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Journal of Indian Water Works Association (JIWWA, Vol-4, Issue-47) - Oct-Dec-2015
Journal of Indian Water Works Association (JIWWA, Vol-4, Issue-47) - Oct-Dec-2015
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483
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
484
ISSN 0970-275X
JOURNAL
President
Er. Bappa Sarkar
Vol. XXXXVII
No. 4
INDEX
Cover Design :
"Catch Them Young, Make Them
Aware on Water Conservation"
Universal High School Malad
students visit on 5th Nov. 2015
to IWWA HQ for Rain Water
Harvesting System Training.
October-December 2015
485
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
486
487
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
488
489
Oct.-Dec. 2015
retaining heel
seating
retaining bead
bulb seating
bulb of gasket
groove in gasket located
on retaining bead
Initial Entry
Assembled Joint
Grant it
Duraflex Tyton Gasket (ISI/ISO/WRAS Certified)
And watch your Ductile Iron Pipe excel at full potential for the
next 100 years, if not more.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
490
Abstract
Removal of select heavy metals viz. chromium, copper, manganese and zinc from synthetic wastewater
with economically feasible materials with adsorption was investigated. Adsorption isotherms are
REWDLQHGIRUVHOHFWKHDY\PHWDOIURPEDWFKH[SHULPHQWV([SHULPHQWVZHUHDOVRFDUULHGRXWLQ[HG
beds using sand as adsorbent for the different solutes. Solutions of varying concentrations of selected
heavy metals of chromium and copper (2-20 ppm), manganese (2-10 ppm) and zinc 15-85 ppm were
SUHSDUHGDQGSDVVHGWKURXJKVDQGOWHU/HDFKDWHVDPSOHVZHUHDQDO\]HGIRUFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVH
HOHPHQWV E\ DPH DWRPLF DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU 7KH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI KHDY\ PHWDOV
increased with increasing pH while it decreased with increasing metals concentration and injection
UDWH7KHUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\ZDVTXLWHKLJKIRUFKURPLXPIROORZHGE\FRSSHU
PDQJDQHVHDQG]LQF7KHSURSRVHGPHWKRGLVHIFLHQWDQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHDQG
can successfully be used for heavy metal removal from water and wastewater.
Keywords
+HDY\PHWDODGVRUSWLRQZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWHIXHQWVDQGOWUDWLRQ
1.
Introduction
Rapid
industrialization
and
urbanization
have been contaminating the existing water
resources by discharging wastewater containing
organics, colour and heavy metals. Heavy
metals contamination exist in aqueous waste
streams of many industries, such as metal
QLVKLQJ HOHFWURSODWLQJ PHWDOOXUJLFDO ZRUN
mining, chemical manufacturing, pesticides,
fertilizers, dyes, pigments, tanning, and battery
manufacturing (Rao et al. 2001; Kang et al. 2007;
Lesmana et al. 2009). Heavy metals are reported
as priority pollutants, due to their mobility in
natural water ecosystems. Water pollution with
heavy metals is a source of danger to the health
of people living in developing countries. Some of
these metals are potentially toxic or carcinogenic
DWVXIFLHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDQGFDQFDXVHVHULRXV
human health hazards if they enter the food chain.
Investigations have been made of the extent
&6,51DWLRQDO(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH1DJSXU(PDLOJNBNKDGVH#QHHULUHVLQ
491
Oct.-Dec. 2015
IS 10500:1991
Desirable
Permissible
limit (mg/L)
limit (mg/L)
No relaxation
0.05
WHO
(2006)
(mg/L)
0.05
0.1
1.5
0.3
0.05
2
0.4
15
no
CPHEEO
Acceptable
Cause for
(mg/L)
rejection (mg/L)
0.05
0.05
0.05
1.5
0.05
0.5
5
15
EPA (mg/L)
0.1
0.05
0.3
5
2.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
Water quality standards are the foundation of the
1.1 Advantages of Sand Filtration Technique
water quality-based pollution control program
6DQGOWHULVDFRPELQDWLRQRISK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO mandated by the Clean Water Act. Water quality
and biological process and work on straining, VWDQGDUGV GHQH WKH JRDOV IRU D ZDWHU ERG\ E\
sedimentation and adsorption phenomena. Design designating its uses, setting criteria to protect
and operation simplicity as well as minimal those uses, and establishing provisions to protect
power and chemical requirements make the sand water bodies from pollutants. Various guidelines
OWUDWLRQ DQ DSSURSULDWH WHFKQLTXH IRU UHPRYLQJ values of selected heavy metals for drinking
suspended organic and inorganic matter. These water according to IS 10500:1991, WHO (2006),
OWHUV DOVR PD\ UHPRYH SDWKRJHQLF RUJDQLVPV CPHEEO, EPA are given in Table 1.
cloudiness, and organic levels - thus reducing
the need for disinfection and, consequently, the 3.
Materials and Methods
SUHVHQFHRIGLVLQIHFWLRQE\SURGXFWVLQWKHQLVKHG 3.1 Sand Filter Unit
water. Other advantages include: Minimal sludge
To carry out the experimental investigation a
handling problems, Close operator supervision
VDQGOWHUXQLWZDVGHVLJQHGDQGIDEULFDWHG6DQG
is not necessary, No power requirement, Use of
OWHUXQLWFig. 1) comprised of an overhead tank
locally available materials and labour.
UHDFWRURI/FDSDFLW\DOWHUDQGDFROOHFWLRQ
1.2. Chemical and Biological Activities in
tank. Locally available sand and gravels of 9.5
Sand Filtration
PP VL]H LV XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ 7KH OWHU KDV DQ
6DQGOWUDWLRQSOD\VDPDMRUUROHLQWKHSXULFDWLRQ average diameter of 41.5 cm, total height of 45
SURFHVVHVZKLFKRFFXURQDQGZLWKLQWKHOWHUEHG FP DQG DUHD RI WKH OWHU FP2 ,W ZDV OOHG
7KHSUHVHQFHRIVXIFLHQWR[\JHQLQZDWHUWREH with gravels up to 5 cm at bottom followed by
treated is essential. Biological oxidation of organic ordinary sand up to 40 cm height, after washing
matter in an aerobic environment contributes to with substantial amount of water and followed by
KLJKSHUIRUPDQFHRIVDQGOWHU$OJDHSOD\DYLWDO 1% acid water and again with water properly to
role. In the presence of sunlight they are able to remove all impurities. Thereafter, it was dried in
build up cell materials from simple minerals such direct sun light.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
492
)LJ&URVVVHFWLRQRIWKHVDQGOWHU
3.2
Sieve Analysis
Sieve
Size
(mm)
2.35
1.68
1.18
0.85
0.60
0.425
0.3
0.15
QHU
493
Cumulative (%)
UHWDLQHG5Q
13.81
19.36
24.71
39.96
51.41
66.14
85.67
95.52
99.99
Cumulative (%)
QHUWKDQ'VL]H
5Q
86.18
81.054
75.28
60.03
48.58
33.85
14.32
4.47
0
Oct.-Dec. 2015
3.4
RQUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\RIPHWDOVDWFRQVWDQWRZ
rate 0.012 m3/hr. Treated samples were collected
at different time intervals.
7KH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ ) of heavy metals
LV GHQHG DV %) = [(Co - Ct) / Co]*100
where, Co and Ct are the metal concentrations in
the sample before and after treatment respectively.
3.7 Cleaning of Sand Filter Unit
6DQGOWHUVZLOOOWHURXWDSDUWLFOHDVVPDOODV
PLFURQV$VWKHGLUWORDGLQFUHDVHVWKHOWHU
will need to be cleaned or backwashed. It was
REVHUYHG WKDW VDQG OWHU XQLW QHHG WKH FOHDQLQJ
after two or three week, however, it can be used
after 2nd week by scrapping upper 2 to 5 cm sand
layer daily.
3.8
494
495
5
pH
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
3
pH
5
6
100
(%) Removal
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
(%) Removal
4.
Results and Discussion
3HUIRUPDQFH RI WKH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI VDQG
OWHU XQLW IRU VHOHFWHG KHDY\ PHWDOV ZDV WHVWHG
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR S+ LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ and
injection rate (IR).
(%) Removal
DGVRUEHQWDQGVWLUUHGIRUPLQDQGWKHOWUDWHV
were analysed for the effect of Cr concentration.
The same experiment was also carried out for Cu,
Mn, and Zn.
95
90
85
80
75
5 pH 6
Oct.-Dec. 2015
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
94
1.9
(IIHFWRI,QXHQW&RQFHQWUDWLRQRQ+HDY\
Metal Removal
(IIHFW RI LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ UHPRYDO
HIFLHQFLHV IRU YH GLIIHUHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI
each metal at an injection rate (IR) of 0.012 m3/hr
at different pH values 3-8. Five different LQXHQW
concentrations 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 2 ppm of
Cr was considered to have comparison of sand
adsorption behaviour at different pH. Maximum
removal (99.38 - 99.71%) was observed for an
LQXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQRISSPDWDOOS+5HPRYDO
HIFLHQF\VKRZVDGHFUHDVLQJWUHQGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
Oct.-Dec. 2015
496
4.8
9.9
14.86 18.82
(%) Removal
100
99
98
97
96
95
2
4.9
9.89 14.82 18.8
Influent conc. (ppm)
100
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
2.03
4.89
(%) Removal
100
99
98
97
96
95
2.03
100
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
1.97
4.9 9.88
14
Initial conc. (ppm)
18.4
100
(%) Removal
99
6LPLODUO\YHGLIIHUHQWLQXHQW concentrations 2,
5, 10, 15 and 20 2 ppm of Cu were considered,
maximum removal (98.58 - 94.8%) was observed
for 2 ppm at all pH. Even at concentration of 20
SSPUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\UDUHO\IDOOVXSWR
at pH 3 and 94.86% at pH 8 (Fig. 13 - 18). In case
of Zn, YHGLIIHUHQWLQXHQW concentrations 15, 35,
55, 75, and 85 6 ppm of Zn were considered;
maximum removal (97.12 %) was observed at
pH 7. Even at concentration of 85 ppm removal
HIFLHQF\ UDUHO\ IDOOV XS WR DW S+ RI
and 84% at pH of 8 (Fig. 19 - 24). In case of Mn,
YHGLIIHUHQWLQXHQW concentrations 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 2 ppm of Mn, were considered, maximum
removal 74.31% of 2 ppm at pH 8. Even at
FRQFHQWUDWLRQRISSPUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\UDUHO\
falls up to 64.58% at pH 3. As usual, the effect of
RWKHU LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ UHPRYDO RI &U LV
somewhere in between (Fig. 25 - 30).
This can be explained by the fact that as the
concentration of metal ions increases so does the
metal loading on the adsorbent. For example, a
concentration of 85 ppm will have higher surface
loading as compared to concentration of 15 ppm.
Because it causes an equal increase in number of
metal ions coming in contact with sand increases
during same interval of time while on the other
hand the no of adsorbing sites available for
adsorption are constant for all concentrations.
6R ZKHQ LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZLOO EH KLJKHU
more number of ions will be competing for same
adsorption sites and will go through without being
adsorbed.
Effect of Injection Rate on Heavy Metal
Removal
7KHHIIHFWRILQXHQW,5P3/hr, 0.024 m3/hr
and 0.036 m3/hr) were studied at constant sand bed
GHSWKVRIP8VXDOO\WKHUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\
GHFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ,5RIWKHLQXHQW
solution. It was found that maximum removal was
observed at IR 0.012 m3/hr, as compare to the
other two IRs. e.g. 98% removal of Cr of 20 2
SSPLQXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQZDVREVHUYHGDW
m3/hr, and 95% at 0.036 m3/hr and at 0.024 m3/
4.3
98
97
96
95
1.97
4.89
497
Oct.-Dec. 2015
498
(%) Removal
1.9
(%) Removal
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
18.
90
92
94
96
98
100
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
1.8
9.85 14.39
Influent conc. (ppm)
18.7
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
(%) Removal
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
(%) Removal
(%) Removal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
499
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
70
75
80
85
90
(%) Removal
95
(%) Removal
34.5
I fl
16.73
(
55.68 72.36
86.1
75
80
85
90
95
100
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(%) Removal
100
(%) Removal
86
75
80
85
90
95
100
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(%) Removal
(%) Removal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
(%) Removal
70
2.1
62
64
66
68
(%) Removal
500
72
74
(%) Removal
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
2.04 3.94
5.9
6.85
Influent conc. (ppm)
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
(%) Removal
68
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
1.94
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
(%) Removal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R=0.036 m3/hr
100
75
98
(%) Removal
(%) Removal
99
80
97
96
95
(%) Removal
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
1.89
4.90
9.43
14.21 18.50
(%) Removal
65
60
55
2.04 3.94 5.90 6.85
Influent conc. (ppm)
95
70
50
94
100
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R= 0.036 m3/hr
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R= 0.036 m3/hr
90
85
80
75
70
16.55 34.56 55.60 71.36 85.40
Influent conc. (ppm)
9.67
Oct.-Dec. 2015
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7KHVROXWLRQS+GRHVQRWKDYHDVLJQLFDQW
LPSDFW RQ WKH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ &U &X 7.
Mn and Zn. Since a higher pH results in
precipitation of Cr rather than permanent
adsorption, it is recommended to acidify the
LQXHQWVROXWLRQSULRUWRWUHDWPHQW
References:
1.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
9.
502
Abstract
&DSSLQJRIWKHOWHULVWKHSURFHVVRIUHSODFLQJWKHXSSHUQHUSDUWRIWKHOWHUDERXWFPLQGHSWK
by a media of comparatively coarser in nature but less in density as compared to conventional sand
used as monomedia. It is easier method to improve the performance of conventional rapid sand
OWHUV,WLVQRWRQO\FDSDEOHWRUHGXFHWKHWXUELGLW\EXWDOVRLQFUHDVHVWKHOWHUUXQDVZHOODVUHGXFHV
WKHEDFNZDVKUHTXLUHPHQW
7KH SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI FUXVKHG FRFRQXW VKHOO DQG DQWKUDFLWH FRDO DV D FDSSLQJ
PHGLD 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV DVVHVVHG E\ LQVWDOOLQJ D SLORW SODQW DW ,FKDONDUDQML PXQLFLSDO ZDWHU
treatment plant.
Keywords -&DSSLQJUDSLGVDQGOWHUWXUELGLW\UHPRYDOEDFNZDVKUHTXLUHPHQWULSHQLQJSHULRG
Introduction
Different unit processes and unit operations
utilized in most of the conventional water
treatment plant (WTP) in India includes aeration,
FRDJXODWLRQ RFFXODWLRQ FODULFDWLRQ OWUDWLRQ
DQG GLVLQIHFWLRQ 7KH OWUDWLRQ XVLQJ UDSLG VDQG
OWHULVWKHSROLVKLQJVWDJHRIWKHZDWHUWUHDWPHQW
process. Most of the turbidity though removed
E\ WKH SURFHVV RI RFFXODWLRQ DQG FODULFDWLRQ
particles able to pass through that are removed by
WKHSURFHVVRIOWUDWLRQ7KXVWKHQDOTXDOLW\RI
water produced by any WTP is the function of the
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHOWHUV
Most of the conventional water treatment plants
are overloaded due to increased demand. They
are facing the problems like substandard overall
performance and unsatisfactory water supply
besides unsatisfactory operation and maintenance.
***
$VVLVWDQWSURIHVVRU&LYLO(QJJ'HSW6KDUDGLQVWLWXWHRIWHFKQRORJ\&ROOHJHRI(QJJ<DGUDY,FKDONDUDQML.ROKDSXU
Email: manojhmota@yahoo.co.in, Mob: 9272195932
$VVLVWDQWSURIHVVRU&LYLO(QJJ'HSW6KDUDGLQVWLWXWHRIWHFKQRORJ\&ROOHJHRI(QJJ<DGUDY,FKDONDUDQML.ROKDSXU
(PDLOVKDVKLUDMBFKRXJXOH#\DKRRFRLQ0RE
Associate professor, Civil Engg. Dept., Ashokrao Mane Group of Institute, Vatharturf, Vadgaon, Kolhapur
Email: patilsachink@gmail.com, Mob: 9767503463
503
Oct.-Dec. 2015
SRLQW RI YLHZ RI WKH UDWH RI OWUDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV prepared by sieving and mixing in appropriate
SURSRUWLRQV7KHQHVIURPVDQGZHUHUHPRYHGE\
WRWDOOWHUUXQ[1]
The study has made by installing a pilot plant at ZDVKLQJRXW7KHFRHIFLHQWRIXQLIRUPLW\RIVDQG
used was 1.5 and the effective size was 0.6mm. [2]
Ichalkaranji municipal WTP. The coconut shell as
well as anthracite coal were used as the capping The effective size of capping media was
media. The results obtained are very encouraging. determined by considering the fact that the settling
The comparison of two materials on the basis of velocity of the sand particle of effective size to
its performance as capping media has been done. be more than that of capping media particles. The
7KHVWXG\VKRZVWKDWWKHKLJKHUUDWHRIOWUDWLRQ XQLIRUPLW\ FRHIFLHQW RI FRFRQXW VKHOO XVHG ZDV
is possible along with smaller ripening period, about 1.0 (i.e. particles of more or less uniform
KLJKHUOWHUUXQDQGOHVVEDFNZDVKUHTXLUHPHQWV in size) and effective size was 1.91 mm. while in
FDVHRIDQWKUDFLWHFRDOWKHXQLIRUPLW\FRHIFLHQW
Materials and methods
of capping media used was again kept around
$SLORWVFDOHPRGHORIOWHUZDVFRQVWUXFWHGXVLQJ 1 and effective size was 1.51 mm. The depth of
two glass columns, each of an inside area of 0.15m capping was kept as 10cm. in both cases.
X 0.15m (as Side of column/effective size of sand Coconut shells of required size and uniformity
>50) [5] along with associated piping and valves was obtained by crushing and sieving it. The
IRUSURSHUFRQWURORQOWUDWLRQUDWH7KHSXPSRI crushed coconut shell was charged by heating
0.5 HP was used for proper back washing of sand before use. [3]
FROXPQV,QQRFDVHWKHUDWHRIOWUDWLRQZDVNHSW
less than 5m/hr. The backwashing rate was kept
as 0.7 m/min [2, 7] .The pilot model was installed
at Ichalkaranji water treatment plant, where the
FODULHG ZDWHU ZDV XVHG IRU WKH SHUIRUPDQFH
evaluation of capped RSF.
7KHVDQGXWLOL]HGIRUWKHOWHUPHGLDZDVREWDLQHG
from the stock sand available at Ichalkaranji WTP.
The required sand was initially washed and sun
GULHG 7KH VDQG RI UHTXLUHG VSHFLFDWLRQ ZDV
Oct.-Dec. 2015
504
'XULQJWKHVWXG\VDPSOHVRILQXHQWDQGHIXHQW
were collected from for the conventional pilot
VFDOH OWHU 56) DQG FDSSHG SLORW VFDOH OWHU
and the turbidity of these were checked using
Nephelometer. Along with this comparison was
DOVR GRQH IRU WKH OHQJWK RI OWHU UXQ WLPH RI
backwash and ripening period.
Results and discussion
During the study following results were obtained
PHGLD7KHWXUELGLW\UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\ZDVIRXQG
to be slightly lesser than the conventional rapid
VDQGOWUDWLRQDVWKHXSSHUQHUOD\HUZDVUHSODFHG
by the coarser media. But the clear advantage was
JDLQHGDVLWKDVEHHQUHVXOWHGLQWKHKLJKHUOWHU
run. The conventional RSF was clogged within 14
hrs while the capped RSF was able to run for more
than 22 hrs which is evident in graph no1.
7KHVHFRQGUXQZDVWDNHQZLWKLQFUHDVHGOWUDWLRQ
Coconut shell as capping media
UDWHIRUFDSSHG56)LHPKUZKLOHWKHOWUDWLRQ
7XUELGLW\UHPRYDOZDVHVWLPDWHGLQUVWOWHUUXQDW rate for conventional RSF was kept 5m/hr. In that
OWUDWLRQUDWHRIPKUIRUFRFRQXWVKHOODVFDSSLQJ case even the performance of capped RSF was
Graph no1. Comparison of performance of Conventional R.S.F. and Coconut shell capped R.S.F with
FRQYHQWLRQDOUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
Graph no 2. Comparison of performance of Conventional R.S.F. and Coconut shell capped R.S.F. with
LQFUHDVHGUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
Note:,QFDVHRIFRQYHQWLRQDO56)WKHOWHUUXQZDVHQGHGGXHWRKLJKKHDGORVVDQGFKRFNLQJRIPHGLDZKLOHLQFDVHRI
FDSSHG56)WKHOWHUUXQZDVHQGHGGXHWRRFFXUUHQFHRIEUHDNWKURXJK6DPHSKHQRPHQRQZDVREVHUYHGIRUDOOOWHUUXQV
505
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Conventional RSF
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
6.8
7.2
6.8
7.5
6.8
6.4
15
6.8
4.9
Capped RSF
Remark
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
6.8
7.9
--6.8
7.0
6.8
5.0
Ripening period for
capped RSF-10 minute
--Ripening period for
conventional
RSF-15minute
Conventional RSF
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
2.9
63
2.9
39
2.9
21
15
2.9
3.0
Capped RSF
Remark
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
2.9
68
-2.9
20
2.9
3.1
Backwash time for
capped RSF-10 minute
--Backwash time for
conventional
RSF-15minute
5LSHQLQJSHULRGLVWKHWLPHWDNHQE\WKHOWHUEHGLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUEDFNZDVKLQJWRSURGXFHWKH
OWUDWH RI DFFHSWDEOH TXDOLW\ ,W LV WKH WLPH LQ ZKLFK WKH SDUWLFOHV WKDW DUH QRUPDOO\ UHPRYHG E\ WKH
OWUDWLRQDUHHVFDSHGDQGWXUELGLW\VSLNHVDUHREVHUYHG,WLVRQHRIWKHPDMRUUHDVRQVDIIHFWLQJDGYHUVHO\
RQWKHRYHUDOOTXDOLW\RIOWUDWHSURGXFHG7KHUHIRUHLWVKRXOGEHDVOHVVDVSRVVLEOH
remained almost same as that was observed in case
RIUDWHRIOWUDWLRQUDWHZDVPKUWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
DWWKHHQGRIWKHOWHUUXQZDVVRPHZKDWLQIHULRU
(though acceptable) as compared to lesser
OWUDWLRQ UDWH 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI EUHDNWKURXJK
was observed in which this trial which was quite
H[SHFWHGEHFDXVHRIKLJKOWUDWLRQUDWHZKLFKLV
evident in graph no 2. No escaping of media of
lesser density was observed with normal rate of
backwashing i.e. 600-700mm/min.
506
*UDSKQR&RPSDULVRQRISHUIRUPDQFHRI&RQYHQWLRQDO56)DQG
DQWKUDFLWHFRDOFDSSHG56)ZLWKQRUPDOUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
*UDSKQR&RPSDULVRQRISHUIRUPDQFHRI&RQYHQWLRQDO56)DQG
anthracite coal FDSSHG56)ZLWKLQFUHDVHGUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
Table No.3 Ripening periods for RSF using anthracite coal as capping media
Conventional RSF
Time in
minutes
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
Capped RSF
Remark
Turbidity of
LQXHQW
( NTU)
Turbidity of
HIXHQW
( NTU)
6.9
7.4
6.9
7.9
6.9
7.9
6.9
7.0
10
6.9
6.3
6.9
6.1
15
6.9
5.1
6.9
4.9
507
---
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Conventional RSF
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
Capped RSF
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
2.7
59
2.7
61
2.7
35
2.7
29
10
13
2.7
2.7
23
12
2.7
2.7
19
2.7
15
2.7
2.8
--
--
2.
Conventional RSF
Particular for
comparison
Sr. no.
10
13
3. Ripening period
15
10
13
Conclusions:
From the study made to evaluate the effect of
capping of RSF following conclusions were
made..
1.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
--
b)
c)
19.5
2. Backwash time
(min)
Remark
3.
+LJKHUUDWHRIOWUDWLRQFDQEHREWDLQHGDIWHU
FDSSLQJZLWKRXWPXFKHIIHFWRQWKHOWUDWH
quality. Thus the capping of conventional
RSF can be very effective tool in case of
overloaded conventional plants where
KLJKHU UDWH RI OWUDWLRQ FDQ EH SRVVLEOH
ZLWKRXWPXFKPRGLFDWLRQ
Future scope
The coconut shell used as a capping media was
FKDUJHGEHIRUHXVHG7KLVZLOOGHQLWHO\KHOSWKH
media to extend its life by reducing the decaying
effect. The charged media is also capable to offer
more resistance to the bacterial action. The long
term study about the life of such media is essential.
508
2.
Acknowledgement
The authors are very much thankful to the
Mr.Babasaheb Choudhari, Hydraulic Engineer,
Ichalkaranji Municipal Council and Mr. Bajirao
Kamble for allowing their team to work at
Ichalkaranji Municipal Water Treatment Plant and
providing all possible help during study period.
4.
References
1.
3.
5.
6.
7.
SOFTWARE FOR
DESIGN OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
: ETPSOFT03
: WTPSOFT03
: SEWERESOFT03
: WDNSOFT03
PRACHI SERVICES
WORLDENVIRO
509
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Abstract
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDQDSSURDFKIRUVXUIDFHZDWHUTXDOLW\FKDQJHVLQ(OHFWULFDO&RQGXFWLYLW\(&
of Jayakwadi reservoir. Jayakwadi reservoir serves multiple purposes such as water for drinking,
LUULJDWLRQLQGXVWULDOHWF0RQWKO\REVHUYHGGDWDRIZDWHUTXDOLW\WKDWSRLQWWRZDUGVVLPSOHEURDG
fast and continuous measured parameters from 2001-2012 at Pategaon observation station is
FROOHFWHG9DULRXVFRPELQDWLRQVRIZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVXVLQJ7HPSHUDWXUHS+7'6'2DQG
%2'DUHFRQVLGHUHGDVLQSXWSDUDPHWHUVIRUQGLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\FKDQJHVLQ(&6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV
and two different ANN strategies, Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN) and Cascade Correlation
)HHGIRUZDUG1HXUDO1HWZRUN&&))KDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGIRUSUHGLFWLRQRI(&5RRW0HDQ6TXDUH
Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Percent of Prediction within a Factor of 1.1(FA1.1),
,QGH[RI$JUHHPHQW,$DQG&RHIFLHQWRI&RUUHODWLRQ5VWDWLVWLFVDUHXVHGIRUWKHFRPSDULVRQ
criteria. Comparison of the results indicate that the FFNN performed slightly well than the CCFF for
(&LQ-D\DNZDGLUHVHUYRLUZLWKRQHLQSXWLH7RWDO'LVVROYHG6ROLGV7'6
Abstract: Cascade Correlation Feedforward; Electrical Conductivity; Feedforward Neural Network;
Statistical Analysis; Water Quality.
1.0 Introduction
The water is an important natural resource for
different purposes such as drinking, irrigation,
K\GURHOHFWULFLW\ VK IRVWHULQJ DQG UHFUHDWLRQ
therefore, it requires at least an acceptable
level of water quality [Alam et al. (2007);
Emamgholizadeh et al. (2014)]. The need of study
of surface water quality is one of the major issues
today due to increase in the load of pollution from
industrial, commercial and residential sectors with
its effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems
[Diamantopoulou et al. (2005); Choudhary et al.
(2011)]. Rankovic et al. (2010) stated that basic
problem in the case of water quality monitoring is
the complexity associated with analyzing the large
number of variables. Palani et al. (2008) predicted
the water quality key factor in the water quality
management of stream and it enables a manager
1
WRFKRRVHDQRSWLRQWKDWVDWLVHVDODUJHQXPEHU
RILGHQWLHGFRQGLWLRQV
Electrical conductivity (EC) is considered to be a
rapid and good measure of dissolved solids which
UHHFWVWKHSROOXWLRQVWDWXVDVZHOODVWURSLFOHYHO
of the aquatic body [Gupta et al. (2007); Heydari et
al. (2013)]. Najah et al.VWXGLHGVLJQLFDQW
changes in EC parameters and concluded that EC
is an indicator of too much salt in the polluted
stream of water.
In this paper, the objective is to check the surface
water quality changes in EC using various
combinations of input parameters; Temperature,
pH, TDS, DO and BOD. Another objective is
to determine the best input parameter among all
for predicting EC. Performances of strategies
are compared by statistical criteria Root Mean
Oct.-Dec. 2015
510
3.0 Methodology
The monthly water quality data collected from
2001-12 at Pategaon observation station and
statistical variation of dataset has been calculated
by statistical analysis i.e. mean, mode, median and
standard deviation. After knowing the variation of
2.0 Study Area
dataset, the value of dataset has been compared
Jayakwadi reservoir is located on Godavari River with soft-tools such as ANN. The ANN is a data
LQ0DKDUDVKWUDVWDWH,QGLDDVVKRZQLQJXUH,WLV processing system, based on an idea similar to the
a multipurpose project, and mainly used to irrigate processing of the human brain that treats data as
agricultural land in the drought-prone region of a steady network parallel to each other in order to
the state. It also provides water for drinking, hydro solve a problem. With the networks, the structure of
HOHFWULFLW\DTXDWLFOLIHQDYLJDWLRQVKSURGXFWLRQ data is designed to help programming knowledge
and industrial usage. The surrounding area of in which the behavior is as same as natural neural
the dam has a garden and a bird sanctuary. It is DQG LWV FRPSRQHQW $Q DUWLFLDO QHXUDO V\VWHP
bounded by latitude 192755N and longitude consists of three components, including weighting
752427E with catchment area of 21,750 sq. km, (w), bias (b) and transfer function (f). These three
length of 10.20 Km and gross storage capacity of components are unique for each neural system.
2909 Million cubic meters. Reservoir receives The network topography consists of a set of nodes
water from Godavari River and its tributaries in (neurons) connected by links and are usually
the upstream catchment.
organized in number of layers. The basic structure
Journal of Indian Water Works Association
511
Oct.-Dec. 2015
)LJ$FWLYDWLRQ)XQFWLRQV7DQVLJDQG3XUOLQ
General Setting
Network
FFNN, CFNN
Max. Epoch
1000
Training Algorithm
Levenberg-Marquardt
(trainlm)
Transfer Function
/RJVLJ7DQVLJ
Performance
R2,RMSE, MAE,
Function
IA,FA1.1
Adaption Learning
LEARNGDM
Function
No. of Neurons
2 to 20
No. of Hidden Layers 2
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Input
(TDS)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t, (DO)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t, (DO)t,
(BOD)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t, (DO)t,
(BOD)t, (pH)t
512
Abbreviation
T
TT
TTD
output
(EC)t
(EC)t
(EC)t
TTDB
(EC)t
TTDBP
(EC)t
Mathematical Expression
&RHIFLHQWRI&RUUHODWLRQ
IA
Index of Agreement
FA1.1
TDS
Temp
DO
BOD
pH
EC
258.73
26.86
6.21
5.44
8.07
365.41
242.00
27.00
6.20
2.33
8.10
344.00
240.00
27.00
6.40
1.40
8.20
510.00
93.24
2.48
0.98
6.87
0.42
126.80
0.24
0.70
1.60
3.87
-0.42
0.22
0.83
0.04
-0.02
2.09
-0.33
0.66
110.00
20.00
2.90
0.50
7.00
163.00
562.00
35.30
9.30
32.00
8.90
815.00
500
15-35
5
5
6.5-8.5
300
BIS ICMR/ WHO ICMR/ WHO ICMR/ WHO BIS/ ICMR ICMR/ WHO
1RWH([FHSWS+(&DQG7HPSDOOYDOXHVDUHLQPJ/
Journal of Indian Water Works Association
513
Oct.-Dec. 2015
)LJ5DGDU&XUYHIRU(&
Equation
Testing R2
Training R2
Partitions
Cp = 0.866 Co + 49.40
Cp = 0.845 Co + 56.69
Cp = 0.880 Co + 53.26
)LJ6FDWWHUSORWRISUHGLFWHGZLWKREVHUYHG(&7UDLQLQJ7HVWLQJDV
Oct.-Dec. 2015
514
Table 6 Result summary of FFNN and CCFF model for the training and testing dataset of EC with
different input Combinations
Model
M1
M2
Architect
FF_Tan_10
(&B7
(&B77
(&B77'
(&B77'%
(&B77'%3
CF_Pur_6
(&B7
(&B77
(&B77'
(&B77'%
(&B77'%3
Training
2
Testing
RSME
MAE
46.768
44.007
49.325
48.091
44.348
38.300
35.272
39.083
30.765
35.615
0.867
0.903
0.774
0.957
0.895
0.782
0.809
0.817
0.854
0.829
1.048
1.037
0.990
1.031
1.018
48.084
48.667
48.225
56.129
50.973
40.774
41.299
40.602
46.468
41.456
0.853
0.861
0.849
0.851
0.837
0.788
0.782
0.788
0.752
0.779
1.056
1.071
1.070
1.113
1.097
IA
MAE
R2
IA
FA1.1
36.889
42.364
89.691
58.534
43.080
27.057
31.526
67.204
29.103
36.784
0.917
0.626
0.782
0.590
0.824
0.811
0.770
0.696
0.882
0.753
0.983
0.958
0.929
1.022
0.987
50.156
49.063
46.149
50.701
58.479
43.737
42.568
40.458
40.745
50.123
0.838
0.838
0.861
0.854
0.714
0.703
0.719
0.706
0.690
0.779
0.976
0.981
0.976
0.968
1.061
FA1.1 RSME
515
Oct.-Dec. 2015
4.0 Conclusions
In this study, the dependency of water quality
parameters on each other has been calculated
using the statistical analysis and ANN. It was
observed that the TDS, BOD and DO have
exceed the limits by BIS standards and Standard
Deviation is 126.80 for EC; means observation
series have less homogeneous and inconsistent
while curve is platykurtic and positive distributed.
The performance of various combinations for
FFNN and CCFF have been studied and compared
on the basis of performance indicators. Result of
FFNN shows lesser amount of errors than CCFF.
Assessments of RMSE, MAE, IA and FA1.1 have
been found to be 36.889, 27.057, 0.811 and 0.983
respectively for FFNN. TDS parameter gives
better prediction of surface water quality changes
in EC with lesser amount of error in this study.
5.0 Acknowledgement
This material is based upon work supported by
2IFHRIWKH6'6&0DQDJHUDQG6XSHULQWHQGLQJ
Engineer, Data Analysis Circle, Water Resources
Department Nasik.
6.0
1.
2.
3.
References
Alam M.J.B., Islam M.R., Muyen Z., Mamun M.
and Islam S., Water quality parameters along
rivers, International Journal Environmental
6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\, Vol. 4(1), 2007, pp.159-167
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), IS: 10500:2012,
'ULQNLQJ :DWHU 6SHFLFDWLRQ nd Revision),
Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD25, May
2012, India, pp.1-11.
Diamantopoulou M.J., Papamichai D.M. and
Antonopoulos V.Z., The Use of a Neural
Network Technique for the Prediction of Water
Quality Parameters, Operational Research, An
International Journal, ASCE, Vol. 5 (1), 2005, pp.
115-125
Oct.-Dec. 2015
4.
516
Abstract
7KHSROOXWLRQFDXVHGE\G\HVWXIIUHVLGXHVDQGGLVFKDUJHGXULQJG\HLQJDQGQLVKLQJSURFHVVHVLQWKH
WH[WLOHLQGXVWU\KDVEHHQDVHULRXVHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPIRUWKH\HDUV7KHG\HVXQGHUJRYDULRXV
SK\VLFRFKHPLFDO FKDQJHV DQG DOVR XWLOL]HG R[\JHQ IURP WKH VWUHDP 7KH ZDVWHZDWHUV FRQWDLQLQJ
HVSHFLDOO\D]RG\HVDUHWR[LFDQGPXWDJHQLFWRPLFUREHVDQGVKVSHFLHV+HQFHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR
WUHDWWH[WLOHHIXHQWVEHIRUHWKHLUGLVFKDUJH
(OHFWURFKHPLFDO R[LGDWLRQ LV SURPLVLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ EHFDXVH RI LWV YHUVDWLOLW\ HQHUJ\ HIFLHQF\
DXWRPDWLRQDQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVV7KHDLPRIWKLVZRUNZDVWRWHVWWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIHOHFWURFKHPLFDO
PHWKRGIRUWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRIUHDFWLYHG\HXVLQJJUDSKLWHDQRGH7KHVWXG\UHYHDOVWKDWDWHOHFWURO\VLV
GXUDWLRQRIPLQZLWKDS+DPD[LPXPFRORUUHPRYDORIFDQEHDFKLHYHGDWDQRSHUDWLQJ
FXUUHQW RI $ 'XH WR LWV HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG HDVH LQ RSHUDWLRQ HOHFWURFKHPLFDO R[LGDWLRQ XVLQJ
graphite anode can be used for the removal of color in textile wastewater treatments.
Keywords: Color; COD; pH; Reactive dye.
1. Introduction
Dyes constitute a small portion of the total
volume of waste discharged in textile processing,
FRORU UHPRYDO IURP HIXHQW LV D PDMRU SUREOHP
for textile industry because of several reasons,
the presence of even a small fraction of dyes in
water is highly visible due to high tinctorial value
of dyes and affects the aesthetic merit of streams
and other water resources (Joshi et.al, 2003).
Most of the dyes used in ancient times were
discovered by accident, they often consist of
natural plants that were common in society. As
dyes were developed and experimented with,
people became more adventurous and would
attempt different mediums as dyes. Hence, the
dyeing industry developed. Some well-known
ancient natural dyes include indigo, madder,
and cochineal. Today, with the invention of
synthetic materials used in textiles, many new
*
**
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University,
%DQJDORUH.DUQDWDND,QGLDUHNKDKE#JPDLOFRP0RELOH
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University,
Bangalore-560056, Karnataka, India.
517
Oct.-Dec. 2015
518
2.
3.
4.
)LJ0ROHFXODU6WUXFWXUHRIWKH5HDFWLYH5HG5%
519
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Value
Colour index
Chromophore
10
Reactive anchor
systems
Molar mass
(nonhydrolyzed
dye)
Water solubility at
293 K(g/L)
Percentage of pure
dye
pH value (at 10
g/L water)
COD value (mg/g)
11
5
9
Where,
absmax = Absorbance of the raw sample at 510nm.
abst = Absorbance of the samples collected
DW UHJXODU WLPH LQWHUYDOV W DW D [HG
wavelength of 510 nm.
REACTIVE RED
RB 133
Azo
984.21
70
63%
7
540
520
)LJ([SHULPHQWDO6HW8S
)LJ$EVRUSWLRQ6SHFWUXPRI5HDFWLYH'\H555%LQ$TXHRXV6ROXWLRQ
3.
Results and Discussions
Fig 4 shows the spectrum graph of absorbance
values at different wavelength. At 510 nm a
peak absorbance of 1.082 was observed. For
IXUWKHUGHFRORUL]DWLRQHIFLHQF\RIHOHFWURGHV
absorbance was measured at that particular
wavelength.
3.1 The effects of electrolyte concentration
The addition of NaCl would lead to the decrease
in power consumption because of the increase
in conductivity. Therefore effect of electrolyte
concentration on electrochemical oxidation of
reactive dye were investigated. Fig 5 shows
the results of variation of NaCl with respect to
removal of color.
3.2
521
Oct.-Dec. 2015
)LJ9DULDWLRQRI&RORU5HPRYDODVD)XQFWLRQRI
Electrolysis Duration
Oct.-Dec. 2015
voltage
$QRGLFHIFLHQF\
Kg of
dye removed per
kg of anode
0.14
5.20
0.0310
4.85
0.857
2.30
0.24
7.10
0.0339
9.94
0.571
2.286
0.34
8.40
0.0415
14.17
0.474
1.879
18.66
0.428
1.855
25.83
0.381
1.707
Anode
consumption
grams
Energy
consumption
kWh/kg of COD
Applied current
Fig 10: SEM image of graphite anode before treatment Fig 11: SEM image of graphite anode after treatment.
Effect of pH
2.
523
Oct.-Dec. 2015
3.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
524
Abstract
$UWLFOH UHYLHZV $0587 JXLGHOLQHV IRU GHYHORSPHQW RI 5HVLOLHQW :DWHU ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH IRU IXWXUH
mission cities. Document provide insight of issues, challenges, and opportunities to make mission
successful. It recognizes water projects development withholistic ecosystem. It has put forth the
possible prioritization and resourcing with mix of technologies needed for cities transformation.
Article proposes indispensable elements to upkeep project transitions with recent learnings from
,QGLDQZDWHUVHFWRUDQGDOOLHGSURMHFWH[HFXWLRQSUDFWLFHV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRIDFLOLWDWH
project progressfor building spirited basic services with provision of water services for all and water
for people.
Introduction
In India, pace of urbanization is much higher than
development of basic obligatory infrastructure
needed to support civic centers. Demand for
public services are growing across all the sections
of societies. It imposes great stress on existing
water infrastructure, surrounding environment
and meet expectations of political masters for
service delivery. Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) endorses learning from earlier mission in
its spirit for Infrastructure creation and further laid
down the operational guidelines under the three
landmark missions in June 2015 1.
2.
3.
Urban water professional (MSc-Urban Water Engg & Mgmt,UNESCO-IHE, The Netherlands),
(PDLOVXQHHWYP#JPDLOFRP0RE
525
Oct.-Dec. 2015
2)
3)
4)
526
1.4
527
Oct.-Dec. 2015
528
1.8
529
iii)
&DSLWDOLQYHVWPHQWHIFLHQF\
New Approach
With current water sector scenario of India, ULB
are not in position to recover Capital investment
of projects and are making efforts to recover
operational cost from available revenue collection.
AMRUT expects ULB to put their share of funds
IRU SURMHFW GHYHORSPHQW (YHQ WKRXJK ELJ RZ
RI IXQGV DUH RZLQJ IURP &HQWHU WR 6WDWH DQG
Private sectors may bring their domain expertise further to ULB under AMRUT and associated
to improve performance of waste water treatment schemes. Missions success actively depends on
SODQWVLPSURYHZDVWHZDWHUFROOHFWLRQHIFLHQF\ responsibilities and commitment to put up funds
and operation and maintenance of plants. ULB from ULB side, which will be around 2 to 3 times
have to support sewerage system operations as of funds received from center. Many Municipal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
530
531
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Summary
Article reveals distinction of AMRUT guidelines
Sometimes, certain section of stakeholder or and put forward complementary measures to
individual oppose project for his or her short vision deliver water infrastructure in reality. These
EHQHWV,WGHOD\VWKHHQWLUHSURMHFWH[HFXWLRQDQG recommendations will address highly complex
defeat project delivery in time. In such case of and multi-faceted project objectives. Mission
FRQLFW RI LQWHUHVWV VXFK FDVHV WR EH SULRULWL]HG managers will confront the said recommendation
by local courts with time bound hearings.
will be useful with rise in societal expectations and
limited resources. With changing Institutional and
5.0 Institutional Capacity Building :
technological arrangement will deliver long-term
foundation stone for project delivery
sustainable outcomes. Trust the AMRUT mission
In general Capacity building term refer to skills is a vibrant instrument for promoting growth
development along with hand holding support to and development. It has all potential to build
departments and individuals skills to deal with sustainable Indian cities as growing economic
project challenges of today and tomorrow. There is centers and an instrument to build nation, we love.
slow adaptation of state of art engineering project
WHFKQRORJLHVE\IXQFWLRQDULHV,QGLYLGXDORIFHUV Resource
authorities have to be encouraged for their aptitude 1. AMRUT Guidelines, GOI-MoUD, June 2015
towards new learnings with inter departmental 2. Annexure 1: Reforms Milestones and Timelines for
rewards/promotions. Guidelines have to set future
AMRUT Cities
career road map for progressive individuals 3. 2IFH 0HPRUDQGXP 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI 6PDUW &LW\
ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO EHQHWV IRU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI
proposals, GOI-MoUD, July 10, 2015
technologies and tools. This individual progressive 4. Presentations during PM launch, Jun 2015
plan will lead project from front.
(www.moud.gov.in)
Oct.-Dec. 2015
532
533
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Sealing Gaskets
SOCKET OF PIPE
TYTON
RUBBER GASKET
Push-on (Tyton)
Joint Rubber Gasket
for CI/DI Pipe
Mechanical Joint
Rubber Gasket
Dual thickness
Rubber Gasket for
Flange Joint
Rubber O Ring
suitable for High
temperature
Special Rubber
Gasket for jiffyTM
Fittings
Kolkata Works
Tele/Fax : 0712-2248801/2248848
E-mails : otcngp@gmail.com
Tele/Fax: 033-25371235,32979683
E-mail: durable.works@gmail.com
Oct.-Dec. 2015
534
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
National Events
1.
2.
3.
4.
HQ ACTIVITIES
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS
1.
535
c)
The concept of renewable energy & energy
HIFLHQF\ LQ VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW KDV EHHQ
very well brought out and its wide application
in rural areas in the form of solar energy further
in realization of enormous need to electrify the
rural areas. Renewable energy will have least
impact in environment & ecology and widely
suited for decentralised applications and uses.
Further renewable energy has wide scope in with
reference to inaccessible areas and hilly terrains
that way the concept of renewable energy can
be widely addressed and adopted. Based on the
above it is the responsibility of society to conserve
the energy and resources to protect environment.
d) Roof top electricity generation using SV panels
can electrify remote household. To decentralize
the power generation microgrids can be formed
536
Indore Centre
f)
The concept of Structural health monitoring
has taken wide dimension in present day
renovation of existing bridges. Installing sensing
devices helps in analysing various parameters
helping prolonging service life of structure
PHDVXULQJ WKH UHFWLFDWLRQ RI DQ\ GHIHFWV WKDW
arise during its service life. Frugal engineering
through health monitoring systems, which is
affordable, accessible, adoptable and appropriate
technologies for Civil engineering structures.
g)
The concept of rain water harvesting and
effective utilization of storm water increasing the
storage capacity by desiltation ( Silt can be used
as a good manure), waste water treatment, recycle,
reuse, recovery, encouraging afforestation and
change in raw material usage/production to get
good yield. Thus protecting the environment,
tackling the issue of climate change/global
warming.
Lucknow Centre
IWWA Lucknow Center in Association with
the Institution of Engineers (India) and the
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru
National Institute of Technology, Allahabad has
organized International Conference on GeoEngineering and Climate Change Technologies
for Sustainable Environmental Management
(GCCT-2015) from 09th to 11th October, 2015
in which more than 120 research papers and 12
key note speeches from India and abroad were
presented.
The inaugural function of the Conference was
addressed by Mr. Rajan Shukla I.A.S., Divisional
Commissioner, Allahabad as Chief Guest. The
conference created a platform for expressing and
537
Oct.-Dec. 2015
1.
2.
Sustainable Development
3.
Climate Change
4.
Waste Management
5.
Water Management
6.
Disaster Management
7.
Transport Management
8.
Smart Cities
9.
Energy Management
Lecture Meeting
Green Construction
Madurai Centre
IWWA Madurai Centre hold a technical talk on
Water & Environment Planning for Smart Cities
on 22nd Nov.2015. The speaker was
538
Saraswati Vidyalay
Journal of Indian Water Works Association
Saraswati Vidyalay
c)
Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary and
his team gave training to Mason at Pokharbhosi,
Taluka Loha, Dist Nanded for constructing . two
Ferro cement Water Storage Tank having capacity
of 1,400 and 20,000 ltrs. Tanks are completed in
Nov 2015.
d) Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary and
his team from Jalvadhini Trust, Mumbai gave
training to Mason and farmers at Mogaraj, Taluka
Karjat Dist Raigad for constructing . two Ferro
cement Water Storage Tank having capacity of
6000 ltrs. Tanks are completed in Dec. 2015.Tank
cost born by Jalvardhini Trust.
e)
Training Program on Water conservation was
organized at College of Engineering Ambejogai,
Dist Beed in Marathawada on 23rd Nov. 2015.
About 100 student were present for practical.
Masons were trained to construct Ferrocement
Water Storage Tank. Two tank of 7,00 Liters
capacity each were constructed in the collage
premises. These tank will be used by college for
curing of Cubes.
f)
Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary of
Mumbai Centre and team from Jalvadhini Trust,
Mumbai have arranged Training Program on
Water conservation at Rajendra Mane Polytechnic
at Ambav (Devrukh) Tal. Sangameshwar
539
Oct.-Dec. 2015
USUAL FEATURES
IWWAs Membership strength as on 31st
December 2015
Life Fellows
Life Members
Life Organisation Members
Student Members
Associate Members
Total
Odisha Centre
Oct.-Dec. 2015
909
7908
484
312
3
9616
540
3UROHVRIVRPHRIWKH/LIH2UJDQLVDWLRQ0HPEHUV
LOM 797
SVPMs College of Engingeering, Malegaon (Bk)
At.Post : Malegaon (Bk), Taluka : Baramati, Dist:
Pune 413115
Tel : 02112-255113 Fax : 02112-254424
(PDLOMDPEKDOHBDSSDVDKHE#UHGLIIPDLOFRP
Website : www.engg.svpm.edu.in
Activities : Teaching, Projects and Consultancy
Contact : Mr.Jambhale Appasaheb Santu, Principal.
LOM 799
M/s. Glynwed Pipe Systems (I) Pvt.Ltd.
A - 208, Kailash Complex, Park Site,
Vikhroli - Hiranandani Link Road,
Vikhroli (West), Mumbai 400079.Maharashtra
Tel : 022-67258888 Fax : 022-67253800
Email.sesha.sai@glynwedindia.com
$FWLYLWLHV 0DQXIDFWXULQJ VHOOLQJ RI WWLQJV
calibration of electro fusion machines.
Contact : Mr. S. Sesha Sai, Manager Sales &
Marketing.
LOM 800
541
Oct.-Dec. 2015
:LVH:RUGV
Abstract
7H[WLOHLQGXVWULHVDUHNQRZQWRGLVFKDUJHHIXHQWVFRQWDLQLQJKLJKO\WR[LFFRPSRXQGVDQGKDYHKLJK
&2'&KHPLFDOWUHDWPHQWRIG\HZDVWHZDWHUZLWKDFRDJXODWLQJRFFXODWLQJDJHQWLVRQHRIWKHUREXVW
ways to remove colour and COD. In this study, the coagulant dose was optimized for simulated as well
as actual wastewater. For this, jar test was carried out using four different coagulants: Aluminium
Sulphate, Ferric Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and Poly Aluminium Chloride. PAC was observed
to give good colour and COD removal as compared to other three coagulants, in both the types of
wastewater mentioned.
Keywords: 7H[WLOHZDVWHZDWHU'\HV&RORXUUHPRYDO&RDJXODQWV
1.
INTRODUCTION
Dept. of Civil Engg., Malaviya National Instittue of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
543
Oct.-Dec. 2015
1.
Aluminium sulphate
Graph 1 shows comparison of colour removal
HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ $O2(SO4)3.16H2O. It showed
that the curve followed same trend in both the
solutions. Graph 2 shows comparison of COD
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ $O2(SO4)3.16H2O. It
shows there was a slight difference in the pattern
at 4th point.
544
Table 1:
Comparison of different parameters between simulated waste and actual waste at optimum dose
Optimum Dose
Simulated
(.5g/L)
Colour removal
(IFLHQF\
COD Removal
(IFLHQF\
Turbidity (NTU)
pH
Actual
(9.73)
Al2(SO4)3.16H2O
0.32g/L
16g/L
80.8
98.183
86.470
28.366
55.5
FeCl3
0.24g/L
8g/L
93.2
89.017
81.502
69.346
1.4
85
1.4
2.15
PAC
0.8mL/L
32mL/L
97.4
99.67
79.156
29.516
0.8
55.3
7.28
8.4g/L
112g/L
49
75.035
44.954
44.627
0.6
72.1
7.7
8.24
MgCl2
Graph 1:&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ$O2(SO4)3.16H2O
Graph 2:&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ$O2(SO4)3
2.
Ferric chloride
545
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Graph 3:&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ)H&O3
Graph 4:&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ)H&O3
3.
Poly Aluminium Chloride
Graph 5 shows comparison of colour removal
HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ 3$&. It showed that the curve
followed almost same trend in both the solutions.
Graph 5:&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ3$&
Oct.-Dec. 2015
546
Graph 6:&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ3$&
4.
Magnesium chloride
Graph 7 shows comparison of colour removal
HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ 0J&O2. It showed that the curve
ZDV PRUH XFWXDWHG IRU DFWXDO ZDVWH Graph 8
*UDSK&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ0J&O2
*UDSK&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ0J&O2
Journal of Indian Water Works Association
547
Oct.-Dec. 2015
MgCl2
PAC
FeCl3
Simulated
-0.32g/L
actual16g/L
Simulated8.4g/L
actual112g/l
Simulated.8ml/L
d(.1)
.181m
2.516
3.393m
3.108
3.920m
12.404
2.432m
7.146
d(.5)
.380 m
8.02
33.198m
19.213
10.051m
27.476
7.655m
17.622
d(.9)
57.439m
19.811
103.491m
39.36
43.488m
55.711
37.119m
58.154
CONCLUSION
Effect of different chemical dosing on colour
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ Using simulated waste dye
solution as well as actual waste, best colour
removal was observed using PAC (97.4% and
99.67% respectively). For actual waste, the
optimum dose of PAC was 32mL/L of waste PAC is
a poly-electrolyte and pre- hydrolysing metallic salt
and hence, showed better results than hydrolysing
metallic salts (MgCl2, FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3.16H2O).
It followed adsorption and charge neutralization
mechanism since turbidity at optimum dose was
55.3NTU using actual waste.
Effect of different chemical dosing on pH: In all the
cases, pH was decreased. It was slightly decreased
in case of PAC and MgCl2. It was moderately
decreased in case of Al2(SO4)3.16H2O. It was
considerably decreased in case of FeCl3 since it is
acidic.
Effect of different chemical dosing on turbidity:
Turbidity was considerably decreased in case
of simulated waste. Turbidity was decreased in
case of actual waste also. But turbidity of FeCl3
supernatant was increased reason being that
RFFXODWHG SDUWLFOHV ZHUH OLJKWHU DQG WKH\ GLG QRW
settle down.
Effect of different chemical dosing on COD
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ Using simulated waste dye
Oct.-Dec. 2015
2.
548
REFERENCES
&OHVFHUO / 6 * $ &ORVHG 5HX[
Colorometric Method. In G. A. Clescerl L. S.,
Standard Methods for the examination of water and
wastewater (pp. 394-397). American Public Health
Association, American Water Works Association,
Water Environment Federation.
EPA (1974), Wastewater-treatment systems:
Upgrading textile operations to reduce pollution,
United States environmental protection agency,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
44
549
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Abstract
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDERXWXSJUDGDWLRQDQGPRGHUQL]DWLRQRIWZRZDWHUWUHDWPHQWSODQWVDW%KRSDO
DFDSLWDOFLW\RI0DGK\D3UDGHVKSURYLQFHRI,QGLD7KHDXWKRUYLVLWHGWKH:73VLWHVWRVWXG\WKH
ongoing water treatment processes and operations involved in through which surface water is being
SXULHG7KHSDSHUFRQVLVWVRIVWXG\DQGGHVFULSWLRQRIPDWHULDOVHTXLSPHQWDQGSURFHGXUHVXVHG
at plant for water treatment. Author also put his best to elaborate the actual plant conditions, and
problems faced in or out by processes and operations involved at plant and the tactics used to deal with
WKHPLQWKHSODQWV7KHVWXG\RIWZRPDLQORFDOZDWHUWUHDWPHQWSODQWVRI%KRSDOXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
DUH1DUD\DQJLUL:DWHUWUHDWPHQW3ODQW0*'DQG.RODU:DWHU7UHDWPHQW3ODQW0*'7KH
main objectives of up gradation and optimization are to perform study of the treatment plants and to
UHODWHWKHDFWXDOJURXQGFRQGLWLRQVZLWKWKHWKHRUHWLFDOFRQGLWLRQV7RSURYLGHVXLWDEOHVXJJHVWLRQV
DQGPHWKRGWRLPSURYHWKHHIFLHQF\RISODQWDVZHOODVWRUHGXFHWKHRSHUDWLRQDOFRVWRIWKHSODQWV
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULVDOVRWRHPSKDVL]HRQWKHUHF\FOLQJRIZDWHULQWKHSODQWE\SURYLGLQJ
suitable solutions.
Keywords: :DWHU 7UHDWPHQW 3ODQWV 2SHUDWLRQ DQG 3URFHVV 8SJUDGDWLRQ DQG 0RGHUQL]DWLRQ
Operation and Maintenance,Bhopal
1.
INTRODUCTION
Water is a precious commodity. Most of the earth
water is sea water. About 2.5% of the water is
IUHVKZDWHUWKDWGRHVQRWFRQWDLQVLJQLFDQWOHYHOV
of dissolved minerals or salt and two third of that
is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. In total only
0.01% of the total water of the planet is accessible
for consumption. Clean drinking water is a basic
human need. Unfortunately, more than one in six
people still lack reliable access to this precious
resource in developing world.
India accounts for 2.45% of land area and 4% of
water resources of the world but represents 16% of
the world population. With the present population
1
2
3
Assistant Professor, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal,
Email: skkharole@rgtu.net
Associate Professor, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal,
Email: skushwah@rgtu.net
Professor, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal,
Email:ssbhadauria@gmail.com
Oct.-Dec. 2015
550
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The present total water supply from all the 10
water treatment plants in the city is about 299
MLD. All the plants have conventional water
WUHDWPHQWV\VWHPZLWKUDSLGVDQGOWHUV
Upper Lake: The Upper Lake is raw water source
for the nine water treatment plants of different
capacities. The lake is spread over 6.25 sq.km
area. Discharge of wastewater into the lake and
GLUHFW LQ RZ RI VXUIDFH UXQRII DUH SUHYHQWHG WR
protect the water quality of the lake. Uptake of
water from the lake is about 146 MLD for these 9
treatment plants located at different places in the
city.
Kolar Dam: Raw water supply from Kolar dam
to Kolar WTP is 162 MLD. The dam on Kolar
River was constructed near Birpur village, which
is about 32 km from Bhopal city. The capacity of
the dam is 265 MCM. The present water supply
to city from this treatment plant is 153 MLD. The
Water Demand
Total water demand as per city agency (PHED)
Per capita water demand as per PHED
Total water demand as per CPHEEO @ 175 LPCD
Water sourced from surface sources
Water sourced from ground sources
Total water supplied
Per capita supply
Leakage loss
Actual supply (after deducting leakage losses)
Per capita supply (after deducting leakage losses)
Population served by water supply system
Demand-supply gap (after leakage losses)
Demand (2011), as projected in 2005-06
Augmentation needed to meet 2011 water demand
Required increase in supply
Number of WTPs
Total treatment capacity
Actual treatment
Quantity
281 MLD
176 LPCD
280 MLD
88%
12%
266 MLD
166 LPCD
35%
173 MLD
108 MLD
67%
108 LPCD
344 MLD
78 MLD
29%
10
308 MLD
260 MLD
Source: $QRQ&LW\:DWHU([FUHWD6XUYH\&HQWUHIRU6FLHQFHDQG(QYLURQPHQW1HZ'HOKL
551
Oct.-Dec. 2015
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Raw Water
Source
Kolar Dam
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Total
Surface
Source
Intake
Mains
Point Diameter (mm)
NarayangiriBhopal
Kolar-Bhopal
Upper
Lake
Kolar
Dam
Kamla
Park
Kolar
Dam
534
2400
Capacity (MLD)
Design
Present
162.0
153.0
54.0
54.0
23.0
23.0
20.0
9.0
20.0
13.5
13.5
4.5
4.5
2.0
2.0
308.0
9.0
13.5
13.5
4.5
4.5
2.0
2.0
299.0
Fe
Mn
Aeration
NarayangiriBhopal
N/A
Kolar-Bhopal
N/A
Source
NarayangiriBhopal
92 - 144
Kolar-Bhopal
124 - 155
Oct.-Dec. 2015
pH
Cl-
SO4- -
NO3-
MPN
68 - 106
16-30
2400
121 - 149
8.1-81
552
Water
Treatment
Plants (WTPs)
Water
Treated
(MLD)
NarayangiriBhopal
Kolar-Bhopal
22.7
Alum Class C
Chlorine
Alum
Consumption Consumption Dose
(MT/Year)
(mg/l)
(MT/Year)
109.5
22.5
13.2
162.8
878.6
120
14.8
Chlorine
Lime
Dose(mg/l) Consumption
Pre Post
1.0
2.0
2.0
28.3
Water
Treated
(MLD)
Narayangiri-Bhopal
22.7
Kolar-Bhopal
162.8
Alum Class C
Consumption
(MT/Year)
109.5
878.6
Av. Alum
(mg/l)
13.2
14.8
Alum in
Monsoon
(mg/l)
25 - 40
18 - 22
SEDIMENTATION: It refers to the process by which suspended impurities settle down at the bottom
due to effect of the gravity. Large particles settle down faster.
WTPs
Narayangiri
Kolar
Rectangular
Circular
2
3
Detention
Automatic
Period (hrs.) Sludge Removal
3-4
Not working
2.5 - 3
Working
Alkali
Consumption
Screen
Fishing
FILTRATION: Filtration is mainly done to remove the organic impurities and bacteria after the
VHGLPHQWDWLRQSURFHVV0RVWO\UDSLGVDQGOWHUVDUHXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH
WTPs
Narayangiri
Kolar
Filter Type
Rapid Type
Rapid Type
Indicator
Working
Not-working
Filter beds
4
16
553
Oct.-Dec. 2015
,QJHQHUDOWKHPRVWGLIFXOWFKHPLFDOIRUHIIHFWLYH
handling is lime, which is corrosive, dusty and
spreads easily throughout the building if not
FDUHIXOO\ KDQGOHG DQG FRQQHG /LPH KDQGOLQJ
and preparation should be separated and isolated
3.3 Filter Backwash
7KHOWHUDGRSWHGLQERWKSODQWVDUH5DSLG6DQG as much as possible to avoid contamination of
Filters (RSF). The back wash frequency is in other operations. Isolation can be helped by using
EHWZHHQKRXUV4XDQWLW\RIOWHUEDFNZDVK a separated closed area or by canvas contain
is normally about 5%. It can easily be recycled walls, or by any method appropriate for local
conditions which will keep lime dust away
to the inlet of water treatment plant, as about 20
from other activities. Lime transport by closed
times dilution would be available at the inlet.
compressed air systems is rarely used in smaller
This can be adopted easily and it is been illustrated
treatment plants, and is custom-designed for each
in previous sections for Narayangiri Water
installation.
Treatment Plant, as water condition of Bhopal is
Record keeping should be well maintained, also
quite good.
pH meter should be installed at each stage of
Filter backwash water should be recycled to treatment. Water should be metered at every stage
conserve water. This emphasizes the need for to maintain an optimum dose of chemicals and to
treatment before introduction to inlet which is reduce wastage of chemicals.
VXJJHVWHG LQ SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV 5HXVH RI OWHUHG
backwash water, shall be explored by other water 3.5 Security of Water Treatment Plants
treatment plants. At Kolar, backwashing is done The security of plant and operators should be the
by guessing manner because of faulty apparatus UVWSULRULW\RIDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQ3ODQWVKRXOGEH
well secure
against the non-friendly activities
which should be repaired as soon as possible.
as it may affect life of lot of peoples. Security
3.4 Chlorinators
of Narayangiri is not satisfactory, it should be
Chlorinators of both plants are in perfect conditions. improved as the plant is located in the midBoth plants use vacuum type chlorinators. At city. Safety of operators should be provided
Narayangiri WTP pre-chlorination is also provided against the chlorine exposure and other kinds
Oct.-Dec. 2015
554
CONCLUSION
5.
REFERENCES
1.
555
Oct.-Dec. 2015
BOOK
REVIEW
We has opportunity to read through the rated book. This book is written in Hindi with few words
taken from Sanskrit as well. Content of book provides deep and elaborate information on Earth
& its environmental structure along with disintegration & conservation techniques. To propagate
KLVWKRXJKWWRYDULRXVFRPPXQLWLHVLQPRVWHIFLHQWZD\DXWKRUKDVLQFRUSRUDWHGDQGXWLOLVHG
English language as well wherever necessary.
Author has used the location photos and have used very easy language to communicate his
thought with most ease and interesting way.
There has been concentrated occurrence of elaborative critical thoughts on Earths uniqueness
and its variant character. There has been a balanced integration of ancient quotation with modern
WKRXJKWV$XWKRUKDVYHU\VNLOIXOO\SUHVHQWHGVFLHQWLFDQGHQJLQHHULQJNQRZOHGJHUHODWHGWR
our traditional observatory to modern pre-forecast techniques and occurrence of celestial events
under one roof in easy and understandable language. This efforts of author is highly appreciable
and acclaim able.
This book will surely prove to be an eye-opener & highly informative to our future generation,
students, scientists, social workers & elected representatives. This book is surely worth collectable
in all libraries.
By Er. Komal Prasad, Indore
Oct.-Dec. 2015
556
DISCUSSION ON ARTICLE
Water hammer and Pathogen Intrusion Studies on Water Distribution Systems
- S. Lingireddy & Ulhas Naik
VHYHUDO UHDO HOG LVVXHV DQG VXUJH SURWHFWLYH
Please accept my congratulations for publishing devices as we encountered such project earlier
good article on "water hammer... ", along with which took a lot of time and effort for the provision
of surge protective devices. Unfortunately,
Professor Srinivas Lingireddy.
were unable to publish that particular piece of
<RXUHGLWRULDOLQWKHLVVXHFLWHGLQVXEMHFWLVYHU\ interesting topic. The earlier project contains
interesting. After perusing through my attention 7 reaches and surge protective measures were
ZDVPDLQO\FHQWUHGRQWKHODVWSDUDJUDSK>DGYLFH suggested/designed. Four alternative surge
appeal] is of paramount importance. I was also schemes were examined for economical, reliable
impressed by the COVER PAGE and the details and maintenance-free operation of the [surge
furnished there in. Such engineering marvels - in protective] schemes. We surmise that the entire
the form of technical papers - shall be encouraged project might have been completed by now along
by IWWA Editors by inviting the relevant and with surge protective devices.
associated engineers to publish at least two papers:
My intent is not to advice the editors what they
a.
on engineering marvels of the 5 stage have to do but its a sincere request/suggestion. I
pumping scheme- design aspects and eagerly look forward to seeing such interesting
problems & solutions; and
articles and excellent editorials.
b.
on water hammer analysis and protective
With best regards
devices.
This kind of papers will be very important for young Dr P. V. RAO
engineers and future designers. Such technical Chief Engineer {Retd}
information is essential in the modern designs. Tata Consulting Engineers, Bangalore 560 001
, SHUVRQDOO\ NQRZ WKH GLIFXOWLHV LQ GHFLGLQJ IWWA LM001586 ; Mobile # 099453 35872
Dear Dr Ulhas Naik,
557
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
558
Printed and published by Dr. Ulhas S. Naik on behalf of Indian Water Works Association and Printed at India Printing
Works, India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Marg, Wadala, Mumbai - 400 031 and published at Indian Water Works
Association, MCGM Compound, Pipeline Road, Vakola, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400 055. Editor - Dr. Ulhas S. Naik