()() 1.34
. 2 .
. (
).

3

3. S - 3 - 34()() 1.34
.
. . ( ).

2
-
4. G 1 - 34() 1.34
- .
. .
, .

2
-
5. Z 2 - 34() 1.34
- .
. .
, .

1
-
1 1.34

6. C 1 34()
. -
1 1.34
. .

5 &

- ,

7. . 5 34() 1.34
-
- -
.
. .

-
- -

1
8. T 34() 1.34
- .
-
. .
.
 195

1.35 .
35, 11 ( ), -
, ,
, ,
.
(not in sight)
, , -
(in or near). -
, .
, -
, 19. , -
, 20().
, 3() ,
, (), , -
, .
, -
.
, ,
(haze). ,
, .
.
, ,
, -
. 1()
(. 1.41 . 216), 200 m,
2 .. . , , . ,
.
, 50 m, 3
..,
, 3 ..
(. 200 m) ,
[. 1()], .
,
,
.

.

35: .
, , ,
, :
()  , , 2
35()
, .

()  , -
, 2 , 35()
2 .
 196

1)
 ,
[ 35(), ()].
, , -
( ),
46 , ,
2 (. 1.35).

, ,
2 -
( ), -
2 ,
2 .
,
(. 1.35). . 1.35
( T)
2 ,
, .
-
,

, -

2 ,
, .
,
, -
.
( ), . 1.35
[. 1.35(1)] ( )
, ,
[. 1.34(4)] (. 1.35 1.34). , .

()  , ,
35() , ,
, -
() (), , 2 ,
.

()  , , -
35() , ,
, () ,
() .

2)

[ 35(), ()].
: [. 1.35(), ()],
( ) [. 1.35(), ()], (
) [. 1.35(), () ()],
[. 1.35()()]
 197

() ()

() - () ,
, < 50 m, < 50 m

() , () ,

() , ()

. 1.35
( D) ,
()
 198

() ()

. 1.35
( D) -
.

[. 1.35()], ,
35() 35(), ,
,
( D), 2 .
, ,

(. 1.35).
,
, 35(),
, -
, . , -
,
35()
[. 1.35() )]. . 1.35
T - (
-, 3()(iii), D)
, . ,
, .
, 35().
( D )
-, ,
, 19
, . -
, . , ,
, ,
,
, .

()  ,
35() , , , 2 -
,
. ,
.
 199

()  ,
- 35()
() ().

3)  -
[ 35(), ()].

:
1) ,
, -
( B ), o ,
2 (. 1.35).
2) . -
, , 2().
3) , , , -
, ( D)
,
-
-
(. 1.35).

-
:
1)
() , -
-
, -

( ) ( ),
(. 1.35). . 1.35
- (
[. . 1.35(2)], D) (
B)
( D)(. 1.35). , .

. 1.35 . 1.35
( T) - ( -
, < 50 m, D) ,
, < 50 m,
. , .
 200

2) ,
. , , -
.

()  , ,
35() . 100 m ,
,
5 .
, ,
.

4)

[ 35()].
, -
, 5 ,
, 1 (. 1.35).
100 m,
, 5
(. 1.35).

, ,
, ,
( R), -
(. 1.35 1.35).
(. 1.41, . 216)
, .

()  , , -
35() , () ,
. -
.

5)
 [-
35()].
, 3 ,
5 -
3 (. 1.35).
, 100 m, -
, 5
(. 1.35).
,
. ,
( U),
!!!,
(. 1.35 1.35).

()  12 m, 20 m -
35() () () .
, , ,
2 .
 201

. 1.35
. 1.35 , (
( 5 .),
5 .) , 5
( R) ,
< 100 m, ( R) 100 m, -
. .

. 1.35
. 1.35 , (
, , -
, 5 - 5 .
. - ),
, 5 ., -
( U), , < 100 m, ( U) , 100 m,
. .

6)
 -
12 m 20 m [ 35()].
12 m, < 20 m, ,
, , -
, , 2 .
,
, (.
1.35).

()  12 m
, , , 35()
2 .
 202

7)

12 m [ 35()].
< 12 m, . -
, -
2 .
(. 1.35).

()  , -
35() (), () (), , ,
.

8)
 [
35()].
( ) ,
35(), (), () (), -
(identity signal), ( H),
(. 1.35).
, ,
.

. 1.35 . 1.35
-
12 m < 20 m, - < 12 m,
, - .
.

. 1.35
,
( ),
,
.
 203

1.35.1 .
1.3 ,
, , -
, .
, ,
,
.

1.3
,
.

/ -

-
.
35() 1.35
2
1.
. 2
35() 1.35
.
.

- ( 2 35() 1.35
2.
) . 35() 2
. .

1.35(), ()
-
(
).
) , -
3 -
, -
2 .
.
) - -
35()
, 2
3. - D
.
. 35() 1.35(), () ,
)

- , -
, .
)
-
.

)
-
.

()
204

/ -


3 -
-
2 .
. 1.35()
1.35 -

35()
( 2 1.35(),()
3. D
). . 1.35() ,
35()
-
, -
( 1.35(), ()
). 1.35

.

2
4. . 35() 1.35 ,
.
, -


.

-

5
- .
1

.
-
5. 35() 1.35 -
100 m.





R .

5
-
1. 1
.
6. 35() 1.35
100 m.
2.
-
5
- .
R 1
.

()
 205

/ -

3 - -


-

, .
!!! !!! -



7. 35() 1.35 ,
< 100 m. -

- 5 - , -
(U),

3
.

-
. !!!.

1. -

!!! !!!

/
7
. .
2.

8. - 35() 1.35
100 m.

,

, -
- (U),

5 -
-
. .
!!!.


-
, -
.



.
12 m 2
9. 35() 1.35
< 20 m.





-


.

()
206

/ -

-

-
2 .
10. < 12 m. . 35() 1.35
.


- .
.

-
-



11. . 35() 1.35 , -
35(),(),()

(),


.

()
 207

1.36 .
36 , , ,
. -
:

36: .
,
,
.
, .
, -
.
.. .

,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
. , -
( ) [. 1.34(3)] 37
1() IV (. 1.42, . 218),
, , .
,
.
,
.
,
, .
, ,
,
.
208

1.37  , 37
IV .
37 ,
, IV
(. 1.42, . 218).

37:
,
IV .

, ,
.
,

- .

, , .
, ,
. ,
. 2 IV -
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
33 V (regulation 33 chapter V) SOLAS 1974
[ (2012)]
, , ,
.
-,
SOLAS. ,
11 1910 -
, .
 209

'
1.38
 38.
38, ( ),

, ,
72 15 1977. -
, . ,
.
, , -
72.
, , .

38: .
( )
,
, 1960,
, :
()  ,
22, - 38()
.
()  , 7
, 38()
.
()  ,
, - 38()
, .
) (i)  150 m , -
3() , 38()
9 .
(ii)  150 m , -
3() ,
9 .
()

2() , 9 - 38()
.
()  2() 3()
, 9 38()
.
()

III, 9 38()
.
()
 9()
I . 38()
210

1.39  , , -
, -
.

(Annex I) :
1)
 ' .
2) .
3) .
4) , ,
.
5) .
,
2031.

: .
1. .
.
, .
2. .
() 20 m :
(i)  , -
6 m 6 m,
. ,
12 m .
(ii)  , 4,5 m -
.
() ,
, -
1000 m ,
.
() O 12 m , 20 m,
2,5 m.
() , 12 m,
2,5 m, .
23()(i)
, 1 m
.
() , ,
,
, -
4,5 m, .
() (i)  23() ,
-
, (ii).
(ii)  o ,
27()(i) 28, ,
() ()
().
 211

3 () .
() ,
. ,
.
() , 20 m,
, ,
1 m.
() ,
:
(i)  20 m ,
2 m, ,
, 4 m,
.
(ii)  20 m,
1 m, ,
, 2 m,
.
(iii)  , .
() O , -
, ,
.
() , 30()(i), ,
4,5 m, . 50 m
, , 6 m -
.
3. .
() ,
,
100 m.
, .
() 20 m , -
. .
() , 27()(i) 28, -
() () ,
() , 2 m,
.
() , -
, 20 m
, ,
.
4. ,
.
() ,
, 26()(ii), -
2 m 6 m,
. ,
26 () (i) .
()
212

,
, 27()(i) (ii), -
. , 2 m,
27()(i) (ii) .

, 27()(i) (ii).
5. .
20 m
(matt), 9 .
20 m,
9 ,
.
, -
, .
6. .
() :
(i) 0,60 m.
(ii) 0,60 m .
(iii) 0,60 m .
(iv)  ,
(ii), .
() 1,5 m.
() 20 m -
, ,
.
7. .
-
, ,
. ,
, :
(i)
0.525 0.525 0.452 0.310 0.310 0.443
0.382 0.440 0.440 0.348 0.283 0.382
(ii)
0.028 0.009 0.300 0.203
0.385 0.723 0.511 0.356
(iii)
0.680 0.660 0.735 0.721
0.320 0.320 0.265 0.259
(iv)
0.612 0.618 0.575 0.575
0.382 0.382 0.425 0.406
8. .
() :
D
= 3,43 10 6 x D2 K
:
= [candela (cd)], .
= 2 x 10 7 lx.
 213

D = .
= .
0,8, -
13 ...
() :

(cd) = 0,8
D
1 0,9
2 4,3
3 12
4 27
5 52
6 94

:
.
.
9. .
() (i)  , ,
.
, 1 3 ,
.
(ii)  22,5
,
5 ,
21. 5 ,
50% . -
, 5 .
() (i)  ,
6 .
, 30, -
.
(ii)  () (i) , -
,
,
, .
10. .
() , ,
, :
(i)  , 5
, 5 .
(ii)  60% 7,5 ,
7,5 .
() ,
214

, :
(i)  , 5
5 .
(ii)  50% , 25
25 .
() ,
.
11. .
, ,
, 8.
12. .
2 () ,
, 34(),
, , 2 m
.
2 m . ,
, , , -
, 2 m .
13. .
() ,
, 2()(i) ,

, , 27 .
() 50 m ,
4,5 m 2()(ii) ,
,
:
( +17 )
y= C +2
1000
:
y: T () , , .
: T , , , -
.
: H , .
C: H , .
14. .
-
, .
 215

1.40  -
II .
20 m,
, , ,
. 72 :

II:
.
1. .
, -
26(), .
0,9 m, ,
26()(i) ()(i).
, ,
.
2. .
()  ,
, :
(i) : .
(ii)  : -
.
(iii) : .
() , :
(i)  , -
.
(ii)  ,
, ,
2().
()  20 m , -
, , -
, () () .
3. .
-
.
.

.
216

1.41  ,
III.

III : ,
.
,
32 35.

III:
1. .
() .
70 700 z.
, -
, 180 700
z ( 1 %) 20 m 180 2100 z ( 1%)
20 m ,
1().
() .
,
:
(i) 70 200 z, 200 m .
(ii) 130 350 z, 75 m, 200 m.
(iii) 250 700 z, 75 m.
() .

1 m , 1/3 ,
180 700 z ( 1%) 20 m 180 2100
z ( 1%) 20 m
, , :

1/3 1 m, -
dB 2x105 /m2 ..
200 143 2
75 200 138 1,5
20 75 130 1
120 (1)
20 115 (2) 0,5
111 (3)
:
(1)
 180450 z (2) -
450800 z (3)
8002100 z
-
, ,
90%. ,
( 68 dB ,
 217

250 z 63 dB , 500 z).

-
. ,
,
.
() .
4 dB,
, ,
45 .
, 10 dB,
.
, ,
. 1/3 ,
.
() .
,
,
.
,
-
. -
110 dB () , 100 dB (A).
() .
100 m,
, .
() .
-
(), -
, ,
. ,
.
, 100 m .
, 10 z.
2. .
() .
,
, 110 dB 1 m .
() .

. 300 mm
20 m . , -
, .
3% .
3. .
,
, .
218

1.42 IV
1.37, 37
,
IV . :

IV:
1.  , ,
:
()  , -
.
()  .
() 
.
() 
(SOS) Morse.
() , MAYDAY.
() NC .
()  ,
.
()  ( ,
..).
() , .
() .
() , , .
()  E K (Digital Selective
CallingDSC), -:
(1) VHF 70
(2)  MF/HF 2187,5 (), 8414.5 HZ, 4207.5 KHZ, 6312 KHZ,
12577 KHZ 16804.5 KHZ.
() 
, Inmarsat
(Ship Earth Station SES) .
() .
()  ,
.
2.  ,
, ,
.
3.  , ,
, :
()  ( -
).
() .
 219

1.42.1 (distress signals).

IV :

1)
 (gun or other explo-
sive signal) (. 1.42).
,
.
-
. 1.42
. , -

(), .
-
, .
, -

.

2)

(. 1.42).
34 35 >12
m, . -
-, . 1.42
.
, . .
,

, ,
.

3) (. 1.42).
(rockets) (shells)

. -
, ,
. 1.42
SOLAS 1974
,
(Life-Saving Appliance Code

LSA Code). .

, LSA .

 (SOS) -
4)
(. 1.42).
...___...
( ) (SOS: Save Our Souls
or Save Our Seamen or Save Our Ships or Survivors On Shore)
, S O S
. .

(/) , - . 1.42
, SOS,
( aldis) [.
1.34(1)], . - .
220

, (electric S-O-S distress lights),

. ,
. -
. 1999, .
Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS), -
,
, SOS , .

5)
 MAYDAY,
(. 1.42).
MAYDAY, ,
, .
, ,
, , -
. ,
SOS .
(MAYDAY MAYDAY
MAYDAY), MAYDAY-MAYDAY-MAYDAY
, , - /

. . 1.42
, 2182 (kHz) MAYDAY, -
(MF) 16 [156.8 , -
(MHz)] (VHF). .
121.5 243.0 MHz.
MAYDAY, -
,
. Pan
Pan Pan, -
MAYDAY ,
.

6)
 NC (.
. 1.42
1.42).
NC,
C , -
- ( NC).
. ,
.
,
( ).

7)

(. 1.42).
(-
), , . 1.42
, ,
, , - ( -
. , - ) ,
-. .
 221

8)

(. 1.42).
-
,

.

V
. 1.42
(. 218), , -
, -
, .

, - .
.

9)

(. 1.42).
-
(rocket parachute flare) - -
, ,
.
, -
. 1.42
. O
,

-
-,
SOLAS 1974 , V .
LSA.
-
,
.

10)
 (. 1.142).
, (smoke
signal) ,
,
. () ()
, . 1.42


, .
V LSA.

2 .., -
,
, ,
. -
, .

11)
 (. 1.42).
. 1.42
, - ,
. ,
, .
222

, -
.
, , -
. , ,
() .

12)
 - (Digital
Selective Call DSC).
-
MF, HF VHF.
GMDSS. :
1) VHF 70
2) MF/HF 2187.5, 8414.5, 4207.5, 6312, 12577 16804.5 KHZ.
DSC, MMSI
(Maritime Mobile Service Identity) .
. ,
, (4)
. , (5) . ,
MF HF.
,
.
. :
, , , , , , ,
.

13)
 -
.
-
(Ship Earth Stations
SES) Inmarsat, .

11 .
,
, Inmarsat
GMDSS.

.

14)
 -
/ (Emer-
gency Position Indicating Radio Beacon EPIRB) (.
1.42).

EPIRB, (radio beacons),
( 30 cm), , (
25 kg), () ()
, . 1.42
. EPIRB
, - .
 223

.
EPIRB, :
1) 406 (MHz) EPIRBs.
-. 406 MHz -
- .
EPIRB 2 5 km. EPIRB -
COSPAS-SARSAT, , -
GOES -
(GEOSAR). , GPS,
,
GEOSAR EPIRB. COSPAS-SARSAT
, , , GEOSAR.
2) EPIRB
121.5 MHz, ,
.
3) 406 MHz EPIRB, 8 IV SOLAS (SOLAS
reg. 8 / V), EPIRB, -
70 VHF, (DSC).
9 GHz.
EPIRB, , EPIRB -
, IV SOLAS.

15)
, .
16) , 3 IV (.
218)
, -
,
[International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) manual, Vol. III)]. ,
:
1) , , -
(. 1.42).

.
2) , , -
, ,
(. 1.42).

. 1.42 () ()
, . 1.42
, , ,
.
.
224

1.43
 ,
.

,
, .
. , (lesson learned),
.

1.43.1
 M/V State of Himachal Pradesh M/V Capulonix,
5.
1) .
/ (Motor Vessel: M/V) Capulonix
48.000 -
, .
(. 1.43) Capulonix
,
, M/V State of Himachal
Pradesh,
2 knots,
. Himachal Pradesh

, -
. -
. 1.43
,
M/V State of Himachal Pradesh M/V

Capulonix 5.
M/V Pradesh
, .
, , M/V Pradesh -
90o, (STW),
, -
(. 1.43).
2) .
M/V Pradesh .

, M/V Capulonix Cochin, .
M/V Pradesh , 5,
(. 1.5),
. , -
,
. , M/V Pradesh ,
.
M/V Capulonix , -
, .
3) .
85% M/V Pradesh 15% -
 225

M/V Capulonix.
, 5
, .

1.43.2
 M/V Achilleus M/V Cinderella, 10(),
10() 15.
1) .

, M/V Achilleus -
M/V Cinderella , Cinderella

() (. 1.43).
M/V Achilleus Achilleus


.

Z
M/V Cinderella, .
M/V Achilleus
K
, -
,
.
, . 1.43
- M/V Achilleus M/V Cinderella
M/V 10(), 10(), 10()
Cinderella, - 15.
(.1.43).

2) .
:
1) M/V Achilleus
10(i), -
, 10(ii) 10(),
, 1.10.2(2) (6).
2) , M/V Achilleus, 10(),
10(), ,
1118, 1.10.2.
15, - , M/V Cinderella
-, .
3) , M/V Cinderella
, , 17()(ii).

3) .
70% M/V Achilleus 30% M/V Cinderella. T

,
, -
, ( 3, 4, 5 . 1.7) .
226

1.43.3
 M/V Libby Black M/V Anco Princess,
9 14.
1) .
, M/V Libby Black, -
Barbara Vaught
M/V Anco Princess -
. M/V
Libby Black , M/V Anco
Princess (. 1.43). Libby Black
M/V Anco Princess Barbara
, - Vaught
, 400 -
. M/V Libby Black Anco Princess
, ,
.
.
/
. 1.43
5 ..,
M/V Libby Black M/V Anco Princess
9 4.

34,
( ).
1 .., M/V Anco Princess
( ) M/V Libby Black ,
5 , -
M/V Anco Princess .
(. 1.43) M/V Libby Black, M/V Libby Black
M/V Anco Princess .

2) .
:
1) -
, ,
.
14(),
[. 1.14 1.14.1(4)].
2) ,
7, 9 14
[. 1.14.1(5)],
,
3) M/V Libby Black /, 34
() [. 1.34(1)], M/V Anco Princess .

3) .
85% M/V Libby Black 15% M/V Anco Princess.
T :
1) ,
,
 227

.
2) -
, 14(), [. 1.14.1(2)].
( ),
, .

1.43.4
 M/V Horta Barbosa M/V Sea Star,
5, 7 14.
1) .
/ M/V Horta Barbosa
. -
/ M/V Sea Star,
,
Rio De Janeiro, - Sea Star
.
, ,
(. 1.43). Horta Barbosa
-
, 1614 .. 6 ..
,
16
knots. . 1.43
M/V Horta M/V Horta Barbosa M/V Sea Star
Barbosa , - 5, 7 14.
,
.
, , M/V Sea Star 34 ..
30 .
04:00, , M/V
Sea Star (. 1.43).
, , M/V Sea Star
, . M/V
Sea Star , 4 5 .
.

2) .
:
1) M/V Sea Star ,
,
, -
7 14 [. 1.14.1(5)], .
2) M/V Horta Barbosa -
M/V Sea Star,
, 5 7.

3) .
75% M/V Sea Star 25% M/V Horta Barbosa. T
-
228

,
.

1.43.5
 M/V Olympian M/V Nowy Sacz, 13
17().
1) .
, M/V Olympian M/V Nowy
Sacz, -
, 14,5 knots 12,5 knots ,
. 02:45, M/V Nowy Sacz
M/V Olympian, 25o 30o
(. 1.43). Olympian
03:00, M/V Olympian -
22,5 Nowy Sacz
M/V Nowy Sacz.
M/V lympian , -
M/V
Nowy Sacz.
03:30, M/V Olympian . 1.43
M/V Nowy Sacz M/V Olympian M/V Nowy Sacz
2530 13 17().
M/V Nowy Sacz, -
.
03:50, M/V Nowy Sacz [ -
, 34()], ,
.
M/V Olympian 300400 ,
. M/V Nowy Sacz ,
. 03:57 ,
M/V Nowy Sacz M/V Olympian.

2) .
:
1) M/V Olympian -
, ,
, . ,
, -
.
2) , M/V Nowy Sacz
, .
3) . -
13 () , :
)  , ,
22,5o (. 1.13),
(coming
up with), 1.13(2)
) .
, 13()
[. 1.13(3)] ,
 229

.
,
.
4) M/V Nowy Sacz
, , , -
17() [. 1.17.1(5)].

3) .
75% M/V Olympian
25% M/V Nowy Sacz.
, ,
/-
, , .

1.43.6
 M/V Transhawaii M/V Republica de Colombia,
5, 7 8(), 17().
1) .
M/V Repuplica de Colombia 554
, /V
Transhawaii 634 -
, Republica de Colombia
1000 .
,
(. 1.43).
M/V Transhawaii, - Transhawaii
M/V Repuplica de
Colombia,
.
M/V Republica de Colombia
, . 1.43
M/V Transhawaii, - M/V Transhawaii M/V Republica de
10 Colmbia 5, 7
15, - 8 (), 17 ().
.
, M/V Transhawaii -
M/V Republica de Colombia, -
, .

2) .
:
1) M/V Transhawaii ,
5.
,
, 7.
2) , M/V Transhawaii
, [. 1.17.1(5)],
17().
3) M/V Republica de Colombia,
1000 , -
230

8(),
[. 1.8.1(5)].

3) .
:
1)
,
.
2) , , -
,
.

1.43.7  M/V Orduna M/V Konakry, 8(),

17() 16.
1) .
M/V Orduna M/V Konakry
-
. M/V Konakry - Konakry
8 M/V
Orduna (. 1.43).
M/V Konakry -

, Orduna
500 M/V
Orduna.
M/V Orduna , -
-
M/V Konakry - . 1.43
, . M/V Ordura M/V Konakry
. 8(), 17()
16
2) .
:
1) M/V Orduna , 17(), -
17()(ii), -
,
, [. 1.17.1(2)
(4)].
2) M/V Konakry, 16
8(), /,
[. 1.16.1(1), (2) 1.8.1(1)].
3) M/V Orduna , , -
. , -

[. 1.15.1(5)].

3) .
, :
1) .
 231

2) , ,
.
3)
.

1.43.8
 M/V Tosca M/V McKinley, 17()(ii).
1) .
Oregon, -
M/V Tosca 649
M/V McKinley
Mc Kinley
75 .
M/V McKinley (.
1.43), -
M/V Tosca Tosca

M/V McKinley.
,
,

M/V McKinley. . 1.43
M/V Tosca M/V McKinley
2) . 19()(ii).

:
1) M/V McKinley . -
, -
.
2) , M/V McKinley ,
5, -
, 16, [. 1.16.1(1)].
3) , M/V Tosca
, .
,
, 17()(ii) [. 1.17.1(2)].

3) .
65% M/V McKinley 35% M/V Tosca.
17()(ii) (may), -
(should shall). , :
1) , -
, .
2)
.

1.43.9
 M/V Cardo M/V Toni, 15 -
17()(ii).
1) .
/ M/V Cardo, 830 , 056
232

15,5 knots. , -
,
M/V Toni, 470 ,
221 -
Toni
10 knots. ,
-
. 15
(. 1.43). M/V Toni -
7
Cardo
M/V Cardo.
, M/V Toni -
, M/V Cardo
. 1.43
.
M/V Cardo M/V Toni -
2) . 15 17()(ii).

:
1) M/V Toni () ,
, M/V Cardo,
15 [. 1.15.1(3)].
2) M/V Cardo , 17()(ii),
, () .
3) ,
5 7.
4) ,
, ,
.

3) .
-
,
,

.

1.43.10
 M/V Ek M/V Debalzevo, 5, 7, 15
17()(ii), 17().
1) .
M/V Debalzevo / M/V Ek -
1 .., (. 1.43).

, M/V Debalzevo M/V Ek
.

2) .
:
1) -
, 5 7, ,
.
 233

2)
.
3) M/V Debalzevo, ()
-

, M/V Ek, - Ek
15. Debalzevo
(. 1.18.2),
.
4) M/V Ek ,
-
, [. 1.17.1(5)],
, - . 1.43
M/V Ek M/V Debalzevo
,
5, 7, 15 -
, - 17()(ii), 17().
17(), .
5) , -
, , 17()(ii).

3) .
-
,
, ,
-
.

1.43.11
 M/V Admiral Nakhimov M/V Petr Vasev,
2, 15 16.
1) .
M/V Admiral Nakhi-
mov M/V Petr Vasev,
, , -
.
M/V Admiral Nakhimov Nov- Admiral Nakhimov

orossiysk Sochi 160 -
884 . M/V Petr Vasev -

Petr Vasev
036 (. 1.43),
, -
.
7 ..,
- . 1.43
15 M/V M/V Admiral Nakhimov M/V Petr Vasev
2, 15 16.
Petr Vasev , M/V Admiral
Nakhimov .
, M/V Petr Vasev , M/V Admiral Nakhimov -
. ,
423 .
234

2) .
:
1) 15 16. , -
, .
2) 2(), .
,
2() [. 1.2(2)]. , .
3) M/V Admiral Nakhimov, 15.

3) .
15
. :
1) ,

2)
.
, 2(), -
, .

-
ARPA 2.
3.
4.
5. 
-
6.  ,
72
7. ARPA
8. 

/ ARPA


, ()
-
(Automatic Radar Plotting Aids ARPA), ,
, -
.

-
,
.
, ,
STCW
(Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarers)
- -
, .
, ,
IMO (ships routeing),
. ,
,
.
,
, , ,
-
.
 6 1
4
3

2.1 .

, -
. , ,
-
.
, , -
(ships routeing),
, ,
- .
- ,
1898 ,
. -
SOLAS 1974. ,
, , ,
.

, . :
1) ,
(two-way routes), (recommended tracks), -
(areas to be avoided), (inshore traffic zones),
(roundabouts), (precaution-
ary areas) - (deep-water routes).
2)  (archipelagic sea lanes).
,
SOLAS (Regulation V/10-2)
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea), .
, -
, , :
1) SOLAS 1974: V, 10 (SOLAS V/10).
2) 1972: 10, ,
.
3) , Assembly resolution A.572 (14) ( ),
.
4) 624/82: , , -
.
1978,
SHIPS ROUTEING,
, .
238

(10) (Ships routeing 2010 Edition) :

1) ': (General provisions on Ships routeing).
2) ': (Traffic separation schemes).
3) ': (Deep water routes).
4) ': (Areas to be avoided).
5) ': (Other routeing measures).
6) ': (Associated rules and
recommendations on navigation).
7) ': - ,
(Mandatory ship reporting systems and mandatory routeing systems).
8) ': , -
(General provisions for adaption, designation and substitute of archipelagic sea lanes).
- -
, ,
.
. ,
(amendments), SHIPS ROUTEING.
2 IMO A. 572(14) IMO.
, 2.7, 2.8, , IMO, SHIPS
ROUTEING 2008. IMO

. O IMO , -
IMO.

2.2 .

, -

, , -
, . ,
,
.

, .
:
1) ,
(COG).
2) , , -
.
3) , -
.
4) ,
.
5) ,
.
6) ,
.
7) , ,
.
 239

8)
.

2.3 .
(-
. 1.10.1), , SHIPS
ROUTEING, IMO Assembly resolution A.572 (14),
, ,
:
1) .
, ,
(COG) ,
, (routeing system).
:
1) (traffic separation schemes).
2) (two-way routes).
3) (COG) (recommended tracks).
4) , (areas to be avoided).
5) , (no anchoring areas).
6) (inshore traffic zones).
7) - (roundabouts).
8) (precautionary areas).
9) - (deep water routes).
2) .
,
V/10 SOLAS 1974
(mandatory routeing system). ,
.
3)  .
, o
,
-
, - -
6 1
- 4
() (traffic separation 3
scheme) (. 2.3).
1
4) .
, - 6
,
(COG)
(separation
. 2.3
zone-line).
(): (1)
, , ,
- - (3) , (4)
- (6)
240

, [. 2.3
3 6
(3) (4)].
++
5) . 6
1

, 4
- + +
+
(traffic lane). +
+
- 6
, (. 2.3 2.5).

6)
 -
. 2.3
, - - ,
- : (4) .
, 3
- 4
- 1
3
(roundabouts).
-

,

hor

(Ins

e) ic
zone traff
(Inshore
traffic zone)
,

(. 2.3).

5
7) .
,
[. 2.3 (6) . 2.3 (3)], -
. 2.3
- : (5)
(inshore traffic .
zone). , 10
() 72 (. 1.10 2.3).

8)
 -
.
2
,
-
,
, -
,
-
(two-way route) (. 2.3).

9) . 2

-
,
-
, - . 2.3
:
(recommended route) [. 2.5 (8)]. (2) .
 241

10)

.
-
, ,
, DW
-
6

(recommended track) [.
2.5 (7)].

11)
 -
.
-, - . 2.3
DW,
[. 2.3 (6)] - .
-
(deep-water route). -
-
. 3
! 9

2
12) . 4

,
, 4
!9
-

-
(precaution area) (. 1.10 2.3).
. 2.3
13) .
(9), -
, (2).
,



-
-
(area to be avoided) (. 2.3).
A
14)
 -
.
,
,

- A
,
(no an-
choring area).
. 2.3
, - .
242

(. 2.3).

15)
 -
.
+
+
- 5
, - +
-
(established direction of traffic flow) [.
2.3 (1) . 2.3 (1)].

16)
 -
.
,

. 2.3
(recommended direction

of traffic flow) [. 2.3 (2) : (5) .
2.3 (2)].

2.4  .
(International Hydrographic Organization IHO), -
, , ,
, ,

.
SHIPS ROUTEING,
Assembly resolution A.572 (14),
- (magenta), , -
,
. ,
.
(legend), -
(notes) 2.1
:
2.1

.
-
1.
. (Traffic separation scheme) ,
(. 2.3).

-
,
2.
(Inshore traffic zone).
(. 1.10 2.3).

()
 243

/
-
3.
(Precautionary area). , (. 1.10).

DW DW Deep Water
4.
DW (Deep Water route). route (. 1.10 2.3).

-
,
5.
(Area to be avoided). , -
(. 2.3).

,
6.
(Two-way route). (. 2.3).

,
7.
(Recommended route). (. 2.5).

,
8.
(Recommended track). (. 2.5).

- ,
9.
(No anchoring area). (. 2.3).

. ,
10.
(Mandatory routeing) .

-
, 2.2:

2.2

/ (
, ).

-
- ,
1.
. . (1) (2) (. 2.3
2.3).

, -
, -
-
2.
. .

(1) (. 2.3, 2.5, 2.5 2.5).

3
3. . [(3),
-
(4) 2.3](. 2.3).
.
()
244

/ (
, ).

4. . [(4),
. (5) 2.3] (. 2.3)

- ,


5. (


. [(6) 2.3] (. 2.3, 2.3 2.3
).
2.3).

, ,
- -
( -
6. -
). .
(. 2.3, 2.3, 2.5
2.8).

:
7. , -
 .
(7) (. 2.5).
 . .

-
8.
. (. 2.5).
.
-
9. .
! -
.
(8) (.
2.3 2.5).

:
1) .
(. 2.3). ,
.
2) (. 2.5 2.5), ,
.
3) 3 , .
4) , -
.
5) ,
(. 6) (. 2.5).
6) (. 2.3, 2.3, 2.3
2.3).
7) , ,
, .
8) precautionary area ( ) ,
(. 1.10).
 245

, -
:
2.3

 ,

1. (. (No boundary)
2.3).

, -
2. ()
(. 2.3 2.3).

 -

3. ()
(. 2.3 2.5).

 , ,

4. (No boundary)
.

 ,

5.
(. 2.3 2.5).

 -

6.
(. 2.5).



7.
(. 2.5).



8.
(. 2.3).
 -

9.
(. 2.8).

 -

10. - -
(. 2.8).

-
11. -
(. 2.3).
 , -

12. - , (No boundary)
.


13. -
.

 - -

14. (. (Seperation
- zone/line
2.3). acts as boundary)
(Separation Zone / Line acts as boundary)
()
246



(. 2.3).
15.
,
. (or no symbol limits undefined)

 -


16. .

(. 2.3 2.3).

:
1) .
,
, .
2) - . -
, ,
DW. DW 15 15 m.
, , ,
.
3) . -
, ,
... , ,
.
4) .
,
, ... , ,
.

2.5 .
, 2.2, ,
4 Assembly Resolution
A.572 (14) 4 ' SHIPS ROUTEING:

1)
 , -
, .
,
[. 2.3 (4) (3)]. ,
, . -
, [.
1.10.2(2)].
, -
[. 2.3 (3)],
. , ,
,
, .
 247

[. 2.3 (6) -
2.3 / 2]
. , 6
[. 2.3 (1) 2.2 / 1] - 1

.
1
2)
 -
6
,
(. 2.5).
-
-
, , ,
. 2.5

,
- ,
.
,
.
4
3)

-
-
(. 2.3).



,

6
3
.
, 3

[. 1.10.2(5)], -

,
- -
,
. 2.5
.. (. 1.10). ,
.
-
, [. 2.3 (3)(4) . 1.10].

4)
 , .
,
(focal points) , -
(. 2.5). , ,
, (land-
fall), , , , ...

5)
 ,
.
, -
, ,
, :
1) :
 ,
)
248

, -
, -
,

(. 2.3
2.5).
)  -



, -
.
,
, - (7)

.
2) .
-
(. 2.5)
(. 2.5), -
,

, -
-
(. 2.5 2.5) . 2.5
: (7) .

. , -
[. 2.5 (3)
(4)], ,
.
3) .
)  ,
,
, (. 1.10 2.3).

. 2.5 . 2.5
. .
 249

,
.
, .
)  ,
, -
.
,
(. 2.5).
) 
.

6) .
, , :
1) -
[. 1.10 2.3 (DW)].
2) ,
, [. 2.5 (2)].
3) [. 2.5 (7)] -

4
1

2
1 6
9
!
3 2
4 6
4

4
6
1
. 2.5 . 2.5
. ,
(2).

1
7 + +
2
4
+

2
1 + 7
+

. 2.5
. 2.5
,
(7).
.
250

,
[. 2.5 (8)]
(. 2.3). 8
4)
(. 2.3) -
(. 2.3).

8
-
, .
. 2.5
2.6 . (8).

-
, , :
1) ,
, .
2) ,

.
3) , ,
, .
, -
, -
, .
4) , ,
10 ,
[. 1.10.2 1.10.2(2)].
II ( 1118) III ( 19) ',
[. 1.10.2 1.10.2(1)].
5) , ,
,
. ,

, , .
6) - , , ,

. , ,
, .
7) , ,
-
.
8) -
, ,
.
9) , ,
,
. (COG)
.
10) YG , :
.
 251

2.7 .

, ,

(COG). , , '
SHIPS ROUTEING (. 2.4) (. 2.7):
2.4

I BALTIC SEA
II WESTERN EUROPEAN WATERS
III MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEA
IV INDIAN OCEAN AND ADJACENT WATERS
V SOUTH - EAST ASIA
VI AUSTRALIA
VII NORTH AMERICA, PACIFIC COAST
VIII SOUTH AMERICA, PACIFIC COAST
WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, GULF
IX
OF MEXICO AND CARIBBEAN SEA
X ASIA PACIFIC COAST
XI SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

. 2.7
, IMO .
252

, -
- ' / (index chart),
, .
(chartlet) , -
-
. .
, -
0,05 0,5.
(geodetic datum).
, (posi-
tion offset), , , .
2.7 , SHIP S
ROUTEING.

. 2.7
,
IMO, .

2.8 - .
' SHIP S ROUTEING, -
. 1.10.3 2.3(11),
, ,
[. 1.18.1(7)].
- , ,
2.5 (. 2.8).
 253

2.5

I BALTIC SEA
II WESTERN EUROPEAN WATERS
III SOUTH - EAST ASIA
WESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN, GULF
IV
OF MEXICO AND CARIBBEAN SEA

. 2.8
, IMO
- .

2.8 , - -
SHIP S ROUTEING.

2.9 .
' SHIP S ROUTEING,
, . -
:
1) ,
. ,
, .
2) , -
, ,
.
254

. 2.8
IMO, - ,
.

2.10 .
' SHIPS ROUTEING, ,
, , -
, .
3.1 .
72 5 (), 7 (
) 8 ( ) .
,
,
,
.
,
SOLAS 1974 . ,
, -
.
,
. , -
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
1978 (Standards of Training, Certification
and Watch keeping for SeafarersSTCW).
STCW 1984 ()
, , -
.
, . -
1995, 1997, -
STCW, ,
. . ' ,
' .
VIII STCW, -
, () . , STCW
' VIII, ,

, - ,
STCW.
.1314/83, ,
. ,
() ,
,
.
256

3.1.1 , STCW.
VIII, ' ' STCW, ,
()
.
', VIII , , -
:
1) (A/VIII1)
2) - (A/VIII2).
', VIII , , ,
:
1) , (/VIII1)
2)
(/VIII2).

3.1.2 .
,
(fitness for duty),
, .
,
STCW 1, VIII, A' (A/VIII/1), :
1) , -
, -
10 , 24 77 .
2) , -
6
14 .
3)
. - -
,
, , , -
.
4) () -
. -
, (International Labor Organization
ILO) .
5) ,
, ,
.
6) -
,
ILO ,

.
,
.
7)

, -
,
 257

. ,

. -
, ,
.
8) - -
:
 , 70
)
.

)
.

.
10 ,
6 ,
14
24 .
, ,
- ,
B-VIII/1.
- ,
0,05% 0,25mg/l
, -
,
, .

3.1.3
 (watch keeping
arrangements and principles to be observed).
72,
, STCW 2, VIII, ',
- , -
, .
- , , :

1) (certification) (Part 1: A-VIII/2).

,
II VII,
.
, -
III VII, .

2) (Part 2: A-VIII/2).
(voyagepassage planning)
-
, ,
(waypoints)
.
, 2, 2,
VIII, ', STCW :
258

1) .
)  , , -
-
(COG), .
)  ,
, ,
, , , , --
.
2) . -
, ,

, , -
, ,
.
3) -
. ,
, ,
( )
,
(COG) , (route monitoring),
.
4) . ,
, -
,
,
.

3) (watch keeping at sea) (Part 4: A-VIII/2).

, , -
, .
, -
, STCW.
, 4, 2, VIII, ',
STCW :
1) :
)  - , ,
, ,
, .
)  ,
.
,
,
-.
)  , ,
.
2) .
, -
,
,
 259

4)
 (principles to
observed in keeping a navigation watch) (Part 4-1: A-VIII/2).
, ,
, 4 - 1 2, -
VIII, ', STCW :
1) . -
.
2) (lookout).
)  , K 5 ,
:
 , -
, .
 ,
.
 , , ,
.
)  -
,
, .
)  , -
.
, ,
-
.
(sole lookout) ,
:

.
 , ,
:
.
.
.
.
 ,
.
 , -
.
3) (composition of the navigational watch).
, -
,
, 2,
VIII, ' (A-VIII/2) , :
) T .
)  ,
.
)  ,
260

.
)  ,
.
)  , -
.
)  , -
.
)  -,
.
)  , -
,
, .
)  , , -
.
)  - , .
) .
) 
, .
)  ,
, .
4) (watch arrangements).
, -
, , ,
:
) .
) , .
)  ,
.
)  , ECDIS
,
.
) ( ).
) .
)  , -
(Unmanned Machinery SpaceUMS),
, .
)  , -
.
5) (taking over the watch).
)  ,
, ,
.
) 
, -
. ,
, .
)  , -
,
, (COG), (SOG)
 261

(UMS),
,
.
)  , :
 , .
 , - (heading COG), (STW
SOG) .
 , , ,
,
(COG) (SOG) .
 , -
.
 , ,
:
 ,
, .
 ( , -
).

.
 ,
.
 , ,
.
)  ,
, o
.

5) (performing the navigational watch).

, -
:
:
) :
.
 ,
.
 , -
, , -
.
 ,
, .
)  , - (heading CG),
(STW-SOG) , -
, ,
.
) 
,
.
) , , ,
262

.
)  ,
.
)  ,
, , .
)  , ,
. , ,

UMS, , -
.
)  ,
, ,

.
) 
, .
)  (look
out). ,
,
, ,
.
)  ,
, , -
, -
. , .
, .
) , :
O .
 ( )
-
(COG).
, -
.
 -
.
.
 , -
.
 , -
86 ( ) 2, VIII,
', STCW (-VIII / 2 ).
 (UMS), -
.
) 
SOLAS 1974 ( V/24, V/25 V/26).
, :

, , -
.
 263

 ,
, ,
,
.
)  -
, ,
, . ,
() .
)  , -

, .
)  ,
, -
. ,
.
)  ,
. ,
-
[ (Automatic Radar Plotting Aids
ARPA)].
)  o (calling the
master) . :
 -
.
 ,
.
 -
.
, , .
.
 , ()
, ,
.
 .
 ,
.
 ,
.
.
) 
,
, .
)  , -
,
.

3.1.4
 (watch
keeping under different conditions and in different areas).
,
264

, , ,
.

1) (clear weather).

. ,
, , -
. ,
, ,

.
,
.

2) (restricted visibility).
, -
,
,
. :
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .

3) (in hours of darkness).

- ,
,
, .

4) (coastal and congested waters).

,
, -
, .

, .
ECDIS
(Electronic navigational charts - ENC)

.
.

5) (navigation with pilot on board).

,

.
, . , / -

.
 265

,
,
, .

6) (ship at anchor).

, :
1) (
) .
2) , -
,
, .
3) .
4) .
5) .
6) , .
7) ,
.
8) , .
9) , -
.
10) -
.

3.1.5 (watch keeping in port) (Part 5: A-VIII/2).

,
, 5, 2, VIII,
' STCW.

1) .
, -
, ,
. ,
, -
, .

2) - (watch arrangements).
- , ,
:
1) , , ,
-
.
2) , .
3) .
, -
, .
, .
,
.
266

, , -
, -
. ,
, :
1) , 3000 kW, -
.
2) 3000 kW,
, .
3) ,
,
.

3) (taking over the watch).

-
,
. .

.
,
, .

4) (taking over the deck watch) (Part 5 - 1: A-VIII/2).

,
, :
1) /,
, , (, ),
, /,
.
.
2) , ,
. , -
.
3) () .
4) .
5) ,
.
6) .
7) .
8) .
9) , -
.
10) / , ,
.
11) , -
.
, -
, :
1) .
 267

2) .
3) .
4) , -
,
.
5) ,
.

5) (performing the deck watch) (Part 5 - 3: A-VIII/2).

5 - 3, 2, VIII, ' STCW,
:
1) , , .
2) :
)  /, -
,
.
, ,
.
)  , ,

().
) .
)  .
) () .
)  , -
.
)  , -
.
3) -
, ,
.
4) .
5) , -
, , -
, ,
.
6) ,
,
, .
7) .
8) ,
.
9)
.

6)
 , (watch in port on
ships carrying hazardous cargo) (Part 5 - 5: A-VIII/2).
5 - 5, 2, VIII, ', STCW
268

, ,
:
, -, ,
, , ,
- .
,
, -
.
,
, , ,
, .

3.2 (Part B: B-VIII).

VIII, ', STCW

.
STCW,
' STCW.

3.2.1
 (guidance regarding fitness for
duty).
1, ' (B-VIII/1),
,
.

1) (prevention of fatigue).
,
, ,
, ( ) -
.
, ,
,
, ,
, .
.772(18) 2 4.4.1 Maritime Safety Committee
(MSC)/1014 .
VIII/1 :
1) -
. -
, A-VIII/1
(. 3.1.2), .
2) , ,
/
.
3) ,
.
3.1.2 (8) (-VIII/1 9) -
L
 269

1996 ( 180)
2006 (Maritime Labor ConventionMLC 2006) .
-.
,
.

2)

(guidance on prevention of drugs and alcohol abuse).
,
.

, .

3)
 -
.
,
, -
, ,

, , ,
, .

3.2.2

(guidance regarding watch keeping arrangements and principals to be observed) (Part
4 - 1/B-VIII/2).
4 - 1 2, K VIII, M , STCW
, -
, , , ', STCW
(-VIII/2) 3.1.3..

1) .
,
, , .
.
,
,
.

2) (anchor watch)
, -

, 51 Part 4 1: A-VIII/2 STWC [.
. 3.1.4 (6)] -
.
.
- , -
, .
, :
270

1) , .
2) , .
3) , , .
4) .
5) , .
6) .
7) .
8) -.
9) .
10) -
.
4.1  - .

- - (bridge
team) :

1) .
,
. (), , -
, ,
.
-
, ,
.

2) .

, .
,
,
.

.
,
-
, .

3) .
, -
, , ,
.
,
, .
-
, .
,
, .
, -
,
(situation awareness). ,

272

(error chain), ,
.
,
.
,
.
, -
.

4) .

(International Safety Management CodeISM) STCW, -
, , -
. , ISM
,
(Safety Management SystemSMS).
, , -
,
, .
-
. ,
, (Electronic Chart
Display Information SystemECDIS), (Automatic Radar
Plotting AidARPA), , .
, CBT (Computer Based Training)
.

5) .
SMS ,
.
-
, ,
.

,
, .
, -
, .
-
( ,
) .
,
,
, .

6) .
STCW, -
, , ,
,
. 2001
 273

(Standard Marine Communication PhrasesSMCP)*,

(Standard Marine Navigational VocabularySMNV).
. ,
, .
.
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
SOLAS ( V, 14.4).

7) .
, -
.
.

8) - .

.
,
/ .

4.2 , .
, ,
, GMDSS
(Global Maritime Distress and Safety System).

, ,
72, -, -

.

', STCW [. 3.1.3 (3) (4)], -
, ,

(SMS) .
, -
', STCW [. 3.1.3(4)],
.

4.3 .
-
(proper look-out), 72 (. 1.5),
.
,

*B. . , 2009.
274

', STCW [. 3.1.3(4)].

.

4.4 , .
72.
, -
, .
,

,
.

4.5  , -
.
, , -
, ,
.
72 (. 1.7 1.7.1).
, -
, , 72.
, ,
. , -
.
, , -
.
(MARPOL),
(Ships
shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency PlanSOPEP)
(Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency PlanSMPEP).

4.6  -
.

,
. ,
, , NAVTEX ..,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
(COG) (SOG)
, .
,
.

4.7 , .
, ,
 275

. K STCW, ' [. 3.1.3(4)]

. .
, -
, , ',
STCW [. 3.1.4(5)].
,
, ,
[. 3.1.3(4)].
, ,
, -
[. 3.1.4(5)].
,
, / .

,
. ,
.
, ,
.

4.8 / (STW) .

(STW),
,
, 72 .
, 6
72 (. 1.6), , -
,
.
(STW)
, .
,
(STW) .

4.9  (CG) (STW SOG)

-
.

, -
, (STW), -
. (STW) , ,
.
(STW), -
, 72
.
.
, -
, -
276

(manual steering override control),

, , .
, ,
,
,
.
, , ,
, , -
. ,
(COG) ,
.

4.10 .
,
,
.
, ,
:
1) .
2) .
3)
4) .
, ( )
. , :
1)  , -
.
2) .
3) .
4) .
5)  -
(SCP) [. 4.1(6)].

4.11 .
, ,
34 72 [. 1.34 1.34(4)].
,
,
.
34 72.
5.1 .

RADAR, RAdio Detection And Ranging (-

). /.
,
, .

Heinrich Hertz 1903.
1922 1937, . , -
, . 1944
, -
.
, -
(SOLAS 74 Chapter V, Regulation 19) 300 ...
192/80 583/81 ( ).
,
, , , , ..,
. , -
(surface warning) .
.
(STW) ,
, ,
.

. ,
, , -
(STW).
,
, , , -
. ,
, (STW), .

- ,
,
.
, -
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
278

5.2 .
, , -
. -
, 360, ,
.

, 360,
.
. -
(. 5.2).

. 5.2
.

(.. ),
, ,
,
. ,
, .
, -
.

,
-
, .
,

.
(),

. , -
-,
-
, -

(. 5.2).

, (position)
-
( ) (plan) (. 5.2 5.2), HL
Plan Position Indicator (PPI). - . 5.2
-, ( -
. ) -
5.2, 5.2 5.2 .
 279

PPI,
, , -
.

,
, -
.
-

.

,
, -

. -
. 5.2
,
PPI
, 5.2.
, -
, , , (STW)
, - ...
, .
,
.

, ARPA.

, -
. -
, ,
,
.
- ,
-
, .
,
. , -
- .

5.3 .
7() 72 [. 1.7.1(5)],
, -
. , ,
.
, [. 1.7.1
(1)] . -
1.7.1(1) ,
,
.
280

5.2, - -

. ,
,
(beam width) (. 5.3).

, ,
192(79) [ Resolution

MSC 192(19)], 1.
,
, ,
(gyro heading).
, 1 0,5
.
2,5.
5.3 -
,
, . 5.3
, .
, -

, -
.
. ,
,
,
.
-
. ,

, -
.
-
-
,
-
,
.


, -
, -
. ,
, ,
.

,
,
.
. 5.3
5.4 . -
,
.
 281

[ Resolution MSC 192(19)]

30 m 1% ,
. , -
,
. , -
(Variable Range MarkerVRM),
.
-
, -
, . ,
, .
, -
.
, , -
VRM ,
, . , -
, -
, , . , ,
.
,
- , VRM -
(.. ,
, PPI ..). -
, ,
.
,
, .

5.5 .
,
(picture orientation), -
(), (heads-up), (true-north-up)
(course-up). o (picture
presentation) -
PPI, ( relative motion),
( true motion sea stabilized) ( true motion ground
stabilization).

5.5.1 .
,
.
(off-centering)
, .
(
) , -
, .
,
(. 5.5).
282

180
10 knots

5

045

10 10

270
8 knots

10

000
10 knots

. 5.5
, .

[ (heading)]
000, (. 5.7, 5.7.1, 5.7.3)
(Speed Through the WaterSTW) 10 knots, ( )
(sea stabilization) (. 5.7).
(set) 270 (drift/rate) 4 knots.
000 [ ()] 10 .., ,
045.
000 () 15 .. , -
180 10 knots.
090 () 10 .., 270
8 knots.
270 () 10 .. .
5.5() PPI 12:00 5.5() -
, 30 . 12:30, .
:
1) (
PPI). ,
.
000,
, , [. 5.5.2(1)]. ,
(sea
stabilization).
2) ,
. PPI [. 5.5()],
 283

1 -
B B
5 .., 30 .,

(.180)
, 1 1 1 1
, 10 knots. ,
-
,


-
() : 12:00 () : 12:30
,
. . 5.5
3) 12:00 () ().
5 .. , -
180 10 knots. 12:30 5 ..
. , 180
5 .., [. 5.5()], 10 .. (5+5 ..).
PPI ,
180, ,
(20 knots). H
, .
4) 12:00 10 ..,
270 8 knots,
6 .., 4 .. -
.
12:30 6 .. 1 [. 5.5()]. ,
,
, , .
, -

, .
5) 12:00 10 ..,
. , , 270 , ,
4 knots. , , 270
4 knots,
.
12:30 2 ..,
8 .. 1 [. 5.5()]. PPI,
, (COG)
, (SOG).
:
1) , -
, (off-centering),
. , ,
, (sea stabilization).
2) ( ) ,
PPI (COG) , -
(SOG) .
(parallel indexing).
284

3) PPI -
, , -
.
, PPI
.
4) , PPI, -

.
5) ,
(2), (4),
, .

5.5.2 .
5.5, (picture
presentation), (picture orientation). -
- 000
( 12) . -
,
, .
(heading marker line) (. 5.5) -
, ,
PPI . ,
, .
, -
:

1)  head-up .
head-up, -
PPI, 000
(. 5.5),
. [.
-
( )],
-

000 - (Heading Line)

,

(unstabilized).
-
-
,

(.
5.5).
,
, . 5.5
- - (heading marker line).
 285

-
. ,
, -
.
,
,
( )
-
(. 5.5), -
, - 000
:
1)
,
,
, -

,

, . 5.5
. PPI headup (
2) - ).
,
, .
, -
:
) 
, -

. ,
(Electronic Bearing LineEBL) -
, .
)  ,
, -

() ()
. 5.5
, , ,
head-up ( unstabilized).
286

. ,
, . -
, .
3) , -
,
,
(reflection plotter) (. 5.16).
.
,
, . , -
, . ,
, ,
, , .
head-up,
5.5.1,
PPI,
[. 5.5(), ()].
1) 5.5()
, -
, ,
- (CPA) . -
, .
2) , 40 -
( ).
, .
3) [. 5.5] ,
, .
4) , -
, ,
.
5) , , -
.
head-up, -

() . 5.5 ()
, PPI
head-up.
 287

, ,
-
.

2) true-north-up .
true-north-up,
.
000 , -
.
, true-north-up.
[.
( )] ,

(. 5.5), 000 -
. , ,
(stabilized).
,
, ,
,
.
truenorth-up
head up, . -

(. 5.5).
,
, .
,
, head-up,
, ,
.
, north-up -

.

() ()
. 5.5
true-north-up (stabilized)
.
288

000 000

270 090 270 090

245

155
180 180

245 245
155

155

. .

. 5.5
true-north-up,
.

north-up,
, -
, head-up, -
. ,
5.5(), ():
1) 5.5() ,
,
337.
2) ( ) 270 [.
5.5()] ,
,
, .

3) course-up .
course-up
(. 000 )
, -
 289

HL

() ()
. 5.5
, , PPI
true north-up.

000
180 () ()
180




O
097

000

180 () ()
180

097

000

097
() course-up 097 ()

. 5.5
course-up ( stabilized).
290

[. 5.5(), ()]. , 5.5() 180.

, [.
( )] ,
[. 5.5()], -
, ,
[. 5.5(), ()].
, north-up, -
, -
head-up. ,
,
[. 5.5(), ()].
,
[. 5.5()],
,
.
- -
[. 5.5(), ()
()], ,
courseup, .
[.
5.5()], . -
, courseup,

north-up course-up, -
.
.
,
course-up, , north-up,
[. 5.5.2(2)]. , course-up
,
,
.

4) .

, -
.
, ,

.
-
,
. ,

.
, -
5.1, ,
.
 291

5.1
.

/
Head-up True-north-up Course-up
(unstabilized) (stabilized) (stabilized)
- :
1. - -
. .

2. - -
. .
:


,
3. /
-

.
.
,
,
4. .
.
.
5. . . .
, -
, ,
,
6. ,
course-
. . .
up .

5.6  (Closest Point of ApproachCPA)

(Time CPATCPA).
6, 7, 8 19 72,
, (close quarter situation)
,
(situation awareness) ,
, -
, .
, ,
. -
,
.
, -

,
,
(Time to Closest Point of ApproachTCPA). , , -
,
(Minutes to Closest Point of
ApproachMCPA).
,
. -
, (
292

), ARPA.
, :
1) , -
.
2) -, .

5.6.1

, -
true-north-up.
CPA TCPA, ,
north-up,
,
(. 5.5.2).
, , -
() (maneuvering
board radar transfer plotting sheet) (. 5.6) ARPA.
CPA:
1) Y , 1, 2, 3 (. 5.6),
.
2) , o -
, 1 3,
(
)
(Relative Motion LineRML).
(. 5.6)
. -

(VRM) , VRM
(. 5.6).

350 0 10
20
340
0 30
33
0 40
32


0

50
31

HL
0

60
30

VRM
290

70

M1 M2
M1
280

80

M2
M3
270

90

M3
VRM
100
260

CPA
110
250

RLM
12
0
24

0
0

13
23

22
0 14
0
CPA 210
15
0
200 160
190 180 170

. 5.6 . 5.6
- CPA
- (CPA), (VRM), -
north-up. north-up.
 293

0 10 350 0 10
350 20
20 340
340
0 30 0 30
33 33
0 40 0 40
32 32

0
0

50
50

31
31

0
0

60
60

30
30

290

70
290

70
2,7

280
280

80
80
CPA CPA
VRM 2

270
270

90
90
=6

100
100

260
260

1 10
250
1 10
250

12
0
12
0

24
24

0
0
HL HL

0
0

13
13

23
23

0
0

0 14 0 14
22 0 22 0
15 15
210 0 210 0
200 160 200 160
190 180 170 190 180 170

. 5.6 . 5.6
( ) CPA. ( ) TCPA.

ARPA, , -
true-north-up ,
,
(VRM) CPA
CPA [. 7.3.9 (2) 7.15
(4)]. ,
.
,
, (. 5.6):
1) ,
, ,
.
2) ,
CPA. ,
.
(CPA) -,
, ,
, :
1)
(Speed of Relative MotionSRM), (.. 3)
CPA (. 5.6) SRM
CPA (CPA). SRM
.
2) ( ) TCPA:
)  13 (. 5.6)
(. 5.6).
 3 CPA 13
)
.
)
 ,
CPA. 5.6, MCPA 16,2
294

TCPA 3 16,2 .
CPA
TCPA, () -
, .
- .
,
,
-
.

5.6.2

, -
course-up.
CPA TCPA,
course-up, north-up.
[. 5.5.2(3)], course-up -
, . ,
[. 5.5.2(3)],
, course-up.
, [. 5.5(), ()]
. , -
,
, CPA TCPA.

5.6.3
 -
, -
heads-up ( ).
CPA TCPA ,

[. 5.6(), () ()].

,
[. 5.6(), ()].
CPA
TCPA [. 5.5.2.(1)],
.

5.6.4
 CPA TCPA, -
.
(. 5.5)
:
1) - (true
motion-sea stabilized) (. 5.7 5.7.1) north-up,
(anticollision).
2) (true motion
ground stabilized) (. 5.7 5.7.2) north-up course-up,
-.

CPA TCPA :
1) , (. 5.6).
 295

: : :
10:10:20 10:11:47 10:12:32

() () ()


:
10:14:20

. 5.6
-
CPA/TCPA -
,
head-up.

()

HL

DRM CPA T06 R

M
T03

T00
R06
R03
R00

. 5.6
CPA/TCPA -
, north-up.
296

2) (. 5.6, ORM) (. 5.7, 5.8.1

5.10)
(OR) (OM).
3) (RM: Relative
Motion).
4) (SRM).
5) (RM), ,
.
6) - CPA TCPA,
5.6.1.
, CPA TCPA
. ,
,
CPA.
, -
, , (-
) , CPA TCPA.
, ,
, , ,
ARPA,
5.6, -
CPA,
north-up. CPA
:
1) [. 5.6()] (00 03), 00 03 .
03 . (Electronic Bearing Line EBL) R03,
00.

350 0 10 350 0 10
20 20
340 340
0 30 0 30
33 33
40 40
32
0 HL 32
0 HL
0

0
50

50
31

31
0

0
60

60
30

30
290

290
70

70

EBL
280

280
80

80

R
270

270

R03
90

90

R03
M03 M03M
O
100

100
26 0

26 0

L T00 L T00
EB CPA EB
110

110
250

250

03 M 03
RL
12

12
0

0
24

24
0

00 00
0

0
13

13
23

23
0

0 14 0 14
22 0 22 0
15 15
210 0 210 0
200 160 200 160
190 180 170 190 180 170

() ()
. 5.6
CPA, ,
, north-up.
 297

000 10 knots. , 00R03

0003
.
2) [. 5.6()] , OR (
) OM ( ).
3) (ORM) -
(RM),
(RML). 03.,
CPA.
4) ,
, , , . -
, 00 06 03 . 06 .
(. 5.6).

5.6.5
 - , -
, CPA
TCPA.
- -
:
1) -, -
, CPA
TCPA.
2) - ,

, .
CPA TCPA -
. -
, .
3) , CPA TCPA -
,
(. 5.6.6).
- , -
, .
(aspect),

.
, -
, -
, 72.

5.6.6
 CPA.
, -
. CPA, :
1) -
.
2) , -
, (. 5.7.5)
.
298

3) , -
(. 5.9, ).
,
-. ,
, -
,
.
CPA

.

,
.
, CPA ,
, -
,
( 2,5) (. 5.3) ( 30 m 1%
) (. 5.4).
5.6, -
, .
( ), 1 3, CPA

2 4, CPA .
CPA
. CPA ,
:
0,03
CPA =

- HL
CPA, :
1) -
- ,

- CPA
. CPA1

, CPA2 RTL
.
2)
T3
-
T4 T2
,
T1

.
-
,

. . 5.6
- CPA,
CPA, - .
 299

0,2 , .. RM
1,2 .., 6 ...
CPA, ,
, -, ,
-
. -, 5.7.5, 5.7.5(1)
5.7.5(2).
, -
CPA, - .
,
,
.

5.7  .

,
. -
(true motion), ,
.
, -
.
:
, ; ;
;. :
1) ,
[. (heading)] (. -
) (Speed Through the WaterSTW),
.
(true motion sea stabilized),
.
2) ,
.

, . -
(true motion ground stabilized),
.
-
, .
,
, true-north-up
course-up. head-up.
, ,
, , -
, .

5.7.1

.

300

, , -
, ,
.

, 5.5.
1) 000
10 knots.
2) 270 4 knots.
3) 000 () 10 .. ,
.
4) 000 () 15 .. , -
180 10 knots.
5) 090 () 10 ..,
270 8 knots.
6) 270 () 10 .., .
5.7() 12:00
5.7() 12:30, 30 .,
north-up course-up.
, 000.
:
1) ( -
) 000
10 knots 5 .. (1).
2) , -
5 ...
3) 180
5 .. (1), .
4) 270
4 .. ( 1), 090 6 .. .
5) , ,
,
. 090 () 8 .. ,
-
2 ... , B B
,
, 1 1 1
- O1

( )
-
, 090

.
, () : 12:00 () : 12:30

. 5.7
-
(true motion-sea
: stabilization),
1) () 12:00, () 12:30.
 301

)
( -
) .
2) ,
, ,
.
3) (. )
,
.
4) , .

5.7.2 
.
, ,
,
(COG) , (SOG) .

-
GPS ,
. ,
, (. 5.7.5).
,
.
, -
5.5, . , 12:00
, 5.7().
12:30, 5.7():
1) (
) ,
.
000, 10 knots
270, 4 knots, 12:30, 1,
.
2) B B
, 1
1
1
12:00. O1
3) ,
,

, -
, 270 4
knots. , 30 . -
2 .., () : 12:00 () : 12:30

. 5.7
1 (true motionground
090 (T) 8 .., . stabilization),
4) () 12:00, () 12:30.
302

,
. , ,
- - , 12:30
1.
5)
, , ,
. 12:30 1 270 () 6
.., , 270 12 knots
6 ... ,
5.7.1, , , 270
4 knots, .
,
, :
1) , -
- - -
. , ,
,
,
- -. , (
) (ground stabilization).
2) ,
.
3) , , ,
.
, , ,
.
-
, true-north-up course-up.
head-up, ,
. -
course-up, - -
[. 5.5.2(3)].

, , ,

.

5.7.3
 ,
.

,
-
, (anticollision)
(navigationroute monitoring).
,
,
-
.
 303

, :
1) :
) 
, ,
,
.
)  ,

[ (aspect) ]. ,
(. ), 8, 1119, 27
34 ( ). ,
,
.
2) :
)  ,
.
-
(route monitoring). 9 10
(. 1.9.1 1.10).
)  -
(parallel indexing)
,
, . [. 7.15.16(4)].
3) , -
. ,
, ,
COG SOG , .
(. 5.7.5),
.
4) . -
,
, ,
.
,
, , (COG)
(SOG) GPS .
(parallel indexing),
, ,
, .

5.7.4 .
,
-,
, 5.2 -
,
. ,
-
5.5.2 5.5.2(4), 5.1 5.7 5.7.3.
304

5.2
.

(Picture presentations)
-
/ - -



(Relative Motion) (True motion
(True motion
Ground stabilized).
Sea stabilized).

. '
-

1. .
CPA/TCPA. (, ,
.
, -
..),
CPA.

, -
2. .
- .
.

-
3. COG SOG.
,
.

4.
.

-

5. - . .
.
-.

.

COG
SOG
(heading)
(STW)
( - (
6. -
. ). ).



-
(sea
stabilization).

()
 305

(Picture presentations)

-
/ - -



(Relative Motion) (True motion
(True motion
Ground stabilized).
Sea stabilized).

-
7.
(navigationroute
monitoring).

- CPA
8. .
. ,
, .
.

-, -
9.
. - ,
. .

5.7.5 .
5.7.1
,
.
.
, (. 5.7.2)
,
- .
GPS .

1) .
,
. ,
, .
, -
. 5.7()
, .

2) .
, -
(distance log), (speed electromagnetic log)
Doppler log [ (. 7.8.3)].
-
306

R O

M
M R
O

() ()
OR: .
OM: .
RM: .

. 5.7

,
, .

, ,
, .
,
[. 7.7()].
, ,
, -
. ,
.
5.7, - -
- ,
ORM, OR
, M
RM .
5.7.5(1) -
,

CPA/TCPA .

5.8 , ,
.

. -
, , ,
, .
, -
-
- .
 307

, ,
, .
,
, , , -
. (plotting)
,
,
.
, 7()
72 [. 1.7.1(3)].
, (radar plotting)
.
() ,
, , ,
, , ARPA.
, ARPA
,
, ,
-
.

5.8.1 , ( ).
,
( ), ,
. , (
) , ( ) -
.
, -

, .

, ,
, .
, .
, - ,
, :
1) , (Direction of Relative MovementDRM)
(Speed of Relative MotionSRM) (. 5.6.1) (.
5.6 5.6).
2) ,
R (. 5.6 5.6). ,
.
,
. , 5.7.3
5.7.7 .
, :

. ( ),
308

08512 knots , 03010 knots.

6 ., 12:00 [. 5.8()],
.
,
, ,
, . , 12:00,
, 340 (T) 3,5 .. . 12:06
1, 1,
, 12:30.
,
, , -
true north-up .
5.8(), , ,
, . ,
, ( )
ARPA.
, (DRM)
(SRM),
( 317). ,
5 30 . (SRM) ( -
10,2 knots).
, ,
. -
, 5.6.1 (. 5.6 5.6)
(CPA) (TCPA). , -

, ,
, ,
(Bow Cross RangeBCR) (Bow Cross TimeBCT).
-
, . ,
,
(relative motion triangle) (speed triangle)
(vector triangle), .

, -
, . , 5.8,
()

(OR) R, (RM), -
.
, ORM,
. ,
, .
, :
1) OR:
, , .
2) RM:
. T RM (Relative Motion)
 309

, (. 5.8).
3) :
, .
4) : , , -
OR OM.
5) ,
(. 5.8). ,
.
, :
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .
5) (DRM).
6) (SRM).

A5
A4 030o-10 knots
(COGSOG) A6
A3 A5
A2 A4 DRM
A1 A3
A A2
085o-12 knots DRM A1
(COGSOG) A

O5
O3 O4
O O1 O2 12:30 HL
12:00 () ()

. 5.8
() , . ()
, north-up.

DRM-SRM
317-10,2 32
5o
knots o
7
02

030-10,2 knots
DRM M R
CPA A06
O06
A03
R

085-12 knots
O03 A00 O
R 1400
-
O00 (aspect)

. 5.8 . 5.8
-
. (maneuvering board).
310

,
, .
, -
, 3 6
3 6 ., 20 10 ,
. , 3 6 . (2000 =
1 ..), 100 200 , .
,
. ,
.

5.8.2

.
CPA,
,
(. 5.8.1).
, -
-
(. 5.8).
, -
[. 5.5 5.5.2(4)], [. 5.7
5.7.5(2)], -
.
( 5.10,
, . -
5.18.1 , ).

5.8.3 .
,
,
,
, .
, -
. , , ,
, 5.10.1
(. 5.22.1)

5.9  , , -
.

,
, :
1) 3 6
. , ,
-,
CPA. , ,
, .
2) , .
 311

3) , RO ( -
) 3 ..
,
(. 5.10).
4) 3 ,
, ,
, .
12 ., .
5)
, .
6) ,
-
. , ,
.
7) .
,
CPA.
8) , . -
.
9) ,
. ,
.
10) CPA,
MCPA. , CPA 12:32 , :
21 . CPA.
11) 12 . ,
,
. , -
.
12) ,
.
13) , .
12 ... ,
:
)  , -
, .
)  , 6 3 ..
(off centering) ,
,
.
,
, ,
. , , -
.
1 ., 5 .,
20%. , -
(RO) , ,
[. 5.7.5(2), . 5.7()], -
.
312

5.10 .
,
:
1) () (
).
2) ( ).
, -

. -
, ,
, CPA, TCPA,
BCR BCT.
-
, - -
, . ,
true-north-up
course-up [ 5.5.2(3)],
,
(. 5.7.2 5.7.3).
, , -
, 5.7 5.9.
, 5.8. :
1) , .
2) 14:00 ,
. ,
.
3) 3 . 03 03, .

,
3 ., .
4) 6., -
06 06,
.
5) 00, , : Own
Ship -
00
06 . , R OR.
6) R 06
. RM . ,
RM 06 ( )
(DRM).
7) 06 DRM CPA. ,
CPA (MCPA), CPA,
SRM 3 6.,
[( CPA) 60 . / (SRM)].
8)
.
,
.
 313

3 ., -
. , 5.9,
- ,
-, .
,
, ,
CPA TCPA.

5.10.1 , .

. :
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .
, DRM
CPA TCPA. ,
(. 5.10):
1) 5.10, -
09 . 09.
, , 09.
-,
, DRM.
2) (. 5.9),
,

32 CPA2
DRM2
5o
02
7
o

O12
M2 .
A'12 R1
CPA1

O09
M1
CPA3 O
A12 A09 1
DRM M R
CPA A06
O06
A03

DRM1 O03
A00 O

AP.
O00 DRM3

. 5.10
, -
, .
314

SRM, 12 . . , 9 .,
-
, .
3) :
)  () ,
09 12, 12 .
R11. ,
5.10, 1,
09. 1R1M1 -
DRM1 CPA1, (. 5.10) 12 .
)  () ,
09 12
12 . R1M2. 1R1M2,
DRM2
, 12, CPA2 ,
(. 5.10).
)  , 09
. DRM3,
O1R1 (
OR), CPA CPA3 [. 5.5.1].

5.11 , .

, -
.
5.10.1, (-
, , CPA TCPA), , -
- .
, , -
-
. 5.11, :
1) (), 00 . 30 .
270 (),
. ,
( ) -
- ,
,
.
2) (), ,
270 () 235 (), 22 . -
. ,
( ) ,
.
, ,
, , -
, . , ,
,
, .
3) (), , 270 ()
 315

270o(T) 270o(T) 270o(T)

A00 00 A00 00 A00 00
A06 274 (T) o
270o(T) 263 (T)
o
A06 06 06
A12 06
A06 A18
280 o
o (T)
270 (T)
A12 12
o
(T) 12 A24 29 12
250 1 (o
A30 T)
270o(T) A12

31
A18 O18 ) O18 O18
(T

0
o
o
5

(T
270o(T) 23

)
A24 O24 A18 O24 O24
o
O30 337 (T)
A30 O30 A24 O30

A30
- - -

() () ()
. 5.11
,
.

337 (). 30 .
-
. , ( )
, .
, , -
, ,
, . ,
7(), [. 1.7.1(5)], ,
, -
(. 5.3 5.4).

5.12 .
,
, -
.

, , -
.
, -
(SRM). ,
.
,
CPA,
. , ,
MCPA.
MCPA 5.10. -
(. 5.8) ORM, 3 . 6 .,
00 .
316

ORM,
SRM, 3 6 , RM
1,2 .., 3 . SRM = (1,2 20) knots = 24 knots 6
. SRM = (1,2 10) knots = 12 knots.
SRM, CPA,
06 06 ., -
- (tt), t. (OtAt 60 ./SRM)
MCPA , . 0606 3 .. SRM 24 knots, MCPA 7,5 .
, -
, ,
, , .

5.13 .
, -
, - ,
, -
(. 5.10 5.10.1).
5.13, .
- 00
18 ., . 00 09 ,
.
, , ,
167, - , 06 ., 32.
,
0009. 09 . ,
5.9,
. ,
.

-

(. 5.3, 5.4, 5.5.1 5.5.2),
, . -
.
, 1218
,
. 107,5. -
, .
, -
.
,
.
,
, .
, '12 '15
'12 '18 (. 5.13) 0006. 1218
0006, .
3 . 6 .
 317

A00
A03
A06 32

A09 A15
A12
A18

00
03
09 06
12 A09 A18
O15
O18

A00 A09

. 5.13
, .

00
03
A00 06
09
A03 12
A06 15
O18
A09 A12
A15
A18
A'12

A'15

A'18

. 5.13
,
.
318

, , -
, .
, ,
.

5.14 .

, -
, 72 , ,
.

, ,
,
.
-
,
,
.
, .

.

.

5.14.1 .
-
(DRM), -
, . -
:
1) .
2) .
3) , .
4) ,
8() 72 [. 1.8.1(4)].
(. 5.14),
.

00 ., 06 . 12 . , -

, .
00, 06 12. ,
ORM ,
.
, -
,
OR.
32 ,
 319

HL
M1 O1 = R1

O
1M1 = DRM1
1 = R1
M1 = A18 A30 = M



DRM1
R HL

O1
12 . M1 M R1
A12 A
CPA1
O12
06 A00O
CPA O18
.
O06
DRM
O00

32 .

. 5.14
, ,
.

, -
R1
. 072.
, R1
OR1M, R1M.
,
.
, 1.
, -
R1 , -
18, 18 .
R1M , -
- OO1 (
R1) - ,
11 DRM1.
CPA1 18 , DRM1
.
5.14 00
. 30 ., , -
5.14
.
CPA1,
. -
5.14 5.14.
320

, CPA1
(area of close quarte-ring)
(. 5.14):
1) ,
18 ,
[. 1.19(6)].
2) , 30.
( 040).
3) , -
30 30, 12 .
.
4) , ,
1 (. 5.14).
(- 30
30).
5) ,
,
RM. 5.14 RM,
.
6) , , -
(. 5.14).
,
, .
72.
1) (. 5.14), .

(area of
close-up quartering) . 5.14
040
A30 A24 A18 A12 -
273
CPA1 , -
O30 A06 A00
072 O24
O18 ,
O12
040

O06 .
O00

. 5.14
A30 A24 A18 A12 273

A06 A00
-
, -
(area of close-up O12
quartering)
O18 040 , -
O06
040
,
O00 O24
.
O30
155
 321

, 18
.
2) , -
, 30
. 30
.
, ,
.
3) , -
, .
4) .
,

.
, -
. -
, R1M .

5.14.2 .
(. 5.14),
.

00, 06 12

HL

DRM1
R

O1 M
12 . M1 R1
A12
A06
CPA1
O12 A00O
CPA O18 2/3

O06
DRM
O00

. 5.14
,
.
322

5.14.1 ,
(CPA = 0). , -
2/3.
,
OR1 - .
R1M .
DRM1, 1
, ,
2/3 , 1/3.

CPA1 .

, 5.14.1.
, -
.
,
,
(. 5.14.1).
, ,
. ,
, 11
.

5.14.3 .
, , -
.
CPA2, -
5.14.1 , 5.14.
, , OR OR1
,
OR1, OR2
, .
, R2M
1 CPA2 ,
.

, 5.14.1,
.

5.14.4 .
, CPA, ,
,
. ( -
), .
,
. -
- -
, ,
 323

HL

DRM2 R HL

- O1 M R1
M1
12 .
A12 A06
CPA2 A00O
O12
CPA O18
O06

DRM -
O00

32 .
2/3

. 5.14

, .

,
.
, :
1) ,
.
2) -
, , -
. , -
, ,
.
, -
, ,
.

.
5.14,
. :
1)
[. 5.14()].

, , .
2) , ,
, 5.14.1 [. 5.14()]
324

HL

HL1
()

2.
R1 ,
R2
, 1.

1.
, ,
2.


2 ,
.
1 4.

3.

,

() ()

3.

,
course-up ()

4.

5. ,
2,
,
HL
23
3 ,

. 5.14
()
, .
 325

(1) R1M
(2) R2M.
, , .
, , .
3) [. 5.14()] 2,
23,
. ,
, L
.
4) ,
, ,
2.
,
, .
5) , ,
,
.
(3) [. 5.14()]
, .
, ,
.
,
,
-
, .
.

5.15 .

5.10,
,
, - . ,

. , ,
, , -

, .
,
, ,
-
, CPA TCPA.
, :
1) , -
, .
( -
) , .
2) , -
, -,
, .
326

3) -

. ( OR
) , CPA
, .
4) ,
- -
, . 5.14 DRM
12 - CPA,
18 DRM1, CPA1. :
 -
)
(. 5.15).
 ,
)
, . ,
, -
, , ,
, .

2
9 8 7 6
1
5 6 7 8 9

CPA
8,
9 9.
CPA
7, CPA 2 8.
8. 8

7
CPA 1 4
6

5
O

. 5.15
(DRM),
CPA.
 327

, ,
, ,
, . ,
.

5.16 .

-
, -
. ,
,
. ,
(reflection plotter).
(. 5.16) :
1) , , ,
. ,
.
2) , ,
.

-
, .
(parallax error), ,
, .
,
.
,
, -
.
,
. ,
, .
, -

(plotter dimmer).
, -

.

-
(raster scan),

. -
, ,

(Electronic Plotting Aids
). -

(joystick/
rolling ball), -
- . 5.16
,
328

.
, ,
,
.

5.16.1 , .
, -

, , .
, -
,
- , .
, .
CPA,
(zero speed control). , , -
,
, CPA. , -
, .

5.16.2 .
. -
(. 5.16):
1) (. 5.16) .
, -

.
2) ,
.
(perspex cursor) (. 5.16).

,
OR -
R ()

-
. -
M
.

,
,
,
, -

5.16,

- -

12. ()
, . 5.16
(. 5.16). .
 329

R

R 01
R1 M
2
1
R1 M
01
1 EBL
2

RM

VRM
01 joystick
EBL,
VRM
. 5.16 . 5.16
, EBL.
.

,
(parallel indexing). , -
, ,
, .
,
, (off
centering EBL). ,
,
. , -
(. 5.16).

5.17  .
,
. , ,
() (. 5.17).
10 , 2 9. -
.
0360, ,
180.
10,
. (), 1/10 -
. , 1 .. , -
(cable).
, ,
(+), .
1:1, 1 ..,
1 10 = 10 ..,
1 knots, 10 knots.
1:1, , 2:1, 3:1
4:1, 5:1
. , 2 .. 5 knots ,
330

2:1 5:1 .
, -
, , ..
knots. :
(distance) = (speed) (time).
, , .

. 5.17

( ).
 331

,

,
-
, -
.
,
4 .. 11 .,
, -

,
21,5 knots.
,
, -

(time-speed and distance
table),
, .
,
-
(nautical slide rule) (. 5.17). -
.. . 5.17
(1nm = 2000 yds), , ,
. nautical slide rule.

5.18 .
5.8.1,
(relative plotting).
, . -
,
-
(off centering). .
, -
, ARPA.
,
, (picture
orientation), (head-up), (true-north up),
(course-up). -
, 5.5 5.5.2(4).
5.5.2(1), head-
up, . ,
,
, . ,
[. 5.5.2(1)].
, -

. ,
[. 5.5.2(2)
5.5.2(3)].
332

, -
. , -
,
,
course-up [. 5.5.2(3)].
(. 5.2), CPA
TCPA,
(BCR BCT).
-
, ,
- .

5.18.1 .
5.8.1,
. 5.9,
, .

(. 5.18):
1) , ,
.. 1:1 , 1 .. 5:1 , -
5 knots.
2)
 (H.L).
3) , ,
R .
4) 6. 3., -
3. 6.
,

, HL
,

,
.
5) -
, -
,
RM, -

. RM
2 R 00 06 12
DRM
3 , M
CPA
, - BCR
DRM SRM. O
6)
,
. 5.18
, - -
RML, RM
DRM. ( ).
 333

7) 5.6.1, CPA TCPA.

8) R,
(. 180) ,
, :
Own ship (. 5.9.) , ,
. To OR
, .
9) -
.
, -
, .
10) , (-
. 5.5.1).
11)
, - (. 5.8.1).
,
RML, .
, -
, .

5.19 .
,
(situation awareness) (.
5.6 5.8.1),
, .

, .
, 7() 72.
, ,
, :
1) - - (CPA),
(TCPA),
. CA
.
2) , - -
,
.
3) (BCR) ,
(BCT) .
5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.2 5.6.3 CPA
TCPA north-
up, course-up head-up. , CPA TCPA, ,
5.18.1.
, 5.8.1 5.18.1 (. 5.18)
, ,
.
CPA, TCPA, BCR BCT, -
, (. 5.19):
334

1) , -
, -
north-up,
12:00 050 () 9 ...
HL
040. 12:06 12:12,
R
049 () 7,5 .. 048 () 6 .., 12:00
. ,
06
. M
2) - 12
, :
) 
040 1:1
(1 = 1..) 4:1 BCR
(1 = 4 knots). RML/DRM
CPA
)  12:00 (050
9 ..) R. . 5.19
)  12:06 (049 CPA, TCPA, MCPA, BCR BCT,
7,5 ..) 1 2 .
,
. ,
.
)  12:12, [048 () 6 ..] . ,
RM , -
. , RM R .
)  RM, ,
RML DRM.
, RML,
. , DRM 236.
)
 , RML , -
1:1. 0,5 ., -
- (CPA).
, 326 ().
)  , , CPA
6,0 ...
)  , R, 2 2 ,
1,5 .. 6 ., -
SRM = (10 1,5) knots = 15 knots.
)  CPA, , -
- CPA SRM (15 knots), (6/15) = (6 60)/15) = (360/15) . =
=24 . , MCPA = 24 . TCPA = 12:12 + 24 . = 12:36.
)
 , HL RML
BCR, 2,3 .. , ,
BCR 3,7 .., SRM (15 knots) [(3,7 60)/15] .=
= 14,8 .. BCT = (12:12 + 14,8) = 12:27.
3) ,
, ,
.
 335

5.20  ,
.
CPA, TCPA, BCR
BTC (. 5.19),
.
, ,
,

5.8.1 ,
(. 5.8).
, 5.10 ,

, .
, 5.18.1 ,
.
5.19,
,
, (. 5.20):
1) R, , -
( 180).
2) 1:1,
12 ., 10 knots, -
6 . 1 .., 12 . 2 .., 2 ...
3) R, 2 ..
040 + 180 = 220 (). OR

HL

R
12 00 . 5.20
-27
06

, -
M O
12
.

OR: 040o-10 .

: 255-6,5 .

BCR
RML/DRM
CPA
336

(040 10 knots). ,
, (. 5.5.1).
4) O, OM
.
, ,
255.
5) , (5:1) 6,5 knots.
6) ,
, 12 . 255,
048 ()+180 = 228 (), 255 228 = 27 .
7) RM (. 5.8.1), -
. .
8) ,
, ,
.

5.21 .

,
. ,
,
.
, -
,
, (. 5.9).
, CPA, TCPA, BCR, BCT :
1) , .
2) , -
.
3) , .
5.6.6 CPA .
, ,
CPA ,
(. 5.6.4),
, [. 5.7.5(1)
5.7.5(2)].

, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, . 5.7.5., 5.7.5(1)
5.7.5(2),
, ,
(. 5.7).
5.6.6, 5.7.5(1) 5.7.5(2),
,
:
 337

1) ,
,
. ,
,
.
2) , -
, -
. ,
.
3) ,
.

CPA, TCPA, BCR BCT ,
, (. 5.6
5.7) [. 5.6.6, 5.7.5(1) 5.7.5(2)].
,
, , ,
.

5.22 .
,

. ,
, ,
, 72, (. . 1).
,
-
, .
,
:
1) .
2) .
3) ( ) .
4) .
- -, -
, ,
- .
, -
-,
.

5.22.1 .
5.10.1 -

, . .
5.22, CPA (TCPA
MCPA, BCR BCT), ,
:
338

HL
DRM1

ORM:
OR1M:
DRM3
OR2M:
DRM
OR3M:
CPA1
CPA3
CPA
DRM2 M
CPA2 R2
R

R3
O
R1
O

O O

. 5.22
, .

1) ,
ORM, -
OR . ,
DRM, ,
CPA.
2) , -
, OR1M,
DRM1 CPA CPA1.
3) , , ,
, OR2M,
DRM2 CPA CPA2.
4) -
, , OR3M,
DRM3 CPA
CPA3. ,
.

,
.

5.22.2 .
5.14.1, 5.14.2 5.14.3,
,
, ,
.
.
5.22 CPA
(TCPA MCPA, BCR BCT), -
 339

HL
, -
:
1)
-
,

ORM. ,
DRM R HL
CPA ,
. DRM1 M R1
2) , - CPA1 O
72,
DRM CPA
.
32
()
[. 5.22()]. ,
OR1M - HL

5.14.1. R1M, -
DRM1 CPA ,
CPA1.
3)
, -
2/3 - R
[. 5.22()],
OR'1M DRM'1 M R'1
5.14.2. CPA'1 O
CPA


R'1M, DRM'1. DRM
2/3
CPA CPA1',
()
()
CPA1.
4) - - HL
- -
-
,
,
-

, (.

5.14), R HL
,
- DRM2 M R1
. O
R2
CPA2
, OR2M [.
CPA 32
5.22()] - DRM 2/3

DRM2, CPA ()
CPA2, . 5.22
, - () ()
() ,
. .
340

5.22.3 .
,
5.14.4 .
. 5.14.4 5.14(, , ),
, .

5.23  -
-
.
,
:
1) , .
CPA -
, ,
(close-quarters situation)[.1.19(6)].
2) ,
- ,
, CPA.
, CPA ,
, CPA,
.
ARPA,
- ( ), CPA. -
CPA, -
CPA/TCPA,
CPA [. 7.5.1(2)].
- , -
5.19 5.19,
5.20.
,
,
,
5.22.2 5.14.1.
5.19
5.20 (. 5.20) ,
CPA. (. 5.23):
1) 5.19(. 5.19) ,
, (CPA) 0,5 ...
2) CPA
,
3,5 ...
3)
. , ,
RML, . , ,
6., 1 18 .,
.
4) 1,
3,5 .., CPA (NCPA).
 341

NRML NDML, -
. ,
( ), . ,
NRML , 272.
5) NRML -
,
OR. , -
, NRML R1. OR1
OR1M.
115.
6) OR
NRML , (. 5.23), R1 R'1. ,
, . ,
, MR1 (
MR'1). SRM,
CPA, .
7) 115o, , -
, NRML CPA 3,5 ...
8) ,

:
)  RML,
, ,
NCPA, 3,5 ...

HL

: 255 6,5 knots R

12 00

R'1: 265 6,5 knots 06 OR: 040o 10 knots
O OR1: 115o 10 knots
M2 NRML R'1
12
M R1
M1
18
NCPA

RML/DRM CPA

. 5.23
, o CPA
,
.
342

)  NRML 2, -
. .
9) , , , 345
() 3,9 .. , -
, RML.
10) ,
12, NSRM.

5.23.1
 -
.
, -
,
:
1) , CPA
, , -
CPA (. 5.23, 5.24
5.25), :
)  ,
.
)  , -
,
.
)
 ,
. ,
.
) , .
) .
2) ,
CPA, ,
CPA. ,
,
, .
,
CPA.
, , -
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
.
:
1) -
, ,
, .
2) ,
.
 343

,
, -
.

5.24  -

.
,
,
5.14.2 5.22.2(3).
CPA ,
,
,
(close-quarter situation). ,
,
[. 1.19(6)].
,
, -
.
,
,
5.14.2 5.22.2(3). ,
(. 5.24):
1) CPA,
5.19, [. 5.24()], -
, CPA .
2) 1/3 .
, . -
, R1M.
3) DRM1 /RML1 CPA,
, CPA1,
0,3 .., 1:1.

HL HL

R R

R1
M NRML M
M1 R1

DRM1 O O
NCPA
CPA1 1/3
CPA CPA 9/10
DRM DRM

()
() ()
()
. 5.24
,
- CPA.
344

4) , -
, 1 ...
5)
. ,
, 1 [. 5.24()].
6) ( ) 1
, ,
, 1 .., CPA (NCPA).
NRML
NDML, .
NRML/NDML , 274.
7) , NRML, OR R1.
OR1 , ,
.
. 5:1
1/10 ,
9/10 , 1 .., .
8) , , -
. , NRML
, .
9) ,
, , , -
5.23(8),(9),(10).

5.25  ,
-

.
, -
.
-
5.14.3 5.22.2(4), .
, -
, - ,
, , -
, -
5.14.3.
, -
,
.
,
.
, (. 5.26):

CPA 5.19
, CPA
.

 345

HL

134

2/3

NRML/NDRM
R

NCPA M R1
DRM1 M1
R2
R3 O
CPA1

DRM CPA
R4

HL -

. 5.26
,
, - CPA.

. , 32
2/3 .
CPA ,
,
, , . , , -
1 RML, .
5.14.3, R2M -
, 32
2/3 .
1 R2M
DRM1. DRM1
CPA1, 1 ... ,
32 2/3,
1 ...
, ,
2 ..,
.
,
.
1, ,
, 2 .., CPA
(NCPA).
NRML NDML, NCPA. NRML / NDML
, 304.
346

,
.
:
1) (.
5.26):
)  NRML
, .
1/3,
, .
)  2/3 -
R3 R4, R3M
R4M.
)  , R4M,
SRM ,
CPA ,
. , -
, R3M.
)  R4 R3 -

. R4,
OR4 174.
)  , CPA 2 ..
2/3 , 134.
2)

(. 5.26):

HL

117

9/10

NRML/NDRM
R

NCPA M R1
M1
DRM1 R2
O
CPA1
CPA 117
DRM

R5
-
HL

. 5.26
,
, CPA.
 347

)  , -
-
.
117, 157.
)

NRML, , R5,
OR5.
 ( 5:1) -
)
1/10, 9/10 ,
CPA.
, -
,
, 5.23(8), (9), (10).

5.26 head-up.
head-up, [.
5.5.2(1)], 000
. ,
( ) , -
(unstabilized).
,
,
, , -
.
, , -
,
. ,
, .
, -
, , -
.
,
head-up ,
, .
,
.

5.27 .
(. 5.16), -
, , -
.
, ,
(north-up
course-up), .
, .
(. 5.16.2),
. -
,
.
348

5.28 .
, , ,
-
- ,
-, (. 5.6, 5.14 5.14), -
(complete true motion plot).
CPA TCPA
5.6.4 5.10.

5.29 
, .
( )
, , ,
, .. .
, (. 5.5.1),
,
, -
(COG) (SOG).
, -



LH
. , R
12 00
- R'
.
06
-
O
(. 5.7.1), -
12 M
-
, R
18 1

.

, - DRM
(. 5.7.2),
, -
,
-
.
, -
-
, - r
M1

.
DRM1/RML1
, - . 5.29
. -
- ,
, -
, (. 5.29): , .
 349

1) ,
north-up. 12:00 014 () 9 ..,
, .
2) 000 10 knots.
3) 06 . 12 ., 019 () 8 ..
025 () 7 .., .
4) RM.
5) ORM. -
.
6) , ,
(set) (drift/rate) . ,
117 297, 117 + 180.
7) , (..
5:1) 4,9 knots.
, 5.5.1, -
,
, ,
.
, -
. ,
,
.
, , -
.
,
.

5.29.1 
, , . -
.
,
(,
), , (. 5.29):
1) ,
. , -
6 . R1 18 .
2) , r , 2 ...
3) 2 .., .
4) R1 -
, . R1M1
DRM1 RML1.
5) RML1, ,
R1M1.
6) , OR -
,
R'. R' , -
2 ...
7) OR' ,
,
350

. , 037.

( )
, -
(COG)
.
, -
,
(off
centering) (VRM)
(COG),
.
ARPA.

, -
,
.

5.30 .
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
5.30 -

12:00 12:00
, -
.
100 1200
12:21
10 knots. 11:30
, , 24 .. 1215
12:18
12:15. 12:00


, HL
12:12 12:21

. , , 12:00
A
.
12:00 B

, - . 5.30
. - ,
,
RML , (true north-up).
 351

42 NRML2
O
1221

39 27 23
CPA3 CPA1

CPA2 36
42 HL

39
36 33
NRML3
NRML1
30 33
O 30
27
1224 A
27

23
O
1221
B

NHL

. 5.30

.

,
, .
, ,
, 15 .,
CPA. , ,
.
, -
,
. 5.30 :
1) , -
, CPA1 0,77 .., TCPA 12:32.
2) CPA2, 0,7 .., TCPA 12:53.
3) CPA3, 0,22 .., TCPA 13:10.

, -
0,22 . 0,77 ... , .

5.31
 ,
.
(. 5.30), 72
352

, .
65 175, -
, 5 knots.
(. 5.14),
,

(. 5.25).
,
5.25 .
, :
1) , NRML1, CPA
3,6 .. 12:34,
.
2) , NRML2, ,
NHL ,
.
3) , NRML3, CPA
1,8 .. 12:39,
.
, ,
, 1,5 ..
, , 12:42 (. 5.30).

12:21, , .

, , -
. , , , .
,

(. 5.30). -
,
, , .
, CPA 13:10,
12:39.
, -
,
TCPA -
, .

5.32 .
,
,
, .
-
, ,
.
, ,
(. 5.9) ,
.
 353

12 .
,
, CPA
.
5.22.1 -
, . ,
CPA TCPA.
,
, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
.
-
, , , :
1) ,
, , .
2) -
. , , -
,
.
-
, , CPA/TCPA.
3) ,
,
. ,
, -
5.23(8), 5.24(9) 5.25 (. 5.23).
6.1 ( 5).

6.1.1 ARPA .
,
,
, .
, -
,
.
, -
, .
(. 5), ,
,
, , ARPA .
,
72,
.
72,
. , -
[ 7(), . 1.7.1(3)].
72,
, , ,
.
ARPA ,
.

6.1.2 ( 5).
1.5, 5,
,
, .
5 , ,
, ,
(all available means), ,
,
-
, .
,
, , -
.
 355

5 , -
.

6.2 ( 6).

1.6 1.6(2), 6 .
, , -
,
, [. 1.6(8)].
-, -
, .
, , -
1.6(8), ,
, ,
.
,
ARPA, -
. , ARPA,

,
.

6.3 ( 7).

7 (.1.7.1) ,
.
, 7(), -
-
. 1.7.1(3) ,
.
7(), ,
(, ) , -
.

6.4 ( 8).

8 (.1.8.1)
, -
. ,
,
,
.
8() [. 1.8.1(5)]
, .
ARPA , -

RML ARPA
(trial maneuver) (. 7.6).
- - (. 5.23,
356

5.24 5.25) ,
[ 8()] [. 1.8.1(4)]. ,
, -
.
,

[ 8()] [. 1.8.1(3)].
,
. , , ,
. , ,
-
, .
8()
. ,
-
.
, , -
, 8(),
. , :
1) , -
,
.
2) , -

.
, ,
, -
. ,
5.14.1 5.23[(8),(9),(10)],
5.24(9) 5.25
ARPA, .

6.4.1 .
(cumulative turn)
[ 8()], -
, .
-
,
.
, -
, -:
1) .
2) , ,

.
3) , -
, , .
, ,
 357

.
4) , -

.
5) .
6)

.
7) , ,
(. 6.5) 1 2 -
, .
8) , -
head-up ( -
), ,
(. 6.5).
9) , , -
.
,
.

1 2

5o AP. 15o .

2 A
o
5 AP. . 6.5

o
15 .

1 .
1 2
2 1

1 2

12
3 ...
, ,
.

. 6.5
12 24
, -
-
head-up ( ).

6 .. 3 ..
358

,
ARPA -
, ,
. ,
.
ARPA,
72, , -
.
.
,
.
6.1, ,
ARPA.

6.1
ARPA .

/ ARPA.
.

) , .
1. ARPA.
) ( ).

:
- ) , CPA TCPA.
2.
)  ,
. .

) ( ARPA) :
.

3. .
.
)  -
.

:
) .
) .
4. .
) .
) .
) .

:
- ) .
5.
. ) 
.

:
- ) .
6. )  ( ARPA)
. .
) .
 359

6.5 ( 9).

9, (. 1.9.1) ,
.
ARPA 5
6. , 1219
.

6.6 [ 19 () ()].
19 (. 1.19) -
.
, 19() [. 1.19(6)]

.
,
CPA TCPA . ARPA,
, . TCPA
, [. 1.19(6)].
, , -
CPA - .
, :
1) , .
2) .
3) .
4) .
, ,
,
19()(i), (ii) 19(). -
, ()
,
.
ARPA
,
, . , -
,
.

. , -
( ARPA tracking history),
, .
7.1. .

,
. -

, ,
.
, -
, , -
.
(Automatic
Radar Plotting AidARPA).
ARPA
. , 1977, -
, Auto-Tracking Aid
(ATA). , ,
. ,
(Electronic Plotting AidEPA), ,
.
, -
2008, ARPA , Automatic Target
Tracking (ATT).
,
SOLAS . -

(trial maneuver) (automatic
acquisition).
, -
, ARPA,
, .
ARPA :
,
, -
, ,
.
, -
, -
ARPA, (anticollision)
,
(. 7.10).
 361

7.1.1 ARPA.
ARPA , -
. ARPA ,
.
-
. (stand alone) ARPA (. 7.1).
, .
, ARPA
,
. ARPA
, ,
ARPA. (integral type)
-ARPA
(. 7.1).

ARPA

RPA

/ ARPA

-

RPA RPA

. 7.1
ARPA .

7.2 , .

SOLAS 1974, , V
19 (Regulation 19, Chapter V) ,
, , ARPA,
.
, -
[IMO Resolution A.823(19)] ARPA . ,
, 2008,
[IMO Resolution MSC 192(79)].
362

,
ARPA, . 7.1, ARPA
, 2008, .

7.1
ARPA .

-
/

300 499 gt () (
gross EPA
1. 1 X-band 180 mm ().
registered tonnage) .
300 gt.
< 1000 gt: 180 mm
2. 500 2999 gt. 1 X-band ATA
1000 gt: 250 mm
1 X-band
1 S-band
3. 3000 9999 gt. 2 ATA 250 mm
( 2
X-band)
1 X-band
1 S-band 1 ARPA
4. 10000 gt . 340 mm
( 2 1 ATA
X-band)

:
1) ARPA,
10.000 gt () .
2) , .
ARPA , -
,
.
ARPA , -
. 7.2, .

7.2
ARPA .

/ ARPA

1. . .

2. 10 20
.


3. . 4 ,
(history dots).
.
,

4. .
(trial maneuver).
.
 363

7.2 ARPA
, ,
.
.
,
, , -
. -
, 10,
, .
, ARPA,
, . ,
ARPA . ,
, ,
ARPA, .
, 2008,
ARPA , .
7.3, SOLAS,
.

7.3
, .

,
/ 500 gt 10.000 gt HSP /-
< 500 gt
(high speed craft)<10.000 gt. 10.000 gt

-
1. 180 mm 250 mm 320 mm
(operational display).

195 195
2. 270 270 mm 340 340 mm
. mm2

3. .

4. 20 30 40
.

5. .

7.2 7.3 :
1) -
2008, 2008.
2)
, 2008.
3) 5002999 gt 7.3, 500
10.000 gt, 2008.
4) 7.3,
. ,
, raster (raster
display) (. 7.8.1).
364

5) ,
10.000 gt.
, ARPA,
, STCW -
STCW, ', II -/2.

7.2.1 .
ARPA,
, (/)
, , , ,
.
,
/ ARPA, ( )
, (. 7.10).
,
0 1.
1 , -
(), .
0, , -
.
, ARPA () (threshold detector)
(. 7.11).
,
, ,
/ 1.
0, ,
.
, /
(cell) . ,
, 1
/, .
, , -
ARPA (target acquisition), /
,
(target designation) /.
,
,
(screen marker) (.
7.2).
, -
(joystick tracking/
rolling ball) ,
-

. -
(manual acquire) [.
7.15(6)],
,
- . 7.2
(tracking gate tracking window) .
 365

(. 7.2). -
, .
, 1
/ , -
, ,
-
1, . -
, 0,
.

[ ]

(racking gate)
7.2.2 ( )
(target acquisition). 2

(acquisition)
. 7.2
, -
ARPA
. - (tracking gate).

.
, ,
, ,
, .
, / -
, .

1) .
:
1) 100 knots ( 140
knots ATT).
2) ( ARPA ).
3)
(cease track cancel).
4)
, .
5) ,
,
.
6)
, .
7) ,
.
,
ARPA,
, , .
(sensitivity)
.
, (thermal noise)
(clutter) (, ,
..), (false alarms). -
,
/.
, .
366

2) .
(manual acquisition) (. 7.2.1) -
(. 7.2) .

, (manual
aquire) [. 7.15(6)] (cease track cancel)
[. 7.15(7)].
,
10.000 grt.

3) (fully automatic acquisition).

( 200 ), ,
. ( ) , ,
. , ,
CPA,
TCPA, ...
,
20 ( 40 ) .
, -
20 , -
.
ARPA .
.

4) .
,
, (. 7.2), ,
[. 7.15(8)].
, ,
.

5)

.

, -
-
( ) (guard
zones) [. 7.15(8)] (. 7.2). -
,
-

(new target). ,
,
(-
),
1 2 7.2.

-
,
, - . 7.2
( 3). , - .
 367

, ,
( 4).
, [.
7.2.3(4)], (target lost) [. 7.5.1(3)].
, ,
( ).
-
,
-
(tracks full)
[. 7.5.1(7)]
,
, -
.

-
-
,

. ,
- A
.

7.2, - .
- ,
. 5
, .
-
. 7.2
, (guard zones).
-

. , 6 -
,
,


,
7,
. -

,
,
.

6)
 -

-
.
,
-
-
(guard rings), - . 7.2
(. 7.2). (guard rings)
, - (ARB).
368

(Area Rejection BoundariesARBs).

-
, , ,
0,5 .. 1 ... -
45 ,
. , .
.

7) .

, .
,
, , ,
,
.
,
, .
, ,
. , , -
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
, .

, . ,
,
, , -
, .
,
,
. /
, .

7.2.3 .
, (target tracking).
, /
.

1) .
, :
ARPA, ,
, , .
, ,
.
,
, (. 7.2, 1), .
 369

, .
,
, ,
,
( ) (. 7.10.1).
, , -
, ,
, . -

, .
, , /
, . ,
(..
16 .. ).

2) .
( )
,
rate aiding.
-
. ,
. ,
.
, / ARPA, ATA ATT . ,
(track while scan).
,
, , .
7.2, -
, .
, ,
, .
0, 1, 2,7 , -
. , , , , , -
. ,
.
, R
.
,
. , / -
(feedback loop), .
:
1)  (target swap) [. 7.2.3(5)].
2) ,
.
3) , .
-
, / , /
,
370

1


A R1
2

R1
B
R2 3

R2
R3
4

5 R
4

R3
6
R5
R4

R5

( ). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
( -
20 22,5 26,6 33,75 40,2 46,65
).
( -
10 15 23,33 32,5 36,6 41,4
).

10 5 5 7 6,5 6,5
.

5 5 7,5 8,5 4,5 5
.

10 15 20 27 33,5 40
=

5 10 17,5 26 30,5 35,5
=
-
10 7,5 6,66 6,75 6,7 6,65
: /
-
5 5 5,83 6,5 6,1 3.325
: /
R 5 3,5 2,5 1,75 1
. (R1) (R2) (R3) (R4) (R5)

. 7.2
(rate aiding).
 371

. , ,
, -
. ,
(. 7.13).
10 , 5 ,
. T
, [.
7.5.1(3)].
3) , ARPA, .
:
ARPA , 20 , ,
-
(20 ), .
, 10
(. 7.2). -
, 2040,
2008 (. 7.3).
20 -
, . ,
,
.
40 ,
. ,
, -
,
.
-
, .
4) .
, ,
:
ARPA ( ) ,
, 5 10 -
, [. 7.2.3(5)].

, ARPA , , .
, .
5) .
, (target swap):
,
ARPA ( /).
,
, .
(signal-to-noise)
(signal-to-clutter), , , ,
.
372

(. 7.2) -
, ,
2
. , 1
2
/ ,
1,
1.
, - ()
.
, -
- ,
.
[. 7.2.3(2)].
-
, -
rate aiding ,
[. 7.14.2(1)]. ()

O H/Y ,
ARPA ( /) -
, .
,
rate aiding -
, . ()

. 7.2
7.3 ARPA, .

, ARPA, ATA ,
, , ,
, -
, .

7.3.1
 ,
ARPA, .
, :
, ARPA ( )
ATT , ,
,
.
, , -
ARPA ( ) ATT , ,
. ,
ARPA ( )
ATT, ,
.

7.3.2 .
ARPA, ATA 7.1 7.3.
250 mm ( 180 mm
1000 gt). ARPA
 373

10.000 gt , 340 mm,

250 mm.

7.3.3
 ,
ARPA, .
-
ARPA, :
ARPA, ,
: 1) 3 .., 2) 6 .., 3) 12 ... ,
.
, -
, 0,25 .. 24 ...

7.3.4 .
-
, :
ARPA,
north-up course-up. , -
ARPA A .
, .
,
, (.
5.1 5.2). , , ,
.

7.3.5
 ARPA,
. .
-
, :
ARPA ( /ATT)
. ARPA ( /ATT)
. ,
, 3 .
, ARPA ( ) ATT
, .
, -
, , .
,
.
, , -
ARPA ( ATA) ATT,
. ,
, -
.
, , ,
. ,
radar only.
374

7.3.6 .
ARPA ( ) -
, -
, . ,
, ,
.
,
. (-
) ,
, ,
.
(radialscan synthetic display), -
. raster-scan
, ,
.

7.3.7 ,
, :
-
ARPA ( ) .

, , -
. ,
.
, -
,
, .

7.3.8 .
,
, :
, ARPA ( )
,
.
ARPA,
, 16 ..,
, .
, ,
, ,
.

7.3.9 .
, ARPA ( ) ,
:
1) ,
.
2) ,
 375

(Predicted Point of CollisionPPC)

(Predicted Area of DangerPAD) ( ).
3) , -
, CPA, TCPA ,
( ).

1) .

ARPA, ATT, ,
(vectors) ,
.
, -
, :
1) ARPA ( ) ATT, () -
, -
(. 5.8.1). ,
(. )
, ,
(sea or ground stabilization) (. 5.7, 5.7.1, 5.7.2 5.7.3).
2) ARPA ( ),
( ) -
, , , / .
, -
, ,
,
(PADs) [. 7.3.9(6)].
3) , .
4)
.

(RM) ( )
( ).
1)
.
2) , -

.
, ()
(vector
length) (vector time). ,
, -
.. 3 . 6 .., 6 . 12 .. ...
, , , -
,
.
[. 7.14.3(1)] -
ARPA, ,
.
, , ,
376

,
, .

2) .
ARPA [. 7.2.3(1)
(2)] , [. 7.3()].
vector length vector time,
CPA.
CPA -
(. 5.6.1). CPA ,
/ vector length vector time. ,
5.6.1.

3) .
, -

-

-
[. 7.3()]. ,


, - () ()
vector length vector
time. . 7.3
.
,

-
(close quarter situation) [. 1.19(6)]. ,
, ,
CPA/TCPA
.
CPA
, -
CPA , ,
[. 5.15 7.14.3(1)].

4) .
(Predicted Point of CollisionPPC) ,
() -
, ,
.
-
, .
PPCs
,
.
PPCs,
,
 377

CPA,
PPC, .
PPCs
. , -
. PPCs ,
.

5) .
, . ,
:
1) (. 7.9).
2) .
PPCs, , -
7.3:
1)
, 6 .. , 15:00 357 () 10,3 .., -
6 . 356 (T) 8,5 .. 354 () 6,7 .., 12 ..

R 00
15
R1

06
1500 : 35710,3 ..
1506 : 3568,5 ..
HL 1512 : 3546,7 ..
R2

12

P1=297 4,4 ..

P1
ROR1

R1 // KP1 ROR2
R2 // KP2

P2

. 7.3

(Predicted Point of Collision PPC).
378

320 10 knots.
2) 5.18.1,
ORM.
3)
. , RML -
, .
4) , OR (
), R1
, R ,
R1 R2.
5) OR1 OR2,
.
6) 1, OR1
1. , 2, OR2
2.
7) 1 [297 () 4,4 ..] 2 (229 () 18,0 ..)
(PPCs).
, .
, PPC,
, . ,
PPC ,
.
, , -
PPCs (. 7.9)
(. 7.3). PPC,
1,
,
(R1// KP1, . . 7.3). , ,
,
, 2 (R2// KP2, . . 7.3).

PPC. , PPC,

.

6) .
PPCs, :
1)
PPC .
2) PPCs .
3) , ,
.
, PPC,
. , -
1.19(6),
, , -
, (. 7.8.17.8.3).
(predicted area of
dangerPAD).
 379

ARPA .
PPC
.
PAD,
. ,
(cross-ahead position) ,
(cross-astern position). ,
, ,
.
, PAD -
.
, ,
, .
(. 7.9) :
1) ,
.
2) .
3) .
4) , .
-
(PPC), PAD (cross-ahead primary)
, PPC
. , (cross-astern primary)
(. 7.3).
[. 7.3.9(5)] PPCs,
PPC PPC. PPC,
(cross-ahead secondary) -
(cross-astern secondary) ,
PPC (. 7.3).
-
, ,
(. 7.3)
,
.

PPC

PPC

. 7.3
.
380

, ,
, . 7.3,
,
.

7) (PAD) .
PAD,
, .
, , -
.
,
(. 7.3).
, -
(. 7.3). -

( CPA)

. 7.3
, .

PAD

C2 C1
1

PAD


(
CPA)

. 7.3
, .
 381

1/4 C1C2.
PPC .
PAD ,
, PAD
(. 7.9).
PAD , , -
PAD .
PADs [. 7.3.9(1)].
. , PADs
, -
. -
,
.

8) (PADs).
, -
7.3.:
1)
, 6.. , 15:00, 315 () 10,0 ..,

HL
1500 : 315-10,0 ..
1506 : 315- 8,5 ..
1512 : 315- 7 ..
P4

1500 R R1
CPA

R2 C1
PPC
06
C2
CPA

12
(C1C2/4)

C3

C2
S2
CPA = 2 ..
C1

S1
CPA = 2 ..

. 7.3
(PAD), .
382

15:06, 315 () 8,5 .. 15:12, 315 () 7,0 ... -

000 12 knots.
2) ORM
(. 5.18.1).
3) , -
(CPA) (. 5.23) 2 .., -
7.3.9(6).
4) S1 S2 ,
, -
. .
5) -
OR S1 S2,
R1 R2 .
6) OR1 OR2,
, (. 5.23).
7) C1 C2, OR1 OR2 ,

, C1 C2 .
8) C1C2 .
C3 C4 2 .., C1C2 , ,
CPA.
9) C1, C2, C3, C4
(PAD).
,
, C1C2
2R, R CPA.
C1 C2 C3C4, ,
PPC. , .
PPC, R
.

7.4 .

ARPA,
, , , :
1) .
2) .
3) , -
(CPA).
4) CPA (TCPA CPA).
5) .
6) .
,
.
/ , .
ARPA , -
(BCR),
(BCT) (. 5.8.1 5.19).
-
 383

(. 7.4).
,
.

, -
7.2.3.1,
,
. , -
,
-
, -
.
(trial
maneuver), -
, . 7.4
(tote display)
. , ,
, .
.

7.5 .
(alarms and warnings),
, , :
1) (alarms),
.
2) (warnings indications),
.
, ,
,
.

7.5.1 .
(operational alarms), -
-
, , .
, ,
:
1) / (guard zone/ring violation).
2) (CPA)
CPA (CPA/TCPA violation).
3) (target lost).
, , -
, :
1) (time to maneuver).
2) (track change).
3) (anchor watch).
4) (tracks full).
5) (safe limit vector
suppression).
384

6) -
(trial /

maneuver).


, -
-
,

ARPA, ATA .

1)
 /-

.



, ARPA ( /
):
...


- . 7.5
(operational alarm) -
( ) (guard
zone/ring violation). - (guard zone/ring violation).
, .
7.2.2(5) 7.2.2(6)
. -
.
, , , -
(. 7.5, 1) ,
(. 7.5, 2). ,
.
,
/ , . ,
-
,
. 360 ,
.
,
,
. (
), .

2)  (CPA)
CPA.
, ARPA :
... ,
, ,
( CPA)
CPA,
( TCPA). , (CPA/TCPA violation),
 385

.

,
- CPA TCPA,

( CPA), -
Predicted CPA/TCPA violation
[. 5.23 7.3.9(6)].
,

CPA (TCPA
MCPA),
,
,
- : CPA
CPA < CPA
. , MCPA < TCPA

,
CPA
.

TCPA MCPA. . 7.5
(operational alarm) -
CPA TCPA -
CPA/TCPA.
(safe limits)
,

, 72 [.
1.19(6)].
(. 7.5), CPA MCPA, 0,5 .. 14 ., -
1 ARPA,
CPA 0,5 ..
CPA, 14 . ,
, CPA.
, , -
, ,
.
(PAD) [.
7.3.9(6)], , , -
,
PAD.

3) .
, -
,
ARPA -
.
, -
, .
[. 7.2.3(2) 7.2.3(4)], /
386

,
. , 10
,
(lost target) ,
.

4) .

(time to maneuver).
(. 7.6),
(delay) ,
, -
,
.
,
,
.

5) .

(track change), . ,
, -

.
[.
7.10(3)],
. , ,
.
, ,
(. 7.10.1)
/, .
.

6) .
,
.
, ARPA -
,
( ), .
, , -
, (anchor watch) .
, ,
, .

7) .
7.2.3(3), ARPA,
, . , -
, ,
, .
 387

, ,
, -
,
, .

8)
 , .
,

(safe limit vector suppression) (. 7.5.1(2) -
, .
/
, ,
.
,
,
. , , .

9) .
, 7.5.1.2,
(safe limits) (trial alarm) . -
, (trial maneuver) .
.

7.5.2 .
ARPA,
, :
ARPA ( ) ,
, . , -
,
, .
, .
, ARPA,
, . -
, ,
. , . , -
.

.
/, (. 7.7.1) ,
, .
,
,
.

1) .
-
,
(wrong or invalid request) 370. , -
388

,
.

2) .
, ARPA ( ) ,
:
ARPA ( ) -
, ( , ..). , -
ARPA ( ) , .
ARPA 1997 -
(indication) ,
. 1999
.

7.6 .

ARPA ,
.
:
ARPA
, .
.

. ,
.
,
10.000 gt 2008.
, , -
. , / -
5.22.2, 5.23, 5.24 5.25. , -
ARPA , .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
,
, .
, :
1)
. ,
,
.
2) , , -
,
, , -
. , .
3)
, ,
 389

.
,
,
.
.
4) ,
.

.
5) , , CPA
TCPA [. 7.5.1(2)],
,
, 8() [. 1.8.1(3)].
, -
,
. ,
,
.
, ARPA
, , -
.
, -
, ,
. , ,
-
, .
, -
, , 5.23, -
(. 7.6).

R1=R
RML
R

R1 R1M
R

R1

=




R=
RML
R1
R1M

SIM

() ()

. 7.6
: () .
() , .
390

, , CPA .
ARPA , 5.22.2,
. , -
, .

,
.
ARPA ,
, ,
.
ARPA , , -
, , ,
.
-
, SIM TRIAL,
[. 7.15(10)].
, ,
,
, .
:
1) , /
.
2) PAD, -
.
3) (trial speed)
PAD,
PADs.

7.7 .
ARPA , -
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
, -
ARPA , . -
, .

7.7.1
 ,
ARPA ,
2008.

ARPA
, 2008, 7.7.

ARPA ,
7.4 7.5.
 391

R R M

: 000 : 000
: 10 knots : 10 knots
- : 000-8 .. - : 000-1 ..
- : 180-10 knots - : 045-14 knots
- : 180-20 knots - : 090-10 knots

1 2
12 .. 1,5 ..

R R

: 000 : 000
: 5 knots : 25 knots
- : 045-8 .. - : 045-8 ..
- : 238-16,75 knots - : 208-18 knots
- : 225-20 knots - : 225-20 knots

3 12 .. 4 12 ..

. 7.7
.

7.4
RPA ,
95%, .

CPA ( ..)
( ) ( )

1 11 2,8 1,6

2 7 0,6

3 14 2,2 1,8

4 15 1,5 2,0
392

7.5
RPA ,
95 %, 3 .

-
- CPA TCPA
( - -
(.) (.)
( ) knots) ( ) ( knots)
1 3,0 0,8 0,5 1,0 7,4 1,2
2 2,3 0,3 --- --- 2,8 0,8
3 4,4 0,9 0,7 1,0 3,3 1,0
4 4,6 0,8 0,7 1,0 2,6 1,2

, :
1) CPA TCPA -
.
2) ( 2) ,
( 1, 3, 4).
3) ,
( 1).
4) , CPA TCPA 3
4, , -
, , 045,
135, 225 315.

7.7.2
 ARPA ,
, 2008.
ARPA , , -
7.4 7.5,
7.19,
. ,
, , 10 .
, ARPA
( ),
, -
7.4. , 3 ,
,
7.5.
,
, -
,
, 7.4 7.5.
, ARPA ,
,
, .
7.4 7.5, -
95%. ,
.
19 20 .
 393

-
, .
,
, , -
/. -
/ (1 . 3 .) ,
.
, , ,
. , 7.4 7.5,
, CPA.
10. , -
.

7.7.3
 , ,
2008.
-
7.7.1, .
, 7.6.

7.6
, 95%,
2008.
-
-

CPA TCPA
-
( knots) (.) (.)
() (
(.) ()
knots)
1 : - 1,5 10% (-
11 1,0 --- --- ---
)
0,5 1% (-
3 : 0,8 1% (-
3 0,3 0,5 5
)
)

, : -
, 30 knots, ( 7.6 -
100 knots)
30 knots70 knots ( 140 knots).

7.8 ARPA, .
ARPA, ,
,
, , .
, , -
,

.
, , -

394

(sea stabilization) :
1) .
2) .
3) ,
.

,
- :
1) Doppler :
) .
) 
( ) (SOG)
Doppler (. 7.8.3), /,
(COG)
.
2) (Global Navigation Satellite
SystemGNSS), GPS GLONASS: ,
GNSS,
(COGSOG) ,
.
- ARPA, -
,
. ,
ARPA, ATA ATT, , /
.

7.8.1 .
ARPA, , -
,
, .
, -
,
, .
, 1970
(synthetic display), 1985
, (radial scan plan
position indicator).
, 1980 raster-scan PPIs,
. -
, ,
-, .
,
ARPA, ,
. ,
, .
, -
,
:
1) .
 395

2) , CPA TCPA.
-
, ,
/ .
,
ARPA,
,
.
, [. 7.14.1(2)
7.14.1(3)], , :
1) :
)  ( )
(backlash in gearing).
)  (unstable platform
or antenna tilt).
) .
) (asymmetric antenna beam).
) (azimuth quantization error).
2) :
) .
) (range quantization error).
) (pulse amplitude variation).

7.4, 7.5 7.6, -
() , [.
7.14.1(2) 7.14.1(3)].

7.8.2 .
ARPA,
(. 7.4), , -
, ORM.
, ,
OR.
, ,
/ . ,
,
, CPA TCPA,
, .
, ,
, CPA TCPA.
, ,
.
:
1) CPA
TCPA,
ARPA, , .
2) , -
,
.
396

, -
, ARPA, , , -
(smoothing) [. 7.10.1 7.14.2(3)], /.
, ,
, :
1) , , -
, .
2) ,
[. 7.14.2(3)]
.
,
, ,

. [. 7.14.1(4)]:
1) , .
2) , [gyro compass deck
plane (gimballing) error].
3) , .

7.4, 7.5 7.6, -
() , [.
7.14.1(4)].

7.8.3 , (STW SOG).

, ARPA, , -

, ORM,
OR.
, , -
. ,
, (
) ,
.
, -
(. 5.7, 5.7.1 5.7.2):
1) (sea stabilization),
(STW).
2) , (ground
stabilization), (SOG).
,
, , CPA, TCPA
,
(. 7.8.2).
, -
,
, .
() ,
, .
(parallel indexing).
 397

,
(route monitoring) (. 5.7.2 5.7.3).
,

.
ARPA, ,
, . -
, -
, , .
Doppler.
ARPA, ,
, :
1) , ;
2) (simple axis) (double axis);
Doppler -
. ,
, .
Doppler ,
(fore-and-aft movement),
(. 7.8), -
(Speed Through the WaterSTW). ,
.
Doppler , , -
, (athwartships movement).
, :
1) , -
.
2)  , .
, (. 7.8),
,
(., ,
) (.,
).
, ,
ARPA,

(SOG)

(STW)
. 7.8
,
.
398

, ,
, ,
.
,
( )
, .
, :
1) ,
/ ARPA, , ,

() . ,
.
2)
,
, ,
, . (. 5.7.2
5.7.3),
.
3)
,
/, ,
, (. 7.8).
, ,
, -
, . ,
.
, Doppler ,

ARPA, ATA , -
.
, /, -
ARPA, ATA ,
.
, ARPA, ATA
, GPS GLONASS.
-
7.4, 7.5 7.6, ,
() , [.
7.14.1(5)].

7.9 , PPCs PADs.

(PPCs),
(PADs), -
7.3.9(5) 7.3.9(6),
, .
,
ORM 7.9 7.9, -
7.3.9(5) (. 7.3), (PPCs).
, OR
 399

OR R
OM:
. , OR: R2
PPC OR>OM R1
OR2>OM
7.3.9(6), OR OR2/OM>1 R'2
PAD.
, M
,
PPC
PAD. PPC
, OR2,
(. PPC1 K-PPC//OR1
7.9), - K-PPC1//OR'2
, OR2,
, R'2. - K
- . 7.9
OR'2, PPCs PADs,
, PPC1 PPC, -
. 1.
PPCs (PPC PPC1) -
, PPC PAD
, PPC1
PPC.
,
OR < , . (. 7.3, 7.3 7.3),
PPC PADs. -
, 7.9 -

PPCs
1
1 1

R 2a
2a

2a 3a
3a 4a
5a
R3 R5
4a
6a

R1 R2 R4
5 7
3
R6 8 R

4b 6b
R7 R8
5b
3b 4b
. 7.9
3b PPCs
2b
2b PADs,
2b
M 1.
400

, OR2, OR3, OR4, OR5, OR6, OR7 OR8, .

(. 7.9) .
:
1) OR2, PPCs, ,
OR2 , . ,
, .
2) OR3, PPCs, -
.
3) OR4, PPCs .
4) OR5, PPC .
5) OR6, .
6) OR7, .
7) OR8, .
,
PPC, (. 7.9):
1) , ,
.
2) ( ),
, PPC ( , )
( ).
3) ,
, PPC, .
4) ,
, PPC
( ). ,
PPCs , .

PPCs, PADs, :
1) , PAD.
, , -
,
. , PAD ,
.
2) , PADs.
,
. PADs PPCs.
, :
) .

PPCs PPCs
5 3 2 1 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
0,9 0,7

. 7.9
PPC, .
 401

)  PAD
.
3)
, ,
,
CPA. , , .

7.10 ARPA, .
ARPA, ATA -
.
,
, ,
.

.
(. 7.11) (re-time quantized or synthetic
radial scan PPI) raster scan PPI
(. 7.8.1).
ARPA, , ,
, , -

. ,
. -
, ARPA, ,
/. -
,
, .
,
. -
,
.
, ARPA, ,
, /
.
, , -
ARPA, , :
1) (quantization):
) 
,
/ ARPA, . -
, () (. 7.11, 7.11.1 7.11.2)
, (quantized or
synthetic radar scan displays).
)  ,
, , .
() 1, (bit) -
, -

.
402

2) :
, -

. , ,
(tracker) , .
3) :
)  , , -

/ . ,
1, .
)  ,
,
(cell) (. 7.13), ,
. ,
/
, . , -
, hit matrix (. 7.13).
) , ,
track file. (
), ,
, .
/ ,
.
)  , -
, (. ),
.
(), -
(,) ,
(. 7.13).
) 
. ,
.
.
ARPA, ,
, , -
[. 7.14.1(2) (3)].
)  , , -
, -
. (smoothing) (. 7.10.1)
.
,
,
.
)  ,

[. 7.2.3(2)],
. -
, , / :
 ,
 403

3 . , ,
, -
.
, ,
, .
)  , ,
-
, ,
.
)  ARPA, , , -
,
,
.

7.10.1 .
, , / -
(. 35 ).
[. 7.10(3)] ,

, (smoothing).
,
. ,
,
,
( ), ,
(. 7.7.2 7.7.3).
, . , -
, ,
.
, 1220 ,

, (. 7.7.2 7.7.3). -
, ,
, .
[. 7.2.3(2)],
. -
, 3560
, .
, .
,
(1) (3) .
, -
, , ,
,
.
-
( ). ,
:
404

1) ,

, (. 7.10).
, -

. ,
.
2) ,
.
, ,

(. 7.10).
, -
.
(steady state), -

HL
,
-
3

O

/, CPA/TCPA

,

ORM
R

M




,
R RM
O
. 7.10
(smoothing), .
CPA/TCPA, ,
a .
 405

,


M
,
(,)
(,)



(- )
HL

- ,
,
3 R
OM
R M

CPA/TCPA
,
R
OM



O

. 7.10
(smoothing), .
CPA/TCPA, ,
a .

,
.
,
, [. 7.14.2(3)].
, /,
7.14.2(2) 7.14.2(3).

7.11 .
(real time). -

. -
406

,
,
.

(re timed quantized or synthetic radial scan PPI) (. 7.8.1),
, . ,
, raster scan PPI.

/,
( ). , / (sampling) 1200 , -
( ),
.

, 1200 /,
cell.
, , , .
, 1
0 . ,
, .
7.11 1200 , 12
. , ,
3 ... , -
, 1 .
, ,
3 ..,
(time base) 37
(s) (.
, ). - (cell): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112
, (. (register): 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1) 11,25 .. 2,252,5 .. : 0 1 2 3

12 1200,
1,001,0025 .. 2,252,2525 ...
, -
-
,
1 0,
-
.
,
(quantization), -
,
,
.
,
3
.
, . 7.11

/, ,
- 3 ..
 407

, , .
,
, ,
7.11:
1) , ( ) (threshold level) -
. , , -
() (threshold detector),
, . ( ),
1,
0.
(logic waveform).
2) / ,
AND, 1, 1.
, , ,
.
3) ,
1,
(),
. -
, ( )
, . -
, .

, , ,
RAM (Random Access Memory) /, (register).

7.11.1 .
, -
.

cell -

(register)
cell

-

(sampler)

: 1
0 0 0 1

: 0
(threshold detector)

. 7.11
, ,
, .
408

. , 12 ..,
148,16 (. 7.11)
. , 1200 -
12 .., 6 .., 1,
600.
,
1000 1200, .
.
, (off
centering),
, 70% . RAM, -
1024 bits ( ), , 2048 bits.
bit bits
2048/170 % = (2048 100) / 170 = 1204, 1200.
, -
, -
. ,
, . ,
0,05 , 1,5 .., -
,
, 1/0,05 s = 1/(0,05 10 6) = 20000 Hz = 20 MHz.
, , -
AND, ,
. , 2 .., 6 ..
2 , 1200 ,
0,005 .., 1 2/0,005 = 400
(. 7.11).

, (range word), .. 7.11,
00001000010000. -
, , .

7.11.2 () .
,
, .
(bearing word).
,
. -
, , 0 360 ()
, , 0 , ,
.
, -
12 bits. 12 bits, , 4095
(20+21+22+.+211). 0, 4096
, 0 4095. , 0 360 ,
360/4096 = 0,1.
, (0,1) -
. , , -
1/10 .
 409

, , 4095
1200 bits , -
12 bits (. 7.11). ,
, memory matrix.
, -
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
head-up, 0 -
, ,
north-up, 0 .
-
, . , :
1) - -
(synchro-digital converter),
, . , ,
, , , ,
0 4095.
2) , , 1 .
, , / 4096 ,
360.
3) , shaft encoder,
1:1 , -
.

: 0=

: 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

: 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

: 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 11200
0 0bits
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12
0 bits
0 0 0 0 0 0
: 4090
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
: 4091
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
: 4092 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
: 4093 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
: 4094 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
: 4095 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

(range word)
(bearing word)
. 7.11
.
410

() (),
- ,
RAM (), .
ARPA,
.

7.12 .

. (. 7.11) ,
, -
,
.
, ,
-
. ,

6 12 .., .

. ,
-
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, -
, (prime register) (. 7.11).
,
,
. ,
, (n) (. )
.
,
, (memory matrix) -
(. 7.11) (. 7.11).
, 1,
(tracker).
ARPA, , -
.
,
, .
,
,
, / , -
,
(. 7.10(3) 7.13).
, ,

, . ,
 411

,
. , ,
.

7.13 .
, ,

, -
[. 7.2.3 7.2.3(1)].
, n - -
, ,
, (-
) .
, -
,
, -
,
. hit matrix ( ).
, ,
, 7.2.2 (2)
7.2.2(6). , hit matrix, -
.
, ARPA, [.
7.2.2(1)] [. 7.2.3(1)
7.2.3(2)], , hit matrix.
,
, (track file). ,
, . ,
hit matrix,
.
, ,
(. 5.3 5.4),
, -
.
, , .
ARPA, , -
[. 7.14.1(2) 7.14.1(3)].
, -
, , ,
.
kalman (. 7.10.1).
,
[ (r), ()], -
, , . ,
( ). ,
(. 7.13),
, (differentiator). ,
hit matrix, ,
.
412

/






R/ (memory
matrix) (differentiator)


[(), ()]

(
(r, ) )

()

- -

(intergrator) (smoothing)

. 7.13
(tracking loop).

,
, (
) , -
. , -
, ,
. ,
.
, -
, hit matrix,
, 10 . 5 [.
7.2.3(4)], ,
, [. 7.5.1(3)].
ARPA, , -
, .
7.2 7.3 [.
7.2.3(3)]. , , ,
, track
file, .
, -
(tracking loop) 7.13. , -
, , , -
hit matrix. ,
( ), ,
, . , -
, ,
.
, kalman, -
 413

.
, -
, CPA/TCPA ,
ARPA, .
( )
( ).

7.14 , .
, ARPA (. 7.4 7.5) (. 7.6),
, ,
.
, :
, , -
. , -
, ,
/, ,
.
, -
, /, -
() ()
.
.

7.14.1
 ( -
, , ).
7.8.1, 7.8.2 7.8.3 ARPA,
, -
. , ,
.
, -
, ARPA, -
, .
7.8.1, 7.8.2 7.8.3
7.14.1(1), 7.14.1(2), 7.14.1(3), 7.14.1(4) 7.14.1(5).

1) .
(glint) ,
,
.
, , ,
(roll), (pitch) (yaw) (
), -
, .

(standard deviation) 1/6 .
200 m, 33 m.
, ,
.
414

- 90, -
.

2) .
, ,
. -
, ,
CPA .
, .
, :
1) ( ) -
(backlash in gearing):
( ) ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
2) (unstable
platform or antenna tilt):
)  ,
. (radians)
,
(1/2 2 ) .
, -
000, 090, 180, 270 , ,
045, 135, 225, 315 . , ,
, 2.
)  045, 225
7,5 , 0,25
135 315 +0,25.
3) (parallax error):
)  , (
) ,
. e,
R , e = ((180 )/R)
. R , .
)  ,
. 0, 180 ,
090, 270.
4) (asymmetrical antenna beam):
ARPA, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
5) () (azimuth quantization error):
)  , -
 415

/, 12 bits. 12 bits
, 0,045, -
0,045.
)  , ,
0,1 0,5, bits -
, .
() ,
:
ARPA, ,
, 7.4 7.5,
() .
, ,
(normal distribution) (normal deviation).
,
ARPA , :
) glint, 200 m:
= 30 m ( ).
= 1 m ( ).
)  , 10,
0,22, , 0,22.
)  -
, 0,5.
) :
, ,
0,1.
 ,
, = 0,03.
)  -
, = 0,05.
, ,
7.6 ,
2008,
2.

3) .
, :
1) :
) 
, .
, d,
, d = .
)  .
,
, , .
2) (range quantization error).

/.
(. 7.11). , -
416

0,01 .., 12 ... ,

0,01 ...
3) (pulse amplitude variation).
,
() .
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
40 m .
ARPA ,
, 7.4 7.5,
, :
)  ,
, = 20 m.
)  , -
, 0,01 ...
, ,
7.6, , ,
2008,
50 m 1 % , .

4) , .
, -
,
.
.
0,25.
, : -
(.. 0,75) ,
.
,
, .
, , -
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
, , -
, (yaw motion).
, .
,
.
ARPA, ,
7.4, 7.5 7.6, -
, , :
1) , 0,5.
 417

2) , -
, = 0,12, .

5) .
, -
ARPA, ,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
.
0,4 knots,
15,5 m, 75 s.
, -
/ ARPA, (. 7.10.1), ()
, , -
. , ,
, ,
,
. 7.14.2(3).
ARPA, ,
7.4, 7.5 7.6,
, , :
1) , 0,5 knots.
2) , -
, 3 = 0,2 knots .

7.14.2 ARPA, .
-
, -
ARPA, ,
,
/, . ,
.
1) .

, .
-


[. 7.2.3(5)].
(target swap) , -
,
. -
,
.
, ,
418

,
.

2) .
. , -
,
,
/, [. 7.14.1(2)
7.14.1(3)].
[. 7.10(1)],
() ,

.

, . -
,
, -
. ,
, ,
7.4, 7.5 7.6.
() , ARPA,
, ,
. , -
,
( / ) , -
.
, -
.
( ), ()
. ,
, ,
. ,
CPA .
, (. 7.10.1), -
, -
,
.
,
,
, .
,
( )
:
1) , , -
. ,
, .
, ,
( ).
2) , ,
.
 419

)  ,
, .
)  , -
,
,
.
, ,
.
)  , , -
, ( )
. , -
,
, -
, .
3) ,
,
.
, -
. -
,
, .
,
, -
, -
. -
, ,
, .
, .

3)
 /, -
.
7.8.2 7.8.3
,
, , ,
ARPA, .
/, -

:
1) .
)  CPA/TCPA

.
(. 7.10),

RM, CPA/TCPA.
)  (. 7.10), -
:
 ,
 , RM,
420

ORM,

OR .

, -
[. 7.14()] , .
,
CPA/TCPA.
2) .
)
 , -
,
ARPA, ,
(. 7.10
7.10). ,

. 7.14 7.14.
)
 7.14,

() .

()

,

() , .

. 7.14
,
,
.
 421

.
,
( )
,

( ).
)  7.14, -
-
,
.
A: ,
3) - ,
A
,
.
.
: .
)  - : ,
( ) - ,
. .
,
-
ARPA, , -
, :
 - CPA
,
. 7.14
.
,

.
-
CPA/TCPA, -
A:
- ,
,

(. 7.10). .
 - : .
, :
,
, - HL ,

, - .
-
[.7.10, HL
7.14() ()],
, A


ORM.
HL


-

-

-
. 7.14
.

,
.
422

, [. 7.14()], -
.
)  ARPA,
, ,
. , -
, .
4) .
,

M M

R



R
() ()

M
M

R R


() ()

. 7.14
, (
) , :
) . ) -
. )
,
. ) , .
 423

ARPA, , , , ,
, .

4)
 PPC, -
.
ARPA,
, PPC:
1) , .
)  ARPA,
,
,
.
)  , PPC
,
.
)  7.14, PPC -
, .
2) , .
)  PPC,
, .
) 
, PPC , -
, PPC .
)  -
, , PPC
. , -
, PPC
.
,
5)

.
.
-
- B2 B
, B1
-
(sea clutter)
(rain clutter). , A
A1
, A2
-
. , PPCs(A1, B1)
,
,
- PPCs(A2, B2)
,
-
,
/ -
. .
,
. . 7.14
, PPCs,
-
ARBs [. 7.2.2(6)], .
424

.
, ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
S-band , -band,
, S-band .

6) , .
, , ,
-
, . ,
.

7.14.3 ARPA, .
T -
ARPA, , ,
,
.
1)
 ,
(tracking history),
CPA.
,
. , ARPA,
, , - -
, ,
:
1) ARPA,
(. 7.8.3), (STW) (SOG).
5.7, 5.7.1, 5.7.3, 5.18, 7.3.9(1) , 7.8.3 7.15.2
, -
(sea stabilization), ,
.
2) (CPA),
(. 7.14 7.14),
, (
). CPA (. 5.6.1),
(
RML), .
3) (heading) ,
(. 7.14 7.14). -
5.7, 5.7.1, 5.7.3, 5.18, 7.3.9(1) 7.8.2,
,
. (Course Over GroundCOG),
,
() ,
 425

, (route monitoring).
4) , -
, .
, CPA,
,
,
7.14. , ( CPA).
5) , (trial
and error), , .
, CPA -
, - (. 7.4).
6) CPA -
(trial maneuver) (. 7.6), ,
,
.
7) (
) (tracking history),
. 5.7, 5.7.4, 5.8.1, 5.18 7.3.9(1),
, .
)  , ,
,
.
)  , , ,

R
19:00 O10

O13

HL O16 CPA
.12

O

.24 M

CP
A
-

.36

CPA

.48


M 16
: BCR
20:00 13
TCPA=20:04
O
15:10

.12
R
CPA (true north up)

. 7.14 . 7.14

(CPA) , (CPA)
. , -
.
426

. , .
)
 ()
, ,
.
8) , -
(. ),
,
.
,
, .
, -
, ,
.

2)
 -
(PPC) (PAD).
RPA -
, (PPC)
(PAD). , :
1) ,
PPC (. 7.14) ,
. ,
PPC PPC,
. 7.14, 2 1 ,
3 , , PPC,
3, , .
, -
.
2) PPC,
.
7.14, PPC ( ),
, ( ).
3) , PAD ,
( CPA) [. 5.23
7.3.9(6)], PAD [. 7.3.9(8)].
. 7.14 PAD1, CPA 0,5 ..
PAD2, 1 .., . CPA ,
1.19(6),
, , ,
(. 7.8.1 7.8.3).
4) , PPC PAD. ,
7.14. , , PPC -
PAD.
PAD -
, ,
. , PAD
, , -
CPA (. 7.14). , PAD
(. 7.14), , -
, .
 427

1
PPC

3 PPC
O
2 PPC
1

PPC

. 7.14 . 7.14

. ,
PPC.

PAD2

1
PAD1
PPC

. 7.14 . 7.14
PAD, To PPC
PAD.

( CPA).

2
1

1
2

PADs

. 7.14 . 7.14
.
PADs, .
428

3)  ,
-
.
01

(EBL) (. 7.14)
, ,

. ,
- - 21

.
. 30

6
, -
.
PPC, -
,
6 . , . 7.14

, . , - , CPA.
,
.
, o
, CPA (CPA),

[. 5.23(8), (9)].
, .
7.14, ,
-
[ 7.3.9(6)],
CPA. ,
5 (. 5 6 = 30 ),
3,5 (3,5 6 = 21 ).

4)
 , ARPA,
.
ARPA,
.
,
, , [. 7.8.2,
7.8.3 7.14.2(3)].

PAD PPC, -
, .
ARPA, , -
,
,
.
ARPA, ,
IMO 7.14 7.14.1.5. -
 429

,
, CPA.

5)
 , .
ARPA, , ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
3 ., .

6)
 ,
.
, ARPA,
-
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .

7.15 ARPA, .
O ARPA, .
IMO, . -
, ,
. , -
, .
7.1.2, , ARPA ,
(stand-alone type) -
(integral type) . ,
, (pulse length)
, (tuning) (gain) [..
(sea and rain anti - clutter)].

. , -
, ,
ARPA, . -ARPA
, ARPA, (. 7.3.1),
, -
, .
,
ARPA, , (-
. 7.5.2). , ARPA, ,
: 3 .., 6 .. 12 ...
430

RPA
0,25 .. 24 ... ,
:

1) (/).
ARPA, / ,
/,
. /, ,
.
, /,
.
, , -
, .
, , -
, , .

2) .
,
.
,
- (STW),
,
.
,
(heading) / (. 7.15), -
/
-.
-

,

.
, -
[pulse log Doppler

serial log water locked (LOG W)] (-
. 7.8.3)
. 7.15
(. 7.15 7.15) - (heading)
. (STW).

-
,
,
-
. . 7.15

-
, .
 431

, , CPA CPA [. 7.14.2(3)].

, ,
, -
(. 7.15).

3)

( ) (vector modes).
ARPA, , -
. ,
(relative vectors), (true vectors) -
( ).
,
(. 7.15).
-
,
, [. 7.14.3(1)].

4)
 , -
.
(vector time control) -
, ARPA, (. 7.15).
, ( )
, ,
, .
, - ,
, .
, -
.
-
, .
,
-
,
, . 7.15

, -
- (
, , ) .
, ,
,
-

.
,
, -
- . 7.15
,
(vector time control)
. (CPA TCPA).
432

5)
 (CPA, TCPA), -
.
(. 7.15), -
( CPA) ,
(CPA CPA), -
CPA.
[. 7.5.1(2)], -
. , CPA
TCPA/MCPA,
CPA/TCPA violation, -
(close quarters situation).
, , -
, ,
[. 1.19(6)],
, (. 7.8.1 7.8.3).
, -
, CPA TCPA -
CPA/TCPA violation , -
[.
7.5.1(2)].
, CPA TCPA -

, .
(. 7.15), ,
Bow Crossing Range
limit BCR limit, . ,
PAD [. 5.19, 7.3.9(6) 7.3.9(8)].

6) .
7.2.2, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
(manual acquire acquire) (. 7.15).
(joystick tracking/rolling ball
cursor),
(screen
marker) (. 7.2), /
(. 7.2.1).
, - . 7.15
, - -

/ ,
-
.
( ),
.
, -
[. 7.2.1 7.2.3(2)].
 433

, -
(left click) . ,
(touch sensitive screen). -
.

7) .
- , -
ARPA, . -
,
(cease track cancel) (. 7.15).

8)
 , -
.
ARPA, ,
(automatic acquisition)
, (. 7.2).
, .
,
, (guard zones) (. 7.2).
, (. .. . 7.15). -
, -
, -

(new target) (. 7.15)
,

[. 7.2.2(5)] 7.2.
,

-
,

(lost target) (. 7.15). -
, () ()
, . 7.15
()
[. 7.5.1(3)]. () .
-
, -
-
,
(Area Rejection
BoundariesARBs) (. 7.2). -

-
,
, - . 7.15

[. 7.2.2(6)]. .
434

/
- (false alarms),
, .
/ , -
(Minimum
Acquisition RangeMAR), (Minimum Tracking Range
MTR) [. 7.15()], (target swap),
(minimum detection range) -
(blind sectors area) [. 7.15()].
[. 7.2.2(7)], -
, ,
. , , -
-
, ,
.
, ARPA, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.

9)
 -
.
(tracking history) ARPA,
IMO, ,
, -
.
.

,
-
(tracking history history).
, -

-

,


.
-



(true history), -

. A
,
,


-
(. 7.15).
. 7.15
-
(relative history), (tracking history).
 435

ARPA. ,
,
, .

.
,
ARPA . , ,

, (. 7.15).
, -
. ,
, ,
.
-
,
[. 7.15() 7.15). -
, ,
-
, -
. ,
,
.
IMO -
, -
2008,
-
.
, . 7.15
, ,
.
.
,
,
, . ,
,
, . ,
() ,
.

10)

(trial maneuver).
ARPA -
, (. 7.6). ,
,
.
(, )
(. 7.16).
,
-
436

,
(. 7.15).

,
-
.
-
,
(turning radius) [. 7.15()],
(rate of
turn) [. 7.15()],
- () ()
. . 7.15

.
[ 1 2
. 7.15()], -
,


,
.
-
, -

, -
7.6:
1) ,


, - . 7.15
, -
.
( CPA) .
2)
(relative vectors) (. 7.15), , -
(CPA).
,
CPA, .
3) , -
. -
, [ 8() (. 1.8.1(3)] ,
.
4) ,
.
,
, .
, -
TRAIL SIM [. 7.6()].
, (true vectors). -
,
 437

. , ,
,
.

11)
 .
(reference
position)

RP.
,
,
, -
(. 7.15).
H ,
CPA
RP, TCPA, . 7.15.
CPA BCPA ,
- .
.

12)
 - .
7.5.1(3),
ARPA ,
, -
.
, 10 -
,
(target lost). ,
, .

, ,
(. 7.15). .

13)
 (acknowledge) -
.
ARPA,
(alarms warnings) (. 7.5),
. - -
, (system alarm
alarm ack alarm) (. 7.15).
,
(collision warning), -
(. 7.15).
-
, .
(buzzer),
,
o .
438

14) - .
, -
, ARPA, (-
. 7.3.5), , - (brilliance)
, .
, , -
,
, .
.
,
, ARPA,
. (radar
only), ARPA, .
-
,
, (radar cross section).
, .

15) .
(. 7.4),
(. 7.15), - :
1) (range).
2) (bearing).
3) (CPA).
4) (TCPA).
5) .
6) (STW) .
ARPA , -
, -
(Bow
Crossing RangeBCR) -
(Bow Crossing
TimeBCT) (. 7.15).

, -

- .
, -
, - . 7.15
,
.
.

16) , ARPA.
, ARPA :
1) (mark targets). ,
. , -
, .
2) (mark selector). -

 439

.
3) (Man Over BoardMOB). -
, , ,
, -
, ,
. (ground
stabilization).
4) (centre circle button). -
, ,
. -
, .
5) (parallel indexing).
(parallel indexing). -
/, / -
(electronic line). -
, (relative parallel indexing)
(parallel indexing on true-motion ground stabilized display).
ARPA/ATT
, (GNSS, GPS).

7.16 ARPA, A .

ARPA, A
(. 7.1.2),
.
ARPA, A
. , 7.15.
, / -
, / .
, ,
(operate).
/ ,
, . -
ARPA, A , / ,
.
,
,
, , .
, ,
, .
, ARPA, A ,

(. 7.15 7.15.5), -
, :
1) - (heading STW).
2) (vector mode).
3) (vector time control).
4) (safe limits).
5) .
440

6) .
, ,
, -
. , ,
/ , .

7.17
 , ARPA,
, .
(. 7.2) ARPA,
:
1) [Resolution 823(19)] ARPA .
2) [Resolution MSC 192(79)] ,
2008.
ARPA,
, .
8.1 .

5, 6 7,
, . , -
-
. , ARPA, ,

. ,
ARPA (ATA ).

8.2 .

5, -. ,
8.3:
1) -
heads-up ( ). 220
8 knots. :
) () = 137 R () () = 7 ...
) = 062 R = 8 ...
) = 230 R A = 9 ...
.
2) -
north-up 12 ... ,
:
) 20:08: = 275 () = 12 ...
) 20:13: = 270 = 10,7 ...
) 20:16: = 266,5 = 10 ...
) 20:20: = 260 = 9 ...
:
)
 ,
.
) (DRM) .
) (SRM) .
) (CPA).
) , (TCPA).
)  ( 20:20) CPA
(MCPA).
3) -
north-up 12 ... 000
442

21 knots. ,
:
) 15:30: = 045 R = 12 ...
) 15:36: = 037 R = 4,5 ...
:
) .
) CPA .
) TCPA MCPA, 6 ..
4) , -
north-up 12 .. 340
15 knots . ,
:
) 17:30: = 030 R = 9 ...
) 17:36: = 025 R = 6,3 ...
:
) .
) .
) - .
5) ,
north-up,
.
6) 8.2(3), -
north-up,
.
7) CPA,
8.2(3), .
8) , -
north-up 12 ... 255 12
knots . , -
:
) 11:00: = 215 = 7,5 ...
) 11:07 30'': = 207 = 7,9 ...
) 11:15: = 198 = 5,2 ..
.
9) 8.2(8), ,
; .
10) 8.2(8), ,
, ; -
.
11) , -
north-up 090 16 knots .
-
:
) 13:40: = 076 = 10 ...
) 13:46: = 070 = 8,6 ...
) 13:52: = 062 = 7,4 ...
, 2 .. .
, :
) .
 443

) , .
)  9, 6, 3 knots half ahead, slow ahead
dead slow ,
, .
12) 8.2(11), ,
;
13:52, ; ;
13) , -
north up 000 12 knots .
, -
:
) 19:20: = 037 = 9,5 ...
) 19:26: = 036 = 8 ...
) 19:32: = 034 = 6,5 ...
, , , 60 .
, 6 . :
)  CPA TCPA, ,
60 , ,
.
) ( ) 19:50.
14) 8.2(13), , -
north-up .
.
15) , -
north up 000 12 knots .
, -
:
) 21:50: = 008 = 12,3 ...
) 21:56: = 008 = 10,3 ...
) 22:02: = 008 = 8,3 ...
:
) CPA CPA, 22:02.
) , .
)  22:18, -
3 knots (full astern),
22:30 . ,
, 2
..; , ;
16)
, north-up
000 12 knots . ,
:
) 05:15: = 037 = 9,5 ...
) 05:21: = 036 = 8 ...
) 05:27: = 034 = 6,5 ...
05:27 3 knots.
:
) CPA CPA, 05:27.
)  CPA CPA 05:33,
444

3 knots 6 .
.
)  05:45,
05:33.
17) , -
north-up 090 12 knots .
:
) 11:10: = 085 = 7 ...
) 11:16: = 084 = 6,5 ...
) 11:22: = 083,5 = 5,9 ...
, ,
, ( CPA)
3 ... :
)  ,
(. ),
11:28.
)  , -
.
)  , ,
.
18) , -
north-up 260 10 knots .
, :
) 16:15: = 233 = 10,3 ...
) 16:21: = 234 = 9,1 ...
) 16:27: = 235 = 8 ...
:
)  CPA TCPA, ,
16:27.
)  16:33, , 3 knots
. , ,
12 .:
.
 , 12
knots, 4 .., -
.
19) -
north-up 160 9 knots .
:
) 03:20: = 188 = 9,2 ...
) 03:25: = 187 = 7,9 ...
) 03:30: = 186 = 6,6 ...
:
)  CPA TCPA, ,
.
)  ( CPA),
2,5 ... 55
7 ..
,
CPA. 03:40 137 () 4 ...
 445

20) , -
north-up 130 8 knots .
, -
:

19.50 130 7,6 .. 140 8 .. 355 4,6 ..
19.57 30" 130 5,8 .. 141 7,8 .. 350 3,9 ..
20.05 130 4 .. 142 7,6 .. 342 3,2 ..

:
)  ,
. , -
.
)  CPA TCPA, ,
( 20:05).
)

, :
-.
, .
.
, .
21)
, north-up
127 13 knots . ,
:

11:25 092 11,1 .. 150 5,5 ..
11:30 093 9,4 ..
11:35 094 7,7 ..
11:40 095,5 6,1 .. 180 3,5 ..

:
) .
)
 1,5 ..

( CPA) 1 ...
,
. ,
11:42 30".
)
 , -
.
22) , -
north-up 330 10 knots -
. , -
:
446

) 22:30: = 357 = 11,2 ...

) 22:36: = 359 = 10,3 ...
) 22:42: = 002 = 9,4 ...
) 22:48: = 006 = 8,5 ...
) 22:54: = 006 = 7,4 ...
) 23:00: = 006 = 6,1 ...
23:00 030.
23:12, .
, 3,8
... .
:
) . .
) .
)
 , 30 .
.
)
 -
23:12.
) CPA;
) .
23) , -
north-up 070 12 knots .
, -
:

18:20 077,5 9,7 .. 041 10,5 .. 000 11,1 ..
18:26 079 8,2 .. 042,5 8,8 .. 000 9,5 ..
18:32 081 7,3 .. 044,5 7,3 .. 000 7,9 ..

, .
, . 18:32,
6 knots, 18:44. ,
1 ...
:
) .
) , .
)  , , ,
8() , .
24) , -
north-up, 250 12 knots .
, -
:

09:35 290 11,1 .. 217 11 ..
09:41 289,5 9,8 .. 219,5 9,5 ..
09:47 290 8,5 .. 223 8 ..
 447

,
310 6 knots.
09:59. , .
, :

09:59 286 5,8 .. 235 5,4 ..
10:05 275 5 .. 235 5 ..
10:11 262 4,5 .. 229 4,7 ..

:
)  , ,
.
)  , ,
CPA 3 ... .
)
 -
, CPA 3 .. .
25) ,
, north-up
122 4 knots . , -
:

07:20 160 9 .. 153 9,2 ..
07:26 166,5 8,3 .. 153 8,4 ..
07:32 174 7,5 .. 153,5 7,7 ..

:
)  .
;
)  (COG) (SOG) .
.
)
 , -
. 07:3607:40,

3 ...
)
 , 07:42 half
ahead 07:46 11 knots 07:49
140 5,5 .., 07:54 140 5 . 07:59 140 4,5 ...
26) , -
north-up 055 12 knots .
, ,
:

18:10 065 10,7 .. 053,5 10,9 .. 044 11,4 ..

18:15 065,5 9,4 .. 054 9 .. 045 10,2 ..
18:20 065 8,2 .. 054,5 7,3 .. 046 8,9 ..
18:25 065 7 .. 054 5,4 .. 047 7,5 ..
448

. , -
.
, AIS (Automatic Identification
System).
18:30, 90 ( -
, ). , :

18:40 039 5,3 .. 011,5 2,8 .. 035,5 6 ..
18:45 026 5,5 .. 347 3,1 .. 029,5 6,1 ..
18:50 014 6,1 .. 330 3,7 .. 023,5 6,2 ..
18:55 004,5 6,7 318,5 4,8 017 6,3 ..

:
)  CPA, TCPA, ,
.
)  , .
.
)  , , -
, CPA 2 ...
)  090, -
, -
CPA.
) 
18:40 18:55, .
)  CPA TCPA, ,
055.

8.3 , 8.2.
-
8.2, :
1) ) = 137 + 220 = 357 .
) = 062 + 220 = 282 .
) = 230 + 220 = 450 360 = 090 .
2) ) ,
CPA,
.
) DRM = 130, (3) SRM = 10 knots, (4) CPA = 260 3,45 .., (5) TCPA = 20:37 (6)
MCPA = 17 .
3) )  ,
[. 5.5.2(2)].
) CPA = 329 1,5 .. 031 .
) TCPA = 15.45 42" MCPA = 9 . 42 ..
4) ) = 252.
) = 25 knots.
) = () 27.
5) 8.3(4).
 449

6) 8.3(3).
7) CPA = 329 1,5 .., -
15:36 [. 5.15(4)]. (.
5.28).
8) = 151 = 2 knots (. 5.5.1 5.29].
9) .
5.7.1 5.29.
10) .
5.7.2 5.29.
11).) / = 184 5 knots (. 5.29).
) 13:52, 060 (. 5.29.1).
 alf Ahead = 052 (. 5.29.1).
) H
Slow Ahead = 035
Dead Slow Ahead = 004,
1 knots.
12) (), -
(. 5.7.3).
(COG) = 077 (SOG)
14 knots (). .
13) ) CPA = 3,6 ... TCPA = 19.48 (. 5.22.2).
) = 334 = 3,8 ..
14) , 5.14.1.
15) ) CPA = 0, MCPA = 36 .
) = 8 knots, () 11.
) 22:47, 1.35(1).
16) ) CPA = 4,8 .. MCPA = 24,5 . (. 5.14.2).
) CPA = 3,9 .. CPA = 05:52.
) 05:45 007 4 ...
17) ) 50 (. 140) (. 5.23).
) 11:44 [. 5.23(8,9,10)].
)  , . -
.
18) ) CPA = 1,7 ., TCPA = 17:07, = () 70
7 knots.
)  , 17:18 [-
. 5.23(8), (9), (10) 5.14.1].
19) ) CPA = 0,8 .., TCPA = 03:54, = 047, = 9 knots
= () 41.
)  55 , -
(CPA) 3 ..
03:48 (. 5.23 5.23.1).
20) )  , ,
(. 5.11). .
)  : CPA = 0, TCPA = 20:22, = 304, STW = 6 knots =
= () 6.
 : CPA = 4,5 .., TCPA = 23:05 (), = 145, STW = 6 knots
= 180.
 : CPA = 1,9 .., TCPA = 20:30, = 162, STW = 12 knots
= 0.
450

)  , , -
, ,
, 8(), 8() 8() [. 1.8.1(3), (4), (5) 6.5].
21) ) = 013 = 2,8 knots (. 5.29).
)  169.
CPA = 1,1 ..
, CPA (.
5.14.1 5.23.1).
) 11:59.
22) ) , , -
( 8(), 8(), 8() 19() ).
) [. 1.19(8)].
)  18 . , -
, . -
,
(. 5.18.1).
)  23:00 23:12,
.
) CPA = 2,3 ...
)  . ,
, . , -
.
, (
, ).
23) ) = 070 2,5 knots (. 5.29).
) : = 165 = 9,5 knots.
: = 136 = 16 knots.
)  18:44, CPA
1,4 .., 2,9 .. 2,3 .. , -
CPA
(. 5.23.1) .
24) )  , 09:47, -
CPA 0 2,8 ..
:
: 161 8 knots.
: 343 14,5 knots.
 -
.
)  ,
(. 5.23.1).
.
)  , 250
12 knots, 10:17.
25) )  350 2,5 knots.
, -
(. ).
, 5.7.1 5.29.
) C  OG = 114 SOG = 12,5 knots. ,
,
 451

5.7.3. ,
.
) 142.
)  145
6 knots, -
, .
094 8,5 knots.
26) )  : CPA = 0,2 .., TCPA = 18:40, = 230 =
=10 knots.
: CPA = 1,2 .., TCPA = 18:53, = 178 =
= 5 knots.
)  , 19()
() , 1.19(7) 6.4.
)  , (-
. 5.23.1). , CPA -
2,6 .. 6,0 ..,
CPA, .
)  055
18:58.
) 
.
)  , CPA = 6,5 .. TCPA =
19:20.

8.4  -
, .

-
, , 6, -
. - 8.5.
1) . 50.000 gt
. -
. ,
.
2) .
100.000 gt . , ,
.
3) -
northup. 000 12 knots .
, :
) 10:00: = 008 R = 12,3 ...
) 10:06: = 006 R = 10,3 ...
) 10:12: = 008,5 R = 8,3 ...
,
. .
:
)  -
. ,
.
452

)  heads-up, . -
.
)  , -
.
4) , ( 0,5 ..)
, 12 .. (S-band) 6 .. (X-band).
S-band X-band .
north-up .
330 8 knots . , S-band
:
) 14:20: = 14 R = 9 ...
) 14:27 30": = 13,5 R = 8 ...
) 14:35: = 13 R = 7 ...
( CPA), 3,5 ...
:
)  CPA. -
, .
)  (close quarter situation) -
. ,
,
.
)  10 14:35.
.
.
)  .
.
5) 8.4(4), 14:22
. 14:50
, .
.
:
)  , 14:22 14:50,
. , .
)  14:50 ,
.
6) , S-band 12 ..
X-band 12 .. . -
north-up. 120
10 . , . , -

.

03:15 154 11,6 .. 129,5 9,8 .. 113 11 ..
03:21 154 10,2 .. 130,5 8,1 .. 114,5 8,7 ..
03:27 154 8,7 .. 132 6,4 .. 116 6,4 ..

( CPA).
 453

:
)  . .
)  ,
, -
, .
CPA 2 ...
)  15 , -
20.
100 .
; .
)  ,
120 10 knots;
)
 ,
, ARPA .

8.5 , - 8.4.

8.4
, :
1) , 3.000 gt,
( S-band X-band X-band), 19 Chapter V
SOLAS 74, .
5 -
. , 1.5 6.1.2, ,
,
.
, (transmit) ,
.
2) ,
, ,
6 (.
1.6(8) 6.2).
3) )  .
, -
, . , 7 () ,
, [. 1.7.1(4)].
, ,
, , -
, 7()(i) [. 1.7.1(5)].
)  heads-up -
, -
,
[. 5.5.2(1).] -
, 7() , [. 1.7.1(3)]
(north-up courseup).
)  ,
, AIS, ARPA, -
. , -

454

, 7()(i) [. 1.7.1(5)].
4) )  CPA,
1.19(6) 6.6. ,
,
, ,
.
)  19()(i) [.1.19(7)], -
.
)  8(), , , ,
(close quarter situation) [. 1.8.1(4)].
, 10 , .
CPA, 50 60
. 60 , CPA 3,9 ..,
14:35 .
)  , ARPA
, ,
.

. ARPA (.
6.6).
 ARPA -
. , ARPA,

(. 6.4).
5) )  19() ,

. ,
[. 1.19(9)
1.19(10)].
)  , -
kick ahead, ,
[. 1.19(10)].
6) )  ,
, CPA . -
, , -
.
, , CPA 0.
, CPA 0,8 ...
,
. 015 8,5 knots, 314 7,5 knots
281 13,5 knots.
)  8() [. 1.8.1(5)],
, . ,
6.4, -
, 5.23, 5.24
5.25, .
CPA 2 ... ,
CPA, 30,
60 120.
 455

, , 8()
, 120 , 240.
, 8() 8() .
)
 , cumulative
turn, 8(). , -
, (. 6.4.1).
120 ,
.
)
 ,
CPA,
. -
.
, ,
5.14.1, 5.23 6.4).
) , 6.1.

8.6 ARPA,
ARPA/ATA/ATT
RADAR, 7,

. 8.6 8.7,
ARPA, ARPA, ATA ATT.
, -
ARPA RADAR.
, -
,
,
, . -
, ,
.
, ,
. , -
, ARPA RADAR.
, , ,
:
1) -
; ,
. , /
.
2) /,
/ .
ARPA. / ,
/ ;
3) ARPA,
7.15(3) 7.15(16).
, .
4) - ARPA /,
, ,
;
456

5) , ;

. , 3
-
, .
6) ARPA, , -
;
.
7) ,
(COG) ; ;
;
8) ,
; ;
9) ;
; ;
10) ARPA RADAR ,
, 8.2(20),
, , 19:50 ( 0 ). ,
. :
)  , -
CPA, TCPA,
20:05.
)  , -
CPA, TCPA,
20:05.
) 
. .
11) ARPA RADAR ,
, 8.2(26),
, , 18:10 ( 0 ). ,
. :
)  , ,
, ,
-
. .
) 
. .
)  ,
-
.
)  ,
, .
)  , -
.
) , 18:25.
)  , ,
, . -
.
12) 8.6(11), ARPA RADAR
, north-up.
 457

vector length,
. , -
( 18:25) -
CPA .
:
) CPA. .
) , .
13) , NORWEGIAN DREAM EVER DECENT
)  NORWEGIAN
DREAM (ND) EVER DECENT (ED)
ARPA RADAR ,
8.1, 8.2 8.3.
)  , NORWE-
GIAN DREAM, -
CPA, 7.14.3(1).
.
24 1999 ND
ED, Dover 00.55, -
. ,
.
ND , -
, ,
.
, -
, -
VHF -
.
.

(10) F3
, (4) ED A

- ND
(close quarter situation)
ND ED.
, ND
C
4,5 knots. ED,
ND,
-
20 knots.
ND,
-
, ED,

, - F3 24 0043

67 . . 8.1
ND RADAR ARPA, ,
, 6 .., 1.0 .. , 0043,
12 . .
458

,
ED . ED ND
ED P/T -
VHF ND 4 5 .
-
.
-
,
ND ,
ED F3

,
ED. , -
ND .
24 0052
,
. 8.2
RADAR ARPA, ,
6 .., 1.0 .. , 0052,
. - 3 . .
8.1 8.2 -
, 12 3 .
.
ND , -
. .
ND ED,
ED , , ND -
. , .

ND, -
, ,
.
, -
. 3
.
/ ED, .
ND , S -band, ARPA, -
, .
,
. , -
. 8.3
, , 3 . .
ND , ,
,
. , .
ED ,
P/T. ND , ED.
ED, , , -
.
 459

, ND,
, ED
- ND
.
-
,

F3, -

.
14) F3
ARPA RADAR , -

, 8.2(23),
-
, , 24 0052
18:20 ( 0 ). . 8.3
, RADAR ARPA, ,
6 .., 1.0 .. , 0052,
. : 3 . .
) 
,
.
)  (tracking history)
. .
)  (
), .
)  /
,
.
)  , ,
.
)  -
.
.
)
 ,
ARPA.
15) 8.6(14), AIS
, radar beacon -
, . :
)  , -
. .
)  .
16) ARPA RADAR ,
, 8.2(17), ,
11:10 ( 0 ). ,
. :
) 
, CPA 3 .., -
460

11:28.
(turning radius),
.
)  , -
, .
17) ARPA RADAR ,
, 8.2(19), ,
03:20 ( 0 ). ,
.
,
5.23 5.23.1, 55
, 03:33 03:37. 03:40,
173 () 4 ...
18) , -
:
) 8.2(21), (2).
) 8.2(22), (1) (4).
) 8.2(23), (3).
) 8.2(24), (2).
) 8.2(25), (3)
) 8.2(26), (3) (4).
19) ARPA RADAR , 250
12 knots. ,
, :

05:25 290 11,1 .. 217 11 ..

05:31 289,5 9,8 .. 219,5 9,5 ..
05:37 290 8,5 .. 223 8 ..

0 05:25.
, CPA = 1 .. MCPA = 35 .
05:41 CPA/TCPA violation collision warning. -
:
) .
)  .
.
20) ARPA RADAR , 242
6 .. , ,
:
06:30: = 194 = 99 .. ( 0 ).
06:36: = 193,5 = 8,4 ...
06:42: = 193 = 7,9 ...
06:48: = 192,5 = 7,4 ...
:
)  CPA TCPA ,
.
 461

)  ,
2 knots, CPA TCPA

. CPA TCPA
.
)  ,
, , -
CPA TCPA, .
21) ARPA RADAR , 140
5 knots. ,
30 , 02:15 ( = 140 = 10 ..) 02:18 ( = 140
= 9,25 ..).
, 02:15 45'' 02:17 45''. :
) .
)  02:16,
.
22) 8.6(21) 02:17, 230. :
) 
.
)  .
.
)

.
)  ARPA RADAR, -

.
23) ARPA RADAR , 127
13 knots. , -
, :
14:25: = 150 = 5,5 .. ( 0 ).
14:40: = 180 = 3,5 ...
:
)  ,
, 1,5 ...
)  , -
CPA, 14:42 30''.
) 
, .
)  ,
CPA 1,5 ... .
24) ARPA RADAR , 122 -
14 knots. ,
, :
17:40: = 160 = 9 .. ( 0 ).
17:46: = 166,5 = 8,2 ...
17:52: = 174 = 7,5 ...
AIS,
. , . :
) .
) COG SOG , .
462

)  -
, .
) 
, -
. .
25) ARPA RADAR
: 6,3 .., 1,3 .., -
2,5 .. 20.
26) ARPA RADAR
( ) (guard rings) -
(Area Rejection Boundaries) [. 7.2.2(6) 7.15(8)].
27) ARPA RADAR, -
,
[. 7.2.2(2), 7.15(6) 7.15(7)].
28) ARPA RADAR (PAD)
, CPA -
, , [.
7.3.9(7)]. CPA
PAD [. 7.14.3(2)].
29) ARPA RADAR (PPC),
PPC ,
[. 7.3.9(4) 7.9)].
30) -
, CPA,
, ARPA/ATA ,
.

8.7 , --.

8.6,
, :
1)
(pulse length), (PRF), -
(tuning), (gain), (anti-
clutter sea) (anti-clutter rain) (. 7.15).
2) /
, , -
[. 7.15(1)]. / ,
operate (. 7.16).
4) ARPA 7.16.
5) 7.15(15).
6) (STW),
Doppler STW, -
(sea-stabilization), (. 5.7, 5.7.1,
5.7.3, 7.3.9(1) 7.8.3).
7) , ,
, 5.7 5.7.1.
. , ,
, -
 463

(
).
8) ,
(COG) (SOG), 5.7 5.7.2.
GPS Doppler ( SOG)
7.8.3.
, ,
(route
monitoring).
9) . (
) , ,
[. 7.3.9(2) (3)].
-
,
(. 5.8.1).

,

.
10) )
 , 7.10.1,
,
. ,
, -
[. 7.14.2(3)].
11) )  , -
CPA TCPA
[. 7.3.9(2)].
)  northup,
5.6.5 5.7.4.
)  (vector length/
time control). , ,
(
) , / ,
CPA.
) 
CPA TCPA (. 5.6.5).
) , 7.3.9(2) 5.6.1.
) , :
 , CPA
MCPA 15 ..
 , CPA 1 ..
MCPA 30 ..
) 
, -
, BCR BCT. ,
, ,
.
12) )  , CPA
( ), ,
464

5.6.1. ,
(. 7.14 7.14). , -
NORWEGIAN DREAM
EVER DREAM, 8.6(13).
)  , , CPA
, .
14) )  070 12
knots , :
 : 250 2,5 knots ( ,
,
, ,
5.29).
 : 168 9,5 knots.
 : 136 16,5 knots.
 , -
.
)  () , -
7.15(9).
)  ,
ARPA, -
[. 7.14.3(1)].
) 
[. 7.14.3(1)].
)  ,
.
)  , -
, ,
,
(. 7.15).
)  ,

,
.
15) )  , -
,
, ,
(. 5.29).
)  , 250
2,5 knots. , 070 2,5 knots.
16) )  , 6 ., turning radius
(.. 0,3 .) , CPA
, 3 ... 140
( 50 ) .
)  11:44, ,
CPA
[. 5.23(8), (9), (10)].
17) , -
. -
(PAD),
 465

CPA, , 3 .., -
CPA (2,5 ..).
19) )
 CPA TCPA
06:17, ,
7.5.1(2), :
 CPA CPA
1 ...
 05:41, CPA, MCPA,
MCPA, 35 ..
)  MCPA,
35 . , /
CPA. , 7.15(5), -
. ,
7.5.1(2).
20) )
 CPA = 1 .. () TCPA = 08:15 ().
.
)  8 knots ( ),
7.14.2(3), CPA/TCPA , -
. ,
.
)  -
, . -
, CPA TCPA
. ,
, 7.14.2(3).
21) )
 7.10.1, -
. ARPA,
. , (1) , , (3) .
, ,
, (. 7.6). ,
, (3)
.
)  , ,

(. 7.10.1).
22) )  , -
, [. 7.14.2(2)],
.
)  ,
[. 7.14.2(2)].
)  -
, ,
.
)  ARPA RADAR -
, -
. ,
7.14.2(2).
23) )
 ,
,
[. 5.7.3(2)].
466

)
 (COG) ,
1,5 .., 156,5 (SOG) 10,7 knots.
 (VRM) -
, -
. EBL
14:42 30'' , VRM
COG.
)  COG SOG GPS. , SOG
Doppler (. 7.8.3).
)  . -
,
5.29.1 (. 5.29). 169.
013 2,8 knots.
24) )  ARPA RADAR -
, 170
2,5 knots. , 350 2,5
knots (. 5.29).
)  ARPA RADAR -
, ,
COG CMG (Course Made Good) 114 SOG SMG (Speed Made Good) 12,5 knots.
, -
.
)  ARPA RADAR
, , ,
, , 5.7.2.
)  ,
,
(. 5.7.2).
25) 7.15 [ 7.2.2(5) 7.15(8)].
30) 7.7.1 7.7.3.
 The Parties to the present Convention, DESIRING to maintain a high level of safety at sea, MINDFUL of the need
to revise and bring up to date the international Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea annexed to the Final Act of
the International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea, 1960, HAVING CONSIDERED those Regulations in the light of
developments since they were approved, HAVE AGREED as follows:

ARTICLE I: General Obligations.

The Parties to the present Convention undertake to give effect to the Rules and other Annexes constituting the Interna-
tional Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) attached hereto.

ARTICLE II: Signature, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval and Accession.

1. The present Convention shall remain open for signature until 1 June 1973 and shall thereafter remain open for
accession.
2. States Members of the United Nations, or of any of the Specialized Agencies, or the International Atomic Energy
Agency, or Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice may become Parties to this Convention by:
(a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval;
(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or
(c) accession.
3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with
the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (hereinafter referred to as the Organization) which shall
inform the Governments of States that have signed or acceded to the present Convention of the deposit of each instrument
and of the date of its deposit.

ARTICLE III: Territorial Application.

1. The United Nations in cases where they are the administering authority for a territory, or any Contracting Party
responsible for the international relations of a territory, may at any time by notification in writing to the Secretary-General
of the Organization (hereinafter referred to as the Secretary-General), extend the application of this Convention to such
a territory.
2. The present Convention shall, upon the date of receipt of the notification or from such other date as may be specified
in the notification, extend to the territory named therein.
3. Any notification made in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article may be withdrawn in respect of any territory
mentioned in that notification and the extension of this Convention to that territory shall cease to apply after one year or
such longer period as may be specified at the time of the withdrawal.
4. The Secretary-General shall inform all Contracting Parties of the notification of any extension or withdrawal of any
extension communicated under this Article.

ARTICLE IV: Entry into force.

1. (a) The present Convention shall enter into force twelve months after the date on which at least 15 States, the ag-
gregate of whose merchant fleets constitutes not less than 65 per cent by number or by tonnage of the world fleet of vessels
of 100 gross tonnage and over have become Parties to it, whichever is achieved first.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, the present Convention shall not enter
into force before 1 January 1976.
2. Entry into force for States which ratify, accept, approve or accede to this Convention in accordance with Article II
after the conditions prescribed in sub-paragraph 1(a) have been met and before the Convention enters into force, shall be
468

on the date of entry into force of the Convention.

3. Entry into force for States which ratify, accept, approve or accede after the date on which this Convention enters
into force, shall be on the date of deposit of an instrument in accordance with Article II.
4. After the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article VI,
any ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall apply to the Convention as amended.
5. On the date of entry into force of this Convention, the Regulations replace and abrogate the International Regula-
tions for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960.
6. The Secretary-General shall inform the Governments of States that have signed or acceded to this Convention of the
date of its entry into force.

ARTICLE V : Revision Conference.

1. A Conference for the purpose of revising this Convention or the Regulations or both may be convened by the Orga-
nization.
2. The Organization shall convene a Conference of Contracting Parties for the purpose of revising this Convention or
the Regulations or both at the request of not less than one-third of the Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE VI : Amendments to the Regulations.

1. Any amendment to the Regulations proposed by a Contracting Party shall be considered in the Organization at the
request of that Party.
2. If adopted by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting in the Maritime Safety Committee of the Organiza-
tion, such amendment shall be communicated to all Contracting Parties and Members of the Organization at least six
months prior to its consideration by the Assembly of the Organization. Any Contracting Party which is not a Member of
the Organization shall be entitled to participate when the amendment is considered by the Assembly.
3. If adopted by a two thirds majority of those present and voting in the Assembly, the amendment shall be communi-
cated by the Secretary-General to all Contracting Parties for their acceptance.
4. Such an amendment shall enter into force on a date to be determined by the Assembly at the time of its adoption
unless, by a prior date determined by the Assembly at the same time, more than one-third of the Contracting Parties no-
tify the Organization of their objection to the amendment. Determination by the Assembly of the dates referred to in this
paragraph shall be by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
5. On entry into force any amendment shall, for all Contracting Parties which have not objected to the amendment,
replace and supersede any previous provision to which the amendment refers.
6. The Secretary-General shall inform all Contracting Parties and Members of the Organization of any request and
communication under this Article and the date on which any amendment enters into force.

ARTICLE VII: Denunciation.

1. The present Convention may be denounced by a Contracting Party at any time after the expiry of five years from
the date on which the Convention entered into force for that Party.
2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument with the Organization. The Secretary-General shall
inform all other Contracting Parties of the receipt of the instrument of denunciation and of the date of its deposit.
3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument, after its
deposit.

ARTICLE VIII: Deposit and Registration.

1. The present Convention and the Regulations shall be deposited with the Organization, and the Secretary-General
shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all Governments of States that have signed this Convention or acceded to it.
2. When the present Convention enters into force, the text shall be transmitted by the Secretary-General to the Secre-
tariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United
Nations.

ARTICLE IX: Languages.

The present Convention is established, together with the Regulations, in a single copy in the English and French lan-
guages, both texts being equally authentic. Official translations in the Russian and Spanish languages shall be prepared
and deposited with the signed original.
 469

CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR

PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972 (COLREGS)
(Incorporating the 1981, 1989, 1993, 2001 and 2007 amendments)

PART A GENERAL
Rule 1 Application
Rule 2 Responsibility
Rule 3 General Definitions

PART B STEERING AND SAILING RULES

SECTION/SUBPART I - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY.
Rule 4 Application
Rule 5 Look-Out
Rule 6 Safe Speed
Rule 7 Risk of Collision
Rule 8 Action to Avoid Collision
Rule 9 Narrow Channels
Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes/Vessel Traffic Services
SECTION/SUBPART II - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER
Rule 11 Application
Rule 12 Sailing Vessels
Rule 13 Overtaking
Rule 14 Head-on Situation
Rule 15 Crossing Situation
Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel
Rule 17 Action by Stand-on Vessel
Rule 18 Responsibilities Between Vessels
SECTION/SUBPART III - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY
Rule 19 Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

PART C LIGHTS AND SHAPES

Rule 20 Application
Rule 21 Definitions (Navigation Lights Arcs of Visibility)
Rule 22 Visibility of Lights
Rule 23 Power-driven Vessels Underway
Rule 24 Towing and Pushing
Rule 25 Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars
Rule 26 Fishing Vessels
Rule 27 Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver
Rule 28 Vessels Constrained by Their Draft
Rule 29 Pilot Vessels
Rule 30 Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
Rule 31 Seaplanes and WIG craft.

PART D SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

Rule 32 Definitions
Rule 33 Equipment for Sound Signals
470

Rule 34 Maneuvering and Warning Signals

Rule 35 Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Rule 36 Signals to Attract Attention
Rule 37 Distress Signals

PART E EXEMPTIONS
Rule 38 Exemptions

ANNEX I POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES.

ANNEX II ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY.
ANNEX lII TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCES.
ANNEX IV DISTRESS SIGNALS.
 471

PART A: GENERAL

Rule 1 - Application.
(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seago-
ing vessels.
(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for
roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels.
Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State
with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under
convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These
additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken
for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose can-
not comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of
lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply
with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the
disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest
possible compliance with these Rules in respect of that vessel.

Rule 2 - Responsibility.
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of
any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice
of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and
to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these
Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

Rule 3 - General Definitions.

For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:
(a) The word vessel includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and sea-
planes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
(b) The term power-driven vessel means any vessel propelled by machinery.
(c) The term sailing vessel means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being
used.
(d) The term vessel engaged in fishing means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus
which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which
do not restrict manoeuvrability.
(e) The word seaplane includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.
(f) The term vessel not under command means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to
manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
(g) The term vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre means a vessel which from the nature of her work is re-
stricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another
vessel. The term vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre shall include but not be limited to:
(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;
(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;
(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability
to deviate from their course.
(h) The term vessel constrained by her draught means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in rela-
472

tion to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she
is following.
(i) The word underway means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
(j) The words length and breadth of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
(l) The term restricted visibility means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy
rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.
(m) The term Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in
close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface-effect action.
 473

PART B: STEERING AND SAILING RULES.

SECTION I: CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY.

Rule 4 - Application.
Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.

Rule 5 - Look-out.
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means ap-
propriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of
collision.

Rule 6 - Safe Speed.

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision
and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
(a) By all vessels:
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevail-
ing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate
range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of
vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Rule 7 - Risk of Collision.

(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine
if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain
early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
(i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does nor appreciably
change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when ap-
proaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

Rule 8 - Action to avoid Collision.

(a) Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances
of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large
enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course
and/or speed should be avoided.
(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters
474

situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The ef-
fectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take
all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel
shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the
safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation
if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard
to the action which may be required by the Rules of this part.
(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this part
when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.

Rule 9 - Narrow Channels.

(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the
channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.
(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can
safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel
or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can
safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d)
if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
(e) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to
take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding
the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound
the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may
sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).
(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an
intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal pre-
scribed in Rule 34(e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.

Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Schemes.

(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve any vessel of
her obligation under any other Rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane;
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side
shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as
nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
(d)(i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the
adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 metres in length, sailing vessels and ves-
sels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.
(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a
port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone,
or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation
zone or cross a separation line except:
 475

(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;

(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its termina-
tions.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.
(j) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-driven
vessel following a traffic lane.
(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of
navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out
the operation.
(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing or picking up
of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent neces-
sary to carry out the operation.

SECTION II: CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER.

Rule 11 - Application.
Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.

Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels.

(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep
out of the way of the other as follows:
(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of
the way of the other;
(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the
vessel which is to leeward;
(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether
the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the
mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail
is carried.

Rule 13 - Overtaking.
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall
keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5
degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be
able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and
act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing
vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is
finally past and clear.

Rule 14 - Head-on Situation.

(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of col-
lision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she
could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the
corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act ac-
cordingly.
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Rule 15 - Crossing Situation.

When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her
own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of
the other vessel.

Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel.

Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and sub-
stantial action to keep well clear.

Rule 17 - Action by Stand-on Vessel.

(a) (i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed.
(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it becomes
apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance
with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot
be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with sub-paragraph (a) (ii) of this
Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to
port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.

Rule 18 - Responsibilities between Vessels.

Except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require:
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing;
(iv) a sailing vessel.
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
(d) (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if
the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught,
exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
(ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special
condition.
(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In
circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(f) (i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear of all other vessels
and avoid impeding their navigation;
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a power-driven vessel.

SECTION III: CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY.

Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility.
(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted
visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when
complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.
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(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation
is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such
action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken;
(ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently
forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel
forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary
take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
478

PART C: LIGHTS AND SHAPES.

Rule 20 - Application.
(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights
shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their
visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility
and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Regulations.

Rule 21 - Definitions.
(a) Masthead light means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken
light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the
beam on either side of the vessel.
(b) Sidelights means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken
light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft
the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern
carried on the fore and aft centreline of the vessel.
(c) Sternlight means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc
of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) Towing light means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the sternlight defined in paragraph (c)
of this Rule.
(e) All-round light means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) Flashing light means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.

Rule 22 - Visibility of Lights.

The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8 of Annex I to these Regulations
so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges.
(a) In vessels of 50 metres or more in length:
- a masthead light, 6 miles,
- a sidelight, 3 miles;
- a sternlight, 3 miles;
- a towing light, 3 miles;
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.
(b) In vessels of 12 metres or more in length but less than 50 meters in length:
- a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 metres, 3 miles;
- a sidelight, 2 miles;
- a sternlight, 2 miles;
- a towing light, 2 miles;
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.
(c) In vessels of less than 12 metres in length:
- a masthead light, 2 miles,
- a sidelight, 1 mile,
- a sternlight, 2 miles,
- a towing light, 2 miles;
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.
(d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed:
- a white all-round light, 3 miles.

Rule 23 - Power-driven Vessels underway.

(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:
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(i) a masthead light forward;

(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than 50 metres
in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
(iii) sidelights;
(iv) a sternlight.
(b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement mode shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.
(c) A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed
in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light.
(d) (i) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may in lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of
this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and sidelights;
(ii) a power-driven vessel of less than 7 metres in length whose maximum speed does not exceed 7 knots may in
lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and shall, if practi-
cable, also exhibit sidelights;
(iii) the masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may be
displaced from the fore and aft centreline of the vessel if centreline fitting is not practicable, provided that the
sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall be carried on the fore and aft centreline of the vessel or lo-
cated as nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the masthead light or the all-round white light.

Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing.

(a) A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii),two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the
length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 metres,
three such lights in vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight;
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be
regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite unit, shall
exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight.
(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(ii).
(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight;
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel,
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights.
(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or combination of such vessels or objects being towed, shall
exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 metres in breadth, one all-round white light at or near the forward end and one at or near
the after end except that dracones need not exhibit a light at or near the forward end;
(ii) if it is 25 metres or more in breadth, two additional all-round white lights at or near the extremities of its
breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds 100 metres in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed in sub-para-
graphs (i) and (ii) so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 metres;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being towed and if the length of
the tow exceeds 200 metres an additional diamond shape where it can best be seen and located as far forward
as is practicable.
480

(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to exhibit the lights or shapes
prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to light the vessel or object towed or
at least to indicate the presence of such vessel or object.
(i) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing operations to dis-
play the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required to exhibit those lights when
engaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures shall be taken to
indicate the nature of the relationship between the towing vessel and the vessel being towed as authorized by Rule 36, in
particular by illuminating the towline.

Rule 25 - Sailing Vessels underway and Vessels under Oars.

(a) A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight.
(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 metres in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule may be com-
bined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the
top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower green,
but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.
(d) (i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 metres in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph
(a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern
showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing vessels, but if she does not, she
shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in
sufficient time to prevent collision.
(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be
seen a conical shape, apex downwards.

Rule 26 - Fishing Vessels.

(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and shapes prescribed in
this Rule.
(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge net or other ap-
paratus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two
cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
(ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than 50 metres in length
shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a
sternlight.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two
cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
(ii) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel, an all-round white
light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a
sternlight.
(d) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations apply to a vessel engaged in fishing in close
proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing.
(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule, but only those
prescribed for a vessel of her length.

Rule 27 - Vessels not under Command or Restricted in their Ability to Manoeuvre.

(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
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(ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a
sternlight.
(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations, shall exhibit:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall
be red and the middle light shall be white;
(ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be
balls and the middle one a diamond;
(iii) when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight in addition to the
lights prescribed in subparagraph (i);
(iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or
shape prescribed in Rule 30.
(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in
their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights
or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b) (i) and (ii) of this Rule.
(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit
the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an ob-
struction exists, exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists;
(ii) two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another vessel may
pass;
(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape prescribed in
Rule 30.
(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes
prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall
be red and the middle light shall be white;
(ii) a rigid replica of the International Code flag A not less than 1 metre in height. Measures shall be taken to
ensure its all-round visibility.
(f) A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel
in Rule 23 or to the lights or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate, exhibit three all-round
green lights or three balls. One of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of
the fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to approach within 1000 metres of the
mine clearance vessel.
(g) Vessels of less than 12 metres in length, except those engaged in diving operations, shall not be required to exhibit
the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.

Rule 28 - Vessels constrained by their Draught.

A vessel constrained by her draught may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power-driven vessels in Rule 23, ex-
hibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.

Rule 29 - Pilot Vessels.

(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:
(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red;
(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight;
(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph (i), the light, lights or shape prescribed
in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel
of her length.

Rule 30 - Anchored Vessels and Vessels aground.

(a) A vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:
(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;
482

(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribed in sub-paragraph (i), an all-round white
light.
(b) A vessel of less than 50 metres in length may exhibit an all-round white light where it can best be seen instead of
the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule.
(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 metres and more in length shall, also use the available working or
equivalent lights to illuminate her decks.
(d) A vessel aground shall exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule and in addition, where
they can best be seen:
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line;
(ii) three balls in a vertical line.
(e) A vessel of less than 7 metres in length, when at anchor, not in or near a narrow channel, fairway or anchorage,
or where other vessels normally navigate, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shape prescribed in paragraphs (a)
and (b) of this Rule.
(f) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length, when aground, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shapes pre-
scribed in sub-paragraphs (d) (i) and (ii) of this Rule.

Rule 31 Seaplanes and WIG craft.

Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights and shapes of the characteristics or in the
positions prescribed in the Rules of this Part she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics and
position as is possible.
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PART D: SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS.

Rule 32 - Definitions.
(a) The word whistle means any sound signalling appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and which
complies with the specifications in Annex III to these Regulations.
(b) The term short blast means a blast of about one seconds duration.
(c) The term prolonged blast means a blast of from four to six seconds duration.

Rule 33 - Equipment for Sound Signals.

(a) A vessel of 12 metres or more in length shall be provided with a whistle, a vessel of 20 metres or more in length
shall be provided with a bell in addition to a whistle, and a vessel of 100 metres or more in length shall, in addition, be
provided with a gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong
shall comply with the specification in Annex III to these Regulations. The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other
equipment having the same respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the required signals shall
always be possible.
(b) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to carry the sound signalling appliances prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this Rule but if she does not, she shall be provided with some other means of making an efficient sound
signal.

Rule 34 - Manoeuvring and Warning Signals.

(a) When vessels are in sight of one another, a power-driven vessel underway, when manoeuvring as authorized or
required by these Rules, shall indicate that manoeuvre by the following signals on her whistle:
- one short blast to mean I am altering my course to starboard;
- two short blasts to mean I am altering my course to port;
- three short blasts to mean I am operating astern propulsion.
(b) Any vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule by light signals, repeated
as appropriate, whilst the manoeuvre is being carried out:
(i) these light signals shall have the following significance:
- one flash to mean I am altering my course to starboard;
- two flashes to mean I am altering my course to port;
- three flashes to mean I am operating astern propulsion;
(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second, the interval between flashes shall be about one second,
and the interval between successive signals shall be not less than ten seconds;
(iii) the light used for this signal shall, if fitted, be an all-round white light, visible at a minimum range of 5 miles,
and shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Regulations.
(c) When in sight of one another in a narrow channel or fairway:
(i) a vessel intending to overtake another shall in compliance with Rule 9(e)(i) indicate her intention by the
following signals on her whistle:
- two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean I intend to overtake you on your starboard side;
- two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts to mean I intend to overtake you on your port side;
(ii) the vessel about to be overtaken when acting in accordance with Rule 9(e)(i) shall indicate her agreement by
the following signal on her whistle:
- one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, in that order.
(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other and from any cause either vessel fails to under-
stand the intentions or actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is being taken by the other to avoid
collision, the vessel in doubt shall immediately indicate such doubt by giving at least five short and rapid blasts on the
whistle. Such signal may be supplemented by a light signal of at least five short and rapid flashes.
(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening
obstruction shall sound one prolonged blast. Such signal shall be answered with a prolonged blast by any approaching
vessel that may be within hearing around the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.
(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 metres, one whistle only shall be used for
giving manoeuvring and warning signals.
484

Rule 35 - Sound Signals in restricted Visibility.

In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night, the signals prescribed in this Rule shall be used as
follows:
(a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes one
prolonged blast.
(b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through the water shall sound at intervals of not
more than 2 minutes two prolonged blasts in succession with an interval of about 2 seconds between them.
(c) A vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, a vessel constrained by her draught,
a sailing vessel, a vessel engaged in fishing and a vessel engaged in towing or pushing another vessel shall, instead of
the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule, sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes three blasts in
succession, namely one prolonged followed by two short blasts.
(d) A vessel engaged in fishing, when at anchor, and a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when carrying out
her work at anchor, shall instead of the signals prescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule sound the signal prescribed in
paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) A vessel towed or if more than one vessel is towed the last vessel of the tow, if manned, shall at intervals of
not more than 2 minutes sound four blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by three short blasts. When
practicable, this signal shall be made immediately after the signal made by the towing vessel.
(f) When a pushed vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be
regarded as a power-driven vessel and shall give the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule.
(g) A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than one minute ring the bell rapidly for about 5 seconds. In a
vessel of 100 metres or more in length the bell shall be sounded in the forepart of the vessel and immediately after the
ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5 seconds in the after part of the vessel. A vessel at anchor
may in addition sound three blasts in succession, namely one short, one prolonged and one short blast, to give warning of
her position and of the possibility of collision to an approaching vessel.
(h) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and if required the gong signal prescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule
and shall, in addition, give three separate and distinct strokes on the bell immediately before and after the rapid ringing
of the bell. A vessel aground may in addition sound an appropriate whistle signal.
(i) A vessel of 12 metres or more but less than 20 metres in length shall not be obliged to give the bell signals prescribed
in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this Rule. However, if she does not, she shall make some other efficient sound signal at
intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
(j) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to give the above mentioned signals but, if she does
not, shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
(k) A pilot vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may in addition to the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b) or
(g) of this Rule sound an identity signal consisting of four short blasts.

Rule 36 - Signals to attract Attention.

If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel any vessel may make light or sound signals that cannot be
mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her searchlight in the direction of
the danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel. Any light to attract the attention of another vessel shall be such
that it cannot be mistaken for any aid to navigation. For the purpose of this Rule the use of high intensity intermittent or
revolving lights, such as strobe lights, shall be avoided.

Rule 37 - Distress Signals.

When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these
Regulations.
 485

PART E: EXEMPTIONS.

Rule 38 - Exemptions.
Any vessel (or class of vessels) provided that she complies with the requirements of the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid or which is at a corresponding stage of construction before the
entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as follows:
(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until four years after the date of entry into force of
these Regulations.
(b) The installation of lights with colour specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of Annex I to these Regulations, until
four years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and rounding off measurement
figures, permanent exemption.
(d) (i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 metres in length, resulting from the prescrip-
tions of Section 3(a) of Annex I to these Regulations, permanent exemption.
(ii) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 metres or more in length, resulting from the prescrip-
tions of Section 3(a) of Annex I to these Regulations, until nine years after the date of entry into force of these
Regulations.
(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(b) of Annex I to these Regula-
tions, until nine years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Sections 2(g) and 3(b) of Annex I to these Regula-
tions, until nine years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex III to these Regulations, until nine years after
the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) of Annex I to these Regulations,
permanent exemption.
486

ANNEX I: POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES.

1. Definition.
The term height above the hull means height above the uppermost continuous deck. This height shall be measured
from the position vertically beneath the location of the light.

2. Vertical positioning and spacing of lights.

(a) On a power-driven vessel of 20 metres or more in length the masthead lights shall be placed as follows:
(i) the forward masthead light, or if only one masthead light is carried, then that light, at a height above the hull
of not less than 6 metres, and, if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 6 metres, then at a height above the hull not
less than such breadth, so however that the light need not be placed at a greater height above the hull than 12
metres;
(ii) when two masthead lights are carried the after one shall be at least 4.5 metres vertically higher than the for-
ward one.
(b) The vertical separation of masthead lights of power-driven vessels shall be such that in all normal conditions of
trim the after light will be seen over and separate from the forward light at a distance of 1000 metres from the stem when
viewed from sea level.
(c) The masthead light of a power-driven vessel of 12 metres but less than 20 metres in length shall be placed at a
height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 metres.
(d) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may carry the uppermost light at a height of less than 2.5
metres above the gunwale. When however a masthead light is carried in addition to sidelights and a sternlight or the all-
round light prescribed in Rule 23(d)(i) is carried in addition to sidelights, then such masthead light or all-round light shall
be carried at least 1 metre higher than the sidelights.
(e) One of the two or three masthead lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel when engaged in towing or pushing
another vessel shall be placed in the same position as either the forward masthead light or the after masthead light; pro-
vided that, if carried on the aftermast, the lowest after masthead light shall be at least 4.5 metres vertically higher than
the forward masthead light.
(f) (i) The masthead light or lights prescribed in Rule 23(a) shall be so placed as to be above and clear of all other
lights and obstructions except as described in sub-paragraph (ii).
(ii) When it is impracticable to carry the all-round lights prescribed by Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 below the
masthead lights, they may be carried above the after masthead light(s) or vertically in between the forward
masthead light(s) and after masthead light(s), provided that in the latter case the requirement of Section 3(c)
of this Annex shall be complied with.
(g) The sidelights of a power-driven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hull not greater than three quarters of
that of the forward masthead light. They shall not be so low as to be interfered with by deck lights.
(h) The sidelights, if in a combined lantern and carried on a power-driven vessel of less than 20 metres in length, shall
be placed not less than 1 metre below the masthead light.
(i) When the Rules prescribe two or three lights to be carried in a vertical line, they shall be spaced as follows:
(i) on a vessel of 20 metres in length or more such lights shall be spaced not less than 2 metres apart, and the
lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 4
metres above the hull;
(ii) on a vessel of less than 20 metres in length such lights shall be spaced not less than 1 metre apart and the low-
est of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 2 metres
above the gunwale;
(iii) when three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced.
(j) The lower of the two all-round lights prescribed for a vessel when engaged in fishing shall be at a height above the
sidelights not less than twice the distance between the two vertical lights.
(k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(i), when two are carried, shall not be less than 4.5 metres
above the after one. On a vessel of 50 metres or more in length this forward anchor light shall be placed at a height of not
less than 6 metres above the hull.

3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights.

(a) When two masthead lights are prescribed for a power-driven vessel, the horizontal distance between them shall not
 487

be less than one half of the length of the vessel but need not be more than 100 metres. The forward light shall be placed
not more than one quarter of the length of the vessel from the stem.
(b) On a power-driven vessel of 20 metres or more in length the sidelights shall not be placed in front of the forward
masthead lights. They shall be placed at or near the side of the vessel.
(c) When the lights prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 are placed vertically between the forward masthead light(s)
and the after masthead light(s) these all-round lights shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 metres from
the fore and aft centreline of the vessel in the athwartship direction.
(d) When only one masthead light is prescribed for a power driven vessel, this light shall be exhibited forward of amid-
ships; except that a vessel of less than 20 metres in length need not exhibit this light forward of amidships but shall exhibit
it as far forward as is practicable

4. Details of location of direction-indicating lights for fishing vessels, dredgers and vessels engaged in
underwater operations.
(a) The hight indicating the direction of the outlying gear from a vessel engaged in fishing as prescribed in Rule 26(c)
(ii) shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 metres and not more than 6 metres away from the two all-
round red and white lights. This light shall be placed not higher than the all-round white light prescribed in Rule 26(c)(i)
and not lower than the sidelights.
(b) The lights and shapes on a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations to indicate the obstructed side
and/or the side on which it is safe to pass, as prescribed in Rule 27(d)(i) and (ii), shall be placed at the maximum
practical horizontal distance, but in no case less than 2 metres, from the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) and
(ii). In no case shall the upper of these lights or shapes be at a greater height than the lower of the three lights or shapes
prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) and (ii).

5. Screens for sidelights.

The sidelights of vessels of 20 metres or more in length shall be fitted with inboard screens painted matt black, and
meeting the requirements of Section 9 of this Annex. On vessels of less than 20 metres in length the sidelights, if neces-
sary to meet the requirements of Section 9 of this Annex, shall be fitted with inboard matt black screens. With a combined
lantern, using a single vertical filament and a very narrow division between the green and red sections, external screens
need not be fitted.

6. Shapes.
(a) Shapes shall be black and of the following sizes:
(i) a ball shall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 metre;
(ii) a cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 metre and a height equal to its diameter;
(iii) a cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 metre and a height of twice its diameter;
(iv) a diamond shape shall consist of two cones as defined in (ii) above having a common base.
(b) The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5 metres.
(c) In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length shapes of lesser dimensions but commensurate with the size of the vessel
may be used and the distance apart may be correspondingly reduced.

7. Colour specification of lights.

The chromaticity of all navigation lights shall conform to the following standards, which lie within the boundaries of
the area of the diagram specified for each colour by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
The boundaries of the area for each colour are given by indicating the corner co-ordinates, which are as follows:
(i) White.
x 0.525 0.525 0.452 0.310 0.310 0.443
y 0.382 0.440 0.440 0.348 0.283 0.382
(ii) Green.
x 0.028 0.009 0.300 0.203
y 0.385 0.723 0.511 0.356
(iii) Red.
x 0.680 0.660 0.735 0.721
y 0.320 0.320 0.265 0.259
488

(iv) Yellow.
x 0.612 0.618 0.575 0.575
y 0.382 0.382 0.425 0.406

8. Intensity of lights.
(a) The minimum luminous intensity of lights shall be calculated by using the formula:

= 3,43 10 6 D 2 K D
where:
I is luminous intensity in candela under service conditions,
T is threshold factor 210-7 lux,
D is range of visibility (luminous range) of the light in nautical miles,
K is atmospheric transmissivity.
For prescribed lights the value of K shall be 0.8, corresponding to a meteorological visibility of approximately 13
nautical miles.
(b) A selection of figures derived from the formula is given in the following table:

Range of visibility (luminous Luminous intensity of light in

range) of light in nautical miles candelas for K = 0.8
D I
1 0.9
2 4.3
3 12
4 27
5 52
6 94

NOTE: The maximum luminous intensity of navigation lights should be limited to avoid undue glare. This shall not
be achieved by a variable control of the luminous intensity

9. Horizontal sectors.
(a) (i) In the forward direction, sidelights as fitted on the vessel shall show the minimum required intensities. The inten-
sities shall decrease to reach practical cut-off between 1 degree and 3 degrees outside the prescribed sectors.
(ii) For sternlights and masthead lights and at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam for sidelights, the minimum required
intensities shall be maintained over the arc of the horizon up to 5 degrees within the limits of the sectors pre-
scribed in Rule 21. From 5 degrees within the prescribed sectors the intensity may decrease by 50 per cent up
to the prescribed limits, it shall decrease steadily to reach practical cut-off at not more than 5 degrees outside
the prescribed sectors.
(b) (i) All-round lights shall be so located as not to be obscured by masts, topmasts or structures within angular
sectors of more than 6 degrees, except anchor lights prescribed in Rule 30, which need not be placed at an
impracticable height above the hull.
(ii) If it is impracticable to comply with paragraph (b)(i) of this section by exhibiting only one all-round light, two
all- round lights shall be used suitably positioned or screened so that they appear, as far as practicable, as one
light at a distance of one mile.

10. Vertical sectors.

(a) The vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted, with the exception of lights on sailing vessels underway shall ensure
that:
(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees below
the horizontal;
(ii) at least 60 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 7.5 degrees above to 7.5 degrees
below the horizontal.
 489

(b) In the case of sailing vessels underway the vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted shall ensure that:
(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees below
the horizontal;
(ii) at least 50 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 25 degrees above to 25 degrees
below the horizontal.
(c) In the case of lights other than electric these specifications shall be met as closely as possible.

11. Intensity of non-electric lights.

Non-electric lights shall so far as practicable comply with the minimum intensities, as specified in the Table given in
Section 8 of this Annex.

12. Manoeuvring light.

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2(f) of this Annex the manoeuvring light described in Rule 34(b) shall be
placed in the same fore and aft vertical plane as the masthead light or lights and, where practicable, at a minimum height
of 2 meters vertically above the forward masthead light, provided that it shall be carried not less than 2 metres vertically
above or below the after masthead light. On a vessel where only one masthead light is carried the manoeuvring light, if
fitted, shall be carried where it can best be seen, not less than 2 meters vertically apart from the masthead light.

13. High-speed Craft.*

* Refer to the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 1994 and the International Code of Safety for High-
Speed Craft, 2000.
(a) The masthead light of high-speed craft may be placed at a height related to the breadth of the craft lower than
that prescribed in paragraph 2(a)(i) of this annex, provided that the base angle of the isosceles triangles formed by the
sidelights and masthead light, when seen in end elevation, is not less than 27 degrees.
(b) On high-speed craft of 50 meters or more in length, the vertical separation between foremast and mainmast light
of 4.5 meters required by paragraph 2(a)(ii) of this annex may be modified provided that such distance shall not be less
than the value determined by the following formula:
( +17 )
y= C +2
1000
where:
y is the height of the mainmast light above the fore mast light in meters;
a is the height of the foremast light above the water surface in service condition in meters;
is the trim in service condition in degrees;
C is the horizontal separation of masthead lights in meters.

14. Approval.
The construction of lights and shapes and the installation of lights on board the vessel shall be to the satisfaction of the
appropriate authority of the State whose flag the vessel is entitled to fly.
490

ANNEX II: ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY.

1. General.
The lights mentioned herein shall, if exhibited in pursuance of Rule 26(d), be placed where they can best be seen.
They shall be at least 0.9 meter apart but at a lower level than lights prescribed in Rule 26(b)(i) and (c)(i). The lights
shall be visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile but at a lesser distance than the lights prescribed by
these Rules for fishing vessels.

2. Signals for trawlers.

(a) Vessels of 20 meters or more in length when engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear shall
exhibit:
(i) when shooting their nets: two white lights in a vertical line;
(ii) when hauling their nets: one white light over one red light in a vertical line;
(iii) when the net has come fast upon an obstruction: two red lights in a vertical line.
(b) Each vessel of 20 metres or more in length engaged in pair trawling shall exhibit:
(i) by night, a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair;
(ii) when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon an obstruction, the lights pre-
scribed in 2(a) above.
(c) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear or engaged
in pair trawling, may exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, as appropriate.

3. Signals for purse seiners.

Vessels engaged in fishing with purse seine gear may exhibit two yellow lights in a vertical line. These lights shall flash
alternately every second and with equal light and occultation duration. These lights may be exhibited only when the vessel
is hampered by its fishing gear.
 491

ANNEX III: TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCES.

1. Whistles.
(a) Frequencies and range of audibility
The fundamental frequency of the signal shall lie within the range 70-700 Hz. The range of audibility of the signal
from a whistle shall be determined by those frequencies, which may include the fundamental and/or one or more higher
frequencies, which lie within the range 180-700 Hz (1%) for a vessel of 20 metres or more in length,or 180-2100 Hz
(1%) for a vessel of less than 20 metres in length and which provide the sound pressure levels specified in paragraph
1(c) below.
(b) Limits of fundamental frequencies.
To ensure a wide variety of whistle characteristics, the fundamental frequency of a whistle shall be between the fol-
lowing limits:
(i) 70 - 200 Hz, for a vessel 200 metres or more in length;
(ii) 130 - 350 Hz, for a vessel 75 metres but less than 200 metres in length;
(iii) 250 - 700 Hz, for a vessel less than 75 metres in length.
(c) Sound signal intensity and range of audibility.
A whistle fitted in a vessel shall provide, in the direction of maximum intensity of the whistle and at a distance of 1
metre from it, a sound pressure level in at least one 1/3rd-octave band within the range of frequencies 180-700 Hz (1%)
for a vessel of 20 metres or more in length, or 180-2100 Hz (1%) for a vessel of less than 20 metres in length, of not less
than the appropriate figure given in the table below.

1/3rd-octave band level at 1

Length of vessel in Audibility range in
meter in dB referred to
meters nautical miles
210 5 /m2
200 or more 143 2
75 but less than 200 138 1,5
20 but less than 75 130 1
120*1
Less than 20 115*2 0,5
111*3

*1 When the measured frequencies lie within the range 180-450Hz

*2 When the measured frequencies lie within the range 450-800Hz
*3 When the measured frequencies lie within the range 800-2100Hz
(d) Directional properties.
The sound pressure level of a directional whistle shall be not more than 4 dB below the prescribed sound pressure
level on the axis at any direction in the horizontal plane within +/- 45 degrees of the axis. The sound pressure level at
any other direction in the horizontal plane shall be not more than 10 dB below the prescribed sound pressure level on the
axis, so that the range in any direction will be at least half the range on the forward axis. The sound pressure level shall
be measured in that 1/3rd-octave band which determines the audibility range.
(e) Positioning of whistles.
When a directional whistle is to be used as the only whistle on a vessel, it shall be installed with its maximum intensity
directed straight ahead. A whistle shall be placed as high as practicable on a vessel, in order to reduce interception of the
emitted sound by obstructions and also to minimize hearing damage risk to personnel.
The sound pressure level of the vessels own signal at listening posts shall not exceed 110 Db (A) and so far as prac-
ticable should not exceed 100 dB (A).
(f) Fitting of more than one whistle.
If whistles are fitted at a distance apart of more than 100 metres, it shall be so arranged that they are not sounded
simultaneously.
492

(g) Combined whistle systems.

If due to the presence of obstructions the sound field of a single whistle or of one of the whistles referred to in paragraph
1(f) above is likely to have a zone of greatly reduced signal level, it is recommended that a combined whistle system be fit-
ted so as to overcome this reduction. For the purposes of the Rules a combined whistle system is to be regarded as a single
whistle. The whistles of a combined system shall be located at a distance apart of not more than 100 metres and arranged
to be sounded simultaneously. The frequency of any one whistle shall differ from those of the others by at least 10 Hz.

2. Bell or gong.
(a) Intensity of signal.
A bell or gong, or other device having similar sound characteristics shall produce a sound pressure level of not less than
110 dB at a distance of 1 metre from it.
(b) Construction
Bells and gongs shall be made of corrosion-resistant material and designed to give a clear tone. The diameter of the
mouth of the bell shall be not less than 300 mm for vessels of 20 metres or more in length. Where practicable, a power-
driven bell striker is recommended to ensure constant force but manual operation shall be possible. The mass of the striker
shall be not less than 3 per cent of the mass of the bell.

3. Approval.
The construction of sound signal appliances, their performance and their installation on board the vessel shall be
to the satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the State whose flag the vessel is entitled to fly.
 493

ANNEX IV: DISTRESS SIGNALS.

1. The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress and need of assistance:
(a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;
(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;
(c) rockets or shells, throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group
(SOS) in the Morse Code;
(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word Mayday;
(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N.C.;
(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball;
(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;
(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke;
(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;
(l) a distress alert by means of digital selective calling (DSC) transmitted on
(i) VHF channel 70, or
(ii) MF/HF on the frequencies 2187.5 kHz, 8414.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz, 12577 kHz or 16804.5 kHz;
(m) a ship-to-shore distress alert transmitted by the ships Inmarsat or other mobile satellite service provider ship earth
station;
(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons;
(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems, including survival craft radar transponders.
2. The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the purpose of indicating distress and need of assis-
tance and the use of other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals is prohibited.
3. Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of Signals, the International Aeronautical and
Maritime Search and Rescue Manual, Volume III and the following signals:
(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or other appropriate symbol (for identifica-
tion from the air);
(b) a dye marker.
 -

A E
Acknowledge 437 ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display Information Sys-
Alarms and warnings 383 tem) 11, 29
Anchor watch 383
Area rejection boundaries ARBs 433 F
Area to be avoided 253 Fitness for duty 256, 257
ARPA (Automatic Radar PlottingAids) 360 Fully automatic acquisition 366
ARPA 360
ARPA, 360
Aspect 89, 297
G
Auto - Tracking Aid (ATA) 360 Give - away vessel 32
Automatic acquisition 433 GLONASS 394
Automatic Target Tracking (ATT) 360 GNSS 394
GPS (Global Position System) 29, 398
B Guard zone / ring violation 383, 384
Guard zones 366, 433
ank effect 28, 51
CR (Bow Crossing Range limit) 308
CT 308

Bearing word 408 Head-on situation 85
it 401 Heading 11
Bridge Resource ManagementRM 116 Heading marker 36, 281, 284, 331
it matrix 402, 411
C
Calling the master 263
I
Casualty reports 224 IMO (International Maritime Organization) 10
Cease track cancel 433 Inshore traffic zone 239
Cell 364 ntegral type 361
Certification 255 nteraction forces 28, 55, 83
Close-quarters situation 119
Closest Point of pproachCPA 291, 299 J
Collision avoidance funnel 32 Joystick tracking/rolling ball cursor 327
Complete true motion plot 348
Composition of the navigational watch 259 K
Course Over GroundCOG 11
CPA (Closest Point of Approach) 366 Kick Ahead 125, 454
CPA / TCPA violation 383
Cross - ahead /astern position 379 L
Crossing situation 94 Lookout 23
Cumulative turn 43, 356

D Maneuvering board radar transfer plotting sheets
Deep water routes 252, 253 292, 329
Direction of Relative MovementDRM 307, 441 anual acquire 364, 432
Drift / rate 282, 349 Manual acquisition 366
496

CPA (Minutes to Closest Point of Approach) 291 SIM TRIAL 390

emory matrix 409 Situation awareness 291
Smoothing 396, 402
N SOG (Speed Over Ground) 11
Navigation with pilot on board 264 Speed triangle 308
New target 366 Squat 51
o anchoring area 60, 239, 241 SRM (Speed of Relative Motion) 293
NORWEGIAN DREAM EVER DECENT 457 Stand alone 429
Starboard to starboard 91
STCW (Standards for Training, Certification and
O Watchkeeping) 23, 255, 256
Overtaking 78 Steady state 404
STW (Speed Through the Water) 11
P Swallow water effect 51
PAD (Predicted Area of Danger) 34, 375 Synchro-digital converter 409
Performing the deck watch 267 Synthetic radial scan PPI 401
Plotting 360
PPC (Predicted Point of Collision) 34, 375 T
Precaution area 241 Taking over the watch 260
Prevention of fatigue 268 Target lost 367, 371, 383, 437
Prime register 410 arget swap 371, 372, 417
arget tracking 360
Q TCPA (Time to Closest Point of Approach) 291
Quantization 401, 406 Time to maneuver 383
Quantized or synthetic radar scan displays 401 Track change 383
Track file 402
R Tracker 402
Tracking history 121, 424
RAM (Random Access Memory) 407
Tracking loop 411
Range word 408
Tracks full 367, 383
Raster scan PPI 327
raffic lane 165
Recommended direction of traffic flow 242
Traffic separation system 60
Recommended route 240
Trial maneuver 121, 360, 388, 435
Recommended track 241
rue motion ground stabilized 301, 302
Reference position 437
True motion sea stabilized 299, 301
Reflection plotter 36, 286
Two - way route 237, 240
Register 407
Relative motion triangle 308
Roundabouts 240 V
Routeing system 60 Vector length 375
Vector modes 431
S Vector time 375
Safe limit vector suppression 383 Vector time control 431
Safe limits 385 Vector triangle 308
Safe speed 25 Voyage planning 257
Sampling 406
Screen marker 364 W
Separation zones - lines 239 Watch arrangements 257
Set 282 Watch keeping at port 265
Ship at anchor 265 Watch keeping at sea 258
Ships routeing 237 WIG (Wing in Ground) 21
 497

28
57 119
17 ARPA/ATA/ATT 360
46
390
305
305 367
306 32
 32
301, 302 411

299, 301
 261
302, 303
18 , 251
36, 281, 284, 331
121, 425 89, 297, 307
376, 425
310, 312

322 406

318
116

401, 406
321
237,
316
240
325
429
313, 314

 327
430
 ,
 437
314
 433

 433
322  -
417 437
( ) 11 
429 (/) 430
364 
371, 372 434
371 
365 o 435
366  -
 366, ( ) 431
367  364,
366 432
365  366, 433
366  (CPA,
367, 371 TCPA) 432
371  -
25 433
,  /
431
498

- W.I.G. 173
437 100
 - 98
, 310 40
308 91
309 45
307, 441
308 121, 360, 388
349 Doppler 397
- - Doppler 397
53 Doppler 397
- 65 28, 55, 83
64
116

() 10
 - 49, 54
169 Part 4-3 A-VIII /
150 2 267
209 , -
25
17 - 274
 319
116 118
23 20
109 -
15 438
12, 23, 71, 127 ARPA, 372
195 21
73 123
 396, 402
146 , PPCs
32 PADs 398
133 23
132 12
186 15
129, 185 -
114
42 108
85 129
93
167
 -
239
156
239
165
80
79
137 (/) 364
207 185
208 -
188 192
49 192
 - 191
60 189
 499

307
- 252, 375
253 ( ) 375
- 17
251 133
-
210 43, 356

256, 257 264
146 224
366

274, 275
K 402 269
3 6 310 361
273 348
54 385
 CPA TCPA 385
80
407
407 360
410 -
() - ARPA, 371
408 rate aiding 369, 371
32 368
35 402
38 237
34 260
course up 290 - -
- - 271
240 21
- ,
423 121
402 253
401, 406
402
60, 239, 241
241

, 263
428 , -
398, 400 16
165 119
402, 411
Part 1 A-VIII / 2 255
129
246, 250 382
-
374 291, 299
374 18, 111
374 111
375 71
500

131 
17 -
265 340
18 
19

62
19 CPA 344
- -
50 85
50 86
51 -
116 92
11 88
119 
34, 375 58
34, 375 94
377 ARPA
(ATA ) 441
379 78
383 
54
383  -
383 78
 256
383 369
367, 371, 383
383
 - 277
(CPA) 281
CPA 383 A 281
 / 280
383, 384
279
 -
30
384
278, 279
383
S band 29

X band 29
383
277

- ARPA 361
367, 383
-
268
257
284
- 373
course-up -
288
heads-up -
284 185
true-north-up - 207
287 - IV 219
290 - 219
CPA 424 EPIRB 222
 - MAYDAY 218, 220
NC 218, 220
CPA 207
343 364
 501

- 32 
404 340
49 307
364 333
M head-up 347
303 - 310
- 348
347
342 332

, -
11
297 -
224 315
- 409 282, 349
293
242 11
-
45 216
, 273
291
259 263
Part 4 A-VIII / 2 258
242 Part 4 A-VIII / 2 265
241 , -
240 267
114
() 60
62 308
, - -
60 335
237 1972 13
CPA 298


413 55
glint 413 113
418 360
416 350, 351
415 352, 353
414 73
417 --- 74
PPC 423
/ 419 68
, 413
66
Part 2 A-VIII / 2 257 , 56
376
308
390 149
281 146
 20 m 146
338 7 m 148
 , 149
337
502

156, 157 
 - 142
160 131
 , 130
130
- 411
159 32
 
162 100
156 101
 - 105
157 
- 100
163 32
150 99
- 98
-
167 292, 329
-
50 m 169

318
12
327
171
65
148
320


, -

200 m 137
291


, -
200 m 138 291

140
 408
141 408
 , 364
144 401


............................................................................................................................................10

:

'
1.1 ................................................................................................................12
1.2 ..............................................................................................................................15
1.3 ............................................................................................................................17

'

1.4 4 ........................................................................................................................................23
1.5 ......................................................................................................23
1.6  .................................................................................................................25
1.6.1 ......................................................31
1.7 ............................................................................................................................32
1.7.1 7............................................................................................................................33
1.7.2 7........................................38
1.8 ...............................................................................................................40
1.8.1 8............................................................................................................................40
1.9 ..............................................................................................................49
1.9.1

.............................................................................................................................50
1.9.2

.............................................................................................................................58
1.9.3

...........................................................................................................58
1.9.4 - 9......................................59
1.10  ,
, 10 IMO................................60
1.10.1 .....................................................................................................................................................60
1.10.2 ()............................................................61
1.10.3  - ..............................69
1.10.4 10........................................................................70

1.11 ....................................................................................71
504

1.12 , ,
12 18. ..........................................................................................................73
1.12.1 .................................................................................73
1.13 .......................................................................78
1.13.1 .....................................................................................................83
1.13.2 ................................................................83
1.13.3
 ,
...........................................................................................83
1.14 
.......................................................................................................................................85
1.14.1 14........................................................................................................................85
1.15 .......................................93
1.15.1 15........................................................................................................................93
1.16 .......................................................................................................................98
1.16.1 16.........................................................................................................................98
1.17 .........................................................................................100
1.17.1 17......................................................................................................................100
1.18 ...................................................................................................108
1.18.1 18......................................................................................................................108
1.18.2 .......................................................114
1.18.3 .......................................................................................................................................114
1.18.4

......................................................................................114

I
1.19 .....................................116
1.19.1
 -
............................................................126

'
1.20  ,
20...............................................................................................................................127
1.20.1 20......................................................................................127
1.21 .......................................................................................................................................129
1.22 ........................................................................................................................................132
1.22.1 22......................................................................................132
1.23 
( 23 31)..........................................................................133
1.23.1 (Power-driven Vessels Underway)...........................................................133
1.24 .....................................................................................................................................137
1.24.1 ...............................................144
1.25 ....................................................................................................146
1.26 ..................................................................................................................................................150
1.27. ...............................................................................156
1.28 .........................................................................................................165
1.28.1

........................................................................................................................................165
1.29 ...........................................................................................................................................................167
 505

1.30 .............................................................................................169
1.31 WIG...............................................................................................................................173
1.31.1

,
23 31.......................................................................................................174

'
1.32 . ...............................................................................................................185
1.33 .............................................................................................................186
1.34 ...........................................................................................................188
1.34.1
 ,
............................................................................................................193
1.35 ......................................................................................................195
1.35.1 ...................203
1.36 ................................................................................................................207
1.37  , 37
IV .................................................................................................................................208

'
1.38  38............................................................................................................209
1.39  , ,
,
.......................................................................................................................................................210
1.40 
II ...................................................................................................................................215
1.41  ,
III........................................................................216
1.42 IV....................................................................................................................................................218
1.42.1 (distress signals)..............................................................................219
1.43  , (casualty reports)
......................................................................................................224
1.43.1
 M/V State of Himachal Pradesh M/V Capulonix,
5......................................................................................................................................224
1.43.2
 M/V Achilleus M/V Cinderella, 10(), 10()
15...................................................................................................................................225
1.43.3
 M/V Libby Black M/V Anco Princess,
9 14......................................................................................................................................226
1.43.4
 M/V Horta Barbosa M/V Sea Star,
5, 7 14.................................................................................................................................227
1.43.5
 M/V Olympian M/V Nowy Sacz, 13
17()................................................................................................................................228
1.43.6
 M/V Transhawaii M/V Republica de Colombia,
5, 7 8(), 17()..................................................................................229
1.43.7
 M/V Orduna M/V Konakry, 8(), 17()
16...................................................................................................................................230
1.43.8
 M/V Tosca M/V McKinley, 17()(ii).................231
1.43.9
 M/V Cardo M/V Toni, 15
506

17()(ii).....................................................................................................................................231
1.43.10
 M/V Ek M/V Debalzevo, 5, 7, 15
17()(ii), 17()...........................................................................................................232
1.43.11
 M/V Admiral Nakhimov M/V Petr Vasev,
2, 15 16.............................................................................................................................233

- ARPA

.......................................................................................................................................236

:

2.1 .................................................................................................................................................................237
2.2 ..........................................................................................................................238
2.3 ............................................................................................................................................................239
2.4 ........................242
2.5 ..........................................................................................246
2.6 .........................................................................................................250
2.7 ..........................................................251
2.8 - ........................................................................................................252
2.9 . ..............................................................................................................253
2.10 ..........................................................................................................................254

:

3.1 .................................................................................................................................................................255
3.1.1 , STCW...............................................................256
3.1.2 ............................................................................................................256
3.1.3
 (watch keeping
arrangements and principles to be observed).......................................................................................... 257
3.1.4
 (watch keeping
under different conditions and in different areas)...................................................................................263
3.1.5 (watch keeping in port) (Part 5: A-VIII/2). ................................................265
3.2 (Part B: B-VIII)..................................................................268
3.2.1
 (guidance regarding
fitness for duty)......................................................................................................................................... 268
3.2.2

(guidance regarding watch keeping arrangements and principals to be observed)
(Part 4 - 1/B-VIII/2).................................................................................................................................269

:

4.1 - ...............................................271
 507

4.2 , .......................................................................................................273
4.3 ........................................................................................................................................273
4.4 , ....................................................................................274
4.5  ,
............................................................................................................................274
4.6 .......................274
4.7 , ......................................274
4.8 / (STW) ............................275
4.9  (CG) (STW SOG)
......................275
4.10 ....................................................................................276
4.11 ..........................................................................................276

:

5.1 . ............................................................................................277
5.2 .....................................................................................................278
5.3 ................................................................................................................279
5.4 ................................................................................................................280
5.5 . .................................................................................................................................................281
5.5.1 .........................................................................................281
5.5.2 ..............................284
5.6  (Closest Point of ApproachCPA)
(Time CPATCPA)..............................................................................291
5.6.1

,
true-north-up. ...........................................................................................................................................292
5.6.2

,
course-up..................................................................................................................................................294
5.6.3
 -
,
heads-up ( )..............................................................................................................294
5.6.4
 CPA TCPA, ............294
5.6.5
 - ,
, CPA TCPA.................297
5.6.6
 CPA...........................................................................................297
5.7 ........................................299
5.7.1

..................................................................................................................................................299
5.7.2
 . ...............301
5.7.3
 , ..............302
5.7.4 ..................................................................303
5.7.5 .............................................................................................305
5.8 , ,
.........................................................................................................................................306
5.8.1 , ( ).....................307
508

5.8.2

.................................................................................................................................................310
5.8.3 ................................................................................................................................310
5.9 , , .........310
5.10 ............................................................................................................................................312
5.10.1 , ....................................................................................313
5.11 , .......................................314
5.12 ...............................................................................315
5.13 ...........................................................................................................................316
5.14 .............................................................................................................318
5.14.1 ...........................................................................................318
5.14.2 ...................................................................321
5.14.3 ..............................322
5.14.4 ...........................................................................322
5.15 ........................................................................................................325
5.16 ............................................................................................327
5.16.1 , ...................328
5.16.2 ........................................................................328
5.17 ...............................................................................................329
5.18 ............................................................................................................................................331
5.18.1 . . ..................................................................................332
5.19 ...........................................................................................................333
5.20  ,
.........................................................................................................................................335
5.21 ............................................................................................................................336
5.22 ...................................................................................................................337
5.22.1 .......................................................................................337
5.22.2 ................................................................................338
5.22.3 ...........................................................................340
5.23 
....................................340
5.23.1 
...................................................................................................................342
5.24 
...............................343
5.25  ,

........................344
5.26 head-up...........................................................................347
5.27 ................................................................................................347
5.28 ...................................................................................................................348
5.29  ,
...............................................................................................................348
5.29.1 
, , .
...............................349
5.30 ..............................................................................................................................350
5.31  ,
 509

..........................................................................................................................351
5.32 .....................................................................................................................352

:
1972
6.1 ( 5)................................................................................354
6.1.1 ARPA .............................................354
6.1.2 ( 5)............................................................................................................................354
6.2 ( 6).......................................................................................................355
6.3 ( 7)............................................................................................355
6.4 ( 8)....................................................................................355
6.4.1 ....................................................................356
6.5 ( 9).....................................................................................................359
6.6 [ 19 () ()]...................................359

:
ARPA
7.1 .................................................................................................................................................................360
7.1.1 ARPA.....................................................................................................................................361
7.2 , ...........................................................................................................361
7.2.1 . ............................................................................................................................364
7.2.2 ( ) (target acquisition)..................................................365
7.2.3 ....................................................................................................................368
7.3 ARPA, ................................................................................................372
7.3.1
 ,
ARPA, ...............................................................................................................................372
7.3.2 ................................................................................................................................372
7.3.3
 ,
ARPA, ..............................................................................................................373
7.3.4 .......................................373
7.3.5
 ARPA,
. ............................................................ 373
7.3.6 .......................................374
7.3.7 , ............................................374
7.3.8 .............................................................................................374
7.3.9 ....................................................374
7.4 .............................................................................................................382
7.5 ................................................................................................................................................383
7.5.1 .................................................................383
7.5.2 ...................................................................387
7.6 . . ..................................................................................................................................388
7.7 ..................................................................................................................................390
7.7.1
 ,
ARPA , 2008.......390
7.7.2
 ARPA , ,
2008.........................................................................................392
7.7.3
 , ,
510

2008..................................................................................................................393
7.8 ARPA, ........................................................................393
7.8.1 ...............................................................................................................394
7.8.2 ....................................................................................................................395
7.8.3 , (STW SOG)......................................396
7.9 , PPCs PADs..........................................................................398
7.10 ARPA, ........................................................................401
7.10.1 ......................................................................................................................403
7.11 .............................................................................................................405
7.11.1 ..................................................................................................................407
7.11.2 () ..................................................................408
7.12 ..........................................................................................................................................410
7.13 ................................................................................................................................411
7.14 , ...........................................................................................................413
7.14.1
 ( ,
, )...........................................................................................413
7.14.2 ARPA, .............................................417
7.14.3 ARPA, .......................................................424
7.15 ARPA, .........................................................................429
7.16 ARPA, A .............................................................................439
7.17  , ARPA, ,
.........................................................................................................................440

:

/ARPA
8.1 .................................................................................................................................................................441
8.2 ..........................................................441
8.3 , 8.2................................................................................448
8.4 
, ............................................................................................................451
8.5 , - 8.4..............................................................453
8.6 ARPA, ............................................455
8.7 , --...................................................................................462

CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING

COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972 (COLREGS)
(INCORPORATING THE 1981, 1989, 1993, 2001 AND 2007 AMENDMENTS).
PART A: GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................471
PART B: STEERING AND SAILING RULES...........................................................................................................473
SECTION I: CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY. ................................473
SECTION II: CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER............................................475
SECTION III: CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY.............................................476
PART C: LIGHTS AND SHAPES..............................................................................................................................478
PART D: SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS................................................................................................................483
PART E : EXEMPTIONS...........................................................................................................................................485
 511

ANNEX I: POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES.........................................486

ANNEX II: ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY....................490
ANNEX III: TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCES............................................................491
ANNEX IV: DISTRESS SIGNALS.............................................................................................................................493
.....................................................................................................................................................................494
.................................................................................................................................................................503