Module V

Business Ethics, Definition & Nature

Definition
Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional
ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a
business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant
to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.
Nature
The nature of ethics can be explained by these points:
1. The concept of ethics is applied to human beings only as they have freedom of
choice and means of free will. They can only decide the degree of ends they wish to
pursue and the means to achieve the ends.
2. The study of ethics is nothing but a field of social science in which a set of
systematic knowledge about moral behavior and human conduct is learned.
3. Ethics deals with human conduct, which is voluntary not forced by circumstances
or humans. So we can say that at the ground level ethics deals with moral judgment
regarding set directed human conduct.
Characteristics of ethical problems in Management
Some common ethical problems what a management face are the following:
Employee Behavior
Employee Working Conditions
Supplier/Customer Relations
Health and Safety
Technology
Transparency

Characteristics of ethical Problems in Management

1. Most ethical decisions have extended consequences.
2. Most ethical decisions have multiple alternatives.
3. Most ethical decisions have mixed outcomes.
4. Most ethical decisions have uncertain consequences.
5. Most ethical decisions have personal implications.
Ethical Theories
Deontology

The deontological theory states that people should adhere to their obligations and
duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will follow his
or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding one's duty is
what is considered ethically correct. For instance, a deontologist will always keep his
promises to a friend and will follow the law. A person who follows this theory will
produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individual's set
duties.
Deontology provides a basis for special duties and obligations to specific people,
such as those within one's family. For example, an older brother may have an
obligation to protect his little sister when they cross a busy road together. This
theory also praises those deontologists who exceed their duties and obligations,
which is called "supererogation" .For example, if a person hijacked a train full of
students and stated that one person would have to die in order for the rest to live,
the person who volunteers to die is exceeding his or her duty to the other students
and performs an act of supererogation.
Utilitarianism
The utilitarian ethical theory is founded on the ability to predict the consequences of
an action. To a utilitarian, the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most
people is the choice that is ethically correct.
There are two types of utilitarianism:
1) Act utilitarianism and
2) Rule utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism adheres exactly to the definition of utilitarianism as
described in the above section. In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that
benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints
such as laws.
Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with
fairness. A rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest
and most just means available.
Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and includes
beneficence at the same time.
As with all ethical theories, however, both act and rule utilitarianism contain
numerous flaws. Inherent in both are the flaws associated with predicting the future.
Although people can use their life experiences to attempt to predict outcomes, no
human being can be certain that his predictions will be true. This uncertainty can
lead to unexpected results making the utilitarian look unethical as time passes
because his choice did not benefit the most people as he predicted.

For example, if a person lights a fire in a fireplace in order to warm his friends, and
then the fire burns down the house because the soot in the chimney caught on fire,
then the utilitarian now seems to have chosen an unethical decision. The
unexpected house fire is judged as unethical because it did not benefit his friends.
Rights
In the rights ethical theory the rights set forth by a society are protected and given
the highest priority. Rights are considered to be ethically correct and valid since a
large or ruling population endorses them. Individuals may also bestow rights upon
others if they have the ability and resources to do so.
For example, a person may say that her friend may borrow the car for the
afternoon. The friend who was given the ability to borrow the car now has a right to
the car in the afternoon.
A major complication of this theory on a larger scale, however, is that one must
decipher what the characteristics of a right are in a society. The society has to
determine what rights it wants to uphold and give to its citizens. In order for a
society to determine what rights it wants to enact, it must decide what the society's
goals and ethical priorities are. Therefore, in order for the rights theory to be useful,
it must be used in conjunction with another ethical theory that will consistently
explain the goals of the society . For example in America people have the right to
choose their religion because this right is upheld in the Constitution. One of the
goals of the founding fathers' of America was to uphold this right to freedom of
religion. However, under Hitler's reign in Germany, the Jews were persecuted for
their religion because Hitler decided that Jews were detrimental to Germany's future
success. The American government upholds freedom of religion while the Nazi
government did not uphold it and, instead, chose to eradicate the Jewish religion
and those who practiced it.
Casuist
The casuist ethical theory is one that compares a current ethical dilemma with
examples of similar ethical dilemmas and their outcomes. This allows one to
determine the severity of the situation and to create the best possible solution
according to others' experiences.
One drawback to this ethical theory is that there may not be a set of similar
examples for a given ethical dilemma. Perhaps that which is controversial and
ethically questionable is new and unexpected. Along the same line of thinking, a
casuistical theory also assumes that the results of the current ethical dilemma will
be similar to results in the examples. This may not be necessarily true and would
greatly hinder the effectiveness of applying this ethical theory.
Virtue
The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his character rather than by an action
that may deviate from his normal behavior. It takes the person's morals, reputation

and motivation into account when rating an unusual and irregular behavior that is
considered unethical.
Causes of Unethical Behaviour
There are many causes which make people behave unethically:
1) Pressure can drive people to do things they wouldnt normally do. Pressure to
succeed, pressure to get ahead, pressure to meet deadlines and
expectations, pressure from co-workers, bosses, customers, or vendors to
engage in unethical activities or at least look the other way.
2) Some people make unethical choices because they are not sure about what
really is the right thing to do. Often, ethical problems are complicated, and
the proper choice may be far from obvious.
3) Self-interest, personal gain, ambition, and downright greed are at the bottom
of a lot of unethical activity in business.
4) Misguided loyalty is another reason for unethical conduct on the job. People
sometimes lie because they think in doing so they are being loyal to the
organization or to their bosses.

Ethical Abuses
Employer Intimidation
Also known as bullying, typically involves a pattern of verbal abuse directed at any
employee by an employer. The employers attempt to assert his power by
humiliating the employee.
Safety Violations
Ethical violations may occur regarding workplace safety. Not following established
safety procedures can jeopardize the health, or even the lives of other employees.
Even something as simple as not wearing a hard hat or other safety gear can result
in worker injury, which impacts the employer as far as lost productivity and possible
payment of a workers compensation claim.
Time Theft
Time theft can be a more subtle form of unethical behavior. According to the
International Foundation for Protection Officers, common forms of time theft involve
altering time cards or time sheets to cover up late arrivals or early departures, or
even standing around the water cooler instead of working. Time theft also includes
viewing non-work-related websites, or spending time sending emails to friends.
Stealing
Ethics violations can also involve stealing items, including office supplies and
computer equipment. Employees who have access to company finances can steal

cash, or use "creative accounting" as a means to embezzle money. Workers may

also steal merchandise from a business.
Misconduct
Misconduct in the workplace can take on many forms. Common varieties include
sexual harassment, or discriminatory practices, such as age, race or gender bias.
The 2005 National Business Ethics Study indicated that 12 percent of employees
reported occurrences of discrimination in the workplace, while 9 percent reported
occurrences of sexual harassment.
Work ethics
Work ethic is a value based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in the
moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. Workers exhibiting a good
work ethic in theory would be selected for better positions, more responsibility and
ultimately promotion.
Characteristics of good work ethics
Reliability
Reliability goes hand in hand with a good work ethic. If individuals with a good work
ethic say they are going to attend a work function or arrive at a certain time, they
do, as they value punctuality. Individuals with a strong work ethic often want to
appear dependable, showing their employers that they are workers to whom they
can turn. Because of this, they put effort into portraying -- and proving -- this
dependability by being reliable and performing consistently.

Dedication
Those with a good work ethic are dedicated to their jobs and will do anything they
can to ensure that they perform well. Often this dedication leads them to change
jobs less frequently, as they become committed to the positions in which they work
and are not eager to abandon these posts. They also often put in extra hours
beyond what is expected, making it easy for their employers to see that they are
workers who go beyond the rest of the workforce and truly dedicate themselves to
their positions.
Productivity
Because they work at a consistently fast pace, individuals with a good work ethic
are often highly productive. They commonly get large amounts of work done more
quickly than others who lack their work ethic, as they don't quit until they've
completed the tasks with which they were presented. This high level of productivity
is also due, at least in part, to the fact that these individuals want to appear to be
strong workers. The more productive they are, the more beneficial to the company
they appear to those managing them.

Cooperation
Cooperative work can be highly beneficial in the business environment, something
that individuals with a strong work ethic know well. Because they recognize the
usefulness of cooperative practices -- such as teamwork -- they often put an
extensive amount of effort into working well with others. These individuals
commonly respect their bosses enough to work with any individuals with whom they
are paired in a productive and polite manner, even if they do not enjoy working with
the individuals in question.
Character
Those with a good work ethic often also possess generally strong character. This
means they are self-disciplined, pushing themselves to complete work tasks instead
of requiring others to intervene. They are also often very honest and trustworthy, as
they view these traits as befitting the high-quality employees they seek to become.
To demonstrate their strong character, these workers embody these positive traits
daily, likely distinguishing themselves from the rest.

Module VI
16 traits of personality
Personality Traits
1. Adventurous: I take risks.
2. Ambitious: I am driven to succeed.
3. Approachable: I work well with others.
4. Articulate: I can express myself well in front of groups.
5. Autonomous: I use initiative.
6. Calm: I stay levelheaded in a crisis.
7. Charismatic: I can be a leader when need be.
8. Cheerful: I develop a positive work environment.
9. Clever: I can juggle multiple tasks.
10.Competitive: I thrive under pressure.
11.Confident: I am not afraid to ask questions.
12.Cooperative: I get along well in a team setting.

13.Courteous: I care about workplace atmosphere.

14.Creative: I think outside the box.
15.Curiosity: I am eager to learn.
16.Determined: I am self-motivated.
17.Devoted: I am committed to the companys success.
18.Diligent: I always work my hardest.
19.Easygoing: I easily adapt to new situations.
20.Educated: I possess formal training.
21.Efficient: I have very quick turnover time.
22.Eloquent: I have strong communication skills.
23.Energetic: I am able to work long and hard hours.
24.Enthusiastic: I put my all into every project.
25.Flexible: I am able to adapt my priorities.
26.Focused: I am goal-oriented.
27.Friendly: I am easy to work with.
28.Honest: I value integrity.
29.Imaginative: I am inventive in my work process.
30.Independent: I need little direction.
31.Inexperienced: I am a blank pallet.
32.Inquisitive: I am excellent at gathering information.
33.Insightful: I can read between the lines.
34.Intuitive: I can sense when there is a problem.
35.Meticulous: I pay attention to the small details.
36.Neurotic: I am a perfectionist.
37.Open-minded: I take constructive criticism well.
38.Opinionated: I am comfortable voicing opinions.
39.Organized: I am a meticulous planner.
40.Patient: I am not easily ruffled.
41.Perceptive: I can read people effortlessly.
42.Persuasive: I am a natural salesperson.
43.Procedural: I work best with structure.
44.Punctual: I have great time management skills.
45.Quiet: I am a great listener.
46.Relaxed: I do not stress easily.
47.Resourceful: I use every tool at hand.
48.Responsible: I always finish a task on time.
49.Talkative: I am comfortable initiating a dialogue.
50.Technological: I am industrially savvy.
Professional Ethics: Human Goal and persuasions
Ethical persuasion is a human being's internal ability to treat others with respect,
understanding, caring, and fairness in order to understand themselves and phases
of ethical persuasion; they are:

Explore the other person's viewpoint.

Explain your viewpoint.
Create resolutions.

The ethics of rhetoric is mainly concerned with morality and a persons ability to not
be tempted in certain instances into helping themselves by negatively impacting
others, or just as unethical to use persuasion to increase personal gain without the
knowledge of the audience.
Richard Johannesen (1996) argues that it is important to discuss ethics and
persuasion together for some reasons. First, when we engage in persuasion, we
have an impact on others. The persuader attempts to get audience members to
believe something new or engage in some kind of behavior. Thus, the persuader
influences what audience members do or think.
Coercion is the use of force to compel an audience member to do what a
persuader desires. Persuaders who use coercion deny audience members the
opportunity to freely identify with them. Fundamentally, coercion denies audience
members the opportunity to exercise such basic human actions as reasoning,
feeling, and thinking.
Violence is the use of physical action to force compliance with a persuader. Again,
violence removes thinking, feeling, and reasoning from the interaction and denies
audience members the opportunity to utilize basic human characteristics. If we
consider ethics to be grounded in the concept of choice, then persuasion is the best
way to achieve the goal of identification.
As the persuasion industry becomes more sophisticated, the lines between
persuasion, coercion, and violence are becoming increasingly blurred.
Ethics in Public Administration: Impartiality and objectivity
Decisions are based upon ethical principles, which are the perception of what the
general public would view as correct. Having such a distinction ensures that public
administrators are not acting on an internal set of ethical principles without first
questioning whether those principles would hold to public scrutiny. It also has
placed an additional burden upon public administrators regarding the conduct of
their personal lives. Public administration ethics is an attempt to create a more
open atmosphere within governmental operations.
Public administration is viewed as a part of the executive branch of government.
Following Charles de Montesquieu ideas we may recognize executive as an element
of the state power and this element consists of agencies, ministries and other
structures jointly referred to as Public Administration. This view of public
administration combines in general all activities concerning public good and public
interest. Within the administrative state machinery we may find public
administration officials, special administrative procedures and many other
mechanisms, which are characteristic to all bureaucratic organizations. Public
administration is a part of our daily life and to a large extent governs it. The

administrative apparatus consist of people who are also members of the local
community (communities). Citizens and public officials, who have access to power,
have to coexist together in one area, one space. The difference between them is
that public administration officials have to provide services in aid of community.
Because of this work, based on public monies and property the possibility of
betraying public trust is probable. There is no simplest thing, than spending
someones money, even if we do not get direct profits. Ethical behavior and
decisions maintaining citizens trust, ensure effective and efficient use of resources,
and allow government to preserve individual rights while assisting those who will
benefit the most. Ethics is one of the vital components that allow democracy to
thrive in any country. Ethics in government is critical to realizing the promises of
democracy. In a democracy, government has an obligation to treat everyone equally
and to provide the greatest good to most of citizens. The effective operation of
democratic government requires that public officials and employees be
independent, impartial, and responsible to the people. Government decisions and
policies should be made within the proper structure of government; public office
shall not be used for personal gain; and the public has to have confidence in the
integrity of its government. When ethical wrongdoings and scandals occur in
government, they pose a threat to the democratic principles of the rule of law,
equity, and individual rights. Fraud, bribery, and other abuses in government take
the power from people and give it to a few in position of control, which distorts the
concept of the equality of all participants of public life
Ethical Values and hospitality management
As a result of the continually changing competitive environments, tourism and
hospitality organizations must come up with ways to stay ahead of their competitors
other than the conventional ways of lower prices, more services related to a sell or
better products. Nowadays most customers believe that competing services and
products are reasonably alike in terms of quality. Tourism and hospitality managers
are realizing that competing on the basis of price alone leads to an erratic market
and uneven profits. Hospitality and tourism organizations are responding to this by
creating collaborative relationships and better partnerships with their consumers. In
relation to these relationships there has been a lot of discussion in the last few
years regarding ethical practices by hospitality and tourism businesses. Largely it
has been supposed that those businesses that do what is ethical and moral to their
employees and clients generate long-term benefits.
Some organizations view ethics as a constraint on their profitability, they are of the
view that profits and ethics are inversely proportional. It is indeed true that adopting
ethical practices may reduce the companys profits. However, the long term effect
on the organizations profitability is positive. A reputation for ethical practices in any
business activity can be a competitive edge. High organizational ethical practices
can significantly contribute to productivity by minimizing the cost of business
transactions, establishing customer loyalty, creating trust with suppliers,

maintaining social capital and successful team of employees. Hospitality managers

ethical perceptions often change and are complicated by certain factors such as
demographic structure, religion, values, customs, manners, family and culture
(Peceri, 2010).
Morals and ethics are often used interchangeably; ethics refer to a rules of behavior
that is based on moral obligations and duties, indicating how people should behave .
It distinguishes what is right from what is wrong and promotes people to do what is
right. Morals on the other hand refer to what to what is right and good conduct and
character. Some of the values that define ethical principles include honesty,
trustworthiness, integrity, fairness, keeping promises, fidelity, caring for others,
accountability, pursuit of excellence, leadership, responsibility and respect for
others. All hospitality professional should possess these values as they are critical in
the success of any organization (Stevens, 2008).

Ethics: Civil Servants, Lawyers & Doctors

The rationale for establishing this Code of Ethics is to:
ensure the appropriate conduct of and responsibility toward the civil servants
duties;
bring about efficient and effective work performance among civil servants; and
uphold the honor and reputation of civil servants, so as to encourage admiration
and respect among the general public.
This Code is divided into 4 groups of ethical conduct i.e.
Personal Conduct
1. A civil servant shall hold high moral principles and conduct himself in a manner
befitting his status as a civil servant.
2. A civil servant shall perform his duties honestly and without seeking personal
gain, and shall adhere to the professional ethics of his particular vocation where
relevant.
3. A civil servant shall maintain a positive attitude and shall seek to further develop
his virtue and righteousness, as well as to enhance his professional knowledge,
abilities and skills so as to make his work more efficient and effective.
Relations with the Agency
4. A civil servant shall perform his duties honestly, fairly, and without prejudice.
5. A civil servant shall carry out his duties to the best of his ability, carefully and
promptly, with diligence and reasonable accuracy, keeping in mind the benefits
which will accrue to the public.
6. A civil servant shall be punctual and shall devote his time fully for the benefit of
the government service.

7. A civil servant shall be prudent in the use of government property, safeguarding

it and exercising care against damage, as though the property were his own.
Relations with Colleagues, Superiors and Subordinates
8. A civil servant shall act responsibly in carrying out his duties, and shall cooperate
and assist colleagues through the contribution of ideas, through joining in the work,
and through helping to solve problems, as well as through proposing improvements
in work procedures.
9. A civil servant in a supervisory position over others shall show interest in the
performance, morale, motivation, and welfare of his subordinates, and shall
superintend them in a righteous and equitable manner.
10. A civil servant shall assist and support his fellow workers in all appropriate ways,
promote fellowship and esprit de corps among his colleagues for the common good.
11. A civil servant shall be courteous and gracious towards his colleagues and shall
exhibit good human relations.
12. A civil servant shall refrain from claiming as his own work and efforts of others.
Relations with the Public and with Society
13. A civil servant shall serve the public to the best of his ability, fairly, generously,
and graciously, and shall be courteous and gentle in manner. When unable to assist,
he shall provide an explanation of the reason, and shall recommend the proper
channels and appropriate offices to contact.
14. A civil servant shall be trustworthy.
15. A civil servant shall refrain from accepting from those he serves gifts or favors of
value exceeding that which would normally be presented out of affection by one
upstanding person to another and shall report to his superior the receipt of a gift
subsequently found to be of significant value in order that appropriate action could
be taken.
Ethics of a Lawyer
Professional ethics requires that a lawyer cannot refuse a brief, provided a client is
willing to pay his fee, and the lawyer is not otherwise engaged. Hence, the action of
any Association in passing such a resolution that none of its members will appear
for a particular accused, whether on the ground that he is a policeman or on the
ground that he is a suspected terrorist, rapist, mass murderer, etc. is against all
norms of the Constitution, the statute and professional ethics.
Ethics of a Doctor
1. CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS
B. Duties and responsibilities of the Physician in general:
1.1 Character of Physician (Doctors with qualification of MBBS or MBBS with post
graduate
degree/ diploma or with equivalent qualification in any medical discipline):
1.2 Maintaining good medical practice:

1.3 Maintenance of medical records:

1.4 Display of registration numbers:
1.5 Use of Generic names of drugs: Every physician should, as far as possible,
prescribe
drugs with generic names and he / she shall ensure that there is a rational
prescription and use
of drugs.
1.6 Highest Quality Assurance in patient care: Every physician should aid in
safeguarding the
profession against admission to it of those who are deficient in moral character or
education.
Physician shall not employ in connection with his professional practice any
attendant who is
neither registered nor enlisted under the Medical Acts in force and shall not permit
such persons
to attend, treat or perform operations upon patients wherever professional
discretion or skill is
required.
1.7 Exposure of Unethical Conduct: A Physician should expose, without fear or
favour,
incompetent or corrupt, dishonest or unethical conduct on the part of members of
the profession.
1.8 Payment of Professional Services: The physician, engaged in the practice of
medicine
shall give priority to the interests of patients. The personal financial interests of a
physician
should not conflict with the medical interests of patients. A physician should
announce his fees
before rendering service and not after the operation or treatment is under way.
Remuneration
received for such services should be in the form and amount specifically announced
to the
patient at the time the service is rendered. It is unethical to enter into a contract of
"no cure no
payment". Physician rendering service on behalf of the state shall refrain from
anticipating or
accepting any consideration.
1.9 Evasion of Legal Restrictions: The physician shall observe the laws of the
country in
regulating the practice of medicine and shall also not assist others to evade such
laws. He
should be cooperative in observance and enforcement of sanitary laws and
regulations in the

interest of public health. A physician should observe the provisions of the State Acts
like Drugs
and Cosmetics Act, 1940; Pharmacy Act, 1948; Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
substances
Act, 1985; Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971; Transplantation of Human
Organ Act,
1994; Mental Health Act, 1987; Environmental Protection Act, 1986; Prenatal Sex
Determination Test Act, 1994; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable
Advertisement) Act,
1954; Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities and Full Participation) Act, 1995
and Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and such other Acts, Rules,
Regulations made by the Central/State Governments or local Administrative Bodies
or any other
relevant Act relating to the protection and promotion of public health.
2. DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO THEIR PATIENTS
2.1 Obligations to the Sick
2.2 Patience, Delicacy and Secrecy
2.3 Prognosis: The physician should neither exaggerate nor minimize the gravity of
a patients
condition. He should ensure himself that the patient, his relatives or his responsible
friends have
such knowledge of the patients condition as will serve the best interests of the
patient and the
family.
2.4 The Patient must not be neglected
2.5 Engagement for an Obstetric case: When a physician who has been engaged to
attend an
Obstetric case is absent and another is sent for and delivery accomplished, the
acting physician
is entitled to his professional fees, but should secure the patients consent to resign
on the
arrival of the physician engaged.
3. DUTIES OF PHYSICIAN IN CONSULTATION
3.1 Unnecessary consultations should be avoided:
3.2 Consultation for Patients Benefit
3.3 Punctuality in Consultation:
3.4 Statement to Patient after Consultation:
3.5 Treatment after Consultation:
3.6 Patients Referred to Specialists: When a patient is referred to a specialist by the
attending

physician, a case summary of the patient should be given to the specialist, who
should
communicate his opinion in writing to the attending physician.
3.7 Fees and other charges:
3.7.1 A physician shall clearly display his fees and other charges on the board of his
chamber
and/or the hospitals he is visiting. Prescription should also make clear if the
Physician himself
dispensed any medicine.
--
Module VII
Implications of Right Understanding: Providing the basis for Universal
Human Values and ethical Human conduct.
The content of right understanding, discovering the innate harmony at various
levels of existence right from the human being to the whole of existence. This
included a correct appraisal of the needs, characteristics and activities of the self
(I) and the Body and also the salient aspects of synergy between these. This
manifests in the form harmonious interaction of units (both sentient and insentient
i.e consciousness and material) with each other being in co-existence with the allpervading space. This reality- 'space' is no-activity, transparent, equilibrium energy
and the units of nature are 'submerged' in space. Being in space, they ate
energized, self-organized and fulfill the definite relationship with each other, leading
to the complete existential order. All the above investigations were carried out
through a process of self-exploration and studying the things around us. While the
process of self-exploration has
to continue to enable realization and understanding, we can start looking at the
significant implications of such an understanding in our life and profession. Here we
can also visualize how such an understanding of die truth of existence and our
ability to live in accordance with it, can pave way towards collective and sustainable
human happiness and prosperity. Such an understanding enables the human being
to achieve harmony in oneself, harmony with other human beings and harmony with
rest of nature. This unfolding of truth through the process of self-exploration seems
to be the direction of evolution of the entire mankind. This also is the purpose of
human life. It is for us to get adequately convinced through our own exploration,
that this is the only effective way of establishing peace within as well as peace
outside.
VALUES IN DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN LIVING
There is harmony at the levels of human living and based on this understanding of
harmony, when we participate in the larger order, this participation at different level
is our value. The identification of values starts from the participation of the activities
of the Self (I) in the form of definite conduct of the human being based on
realization and understanding. Further, the participation of the human being is seen

in two forms behavior and work. We studied about the values pertaining to behavior
as the nine values in relationship viz., trust, respect, affection, care, guidance,
reverence, glory and love. The participation of a human being in ensuring the role of
physical facility helps and preserves its utility. For example, the utility value of a pen
is that it aids in writing. This provides a means to the body. Provide a cap to the pen
so that the ink does not spill, a proper design for holding of the pen while writing,
etc. preserve the utility of the pen. The values are nothing but the participation of
the human being in different dimensions of living."
Basis for the Holistic Alternative towards universal human order
The right understanding helps us identify the comprehensive human goal in terms
of samadhana, Samriddhi, Abhaya, Sah-astitva and set all our sub-goals based on
these.
This gives us the vision of the holistic alternative in all the dimensions of human
living. The understanding of harmony gives the basis and framework of humanistic
education and humanistic constitution.
Vision for holistic technologies
Holistic: All encompassing view based on the knowledge of the nature, functions,
and properties of the components, their interactions, and their relationship to the
whole.