M BO CHT LNG PHN MM

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Bi ging cho sinh vin ngnh Cng ngh thng tin

Phan Th Hoi Phng

H Ni - 2010

Gii thiu
Trc nhng thch thc trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, vic m bo cht
lng phn mm (Software Quality Assurance-SQA) l ht sc quan trng, i hi phi
nghin cu mt cch nghim tc thc thi hiu qu. Ti liu ny cung cp nhng kin
thc c bn v cht lng phn mm, m bo cht lng trong mt d n pht trin
phn mm. Qui trnh xy dng h thng m bo cht lng phn mm cng c trnh
by trong ni dung bi ging. Qua , sinh vin hiu c cch thc xy dng mt h
thng m bo cht lng phn mm v vai tr ca nhng thnh vin trong h thng.
Mt s chun m bo cht lng cng c gii thiu trong nhng chng cui. Thng
qua ni dung bi ging sinh vin cng s nm c k nng r sot v kim th phn
mm.
Ti liu c son phn ln da trn cun sch Software Quality Assurance From
Theory to Implementation ca Daniel Galin v mt s ti liu v k ngh phn mm,
nhm h tr cho sinh vin gp kh khn khi c cc ti liu nguyn gc ting Anh.

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Ni dung bi ging c xy dng trong by chng:

Chng 1. Khi nim v cht lng phn mm v cc yu t cht lng phn mm

Nhng khi nim m u ca ti liu c gii thiu trong chng 1. Bt u vi

khi nim phn mm, cht lng phn mm v m bo cht lng phn mm, phn tip
theo phn tch cc yu t cht lng phn mm.

Chng 2. Cc thnh phn cht lng phn mm tin d n

Chng ny trnh by nhng ni dung lin quan n nhng thnh phn m bo cht
lng phn mm tin d n bao gm vic r sot hp ng, k hoch pht trin d n
phn mm v k hoch cht lng phn mm.
Chng 3. Cc thnh phn SQA trong vng i d n
Chng 3 cp n cc thnh phn m bo cht lng phn mm trong vng i
d n phn mm. Nhng ni dung c trnh by trong chng ny bao gm : phn tch
mt s m hnh pht trin phn mm ph bin, cc phng php r sot, bo tr phn
mm v cc cng c CASE. Ring kim th phn mm l bc quan trng s c trnh
by ring chng 4.
Chng 4. Kim th phn mm
Chng 4 cp n kim th phn mm. Nhng ni dung c trnh by trong
chng ny bao gm : khi nim c bn, cc mc kim th, cc k thut kim th, v
qu trnh kim th.

Chng 5. Phn loi cc phn mm phc v kim

Chng 5 cp n cc loi thnh phn c dng trong kim th phn mm.
Nhng ni dung c trnh by trong chng ny bao gm : cc phn mm phc v kim
th v th vin JUnit c s dng rng ri trong kim th n v cho ngn ng lp trnh
Java.
Chng 6. Cc thnh phn c bn ca cht lng phn mm
Cc thnh phn c bn ca cht lng phn mm bao gm cc th tc (procedure), ch
dn (instruction), khun mu (templates), checklists (danh mc kim tra). chnh l ni
dung c trnh by trong phn u ca chng 6. Phn tip theo s trnh by cc hot
ng m bo cht lng phn mm khc nh : o to v cp chng ch, ngn nga v
sa li, qun l cu hnh v kim sot ti liu.
Chng 7. Cc thnh phn qun l cht lng phn mm

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Ngoi yu t k thut, trong cc d n pht trin phn mm hin i, yu t qun l

ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. Chng 7 trnh by cc vn lin quan n qun l
cht lng phn mm nh : iu khin tin d n, o cht lng phn mm, chi ph
cht lng phn mm.
Chng 8. Cc chun, chng ch v hot ng nh gi

Chng ny cp ti cc chun qun l cht lng nh ISO 9001 v ISO 9000-3,

CMM v CMMI v cc chun tin trnh d n nh IEEE/EIA Std 12207, IEEE Std 1012,
IEEE Std 1028.
Chng 9. T chc m bo cht lng
Trong nhng t chc ln, qun l ngun nhn lc l mt yu t quyt nh s thnh
cng. Chng 9 cp n cc tc nhn tham gia vo h thng m bo cht lng phn
mm, vai tr, trch nhim ca mi tc nhn c phn tch c th trong tng mc ca
chng.
Ph lc
Trnh by v cc li thng gp khi vit chng trnh.

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MC LC
Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................ 2
Chng 1. Khi nim v cht lng phn mm v cc yu t cht lng phn mm .... 8
1.1. c im ca phn mm v mi trng pht trin phn mm ............................. 8
1.2. Khi nim phn mm .......................................................................................... 11
1.3. Li phn mm v phn loi nguyn nhn gy ra li phn mm ......................... 12
1.3.1. Li phn mm .............................................................................................. 12
1.3.2. Nguyn nhn gy ra li phn mm .............................................................. 12
1.4. nh ngha cht lng phn mm v m bo cht lng phn mm................ 15
1.5. Nhng mc tiu m bo cht lng phn mm ................................................ 15
1.6. Phn loi yu cu phn mm ng vi cc yu t cht lng phn mm ............ 16
Chng 2. Cc thnh phn cht lng phn mm tin d n ........................................ 20
2.1. R sot hp ng ................................................................................................ 20
2.1.1. Tin trnh r sot hp ng v cc bc thc hin ...................................... 20
2.1.2. Cc mc tiu r sot hp ng ..................................................................... 21
2.1.3. Thc thi r sot hp ng ............................................................................ 24
2.1.4. Nhng kh khn ca thc hin xem li hp ng cho cc xut chnh.... 25
2.1.5. Khuyn co cho vic thc hin duyt li nhng hp ng chnh ................ 26
2.1.6. Cc i tng r sot hp ng ................................................................... 27
2.1.7. R sot hp ng cho cc d n ni b ....................................................... 27
2.2. Cc k hoch pht trin v k hoch cht lng................................................. 30
2.2.1. Nhng mc tiu ca k hoch pht trin v k hoch cht lng ............... 31
2.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca k hoch pht trin....................................................... 31
2.2.3. Cc thnh phn ca k hoch cht lng ..................................................... 35
2.2.4. Cc k hoch pht trin v k hoch cht lng cho cc d n nh v cc d
n ni b.................................................................................................................... 38
Chng 3. Cc thnh phn SQA trong vng i d n ................................................. 41
3.1. Tch hp cc hot ng cht lng trong vng i d n .................................. 41
3.1.1. Phng php pht trin phn mm truyn thng v cc phng php khc 41
3.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng hot ng m bo cht lng phn mm ............... 51
3.1.3. Xc minh, thm nh v nh gi cht lng .............................................. 52
3.2. R sot................................................................................................................. 53
3.2.1. Mc tiu r sot............................................................................................ 53
3.2.2. Nhng r sot thit k hnh thc .................................................................. 54
3.2.3. Cc r sot ngang hng (peer review) .......................................................... 56
3.2.4. Cc kin ca chuyn gia ........................................................................... 57
3.3. m bo cht lng ca cc thnh phn bo tr phn mm ............................... 59
3.3.1. Gii thiu ..................................................................................................... 59
3.3.2. C s cho cht lng bo tr cao ................................................................. 61
3.3.3. Cc thnh phn cht lng phn mm tin bo tr ...................................... 64
3.3.4. Cc cng c m bo cht lng bo tr phn mm .................................... 68
3.4. Cc CASE tool v nh hng ca n ln cht lng phn mm ........................ 77
3.4.1. Khi nim CASE tool .................................................................................. 77
3.4.2. ng gp ca CASE tool cho cht lng sn phm phn mm .................. 79
3.4.3. ng gp ca CASE tool cho cht lng bo tr phn mm ....................... 81
3.4.4. ng gp ca CASE tool cho qun l d n ............................................... 82

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3.5. m bo cht lng phn mm ca cc yu t bn ngoi cng tham gia .......... 82

3.5.1. Nhng thnh phn bn ngoi ng gp vo d n phn mm ..................... 82
3.5.2. Ri ro v li ch ca gii thiu ngi tham d ngoi. ................................. 83
3.5.3. Nhng mc tiu m bo cht lng v s ng gp ngi tham gia bn
ngoi 84
3.5.4. Cc cng c m bo cht lng nhng ng gp ca cc thnh vin ng
gp bn ngoi. ........................................................................................................... 85
Chng 4. Kim th phn mm..................................................................................... 86
4.1. Mt s khi nim c bn ..................................................................................... 86
4.1.1. V d v li phn mm ................................................................................. 86
4.1.2. c t v li phn mm: .............................................................................. 87
4.1.3. Kim th v tin trnh kim th ................................................................... 88
4.1.4. Cc mc kim th ........................................................................................ 90
4.1.5. Mt s thut ng .......................................................................................... 91
4.2. Cc cp kim th .......................................................................................... 94
4.2.1. Kim th n v - Unit Testing .................................................................... 95
4.2.2. Kim th tch hp - Integration Testing ...................................................... 95
4.2.3. Kim th h thng - System Testing ......................................................... 100
4.2.4. Kim th chp nhn - Acceptance Testing ................................................ 101
4.3. Cc k thut kim th ....................................................................................... 102
4.3.1. Kim th hp en - Black-box Testing...................................................... 102
4.3.2. Kim th hp trng - White-box Testing (WBT) ...................................... 108
4.3.3. Kim th gia tng - Incremental Testing ................................................... 116
4.3.4. Thread Testing ........................................................................................... 116
4.3.5. Bng tm tt Testing Levels/ Techniques ................................................. 116
4.4. Qu trnh kim th ............................................................................................ 116
4.4.1. Xc nh tiu chun cht lng phn mm ph hp ................................. 116
4.4.2. Lp k hoch cho test ................................................................................. 119
4.4.3. Thit k kim th (test design) .................................................................. 121
4.4.4. Tin trnh test ............................................................................................. 124
4.4.5. Thit k trng hp kim th (Test Case Design)..................................... 125
Chng 5. Phn loi cc phn mm phc v kim th ............................................... 127
5.1. Phn mm phc v kim th ............................................................................ 127
5.1.1. Phn mm h tr vit ti liu ..................................................................... 127
5.1.2. Phn mm qun l li ................................................................................ 127
5.1.3. Cng c kim th t ng.......................................................................... 129
5.2. Unit test v th vin JUnit ................................................................................ 133
5.2.1. Tng quan v Unit Testing ........................................................................ 133
5.2.2. Tng quan th vin Junit ........................................................................... 135
Chng 6. Cc thnh phn c bn ca cht lng phn mm ..................................... 139
6.1. Th tc, ch dn v cc thit b h tr cht lng............................................. 139
6.1.1. Cc th tc v ch dn ................................................................................ 139
6.1.2. Chun b, thc thi v cp nht cc th tc v ch dn ................................ 142
6.1.3. Khun mu (templates) .............................................................................. 143
6.1.4. Danh mc kim tra (Checklists) ................................................................ 146
6.2. o to i ng v cp chng ch ..................................................................... 148

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6.2.1. Mc tiu ca o to v cp chng ch ...................................................... 149

6.2.2. Tin trnh o to v cp chng ch ........................................................... 149
6.2.3. Xc nh yu cu kin thc chuyn mn v s cn thit ca o to v cp
nht
150
6.2.4. Xc nh nhng nhu cu o to v cp nht (updating) ........................... 150
6.2.5. Ln k hoch o to v chng trnh cp nht ........................................ 151
6.2.6. nh ngha cc v tr yu cu cp chng ch .............................................. 151
6.2.7. Ln k hoch cc tin trnh cp chng ch ................................................. 152
6.2.8. Phn phi cc chng trnh o to v cp chng ch ............................... 153
6.2.9. Nhng cng vic tip theo ca vic o to v cp chng ch .................. 153
6.3. Cc hnh ng sa li v phng nga .............................................................. 154
6.3.1. nh ngha hot ng sa li v phng nga ............................................ 154
6.3.2. Tin trnh hnh ng sa li v phng nga ............................................. 154
6.3.3. Thu thp, phn tch thng tin ..................................................................... 155
6.3.4. Pht trin cc gii php v thc thi ............................................................ 155
6.3.5. T chc cc hnh ng phng nga v sa li .......................................... 156
6.4. Qun l cu hnh ............................................................................................... 157
6.4.1. Cc thnh phn cu hnh phn mm .......................................................... 157
6.4.2. Qun l cu hnh phn mm ...................................................................... 157
6.4.3. Kim sot s thay i phn mm ............................................................... 157
6.4.4. Kim sot qun l cu hnh phn mm ...................................................... 158
6.4.5. Cc cng c my tnh qun l cu hnh phn mm ................................... 159
6.5. Kim sot ti liu .............................................................................................. 159
6.5.1. Cc ti liu kim sot v bn ghi cht lng ............................................. 159
6.5.2. Danh sch cc ti liu c kim sot ....................................................... 160
6.5.3. Chun b, ph chun, lu tr v thu hi ti liu kim sot ........................ 160
Chng 7. Cc thnh phn qun l cht lng phn mm .......................................... 163
7.1. iu khin tin d n ................................................................................... 163
7.1.1. Cc thnh phn iu khin tin d n ................................................... 163
7.1.2. iu khin tin ca cc d n ni b v cc thnh phn bn ngoi ..... 163
7.1.3. Thc thi kim sot tin d n................................................................ 163
7.1.4. Cc cng c kim sot tin phn mm.................................................. 164
7.2. o cht lng phn mm ............................................................................. 165
7.2.1. Cc mc tiu o lng phn mm v phn loi cc o ........................ 166
7.2.2. Cc o tin trnh .................................................................................... 167
7.2.3. Cc o sn phm ................................................................................... 170
7.2.4. Thc hin o cht lng phn mm .......................................................... 172
7.2.5. Nhng gii hn ca cc o phn mm .................................................. 173
7.3. Gi thnh ca cht lng phn mm ................................................................ 174
7.3.1. Cc mc tiu tnh gi thnh cc o cht lng phn mm ................... 174
7.3.2. M hnh truyn thng tnh gi cht lng phn mm................................ 174
7.3.3. M hnh m rng tnh gi cht lng phn mm ...................................... 175
7.3.4. Cc vn trong p dng tnh gi cc o cht lng phn mm ......... 177
Chng 8. Cc chun, chng ch v hot ng nh gi ............................................. 178
8.1. Cc chun qun l cht lng ........................................................................... 178
8.1.1. Phm vi ca cc chun qun l cht lng ................................................ 178

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8.1.2. ISO 9001 v ISO 9000-3............................................................................ 178

8.1.3. Cc m hnh tng trng kh nng phng php nh gi CMM v
CMMI 180
8.2. Cc chun tin trnh d n SQA ....................................................................... 181
8.2.1. IEEE/EIA Std 12207- cc tin trnh vng i phn mm.......................... 182
8.2.2. IEEE Std 1012 xc minh v thm nh ................................................... 184
8.2.3. IEEE Std 1028 r sot ............................................................................. 185
Chng 9. T chc m bo cht lng ................................................................. 187
9.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 187
9.1.1. C cu t chc pht trin phn mm ......................................................... 187
9.1.2. Khung t chc pht trin phn mm .......................................................... 187
9.2. Qun l v vai tr ca qun l trong m bo cht lng phn mm .............. 188
9.2.1. Cc hot ng m bo cht lng ca qun l mc cao nht .................. 188
9.2.2. Nhng trch nhim qun l phng ban ...................................................... 190
9.2.3. Nhng trch nhim qun l d n .............................................................. 191
9.3. n v SQA v cc tc nhn khc trong h thng SQA ................................... 192
9.3.1. n v SQA ............................................................................................... 192
9.3.2. Nhng y vin SQA v nhim v .............................................................. 193
9.3.3. Hi ng SQA v nhim v ....................................................................... 194
9.3.4. Nhim v v phng thc hot ng ca din n SQA .......................... 194
Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................................... 197
Ph lc ............................................................................................................................ 198

Chng 1.
Khi nim v cht lng phn mm v
cc yu t cht lng phn mm
1.1. c im ca phn mm v mi trng pht trin phn mm
C th ni phn mm l mt sn phm c bit, n khng ging nh cc sn phm
cng nghip khc nn ngi ta thng gi l pht trin phn mm. phn bit s khc
nhau gia sn phm phn mm vi cc sn phm khc ta s xem xt ba c im sau :
(1) phc tp ca sn phm : phc tp ca sn phm c th c o bng s
lng phng thc vn hnh ca sn phm. Mt sn phm cng nghip thm ch
l mt my tin tin cng khng cho php nhiu hn vi trm phng thc vn
hnh. Trong khi , mt gi phn mm c th c ti hng triu kh nng vn
hnh. Do , vn m bo v s kh nng vn hnh c xc nh v pht
trin ng l mt thch thc chnh ca cng nghip phn mm.

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(2) Tnh trc quan ca sn phm : Trong khi cc sn phm cng nghip c th nhn
thy c, th cc sn phm phn mm u v hnh. Hu ht cc nhc im ca
mt sn phm cng nghip u c th pht hin trong tin trnh sn xut. Hn
na, rt d dng nhn thy c s khuyt thiu mt phn no trong mt sn
phm cng nghip ( v d : mt ci t khng c ca s ). Tri li, cc nhc
im trong cc sn phm phn mm (c lu tr trong cc a mm hay CD)
u khng nhn thy c, v vy, thc t l cc phn ca mt gi phn mm c
th thiu ngay t u.

(3) Tin trnh sn xut v pht trin phn mm : Cc pha trong tin trnh sn xut
mt sn phm
-

Pht trin sn phm : trong sn xut cng nghip, ngi thit k v cc

nhn vin m bo cht lng kim tra nguyn mu pht hin cc
khuyt im cu chng. Trong sn xut phn mm, cc chuyn gia
m bo cht lng v i pht trin c xu hng tm ra cc li sn
phm vn c. Kt qu cui cng ca pha ny l mt nguyn mu
c ph chun, sn sng sn xut.

Lp k hoch sn xut sn phm : ti pha ny, trong cc ngnh cng

nghip, tin trnh sn xut v cc cng c c thit k v chun b.
Mt s dng sn phm c bit cn phi c thit k v xy dng. Do
, pha ny to thm c hi xem xt sn phm, v c th pht hin
ra cc khuyt im b ngi r sot v kim th b qua trong pha
pht trin. Ngc li, y l pha khng yu cu trong tin trnh sn
xut phn mm, bi vic sn xut cc bn copy phn mm v in cc

sch hng dn phn mm c thc hin t ng. iu ny c p

dng cho bt k sn phm phn mm no, t nh ti ln.
-

Sn xut : Trong pha ny, cc th tc m bo cht lng trong sn

xut cng nghip c p dng pht hin li sn xut. Cc khuyt
im trong sn phm c pht hin ra giai on u tin ca qu
trnh sn xut c th c hiu chnh bng mt thay i trong thit k
sn phm hoc nguyn liu, hay trong cc cng c sn xut...Nh
c th trnh c cc khuyt im ny trong cc sn phm c sn
xut trong tng lai. Ngc li, nh ni phn trc, vic sn xut
phn mm n gin ch l sao chp cc sn phm v in cc sch hng
dn, do vic pht hin cc khuyt im ca sn phm rt kh khn.

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K ngh phn mm c nhng bc pht trin ng k v vt qua nhiu giai on

khng hong. Nhng kt qu nghin cu v k ngh phn mm gip cc t chc pht
trin phn mm mt cch chuyn nghip hn. Mi trng pht trin phn mm cng
mang nhng nt c trng ring. Vi by c trng sau ta c th hiu r hn v mi
trng pht trin cng nh mi trng bo tr phn mm chuyn nghip:
(1) Cc iu kin hp ng : L kt qu ca cc cam kt v iu kin trong bn hp
ng gia nh pht trin phn mm v khch hng, cc hat ng bo tr v pht
trin phn mm cn ng u vi cc vn :
Mt danh sch cc yu cu chc nng c xc nh m phn mm
c pht trin v cng vic bo tr n phi thc hin.

Ngn sch d n.

Thi gian biu d n.

Nh qun l vic pht trin phn mm v bo tr d n cn n lc ln trong vic gim st

cc hot ng t c cc yu cu ca hp ng.
(2) Mi quan h khch hng nh cung cp : Trong sut qu trnh pht trin v bo
tr phn mm, cc hot ng u nm di s gim st ca khch hng. i d n
phi hp tc lin tc vi khch hng : xem xt cc yu cu thay i, tho
lun nhng g khch hng khng bng lng v cc kha cnh khch nhau ca d
n, v t c s chp thun cho cc thay i theo sng kin ca i pht
trin.
(3) Yu cu lm vic theo nhm : 3 nhn t thng thc y vic thnh lp mt i
d n thay v giao d n cho mt chuyn gia :

Cc yu cu v thi gian biu. Ni cch khc, khi lng cng vic

c thc hin trong sut thi k d n i hi s tham gia ca nhiu
ngi nu mun d n hon thnh ng thi hn.

thc hin c d n cn c nhiu chuyn ngnh khc nhau.

S r sot li v h tr ln nhau ca cc chuyn gia s lm tng cht

lng d n.

(4) Hp tc v phi hp vi cc i phn mm khc : thc hin c cc d n,

c bit l cc d n c quy m ln, cn nhiu hn mt i d n. y l iu rt
ph bin trong cng nghip phn mm. Trong cc trng hp nh th, c th i
hi phi hp tc vi :
Cc i pht trin phn mm khc trong cng mt t chc.

Cc i pht trin phn cng trong cng mt t chc.

Cc i pht trin phn cng v phn mm ca cc nh cung cp khc.

Cc i pht trin phn cng v phn mm ca khch hng nhng

ngi tham gia mt phn vo s pht trin d n.

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(5) Cc giao din vi cc h thng phn mm khc : Ngy nay, hu ht h thng phn
mm u c cc giao din vi cc gi phn mm khc nhau. Cc giao din ny
cho php cc d liu di dng in t c chy gia cc h thng phn mm.
C th nh ngha cc loi giao din chnh sau y :
Cc giao din u vo ni cc h thng phn mm khc truyn d
liu ti h thng phn mm ca bn.

Cc giao din u ra ni h thng phn mm ca bn truyn d liu

c x l ti cc h thng phn mm khc.

Cc giao din u vo v u ra ti cc bng iu khin ca my, nh

trong cc h thng kim sot th nghim v cc h thng y t, thit b
ch bin kim loi...

(6) S cn thit phi tip tc thc hin mt d n mc d thnh vin i c s thay

i : Vic cc thnh vin trong i ri khi i trong thi gian pht trin d n l
kh ph bin, do vic thng chc vi cc cng vic cp cao hn, chuyn sang mt
thnh ph khc...Ngi lnh o i phi thay th cc thnh vin trong i bi
cc nhn vin khc hoc bi mt nhn vin mi c tuyn dng. Khng k n
bao nhiu n lc cn u t vo vic o to mt thnh vin mi, vic thay i
thnh vin s ko theo thi gian thc hin d n s thay i.

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(7) S cn thit phi tip tc thc hin vic bo tr phn mm trong mt thi gian di:
Cc khch hng mua hoc pht trin mt h thng phn mm mong i s tip tc
s dng n trong mt thi gian di, thng l t 5-10 nm. Trong sut thi k
dch v, cui cng cng cn ti s bo tr. Trong hu ht trng hp, dch v bo
tr cn c cung cp trc tip bi nh pht trin. Trong trng hp cc phn
mm c pht trin trong nh, cc khch hng ni b s cng chia s vn
bo tr phn mm trong sut thi k dch v ca h thng phn mm.

1.2. Khi nim phn mm

Phn mm bao gm nhng thnh phn sau y:
-

Chng trnh my tnh

Cc th tc

Ti liu lin quan

D liu cn thit cho s vn hnh ca h thng

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Mi thnh phn phn mm u c chc nng ring v cht lng ca chng ng gp

vo cht lng chung ca phn mm v bo tr phn mm nh sau:

1. Chng trnh my tnh c cn thit l hin nhin v chng gip my tnh vn

hnh thc thi cc yu cu ng dng.
2. Nhng th tc c yu cu nh ngha theo mt th t v lch biu ca mt
chng trnh khi thc thi, phng thc c trin khai v ngi chu trch
nghim cho thc thi cc hot ng cn thit cho vic tc ng vo phn mm
3. Nhiu kiu ti liu l cn thit cho ngi pht trin, ngi s dng v ngi c
nhim v duy tr. Ti liu pht trin (bo co yu cu, bo co thit k, m t
chng trnh, v.v) cho php s phi hp v cng tc hiu qu gia cc thnh vin
trong i ng pht trin v hiu qu trong vic xem li v r sot c sn phm lp
trnh v thit k. Ti liu s dng(thng l hng dn s dng) cung cp mt s
miu t cho ng dng sn sng v nhng phng php thch hp cho h s dng.
Ti liu bo tr (ti liu cho ngi pht trin) cung cp cho i bo tr tt c nhng
thng tin yu cu v m ngun v cng vic v cu trc cho tng module. Thng
tin ny c s dng tm nguyn nhn li (bugs) hoc thay i hoc b sung
thm vo phn mm c sn.
4. D liu bao gm cc tham s u vo, m ngun v danh sch tn thch hp vi
phn mm c t nhng ci cn thit cho ngi s dng thao tc vi h thng.
Mt kiu khc ca d liu cn thit l chun d liu test, s dng sch nh r
nhng th thay i khng mong mun trong m ngun hoc d liu phn mm
tng xy ra v nhng loi s c phn mm no c th c lng trc.

11

1.3. Li phn mm v phn loi nguyn nhn gy ra li phn mm

1.3.1. Li phn mm
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra li phn mm, biu hin ca cc li cng khc nhau mi
giai on pht trin phn mm. C ba loi li phn mm chnh :
- Error: L cc phn ca code m khng ng mt phn hoc ton b nh l kt qu ca li
ng php, logic hoc li khc c sinh ra bi cc nh phn tch h thng, mt lp trnh
vin hoc cc thnh vin khc ca i pht trin phn mm.
- Fault: L cc errors m n gy ra hot ng khng chnh xc ca phn mm trong mt
ng dng c th.
- Failures: Cc faults tr thnh failures ch khi chng c activated l khi ngi
dng c gng p dng cc phn mm c th b faulty. Do , ngun gc ca bt k
failure no l mt errors.

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1.3.2. Nguyn nhn gy ra li phn mm

Vic pht hin ra li l cn thit, nhng tm ra nguyn nhn gy li trnh li trong

tng lai mi thc s quan trng. Chn nguyn nhn gy ra li phn mm thng k sau
y c tng kt sau nhiu nm nghin cu :

1. nh ngha yu cu li

2. Li giao tip gia khch hng v ngi pht trin

3. S thiu r rng ca cc yu cu phn mm

4. Li thit k logic
5. Li coding

6.Khng ph hp vi ti liu v ch th coding

7. Thiu st trong qu trnh kim th
8. Li th tc
9. Li ti liu
Ni dung c th mi nguyn nhn c xc nh nh sau:
- nh ngha cc yu cu b li
Vic xc nh cc li yu cu, thng do khch hng, l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh ca cc li phn mm. Cc li ph bin nht loi ny l:
Sai st trong nh ngha cc yu cu.

12

 Khng c cc yu cu quan trng.

Khng hon chnh nh ngha cc yu cu.
Bao gm cc yu cu khng cn thit, cc chc nng m khng thc s cn thit trong
tng lai gn.
- Cc li trong giao tip gia khch hng v nh pht trin
Hiu lm trong giao tip gia khch hng v nh pht trin l nguyn nhn b sung cho
cc li u tin p dng trong giai on u ca qu trnh pht trin:
Hiu sai cc ch dn ca khch hng nh nu trong cc ti liu yu cu.
Hiu sai cc yu cu thay i ca khch hng c trnh by vi nh pht trin bng
vn bn trong giai on pht trin.
Hiu sai ca cc yu cu thay i ca khch hng c trnh by bng li ni vi nh
pht trin trong giai on pht trin.
trin.

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Hiu sai v phn ng ca khch hng i vi cc vn thit k trnh by ca nh pht

Thiu quan tm n cc ngh ca khch hng cp n yu cu thay i v khch
hng tr li cho cc cu hi nu ra bi nh pht trin trn mt phn ca nh pht trin.

- Sai lch c ch t cc yu cu phn mm

Trong mt s trng hp, cc nh pht trin c th c tnh i chch khi cc yu cu

trong ti liu, hnh ng thng gy ra li phn mm. Cc li trong nhng trng hp

ny l sn phm ph ca cc thay i. Cc tnh hung thng gp nht l:
Pht trin cc module phn mm Cc thnh phn s dng li ly t mt d n trc
m khng cn phn tch y v nhng thay i v thch nghi cn thit thc hin
mt cch chnh xc tt c cc yu cu mi.
Do thi gian hay p lc ngn sch, nh pht trin quyt nh b qua mt phn ca cc
yu cu cc chc nng trong mt n lc i ph vi nhng p lc ny.
Nh pht trin-khi xng, khng c chp thun cc ci tin cho phn mm,m
khng c s chp thun ca khch hng, thng xuyn b qua cc yu cu c v nh i
vi nh pht trin. Nh vy nhng thay i "nh" c th, cui cng, gy ra li phn
mm.

13

- Cc li thit k logic
Li phn mm c th i vo h thng khi cc chuyn gia thit k h thng-cc kin trc
s h thng, k s phn mm, cc nh phn tch, vv - Xy dng phn mm yu cu. Cc
li in hnh bao gm:
+ nh ngha cc yu cu phn mm bng cc thut ton sai lm.
+ Quy trnh nh ngha c cha trnh t li.
+ Sai st trong cc nh ngha bin
+ Thiu st trong cc trng thi h thng phn mm c yu cu
+Thiu st trong nh ngha cc hot ng tri php lut trong h thng phn
mm
- Cc li coding
Mt lot cc l do cc lp trnh vin c th gy ra cc li code. Nhng l do ny
bao gm s hiu lm cc ti liu thit k, ngn ng sai st trong ngn ng lp trnh, sai

IT

st trong vic p dng cc CASE v cc cng c pht trin khc, sai st trong la chn
d liu

- Khng tun th theo cc ti liu hng dn v m ha

Hu ht cc n v pht trin c ti liu hng dn v tiu chun m ha ring ca mnh

xc nh ni dung, trnh t v nh dng ca vn bn, v code to ra bi cc thnh

vin. h tr yu cu ny, n v pht trin v cng khai cc mu v hng dn m

ha. Cc thnh vin ca nhm pht trin, n v c yu cu phi thc hin theo cc
yu cu ny.

- Thiu st trong qu trnh th nghim

Thiu st trong qu trnh th nghim nh hng n t l li bng cch li mt s li
ln hn khng b pht hin hoc khng pht hin ng. Nhng kt qu yu km t cc
nguyn nhn sau y:
K hoch th nghim cha hon chnh li phn khng c iu chnh ca phn
mm hoc cc chc nng ng dng v cc trng thi ca h thng. Failures trong ti liu
v bo co pht hin sai st v li lm.
Nu khng kp thi pht hin v sa cha li phn mm theo nh ca ch dn khng
ph hp trong nhng l do cho li ny.
Khng hon chnh sa cha cc li c pht hin do s sut hay thi gian p lc.

14

- Cc li th tc
Cc th tc trc tip cho ngi s dng i vi cc hot ng l cn thit mi
bc ca qu trnh. Chng c tm quan trng c bit trong cc h thng phn mm phc
tp, ni cc tin trnh c tin hnh mt vi bc, mi bc trong s c th c nhiu
kiu d liu v cho php kim tra cc kt qu trung gian.
- Cc li v ti liu
Cc li v to liu l vn ca cc i pht trin v bo tr u c sai st trong ti liu
thit k v trong ti liu hng dn tch hp trong thn ca phn mm. Nhng li ny c
th l nguyn nhn gy ra li b sung trong giai on pht trin tip v trong thi gian
bo tr.
Cn nhn mnh rng tt c cc nguyn nhn gy ra li u l con ngi, cng vic ca
cc nh phn tch h thng, lp trnh, kim th phn mm, cc chuyn gia ti liu, v
thm ch c cc khch hng v i din ca h.

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1.4. nh ngha cht lng phn mm v m bo cht lng phn mm

Theo IEEE, cht lng phn mm c nh ngha nh sau :

Cht lng phn mm l:

! Mc m mt h thng, thnh phn hoc mt tin trnh t c yu cu c t

! Mc m mt h thng, thnh phn hoc mt tin trnh t c nhng nhu cu

hay mong i ca khch hng hoc ngi s dng.
Ban u m bo cht lng phn mm c mc tiu t c cc yu cu ra, tuy
nhin thc t pht trin phn mm tn ti rt nhiu rng buc i hi ngi pht trin cn
ti u ha cng tc qun l.
Theo Daniel Galin, khi nim m bo cht lng phn mm c xc nh nh sau :
m bo cht lng phn mm l mt tp cc hot ng c lp k hoch v c
h thng, cn thit cung cp y s tin cy vo quy trnh pht trin phn mm hay
quy trnh bo tr phn mm ca sn phm h thng phn mm ph hp vi cc yu cu
chc nng k thut cng nh vi cc yu cu qun l m gi cho lch biu v hot ng
trong phm vi ngn sch.

1.5. Nhng mc tiu m bo cht lng phn mm

Pht trin phn mm lun i i vi bo tr, v vy cc hot ng bo m cht
lng phn mm u c mi lin quan cht ch n bo tr. Nhng mc tiu m bo

15

cht lng phn mm tng ng vi giai on pht trin v bo tr c xc nh c th

nh sau :
- Pht trin phn mm (hng tin trnh)
1. m bo mt mc chp nhn c rng phn mm s thc hin c cc yu cu
chc nng.
2. m bo mt mc cp nhn c rng phn mm s p ng c cc yu cu v
lch biu v ngn sch
3. Thit lp v qun l cc hot ng ci thin v nng cao hiu qu ca pht trin
phn mm v cc hot ng SQA.
- Bo tr phn mm (hng sn phm)
1. m bo mt mc chp nhn c rng cc hot ng bo tr phn mm s p ng
c cc yu cu chc nng.
2. m bo mt mc cp nhn c rng cc hot ng bo tr phn mm s p ng

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c cc yu cu v lch biu v ngn sch

3. Thit lp v qun l cc hot ng ci thin v nng cao hiu qu ca bo tr phn

mm.

1.6. Phn loi yu cu phn mm ng vi cc yu t cht lng phn mm

c nhiu tc gi nghin cu v cc yu t cht lng phn mm t cc yu cu

c n. Theo thi gian c th quan nim v vic m bo cht lng phn mm c phn
thay i, tuy nhin m hnh cc yu t m bo cht lng phn mm ca McCall ra i
vo nhng nm 70 ca th k trc vn cn c nhiu ngi nhc n nh l c s
tham chiu cc yu cu phn mm. Sau McCall cng c mt s m hnh c quan tm
nh m hnh do Evans, Marciniak do hay m hnh ca Deutsch v Willis, tuy nhin
nhng m hnh ny ch b sung hay sa i mt vi yu t cht lng. Theo McCall, cc
yu t cht lng phn mm c chia lm ba loi :
-

Cc yu t hot ng ca sn phm bao gm tnh chnh xc, tin cy, hiu qu, tnh
ton vn, s dng c

Cc yu t r sot bao gm tnh bo tr, linh hot, c th test c

Cc yu t chuyn giao bao gm tnh kh chuyn, c kh nng s dng li, c kh

nng giao tc.

16

IT

Hnh Cy m hnh yu t cht lng phn mm theo McCall

Chi tit cc thuc tnh c phn tch nh sau :

S chnh xc : Cc yu cu v chnh xc c xc nh trong mt danh sch

cc u ra cn thit ca h thng phn mm, nh mn hnh hin th truy vn s d
ca khch hng trong mt h thng thng tin k ton bn hngCc c t u ra
thng l a chiu, mt s chiu thng dng l :

(1) Cc yu t vn hnh sn phm : S chnh xc, tin cy, tnh hiu qu, tnh ton
vn v kh nng s dng c :

o Nhim v u ra (v d : bn in ha n bn hng, hay n bo ng

khi nhit tng ln trn 250 F)
o chnh xc yu cu ca cc u ra ny; chng c th b nh hng bt
li bi cc tnh ton khng chnh xc hay cc d liu khng chnh xc.
o Tnh y ca thng tin u ra; chng c th b nh hng bt li bi d
liu khng y .
o Up-to-dateness ca thng tin (xc nh bng thi gian gia s kin v vic
xem xt h thng phn mm.
o sn sng ca thng tin (thi gian p ng : c nh ngha l thi
gian cn thit c c cc thng tin yu cu)

17

o Cc chun cho vic code v vit ti liu cho h thng phn mm.
tin cy : Cc yu cu v tin cy gii quyt cc li cung cp dch v.
Chng xc nh t l li h thng phn mm ti a cho php, cc li ny c th l
li ton b h thng hoc mt hay nhiu chc nng ring bit ca n.

Tnh hiu qu : Cc yu cu v tnh hiu qu gii quyt vn v cc ti nguyn

phn cng cn thit thc hin tt c cc chc nng ca h thng phn mm vi
s ph hp ca tt c cc yu cu khc. Cc ti nguyn phn cng chnh c
xem xt y l kh nng x l ca my tnh (c o bng MIPS triu
lnh/giy; MHz triu chu k/giy); kh nng lu tr d liu (dung lng b
nh, dung lng a c o bng MBs, GBs, TBs) v kh nng truyn d
liu (thng c o bng MBPS, GBPS ). Cc yu cu ny c th bao gm c
cc gi tr ti a ti nguyn phn cng c s dng trong h thng phn mm.
Mt yu cu khc v tnh hiu qu l thi gian gia cc ln phi sc in i
vi cc h thng nm trn cc my tnh xch tay hay cc thit b di ng.

Cc yu cu v tnh ton vn gii quyt cc vn v bo mt h thng phn

mm, cc yu cu ny ngn chn s truy cp tri php, phn bit gia phn
ln nhn vin ch c php xem thng tin vi mt nhm hn ch nhng ngi
c php thm v thay i d liu

Cc yu cu v kh nng s dng c s a ra phm vi ca ti nguyn nhn

lc cn thit o to mt nhn vin mi v vn hnh h thng phn mm.

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(2) Cc yu t v r sot sn phm : bo tr c, linh ng v kim tra c :

-

Kh nng bo tr c : Cc yu cu v kh nng bo tr c s xc nh ngi

dng v nhn vin bo tr phi n lc th no xc nh c nguyn nhn ca
cc li phn mm, sa li v xc nhn vic sa li thnh cng. Cc yu cu
ca yu t ny ni ti cu trc modul ca phn mm, ti liu chng trnh ni b
v hng dn s dng ca lp trnh vin

Tnh linh ng : Cc yu cu v tnh linh ng cng bao gm c cc kh nng v

n lc cn thit h tr cc hot ng bo tr. Chng gm cc ngun lc (manday) cn thit thch nghi vi mt gi phn mm, vi cc khch hng trong
cng ngh, vi cc mc hot ng khc nhau, vi cc loi sn phm khc
nhauCc yu cu v yu t ny cng h tr cc hot ng bo tr tr nn hon
ho, nh thay i v b sung vo phn mm tng dch v ca n v thch
nghi vi cc thay i trong mi trng thng mi v k thut ca cng ty.

Kh nng test c : Cc yu cu v kh nng kim tra c ni ti vic kim tra

s vn hnh c tt hay khng ca cc h thng thng tin. Cc yu cu v kh

18

nng kim tra c lin quan ti cc tnh nng c bit trong chng trnh gip
ngi tester d dng thc hin cng vic ca mnh hn, v d nh a ra cc kt
qu trung gian. Cc yu cu v kh nng kim tra c lin quan ti vn hnh
phn mm bao gm cc chun on t ng c thc hin bi h thng phn
mm trc khi bt u h thng, tm hiu xem c phi tt c cc thnh phn
ca h thng phn mm u lm vic tt hay khng, v c mt bn bo co v
cc li c pht hin. Mt loi khc ca yu cu ny l vic check cc d
on t ng, c cc k thut vin bo tr s dng pht hin nguyn nhn
gy li phn mm.
(3) Cc yu t v chuyn giao sn phm : tnh lu ng (kh nng thch nghi vi mi
trng), kh nng ti s dng v kh nng cng tc c :
Tnh lu ng : cc yu cu v tnh lu ng ni ti kh nng thch nghi ca h
thng phn mm vi cc mi trng khc, bao gm phn cng khc, cc h iu
hnh khcCc yu cu ny i hi cc phn mm c bn c th tip tc s dng
c lp hoc ng thi trong cc trng hp a dng.

Kh nng ti s dng : Cc yu cu v kh nng ti s dng ni ti vic s dng

cc modul phn mm trong mt d n mi ang c pht trin m cc modul
ny ban u c thit k cho mt d n khc. Cc yu cu ny cng cho php
cc d n tng lai c th s dng mt modul c hoc mt nhm cc modul
hin ang c pht trin. Ti s dng phn mm s tit kim ti nguyn pht
trin, rt ngn thi gian pht trin v to ra cc moduls cht lng cao hn. Cht
lng modul cao hn l da trn gi nh rng hu ht cc li phn mm u
c pht hin bi cc hot ng m bo cht lng phn mm thc hin trn
phn mm ban u, bi nhng ngi s dng phn mm ban u v trong sut
nhng ln ti s dng trc ca n. Cc vn v ti s dng phn mm tr
thnh mt phn trong chun cng nghip phn mm (IEEE,1999).

Kh nng cng tc : Cc yu cu v kh nng cng tc tp trung vo vic to ra

cc giao din vi cc h thng phn mm khc. Cc yu cu v kh nng cng tc
c th xc nh tn ca phn mm vi giao din bt buc. Chng cng c th xc
nh cu trc u ra c chp nhn nh mt tiu chun trong mt ngnh cng
nghip c th hoc mt lnh vc ng dng.

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19

Chng 2.
Cc thnh phn cht lng phn mm
tin d n
2.1. R sot hp ng
Mt hp ng ti chc chn l kh c th chp nhn c. T quan im ca SQA,
mt hp ng ti thng m t cc yu cu khng cht ch v a ra k hoch cng
nh ngn sch phi thc t - th s dn n mt phn mm c cht lng ti. V th, mt
chng trnh SQA cn c thc hin m bo cht lng phn mm bng cch r
sot li nhng xut ban u v sau l bn d tho hp ng (hot ng r sot hp
ng bao gm c 2 hot ng trn). C hai hot ng r sot trn l nhm mc ch ci
thin ngn sch v thi gian biu, l nhng c s cho nhng ngh v hp ng sau
ny, ng thi c th bit c nhng ri ro tim nng sm (trong mc tiu ban u v
trong bn d tho hp ng).

2.1.1. Tin trnh r sot hp ng v cc bc thc hin

IT

C kh nhiu tnh hung c th gip mt cng ty phn mm (nh cung cp) k hp

ng vi mt khch hng. Ph bin nht l:
Tham gia trong mt cuc u thu

a ra bn phc tho da trn yu cu xut (RFP-Request For Proposal)

ca khch hng

Nhn mt t hng t mt khch hng ca cng ty

Nhn mt yu cu t bn trong hoc t phng ban khc trong mt t chc

R sot hp ng l mt thnh phn ca SQA c ngh ra hng dn xem xt li

nhng bn d tho ca nhng ti liu xut v hp ng. Nu c th, r sot li hp
ng cn cung cp s gim st nhng hp ng c thc hin vi nhng i tc d n
tim nng v cc nh thu ph. Tin trnh ra sot c th c chia thnh hai giai on:

Giai on 1: r sot li bn d tho xut trc khi giao cho khch hng
tim nng (r sot bn d tho xut). Giai on ny r sot li bn d
tho cui cng v nhng c s xut: nhng ti liu yu cu ca khch
hng, chi tit yu cu thm ca khch hng v d din gii cc yu cu, cc
c lng chi ph v ti nguyn, nhng hp ng hin ti hoc l nhng bn
d tho hp ng ca nh cung cp vi cc i tc v nh thu ph.

Giai on 2: r sot li bn d tho hp ng trc khi k (r sot bn d

tho hp ng). Giai on ny r sot li bn d tho hp ng da trn

20

xut v s hiu bit (bao gm c nhng thay i) t c trong qu trnh

thng tho hp ng.
Qu trnh r sot c th bt u khi nhng ti liu d tho lin quan hon thnh.
Nhng c nhn thc hin r sot phi xem xt k lng bn d tho trong khi cp n
mt phm vi ton din cc i tng ang r sot. Mt danh sch kim tra l rt hu ch
cho vic m bo xem xt ht cc vn lin quan.
Sau khi hon thnh giai on r sot, vic cn thit nhng s thay i, ci thm vo v s
hiu chnh phi c thng bo bi i xut (sao khi r sot bn d tho xut) v
bi ban ph trch v lut php (sau khi r sot li bn d tho hp ng)

2.1.2. Cc mc tiu r sot hp ng

- Nhng mc ch ca cng vic r sot bn d tho xut
Mc ch ca vic r sot bn d tho xut l m bo rng nhng hot ng sau
c thc hin mt cch tha ng.

IT

1) Nhng yu cu ca khch hng c gii thch chi tit v c ch gii

Nhng ti liu yu cu xut (RFP) v nhng ti liu cng ngh tng t c th qu

chung chung v m h cho nhng mc tiu ca d n. Kt qu l c nhiu chi tit cn
c thm vo t khch hng. Vic gii thch chi tit nhng yu cu mp m v
nhng cp nht ca chng nn c ghi li trong mt ti liu ring bit c s
chp nhn ca c khch hng v cng ti phn mm.

2) La chn nhng phng php thc hin d n c kim tra.

Thng thng, nhng la chn c trin vng v ph hp m trn th hin mt
xut th c xem xt y (nu tt c) bi i xut. iu kin ny c bit
mun cp n vic hon thnh thay th bao gm ti s dng phn mm, v nhng
quan h i tc hoc l thu li vi nhng cng ti m c hiu bit chuyn mn hoc
nhn vin c chuyn mn c th m bo nhng iu khon ca xut
3) Nhng kha cnh hnh thc ca mi quan h gia khch hng v cng ti phn
mm phi c ghi r.
xut nn nh ngha nhng th tc bao gm:

S giao tip vi khch hng v nhng knh giao din

Vic chuyn giao d n v tiu chun c chp nhn

Tin trnh ph chun pha hnh thc

Phng thc tip theo khch hng thit k v kim tra

21

Th tc khch hng thay i yu cu

4) Xc nh nhng ri ro khi pht trin

Nhng ri ro khi pht trin, nh khng kin thc chuyn mn lin quan n lnh
vc nghip v ca d n hoc cch s dng nhng cng c pht trin yu cu, cn
c xc nh v gii quyt.
5) c lng y nhng ti nguyn v thi gian biu ca d n
Vic c lng ti nguyn cp n i ng nhn vin chuyn nghip v ngn sch
ca d n, bao gm c chi ph cho cc nh thu con. Vic c lng thi gian nn
a vo nhng yu cu v thi gian ca tt c nhng bn tham gia vo d n.
Lu

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Trong mt vi tnh hung, mt nh cung cp c ngh cung cp mt chi ph thp,

xem xt cc yu t nh tim nng bn hng. Trong trng hp ny, khi m xut
da trn c lng thc t ca thi gian, ngn sch v kh nng chuyn mn, nhng
tn tht pht sinh c coi l mt mt mt c th tnh c, khng phi l mt hp
ng tht bi

6) Kim tra nng lc ca cng ti i vi d n.

Vic kim tra ny nn xem xt n nng lc chuyn mn cng nh l kh nng sn

sng ca nhng thnh vin trong i c yu cu v nhng kh nng pht trin trong
thi gian c lp lch.
7) Kim tra nng lc ca khch hng p ng nhng yu cu ca mnh
Vic kim tra ny cp n kh nng ti chnh v t chc ca khch hng, nh
tuyn dng v o to nhn s, ci t phn cng yu cu v nng cp cc thit b
lin lc.
8) nh ngha i tc v nh thu ph tham gia
iu ny bao gm cc vn bo m cht lng, lch trnh thanh ton, phn phi
thu nhp, li nhun ca d n, v hp tc gia qun l d n v cc i.
9) nh ngha v bo v quyn s hu.
Yu t ny c tm quan trng trong trng hp ti s dng phn mm, khi vic c
thm mt gi mi vo hoc c ti s dng phn mm hin nay trong tng lai hay
khng cn phi c quyt nh. N cng cp n vic s dng cc file c quyn
ca cc d liu quan trng cho hot ng ca h thng v cc bin php an ninh.

22

Nhng mc tiu ca r sot li bn d tho xut c tng kt trong bng sau:

Nhng mc tiu ca vic r sot bn d tho xut
9 mc tiu ca vic r sot bn d tho xut m bo rng nhng hnh ng sau y
c thc hin mt cch tha ng:
1. Nhng yu cu ca khch hng c gii thch chi tit v c ch gii
2. La chn nhng phng php thc hin d n c kim tra
3. Nhng kha cnh hnh thc ca mi quan h gia khch hng v cng ti phn
mm phi c ghi r
4. Xc nh nhng ri ro khi pht trin
5. c lng y nhng ti nguyn v thi gian biu ca d n
6. Kim tra nng lc ca cng ti i vi d n

IT

7. Kim tra nng lc ca khch hng p ng nhng yu cu ca mnh

8. nh ngha i tc v nh thu ph tham gia

9. nh ngha v bo v quyn s hu

- Nhng mc tiu ca r sot d tho hp ng.

Nhng mc tiu ca vic r sot bn d tho hp ng m bo rng nhng hot ng

sau y c thc hin mt cch tha ng:
1) Khng c vn cha r rng no vn cn li trong d tho hp ng
2) Tt c nhng tha thun t c gia cc khch hng v cng ty phi c gii
thch y v chnh xc trong hp ng v ph lc ca n. Nhng hiu bit ny
c dng gii quyt tt c cc vn cha r rng v khc bit gia khch
hng v cng ty m c a ra cho n nay
3) Khng c s thay i, b sung, hoc thiu st no khng c tho lun v s
tho thun nn c a vo d tho hp ng. Vic thay i, d c hay khng,
c th dn n s b sung ng k v nhng nhim v bt ng trong mt b phn
ca nh cung cp.
Nhng mc tiu ca vic r sot li d tho hp ng c th c tng kt trong bng 5.2
Nhng mc tiu ca vic r sot d tho hp ng

23

Ba mc tiu ca vic r sot d tho hp ng nhm m bo nhng hot ng sau y

c thc hin mt cch tha ng:
1) Khng c vn cha r rng no vn cn li trong d tho hp ng
2) Mi tha thun t c sau khi xem xt nhng xut phi c ch gii
mt cch chnh xc
3) Khng c s thay i, b sung, hoc thiu st a vo bn d tho hp ng

2.1.3. Thc thi r sot hp ng

Duyt hp ng khc nhau v ln ca chng, ty thuc vo cc c tnh ca d n
xut. Phc tp ny c th l k thut hoc t chc. Theo , mc khc nhau ca
ngun lc chuyn mn c iu chnh ph hp cho nhng duyt hp ng khc nhau.
Nhng ngun lc chuyn mn c bit cn thit cho nhng xut chnh.

IT

- Nhng yu t nh hng ti phm vi ca mt bn duyt hp ng

Cc yu t quan trng nht ca d n xc nh mc ca hp ng n lc xem xt li
yu cu l:

ln ca d n, thng c o bng cc ngun lc man-month.

K thut phc tp ca d n.

Trnh v s hiu bit ca nhn vin c kinh nghim trong lnh vc ca d n. S

hiu bit vi cc lnh vc d n l thng xuyn c lin kt vi kh nng ti s dng
phn mm; trong trng hp c th ti s dng phn mm l cao, mc duyt c
gim xung
T chc d n phc tp. Cng vi s lng ln ca cc t chc (ngha l, cc i tc,
nh thu ph, v khch hng) tham gia cc d n, th cng yu cu cng sc r xot hp
ng ln hn.
Do chng ti c th cho rng "n gin" vic duyt hp ng s c thc hin bi
mt ngi xem, h s tp trung vo mt vi ch v u t t thi gian xem li. Tuy
nhin, hp ng quy m ln c th yu cu s tham gia ca mt i nghin cu mt
lot cc vn , mt qu trnh i hi s u t ca nhiu gi lm vic.
- Tc nhn thc thi duyt hp ng

24

Nhim v duyt li hp ng c th c hon thnh bi cc c nhn khc nhau, c

lit k y theo th t tng dn thng qua s phc tp ca d n:
Cc nh lnh o hoc thnh vin khc ca nhm xut.
Cc thnh vin ca i xut.
Mt i ng nhn vin chuyn gia bn ngoi hoc nhn vin ca cng ty nhng ngi
khng phi l mt thnh vin ca nhm xut.
Mt nhm cc chuyn gia bn ngoi. Thng thng, mt nhm r sot li hp ng
bao gm cc chuyn gia bn ngoi c mi n a ra cc xut chuyn mn c
bit. Cc chuyn gia c th c mi n r sot li hp ng trong cc t chc pht
trin phn mm nh do khng th tm thy cc nhn vin thch hp trong i ng nhn
vin ca h.
- Thc hin r xot li hp ng cho xut chnh
xut chnh c ngh cho cc d n c trng bi t nht mt s cc yu t sau:

IT

quy m d n rt ln, k thut rt cao v phc tp, lnh vc chuyn mn mi, t chc
phc tp cao (nhn ra bi mt s lng ln cc t chc, ngha l, i tc, nh thu ph,
v khch hng, tham gia mt phn trong d n ny). Thc hin qu trnh r sot li hp

ng cho mt d n ln thng lin quan n ng k n kh khn ca mt t chc.

Mt s con ng vt qua nhng kh khn c ngh y, sau s xem li ca

cc yu t gii thiu nhiu kh khn cho mt honh thnh mn ca nhim v.

2.1.4. Nhng kh khn ca thc hin xem li hp ng cho cc xut

chnh
Hu ht mi ngi u ng rng xem xt li hp ng l mt th tc chnh cho
gim nguy c tht bi ca d n ln. V cn bn, vic r sot hp ng l kh khn, c
bit l i vi nhng tnh hung r sot cc yu cu xut chnh.
p lc thi gian. C hai giai on ca vic xem xt hp ng, ngh xem xt li d
tho v xem xt d tho hp ng thng c thc hin khi nhm xut l di p lc
ng k v thi gian . Kt qu l, mi giai on ca vic xem li hp ng phi c
hon tt trong vng mt vi ngy gip cho ngi tip theo iu chnh cc vn bn
c din ra.

25

 Quy tc duyt li hp ng yu cu phi lm vic chuyn nghip. Chuyn nghip hiu

sut ca mi giai on ca vic xem li hp ng yu cu s u t chuyn nghip ng
k ca cc chuyn gia (s lng thi gian yu cu khc nhau, tt nhin, ty theo bn cht
ca d n).
Cc thnh vin tim nng trong nhm r sot Hp ng u rt bn rn. Nhng thnh
vin tim nng ca i duyt hp ng thng l nhn vin cp cao v cc chuyn gia v
h thng cam kt thc hin thng xuyn nhim v ca h ti tt c thi gian c xem
l cn thit. Cc chuyn gia nhn ri c th do l mt vn hu cn quan trng.

2.1.5. Khuyn co cho vic thc hin duyt li nhng hp ng chnh

Mt k hoch xem li hp ng mt cch cn thn quyt nh thnh cng ca nhm r

IT

sot hp ng. Cc bc sau y c thc hin to iu kin cho quy trnh r sot.
Cc hp ng nn c r sot theo lch trnh. Xem xt li cc hot ng r sot hp
ng nn c a vo lch trnh chun b xut, li y thi gian cho vic xem

li v chnh tip theo s c thc hin.

Mt nhm thc hin r sot li cc hp ng. Lm cho n c th lm vic theo nhm

phn phi cc khi lng cng vic gia cc thnh vin trong nhm sao cho mi thnh
vin ca i xem li hp ng c th c thi gian lm (c th bao gm vic chun
b mt bn bo co bng vn bn m tm tt ca mnh nhng pht hin v kin ngh).
Lnh o ca i r sot hp ng nn c b nhim. iu quan trng l trch nhim
cho cc t chc, qun l v kim sot cc cc hot ng r sot hp ng c xc nh,
thch hp hn bng cch b nhim mt lnh o ca i . Ci hot ng ca cc lnh o
i bao gm:
- Tuyn dng ca cc thnh vin trong i
- Phn phi cc nhim v r sot gia cc thnh vin ca nhm nghin cu
- Phi hp gia cc thnh vin ca i duyt
- Phi hp gia cc i tuyn xem xt v xut

26

- Theo di cc hot ng, c bit l vic tun th theo lch biu

- Tng kt nhng pht hin v phn phi chng t nhm ngh
Lu :
Theo xem li hp ng c th p t mt khi lng cng vic ng k v b sung
p lc vo cc nhm xut, ngh nn c trao cho khi n c th c thch hp
trnh khng tin hnh r sot hp ng. Tnh hung c th xy ra vi cc d n quy m
nh, hoc d n quy m chi ph va v nh. Cc th tc r sot hp ng nn c xc
nh thnh nhng loi d n m r sot li hp ng l khng bt buc. i vi cc loi
khc c nh ngha d n "n gin" , n khuyn co rng quyn c trao cho mt
ngi qun l cao cp a ra quyt nh xem u thc hin xem li.

2.1.6. Cc i tng r sot hp ng

IT

Duyt hp ng c thc hin bi nhiu i tng, da trn vic nh gi mc tiu ca hp ng.

Bng kim mc (checklist) l cng c hu ch cho vic gip i xem xt t chc cng vic ca mnh v
t c nhiu thng tin ca nhng vn lin quan. R rng l rt nhiu vn trn cc danh sch ny l
khng thch hp i vi bt k d n c th. Ti cng mt thi im, ngay c mt danh sch kim tra ton
din c th loi tr mt s vn quan trng c lin quan n mt xut d n nh. y l nhim v
ca i r sot hp ng, nhng c bit l ca cc nh lnh o, xc nh danh sch cc vn thch
hp cho cc xut d n c th.

2.1.7. R sot hp ng cho cc d n ni b

Mt s lng ng k, nu khng phi l a s, cc d n phn mm l d n cc d
n ni b - d n "trong nh" - c thc hin bi mt b phn ca mt t chc cho mt
b phn ca t chc . Trong trng hp nh vy, vic n v pht trin phn mm l
nh cung cp, trong khi cc n v khc c th c coi l khch hng. Thng xuyn,
d n pht trin phn mm ni b khng da trn nhng g s c xem l mt mi quan
h y khch hng -nh cung cp . Trong nhiu trng hp, cc d n ny c da
trn cc tha thun chung, vi thin ch ng vai tr quan trng trong mi quan h gia
hai n v. N sau rng cc n v ang pht trin s thc hin ch mt on ngn v
"nh" duyt hp , hoc khng ai c.

27

Bng : Chun d n ni b v khch hng trong cng t chc

Kiu ca d n

Khch hng

V d

Qun tr hoc cc phn Qun tr hoc thao tc

H thng bn hng v hng

mm thao tc dng trong

tn kho

ni b

H thng qun l ti chnh

Nhng gi phm phm Th trng phn mm

c d nh bn theo

Tr chi my tnh
Phn mm gio dc

kiu phn mm ng gi
X l ngn ng
Nhng vi chng trnh B phn pht trin in t Cng c in t v cc phn

IT

c nhng trong sn phm v c kh

ca cng ty

mm iu khin

Tht khng may, mi quan h lng thng c c trng bi khng th nghim cc

yu cu ca d n, lch biu, ti nguyn v pht trin cc ri ro. Kt qu l, nhng vn

sau y c kh nng xy ra:

(1) Qu trnh nh ngha khng tng xng vi yu cu d n.

(2) Ngho nn trong vic nh gi yu cu.
(3) Thi kha biu / lp lch trnh ngho nn.
(4) Khng tng xng nhn thc v nhng nguy c v ri ro.
Theo danh sch ny cho thy, chng ta c th d dng kt lun rng in hourse, thc
hin d n cho cc khch hng ni b c nhiu d b tht bi hn l nhng hp ng
d n bn ngoi .
C th kt lun rng mi quan h khch hng-nh cung cp v vic xem li hp ng
c chng minh l c hiu qu cho cc d n bn ngoi nn c p dng cho cc

28

d n ni b. Cc c hi trnh nu trn nhng vn tim nng c th c ci thin

ng k bng cch thc hin th tc s xc nh:
Mt xut ph hp cho d n ni b
p dng mt tin trnh xem li hp ng ng cch cho cc d n ni b
Tha thun thch ng gia cc khch hng ni b v cc ni b nh cung cp.
- Nhc im ca "cc mi quan h lng" ni b d n
Vn

Nhc im ca khch hng Nhc im ca nh pht

ni b

trin ni b

Qu trnh nh ngha Ci t lch hng so vi yu Tn nhn lc a ra

yu cu d n

nhng thay i c th trnh

IT

khng tng xng vi cu ca chng trnh

Hi lng thp

Qu trnh nh ngha Mong i phi hin thc mt h lch ln t ngn sch

do pht trin
Xung t c gy ra bi

yu cu d n

mm

khng tng xng vi thng

cc yu cu cho vic thm

Thi kha biu / lp lch Thiu lch trnh ngy phn phi

Hot ng pht trin di

trnh ngho nn.

thi gian p lc v kh chi

sn phm mi

ngn sch

t sn phm km cht lng

Khng tng xng Cha chun b cho nhng ri ro S khi u chm chm ca
nhn thc v nhng ca d n v nhng hu qu nhn lc khc phc kh
nguy c v ri ro.
ca chng.
khn.

29

2.2. Cc k hoch pht trin v k hoch cht lng

Hy tng tng rng bn va c b nhim lm ngi ng u mt d n kh
ln. Nh l thng xy ra trong ngnh cng nghip phn mm, bn chu nhiu p lc
kinh khng v thi gian t ngy u tin. Bi v bn l thnh vin ca i xut v
tham gia vo hu ht cc cuc hp vi i din ca khch hng, bn c t tin rng bn
bit tt c nhng g l cn thit cho cng vic. Bn nh ngh s dng k hoch v ti
liu ni b m i chun b nh bn k hoch v pht trin v cht lng. Bn
chun b da vo cc ti liu ny bi v bn bit rng cc ngh v c lng ca n,
bao gm c thi gian biu, yu cu nghip v, danh sch cc ti liu d n,nh gi thit
k d kin, v danh sch cc ri ro khi pht trin thng qua xem xt k lng bi nhm
xem xt li hp ng.

IT

V vy bn c mt cht tht vng rng ti thi im rt quan trng ny ca d n,

phng qun l pht trin yu cu bn ngay lp tc chun b cc k hoch pht trin d n
mi v ring bit ( "K hoch pht trin") v cc k hoch cht lng ( "K hoch cht
lng"). Khi bn cho rng ngh hon thnh v ph lc ca n c th phc v nh l
cc k hoch yu cu, ngi qun l nhn mnh rng h c th cp nht, vi cc ch
mi v ton din hn m bo y nht ca k hoch. "Bng cch ny," ngi qun
l cp gn nh l sang mt bn ", ng qun rng khong thi gian by thng t gia
cc vic chun b ngh v k kt hp ng. y nh l mt khong thi gian cht
trong d n ca chng ta. . . . "

Bn nn mong mun rng ngi qun l ca bn l ng. Cng sc v vn u t

trong vic chun b cc k hoch pht trin v cht lng chc chn s mang li li ch.
Bn c th nhn ra rng mt s thnh vin trong i s khng sn sng ti cc ngy theo
thi gian biu do chm tr trong vic hon thnh cng vic hin ti ca h, hay rng cc
cng ty t vn ng cung cp h tr chuyn mn trong mt lnh vc chuyn mn
ho cao v quan trng b thit hi nng v b ph sn trong thi gian ngn. y ch l
hai trong cc loi ca cc vn c th ny sinh.
Tng kt li, d n cn cc bn k hoch v pht trin v cht lng nh sau:

Phi da trn cc ngh s khai m c kim tra li mt cch k lng v

cp nht lin tc.

Phi ton din hn so vi ngh ph duyt, c bit l vi quan im v thi

gian biu, nh gi ti nguyn, nh gi ri ro v pht trin.

Bao gm b sung cc i tng vng mt t ngh ph duyt.

Chng ta chun b giai on u ca d n c th cnh bo v kh khan

trong vic lp k hoch, tin nng thiu nhn vin, cc nhn t pht trin, cc vn
30

 vi cc cuc hp ti cc mc quan trng trong hp ng, nhng ri ro pht

trin c sa i,
K hoch pht trin v cht lng l nhng yu t chnh cn thit cho vic tun th cc
tiu chun d n vi 9000.3. y cng l mt yu t quan trng trong Capability
Maturity Model (CMM) nh gi s trng thnh ca t chc pht trin phn mm.

2.2.1. Nhng mc tiu ca k hoch pht trin v k hoch cht lng

K hoch, nh l mt qu trnh, c nhiu mc tiu, mi mc tiu trong s c ngha
l chun b y trn c s sau y:
1) Cc hot ng lp thi gian biu pht trin s dn n thnh cng v kp thi gian
hon thnh d n, v c lng c ngun nhn lc, yu cu v ngn sch.
(2) Cc thnh vin i tuyn dng v vic phn b ngun lc pht trin (theo lch trnh
hot ng v yu cu c lng ngun nhn lc).
(3) Gii quyt cc ri ro pht trin.

IT

(4) Ci t cc hot ng c yu cu ca SQA.

(5) Cung cp vic qun l vi d liu cn thit kim sot d n.

2.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca k hoch pht trin

Cn c vo ti liu ngh, k hoch pht trin ca d n l chun b sn sng

hon thnh cc mc tiu trn. Cc yu t sau y p dng cho cc thnh phn ca d
n khc nhau bao gm k hoch pht trin d n.
(1) Sn phm d n:

K hoch pht trin bao gm cc sn phm sau:

Ti liu thit k chi tit xc nh ngy hon thnh, ch ra nhng g c chuyn giao
cho khch hng ( "phn phi").
Sn phm phn mm (xc nh ngy hon thnh v cch ci t).
o to nghip v (ch r ngy thng, ngi tham gia v cc site).
(2) Giao din d n:
D n bao gm cc giao din:
Giao tip vi cc gi phn mm hin c (giao din phn mm).
Giao tip vi cc phn mm khc v / hoc nhm pht trin phn cng
ang lm vic trn cng mt h thng, d n (tc l, hp tc v phi hp lin kt).

31

 Giao tip vi phn cng hin ti (giao din phn cng).

(3) Phng php lun v cng c pht trin d n c p dng mi giai on
ca d n.
Ch dn thc hin
Khi nh gi s ph hp ca d n vi cc phng php v cng c pht trin c
xut, chng ta cng nn a vo kinh nghim chuyn mn ca i ng nhn vin, bao
gm c nhn vin ca nh thu ph, thm ch nu tm thi.
(4) Cc th tc v cc chun pht trin phn mm:
Nn c mt danh sch cc chun b cc th tc c p dng trong d n.
(5) S nh x cc qu trnh pht trin:

Hot ng m t bao gm:

IT

Vic nh x cc qu trnh pht trin bao gm vic cung cp cc nh ngha chi tit cho
tng giai on ca d n. Nhng m t bao gm cc nh ngha cc yu t u vo v
u ra, v cc hot ng c th c ln k hoch.

(a) c tnh v thi gian ca hot ng. Nhng c tnh ph thuc nhiu vo kinh
nghim thu c trong cc d n trc .

Ch dn thc hin:

(b)Chui cc hot ng hp l, trong mi hot ng c thc hin, bao gm m t

s ph thuc ca hot ng vo cc hot ng trc hon thnh.
(c) Cc kiu ngun lc chuyn mn cn thit v c lng cn bao nhiu ngun lc cn
thit cho tng hot ng.

Cc hot ng SQA, nh xem xt li thit k v test phn mm, nn c bao gm trong

cc hot ng d n theo lch trnh. Vic ny cng c p dng cho cc hot ng thit
k v chnh sa m. Khng c k hoch cc hot ng ny c th gy ra s chm tr
unanticipated trong vic khi xng cc hot ng tip theo.
Mt s phng php c sn cho vic lp lch biu v trnh by bng hnh nh ( ha)
qu trnh pht trin. Mt trong nhng phng php ph bin nht l s dng biu
Gantt, hin th cc hot ng khc nhau bi cc thanh ngang c di t l thun vi thi
gian ca hot ng. Cc thanh i din cho cc hot ng ca mnh, v c t theo
chiu dc, theo k hoch v bt u kt lun ca chng. Mt vi cng c trn my vi tnh
c th chun b cc biu Gantt, thm vo cung cp mt danh sch cc hot ng bi
thi gian cn thit bt u v kt thc ca chng, v..v.

32

Thm mt phng php lp k hoch nng cao, nh CPM v Pert, c hai u thuc loi
phn tch con ng quan trng, c trnh t ph thuc vo thi gian hot ng thm vo.
Chng cho php tnh ton thi gian sm nht v mun nht c chp nhn cho mi hot
ng. S khc nhau gia cc thi gian bt u ph thuc vo tnh linh hot ca cc hot
ng c lp lch. c bit ch n cc hot ng thiu thi gian biu linh hot (c
gi l cc hot ng critical path), v hon thnh vi vang c th gy chm tr trong
vic k kt ca ton b d n.
Mt s gi phn mm, s dng kt hp cc phng php, h tr vic lp k hoch, bo
co v theo di thi gian biu ca d n. Mt v d v mt gi phn mm ca loi hnh
ny l d Microsoft Project . tho lun chi tit hn v vic lp lch, hy tham kho
cc sch vit v qun l d n.
(6) Cc mc d n:

(7) T chc nhn vin trong d n:

K hoch t chc bao gm:

IT

i vi mi mc quan trng, thi gian hon thnh v cc sn phm ca d n (cc ti liu

v m) c xc nh.

C cu t chc: nh ngha cc i d n v nhim v ca h, bao gm cc i c

bao gm c cc cng nhn ca nh thu ph.

Cc yu cu chuyn mn: chng ch chuyn mn, kinh nghim trong mt ngn ng lp

trnh c th hoc cng c pht trin, kinh nghim vi mt sn phm phn mm c th v
cc loi,.. v..v.
S thnh vin ca nhm cn thit cho tng thi k, theo cc hot ng c lp lch
D kin cc i s bt u hot ng ca h vo cc thi im khc nhau, v kch thc
i ca h c th khc nhau ti mi khong thi gian, ty thuc vo cc hot ng
c lp k hoch.
Tn ca cc nh lnh o i v cc thnh vin nhm. Nhng kh khn c d kin
s pht sinh i vi vic giao lu di ca nhn vin cc i v s thay i trong tp
unanticipated hin ti ca h.
V vy, tn ca cc nhn vin c yu cu gip theo di s tham gia ca h nh thnh
vin ca nhm.
Ch dn thc hin:
Tnh sn c lu di ca nhn vin d n nn c kim tra cn thn. Chm li trong
hon thnh nhim v trc y c th dn n s chm tr trong vic gia nhp nhm d
n, trong tng ri ro khng hp li c ti cc mc quan trng ca d n. Ngoi ra,
33

nhn vin bc hi "" gy ra bi chc v / hoc cc chng trnh khuyn mi, hin tng
l c bit thng xuyn trong ngnh cng nghip phn mm, c th gy ra tnh trng
thiu nhn vin. V vy, c lng kh nng sn c ca nhn vin nn c kim tra
nh k trnh nhng "ngc nhin". Cnh bo sm v tnh trng thiu nhn vin bt
kh khng, lm cho n d dng gii quyt vn hn.
(8) Cc nhn t pht trin:
Cc nhn t pht trin bt buc bao gm phn cng, phn mm v cng c pht trin
phn cng, khng gian vn phng, v cc mt hng khc. i vi tng nhn t, khong
thi gian cn thit cho vic s dng n nn c ghi trn thi gian biu.
(9) Cc ri ro pht trin:

IT

Ri ro pht trin vn c trong bt k d n. hiu pervasiveness ca chng, v lm th

no c th kim sot c chng,u tin chng ta phi xc nh cc khi nim. Mt ri
ro pht trin l "mt tiu bang hoc ti sn ca mt cng vic hoc mi trng pht trin,
trong , nu b qua, s tng kh nng tht bi ca d n" (Ropponen v Lyytinen,
2000).Cc ri ro pht trin tiu biu l:
Cc khong trng cng ngh - Thiu kin thc chuyn mn ph hp v y v kinh
nghim thc hin cc nhu cu ca cc hp ng pht trin.

Thiu nhn vin - ht Unanticipated ca i ng nhn vin chuyn nghip.

S ph thuc ln nhau ca cc yu t t chc - Cc kh nng ca cc nh cung cp

phn cng hoc phn mm chuyn dng ca nh thu ph, v d,h s khng thc hin
ngha v ca h nh trn thi gian biu.
H thng hot ng qun l ri ro nn c khi xng i ph vi chng. Quy trnh
qun l ri ro bao gm cc hot ng sau y: nhn bit ri ro, nh gi ri ro, lp k
hoch hnh ng qun l ri ro (RMAs), thc hin RMAs, v gim st cc RMAs.
Phn mm RMAs c a vo k hoch pht trin.
Tm quan trng ngy cng tng ca phn mm qun l ri ro c th hin trong m
hnh xon c ca cc vng i phn mm. i ph vi cc loi ri ro, mt giai on
c bit dnh ring nh gi ri ro phn mm c ch nh cho mi chu k xon
c(Boehm, 1988, 1998).
(10) Cc phng php kim sot:
kim sot vic thc hin d n, qun l d n v qun l phng p dng mt lot cc
gim st thc tin khi chun b bo co tin v phi hp vi cc cuc hp.
(11) c lng chi ph d n:

34

c lng chi ph d n l da trn xut d ton chi ph, sau l xem xt k lng
v s lin quan tip tc ca chng da trn cc s c lng ti nguyn cp nht con
ngi, thng lng hp ng vi nh thu ph v nh cung cp, v ..v..v. V d, mt
phn ca d n, k hoch s c thc hin bi mt nhm pht trin ni b, cn phi
c thc hin bi mt nh thu ph, do cha sn sng ca i. Mt s thay i ca
bn cht ny thng c tham gia vo mt ngn sch b sung ng k.

2.2.3. Cc thnh phn ca k hoch cht lng

Tt c hay mt s mc sau y, ty thuc vo cc d n, bao gm cc thnh phn ca
mt k hoch qun l cht lng d n :
(1) Nhng mc tiu ca qun l cht lng

IT

Thut ng quality goals dng ch cc yu cu cht lng thc cht ca vic pht
trin h thng phn mm . n v nh lng c a thch hn so vi cc n v nh
tnh khi la chn mc tiu cht lng, bi chng cung cp cho nh pht trin cc nh
gi khch quan hn v hiu sut phn mm trong sut qu trnh pht trin tin trnh v
kim th h thng. Tuy nhin, khng ch c mt loi mc tiu thch ng vi tt c. Cc
th thay th cht lng vi n v nh lng c minh ha trong v d sau y
V d

Mt h thng phn mm phc v cc cng vic vn phng ca mt nh my sn xut

in c pht trin.H thng tr gip cng vic vn phng ( HDS Help desk
system ) c d nh hot ng 100 gi mi tun. i qun l cht lng phn mm
c yu cu chun b trc 1 danh sch cc mc tiu cht lng nh lng ph
hp vi nhng yu cu cht lng nht nh, nh th hin trong bng sau
HDS
qualitative Cc mc tiu nh lng cht lng lin quan
requirements (yu cu
cht lng )
HDS: thn thin vi Mt thao tc mi tr gip cng vic vn phng c th hc
ngi s dng
chi tit theo mt kha hc ko di t hn 8 gi, v lm ch
hot ng trong t hn 5 ngy lm vic
HDS: rt tin cy

HDS lun sn sng trn 99,5% (thi gian cht ca HDS

khng c qu 30 pht mi tun )

HDS: hot ng lin tc

Thi gian phc hi h thng khng c qu 10 pht

trong trng hp HDS b li

35

HDS: c hiu qu cao

Mt thao tc HDS phi c kh nng x l t nht 100 yu

cu ca khch hng trong 8 gi thay i

HDS: cung cp dch v Thi gian ch i cho mt thao tc phn hi khng vt

cht lng cao cho qu 30 giy trong 99% li yu cu.Nhng thnh cng ca
khch hng
mc tiu ny ph thuc vo s kt hp cc tnh nng ca
phn mm v s lng ci t v vn hnh cc trm lm
vic
Nhng mc tiu cht lng phi phn nh nhng tiu ch chnh c chp nhn v c
ch ra trong ti liu yu cu ca khch hng( v d cc ti liu RFP). Nh vy, nhng mc
tiu cht lng nh l n v cc thnh cng ca cc yu cu cht lng ca khch hng

(2) K hoch nh gi hot ng

Phm vi nh gi hot ng
Cc loi hnh nh gi hot ng
Lp lch nh gi hot ng ( c nh ngha bi u tin v cc hot
ng thnh cng ca tin trnh d n )
Cc th tc c th c p dng
Ai chu trch nhim thc hin cc hot ng nh gi li ?

IT

K hoh qun l cht lng phi cung cp mt danh sch y tt c cc k hoch

nh gi hot ng: nh gi thit k (Design Reviews DRs), kim tra thit k, kim
tra m (code).., vi nhng xc nh sau cho tng hot ng :

(3) K hoch kim th phn mm

K hoch qun l cht lng phi cung cp mt danh sch y k hoch kim th
phn mm, vi nhng thit k sau cho mi ln kim tra:

n v, h thng tch hp hay hon chnh kim tra

Cc loi hnh ca hot ng kim th s c thc hin, bao gm cc c
im k thut ca cc ln kim th phn mm trn my tnh c p dng
Lch lch cho k hoch kim th ( c nh ngha bi th t u tin ca n
v nhng hot ng thnh cng ca tin trnh d n )
Cc th tc c th c p dng
Ai chu trch nhim thc hin kim tra

36

(4) K hoch kim th s chp nhn cho phn mm pht trin bn ngoi
Mt danh sch y ca k hoch kim th s chp nhn cho phn mm pht trin
bn ngoi phi c cung cp trong k hoch qun l cht lng bao gm cc mc :
(a) Phn mm c mua
(b) Phn mm c pht trin bi cc nh thu ph
(c) Phn mm c khch hng cung cp
Kim th s chp nhn cho phn mm pht trin bn ngoi nn song song vi vic
kim th phn mm pht trin bn trong.
(5) Qun l cu hnh
K hoch qun l cht lng phi xc nh cc cng c v th tc qun l cu hnh,
bao gm c cc th tc kim sot thay i v phi p dng trong sut d n.

IT

Cc thnh phn qun l cht lng phn mm c yu cu c lit k trong bng

sau:
Cc thnh phn ca qun l cht lng phn mm
1. Danh sch cc mc tiu cht lng

2. nh gi cc hot ng

3. Kim th phn mm

4. Kim th s chp nhn phn mm pht trin bn ngoi

5. Cc cng c v th tc qun l cu hnh

* Ti liu qun l cht lng, s ph duyt v nh dng ca n

Qun l cht lng c th c chun b nh mt phn ca k hoch pht trin hay nh
mt ti liu c lp. Trong mt s trng hp, k hoch c chia thnh mt s ti liu
bi hng mc , nh k hoch DR, k hoch kim th, v k hoch kim tra s chp nhn
phn mm pht trin bn ngoi . nh gi v chp thun ca k hoch qun l cht lng
nn c tin hnh theo th tc chun ca t chc cho cc k hoch nh vy.

37

2.2.4. Cc k hoch pht trin v k hoch cht lng cho cc d n nh

v cc d n ni b
Vic cc nh lnh o d n c gng trnh khi nhng rc ri trong qu trnh chun b
k hoch pht trin v qun l cht lng l iu t nhin. iu ny phn nh xu hng
trnh vic lm vic quan liu v kim sot chung chung m khch hng c th d tnh
thc hin. Xu hng ny c bit thng thy trong 2 trng hp : cc d n nh v cc
d n ni b. S chun b k hoch cho cc d n nh vy s c tho lun trong 2 phn
sau.
- K hoch pht trin v qun l cht lng cho cc d n nh

IT

"

mt d n ch c thi hn 40 ngy, c th c thc hin bi mt chuyn gia v

hon thnh trong 12 tun, vi 1 man-days c phi chun b lp k hoch qun l
cht lng v pht trin ton th ?
mt d n c thc hin bi 3 chuyn gia vi tng vn l 30 man-days v hon
thnh trong 5 tun, i hi phi lp k hoch ton th?
Cn lm r rng cc th tc lp k hoch qun l cht lng v pht trin p dng
cho cc d n ln c th s khng p dng c cho cc d n nh. Cc th tc
c bit l cn thit. Cc th tc ny xc nh cch gii quyt cc d n nh trong
cc cu hi trn vi vic ch trng ti cc k hoch :
(1) trng hp khng cn lp k hoch qun l cht lng v pht trin. V d cc
d n i hi khong 15 man-days
(2) trng hp vic chun b cc k hoch ph thuc vo quyt nh ca lnh o
d n. V d : mt d n i hi di 50 man-days m khng c ri ro quan
trng c xc nh. Trong trng hp ny c th quyt nh rng vic lp
k hoch l khng cn thit. Mt v d khc : mt d n nh nhng phc tp
cn c hon thnh trong 30 ngy, trong s c mt hnh pht nghim
trng khi khng hon thnh ng thi gian. Trong trng hp ny, lp k
hoch l cn thit i ph vi nhng kh khn ca d n.
(3) Trng hp vic lp k hoch pht trin v qun l cht lng l bt buc.
K hoch pht trin :
" Cc sn phm d n, ch ra s phn phi
" Cc im chun ca d n
" Cc ri ro trong vic pht trin
" c lng gi thnh d n
K hoch qun l cht lng :
" Mc tiu cht lng

"

Mt s li ch ca cc d n nh c lp k hoch so vi cc d n khng c
lp k hoch c th c xc nh, thm ch cho cc k hoch suy gim:

38

(1) S hiu bit y v trit hn cc nhim v c th hon thnh chng

(2) Trch nhim ln hn c th c phn cng
(3) D dng hn cho ngi qun l v khch hng trong vic chia s quyn kim
sot d n v sm pht hin ra cc s chm tr khng mong mun
(4) Hiu bit tt hn v cc yu cu v thi gian biu c t ra gia ngi pht
trin v khch hng
- K hoch pht trin v qun l cht lng i vi cc d n ni b
Cc d n ni b l cc d n d nh dnh cho cc b phn khc trong t chc
hoc cho ton b t chc, hoc dng cc d n ny trong vic pht trin cc gi phn
mm cho th trng phn mm. Nhn chung, tt c cc d n loi ny s khng c s
tham gia ca cc khch hng bn ngoi trong vic pht trin d n. Cc d n ni b c
quy m va hoc ln. Tuy nhin, ngay c trong trng hp ny cng c xu hng trnh
vic chun b cc k hoch pht trin v qun l cht lng mt cch y . V d sau
minh ha hu qu tiu cc ca mt d n ni b khng c lp k hoch :

IT

B phn tip th ca cng ty Toyware, mt cng ty sn xut tr chi vi tnh mi,

c k hoch tung ra th trng Super Monster 2000 tr chi vi tnh mi ca cng
ty trong ma Ging sinh sp ti. B phn pht trin phn mm cho rng vic xy dng
tr chi nn c bt u ngay lp tc hon thnh d n ng thi gian. Do , vic
chun b mt bui tho lun gia b phn tip th v b phn pht trin; v cc k hoch
pht trin v qun l cht lng khng c xem l cn thit. B phn pht trin c tnh
ngn sch khong 240 000$, v c chuyn giao. Theo lch tip th, kim th h
thng phi c hon thnh trc 1 thng 10 b phn tip th thc hin cc yu cu
xc tin v qung co chin dch trong ma bn hng ca dp Ging sinh. Khi d n tin
trin, n c th c mt s chm tr. Vo cui thng 6, ngi ta nhn ra 3 thng chm tr
l khng th trnh khi. Cc hot ng qung co din ra trc 30.6 tr thnh v ngha.
Cui cng, d n hon thnh vo cui thng 2. Gi thnh ca d n vt ng k - thc
t chi ph vt qu 385 000$ - nhng thit hi ln nht l cng ty mt c hi khai thc th
trng ma Ging sinh. Tun trc, qun l cng ty quyt nh s trnh tt c cc d n
ni b pht trin tr chi vi tnh trong tng lai.
V d ny cho thy r rng l vic chun b cc k hoch pht trin v qun l cht
lng ton b cho cc d n ni b - k c vic gim st thng xuyn c th rt c li
cho vic thc hin cc d n ni b.
B phn pht trin phn mm c th t c nhng thun li sau y vi vic
chun b k hoch :
(1) Trnh vt qu ngn sch. iu ny c tm quan trng c bit trong vic
m bo li nhun.

39

(2) Trnh thit hi cho cc d n khc do cc chuyn gia tham gia vo d n ni

b b chm tr nn cha th tham gia vo d n khc.
(3) Trnh trng hp mt th trng, c bit lin quan n danh ting ca cng
ty, do cc d n ni b chm tr ko theo cc d n bn ngoi ph thuc vo
n cng b tr.
Khch hng ni b c th c nhng thun li sau :
(1) t tr hn v ngn sch t b vt qu hn.
(2) Kim sot tt hn qu trnh pht trin, trong c vic xc nh s chm tr
sm hn, t c th tm cch gii quyt nguyn nhn ca chng.
(3) t thit hi chm tr ni b hn
T chc c th c nhng li ch sau :

Gim ri ro phi b sung ngn sch

IT

(1) Gim ri ro mt th trng do sn phm b tr

(2) Gim ri ro b kin do hon thnh cc sn phm b mun, v th, gim thit
hi v vi phm hp ng
(3) Gim nguy c danh ting ca cng ty b nh hng

40

Chng 3.
n

Cc thnh phn SQA trong vng i d

3.1. Tch hp cc hot ng cht lng trong vng i d n

Cc m hnh pht trin phn mm cung cp mt tp cc khi nim v cc phng php
lun cn thit xy dng phn mm. Thm vo , m hnh pht trin bao gm cc nh
ngha ca cc hot ng chnh cn cho s pht trin ca d n, cho cc im mc ca ca
d n. Ngi qun tr d n s xc nh cch d n thc hin bng vic xc nh m hnh
pht trin v p dng vo trong d n. Hu ht cc hot ng m bo cht lng c
t trong cu hnh vi cc im mc (milestones), trong yu cu xem xt li cc hot
ng pht trin sn phm c hon thin trc . Do , nhng ngi m bo cht
lng phn mm nn hiu bit v cc m hnh k ngh phn mm khc nhau c th
chun b mt k hoch cht lng m s c tch hp thnh k hoch d n.

3.1.1. Phng php pht trin phn mm truyn thng v cc phng

php khc

IT

Bn m hnh ca quy trnh pht trin c bn lun trong phn ny l:

M hnh vng i pht trin phn mm (SDLC).

M hnh bn mu nhanh.

M hnh xon c.

M hnh hng i tng.

M hnh vng i pht trin phn mm (SDLC) l mt m hnh truyn thng (hin
nay vn c th p dng c); n cung cp s m t ton din nht v quy trnh pht trin
phn mm. M hnh ch ra cn xy dng nhng khi chnh cho ton b qu trnh pht
trin, c m t nh l mt chui tuyn tnh. Trong pha ban u ca quy trnh pht trin
phn mm, cc ti liu thit k sn phm c chun b, vic nh gi phin bn u tin
ca chng trnh my tnh ch din ra giai on cui ca quy trnh. M hnh SDLC c
th ng vai tr nh mt khung (framework) biu din cc m hnh khc.
M hnh bn mu da trn s thay th ca mt hoc nhiu pha trong m hnh SDLC
bng mt quy trnh nh gi, cc bn mu phn mm c s dng cho qu trnh giao
tip gia ngi pht trin, ngi s dng cui v khch hng. Cc bn mu c a ra
ngi s dng nh gi. Sau , ngi pht trin tip tc pht trin mt bn mu nng
cao, bn mu ny cng phi c a ra nh gi. Qu trnh nh gi ny tip tc cho
n khi d n phn mm c hon thin hoc bn mu phn mm t c nhng g
m pha yu cu. Trong trng hp ny, phn cn li ca quy trnh pht trin c th
c thc thin theo mt phng php lun khc, chng hn nh theo m hnh SDLC
truyn thng.
41

M hnh xon c cung cp mt phng php lun nhm m bo hiu qu v

mt hiu nng ca mi pha trong m hnh SDLC truyn thng. M hnh ny lin quan
n mt quy trnh lp, tch hp cc yu cu thay i ca khch hng, phn tch v gii
quyt cc ri ro, cc hot ng v mt k ngh v k hoch cho pht trin phn mm.
Mt trong nhng tng tc ca m hnh xon c c th l yu cu hon thin mi pha
ca d n trong m hnh SDLC.
M hnh hng i tng kt hp cht ch vic s dng li cc phn mm c
ln bng cch kt hp cc m dun c th s dng li c thnh cc h thng phn mm
mi. Trong trng hp khng c m dun phn mm no c th s dng c (theo thut
ng i tng hoc thnh phn) sn c, ngi pht trin c th thc hin mt quy trnh
bn mu hoc quy trnh SDLC hon thnh vic pht trin mt h thng mi.
- M hnh vng i pht trin phn mm (SDLC)

IT

SDLC l m hnh tuyn tnh bt u bng vic nh ngha cc yu cu v kt thc

bng s vn hnh ca h thng v qu trnh bo tr. Th hin ph bin nht ca SDLC l
m hnh waterfall (thc nc). M hnh ny c minh ha trong hnh di y:

42

IT
T
P
Hnh M hnh thc nc

M hnh gm c 7 pha: xc nh yu cu, phn tch, thit k, coding, kim th h

thng, ci t v chuyn giao, vn hng v bo tr.
Xc nh yu cu: Mc ch ca pha xc nh yu cu l xc nh cc chc nng
ca h thng cn xy dng, khch hng phi a ra v xc nh cc quyt nh ca h.
Trong nhiu trng hp h thng phn mm l mt phn ca h thng ln hn. Thng tin
v cc phn khc ca h thng c m rng s gip thit lp s cng tc gia i d n
v cc giao din thnh phn pht trin.

43

Phn tch: N lc chnh y l phn tch s n ca nhng yu cuthnh m

hnh khi to ca h thng phn mm.
Thit k: Giai on ny bao gm vic nh ngha chi tit u vo, u ra v cc
th tc x l, bao gm cu trc d liu, c s d liu, cu trc phn mm, ...
Coding: Trong pha ny, ton b thit k c chuyn thnh code. Vic coding
bao gm nhng hot ng m bo cht lng phn mm nh inspection, unit test, v
test tch hp.

IT

Test h thng (System test): Test h thng c thc hin sau khi pha coding
hon thin. Mc ch chnh ca vic kim th l cng tm ra nhiu li phn mm cng tt
t c mc chp nhn ca cht lng phn mm. Kim th h thng c thc
hin bi nhng ngi pht trin trc khi bn giao cho khch hng. Trong nhiu trng
hp, khch hng thc hin kim th phn mm mt cch c lp (cn gi l test chp
nhn sn phm) m bo rng nhng ngi pht trin tha mn tt c nhng ha
hn v nhng phn ng phn mm bt ng hoc li c th c thy trc. y l iu
kh ph bin, khch hng yu cu ngi pht trin h c tham gia vo trong qu
trnh kim th h thng, mt th tc tit kim c v mt thi gian v ti nguyn cho
vic phn tch ring bit gia test h thng v test chp nhn.

Ci t v chuyn giao: Sau khi h thng phn mm c ph chun, h thng

c ci t phc v nh l mt phn sn, c ngha l, n nh l mt phn ca h
thng thng tin, biu din mt thnh phn c bn ca h thng c m rng. Nu h
thng thng tin mi c xy dng thay th h thng ang tn ti, mt quy trnh
chuyn giao phi c khi to m bo rng cc hot ng ca t chc vn c tip
tc m khng b gin on trong sut pha chuyn giao.
Vn hnh v bo tr: Vn hnh phn mm bt u sau khi pha ci t v chuyn
giao c xong. Xuyn sut thi k vn hnh, thng t nht l mt vi nm hoc cho
n khi xut hin phn mm mi, vic bo tr l cn thit. Vic bo tr kt hp ba kiu
dch v: thch ng s dng cc c trng ca phn mm ang tn ti thc hin cc
yu cu mi; hon thin thm mt s c trng ci thin hiu nng ca phn mm;
sa li sa cc li phn mm c tm thy bi ngi s dng trong qu trnh vn
hnh.
S lng cc pha c th thay thi ty theo c trng ca tng d n. Trong cc d
n phc tp, cc m hnh phn mm c ln, mt s pha c th b chia ra, do , s lng
cc pha c th ln n tm, chn hoc thm ch l nhiu pha hn na. Trong cc d n
nh, mt s pha li c th b gp li, gim s lng pha ca SDLC xung cn su, nm,
thm ch l ch cn bn pha.

44

 cui mi pha, cc u ra c xem xt v nh gi bi ngi pht trin, v

trong mt s trng hp cng c th l khch hng tham gia. Cc kt qu c th ca qu
trnh xem xt li bao gm:

S ph chun ca cc u ra pha v quy trnh ca pha tip theo

Cc yu cu chnh sa, lm li hoc thay i cc phn ca pha cui cng;

trong trng hp m bo tnh chc chn, c th tr v cc pha gn nht theo
yu cu.

rng ca ng kt ni gia cc hnh hp ch nht trong hnh minh ha phn

nh kh nng c nhng kt qu khc nhau. Do , hu ht cc quy trnh c thc hin
nh l mt dng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin, cn ch rng, m hnh nhn mnh cc hot
ng pht trin trc tip v khng ch ra s tham gia ca khch hng trong quy trnh pht
trin.

- M hnh bn mu

Phng php bn mu:

IT

M hnh Waterfall c xut bi Royce (1970) v sau a ra trong trong

m hnh chung ca n c bit n nh l Boehm (1981). M hnh ny cung cp cc
nn tng cho phn ln cc chun m bo cht lng phn mm c trin khai,
chng hn nh chun IEEE 1012, IEEE 12207, ...

Cho php pht trin nhanh v d dng cc bn mu phn mm.

Kt hp vi s tham gia ca khc hng v ngi s dng trong quy trnh

pht trin kim tra v nh gi bn mu.

Khi p dng phng php bn mu, nhng ngi s dng tng lai ca h thng
c yu cu bnh lun cc phin bn ca bn mu phn mm khc nhau c chun
b bi ngi pht trin. T s phn hi ca khch hng v ngi s dng, ngi pht
trin s sa bn mu cho ph hp, cho ng v thm cc phn vo h thng theo cch
biu din nh l mt phin bn phn mm tip theo ngi s dng nh gi. Quy trnh
ny c lp li cho n khi t c mc ch ca bn mu hoc ton b h thng phn
mm c hon thin. ng dng in hnh ca phng php lun bn mu c minh
ha trong hnh di y:

45

IT
T
P
M hnh bn mu

Phng php bn mu c th c p dng trong s kt hp vi cc phng php

lun khc hoc c th xem nh l mt phng php lun c lp. Ni cch khc, s m
rng phng php bn mu c th thay i, t thay th mt pha SDLC (hoc mt pha
trong phng php lun khc) n bn mu hon thin ca ton b h thng phn mm.
Phng php bn mu nh l mt phng php lun pht trin phn mm c
p dng c hiu qu cho cc loi d n c kch thc t nh n trung bnh. u im

46

cng nh thiu st chnh ca phng php bn mu so vi SDLC c tng kt li trong

bng di y:
u im:

Quy trnh pht trin ngn.

Tit kim ti nguyn (man-days).

Ph hp vi cc yu cu ca khch hng v gim thiu c ri ro ca d

n.

S tip nhn (lnh hi) ca ngi dng v h thng mi nhanh hn v d

dng hn.

Nhc im:
Gim bt kh nng mm do v thch nghi i vi nhng thay i v
nhng b sung.

Gim s chun b cho cc trng hp li khng mong i.

- M hnh xon c

IT

M hnh xon c, c xem xt bi Boehm (1988, 1998), a ra mt phng

php lun ci thin nhm phc v cho cc d n c ln v phc tp.

M hnh ny c minh ha nh hnh di y:

47

IT
T
P

M hnh xon c

Theo m hnh xon c, s pht trin phn mm c hiu nh lm mt quy trnh lp;
ti mi ln lp, cc hot ng sau c thc hin:

Lp k hoch.

Phn tch v gii quyt ri ro.

Cc hot ng k ngh theo giai on ca d n: thit k, coding, test, ci t

v chuyn giao.

S nh gi ca khch hng bao gm cc bnh lun, cc thay i v cc yu

cu b sung, ...

48

IT

Mt m hnh xon c tin tin, l m hnh xon c win - win. M hnh xon c tin
tin nhn mnh vo s giao tip v thng lng gia khch hng v ngi pht trin.
Tn ca m hnh m ch thc t rng, bng vic s dng m hnh ny, khch hng c th
nhn c h thng tha mn nht ci h cn, v nh pht trin c kh nng nhn c
nhiu tin v hon thnh d n ng ngy. iu ny t c bng vic nhn mnh vo
s tham gia ca khch hng v nhng hot ng k ngh. Vic xem xt li trong qu trnh
pht trin c in t bng hai on th ca xon c, vi s tham gia ca khch hng:
u tin l s nh gi ca khch hng, th hai l s phn hi v nhng yu cu thay i
ca khch hng. Tng t nh vy, nhng hot ng k ngh c miu t bng hai on
trong hnh xon c: u tin l thit k, v th hai l xy dng. Bng s nh gi tin
trnh d n cui mi on, nh pht trin c th iu chnh tt hn ton b qu trnh
pht trin.

M hnh xon c ci tin

V vy, trong m hnh xon c ci tin, su hot ng sau phi thc hin trong mi
ln lp:

Nhng c t yu cu, nhng phn hi v nhng i hi thay i ca khch

hng.

49

Nhng hot ng lp k hoch ca nh pht trin.

Phn tch v gii quyt nhng ri ro ca nh pht trin.

Nhng hot ng thit k ca nh pht trin.

Nhng hot ng xy dng ca nh pht trin, lin quan ti vic coding, test,
ci t v release.

S nh gi ca khch hng.

- M hnh hng i tng

M hnh hng i tng khc vi cc m hnh khc bi n hng ti vic s
dng li cc thnh phn phn mm. c trng ca phng php lun ny l n d dng
tch hp cc m dun phn mm ang tn ti (c gi l cc i tng hoc cc thnh
phn) vo trong nhng h thng mi. Mt th vin thnh phn phn mm phc v cho
mc ch ny bng vic cung cp nhng thnh phn phn mm cho vic s dng li.

IT

V th, theo m hnh hng i tng c ch ra trong hnh 7.5, quy trnh pht
trin bt u vi chui phn tch v thit k hng i tng. Pha thit k c thc hin
bng s thu nhn cc thnh phn ph hp t th vin phn mm c th s dng li, khi
cc thnh phn l trng thi sn sng trong th vin. S pht trin thng thng regular c thc hin theo cch khc. Sao chp nhng thnh phn phn mm mi v
sau a n vo trong th vin phn mm cho mc ch s dng li trong tng lai.
Phng php ny mong i s ln ln ca kho th vin thnh phn phn mm s cho
php tng vic s dng v chc chn s dng li ca phn mm, mt hng s cho php
mang li u im ln v mt ti nguyn nh sau:

Kinh t: Chi ph tch hp thnh phn phn mm s dng li t hn so vi gi

pht trin mt phn mm mi.

Ci thin cht lng: Cc thnh phn phn mm c s dng t li hn l

thnh phn phn mm mi xy dng.

Thi gian pht trin ngn hn: Vic tch hp cc thnh phn phn mm s
dng li lm gim p lc v mt lch biu.

Nh vy, u im ca phng php lun hng i tng so vi phng php lun

khc l s lm tng s pht trin ca kho lu tr phn mm c th s dng li c.

50

IT
T
P

M hnh hng i tng

3.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng hot ng m bo cht lng phn mm

Nhng hot ng m bo cht lng l hng quy trnh, ni cch khc, c lin
kt ti s hon thnh ca mt pha d n, s hon tt mt mc d n, v nhiu hn na.
Nhng hot ng m bo cht lng c tch hp vo trong k hoch pht trin.
Nhng ngi ln k hoc m bo cht lng cho mt d n cn xc nh:

Danh sch nhng hot ng m bo cht lng cn thit cho d n.

Vi mi hot ng m bo cht lng:

"

Thi gian.

"

Loi hot ng m bo cht lng p dng.

"

Ngi thc hin hot ng v ti nguyn yu cu.

51

"

Nhng ti nguyn yu cu cho vic khc phc nhng nhc sai st

v nhng thay i.

Cng ca nhng hot ng m bo cht lng c ln k hoch c

ch ra bi s nhng hot ng yu cu. Nhng yu t d n v nhm nh hng ti
cng nh sau:
Yu t d n:

ln ca d n.

S phc tp v kh ca k thut.

Phm vi ca nhng thnh phn s dng li.

Hu qu nu d n b li.

Yu t nhm:
Trnh chuyn mn ca nhng thnh vin trong nhm.

S quen thuc ca nhm vi d n v Kinh nghim ca nhm trong lnh

vc.

Tnh sn sng ca nhng thnh vin c th tr gip nhm.

S hiu bit gia nhng thnh vin trong nhm, hay ni cch khc l s
thnh vin mi trong nhm.

IT

3.1.3. Xc minh, thm nh v nh gi cht lng

Ba kha cnh m bo cht lng ca sn phm phn mm c st hch di
nhng dng Verification, Validation, v Qualification.

Verification: qu trnh nh gi mt h thng hay mt thnh phn xc nh

xem nhng sn phm ca mt pha pht trin xc nh c tha mn nhng iu
kin c t gia khi bt u pha hay khng.

Validation: qu trnh nh gi mt h thng hay mt thnh phn trong sut

hoc khi kt thc qu trnh pht trin xc nh xem n c tha mn nhng
yu cu c t hay khng.

Qualification: qu trnh xc nh mt h thng hoc mt thnh phn c ph

hp vi vic s dng hay khng.

Theo nhng nh ngha ca IEEE, verification kim tra tnh nht qun ca sn
phm ang pht trin vi nhng sn phm c pht trin pha trc. Khi thc hin,
ngi thm tra i sau quy trnh pht trin v gi s rng tt c nhng pha pht trin ng
52

trc c hon thnh mt cch chnh xc hoc l nh k hoc gc hoc l sau khi
sa cha nhng sai st c pht hin.
Validation miu t s quan tm ca khch hng, bng cch thm tra nhng yu
cu gc ca h.
Qualification tp trung vo nhng kha cnh hot ng, vic bo tr l vn
chnh. Mt thnh phn phn mm c pht trin v ti liu ha theo nhng chun,
kiu, v cu trc chuyn nghip s d dng bo tr hn nhng thnh phn c code l.
Ngi ln k hoch cn phi xc nh xem nhng kha cnh no nn c st hnh trong
mi hot ng m bo cht lng phn mm.

3.2. R sot
nh ngha ca IEEE (1990), qu trnh r sot l:

IT

Mt qu trnh hoc mt cuc hp m trong mt sn phm cng vic hoc mt tp

cc sn phm cng vic c a ra ti ton th c nhn tham gia vo d n, cc gim
c, ngi dng, khch hng v cc bn quan tm n d n nhm ly kin ph bnh v
ph chun
Mt s phng php dng xem xt li ti liu:

Xem xt li thit k hnh thc (Formal design reviews)

Xem xt li ngang hng (Peer reviews)
kin chuyn gia

3.2.1. Mc tiu r sot

Mc ch c chia lm 2 loi: mc ch trc tip v gin tip.

Mc ch trc tip:
-

Pht hin li phn tch v thit k.

Xc nh cc ri ro mi.
Xc nh s sai lch so vi mu, cc kiu th tc v qui c.
ph chun sn phm ca phn tch hoc thit k.

Mc ch gin tip:
-

Ni hp mt khng chnh thc trao i v nhng kin thc chuyn mn.

Ghi li nhng li phn tch v thit k s h tr mt c s cho nhng hot ng
sa cha li trong tng lai.

53

3.2.2. Nhng r sot thit k hnh thc

R sot thit k hnh thc(DRs-formal Design Reviews) l r sot duy nht cn thit
cho vic ph duyt sn phm thit k
R sot thit k hnh thc c th c thc hin ti bt c mc pht trin no yu cu
s hon thin ca ti liu phn tch hay thit k.
Mt danh sch cc review thit k chnh thc :

IT

DPR Development Plan Review : Review k hoch pht trin

SRSR Software Requirement Specification Review : Review c t yu cu
phn mm
PDR Preliminary Design Review : Review thit k s b
DBDR- Detailed Design Review : Review thit k chi tit
TPR Test Plan Review : Review k hoch kim th
STPR Software Test Procedure Review : Review th tc kim th phn mm
VDR- Version Description Review : Review m t phin bn
OMR- Operator Manual Review : Review vn hnh th cng
SMR- Support Manual Review :Review tr gip th cng
TRR- Test Readiness Review : Review s sn sng kim th
PRR- Product Release Review : Review bn pht hnh sn phm
IPR-Installation Plan Review : Review k hoch ci t

Cc nhn t nh hng ti DRs

Nhng ngi tham gia

S chun b trc
Phin DR
Cc hot ng sau DR c xut

- Nhng ngi tham gia r sot thit k

Gm c Review leader v review team.
Review Leader :
-

C kin thc v kinh nghim trong vic pht trin kiu d n c review
C thm nin mc bng vi hoc cao hn ca project leader
C mi quan h tt vi project leader v i d an
C v tr bn ngoi i d n

Review team
Phn ln khng thuc i d n

54

 Kch thc t 3-5 ngi

a dng v kinh nghim v phng php
- S chun b cho mt phin bn DR
c hon thnh bi 3 thnh vin: review leader, review team v development team..
Chun b ca Review leader
-

B nhim cc thnh vin nhm

Lp lch cc phin review
Phn chia ti liu thit k cho cc thnh vin ca nhm

Chun b ca Review team

Xem li ti liu thit k
Danh sch bnh lun
Chun b ca Development team

IT

Trnh din ngn ti liu thit k

Checklist cc cng vic review
- Phin DR

Trnh din ngn gn v ti liu thit k

Cc bnh lun ca cc thnh vin review team
Kim tra v xc nhn tho lun mi bnh lun
Cc quyt nh v ti liu thit k xc nh tin trnh d n. Cc quyt nh c
th c 3 loi :
- Ph duyt y
- Ph duyt tng phn
- T chi ph duyt
- Cc hot ng hu review

1.
2.
3.
4.

Mt cuc hp phin DR thng thng gm c :

Bo co Review
Review leader thc hin sau phin review
Bao gm :

o Tng kt cc tho lun review

o Quyt nh v s tip tc ca d n
o Danh sch cc hot ng cn thit phi lm
o Tn thnh vin chu trch nhim theo st vic hiu chnh
Tin trnh theo di
55

 Review leader thc hin

Chc rng vic hiu chnh c thc hin ng n
Vic theo di cn c ghi li

3.2.3. Cc r sot ngang hng (peer review)

Mc ch chnh ca peer review l xc nh li v lch da vo cc chun.
C hai phng php peer reviews:

xt duyt (inspection)
kim tra tng bc (walkthrough).

Walkthrough pht hin sai st v ghi ch ln ti liu.

Inspection pht hin sai st v kt hp vi n lc ci tin.
- Nhng ngi tham gia vo peer reviews
Mt i peer review ti u 3-5 ngi tham gia.

Mt i peer review c bao gm:

Mt leader review.
Mt ngi thc thi (author).
Cc chuyn gia c bit (specialized professionals).

IT

Tt c nhng ngi tham gia nn l nhng ngi cng a v ca nh thit k h thng

phn mm.

Phn cng trch nhim trong i (team assignments)

Hai trong s cc thnh vin s l:

mt ngi dn chng trnh

mt ngi vit ti liu trong cuc tho lun.
- Chun b cho phin peer review

Leader:

Xc nh nhng on trong ti liu thit k s uc review

La chn thnh vin nhm
Lp lch cho nhng phin review
a ti liu cho cc thnh vin trong i trc phin review

i peer review: yu cu ca inspection kh t m, cn walkthrough ch yu cu

n gin.
-

Inspection: c & lit k ch thch ca h

56

Walkth-rough : c cc on s c review

- Phin peer review

Inspection

Presenter c mt on ti liu v thm vo nu cn thit.

Nhng ngi lin quan hoc a ra ch thch, hoc phn ng vi nhng li ch
thch trong ti liu.

Walkthrough

Bt u bng s trnh by ngn ca author (thng ko phi l presenter) hoc tng

quan v d n v nhng on thit k s c review.

Scribe ghi li v tr, m t, kiu, c im (sai st, nhng phn thiu, nhng phn thm
vo) ca mi li c chp nhn.

Ti liu sau mi phin review:

IT

Quy tc thi gian: phin khng nn vt qu 2 gi, hoc lp lch khng nhiu hn 2
ngy.

Bo co nhng pht hin trong phin inspection

Bo co tm tt ca phin inspection

- Cc hot ng sau peer review (post-peer review activities)

Inspection:

Nhc nh, sa cha hiu qu, lm li tt c cc li

Chuyn giao cc bn bo co inspection ti CAB phn tch.
- Hiu qu ca peer review (the efficency of peer reviews)
Mt vi o ph bin c lng hiu sut ca peer review:

S gi trung bnh trn mt li.

Mt pht hin thiu st (S thiu st trung bnh trn mt trang ti liu thit k).
Hiu nng peer review bn trong.

- Peer review coverage

L t l nh ca ti liu v ton b code tng tri qua peer review

3.2.4. Cc kin ca chuyn gia

kin ca chuyn ra rt hu ch trong nhng trng hp sau:
-

Thiu s hiu bit y v lnh vc no .

Tm thi thiu nhng ngi chuyn nghip tham gia vo i xem xt li
57

Cc thnh vin chuyn nghip cao cp trong t chc khng thng nht c vi
nhau.
- Trong cc t chc nh s lng ng vin ph hp cho i xem xt li l khng
.
r hn nhng c im ca cc phng php r sot c th tham kho bng so
snh gia ba phng php r sot sau y:
Formal
reviews

Thuc tnh
Mc ch
trc tip

chnh

design

Walkthroughs

- Pht hin li

- Pht hin li

- Xc nh ri ro
mi

- Xc nh s sai
lch so vi tiu
chun

Pht hin li

IT

- Ph chun ti
liu thit k
Mc ch
gin tip

Inspections

chnh Trao i kin thc

- Trao
thc

kin Trao i kin thc

- H tr hot ng
sa cha

Lnh o vic xem Ngi ng u k Ngi iu hnh Ngi t chc

xt li
ngh phn mm ch o (ngang
hoc l thnh vin hng)
cao cp
Ngi tham gia

Cc thnh vin cp Nhng

cao v i din ngang hng
khch hng

ngi Nhng ngi ngang

hng

S tham gia ca C
trng d n

C, thng thng l
khi bt u xem xt li

Thnh vin chuyn

gia trong i

- Ngi thit k

- Ngi gim st tiu

chun

- Lp trnh vin
- Ngi kim th

- Chuyn gia bo tr
- i din ngi dng

58

Qu trnh xem xt li
Hp tng quan

Khng

S chun b ca C chun b k C chun b k C chun b tm lc

nhng ngi tham lng
lng
gia
Phin xem xt li

Bm st vic sa C
cha

Khng

o to chnh thc Khng

cho ngi tham gia
S dng checklist

Khng

IT

C s h tng

cu Yu cu hnh thc

Li lin quan Khng yu

thu thp d liu
hnh thc

Ti liu ha vic Bo co xem xt

xem xt li
li thit k hnh
thc

Khng
Khng yu cu hnh
thc

- Bo co nh gi Bo co nh gi phin
phin thanh tra
walkthrough
- Bo co tng kt
phin thanh tra

3.3. m bo cht lng ca cc thnh phn bo tr phn mm

3.3.1. Gii thiu

Giai on chnh ca vng i phn mm l giai on hot ng, thng ko di t
5 n 10 nm, mc d cng c nhng trng hp hot ng ko di n 15 nm v thm
ch l hn th na cng khng phi l him. Vy iu g khin cho gi phn mm c
th t c tui th cao vi nhm ngi dng m hi lng n, trong khi gi phn
mm khc cng phc v i tng li b hy sm ? Yu t chnh chu trch nhim
cho dch v di hay thnh cng l bo tr cht lng. Vic bo tr phn mm quan trng

59

nh th no c th c gi nh thng qua vic ch n ch c a ra trong

chun ISO 9000 3 (xem ISO(1977), phin bn 4.19 v ISO/IEC (2001), phin bn 7.5),
IEEE (1998) v Oskarsson v Glass (1996).
Di y l 3 thnh phn ca dch v bo tr v n c xem nh l bn cht ca
s thnh cng:

IT

Bo tr sa li: nhng dch v h tr ngi dng v sa li phn mm.

Bo tr thch ng: lm cho cc gi phn mm thch ng vi nhng yu cu mi
ca khch hng v iu kin mi trng thay i.
Bo tr ci thin cht lng: kt hp (1) bo tr hon thin nhng chc nng mi
c thm vo phn mm cng nh nng cao hiu sut, cng vi (2) bo tr
phng nga nhng hot ng ci thin tin cy v c s h tng h thng cho
d dng lm cho vic bo tr trong tng lai hiu qu hn.
Nhng dch v h tr ngi dng (nhng trung tm h tr ngi dng) trong
bo tr sa li c th cn phi r rng(clarification). Nhng dch v h tr gii quyt tt
c nhng kh khn xut hin khi s dng h thng phn mm ca ngi dng; nhng
dch vu sa li phn mm thng c tch hp trong dch v ny. Nhng kh khn ca
ngi dng c th c gy ra bi nguyn nhn sau:
Li code (thng c dng vi thut ng tht bi phn mm"-software
failure).
Li vit ti liu th cng, gip nhng mn nh hoc cc hnh thc ti liu hng
dn c chun b sn sng cho ngi dng. Trong trng hp ny, dch v h
tr c th cung cp cho ngi dng vi nhng ch dn ng (mc d khng c s
chnh xc trong chnh ti liu phn mm c thc hin ).
Khng y , m h hoc ti liu khng chnh xc.
Thiu kin thc v h thng phn mm ca ngi dng hoc tht bi ca h khi
s dng ti liu c cung cp. Trong nhng trng hp ny khng c xt n
tht bi h thng phn mm.
Ba nguyn nhn u tin trn c xem nh l nhng tht bi ca h thng phn
mm. Thm vo , s tch hp ca nhng dch v h tr ngi dng v nhng dch v
hiu chnh phn mm ni chung l c hon thnh trong s kt hp gn gi, vi
nhiu thng tin chia s. Nhng thnh phn khc ca dch v bo tr ci thin cht lng
v bo tr thch ng khuynh hng khng c bt u bi nhng dch v h tr ngi
dng. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, nhng cng vic ci thin chc nng v kh nng
thch ng s trnh by nhng c tnh ca mt d n nh hoc ln, iu ph thuc vo
nhng mong mun ca khch hng. Trong trng hp ny, nhng cng vic trn c th
c thc thi nh l mt phn ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm. Khi xem xt trn,
vic bao gm nhng dch v h tr ngi dng trong nhng hot ng bo tr sa i l
hp l.
60

Ni chung, chng ta c th ni rng vic bo tr sa li bo m nhng ngi dng

hin thi c th thao tc h thng nh c vch r, bo tr thch ng c th m rng
cho nhng i tng ngi dng, v bo tr ci thin cht lng a ra giai on dch v
ca gi.
Nh cp trong mc trc, vic kt hp 3 thnh phn bo tr phn mm chim
hn 60% tng s ti nguyn thit k v lp trnh dnh cho h thng phn mm trong sut
vng i ca n (Pressman, 2000). Nhng c lng khc chia s nhng ti nguyn bo
tr ko di t trn 50% (Lientz v Swanson, 1980) n 65 75 % tng s nhng ti
nguyn pht trin d n.
Mc tiu hot ng QA bo tr phn mm:
(1) m bo, vi mc tin cy c chp nhn, rng nhng hot ng bo tr ph
hp vi nhng yu cu k thut chc nng.

IT

(2) m bo, vi mc tin cy c chp nhn, rng nhng hot ng bo tr ph

hp vi nhng yu cu qun l lp lch v ngn sch.

(3) Nhng hot ng khi u v qun l nhm ci thin v tng hiu qu cho bo
tr phn mm v nhng hot ng SQA. iu ny lin quan n vic ci thin
ci nhn ton cnh t c nhng yu cu v chc nng v qun l trong khi
gi thnh gim.

3.3.2. C s cho cht lng bo tr cao

Nhiu ngi cho rng cht lng ca gi phn mm c bo tr c l l c s quan
trng nht nm di cht lng ca nhng dch v bo tr. Nhng cng c nhng nh
ph bnh khc cho rng l chnh sch bo tr. Di y l nhng tho lun v ch
ny.

3.3.2.1. C s 1: Cht lng gi phn mm

Cht lng ca gi phn mm c bo tr r rng bt ngun t s thnh tho v
nhng n lc ca nhm pht trin cng nh nhng hot ng SQA c thc hin xuyn
sut qu trnh pht trin. Nu cht lng ca gi phn mm l ngho nn th cng dn
n vic bo tr ngho nn hoc khng c hiu qu. Khi m hiu su sc c s ny, chng
ta s la chn vic nhn mnh 7 trong 11 nhn t m bo cht lng ban u m c tc
ng trc tip trong bo tr phn mm. c bit l, chng ta s tho lun v 2 trong 5
nhn t thao tc sn phm, 3 nhn t xem xt li sn phm v 2 trong 3 nhn t chuyn
giao sn phm.

61

Hai nhn t thao tc sn phm:

S chnh xc (Correctness) bao gm:
S chnh xc ca u ra: Vic hon thnh nhng u ra c
ch r(ni cch khc l khng c u ra m c ch ra trc
b thiu), s ng n ca nhng u ra (nhng u ra ca h
thng c x l mt cch chnh xc), u ra hp thi (thng
tin c x l lun c cp nht nh ch r) v u ra c
tnh sn sng (Nhng ln tng tc khng vt nhng gi tr
cc i xc nh, c bit l nhng ng dng trc tuyn v thi
gian thc).
S chnh xc ca ti liu hng dn: Cht lng ca ti liu
hng dn: tnh y , s ng n, kiu v cu trc ti liu.
Nhng hnh thc ti liu bao gm bn sao trn giy v nhng
file my tnh c in n thng thng cng nh nhng file
tr gip in t - trong khi phm vi ca n cha ng nhng
ti liu ci t, ti liu hng dn ngi dng v ti liu ca
ngi lp trnh vin.
Vit m ng quy cch: ph hp vi nhng hng dn m, c
bit l nhng hn ch v s phc tp trong m bin i cng
nh xc nh kiu vit m chun.
tin cy. Tn s ca nhng tht bi ca h thng cng nh nhng ln phc
hi.

IT

Ba nhn t xem xt li sn phm:

S bo tr: Nhng yu cu ny c thc hin u tin v tt nht bng

cch lm theo cu trc phn mm v nhng yu cu kiu cng
nh l theo ci t nhng yu cu trong ti liu ca lp trnh
vin.
Tnh linh ng: t c thng qua vic thit k, lp k hoch thch hp
v nhng c tnh cung cp khng gian ng dng ln hn nhu
cu ca ngi dng hin ti.
C th test c: C th test bao gm tnh sn sng ca nhng chun
on h thng c a ra bi ngi dng cng nh nhng
chun on tht bi c p dng bi trung tm h tr hoc
nhng nhn vin bo tr ti v tr ngi dng.

Cui cng l 2 nhn t chuyn pht sn phm:

62

(1) Tnh kh chuyn: Cc ng dng tim tng ca phn mm trong mi

trng phn cng v h iu hnh khc nhau, n gm nhng
hot ng m cho php thc hin nhng ng dng .
(2) Thao tc gia cc phn: Kh nng ca cc gi giao tip vi cc gi hoc
thit b tnh ton khc. Bng vic cung cp kh nng p ng
nhng chun v giao din v p dng nhng giao din mt
cch ph hp kt hp vi nhng hng dn ca thit b sn xut
v phn mm, thao tc gia cc phn c th t c mc cao.

3.3.2.2. C s 2: Chnh sch bo tr

Chnh sch pht trin phn mm

IT

Nhng thnh phn ca chnh sch bo tr chnh nh hng n s thnh cng ca

vic bo tr phn mm l s pht trin cc phin bn v thay i chnh sch c p
dng trong sut vng i phn mm.

Chnh sch ny c quan h mt thit vi cu hi c bao nhiu phin bn phn

mm c vn hnh cng mt lc. R rng rng, y khng phi l vn dch v ca
mt t chc v phn mm c t hng m vn chnh y l s lng cc phin
bn hay chnh l gi thnh (COSTs)ca nhng gi phn mm c ln k hoch phc
v cho nhiu khch hng khc nhau. Chnh sch pht trin phin bn sau ny c th c
thc hin di dng tun t hoc cy. Khi p dng chnh sch tun t, ch mt phin
bn c to ra sn cho ton b khch hng. Phin bn ny gm s lng ln nhng ng
dng m biu l s d tha cao, mt thuc tnh m cho php phn mm phc v tt c
nhng mong mun ca khch hng. Phn mm phi c xem li mt cch nh k
nhng mt khi mt phin bn mi c hon thnh, n s thay th phin bn ang c
s dng hin thi bi ton b i tng ngi dng.
Khi p dng chnh sch phin bn cy, nhm bo tr phn mm h tr nhng n
lc marketing (qung co/tip th)bng vic pht trin mt phin bn chuyn dng, nhm
ti nhng nhm khch hng hay khch hng chnh mt khi n c yu cu. Mt phin
bn mi c bt u bng vic thm nhng ng dng c bit hoc b qua nhng ng
dng, ph thuc vo nhng g lin quan n nhu cu ca khch hng. Nhng phin bn
ny thay i theo s phc tp v mc ca ng dng nhng ng dng hng cng
nghip c hng ti,vv Nu chnh sch ny c chp nhn, gi phn mm c th
tin trin thnh mt gi a phin bn sau vi nm ca dch v, c ngha rng ging nh
mt ci cy, vi vi nhnh chnh v nhiu nhnh ph, tng phn nhnh i din cho mt

63

phin bn c duyt li mt cch chuyn dng. Tri vi phin bn phn mm dng

tun t, vic bo tr v qun l ca phin bn phn mm dng cy phc tp v tn thi
gian hn nhiu. Xem xt s thiu xt ny, nhng t chc pht trin phn mm c gng p
dng chnh sch phin bn dng cy mt cch gii hn, ch cho php mt s lng nh
nhng phin bn phn mm c pht trin.
Chnh sch thay i
Chnh sch thay i cp n phng thc kim tra mi yu cu thay i
v tiu chun s dng cho nhng phng php . Mt chnh sch l r rng nu n c
thc thi bi CCB(The Change Control Board _ Ban iu khin thay i ) hoc nhng
ngi c y quyn ph duyt nhng thay i . Chnh sch cn bng i hi c
mt cuc kim tra t m nhng yu cu thay i , iu ny l rt ph hp v nh vy n
cho php nhn vin tp trung vo nhng thay i quan trng v c ch nh th chng ta
mi c th thc thi cng vic trong thi gian hp l v theo nhng chun cht lng
mong mun.

IT

3.3.3. Cc thnh phn cht lng phn mm tin bo tr

Xem xt li hp ng bo tr
Xy dng k hoch bo tr.

Ging nh nhng thnh phn SQA tin d n, nhng hot ng SQA trc bo
tr cn c hon thnh khi to cc dch v bo tr cn thit cng rt quan trng. N
bao gm th t cc bc sau:

3.3.3.1. Xem xt li hp ng bo tr
Khi xem xt hp ng bo tr, quan im m rng nn c khi qut. c bit,
nhng quyt nh c yu cu v cc loi hnh dch v cn c k kt trong hp ng.
Nhng quyt nh ny ph thuc vo cc loi hnh dch v khch hng: dnh cho khch
hng m c gi custom-made c pht trin; dnh cho khch hng m mua gi phn
mm COST v nhng khch hng bn trong. V vy, trc khi bt u cung cp nhng
dch v bo tr phn mm ti tng nhm khch hng trn th hp ng bo tr tng ng
phi c hon thnh n nh gi tng s nhng trch nhim bo tr theo nhng iu
kin lin quan.
Gi nh s thc thi
Nhng dch v bo tr ti khch hng bn trong thng khng c hp ng. Trong mt
s trng hp c th, mt vi dch v c cung cp trong qu trnh thc hin m khng c s
xc nh r rng cho nhng dch v . Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th s khng hi lng
d xy ra trong c 2 pha: nhng khch hng bn trong cm thy rng h mong mun c hi
64

 kin mt cch c thin thay v nhn nhng dch v mt cch u n m h khng mong
ch, bn cnh th nhm pht trin li lun yu cu thc thi vic bo tr nh l mt vic bt
buc mt khi h lm vic trong mt d n khc.
trnh tnh trng cng thng, mt hp ng dch v bn trong nn c vit. Trong
ti liu ny, nhng dch v ny c cung cp bi nhm bo tr bn trong ti nhng khch hng
bn trong c xc nh mt cch r rng. Vi vic b qua hu ht nhng hiu sai lin quan n
nhng dch v o, hp ng ny c th p ng mt cch c bn nhng bo tr tha ng ti
nhng khch hng bn trong.
Nhng hot ng xem xt li hp ng bo tr bao gm vic nhn li nhng bn
nhp xut cng nh l nhn li nhng bn hp ng nhp. Thc t, vic nhn li mc
tiu v s thc thi bn hp ng bo tr l i theo tng dng trong vic xem xt li bn
hp ng tin d n.
Di y l nhng mc tiu chnh trong vic xem xt li hp ng bo tr phn
mm:

IT

S r rng trong yu cu ca khch hng

Nhng vn sau y c bit c quan tm:
Loi dch v bo tr sa i c yu cu: Danh sch nhng dch v t xa
v nhng dch v ti ch c cung cp, gi phc v, thi gian phn
hi,.
S lng ngi s dng v kiu ng dng c dng.
Nhng ngi dng a phng, khong cch xa (hoc qua i dng) v
cc kiu dch d c ci t ti mi ni .
Cung cp bo tr ci thin chc nng, kh nng thch ng v th tc cho
nhng yu cu ca dch v cng nh xut v ph duyt vic thc thi
cho nhng dch v ny.
Xem xt li nhng phng php tip cn khc v cc iu khon trong vn bn
bo tr
Xem xt nhng suy xt c th di y a ra la chn ph hp:
Nhng hp ng con cho nhng site (a im) hoc kiu dch v
Vic thc thi mt vi dch v thng qua khch hng cng vi s h tr t
nhm bo tr ca nh cung cp.
Nhn li s c lng v ti nguyn bo tr c yu cu
u tin, nhng c lng nn c kim tra li trn c s ca nhng
dch v c yu cu, sp xp theo xut ca nhm. Sau , da vo
nng lc ca cng ty xem c p ng c nhng kha cnh chuyn
mn cng nh l tnh sn sng ca nhm bo tr phn tch hay khng.

65

Xem xt li nhng dch v bo tr c cung cp bi nhng hp ng con

v/hoc khch hng.
Vic nhn li ny cp ti vic nh danh li nhng dch v c cung
cp bi mi ngi tham gia, s tin tr cho nhng hp ng con, m bo
cht lng v nhng th tc tip theo c p ng.

Xem xt li nhng c lng v gi thnh bo tr

Nhng c lng ny nn c nhn li da trn c s ca nhng ti nguyn c yu

cu.

3.3.3.2. Lp k hoch bo tr
Lp k hoch bo tr phi c chun b cho tt c cc khch hng trong v ngoi.
Nhng k hoch ny nn cung cp framework trong vic t chc nhng iu khon bo
tr.

IT

Lp k hoch bao gm nhng bc sau:

Danh sch nhng dch v bo tr c k kt
Khch hng bn trong v ngoi, s lng ngi s dng, s nh v v tr
cho mi site khch hng.
c tnh ca nhng dch v bo tr sa i (xa hoc ti ch).
Trch nhim ca vic bo tr ci thin chc nng v kh nng thch ng
phc v iu khon ca mi khch hang.

M t t
chc ca nhm bo tr

K hoch t chc nhm bo tr tp trung vo nhng yu cu v nhn s. iu

c th c xem xt cn thn theo nhng tiu chun sau:
S lng thnh vin nhm c yu cu.
Cht lng thnh vin nhm c yu cu theo cng vic bo tr, bao gm
nhng ngi quen vi gi phn mm cn c bo tr.
Cu trc t chc ca nhng nhm bo tr, bao gm tn ca nhng ngi
lnh o nhm.
nh ngha cc cng vic (trch nhim ca khch hng, kiu ng dng,..)
cho mi nhm.
o to khi cn thit

Danh sch
iu kin thun li cho bo tr

66

IT

(4)

Hu ht nhng th tc c yu cu cp n nhng tin trnh c thc thi bi

nhng nhm bo tr sa i v trung tm h tr ngi dng. Nhng th tc ny
gii quyt:

(1)
(2)
(3)

Nhng iu kin thun li cho bo tr c s h tng m c th cung cp dch v

bao gm:
Trung tm h tr bo tr vi thit b phn cng v phn mm c ci t
cung cp nhng dch v h tr cho ngi dng v sa i phn mm.
Ti liu chnh thc cha tp cc ti liu hon thnh:
Ti liu phn mm, bao gm ti liu pht trin.
Nhng hp ng dch v
Cu hnh phn mm cho mi khch hng v phin bn ca nhng gi phn mm
c ci t ti mi a im v c cung cp bi nh qun l cu hnh.
Nhng thng tin bo tr lch s c ghi li cho mi ngi dng v khch hng.
Danh sch nhng ri ro dch v bo tr c xc nh
Ri ro dch v bo tr lin quan n hon cnh m tht bi xy ra cung cp bo
tr tng ng c d on trc. Nhng ri ro ny bao gm:
Thiu nhn vin trong sut nhng dch v bo tr ca t chc, trong trung
tm h tr bo tr c th hoc trong nhng ng dng c th.
S hiu bit v trnh chuyn mn khng tng xng vi tng phn ca
cc gi phn mm lin quan thc thi nhng dch v h tr ngi dng
v/hoc nhng cng vic bo tr sa i.
Nhng thnh vin nhm khng kh nng thc hin nhng cng vic
ci thin chc nng cng nh kh nng thch ng.
Danh sch nhng th tc v iu khin qun l phn mm c yu cu

Vn hnh nhng ng dng ca khch hng.

X l nhng bn ghi li ca phn mm
Ghi chp nh k v lin tc nhng dch v h tr ngi dng
Ghi chp nh k v lin tc nhng dch v bo tr sa i.
o to v cp giy chng thc cho nhng thnh vin bo tr.
Ngn sch bo tr phn mm
Nhng c lng c s dng trong ngn sch bo tr sa i da trn k hoch
t chc nhn s, trnh chuyn mn c yu cu v s u t vn cn to ra
nhng iu kin, nhng nhu cu ca nhm v tc v khc. H phi c chun b
mi khi nhn s, trnh chuyn mn v cc th tc c xc nh. Nhng c
lng cho vic bo tr ci thin cht lng v kh nng thch ng c chun b
theo s mong i, v theo s thay i cng nh l ci thin khi chng c thc
hin.
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3.3.4. Cc cng c m bo cht lng bo tr phn mm

S a dng ca cc cng c m bo cht lng phn mm c s dng trong cc
chu k thc hin ca vng i phn mm. Bn cht ring bit ca mi thnh phn bo tr
phn mm: bo tr sa i, bo tr thch ng v bo tr ci thin chc nng, yu cu cc
tp cng c SQA khc nhau cn phi s dng cho mi loi. Hn na, chu k thc hin
ca phn mm in hnh th m rng vic s dng cc cng c SQA c s v cng c
gim st vic qun l.
tng v vic a SQA vo pha bo tr c Perry a ra (1995). Trong 1 nghin
cu ng thc hin vo thng 11 nm 1994, cc bn tham gia c thng bo rng: da
trn kinh nghim ca h th 31% k hoch bo tr ca h c thc hin m bo
cht lng.
Phn tip theo s ni v cc ni dung sau:
Cng c SQA cho bo tr sa li
Cng c SQA cho bo tr ci thin chc nng
Cng c SQA c s cho bo tr phn mm
Cng c SQA cho gim st qun l bo tr phm mm.

IT

1)
2)
3)
4)

3.3.4.1. Cng c SQA cho bo tr sa li

Cc hot ng bo tr sa li a ra u tin: (a) cc dch v h tr ngi s dng

v (b) sa cha phn mm (sa li) . Cc dch v h tr ngi s dng gii quyt cc
trng hp li v m phn mm v li ti liu, ti liu khng hon thnh hoc mp m.
Chng c th cha nhng cu lnh m ngi s dng khng kin thc v phn mm
hoc tht bi trong vic s dng ti liu c sn. Cc dch v sa cha phn mm g li
v sa ti liu c s dng trong trng hp li phn mm (failure), v c cung cp
trong sut chu k khi to ca vic thc hin (mc d s n lc ny c u t vo
vic testing) v tip tc c yu cu mc d khng thng xuyn lm. D hai kiu dch
v khc nhau nhng tp cc cng c m bo cht lng u tp trung vo cng mt mc
ch l m bo cht lng dch v. Trong nhiu trng hp cng mt i c th thc
hin c hai kiu bo tr sa li.
Thm vo cc cng c SQA gim st vic qun l v c s h tng (c tho
lun phn sau ca chng) th hu ht cc cng vic sa li yu cu s dng cc cng
c SQA cho vng i nh, mainly mini-testing (test nhng phn nh quan trng). Th tc
mini-testing c yu cu cho vic x l cc tc v v li ng dn (repair patch)
(small - scale), n c c trng bi s lng nh dng lnh thay i cng nhau
hon thnh vic sa li nhanh chng. Nhng vn lin quan n sa cha tr hon
ging nh mt abridged-mini-form ca testing thng c s dng. Tuy nhin, s dng

68

nhng cng c mini testing vn cn c thc hin trnh nhng trng hp khng th
test c.
m bo cht lng ca mini testing, nhng ch dn sau nn c gi vng:
-

IT

Testing c thc hin bi nhng tester cht lng, khng phi bi ngi
lp trnh thc hin sa cha
Ti liu th tc test (di nht l 2-3 trang) nn c chun b. Ti liu bao
gm mt bn m t v nhng nh hng bit trc c ca vic sa
cha, phm vi sa li v mt danh sch cc test case c thc hin. Ti
liu th tc trc test, tng t nh ti liu th tc testing cng nn c
chun b thc hin test vic sa li c pht hin trong test trc.
Mt bn ghi test y vit v cc li pht hin c di dng ti liu
trong mi giai on test v re-test nn c hon thnh.
Nhm test chnh xem li ti liu test v phm vi sa li, tnh ng n ca
cc test case v cc kt qu test.
Vic sa cha c cho l simple v trivial, c bit i vi vic thc
hin ti site ca khch hng, mini-testing c th c trnh i.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Cc dch v bo tr hp ng con, c bit l cc dch v h tr ngi s dng

tr nn kh ph bin bt c khi no c qu nhiu vn hoc khng kinh t cho nh thu
bo tr cung cp cc dch v mt cch trc tip. Cng c chnh m bo cht lng
ca cc dch v bo tr ca nh thu ph v m ng cho cc quan h sun s l hp
ng contractor-subcontractor. Cng c SQA c tch hp vo hp ng nhm mc
ch:
Cc th tc x l phn loi c th cc cuc gi bo tr.
Ti liu y v cc th tc dch v.
C sn cc bn ghi c vit ti liu kim th chuyn nghip ca thnh
vin i bo tr ca nh thu ph, cho nh thu xem xt li.
Cp giy php cho nh thu thc hin xem xt li theo chu k cc dch v
bo tr cng nh s tha mn ca khch hng.
Cc iu kin lin quan n cht lng th yu cu cht ch v hnh pht
v s kt thc ca rng buc hp ng con trong trng hp cc oan.

Mt khi bo tr sn sng thc hin, nh thu nn qun l u n vic xem li

dch v bo tr v s tha mn ca khch hng.

3.3.4.2. Cc cng c SQA cho bo tr ci thin chc nng

Do s ging nhau ca vic bo tr ci thin chc nng v d n pht trin phn
mm, cc cng c vng i d n c p dng cho bo tr ci thin chc nng. Nhng

69

cng c ny cng c thc thi cho bo tr thch ng phm vi rng (large scale adaptive
maintenance).
Cc cng c SQA m rng c thc thi cho bo tr ci thin chc nng l cc
cng c iu khin qun l v c s h tng, c tho lun thm phn sau.

3.3.4.3. Cc thnh phn c s h tng SQA cho bo tr phn mm

Cc cng c c s m bo cht lng phn mm cc thnh phn quan trng
ca bo tr phn mm. S cn i ca mng cc cng c SQA c s l bn cht v c
thc thi trong sut vng i ca h thng phn mm. Hn na, s ging nhau ca cc
tin trnh ci thin chc nng phn mm v pht trin phn mm cho php cc tin trnh
dng chung cc cng c SQA c s v ch c thay i nh. Cc cng c c s chuyn
dng c yu cu cho cc hot ng bo tr sa li do cc c trng c bit ca cc
hot ng ny. Cc hot ng bo tr thch ng c phc v bi cc cng c SQA c s,
theo cc c trng ca n. Cc cng c c p dng thng xuyn nht l cc cng c
SQA ci thin chc nng, c theo bi cc cng c SQA bo tr sa li.

IT

Thc t, s ng gp ca cc cng c SQA c s cho vic bo tr khng bt u

ti thi im ban u ca cc tin trnh bo tr. R rng l vic p dng thch hp cc
cng c SQA c s bi i pht trin phn mm ng gp cn bn vo hiu qu v hiu
nng cc hot ng ca i bo tr. Ni cch khc, nhng cng c ny gp phn vo vic
bo tr m bo cht lng theo 2 cch: u tin, bng cch h tr i pht trin phn
mm khi to ra phn mm cht lng cao, v th hai, bng cch h tr i bo tr p
ng vic bo tr ca sn phm phn mm ging nhau.
Cc cng c SQA c s chuyn dng c yu cu cho cc tin trnh bo tr phn
mm, c bit l bo tr sa li, th hin cc c trng c bit. y chng ta tp trung
vo cc cng c SQA c s chuyn dng ca cc lp sau:

Cc th tc bo tr v cc ch dn lm vic
H tr cc thit b cht lng
o to v cp chng ch cho i bo tr
Cc hot ng ngn nga v sa li
Qun l cu hnh
Vit ti liu v iu khin bn ghi cht lng

Cc th tc bo tr v ch dn lm vic
Hu ht cc th tc bo tr v cc ch dn lm vic chuyn dng c p dng cho
cc hot ng bo tr sa li v h tr ngi s dng, v d:

X l t xa cc yu cu cho dch v trong trng hp li phn mm

70

X l ti ch cc yu cu ca khch hng cho dch v trong trng hp

phn mm li.
Dch v h tr ngi s dng
iu khin m bo cht lng cho cc hot ng sa li phn mm v h
tr ngi dng
iu tra s tha mn khch hng.
Cp chng ch cho cc thnh vin i bo tr sa li v h tr ngi s
dng.

Cc thit b h tr cht lng

Bo tr c mong i pht trin cc thit b chuyn dng h tr cc hot ng sa
li phn mm v h tr ngi dng: templates(khun mu), checklists (danh sch kim
tra) v nhng ci tng t th. Cc thit b c th bao gm:

Danh sch kim tra cc phn c th gy ra li c p dng bi nh

chuyn mn v bo tr
Cc khun mu bo co li phn mm c gii quyt nh th no, bao
gm s pht hin ca cc tin trnh sa li
Danh sch kim tra cho vic chun b ti liu th tc testing nh.

IT

o to v cp chng ch cho i bo tr

o to i bo tr gii quyt cc cng vic ci thin chc nng khng khc my

so vi vic o to i pht trin phn mm khc. Tuy nhin, o to c bit v cp
chng ch mang tnh ct yu cho i bo tr sa li.
Vic o to cc chuyn gia bo tr sa li c thc y bi yu cu h tr cc
dch v c th trong hp ng bo tr. Do vy, k hoch o to nn cung cp cc gii
php cho cc yu cu nhn s trong sut cc chu k trng ti cao nht v cc yu cu ca
t chc thay th nhn s b sa thi. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic o to cc nhn
vin bo tr d tr l khng , phi o to thm h thng ring bit. Ni cch khc,
chng trnh o to nghim ngt c yu cu cho php t chc xc nh phm vi
vi mc rng buc ca cc dch v ring bit cho cc chu k trng ti cao v trong
trng hp thay i nhn vin bo tr hoc bt k l do no khc.
Yu cu cp chng ch cho cc nhn vin sa li phn mm v h tr ngi dng
l gc r trong cc c trng ca cc dch v ny. S quan tm c bit nn dnh cho vic
cp chng ch cho cc nhn vin sa li phn mm, ngi m thng xuyn thc hin
cng vic ca h di p lc v thi gian ln, lm vic 1 mnh, v trong nhiu trng
hp lm vic ti site ca khc hng, ni m s h tr chuyn gia t team leader hoc
nhng ngi khc b gii hn.

71

Cc hot ng ngn nga v sa li

Pha hot ng ca vng i phn mm to ra thng tin c gi tr cao: cc bn ghi
li phn mm, sa cha cc li cng nh bn ghi cc yu cu h tr khch hng c th
dn ti cc hot ng ngn nga v sa li do gp phn ci thin h thng phn mm
c v phn mm mi.
cc tin trnh hot ng hiu qu, cn c cc tin trnh thch hp cho vic biu
din thng tin thu thp c, xem li v phn tch nhng pht hin, v a ra nhng gi
cho vic ci thin cc tin trnh bo tr v pht trin lin quan. Nhng hot ng SQA
ny c ch dn v iu khin bi y ban ni b - CAB (Corrective Action Board), c
sng lp trong t chc pht trin phn mm chnh.
Nhng vn in hnh ban xc tin cn xem li gm:

Qun l cu hnh

IT

16.1.
Nhng thay i v ni dung v tnh thng xuyn ca khch hang
yu cu v cc dch v hi tr ngi dng.
16.2.
Tng thi gian trung bnh c u t tun theo yu cu h tr
ca khch hng.
16.3.
Tng thi gian trung bnh c u t sa cha cc li phn
mm ca khch hng.
16.4.
Tng phn trm cc li hiu chnh phn mm.

Nhm bo tr a ra hu ht tp cc ph thuc vo qun l cu hnh. S ph thuc

ny l kt qu ca cc mi quan h da trn kinh nghim vi cc gi phn mm dch v
qua nhiu nm, trong sut cc phin bn mi c thm vo, phin bn c b thay th v
nhiu s ci t mi v cc thay i phn mm c thc hin.
Hai ng dng chung da vo qun l cu hnh l: (1) sa li v (2) s thay th
nhm (group replacement) ca cc phin bn phn mm ang c s dng bng cc
phin bn mi, c khi to bi t chc bo tr.
1. Sa li (Failure repair): Trong vn v sa li phn mm, vic h tr cp
nht v tin cy l cn thit ttheo dng ca:
Thng tin quan tm ti phin bn h thng phn mm c ci t ti site ca
khch hng.
Bn copy code hin thi v ti liu ca n.
# S ng gp vo cht lng phn mm c th hin l li t hn trong cc th
nghim hiu chnh li v gim bt c ti nguyn u t vo sa li.

72

2. Group replacement (Thay th nhm): Thut ng group trong SQA cp

n tt c khch hng c cng phin bn phn mm c ci t ti site ca h. Do vy,
group replacement ch r rng tt c khch hng s dng phin bn s c nhn phin
bn mi c pht trin hoc cp nht ti cng 1 thi gian. Qun l cu hnh h tr cho
vn thay th nhm da trn thng tin v cc thnh vin ca nhm khch hng
a ra quyt nh v tnh thch hp ca vic thc hin thay th nhm da
trn quy m ca vic thay th v kiu hp ng k vi khch hng.
Ln k hoch thay th nhm, phn phi ti nguyn v xc nh thi gian.
# S ng gp vo cht lng phn mm th hin vic thay th phin bn phn mm
hin thi bi nhng phin bn c ci thin m gim li phn mm, yu cu t s h
tr. Ci thin cht lng cng gp phn bo tr phn mm hiu qu, yu cu t ti nguyn
cho bo tr sa li.
Ti liu bo tr v bn ghi cht lng

Cung cp d liu cn thit cho cc hot ng ngn nga v sa li.

H tr vic x l cc yu cu h tr ngi dng v cc bo co li khch
hng trong tng lai.
Cung cp bng chng p ng nhng yu sch t pha khch hng
trong tng lai.

IT

Nhng yu cu c th cho ti liu v bn ghi cht lng c quan h cht ch nht vi

cc hot ng sa li phn mm v h tr ngi s dng. Ti liu v bn ghi cht lng
c chun b :

Nhng yu cu ti liu c lit k trong cc th tc bo tr khc nhau nn p

ng vi tt c nhng yu cu ti liu trn

3.3.4.4. Nhng cng c SQA gim st qun l cho bo tr phn mm

Trong khi cc cng c SQA gim st qun l c th c yu cu cho cc hot
ng bo tr sa li, th s ging nhau ca cc tin trnh phn mm m t vic ci thin
chc nng v bo tr thch ng cng nh vic pht trin phn mm cho php nhng tin
trnh ny c s dng cng mt cng c qun l. c bit, cc thnh phn SQA qun l
c ngha gip ci thin vic iu khin bo tr bng cch to ra nhng bo ng sm tn
hiu lm gim cht lng ca cc dch v v tng t s tht bi dch v.
Phn cn li ca mc ny s a ra nhng vn iu khin qun l cht lng,
nhng phn chnh ny t ti dch v sa li phn mm v h tr ngi dng trn:
$ iu khin hiu nng cho cc dch v bo tr sa li.
73

$ o cht lng cho bo tr sa li.

$ Chi ph cht lng bo tr phn mm.
iu khin hiu nng cho cc dch v bo tr sa li
iu khin hiu nng qun l cho cc dch v bo tr sa li khc vi khi p dng cc
dch v sa li phn mm v cc dch v h tr ngi dng. Cc cng c iu khin qun
l mang li, bn cnh thng tin hiu nng theo chu k, cn l nhng bo ng s ch
qun l, nh sau:

Sa li phn mm
" Tng vic s dng ti nguyn
" Gim t l sa cha li t xa so vi sa cha on-site ca khc hng.
" Tng t l sa cha on-site nhng vng cc b xa so vi cc dch v
hi ngoi
" Tng phn trm tht bi gp phi khi sa cha yu cu lp lch
" Tng t l sa li, v lit k cc trng hp model c th ca cc tnh
hung li cc oan.
" Gim bt s tha mn khch hng da trn cc iu tra s tha mn ca
khch hng.
H tr ngi s dng
" Tng t l cc yu cu dch v cho cc h thng phn mm c th, cho cc
kiu dch v,
" Tng ti nguyn c s dng cho cc dch v h tr ngi dng
" Tng t l tht bi ca vic cung cp cc dch v c yu cu
" Tng t l li, v trng hp c th ca cc tht bi ng ch
" Thng tin tha mn khch hng da trn cc nghin cu s tha mn ca
khch hng

IT

Nhng iu khin sa cha li qun l ny (nhng ci c mong i a ra

nhng cnh bo) c thc hin qua bo co theo chu k, qua bui hp nhn vin u
n, qua vic xem xt cc trung tm h tr bo tr cung cp dch v, qua phn tch bo
co x l o bo tr phn mm v gi thnh cht lng bo tr. Thng tin c tch ly
h tr cc quyt nh qun l quan tm ti k hoch v vic thc hin bo tr sa li.

o cht lng bo tr phn mm

o cht lng bo tr phn mm c s dng ch yu nhn bit khuynh hng
trong hiu qu bo tr, hiu nng v s tha mn ca khch hng. n v m bo cht
lng phn mm thng thc hin cc tin trnh o cht lng. Thay i xu hng tch
cc hay tiu cc, cung cp c s nh lng cho cc quyt nh qun l, quan tm ti:
74

"
"
"
"

c lng cc yu cu ti nguyn khi ln k hoch bo tr sa cha cho

chu k tip theo
So snh cc phng thc thc hin
Khi to cc hot ng ngn nga v sa li
c lng cc yu cu ti nguyn nh mt c s cho cc xut cc dch
v bo tr mi hoc c iu chnh.

Chi ph cht lng phn mm

Nh trong nhng phn trc, y chng ta ch quan tm ti vn bo tr sa li.
Gi thnh cht lng ca bo tr sa li c phn loi thnh 6 lp. Sau y l nh ngha
cho mi lp v v d:

IT

Chi ph ca vic ngn nga: Chi ph ngn nga li, v d nh chi ph ca

vic xy dng v o to i bo tr, chi ph ca cc hot ng ngn nga
v sa li.
Chi ph ca vic nh gi cht lng: chi ph ca vic pht hin li, v d
nh chi ph ca vic xem xt li cc dch v bo tr c thc hin bi
nhm SQA, i bn trong v cc iu tra s tha mn ca khch hng.
Chi ph ca vic chun b v gim st qun l: Chi ph ca cc hot ng
qun l c thc hin ngn nga li, v d nh chi ph ca vic chun
b k hoch bo tr, vic tuyn i bo tr v bm st hiu nng bo tr
(follow-up of maintenance performance)
Chi ph li bn trong: Chi ph ca li phn mm c xng bi i
bo tr (u tin cho cc yu sch nhn c t pha khch hng)
Chi ph li bn ngoi: Chi ph ca cc li phn mm c xng bi
cc yu sch ca khch hng.
Chi ph ca li qun l: Chi ph li phn mm gy ra bi cc hot ng
qun l hoc tng tc, v d nh chi ph ca cc thit hi t vic thiu
nhn vin bo tr hoc bo tr khng chnh xc.

Sau khi xem li cc lp nh gi thnh cht lng phn mm, c nh ngha

theo cc lp cng nh m hnh m rng, s c tho lun k hn chng 22.
Gi thnh li bn trong ca cc hot ng bo tr sa li phn mm
nh ngha gi thnh li bn trong, c hai chu k bo tr phi c quan tm ring
bit. l: (a) chu k m bo (warranty) (thng t 3 n 12 thng sau khi ci t phn
mm) v (b) chu k cc dch v bo tr c k hp ng, bt u thi im kt thc
chu k m bo. Vn y yu cu mt quyt nh trong trng hp no nn quan
tm n li bn ngoi, ch sau khi a ra quyt nh ny th vic nh gi cht lng mi

75

c xc nh v c lng. Nhng nh ngha c xut v chi ph li bn ngoi v

cc tham s ca chng cho cc dch v sa li phn mm v h tr ngi dng di y:

IT

Cho sa li phn mm:

- Tt c chi ph ca sa li phn mm c a ra bi ngi s dng trong
sut chu k m bo l chi ph cht lng bn ngoi bi v chng cp
ti kt qu trc tip t li pht trin phn mm,hn na ngi pht trin
c trch nhim cho vic sa li ca h trong sut chu k ny.
- Sa li phn mm c thc hin trong sut chu k bo tr c k kt,
n c xem nh l mt phn chnh ca dch v, khi trch nhim ca
ngi pht trin i vi vic sa li b gii hn chu k m bo. Chi ph
ca cc dch v ny c xem l chi ph cc dch v chnh thc ch khng
phi l chi ph cht lng..
- Trong sut chu k bo tr k kt, sau nhng n lc ca vic sa li ban u
th ch c chi ph cho vic sa li li (re-correction) mi c xem l chi
ph ca li bn ngoi.
Cho cc dch v h tr ngi dng:
Trong sut chu k m bo, cc dch v h tr ngi dng c xem nh
l mt phn ca n lc lm theo ch dn (instruction effort), v do vy
khng nn quan tm ti chi ph li bn ngoi.
Sut chu k bo tr c k kt, tt c cc kiu dch v h tr ngi dng,
d l gii quyt mt li phn mm c xc nh hay bn (consultation)
v cc ty chn ng dng, l tt c cc phn ca dch v chnh thc, v chi
ph ca chng khng quan tm ti chi ph li bn ngoi.
Trong c hai chu k bo tr, mt li bn ngoi c nh ngha nh mt
trng hp ni s bn bc th hai (second consultation) c yu cu sau
khi s bn bc ban u chng minh l chnh xc. Chi ph cung cp cho s
bn bc th hai v k hn cho cng mt trng hp c xem nh l chi
ph li bn ngoi.
Nh trng hp tng qut, thng tin chi ph bo tr cht lng , cng vi thng tin
gim st qun l khc c mong i nhm gip cho vic qun l a ra quyt nh,
c quan tm nh sau:

Ch dn cho vic u t trong vic ci thin cc dch v bo tr bng cch

a ra im yu ca chi ph cht lng cc cao v im mnh ca chi ph
cht lng cc thp.
Pht trin phin bn c ci tin ca phn mm (trong trng hp phn
mm c lm cho khch hng) hoc vic thay th gi phn mm c
mua.

76

3.4. Cc CASE tool v nh hng ca n ln cht lng phn mm

3.4.1. Khi nim CASE tool

nh ngha: Cng c CASE l nhng cng c my tnh pht trin phn mm m chng
h tr ngi pht trin thc hin mt hoc nhiu pha trong vng i ca phn mm
v/hoc h tr vic bo tr phn mm.

IT

Theo nh ngha ny th nhng b bin dch, h thng g li tng tc, h thng qun l
cu hnh v h thng kim th t ng cng c coi l cng c CASE. Ni cch khc,
nhng cng c my tnh h tr vic pht trin phn mm c t lu (v d nh nhng
chng trnh g li tng tc, b bin dch hay h thng kim sot tin trnh d n) c
th c xem l cng c CASE c in (classic CASE tool), trong khi nhng cng c
mi h tr ngi pht trin thc thi thnh cng cc pha pht trin ca d n c xem l
nhng cng c CASE thc (real CASE tool). Khi nhc n nhng cng c CASE thc ta
cn phi phn bit gia cng c CASE bn trn (upper CASE tool) h tr pha phn tch
v thit k vi cng c CASE bn di (lower CASE tool) h tr cho pha coding (trong
bn trn v bn di lin quan n v tr cc pha trong m hnh thc nc), v
cng c CASE tch hp h tr pha phn tch, thit k v coding.

Thnh phn chnh ca cng c CASE thc l mt kho cha (repository) cha tt c cc
thng tin lin quan n d n. Thng tin d n c tch lu trong kho cha v c cp
nht mi khi c s thay i trong sut qu trnh pht trin phn mm v trong c giai
on bo tr. Kho cha ca pha pht trin pha trc s l c s cho pha tip theo. Thng
tin pht trin tch lu c cha trong kho cha cung cp s h tr cho giai on bo tr
trong nhng cng vic bo tr sa i, p ng hay ci thin chc nng c thc
hin. H thng my tnh qun l kho cha m bo thng tin d n c duy tr v ph
hp vi phng php lun pht trin mm cng nh l m bo cc quy chun da theo
phong cch (style), cc th tc xy dng v ch dn cng vic. iu lm cc cng c
CASE c kh nng a ra ti liu d n y v cp nht bt c lc no. Mt vi cng
c CASE bn di v CASE tch hp c th t ng sinh ra m chng trnh da hon
ton trn thng tin thit k c lu trong kho cha. Nhng cng c k ngh ngc
(Reverse engineering tool) cng c xem l cc cng c CASE thc. Da trn m h
thng, cc cng c ny c p dng chnh cho vic khi phc v ti to ti liu thit k
cho h thng phn mm ang c s dng (phn mm k tha). Ni cch khc, nhng
cng c CASE k ngh ngc ny hot ng ngc vi cng c CASE thng thng:
thay v to ra m h thng da trn thng tin thit k, chng to ra kho cha y , cp
nht v ti liu thit k da trn m h thng.

77

IT

S h tr ca cc cng c CASE cho ngi pht trin h thng c th hin trong bng
sau:
Kiu cng c CASE
H tr
Sa i v biu
Sa i vn bn v biu , to biu
thit k da trn cc bn ghi trong kho
cha
Truy vn kho cha
Hin th cc phn ca vn bn thit k, biu
theo di yu cu
Vit ti liu t ng
T ng sinh ra cc ti liu c yu cu
theo cc bn ghi cp nht trong kho cha
H tr thit k
Vic sa i thit k c ghi li bi ngi
phn tch h thng v qun l t in d
liu
Sa i m
Bin dch, thng dch v g li tng tc
m cho ngn ng lp trnh c th hoc cng
c pht trin
Sinh m
Chuyn t cc bn ghi thit k sang mu
hoc ng dng phn mm thch hp vi
ngn ng lp trnh (hoc cng c pht
trin)
Qun l cu hnh
Qun l phin bn ca ti liu thit k v
m phn mm, kim sot s thay i trong
thit k v m phn mm.
Kim th phn mm
Kim th t ng, kim th ti v qun l
kim th v sa bn ghi
K ngh ngc
Xy dng kho cha phn mm v ti liu
thit k, da trn m ca h thng phn
mm tha k. Khi kho cha ca phn mm
c, n c th c cp nht v s dng
t ng to ra phin bn mi ca h
thng
Qun l d n v ch s phn mm
H tr vic qun l d n bng cch theo
di lch v tnh ton nng sut, ch s li

78

3.4.2. ng gp ca CASE tool cho cht lng sn phm phn mm

Li ch ca cc cng c CASE i vi cht lng sn phm phn mm l lm gim
mt s lng ln cc li trong cc pha pht trin phn mm. nh gi c li ch
ny, chng ta cng xem xt vic ci tin cht lng m cc cng c CASE thc hin c
trong 9 nguyn nhn gy ra li (c lit k trong phn 2.3). nh gi ca chng ta s
bao gm c cng c CASE c in v thc.
Bng sau s lit k nhng ng gp ca cng c CASE ti vic ci thin cht lng phn
mm:
Cng c CASE thc

1. Li trong xc nh
yu cu

Hu nh khng ng gp
Vic kim tra tnh c nh ca
yu cu hay s chnh xc bng
my tnh gn nh him xy ra.

2. Vic tht bi trong

giao tip gia khch
hng v ngi pht
trin

Hu nh khng ng gp
Trong hu ht cc trng hp,
vic xc nh s tht bi trong
giao tip bng my tnh l
khng th. Nhng tht bi ny
ch c th c xc nh v
ngn chn khi c thay i
hoc khi nhng thng tin khc
c tm thy tr nn mu
thun vi nhng thng tin
c.

IT

Nguyn nhn gy ra li Cng c CASE c in

3. S chnh lch c ch
trong yu cu phn
mm

ng gp ln
Da trn nhng thng tin
c, nhng chnh lch t yu
cu c xc nh nh nhng
mu thun v c lit vo
li. Nhng chnh lch ny c
th c xc nh bng cc
cng c theo di yu cu
c v cng c truy vn (crossreferenced query tools).

4. Nhng li trong thit

ng gp ln

79

Vic thit k li (reengineering) cho php

sn sinh t ng bn
thit k cho nhng h
thng k tha v
nhng bn ghi ca
chng.

Vic s dng ni lu
tr nhm xc nh
nhng thiu xt trong
thit k, nhng thay
i v nhng mu
thun mi c vi
nhng bn ghi c
(bn ghi c lu
tr t trc).

ng gp rt ln
p dng nhng trnh bin
dch (compiler, interpreters)
v nhng trnh g li tng
tc (debugger) vo.

ng gp rt ln
p dng cc cng c CASE
bn di vo nhm to ra mt
cch t ng nhng on code
tng thch hon ton vi
thit k c sn. Thm vo ,
v code c t ng nn
khng c li no xy ra.

6. Khng lm ng vi ng gp c gii hn
nhng ch dn v code S dng nhng trnh bin tp
v vit ti liu
vn bn v kim nh code
h tr chun ha cu trc,
phong cch ca vn bn,
code v lm vic xc nh
nhng sai lch khng ng
d dng hn.

ng gp rt ln
p dng nhng cng c CASE
bn di vo nhm to ra
nhng on code m bo lm
ng vi nhng ch dn v
code v vit ti liu.

5. Li trong coding

IT

k theo logic

7. Nhng thiu xt xy ng gp ln
ng gp ln
ra trong qu trnh test Nhng cng c kim tra t p dng nhng cng c

80

CASE bn di, c bit l

nhng cng c CASE c
tch hp vo ngn chn li
trong coding v gim li thit
k. ng dng ca nhng cng
c lu tr ti vic sa li v
thay i trong sut qu trnh
pht trin nhm ngn nga
hu ht cc li ca phn mm.

8. Li th tc

ng gp ln
Vic iu khin cc phin
bn, xem xt li v ci t
phn mm bng cc cng c
qun l qun l cu hnh.

ng gp c gii hn
S dng nhng bn ti liu
y v lun cp nht lm
vic ngn nga cc li bo tr
gy ra bi nhng ti liu
khng y hoc thiu
chnh xc, c bit nu thit
k c sa li nhiu ln.

9. Li ti liu

ng gp c gii hn
ng gp ln
p dng duy nht trnh bin S dng ni lu tr mt cch
tp vn bn vo.
t ng nhm sinh ra nhng
bn ti liu y v lun cp
nht trc mi ln sa li v
thay i.

IT

ng thc hin hi quy v

kim tra vic np mt cch
t ng. Vic qun l test v
sa li bng my tnh lm
gim li.

3.4.3. ng gp ca CASE tool cho cht lng bo tr phn mm

Cc cng c CASE (t bit l cng c CASE thc) c mt trong nhiu loi ca cht
lng bo tr phn mm theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
Bo tr sa cha (Corrective maintenance):
Ti liu ca phn mm c c cp nht v CASE c a ra y s gip
tm ra nguyn nhn gy li (failure) ca phn mm mt cch d dng v chnh xc hn.
Cc cu truy vn cross-referenced cho php xc nh trc kt qu ca k hoch sa
cha ang ra mt cch tt hn.
Sa cha bng cc cng c CASE tch hp hay bn di h tr coding t ng m s
khng c li (error) lp trnh no cng nh ti liu t ng ca vic sa cha.
Bo tr thch nghi (Adaptive maintenance):
81

 Ti liu phn mm y v c cp nht bi cc cng c CASE cho php xem xt k

lng kh nng thch nghi ca gi phn mm i vi ng dng mi, ngi dng mi.
Bo tr ci thin chc nng (Functional improvement maintenance):
Vic s dng kho ch cho php nhng ngi thit k c th m bo tnh nht qun
ca cc ng dng mi, cc ci tin mi vi cc h thng phn mm vn c.
Cc cu truy vn kho cha cross-referenced cho php ln k hoch cho vic thay i,
thm chc nng mt cch d dng hn
Cc thay i v vic thm cc chc nng thc hin bng cc cng c CASE tch hp
hay bn di cho php coding t ng m khng c bt c li (error) coding no cng
nh ti liu t ng ca cc thay i v sa cha.

3.4.4. ng gp ca CASE tool cho qun l d n

IT

(1) Phng php s dng CASE nng cao mang li tnh kinh t cao hn phng php
thng thng.
(2) Cht lng ca vic qun l c hai d n l ging nhau vi vic c lng lch biu
v ti nguyn di mc yu cu.
Thng thng, vic p dng cc cng c CASE c mong i s lm gim gi thnh v
thi gian pht trin ca d n (shorter time to market). Tuy nhin, vai tr ca cc cng
c CASE i vi cc kha cnh cht lng ca qun l d n (gm: iu khin chi ph v
thi gian) l trng im s quan tm ca chng ta. Hin nay, c trng hp s dng
cng c CASE hin i lm gim lch gia kinh ph thc thi v lch biu theo k
hoch, c bit bi v chng ngn nga lng li (error) v cho php sa li nhanh, d
dng hn khi c yu cu. vic qun l d n c ci thin tt hn, cng c iu
khin d n ( y c xem l loi ca cc cng c CASE c in) v cc phng php
lun c lng thi gian, kinh ph c ci thin phi c pht trin.

3.5. m bo cht lng phn mm ca cc yu t bn ngoi cng tham

gia

3.5.1. Nhng thnh phn bn ngoi ng gp vo d n phn mm

Nhng ngi tham gia mt d n pht trin phn mm t chc quan tm n h
thng phn mm(khch hng) v t chc cam kt tin hnh pht trin (nh thu) ngy
nay thng khng ch l nhng ngi tham d trong d n. Nhng ngi tham gia bn
ngoi c lin quan n d n pht trin phn mm ng gp cho d n nhng khng phi
l nh thu, m cng khng phi l nhng thnh vin ca nh thu. S ng gp ca h
cho d n c cu trc thng qua nhng tha thun vi nh thu (nh thu ph hay
nhng ngi cung cp ca COTS software) hoc thng qua nhng iu khon ca hp
ng d n, cc phn ca d n s c thc thi bi chnh khch hng ca h. D n ln
hn v phc tp hn, c ngha hn c th ng m nhng ngi tham gia bn ngoi

82

IT

c yu cu, phn ln cng vic c chuyn giao hoc chia ra. Mc ch chuyn
hng nhng ngi tham gia bn ngoi da vo mt s nhn t, xc nh khong cch t
kinh t n k thut v n nhng c nhn lin quan (to personnel related interests), v
mang li mt s gia tng mi quan tm trong s phn phi ca cng vic lin quan trong
vic hon thnh nhng d n phc tp .
Nhng ngi tham gia bn ngoi c th c phn chia thnh 3 nhm chnh:
Subcontractors( nhng nh thu ph, hin nay c gi l nhng t
chc outsourcing) h cam kt thc hin cc thnh phn ca 1 d
n, ln hay nh, ty theo tng trng hp. Nhng nh thu ph
thng a ra hp ng mc ti thiu mt trong nhng li ch: kh
nng huy ng nhn vin, kin v mt chuyn mn c bit hoc
gi thp.
Nhng nh cung cp COTS software v nhng module phn mm s
dng li. Li ch ca s tch hp cc thnh phn l rt r rng, s
xc nh khonh cch t k hoch lm vic v gim bt gi thnh n
cht lng. Mt s mong i m s tch hp ca nhng thnh phn
sn sng dng s c lu tr trong nhng m ngun pht trin,
mt k hoch lm vic ngn hn v phn mm cht lng cao hn.
Phn mm cht lng cao hn th c ch i nhng nhng thnh
phn c kim tra v c sa cha bi nhng ngi pht trin,
tt nh c sa cha theo nhng thiu st c xc nh bi khch
hng xem trc. Cc tnh cht ca COTS software v cc vn cht
lng lin quan n s dng chng c nhn nh bi Basili v
Boehm (2001).
Khch hng, bn thn h nh l ngi tham gia thc hin d n. iu
ny kh chung mi khch hng thc hin cc phn ca d n:
p dng nhng chuyn mn c bit ca nhng khch hng, p ng
cho giao dch hoc nhng yu cu bo mt khc, gi li nhng nhn
vin pht trin ni b ang s dng, ngn nga nhng vn bo mt
trong tng lai.v.v. Trng hp ny c nhng hn ch trong nhng
iu khon ca quan h khch hng-ngi cung cp cn thit thc
hin thnh cng mt d n. V th, chc chn trng hp ny tr
thnh 1 thnh phn chun ca nhiu d n pht trin phn mm v
nhng quan h bng hp ng.

3.5.2. Ri ro v li ch ca gii thiu ngi tham d ngoi.

Ri ro ch yu ti cht lng d n lin quan vi ngi gii thiu tham gia t bn
ngoi trong c cu ca d n l nh sau:
- S tr hon hon thnh ca d n.
Trong trng hp ngi tham gia bn ngoi cung cp chm nhng thnh
phn cho h thng phn mm, d n ni chung s b hon li. S chm tr ny ch yu l
do nh thu ph v khch hang gy ra ch khng phi do cc nh cung cp phn mm c
sn (COTS).
Trong nhiu trng hp,trch nhim kim sot s pht trin phn mm ca nh thu ph
v khch hang khng cao,do gy ra tnh trng chm chp,tr hon v khng c thi
83

IT

gian cho s thay i cng nh thi gian cn thit t chc li gy nh hng tiu cc
vi d n.
- Cc phn d n cht lng thp c cung cp bi cc thnh vin bn ngoi
Cc vn v cht lng c th phn loi nh
(a) sai st: cao hn so vi s lng sai st mong i, thng cao hn nhiu so vi mong
i
(b) Coding v ti liu khng chun : s vi phm ca phong cch v cu trc trong vic
xy dng v cc th tc( theo gi thuyt nh n nh trong bt c hp ng no). Phn
mm cht lng thp v khng chun s gy ra kh khn trong giai on kim th v
sau trong giai on bo tr. Vic yu cu thm thi gian kim tra v chnh sa cht
lng phn mm cht lng thp c th gy ra s chm tr trong d n c bit trong
trng hp khi cc thnh vin bn ngoi hon thnh nhim v ca h ng thi hn.
- Kh khn v bo tr trong tng lai.
Thc t mt s t chc tham gia vic pht trin nhng ch mt trong s h, nh thu, l
ngi trc tip gy nn 2 kh khn trong vic bo tr:
a,Nh thu c th i mt vi vic cc coding v ti liu khng hon thnh v/hoc
khng ng tiu chun t cc thnh vin bn ngoi, gy ra s km cht lng trong dch
v bo tr ca nhm bo tr v nh thu s tn chi ph cao hn.
b. Cc dch v bo tr c cung cp bi nhiu hn mt t chc, c th nh thu ph, nh
cung cp phn mm c sn COTS v cc b phn pht trin ca khch hang.Khi mi
phn ny b hn ch kh nng p ng, khch hng buc phi tm kim ngi chu trch
nhim cho cc li c th ca phn mm mi khi cc li ny c pht hin.
- Mt s kim sot cc b phn ca d n
D c hay khng c ,s kim sot vic pht trin phn mm ca thnh vin bn
ngoi c th to ra mt bc tranh lc quan khng thc t v tnh trng ca d n. S trao
i vi nhm cc thnh vin bn ngoi c th lm gin on ti mt vi tun,gy cn tr
vic nh gi tin ca d n..Kt qu l,cnh bo v kh khn trong pht trin, thiu
i ng nhn vin v nhiu vn khc n mun vi cc nh thu.
Nhn thc c trc cc kh khn ny, nh thu phi xem xt kt hp li ch v ri
ro c a ra bi cc thnh vin bn ngoi trong mt d n.

3.5.3. Nhng mc tiu m bo cht lng v s ng gp ngi tham

gia bn ngoi
Nhng mc tiu no thu c bng vic p dng cng c SQA c cung cp bi
cc thnh vin bn ngoi? Nhng mc tiu di y c th thu c trc tip t vic lit
k cc ri ro cp trn:

trnh tr hon hon thnh nhim v v m bo cnh bo sm

tnh trc s tr hon.

m bo mc cht lng c th chp nhn c ca b phn trin

khai v n nhn cnh bo sm ca phm vi cht lng yu cu.

m bo ti liu phc v cho nhm bo tr.

84

m bo lin tc, ton din v ng tin cy kim sot vic thc hin
ngi tham gia bn ngoi.

3.5.4. Cc cng c m bo cht lng nhng ng gp ca cc thnh

vin ng gp bn ngoi.
Chng ta mong mun cc thnh vin ng gp bn ngoi thc hin cc cc phng
thc SQA ca chnh h, bao gm cc cng c cn thit cc sn phm phn mm v
cc dch v ca h t c ti mc cht lng c th chp nhn c. Cc cng c
c cp ti y l nhng th m cc nh thu c th p dng cho cc thnh vin
ng gp bn ngoi . Trong mc ch ny, vn cht lng v thi gian l quan trng
nht c xc nh.
Cc cng c chnh c p dng trc v trong sut qu trnh kt hp cc thnh vin
ng gp bn ngoi trong mt d n pht trin phn mm c lit k bn di.
xem xt li ti liu yu cu.

nh gi cc tiu chun chn la lin quan n cc thnh vin ng gp

bn ngoi.

IT

Thnh lp y ban iu khin gia nhp v kt hp ca d n.

S ng gp trong s xem xt thit k.

S ng gp trong kim tra phn mm.

Cch trnh by cc th tc c bit

Xc nh cc team leader ca cc nh cung cp v cc thnh vin.

Chun b cc bo co tin trnh pht trin ca cc hot ng pht trin d

n.

Xem xt li cc giao phm (cc ti liu) v acceptance tests

85

Chng 4.

Kim th phn mm

4.1. Mt s khi nim c bn

4.1.1. V d v li phn mm
a. V tht bi tn la Patriot:
xy ra ti Dharan, Saudi Arabia, vo 25 thng 2, 1991
lm 28 ngi cht
nguyn nhn: v li rounding error (lm trn)
tn la

T
P

H
thng l
chn
ca
qun
i M d on

IT

Iraqi

0.5km

Doanh tri
qun i M

http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/patriot.html
(biu din s 1/10 bng s phy tnh c s 2)

b. V pht n Ariane 5:

xy ra ti ti Kourou, French Guiana , vo ngy 4 thng su 1996

thit hi 500 triu $

86

nguyn nhn: v li trn s (Overflow error)

(v biu din s phy ng (floating point) 64-bit

bi s phy tnh (fixed point) 16-bit)

Pht n sau 40
giy ri khi
mt t

4.1.2. c t v li phn mm:

IT

http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/ariane.html

a. c t

if you cant say it, you cant do it

a. Ta cn bit sn phm nh th no trc khi ta c th ni n c li.

b. c t nh ngha sn phm v:
c. Yu cu chc nng m t cc tnh nng ca sn phm. V d, calculator:
d. Save, +, -, *, /,
e. Yu cu phi chc nng l cc rng buc v sn phm. V d ,
f. thn thin vi ngi dng, hiu nng,

b. Li phn mm
Phn mm KHNG lm nhim v c a ra c t (v d, thiu php tr)
Phn mm lm cng vic m c t KHNG cho php

87

Phn mm lm cng vic m c t khng cp ti (v d, tnh cn bc hai ca s

nguyn)
Phn mm khng lm cng vic m c t khng cp ti nhng nn lm (v d,
kim tra divided by 0)
Phn mm kh hiu, kh dng, chm

c. Chi ph sa li
Chi ph sa li tng theo cp s nhn (10x) theo
thi gian
V d, mt li pht hin trong pha c t tn $1
sa.
nu pht hin trong pha thit k, tn $10

IT

nu pht hin trong pha ci t, tn $100

d. Ngun li

nu pht hin sau khi pht hnh, tn $1000

c t (Specification): c t li, khng y , khng nht

qun.
Thit k (Design): li c bn trong thit k phn mm.
Ci t (Code): li lp trnh, m c (malicious code).
Khc:
H thng h tr: Ngn ng lp trnh ngho nn, trnh bin
dch c li...
Kim th khng y : kim th cha xong, kim chng
ngho nn,...

Cited from R. Pattens

Software testing,
SAMS publishing

4.1.3. Kim th v tin trnh kim th

a. Kim th
Kim th phn mm c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau xut bi nhiu t chc hay c
nhn khc nhau. Mt s nh ngha ni bt:

88

Kim th phn mm l qu trnh kho st mt h thng hay thnh phn di

nhng iu kin xc nh, quan st v ghi li cc kt qu, v nh gi mt kha cnh no
ca h thng hay thnh phn . (Theo Bng ch gii thut ng chun IEEE ca
Thut ng k ngh phn mm- IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering
Terminology).
Kim th phn mm l qu trnh thc thi mt chng trnh vi mc ch tm li.
(Theo The Art of Software Testing Ngh thut kim th phn mm).
Kim th phn mm l hot ng kho st thc tin sn phm hay dch v phn
mm trong ng mi trng chng d nh s c trin khai nhm cung cp cho ngi
c li ch lin quan nhng thng tin v cht lng ca sn phm hay dch v phn mm
y. Mc ch ca kim th phn mm l tm ra cc li hay khim khuyt phn mm nhm
m bo hiu qu hot ng ti u ca phn mm trong nhiu ngnh khc nhau. (Theo
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia).

Software testing objectives

Cc mc tiu trc tip

IT

C th nh ngha mt cch d hiu nh sau: Kim th phn mm l qu trnh thc thi

mt h thng phn mm xc nh xem phn mm c ng vi c t khng v mi
trng hot ng c ng yu cu khng.

Xc nh v pht hin nhiu li nht c th trong phn mm c kim th

Sau khi sa cha cc li xc nh v kim tra li, lm cho phn mm c

kim th n mt mc chp nhn c v cht lng.

Thc hin cc yu cu kim th cn thit mt cch hiu qu v c hiu qu, trong

phm vi ngn sch v thi gian cho php.

Cc mc tiu gin tip

Bin dch mt bn ghi v cc li phn mm s dng trong cng tc
phng chng li (bng cc hnh ng khc phc v ngn nga).
Cn lu rng thiu st ca cc mc tiu thng xuyn chng minh gi phn mm
sn sng khng phi l ngu nhin. Mc tiu ny vn mu thun vi mc tiu u
tin c cp, v c th nh hng hoc chnh xc hn, xu hng la chn ca
test/ hoc cc trng hp test. Myers(1979) a ra tm tt gn gng vn : nu mc
tiu ca bn l hin th khi khng c li, bn s khng pht hin ra nhiu. Nu mc
tiu ca bn l cho thy s hin din ca li, bn s khm ph ra mt t l ln li.

89

Cch vit mc tiu th 2 phn nh mt thc t l vic khng c li phn mm l

mt kht vng khng tng. V vy chng ta thch cm t mc cht lng chp nhn
c, ngha l t l cc li nht nh m ngi dng c th chu ng c, s vn cha
xc nh khi ci t phn mm. T l ny thay i theo tng gi phn mm v ngi s
dng, nhng phi thp hn cho nhng gi c nguy c tht bi cao.
4.1.4. Cc mc kim th
Tu thuc vo mc tiu ca kim th, ta chia ra thnh cc mc nh sau:
Mc 0: testing v debuging l ging nhau
Mc 1: Mc tiu ca kim th l ch ra phn mm hot ng
Mc 2: Mc tiu ca kim th l ch ra phn mm khng hot ng
Mc 3: Mc tiu ca kim th l gim cc ri ro khi s dng phn mm

IT

Mc 4: Nhm tr gip cc chuyn gia CNTT pht trin cc phn mm c cht lng cao
hn.
a. Mc 0
Testing v debuging l mt

Mc ny thng c thc hin bi cc sinh vin trong cc mn hc lp trnh. Sinh vin

vit chng trnh, chy vi vi u vo, v debug li nu c.

Mc ny khng phn bit gia hnh vi khng ng v li bn trong chng trnh.

Mc ny ch gip ch i cht trong vic pht trin phn mm chnh xc
b. Mc 1

Nhm chng minh tnh ng n.

Mt cch pht trin t nhin t mc 0, tuy nhin ta khng th chng minh tnh ng n
ca phn mm. Gi s ta chy mt tp test v khng pht hin ra li no. Vy, kt lun l
g? Liu ta c th gi thit l phn mm chy tt hay tp test km? V khng th chng
minh tnh ng n, vic kim th khng c gii hn dng c nh, cng nh khng c
mt k thut test hnh thc (formal) no. Nu ngi qun l hi: cn phi thc thi bao
nhiu test na? Ta khng c cch no tr li chnh xc cu hi ny.
c. Mc 2
Nhm ch ra li. Tm li l mt mc tiu r rng, nhng mang tnh tiu cc. Tester c
th vui v khi tm ra li, nhng developers th khng mun vy - h mun phn mm
chy (mc 1 l suy ngh t nhin ca developers). Do , mc 2 t tester v developers

90

vo quan h i u. iu ny c th nh hng xu ti c nhm. Ngoi ra, cu hi t ra

l nu khng tm thy li no th sao? Ta c th kt lun phn mm chy tt? hoc vic
kim th cn yu?
d. Mc 3
Kim th c th ch ra li khi n xut hin, nhng khng th chng t phn mm khng
c li. Ngha l, ta phi chp nhn mi khi s dng phn mm, ta c nguy c gp li.
Nguy c ny c th nh, v khng gy hu qu g, hoc nguy c c th ln v gy ra
thm ho. iu ny ch ra rng, ton i pht trin phn mm c chung mc tiu - gim
nguy c gp li khi s dng phn mm. mc 3, c tester v developer lm vic cng
nhau gim nguy c gp li.
e. Mc 4

IT

Khi tester v developers c chung mc tiu (mc 3), t chc c th chuyn sang mc 4.
Kim th nhm mc tiu tng cht lng. C nhiu cch tng cht lng, trong to
ra test c th dn ti li ch l mt. mc ny, k s kim th c th tr thnh trng
nhm k thut ca d n. H c nhim v nh gi, ci thin cht lng phn mm, v s
thm nh ca h s tr gip cho developers. V d nh ta c 1 chng trnh spell
checker. Ta thng ngh nhim v chnh ca n l tm nhng t sai chnh t (nh vn
sai), nhng thc t, mc tiu cao nht ca n l tng kh nng vit chnh t ca chng
ta. Mi khi spell checker tm ra mt t sai chnh t, ta c c hi hc cch vit ng.
Do vy, spell checker l chuyn gia v cht lng vit chnh t. Mt cch tng t,
mc 4 hng ti mc tiu kim th tng kh nng ca developers trong vic pht trin
cc phn mm cht lng cao. Testers c th o to developers.

4.1.5. Mt s thut ng
Mt s thut ng lin quan ti kim th ly t cc ti liu chun (IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, DOD-STD-2167A and MIL-STD-498 from
the US Department of Defense, and the British Computer Societys Standard for
Software Component Testing)
Validation (xc nhn): Tin trnh nh gi mt phn mm cui qu trnh pht trin
phm mm m bo ph hp vi nhng d nh v s dng.
Verification (xc minh, kim chng): tin trnh xc nh xem liu sn phm ca mt pha
trong tin trnh pht trin phn mm c p ng y yu cu c a ra trong pha
trc .
Xc minh thng l hot ng c tnh k thut cao hn, s dng nhng tri thc v cc
91

yu cu, c t phn mm. Xc nhn thng ph thuc vo tri thc v lnh vc tng
ng. C th l, tri thc v ng dng ca phn mm c vit. V d, xc nhn ca phn
mm v my bay yu cu tri thc t k s hng khng v phi cng.
Cm t IV & V - independent verification and validation- ngha l xc nhn v xc minh
c lp. IV & V yu cu vic nh gi phi c thc hin bi ngi khng phi l lp
trnh vin. Mt s trng hp i IV & V thuc d n, hoc thuc cng cng ty, cng c
th thuc mt t chc c lp. V s c lp ca IV & V, tin trnh thng cha bt u
cho ti khi d n kt thc v thng c thc hin bi chuyn gia trong lnh vc hn l
ngi pht trin phn mm.
Hai thut ng hay dng l fault v failure. Chng lin quan ti suy ngh t mc 0 sang
mc 1.
Sai st (fault): khuyt tt trong phn mm
Li (error): mt trng thi (bn trong) khng chnh xc l kt qu ca fault

IT

Hng (failure): hnh vi khng chnh xc (bn ngoi) so vi cc yu cu hoc m t v

hnh vi mong i.

Ta hy xem mt v d v bc s chn on cho bnh nhn. Bnh nhn ti phng khm

vi mt danh sch failures ( l cc triu chng). Bc s phi pht hin ra cc fault,
hoc ngun gc ca cc triu chng. tr gip qu trnh chn on, bc s c th phi
yu cu thc hin cc kim tra v s bt thng ca cc trng thi bn trong, nh cao
huyt p, nhp tim bt thng, lng ng trong mu cao, cholesterol cao. Vi thut
ng ca chng ta, cc bt thng ny gi l errors.
Ta hy xem xt mt v d v code Java sau:
public static int numZero (int[] x)
{ // Effects: if x == null throw NullPointerException
// else return the number of occurrences of 0 in x
int count = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
if (x[i] == 0) {
count++; }
}
return count;

92

fault y l chng trnh bt u tm kim cc s bng 0 t ch s 1 thay v ch s 0. V

d numZero([2,7,0]) c tnh chnh xc l 1, cn vi numZero([0,7,2]) s c tnh sai
l 0. Trong c 2 trng hp, fault c thc thi. Mc d c 2 trng hp u dn ti 1
li, nhng ch c trng hp th 2 l gy ra failure. hiu v trng thi li, ta cn nh
ngha trng thi ca chng trnh. Trng thi ca numZero bao gm gi tr ca bin x,
count, i v program counter (PC). Vi v d u tin, trng thi cu lnh if cho vng lp
u tin l ( x = [2, 7, 0], count = 0, i = 1, PC = if). Lu l trng thi ny l li v ng
ra i =0. Tuy nhin, trng thi li ny khng c lan truyn ti output v do vy phn
mm khng fail. Ni cch khc, mt trng thi l ni nu n khng phi l trng thi nh
mong i d cho tt c cc gi tr trong thng thi l chp nhn c. Tng qut hn, nu
chui trng thi mong i l s0,s1,s2... trong khi chui trng thi thc t l s0,s2,s3... th
trng thi s2 l li.

IT

Vi trng hp th 2, trng thi tng ng l (x = [0, 7, 2], count = 0, i = 1, PC = if).

Trong trng hp ny, li lan truyn ti kt qu tr v. Do vy, ta thu c kt qu
failure.

nh ngha v fault v failure cho php ta phn bit gia testing v debugging.

93

IT

4.2. Cc cp kim th

Mi tng quan gia pht trin v kim th phn mm

Cc cp kim th phn mm

94

4.2.1. Kim th n v - Unit Testing

Kim th n v l hot ng kim th nh nht

Kim th thc hin trn cc hm hay thnh phn ring l.
Cn hiu bit v thit k chng trnh v code.
Thc hin bi Lp trnh vin (khng phi kim th vin)

IT

n v: L thnh phn nh nht ca phn mm c th kim th c. V d: Cc

hm, lp, th tc, phng thc. n v thng c kch thc nh, chc nng hot ng
n gin, khng gy nhiu kh khn trong vic kim th, ghi nhn v phn tch kt qu
do nu pht hin li vic tm kim nguyn nhn v sa li cng n gin v tn t chi
ph hn.
Mc ch: m bo thng tin c x l ng v c u ra chnh xc trong mi
tng quan gia d liu nhp v chc nng ca n v.
Ngi thc hin: Do vic kim th n v i hi phi kim tra tng nhnh lnh,
nn i hi ngi kim th c kin thc v lp trnh cng nh v thit k ca h thng
nn ngi thc hin thng l lp trnh vin.

Unit Test cng i hi phi chun b trc cc ca kim th (Test case) hoc kch
bn kim th (Test script), trong ch nh r d liu u vo, cc bc thc hin v d
liu u ra mong mun. Cc Test case v Test script ny nn c gi li ti s dng.

4.2.2. Kim th tch hp - Integration Testing

Kim th tch hp nhm pht hin li giao tip xy ra gia cc thnh phn cng
nh li ca bn thn tng thnh phn (nu c).
Thnh phn c th l
cc module
cc ng dng ring l
cc ng dng client/server trn mt mng
Cc loi kim th tch hp
Big bang - Test ton b phn mm, mt khi cc gi hon thnh c sn; c th bit n
nh l big bang testing.

95

Top-down kim th t gc ca h thng phn cp thnh phn. Cc thnh phn c

thm theo th t gim dn ca h thng phn cp.
Bottom-up kim th t y ca h thng phn cp. Cc thnh phn c thm theo th
t tng dn ca h thng phn cp.
Hnh sau minh ha test top-down v test bottom-up ca cng mt d n pht trin
phn mm gm 11 m-un. Hnh (a) , qu trnh pht trin phn mm v s th nghim
tip thep c thc hin theo bottom-up, trong 4 giai on sau:
Giai on 1: test cc m-un t 1 n 7

Giai on 2: tch hp test A ca cc m-un 1 v 2 , pht trin v test

giai on 1, tch hp vi m-un 8, pht trin trong giai on hin thi.

Giai on 3: hai s kim tra tch hp ring bit, B, trn cc m-un 3,4,5
v 8, tch hp vi m-un 9 , v C, m un 6 v 7 tch hp vi m-un 10

Giai on 4: test h thng c thc hin sau khi B v C tch hp vi

m-un 11, pht trin trong gia on hin thi.

IT

1. Bottom-up testing

96

IT

(b) Top-down testing

Trong hnh trn, pht trin phn mm v kim th c thc hin t trn xung
qua su giai on :
Giai on 1: test m-un 11(unit test)

Giai on 2: tch hp test A ca m-un 11 tch hp vi m-un 9 v 10,

pht trin trong giai on hin thi

Giai on 3: tch hp test B ca A tch hp vi m-un 8, pht trin trong

giai on hin thi.

Giai on 4: tch hp test C ca B tch hp vi m-in 6 v 7 , pht trin

trong giai on hin thi

Giai on 5: tch hp test D ca C tch hp vi m-un 1 v 2, pht trin

trong giai on hin thi

Giai on 6: test h thng ca D tch hp vi m-un 3,4,5, pht trin

trong giai on hin thi

Vic gia tng cc ng trong hnh trn ch c hai trong s nhiu cc ng.
ng dn trong cc v d l trnh t theo chiu ngang (horizontally sequenced)

97

(breadth first), mc d ta c th chn mt ng dn l trnh t theo chiu

dc(vertically sequenced) (depth first). Nu ta thay i ng ngang ca top-down
trong hnh (b), vi mt dy dc, kim th c th c thc hin nh sau :
Giai on 1: test n v m-un 11

Giai on 2: tch hp test A ca tch hp m-un 11 vi m-un 9, pht trin

trong giai on hin thi

Giai on 3: tch hp test B ca A vi m-un 8, pht trin trong giai on hin

thi

Giai on 4: tch hp test C ca B vi cc m-un 1 v 2 , pht trin trong giai

on hin thi

Giai on 5: tch hp test D ca C vi m-un 10, pht trin trong giai on hin
thi

Giai on 6: tch hp test E ca D vi cc m-un 6 v 7, pht trin trong giai

on hin thi

Giai on 7: test h thng c thc hin sau khi sau khi E c tch hp vi
cc m-un 3,4 v 5, pht trin trong giai on hin thi.

IT

Cc ng dn khc lin quan n kh nng phn nhm cc m-un trong mt

giai on kim th. V d, ng dn trong top-down hnh 9.1(b), mt trong nhng
nhm m-un c th l 8, 1 v 2 v/hoc cc m-un 10, 6 v 7.

Stubs v drives kim th gia tng

Stubs v drives l phn mm m phng thay th cho cc m-un khng c sn khi

thc hin mt n v hoc kim th tch hp.
Mt stub (thng c cho l mt m-un gi ( dummy module ) ) thay th
mt m-un khng c sn mc thp hn, m-un ph kim th. Cc Stub c yu
cu cho kim th top-down cho cc h thng khng y . Trong trng hp ny, stub
cung cp kt qu tnh ton ca m-un ph , cha c pht trin (m ha), c thit k
thc hin. V d, giai on 3 ca v d top-down trong hnh (b), m-un 9 pha trn
kch hot m-un 8, c sn; n c kim th v ng giai on 2. Cc stub c
yu cu thay th cho cc m-un ph 1 v 2 l nhng m-un cha c hon thnh.
S thit lp kim th ny c trnh by trong hnh di y

98

IT

Ging nh mt Stub, nhng mt driver l mt m-un thay th cho cc m-un mc

trn kch hot kim th cc m-un. Driver l i t kim tra d liu n kim th mun v chp nhn kt qu tnh ton ca n. Driver c yu cu kim th bottom-up cho
ti khi cc m-un mc cao c pht trin (m ha). V d, giai on kim th 2
ca v d bottom-up trong hnh (a), cc m-un ph 1 v 2 mc thp hn c sn; chng
c kim th v ng giai on kim th 1. Mt driver c yu cu thay th
cho m-un 9 cha c hon thnh. S thit lp kim th ny c th hin trong hnh
(b).

Lu
Vic duy tr mt th vin cc stub v driver ti s dng trong tng lai c th tit kim
ng k ngun ti nguyn.
- Cc chin lc Bottom-up so vi Top-down
Li th chnh ca chin lc Bottom-up l thc hin tng i d, trong khi bt
li ca n chnh l s chm tr trong trng hp ton b chng trnh c theo di
(ngha l, giai on kim th m-un cui cng). Li th chnh ca chin lc Topdown l kh nng n cung cp chng minh chc nng ca ton b chng trnh mt
cch ngn nht ngay sau khi kch hot cc m-un mc trn hon thnh. Trong
99

nhiu trng hp, cc c trng ny cho php xc nh cc li lin quan n thut ton,
cc yu cu chc nng trong phn tch v thit k mt cch sm nht. Bt li chnh ca
chin lc ny l tng i kh khn trong vic chun b cc stub c yu cu, thng
yu cu lp trnh phc tp. Bt li khc l kh khn trong vic phn tch kt qu kim
th.
Cc chuyn gia kim th tip tc tranh lun xem chin lc top-down hay
bottom-up thch hp hn. Trong khi cc quan im thay i, c v nh s la chn chin
lc thc s c xc nh trong hu ht cc trng hp l s la chn pht trin
khng kim th - chin lc ca cc nh pht trin, ngha l, bottom-up hoc top-down.
R rng, nhng ngi kim th nn thc hin theo phng php tip cn ca nh pht
trin v quan trng l vic kim th s c thc hin ngay khi mt m-un c
code. Thc hin mt chin lc kim th khc vi chin lc pht trin s gy ra s
chm tr ng k ca cc cuc kim th.
Big bang so vi cc chin lc khc

IT

Tr khi chng trnh qu nh v n gin, ng dng ca chin lc kim th big

bang ch ra nhng bt li nghim trng. Xc nh cc li tr nn kh rm r i vi s
lng ln phn mm. Mc d c nhiu ngun lc u t, hiu qu ca phng php
ny l tng i khim tn. T l nhn dng li tng i thp ca big bang chng minh
cho kt lun ny. Hn na, khi i u vi ton b gi phn mm, vic sa li thng l
nhim v nng n, cn phi xem xt nhng nh hng c th ca vi m-un ti cng
mt thi im. Nhng rng buc hin nhin ny to ra mt n lc kh m nht ca vic
c lng cc ngun lc kim th cn thit v tin kim th . iu ny cng m ch
rng trin vng gi ng tin v trong phm vi ngn sch b gim ng k khi p dng
chin lc kim th ny.

4.2.3. Kim th h thng - System Testing

Kim th h thng l mt mc ca tin trnh kim th phn mm khi cc module v tch
hp cc module c test.
Mc tiu ca kim th h thng l nh gi phn mm c tun th theo cc yu cu
a ra khng.
System Test li gm nhiu loi kim th khc nhau, ph bin nht gm:

Kim th chc nng (Functional Test): Bo m cc hnh vi ca h thng tha

mn ng yu cu thit k.

Kim th hiu nng (Performance Test): Bo m ti u vic phn b ti

100

nguyn h thng (v d b nh) nhm t cc ch tiu nh thi gian x l hay p

ng cu truy vn...
Kim th mc p ng (stress testing): thc thi h thng vi gi thit l cc
ti nguyn h thng yu cu khng p ng c v cht lng, n nh v s
lng.

Kim th cu hnh (Configuration Test): phn tch h thng vi cc thit lp cu

hnh khc nhau.

Kim th n nh (robustness testing): kim th di cc iu kin khng

mong i v d nh ngi dng g lnh sai, ngun in b ngt.

Kim th bo mt (Security Test): Bo m tnh ton vn, bo mt ca d liu v

ca h thng.

Kim th kh nng phc hi (Recovery Test): Bo m h thng c kh nng

khi phc trng thi n nh trc trong tnh hung mt ti nguyn hoc d
liu; c bit quan trng i vi cc h thng giao dch nh ngn hng trc
tuyn...

Kim th qu ti (overload testing): nh gi h thng khi n vt qua gii hn

cho php.

Kim nghim cht lng (quality testing): nh gi s tin tng, tnh sn sng ca
h thng. Bao gm c vic tnh ton thoi gian trung bnh h thng s b hng v
thi gian trung bnh khc phc.

Kim nghim ci t (Installation testing): Ngi dng s dng cc chc nng

ca h thng v ghi li cc li ti v tr s dng tht s.

IT

Lu l khng nht thit phi thc hin tt c cc loi kim th nu trn. Ty yu

cu v c trng ca tng h thng, tu kh nng v thi gian cho php ca d n, khi lp
k hoch, ngi Qun l d n s quyt nh p dng nhng loi kim th no.

4.2.4. Kim th chp nhn - Acceptance Testing

Kim th chp nhn l mt cp trong tin trnh kim th phn mm nhm kim th h
thng v kh nng chp nhn c.
Mc tiu ca kim th ny l nh gi s tun th ca h thng vi cc yu cu
nghip v v thm nh xem c th chp nhn bn giao cha.

101

Kim th chp nhn nhm mc ch chng minh phn mm tha mn tt c

yu cu ca khch hng v khch hng chp nhn sn phm. Kim th chp nhn c
khch hng thc hin (hoc y quyn cho mt nhm th ba thc hin).
Kim th chp nhn thng thng s thng qua hai loi kim th gi l kim th
Alpha Alpha Test v kim th Beta Beta Test. Vi Alpha Test, ngi dng kim th
phn mm ngay ti ni pht trin phn mm, lp trnh vin s ghi nhn cc li hoc phn
hi, v ln k hoch sa cha. Vi Beta Test, phn mm s c gi ti cho ngi dng
kim th ngay trong mi trng thc, li hoc phn hi cng s gi ngc li cho lp
trnh vin sa cha.

4.3. Cc k thut kim th

IT

Thc t cho thy, nu khch hng khng quan tm v khng tham gia vo qu
trnh pht trin phn mm th kt qu Acceptance Test s sai lch rt ln, mc d phn
mm tri qua tt c cc kim th trc . S sai lch ny lin quan n vic hiu sai
yu cu cng nh s mong ch ca khch hng.

4.3.1. Kim th hp en - Black-box Testing

Black-box testing l phng php kim th m khng cn bit ci t ca chng trnh.

Cn c mt bn chng trnh chy c v c t

Test cases c cng thc ho l mt cp

v d, (input, output mong mun)
Mt s k thut thit k test:

phn lp tng ng, test bin, phn loi, kim th theo cp

Quan trng trong cng nghip
a. Phn lp tng ng Equivalence Patitioning
Phn lp tng ng l mt phng php kim th hp en chia min u vo
ca chng trnh thnh cc lp d liu, t suy dn ra cc ca kim th. Lp tng
ng biu th cho tp cc trng thi hp l hay khng hp l i vi iu kin vo.
Thit k Test-case bng phn lp tng ng tin hnh theo 2 bc:
1.

Xc nh cc lp tng ng.

2.

Xc nh cc ca kim th.

102

Xc nh cc lp tng ng

Cc lp tng ng c xc nh bng cch ly mi trng thi u vo (thng

l mt cu hay mt cm t trong c t) v phn chia n thnh 2 hay nhiu nhm.
V d v cc lp tng ng:

x ln hn 0.

Cc lp tng ng
khng hp l

25, 50, 75

-50, -10, -1, 150, 200,

500

10, 100, 500

-50, -10, -1

x ln hn 0 v nh hn
100.

Cc lp tng ng
hp l

iu kin u vo

IT

T cc lp tng ng trn ta c bng lit k cc lp tng ng tng ng:

xc nh cc lp tng ng c th p dng cc nguyn tc di y:

Mt vng gi tr
iu kin u vo l mt vng gi tr.
V d: Gi tr x ch c th dao ng t 0 n 100.
Chng ta s xc nh c 1 lp tng ng hp l l: 0 <=x <= 100

v 2 lp tng ng khng hp l l: x < 0 v x > 100.

Mt s gi tr
iu kin u vo c m t l mt s gi tr.
V d: Ch mt n su ngi c th c ng k.

103

Chng ta s xc nh 1 lp tng ng hp l l: C t mt n su ngi ng

k
V 2 lp tng ng khng hp l l: khng ngi no ng k v nhiu hn
su ngi ng k.
Mt tp hp cc gi tr

iu kin u vo c m t l mt tp cc gi tr. Ta s xc nh mi gi tr
trong tp l mt lp tng ng hp l.
V d: Cc loi xe c ng k l xe bus, xe khch, xe ti, xe taxi v xe my.
i vi mi loi xe trn chng ta s xc nh l mt lp tng ng hp l (
y chng ta s c 5 lp tng ng hp l) v mt lp tng ng khng hp l l
mt loi xe khc cc loi xe nu trn v d nh xe p.

iu kin c bit
iu kin u vo c m t l mt iu kin c bit.

IT

V d: K t u tin phi l k t ch

Xc nh cc ca kim th

Chng ta s xc nh c mt lp tng ng hp l l k t u tin l k t

ch v mt lp tng ng khng hp l l khng phi l k t ch (c th l s hoc
k t c bit).

Vi cc lp tng ng xc nh c bc trn, bc th hai l s dng cc

lp tng ng xc nh cc ca kim th. Qu trnh ny nh sau:
% Gn s th t cho mi lp tng ng xc nh.
% Vit test case cho cc gi tr nm trong cc lp tng ng hp l.
Vit test case cho cc lp tng ng khng hp l.

b. Phn tch gi tr bin Boundary Value Analysis

Kinh nghim cho thy cc ca kim th m kho st t m cc iu kin bin c t
l phn trm cao hn cc ca kim th khc. Cc iu kin bin l nhng iu kin m cc
tnh hung ngay ti, trn v di cc cnh ca cc lp tng ng u vo v cc lp
tng ng u ra. Phn tch cc gi tr bin l phng php thit k ca kim th b
sung thm cho phn lp tng ng, nhng khc vi phn lp tng ng 2 kha
cnh:
104

 Phn tch gi tr bin khng la chn phn t bt k no trong 1 lp tng ng

l in hnh, m n yu cu l 1 hay nhiu phn t c la chn nh vy m
mi cnh ca lp tng ng chnh l i tng kim tra.
Ngoi vic ch tp trung ch vo cc trng thi u vo (khng gian u vo),
cc ca kim th cng nhn c bng vic xem xt khng gian kt qu (cc lp
tng ng u ra).

Nhng cch phn tch gi tr bin

Mt vng gi tr
iu kin u vo c m t l mt vng gi tr.
Ta vit test case cho gi tr hp l l im bt u, kt thc ca vng gi tr ny.
Test case cho gi tr khng hp l l gi tr pha ngoi ca 2 im ny.
V d: Gi tr x dao ng t 0 n 100

Mt s gi tr

IT

Ta s vit test case cho cc trng hp: 0, 100, -1, 100.

iu kin u vo c m t l mt s gi tr.

Vit test case cho gi tr hp l l s nh nht, ln nht ca cc gi tr ny. Test

case cho gi tr khng hp l l gi tr pha ngoi ca 2 s ny.
V d: Ch mt n su ngi c th ng k
Ta cn vit test case cho cc trng hp: 1, 6, 0 v 7.

Quan tm n iu kin xut (kt qu)

S dng cch 1 v 2 trn p dng cho iu kin xut.

V d: Mn hnh hin th tm tt cc tin tc mi nht v hin th c nhiu nht
4 tin.
Ta vit test case cho cc kt qu hp l l: 0, 1 v 4 tin.
Test case cho kt qu khng hp l l 5 tin.

Danh sch c th t
Nu u vo hay u ra ca 1 chng trnh l tp c sp th t ( v d 1 file tun
t hay 1 danh sch nh tuyn hay 1 bng) tp trung ch vo cc phn t u tin v
cui cng ca tp hp.

105

Cui cng, ty vo cc trng hp khc na, chng ta cng cn s t duy v kinh nghim
ca mnh tm ra cc bin cn test.
c. Kim th theo cp:
Thc t cho thy hu ht cc li u c sinh ra t s kt hp gi tr ca cc cp tham
s u vo.

La chn tham s u vo v cc gi tr tng ng

IT

Ly t hp (pairwise) ca cc gi tr gia 2 tham s

V d

Xy dng b test sao cho bao ph c tt c cc cp xc nh trn

Xt tab ty chn View t mt phin bn ca phn mm Powerpoint Microsoft (xem

Hnh). D liu trong hnh.

106

Tab View_preference gm by thuc tnh, mi thuc tnh li bao gm mt trong cc gi

tr con khc nhau: Vertical_Ruler (Visible, InVisible), Ruler_units (Inches, Centimetes,
Points, Picas), Default_View (Normal, Slide, Outline), Ss_Navigator (Popup, None),
End_With_Black (Yes1, No1), Always_Mirror (Yes2, No2), Warn_Before (Yes3, No3).
Ban u, chng ta c tng s 2*4*3*2*2*2*2 = 384 test case.
Cc cp c th c: (Visible, Inches), (Visible, Centimetes), , (No2, No3)
Test case (Visible, Centimetes, Nomal, Non, No1, Yes2, Yes3) bao gm 21 cp (Visible,
Centimetes), (Visble, Nomal),..., (Yes2, Yes3)

IT

Mt b test case bao ph c tt c cc cp c cho bng di (c to bi cng c

sinh pairwise PICT ((http://download.microsoft.com/download/f/5/5/f55484df-849448fa-8dbd-8c6f76cc014b/pict33.msi)
Vertical Ruler Ruler units

Default View Ss
End With Always Warn Before
Navigator Black
Mirror

Visible

Centimetes

Normal

InVisible

Picas

Visible

Picas

InVisible

No1

Yes2

Yes3

Popup

Yes1

No2

No3

Slide

Popup

No1

No2

Yes3

Inches

Normal

None

Yes1

Yes2

No3

InVisible

Points

Outline

None

No1

No2

No3

Visible

Centimetes

Slide

Popup

Yes1

Yes2

No3

Visible

Picas

Outline

None

Yes1

Yes2

Yes3

InVisible

Inches

Outline

Popup

No1

No2

Yes3

Visible

Points

Slide

None

Yes1

Yes2

Yes3

InVisible

Inches

Slide

None

No1

Yes2

Yes3

None

Normal

107

Visible

Inches

Normal

Popup

No1

Yes2

Yes3

Visible

Points

Normal

Popup

Yes1

Yes2

No3

InVisible

Centimetes

Outline

Popup

Yes1

No2

Yes3

d. on li Error Guessing
Mt k thut thit k test-case khc l error guessing on li. Tester c a
cho 1 chng trnh c bit, h phng on, c bng trc gic v kinh nghim, cc loi
li c th v sau vit cc ca kim th a ra cc li .

IT

Tht kh a ra mt quy trnh cho k thut on li v n l mt quy trnh c tnh trc

gic cao v khng th d on trc. tng c bn l lit k mt danh sch cc li c
th hay cc trng hp d xy ra li v sau vit cc ca kim th da trn danh sch
. Mt tng khc xc nh cc ca kim th c lin i vi cc gi nh m lp
trnh vin c th thc hin khi c c t (tc l, nhng th b b st khi c t, hoc
l do tnh c, hoc l v ngi vit c cm gic nhng c t l r rng). Ni cch
khc, bn lit k nhng trng hp c bit m c th b b st khi chng trnh
c thit k.

4.3.2. Kim th hp trng - White-box Testing (WBT)

WBT l phng php kim th trong ta cn bit cu trc/thit k/ci t ca phn
mm.
WBT ngc vi black-box testing.

108

Vi flowchart cho chng trnh n gin (hnh trn) khong 100 dng vi 1 vng lp
thc hin khng qu 20 ln. S ng c th thc hin ln ti 10 m 14. Gi s kim
th 1 trng hp cn chy trung bnh 1 giy. Nh vy, kim th ht cc ng ca
chng trnh trn cn khong thi gian l 3170 nm. Ta c th thy, vic kim th ton
b cc trng hp l bt kh thi vi cc h thng ln. Tuy nhin, vi cc module quan
trng, thc thi vic tnh ton chnh ca h thng, phng php ny l cn thit v kh thi.

IT

a. Kim tra theo cu lnh (statement testing):

V d, on chng trnh

Thit k qu trnh kim tra sao cho mi cu lnh c thc hin t nht mt ln. Phng
php ny da trn tng: tr phi mt cu lnh c thc hin, nu khng ta khng th
bit c li xy ra vi cu lnh hay khng. Tuy nhin, vic kim tra vi mt gi tr u
vo khng m bo l cu lnh s ng vi mi trng hp

result = 0+1+...+|value| nu result <= maxint, bo li trong trng hp ngc li.

1 PROGRAM maxsum ( maxint, value : INT )
2 INT result := 0 ; i := 0 ;
3 IF value < 0
4 THEN value := - value ;
5 WHILE ( i < value ) AND ( result <= maxint )
6 DO i := i + 1 ;
7 result := result + i ;

109

8 OD;
9 IF result <= maxint
10. THEN OUTPUT ( result )
11. ELSE OUTPUT ( too large )

IT

12. END

vi cc b gi tr input:
maxint = 10, value = -1 hoc maxint = 0; value = -1
ta s kim tra c ton b cc cu lnh trong on chng trnh trn.
Nhn xt:
nh gi phng php ny, ta xt v d sau:

110

vi cu hi u tin Lc no phc tp hn?, cu tr li l B. Cu hi tip Lc

no cn nhiu bc kim tra hn?, p n vn l B.

IT

Tuy nhin, ta thy s ln kim tra ti thiu c th kim tra ton b cc cu lnh cho c

hai trng hp u l 2. V vy, phng php ny khng tng ng vi phc tp ca

m lnh.
b. Kim tra theo ng dn (path testing)
L phng php kim tra bao trm mi ng dn ca chng trnh.

111

IT

Nhn xt: phng php ny ph thuc vo cc biu thc iu kin. Tuy nhin, c nhng
trng hp ng dn qu ln (c vng lp). V vy, thng khng phi l la chn thc
t tin hnh vic kim tra tnh ng n ca chng trnh.

c. Kim tra theo iu kin (condition testing)

L phng php kim tra cc iu kin trn 2 gi tr true, false

V d:
Cc b kim tra {(x>0, y>0), (x<=0, y>0)} s kim tra ton b cc iu kin.
Vi b kim tra {(x>0)} s kim tra bao trm c cc iu kin. Tuy nhin, ta khng

112

kim tra c gi tr y.
d. Kim tra theo vng lp (loop testing)
Tp trung vo kim tra tnh hp l ca cu trc vng lp.
Vi vng lp n:
b qua vng lp
lp 1 ln
lp 2 ln
lp k ln (k <n)

Vi n l s ln lp ti a.

IT

lp n-1, n, n + 1 ln

Vi vng lp lng nhau:

khi u vi vng lp trong cng. Thit lp cc tham s lp cho cc vng lp bn
ngoi v gi tr nh nht
kim tra tham s min+1, mt gi tr tiu biu, max -1, max cho vng lp trong cng
khi cc tham s lp ca cc vng lp bn ngoi l nh nht

113

tip tc vi cc vng lp bn ngoi cho ti khi tt c cc vng lp c kim tra

V d
// LOOP TESTING EXAMPLE PROGRAM import java.io.*;
class LoopTestExampleApp {
// ------------------ FIELDS ---------------------public static BufferedReader keyboardInput = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
private static final int MINIMUM = 1; private static final int MAXIMUM = 10;
// ------------------ METHODS ---------------------

IT

/* Main method */ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

System.out.println("Input an integer value:");

int numberOfIterations=0;

int input = new Integer(keyboardInput.readLine()).intValue();

for(int index=input;index >= MINIMUM && index <= MAXIMUM;index++)

{ numberOfIterations++;

} // Output and end System.out.println("Number of iterations = " + numberOfIterations);

}
}

Gi tr u vo

Kt qu

11

0 (b qua vng lp)

114

1 (lp 1 ln)

2 (lp 2 ln)

6 (lp k ln)

9 (lp n 1 ln)

10 (lp n ln)

0 (b qua vng lp)

e. phc tp ca McCabe

IT

10

Cc s liu o lng phc tp c pht trin bi McCabe (1976) o phc

tp ca mt chng trnh hoc m-un ti cng mt thi im v n xc nh s lng ti
a cc ng dn c lp cn thit thc hin bao ph dng y ca chng trnh.
S o lng da trn l thuyt th v v th c tnh ton theo c im chng trnh
nh ginh c bng th lu lng chng trnh ca n.
Mt ng dn c lp c nh ngha vi tham chiu tch ly chui cc
ng dn c lp, l : bt k ng dn no trn th lu lng chng trnh u
bao gm t nht mt cnh m khng c trong bt k ng dn c lp c
Mt s kinh nghim nghin cu v mi quan h gia s liu o lng phc tp v
cht lng v cc c im kim th c tin hnh nhiu nm qua. Mt s kt qu
c tm tt bi Jones (1996) nh sau : Cc nghin cu thc nghim khm ph ra rng
cc chng trnh vi o lng phc tp t hn 5 thng c xem l n gin v d hiu.
o lng phc tp ca 10 hoc thp hn c coi l khng qu kh; nu 20 hoc hn,
phc tp c thy l cao. Khi gi tr McCabe vt qu 50, phn mm cho mc ch thc
t tr thnh khng th kim nghim. Cc bo co cng b khc khng c tha nhn ca
mi quan h gia cc s liu o lng phc tp v cht lng phn mm hoc cc quan
h tm thy khng c h tr thng k.

115

4.3.3. Kim th gia tng - Incremental Testing

Test cc nhm tch hp cc m-un c test vi cc m-un va hon thnh
c thc hin bng cch thm tng thnh phn mt, ri kim th kt qu ca hnh ng
thm ny.

4.3.4. Thread Testing

S dng trong kim th tch hp, xc minh kh nng ca cc chc nng chnh
bng vic kim th mt chui cc units m thc hin mt chc nng ca h thng.

IT

4.3.5. Bng tm tt Testing Levels/ Techniques

Testing Levels/ Techniques White-box Black-box
X

Integration Testing

Unit Testing

Thread

Acceptance Testing

System Testing

Incre-mental

4.4. Qu trnh kim th

4.4.1. Xc nh tiu chun cht lng phn mm ph hp

Mc tiu chun cht lng c chn cho mt d n ph thuc chnh vo c trng ca
phn mm .
Cc kiu thit hi in hnh cho khc hng v ngi s dng cng nh cc nh pht trin
c lit k trong bng sau:
a) Thit hi cho khch hng
Kiu Thit hi

V d

116

1. Nguy him cho s an ton i vi cuc

Cc h thng gim st bnh nhn
sng con ngi
trong bnh vin.

Cc h thng hng khng v v tr.

Cc h thng v trang.

2. nh hng n s hon thnh ca mt Kinh doanh bn hng

chc nng t chc thit yu; khng c kh
H thng kim k nhiu ca hng trn
nng thay th h thng c sn.
ton quc.
Thit b gia nh
Xe t
Thit b in t ha

IT

3. nh hng
chc nng ca firmware,nguyn nhn gy s trc trc ca
ton b h thng.
-

4. nh hng s hon thnh ca chc nng

Cc h thng bn hng Font-desk c
t chc thit yu nhng c thay th ci c th c thay bng k thut bng tay.
sn.

5. nh hng chc nng chnh ca cc gi Thi gian p tr chm cho vic gii
phn mm cho ng dng nghip v.
quyt mt POS(point -of- sale)
V mt khuyt im , thng tin
thng xuyn c cung cp trn mt mn
hnh c phn b gia 3 mn hnh hin th
khc nhau.

6.nh hng Chc nng chnh ca cc gi

phn mm cho mt khc hng ring.

Cc my tr chi.
Phn mm gio dc
B x l t.

7. nh hng chc nng chnh ca mt ng 1.

Cp in ca bng iu khin ca mt
dng firmware nhng ngoi nh hng ton thit b gia nh bn ngoi s tn hi chc
b h thng.
nng ca n.
2.

H hng ca cc h thng th hai.

117

8. S phin phc ca ngi dng nhng 1.

Bin dng nhng khng gy hiu lm
khng hon thnh trc kh nng ca h hin th
thng
2.
Khng c kh nng cho n sn phm
u ra c lit k mc d thay th cc cch
khc thu thp thng tin cn thit hoc thc
hin cc hot ng tng tc c sn.
b) Thit hi t ngi pht trin phn mm
Kiu Thit hi

V d

1. Thit hi v ti chnh

Thit hi c tr tin cho thng tch

v th cht.

IT

Thit hi c tr tin cc t chc cho

s trc trc ca phn mm.

2. Cc thit hi ngoi nh lng

Mua Chi ph hon tr cho khch hng.

Ph bo tr cao cho s tu sa ca h
thng li .
D kin s nh hng n doanh thu
trong tng lai
-

Gim thiu ng k doanh s hin ti

- Xc nh r chin lc testing phn mm

Vn c m t gm :

Chin lc testing : s mt v n ln hoc chin lc tng testing c

thng qua? Nu tng testing l thch hp hn, testing nn c thc hin t di ln
hoc t trn xung.

Cc phn no ca lp k hoch testing nn c thc hin theo m hnh

testing white box.
Cc phn no ca lp k hoch testing nn c thc hin theo m hnh
t ng testing.

118

4.4.2. Lp k hoch cho test

Mt s cu hi cn tr li trong qu trnh lp k hoch:
o

Test ci g ?

Ai thc hin test?

Thc hin test ch no ?

Khi no kt thc test?

-Test ci g?
Qu trnh kim th s gii thiu y k hoch kim th, t test n v (unit test) n
test tch hp (integration test) v test h thng (system test). Cc yu t quyt nh s lin
quan n:
Cc module no s c unit test

Cch tch hp cn c test.

IT

Xc nh r mc u tin phn b ti nguyn test ti ng dng h thng

phn mm ring r.
+ nh gi cc unit, integration v cc application.

Cc phng thc nh gi cho cc unit(module), integration v cc ng dng xc nh

r mc u tin ca chng trong k hoch testing c da trn 2 yu t :

Yu t A: Mc thit hi ngim trng. nghim trng trong trng hp module hoc

ng dng tht bi.
Yu t B: Mc ri ro ca phn mm. Mc ri ro l xc sut xut hin tht bi. xc
nh mc ri ro ca mt module, unit, integration hoc ng dng, cc vn nh hng
ca ri ro cn thm tra k . Cc vn ny c th c phn loi nh cc vn
module/application v vn ngi lp trnh.
Cc vn nh hng ti mc ri ro ca phn mm.
Cc vn module/application

ln

phc tp v kh.

T l ca phn mm gc( vi t l phn mm c dng li)

Vn ngi lp trnh

119

Tnh chuyn nghip

Kinh nghim vi cc vn ca module c th

Tnh kh dng ca h tr chuyn nghip ( vic sao lu cc kin thc v kinh

nghip)

S hiu bit ca ngi lp trnh v nng lc v kh nng nh gi .

- Test c thc hin bi ai ?

Nhng ngi thc thi kim th c xc nh giai on lp k hoch.

Integration tests, c bit l unit tests, thng c thc hin bi nhm pht trin
phn mm.

Sytem test thng xuyn c thc hin bi mt nhm test c lp (trong ni b

nhm test hoc c vn bn ngoi nhm test).

IT

Trong trng hp h thng phn mm ln, nhiu hn mt nhm testing c th

c dng thc hin cc test h thng.

Testing bi nhm pht trin khc. Mi nhm pht trin s coi nh nhm testing
ca d n c pht trin cho cc nhm khc.

- Test c thc hin u ?

Test n v v test tch hp c thc hin pha ngi pht trin phn mm. Khi test h
thng: chng nn thc hin pha ngi pht trin hay pha khc hng? Nu test h
thng l c thc hin bi cc t vn test bn ngoi, mt la chn th 3 pht sinh:
pha ngi t vn. La chn ph thuc vo mi trng test hay mi trng h thng. Tuy
nhin, mi trng my tnh pha khc hng khc c th khc vi pha nh pht trin.
Trong trng hp ny, gim nhng lo ngi ca khch hng, h thng s c ci t
v kim th pha khch hng v khng cn test chp nhn na.
-Khi no dng test?
Quyt nh khi no qu trnh kim th kt thc c ngha quan trng nht l vi test h
thng. C nhiu hng la chn c th dng test, mi la chn da trn tiu ch khc
nhau, v d nh:
- Hng hon tt thc thi . Theo hng ny, testing c hon thnh khi ton b k
hoch test c thc hin xong v sch li, kt qu t c cho tt c cc yu cu
test. y l hng l tng, khi m ta khng b gii hn bi ngn sch v thi gian.
- Hng p dng m hnh ton hc. hng ny, m hnh ton hc c p dng c
lng t l li khng b pht hin trn t l li c pht hin. Testing s hon thnh khi t
120

l pht hin li gim di mc chp nhn c theo mt chun no . Nhng bt li ca

hng ny l m hnh tnh ton c la chn c th khng i din hon ton cho c
trng ca d n.
- Hng cc i test c lp. Hai i test thc hin test mt cch c lp. Bng cch so
snh danh sch cc li c pht hin ca mi i c th a ra quyt nh dng qu
trnh test.
- Dng khi ht ti nguyn. Vi kiu ny vic dng test s xy ra khi ngn sch hoc thi
gian c phn b cho testing ht.
4.4.3. Thit k kim th (test design)
Cc sn phm ca giai on thit k test l :

Thit k chi tit v cc Th tc cho mi vic test.

Cc tp hoc c s d liu ca cc test case.

Phm vi ca test

Mu K hoch test phn mm (STP)

IT

Sau y l mt mu (template) k hoch kim th phn mm:

1. 1 Gi phn mm c test( tn, phin bn, r sot)

1. 2 Ti liu c s cho cc kim th ln k hoch (tn v phin bn cho mi ti liu )

Mi trng Testing

2. 1 Ni test (pha khch hng, ngi pht trin hoc )

2. 2 Cu hnh phn sn (firmware) v phn cng c yu cu.
2. 3 Cc t chc cng tham gia
2. 4 Nhu cu nhn lc
2. 5 S chun b v o to nhm kim th c yu cu

Chi tit kim th

3. 1 nh danh test (test identification)

3. 2 Mc tiu test
3. 3 Cc ti liu tham kho cho lin quan n ti liu thit k v ti liu yu cu.

121

3. 4 Lp test
3. 5 Mc test ( unit , integration hoc system tests )
3. 6 Cc yu cu test case
3 .7 Cc yu cu c bit (v d , o thi gian phn ng , m bo yu cu)
3. 8 D liu c ghi li

Lp lch Test (cho mi test hoc nhm test) bao gm vic c lng thi gian cho
nhng cng vic sau y:
4.1 S chun b
4.2 Testing
4.3 Sa li

IT

4.4 Test hi quy

Qu trnh thit k test c tin hnh trn c s ca k hoch test phn mm, lp ti liu
bi STP (software test procedure). Cc th tc test v c s d liu hay tp test case c
lp ti liu trong mt ti liu th tc test phn mm v test case file hoc trong mt
ti liu n gi l m t test phn mm (STD). Mt mu (template) ca STD c
trnh by nh sau:
Mu m t test phn mm (STD)

Phm vi ca test

1.1 Cc gi phn mm c test ( name, version, v revision)

1.2 Cc ti liu c bn c cung cp cho vic thit k test (tn v phin bn ca tng
ti liu)

Mi trng test ( ca mi test)

2.1 nh danh test ( cc chi tit test c vit ti liu trong STP)
2.2 M t chi tit v hot ng h thng v cu hnh phn cng v yu cu chuyn i
thit lp test.
2.3 Hng dn ti phn mm.

Tin trnh test

122

3.1 Hng dn cho u vo, m t chi tit mi bc ca tin trnh u vo.

3.2 D liu c ghi chp trong sut qu trnh test.

Test cases (vi mi case)

4.1 Chi tit nh danh test case

4.2 D liu u vo v thit lp h thng.
4.3 Kt qu trung gian mong i (nu c)
4.4 Cc kt qu mong i ( S, thng ip, s kch hot thit b,...)
Hnh ng trong trng hp chng trnh li / kt thc

Th tc c p dng theo bn tm tt kt qu test.

Hnh di y l mt v d v mu m t test case ly t cng ty phn mm FSoft

IT

123

4.4.4. Tin trnh test

Ty vo tng t chc, h thng, ng cnh, mc ri ro ca phn mm m quy
trnh kim th phn mm c th gm nhiu bc khc nhau. Nhng nhn chung mi quy

t FPT

IT

trnh kim th u c nhng bc c bn nh di y:

Theo mt quy trnh kim th phn mm c bn gm 4 giai on:

Lp k hoch kim th: Nhim v quan trng trong phn lp k hoch kim

th l xc nh c cc thnh phn sau:

1.

Cc giai on kim th p dng cho d n phn mm.

2.

Cc phng php kim th.

3.

Cc cng c kim th.

4.

Ngun lc kim th.

5.

Mi trng kim th bao gm ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm.

6.

Mc bn giao cc ti liu kim th.

Chun b kim th: Nhim v ca giai on ny l:

1.

Tm hiu nghip v ca h thng phi kim th.

2.

Xy dng kch bn kim th.

3.

Chun b d liu kim th.

4.

Xem xt ph duyt cc ti liu kim th.

124

Thc thi kim th:

Thc hin kim th da trn cc kch bn kim th, test case, th tc, d liu c

sn t bc chun b kim th.

Thc hin qu trnh qun l li: bo li, sa li.

Bo co v phn tch d liu kim th:

Lp bo co kim th.

Phn tch nguyn nhn v xut cc hnh ng khc phc.

b. Input/Output cho test

Input:
Yu cu ca khch hng v tiu ch chp nhn
Yu cu v thay i

IT

c t yu cu phn mm (Software Requirement Specification SRS)

Ti liu thit k
Chng trnh (Modules)

Output:
Danh sch li

Ti liu test: k hoch test, test cases v procedures, Test script, d liu Test
M t thc hin test

Bo co phn tch li

4.4.5. Thit k trng hp kim th (Test Case Design)

- Cc thnh phn d liu Test case
Mi test case l mt ti liu tp hp ca cc d liu u vo v cc iu kin hot ng
c yu cu thc hin mt mc test cng vi kt qu c mong i. Ngi kim
th mong i s chy mt chng trnh cho mi mc test theo ti liu c cung cp
trong trng hp test, v so snh cc kt qu thc t vi kt qu mong i c ghi li
trong cc ti liu. Nu kt qu thu c hon ton ph hp vi kt qu mong i, ko c
li hoc t nht c xc nh. Khi mt s hoc tt c cc kt qu u khng ph
125

hp vi cc kt qu mong i, mt li tim tng c xc nh. Phng php phn

vng cc lp tng ng c p dng ginh c hiu qu v xc nh tnh hiu
qu ca test case , nh thit lp, c s dng trong hp en Test.
- Ngun test case
C 2 Ngun c bn cho test case :

Ly mu ngu nhin cc case trong i sng thc, v d:

ph)

Mt mu v cc h gia nh th ( test thng tin v h thng thu mt thnh

Mt mu v cc ha n vn chuyn ( test phn mm billing mi )

Mt mu v h s kim sot ( test phn mm mi kim sot s sn xut ca

nh my )

IT

Mt mu ghi li nhng s kin s c chy nh mt test case ( test trc tuyn

cc ng dng ca mt trang web internet , v ca cc ng dng thc )

Tng hp cc test case ( hay kch bn test) c chun b bi ngi thit k test.
Kiu test case ny kt hp cc iu kin hot ng ca h thng v cc tham s (c
nh ngha bi mt tp cc d liu u vo). S kt hp ny c thit k bao gm
tt c s hiu bit v trng thi hot ng phn mm hoc t nht tt c cc trng thi
c mong i thng xuyn s dng hoc thuc v mt lp c kh nng li cao.

126

Chng 5.
th

Phn loi cc phn mm phc v kim

5.1. Phn mm phc v kim th

Cc phn mm phc v kim th l cc phn mm c s dng trong sut qu trnh
kim th, bao gm t giai on ln k hoch kim th n giai on tng hp bo co kt
qu kim th. Da vo mc ch s dng, ta c th phn loi cc phn mm phc v
kim th thnh 3 nhm chnh:

Phn mm h tr vit ti liu.

Phn mm qun l li.

Cng c kim th t ng.

IT

5.1.1. Phn mm h tr vit ti liu

Cc phn mm h tr vit ti liu thng c s dng trong vic ln k hoch kim th

- Test Plan, thit k v to ra cc ca kim th - Test Case, vit cc bo co, cc hng
dn s dng cho ngi dng
Cc phn mm thng c s dng l :
Microsoft Office Word.

Microsoft Office Exel.

Microsoft Office Project.

Microsoft Office Power Point.

5.1.2. Phn mm qun l li

Mt li phn mm l mt li, thiu st, tht bi, hoc li trong mt chng trnh my tnh
hoc h thng sn xut mt kt qu khng chnh xc hoc khng mong mun, hoc lm
cho n hnh x theo nhng cch khng mong mun. Hu ht cc li pht sinh t nhng
sai lm v li ca con ngi trong cc on m ngun ca mt chng trnh hoc trong
cc thit k, v mt s c gy ra bi cc trnh bin dch m khng chnh xc. Chnh v
th, trong cc d n Cng ngh thng tin cn c mt h thng theo di li gip theo
di v bo co cc li trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm.

127

Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng theo di li l mt c s d liu ghi li nhng

thng tin v li c pht hin nh : thi gian pht hin li, mc nghim trng ca li,
cch g li
Di y l mt s loi phn mm theo di li ph bin:

Bugzilla

Bugzilla l mt phn mm my ch cho php qun l cc li pht sinh trong qu trnh

pht trin d n phn mm c pht trin bi t chc Mozzila. Cc tnh nng:

Cho php khai bo cc li mi pht hin.

Phn loi cc li theo thnh phn h thng, phc tp, mc u tin.

H thng qun l cho php mt ngi khai bo li v giao trch nhim sa li cho
mt ngi khc.

Cho php qun l qu trnh hot ng cng nh tin test li tng d n.

IT

Cho php nhiu user lm vic cng lc, d tm kim v phn b cng vic cho
tng thnh vin.

Cp nht thng tin cho thnh vin tham gia d n thng qua chc nng gi th
in t.
Link trang ch: http://www.bugzilla.org/
Redmine

Redmine l phn mm ngun m hu ch cho vic qun tr d n vi rt nhiu tin ch

h tr. Cc tnh nng:
Qun l d n bao gm c biu Gantt.
H tr ng thi nhiu d n cng vi cc d n nh bn trong.
Kim sot truy cp linh hot theo quyn hn.
Qun l theo tng thi gian c th.
Cho php ty chnh theo tng lnh vc.
Qun l file, tin tc ti liu.
H tr nhiu database.
Link trang ch: http://www.redmine.org/

128

Atlassian JIRA

JIRA l mt ng dng theo di v qun l li, vn v d n, c pht trin lm

quy trnh ny tr nn d dng hn cho mi t chc. JIRA c thit k vi trng tm
vo kt qu cng vic, c th s dng ngay v linh hot khi s dng. Cc tnh nng:
Qun l li, tnh nng, cng vic, nhng ci tin hoc bt
k vn g.
Theo di cc tp gn, nhng thay i, cc cu phn v
cc phin bn.
Bng phn tch ha c th ty bin v cc s liu
thng k thi gian thc.
D dng m rng v tch hp vi cc h thng khc.
C th chy trn hu ht cc nn tng phn cng, h iu
hnh v c s d liu.

IT

Dch v Web cho php kim sot h thng.

Link trang ch: http://www.atlassian.com

5.1.3. Cng c kim th t ng

a. Cng c kim th t ng l g ?

Cng c kim th t ng l cc cng c gip thc hin vic kim th phn mm mt

cch t ng.
ngha ca cc cng c kim th t ng:
1.

Gim bt cng sc v thi gian thc hin qu trnh kim th .

2.

Tng tin cy.

3.

Gim s nhm chn cho con ngi.

4.

Rn luyn k nng lp trnh cho kim th vin.

5.

Gim chi ph cho tng qu trnh kim th.

Thun li v kh khn c bn khi p dng cng c kim th t ng:

1.

Khng cn can thip ca k thut vin.

2.
Gim chi ph khi thc hin kim tra slng ln test case hoc test case lp li
nhiu ln.

129

3.

Gi lp tnh hung kh c th thc hin bng tay.

4.

Mt chi ph to cc script thc hin kim th t ng.

5.

Tn chi ph dnh cho bo tr cc script.

6.

i hi k thut vin phi c k nng to script kim th t ng.

7.

Khng p dng c trong vic tm li mi ca phn mm.

Quy trnh kim th t ng

1.

To kch bn kim th

Giai on ny chng ta s dng test tool ghi li cc thao tc ln phn mm cn kim

tra v t ng sinh ra kch bn kim th - test script.
2.

Chnh sa kch bn kim th

Chnh sa test script thc hin kim tra theo ng yu cu t ra, c th l lm theo
test case cn thc hin.
Chy test script kim th t ng

IT

3.

4.

nh gi kt qu

Chy kch bn kim th kim tra phn mm c a ra ng nh kt qu mong mun

khng.

Kim tra kt qu thng bo sau khi thc hin kim th t ng. Sau b sung, chnh
sa nhng sai st.
b. Phn loi cc cng c kim th

Mi mt cng c kim th ch c th h tr mt kha cnh no ca th nghim. Cc

cng c c th c phn loi da trn mt s tiu ch nh mc ch, thng mi / min
ph / m ngun m / phn mm chia s, cng ngh s dng, hot ng ca mi cng c
Trong bo co ny, ti phn loi cc cng c kim th theo mc ch ca mi loi cng
c kim th. Theo , ta c th phn loi cc cng c kim th t ng thnh cc loi sau
: Unit Testing Tools, Regression Testing Tools, Functional Testing Tools, Performance
Testing Tools,
1.

Cng c kim th n v - Unit Testing Tools

Kim th n v - Unit Testing l mt cch tip cn kim tra cc n v c nhn ca m

ngun v kim tra nu n ph hp vi mc ch. Kim th n v cho php cc lp trnh
vin sa i v duy tr m hin c v vn m bo chc chn rng cc m-un hot
ng chnh xc v p ng cc yu cu chc nng v khng c chc nng d kin. N
130

cng gip lm gim s khng chc chn trong cc n v v c bit hu ch trong mt

cch tip cn t di ln phong cch th nghim.
Mt s loi cng c kim tra n v:
1.

JUnit.

2.
Jtest: l mt th nghim java t ng v m tnh phn tch sn phm c thc
hin bi Parasoft. N nhm mc ch nng cao tin cy, tnh nng, bo mt, hiu sut,
v bo tr. Chc nng c bn bao gm kim tra mc n v, phn tch tnh, kim tra hi
quy, pht hin li thi gian chy, v xem xt m.
Link trang ch: http://www.parasoft.com.
1.
Sonar: l mt nn tng qun l cht lng ngun m Java, dnh ring cho lin
tc phn tch v o lng cht lng m ngun t cc danh mc u t d n vi phng
thc lp.
Link trang ch: http://www.sonatype.com/
Cng c kim th hi quy - Regression Testing Tools

IT

2.

Nhiu cng c khc nhau c th c s dng cho hi quy. N gip bn t ng kim tra
nh cc chng trnh c th c ti s dng.

2.

Selenium IDE.

Mt s cng c kim tra hi quy :

3.
SilkTest: s dng ngn ng 4Test c quyn cho cc kch bn t ng ha. y
l mt nh hng i tng ngn ng tng t nh C++. N s dng cc khi nim v
lp, i tng, v tha k.
Link trang ch: http://www.borland.com/products/silktest/

QA WIZARD: QA Wizard Pro t ng ha chc nng kim tra v hi quy ca

Web v cc ng dng Windows.
Link trang ch: http://www.qawizard.com/
3.
Tools

Cng c kim th chc nng - Functional Testing

y l nhng cng c gip th nghim h thng.

Mt s cng c kim tra chc nng:
1.

Selenium HQ.

2.

ActiWATE: m phng hnh ng da trn Brower v lm cho n c th to ra cc

131

kch bn da trn hnh ng / kt qu. N h tr HTTP, HTTPS & Ajax.

4.
Testing Tools

Cng c kim th hiu nng - Performance

Kim th hiu nng c thc hin xc nh h thng thc hin mt khi lng cng
vic c th nhanh th no. N cng c th dng xc nhn v xc minh nhng thuc
tnh cht lng khc ca h thng nh: kh nng m rng, tin cy, s dng ti nguyn.
Load testing l khi nim ch yu ca vic kim th m c th tip tc hot ng mt
mc ti c th, cho d l mt lng ln d liu hoc lng ln ngi s dng.
Volume testing l mt cch kim tra chc nng. Stress testing l mt cch kim tra
tnh tin cy. Load testing l mt cch kim tra hiu nng. y l mt s tha thun v
cc mc tiu c th ca load testing. Nhng thut ng nh load testing, performance
testing, reliability testing, v volume testing thng s dng thay th cho nhau.

IT

Mt s cng c kim tra hiu nng:

1.
Loadrunner: l cng c kim tra ti / cng thng cho cc trang web v cc ng
dng khc, h tr mt lot cc mi trng ng dng, nn tng, v c s d liu. Link
trang ch: http://www8.hp.com

2.
Pylot: l mt cng c m ngun m c chy th nghim ti HTTP th
nghim hiu sut v kh nng m rng cc dch v web. N to ra ng thi ti, xc
minh tr li my ch, v to ra cc bo co vi s liu.
3.
Apache JMeter : c th c s dng th nghim hiu sut c v ti nguyn
tnh v ng. Link trang ch: http://jmeter.apache.org/
Ngoi ra cn mt s cc nhm cng c kim th t ng khc nh:
o Cng c qun l s c Incident Management Tools.
o Cng c qun l cu hnh Configuration Management Tools.
o Cng c bo him o lng Coverage Measurement Tools.
o Cng c gim st Monitoring Tools.
o Cng c kim th c s d liu Database Testing Tools.
o Cng c kim th bo mt Security Testing Tools.

o Cng c kim th tnh Static Testing Tools.

132

5.2. Unit test v th vin JUnit

5.2.1. Tng quan v Unit Testing
a. nh ngha v Unit test
Mt unit l phn nh nht c th test c ca chng trnh. Trong lp trnh hng i
tng, mt unit c th l mt method ca mt class.
Unit Test l cc on m c cu trc ging nh cc i tng c xy dng kim tra
tng b phn trong h thng. Mi Unit Test s gi i mt thng ip v kim tra cu tr
li c ng hay khng, bao gm:

Cc kt qu tr v mong mun.

Cc ngoi l mong mun.

b. c im ca mt Unit Test

IT

Unit Test kim tra tnh ng n ca cc hot ng ca cc thnh phn n v vi mt

quy trnh tch bit vi quy trnh pht trin phn mm, gip pht hin sai st kp thi. Unit
Test cn c th gip pht hin cc vn tim n v cc li thi gian thc ngay c trc
khi chuyn vin kim nh cht lng (QA - Quality Assurance) tm ra, thm ch c th
sa li ngay t tng thit k.

ng vai tr nh l ngi s dng u tin ca h thng.

Ch c gi tr khi chng pht hin ra cc li tim n hoc li k thut.

Cc on m Unit Test hot ng lin tc hoc nh k thm d v pht hin

cc li k thut trong sut qu trnh pht trin, do Unit Test cn c gi l k thut
kim nghim t ng.

Unit Test c 3 trng thi c bn:

Fail (trng thi li).
Ignore (tm ngng thc hin).
Pass ( trng thi lm vic ).

Do vic kim th n v i hi phi kim tra tng nhnh lnh, nn i hi ngi kim
th c kin thc v lp trnh cng nh v thit k ca h thng nn ngi thc hin
thng l lp trnh vin.
c. Quy trnh thit k hot ng ca Unit Test

133

Mi mt Unit Test u c thit k theo trnh t sau:

Chun b cc ca kim th (Test case) hoc kch bn kim th (Test script), trong
ch nh r d liu u vo, cc bc thc hin v d liu u ra mong mun. Cc
Test case v Test script ny nn c gi li ti s dng.

Thit lp cc iu kin cn thit: khi to cc i tng, xc nh ti nguyn cn

thit, xy dng cc d liu gi lp...

Triu gi cc phng thc cn kim tra.

Kim tra s hot ng ng n ca cc phng thc.

Dn dp ti nguyn sau khi kt thc kim tra.

Unit Test ch hot ng hiu qu khi:

c vn hnh lp li nhiu ln.

T ng hon ton.

c lp vi cc Unit Test khc.

d. Li ch ca Unit Test

Tch bit m kim th ra khi m chng trnh.

IT

To ra mi trng l tng kim tra bt k on m no, c kh nng thm d

v pht hin li chnh xc, duy tr s n nh ca ton b phn mm v gip tit kim
thi gian so vi cng vic g ri truyn thng.

T ng ha vic t chc v thi hnh cc b s liu kim th, gii phng chuyn
vin QA khi cc cng vic kim tra phc tp.

C lp tng phn ca chng trnh v m bo nhng phn c test chy

ng nh yu cu, pht hin cc li nghim trng c th xy ra trong nhng tnh hung
rt hp.

Pht hin cc thut ton thc thi khng hiu qu, cc th tc chy vt qu gii
hn thi gian

Khi lm vic team, nu mi phn do tng thnh vin vit c test unit k cng
th khi kt hp li s sun s, t gp li hn.

L cng c nh gi nng lc ca lp trnh vin. S lng cc tnh hung kim tra

(test case) chuyn trng thi "pass" s th hin tc lm vic, nng sut ca bn.
Bn cnh cc li ch trn, Unit Test cng c mt s im hn ch:

134

o Unit Test khng th bt c tt c cc li ca chng trnh, nhng test case ch

kim li nhng unit nh nht ca chng trnh, cho nn khng lng trc nhng
vn c th xy ra khi kt hp cc module li vi nhau.
o C nhiu trng hp khng th s dng Unit Test c, v d vi private class,
private method,
e. Chin lc vit m Unit Test hiu qu
o Phn tch cc tnh hung c th xy ra i vi m. Khng c b qua cc tnh
hung ti t nht c th xy ra, th d d liu nhp lm mt kt ni c s d liu
tht bi, ng dng b treo v mt php ton chia cho khng, cc th tc a ra li
ngoi l sai c th ph hng ng dng mt cch b n...
o Mi Unit Test phi bt u vi trng thi "fail" v chuyn trng thi "pass" sau
mt s thay i hp l i vi m chnh.

IT

o Nhp mt s lng ln cc gi tr u vo pht hin im yu ca m theo

nguyn tc:
"

Nu nhp gi tr u vo hp l th kt qu tr v cng phi hp l.

"

Nu nhp gi tr u vo khng hp l th kt qu tr v phi

khng hp l.

Sm nhn bit cc on m khng n nh v c nguy c gy li cao, vit

Unit Test tng ng khng ch.

i hi s n lc, kinh nghim v s sng to nh vit phn mm.

5.2.2. Tng quan th vin Junit

a. Junit l g?

Junit l mt frameword n gin dng cho vic to cc Unit Testing t ng v

chy cc test case c th lp i lp li.
Junit c xy dng bi Erich Gamma v Kent Beck, hai ngi ni ting nht v
lp trnh XP.
Junit l mt phn ca h kin trc Xunit cho vic to cc Unit Testing v cng l
mt chun trn thc t cho Unit Testing trong Java.
b. c im ca Junit

Junit l cng c gip ta th nghim, g ri chng trnh Java. Vi Junit bn d

dng theo di din bin ca chng trnh, nhanh chng dn dng hng lot php
th (test case) kim tra mi vic c xy ra ng nh d nh hay khng.

135

Cc test case ca JUnit l cc lp ca Java, cc lp ny bao gm mt hay nhiu

cc phng thc unit testing, v nhng test ny li c nhm thnh cc Test
Suite.

JUnit c nhng c im quan trng nh sau:

Xc nhn ( assert ) vic kim tra kt qu c mong i.

Cc Test Suite cho php chng ta d dng t chc hay chy cc test.

H tr giao din ha hay giao din dng lnh.

Cc test trong JUnit c th l cc test c chp nhn hay tht bi, cc test ny c thit
k khi chy m khng cn c s can thip ca con ngi. T nhng thit k nh th,
bn c th thm cc b test vo qu trnh tch hp v xy dng phn mm mt cch lin
tc v cho cc test chy mt cch t ng.
c. Li ch ca Junit

IT

o JUnit trnh cho ngi lp trnh phi lm i lm li nhng vic kim th nhm chn bng
cch tch bit m kim th ra khi m chng trnh.
o T ng ha vic t chc v thi hnh cc b s liu kim th.

Thot tin, khi s dng JUnit, ta u c th c cm gic l JUnit ch lm mt thm thi

gian cho vic kim th. Thay v phi vit thm cc lp v phng thc mi phc v cho
cng tc kim th, ta c th son nhanh mt b s liu ri vit ngay vo trong phng
thc main() v quan st ngay kt qu kim th. Nhng khi t chc li chng trnh cho
hp l hn hoc khi phi thay i chng trnh phc v cho nhu cu mi, cc b s
liu kim th trc y s cn c s dng li chc chn rng nhng thay i trong
chng trnh khng lm phng hi n nhng thnh qu trc , lc ny ta s phi mt
thi gian tm hiu li xem b s liu trc y s tng ng vi kt xut g v ta khng
th nh ht mi hot ng kim th din ra, nu d liu test ln th vic nh hon
ton bt kh thi. V vic s dng Junit s hon ton khc phc c nhng yu im .
d. Mt s phng thc trong Junit
o

Cc phng thc assertXXX()

Cc phng thc dng assertXXX() c dng kim tra cc iu kin khc nhau.
Di y l m t cc phng thc assertXXX() khc nhau c trong lp
junit.framework.Assert:

o Boolean assertEquals(): So snh hai gi tr kim tra bng nhau. Php th tht bi nu
hai gi tr khng bng nhau.
o Boolean assertFalse(): nh gi biu thc logic. Php th tht bi nu biu thc ng.
136

o Boolean assertNotNull(): So snh tham chiu ca mt i tng vi Null. Php th tht

bi nu tham chiu i tng Null.
o Boolean assertNotSame(): So snh a ch vng nh ca hai tham chiu hai i tng
bng cch s dng ton t ==. Php th tht bi tr v nu c hai u tham chiu n
cng mt i tng.
o Boolean assertNull(): So snh tham chiu ca mt i tng vi gi tr Null. Php th
tht bi nu i tng khng l Null.
o Boolean assertSame(): So snh a ch vng nh ca hai tham chiu i tng bng cch
s dng ton t ==. Php th tht bi nu c hai khng tham chiu n cng mt i
tng.
o Boolean assertTrue(): nh gi mt biu thc logic. Php th tht bi nu biu thc sai.
o fail(): Phng thc ny lm cho test hin ti tht bi, phng thc ny thng c s
dng khi x l cc ngoi l.

IT

Tt c cc phng thc trn u c th nhn vo mt String khng bt buc lm tham s

u tin. Khi c xc nh, tham s ny cung cp nh mt thng ip tht bi gip cho
vic sa li c d dng hn.

@Test

public void Test(){

V d phng thc test hai xu c trng nhau khng:

String s1 = " xu 1";

String s2 = " xu 2";

assertEquals(s1, s2);
}

Hoc ta thm thng ip Hai xu khc nhau lm tham s u tin ca phng thc
assertEquals()nhm cung cp thng ip li sai r rng hn.

137

@Test
public void Test(){
String s1 = " xu 1";
String s2 = " xu 2";
assertEquals("Hai xu khc nhau :", s1, s2);
}

o SetUp() v tearDown()
Hai phng thc ny l mt phn ca lp junit.framework.TestCase. Khi s dng hai
phng thc ny s gip chng ta trnh c vic trng m khi nhiu test cng chia s
nhau phn khi to v dn dp cc bin.

IT

JUnit tun th theo mt dy c th t cc s kin khi chy cc test. u tin, n to ra

mt th hin mi ca Test Case ng vi mi phng thc th. T , nu bn c 5
phng thc th th JUnit s to ra 5 th hin ca Test Case. V l do , cc bin th
hin khng th c s dng chia s trng thi gia cc phng thc test. Sau khi to
xong tt c cc i tng test case, JUnit tun theo cc bc sau cho mi phng thc
test:

1. Gi phng thc setUp() ca test case.

2. Gi phng thc th.

3. Gi phng thc tearDown() ca test case.

Qu trnh ny c lp li i vi mi phng thc th trong Test Case.
Thng thng chng ta c th b qua phng thc tearDown() v mi phng thc th
ring khng phi l nhng tin trnh chy tn nhiu thi gian.

138

Chng 6.
Cc thnh phn c bn ca cht lng
phn mm
6.1. Th tc, ch dn v cc thit b h tr cht lng

6.1.1. Cc th tc v ch dn
6.1.1.1. Khi nim th tc (procedure) v ch dn (instruction)

IT

- Th tc l mt cch c th t c mt vic no . Ni cch khc, th tc l

nhng hot ng v tin trnh chi tit c thc hin theo mt phng thc a ra vi
mc ch hon thin mt cng vic no .
Nhng th tc c thc hin trong mt t chc c xem nh lin kt cc nhn vin
trong t chc , ngha l mi nhn vin thc hin tc v ca h theo cc bc c trong
ti liu th tc lin quan, thng mang tn ca tc v c chn la. Nhng th tc cng
c xu hng ph bin trong mi t chc, ngha l chng c cung cp bt c khi no tc
v c thc thi, bt chp c nhn thc hin tc v hay phm vi t chc.
- Ch th cng vic c s dng ch yu trong trng hp mt phng php thc hin
cng vic trong sut t chc hoc khng th lm c hoc khng ai mun lm. Kt qu
l, ch th cng vic rt r rng cho nhm hoc cc phng, ban; chng b sung cc th tc
bng cch cung cp cc chi tit r rng ch ph hp vi yu cu ca 1 nhm, mt phng
hay mt n v.
Chng ta c bit quan tm n cc th tc v ch th cng vic m bo cht lng phn
mm bi chng c nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm phn mm, bo tr phn mm
vo qun l d n.
- Cc th tc SQA c bo tr v pht trin mt cch chuyn nghip i hi phi ph
hp vi chnh sch cht lng ca t chc nhng cng c xu hng ph hp ti cc
chun SQA quc t v quc gia. Mt im quan trng cn lu khi chun b chng l
cc th tc tun theo chun SQA h tr chng thc ca h SQA ca t chc. Chun ISO
9000-3 (ISO, 1997; ISO/IEC, 2001) l mt trong nhng chun chng nhn chnh
hng dn chun b cc th tc.

6.1.1.2. S cn thit ca cc th tc v ch th cng vic

Ti sao chng ta nn s dng th tc v ch th cng vic SQA?

N s tt hn khng nu mi chuyn gia tin vo kinh nghim ca anh ta v thc

hin cng vic mt cch tt nht m anh ta bit?

139

S c li ch no cho t chc nu buc ti ch thc hin cc cng vic theo cch

m h la chn?

IT

H phn cp mc khi nim cho s pht trin cc th tc v ch th cng vic

Nhng cu hi ging nh vy thng xuyn c than phin bi nhn vin trong cc t

chc. Cc cu tr li m ra thch thc phi p ng cc th tc v ch th cng vic: ng
dng ca kin thc, kinh nghim, chuyn mn c tch ly trong t chc.
Cc th tc v ch th cng vic SQA nhm mc ch:
Thc hin cng vic, tin trnh hoc cc hot ng theo cch c hiu qu nht m
khng sai lch yu cu cht lng.

S giao tip c hiu qu gia cc nhn vin lin quan n s pht trin v bo tr
h thng phn mm. Thng nht trong qu trnh thc hin, t c bi tun theo
cc th tc v ch th cng vic, s gim thiu s hiu lm dn n li phn mm.

n gin ha s phi hp gia cc cng vic v hot ng c thc hin bi cc

b phn ca t chc. Phi hp tt ngha l t li hn.

6.1.1.3. Cc th tc v s tay th tc
Th tc cung cp tt c nhng chi tit cn thit thc hin cc tc v theo cc
phng php bt buc hon thnh cc chc nng ca tc v . Nhng chi tit ny c
th c xem li khi p ng nm vn , c bit n nh l Five Ws:

Nhng hot ng no phi c thc thi? (Which)

Cch thc m mi hot ng c thc thi? (how)

Khi no th hot ng c thc thi? (When)

140

Hot ng c thc thi u? (Where)

Ai thc thi hot ng? (Who)

S chun ha - ng dng ca cu trc v nh dng c nh l nguyn l cung cp cho

tt c cc th tc SQA.
Cc dng bo co v cung cp ti liu, nhng c bit l cc danh sch cc iu kin xc
inh mt chui cc hot ng an xen v bng xc inh gii hn quyn lc(trch nhim),
theo hng thay i cc p ng pht trin bn ngoi v thay i bn trong cc sn
phm v tc v. hu ht cc thay i khng nh hng n bt c s bin i c hu no
ca th tc. Ph lc cung cp cc chi tit n gin cung cp cch thun tin a ra cc
thay i m khng gy phin h cho chnh th tc.
S tay th tc
Tp hp cc th tc SQA thng c xem nh cc s tay th tc SQA. Ni dung s tay
th tc ca bt k t chc no u theo nhng cch khc nhau sau:
Cc kiu hot ng pht trin v bo tr phn mm thc hin bi t chc

Phm vi hot ng thuc v mi kiu hot ng

Phm vi khch hng (v d: khch hng bn trong, khch hng lm phn mm..)
v nh cung cp (v d: t pht trin, bo tr, ngi thu ph, )

IT

iu chnh la chn phng thc c cung cp bi t chc t c nhng

mc tiu SQA mong mun.
Nhng s khc nhau ny c biu din trong s tay th tc SQA nh th no? Trong
khi mt t chc c th yu cu mt phm vi rng cc th tc, t chc khc li c th tha
mn vi phm vi th tc gii hn. Tuy nhin, s lng th tc v cu trc ca n ph
thuc ng k vo cc quyt nh v kiu (style) v editorial ch khng ch ph thuc
vo kiu(type) th tc.
Mt cc tip cn hu ch xc nh cu trc bng ni dung ca cc s tay th tc SQA
l s dng bng ni dung ca chun SQA lin quan nh mt b khung.

6.1.1.4. Ch th cng vic v s tay ch th cng vic

Nh cp trn, ch th cng vic x l ng dg ca cc th tc, ph hp vi yu cu
ca mt nhm d n khch hng ring bit hoc cc bn lin quan khc.
Trong khi phng php lun chung c nh ngha trong mt th tc, cc chi tit r
rng cho php ng dng cho mt d n hoc mt n v c th thng c trnh by
trong mt ch th cng vic.
Khng c trng hp no c th lm ch th cng vic mu thun vi th tc cha ca n,
mc d mt s ch th c th kt hp vi bt k th tc a ra. iu ny c ngha l mt

141

ai c th thm, thay i hoc hu b ch th cng vic m khng thay i th tc tng

ng.

6.1.2. Chun b, thc thi v cp nht cc th tc v ch dn

Mt s tay th tc SQA ch ng bao gm nhiu cc hot ng lin tip nhm m bo
kh nng tip tc p dng ca th tc: v d: qu trnh chun b ca cc th tc, qu trnh
ci t v cp nht thng l. Cc hot ng lin tc ny c thc hin bi cc thnh
vin trong i SQA cng vi cc thnh vin ca cc i hoc n v thuc t chc lin
quan, m bo cc th tc hon ton thch nghi vi nhng thay i v cng ngh hoc
khch hng v i th.

6.1.2.1. Qu trnh chun b cho cc th tc mi

IT

Cc bc ban u pht trin mt s tay th tc SQA mi nn thc hin vi cc

framework c tnh khi nim v t chc nhm xc nh danh sch cc th tc c
xut v nhng ngi s chu trch nhim i vi qu trnh chun b, cp nht v ph
chun. Framework ny cng thng c th th hin r rng nh mt th tc (thng
c gi l the procedure of procedures).

Bc tip theo thng thng s lm vi cc th tc c th. Mt cch tip cn thng

thng chun b cc th tc l triu tp mt y ban ad hoc ca cc chuyn gia lm
vic trong cc n v lin quan, cc thnh vin n v SQA v cc chuyn gia gii quyt
cc ch tng ng. y ban duyt qua cc phc tho d nh cho ti khi t c mt
phin bn tha mn yu cu, v ch dng li sau khi th tc c ph chun bi nhng
ngi c y quyn. Mt cch tip cn khc i vi vic chun b s tay th tc l da
vo s t vn, mt chuyn gia bn ngoi c giao trch nhim thc hin vic
chun b mt th tc, vi th tc hoc hon ton th cng. u im chnh ca vic thu
ngi c vn l gi tr gia tng trong kinh nghim v chuyn mn ca h trong cc t
chc khc, gim bt gnh nng i vi cc chuyn gia lu nm trong t chc cng nh
lm gim thi gian thc hin cng vic. Nhc im chnh ca cch tip cn ny l lm
gim tnh ng dng bi v cc c trng duy nht ca t chc.

6.1.2.2. Thc thi cc th tc mi hoc cc th tc c sa i

S ph chun mt th tc mi hoc c sa i lm d dng hn i vi qu trnh thc
thi th tc , n tch bit v thng thng kh a ra. Trong nhiu trng hp, s phn
tn cc ti liu dng giy in hoc email v cc ch dn ca i hoc n v l khng y
m bo hoc gn s ph hp. Thc t l cc thnh vin ca mt i hoc
mt ban trong qu trnh chun b th tc thuyt phc ng nghip ca h tun theo cc
142

yu cu mi nhng thng khng c tha ng. Cc ch th tip theo v ring l ca

nhng ngi ny thng thiu hoc xem nh cc th tc mi nh s y nhim cho vic
tch hp cc th tc bn trong cc cng vic thng ngy.

6.1.2.3. Cp nht th tc
ng lc cho vic cp nht cc th tc hin hnh da trn nhng iu sau:
S thay i cng ngh ca cc cng c pht trin, phn cng, thit b truyn thng

Thay i cc lnh vc hot ng ca t chc

Cc yu cu ca ngi dng tng dn

Qu trnh phn tch thnh cng cng nh tht bi

xut ci tin bt u bi cc bo co kim tra ni b

S hc hi t kinh nghim ca cc t chc khc

Kinh nghim ca i SQA

IT

Khi s cn thit ca vic cp nht c nhn ra, mt k thut tng t nh khi p dng
qu trnh chun b cc th tc mi c th c thc hin: mt i ad hoc c triu tp
chun b phin bn cp nht, theo sau bi nhng ngi c y quyn v cc hot
ng thc thi. iu ny ng rng vic cp nht nn c xem xt nh l mt qu trnh
c p dng trong ton b khu kim tra cht lng sn phm, quan trng nh l vic
chun b cc th tc mi.

6.1.3. Khun mu (templates)

Template l mt mu hoc mt khun c s dng nh mt s ch dn cho hnh dng

ca mt th g s c to ra (T in Cao ng Webster). Nhng khi c p dng
trong cng ngh phn mm, thut ng template m ch mt nh dng (c bit l cc
bng khi nim) c to ra bi cc t chc, c p dng khi son tho mt bn bo co
hoc vit ti liu. Vic p dng cc khun hnh c th l bt buc i vi mt vi ti liu
v khng bt buc i vi cc ti liu khc; trong mt vi trng hp ch mt phn ca
khun hnh (v d cc chng c th hoc cu trc chung) c yu cu.
V d v mu:
K hoch kim tra phn mm (STP)

M t kim tra phn mm (STD)

Bo co kim tra phn mm (STR)

Yu cu thay i phn mm (SCR)

Ti liu v cu hnh phn mm

143

6.1.3.1. ng gp ca cc khun hnh i vi cht lng phn mm

S dng khun hnh to nhiu thun li cho cc i pht trin v i xem xt li. i vi
i pht trin, s dng khun hnh c cc u im:
Lm cho d dng hn trong vic chun b ti liu bng cch tit kim thi gian v
nng lng c yu cu dng ln cu trc ca bn bo co.
m bo cc ti liu c chun b bi cc nh pht trin y hn bi tt c cc
ch trong ti liu c nh ngha v c xem xt li nhiu ln bi cc chuyn
gia thng qua vic s dng khun hnh. Cc li thng thng, nh l b qua mt ch
th kh xy ra hn.

D dng tch hp cc thnh vin mi trong i thng qua s quen thuc. Cu trc tiu
chun ca ti liu, c chun b theo cc khun hnh m c th cc thnh vin mi
bit t trc khi lm vic trong cc i hoc t chc khc, lm cho vic tm kim
thng tin d dng hn. N cng gii quyt n tha vic chun b ti liu tip theo khi
m cc phn ti liu c chun b bi thnh vin trong i khc c th ri i hoc
khng.

D dang xem xt li ti liu bng cch loi b s cn thit nghin cu cu trc ca

mt ti liu v xc nhn s y ca n, khi m ti liu c da trn khun hnh
thch hp. N cng lm n gin vic xem xt li ti liu y v cu trc ca n l
chun v nhng ngi xem xt li quen vi ni dung trong (cc chng, on
v ph lc). Kt qu ca tnh nht qun ny l vic xem xt li c cho l k lng
v tn t thi gian hn.

i vi cc i bo tr phn mm, vic s dng khun hnh c u im:

Lm cho d dng xc nh thng tin c yu cu cho cc nhim v thc thi bo tr.

IT

6.1.3.2. Framework ca t chc cho vic chun b, ci t v cp nht cc

khun mu
Cc t chc u c khuynh hng tit kim cc ti nguyn ni ti, iu c ngha l
nhng bo co thnh cng trong cng vic th c chun b cho 1 b phn hoc vi mc
ch s n tr thnh nhng khun mu cho ton b t chc. Do , nu nhng bo
co ca ng Brown hoc ng Johnson c ting l ton din v c tnh chuyn nghip
cao th cc kiu mu ni dung ca nhng bo co c th c s dng nh l khun
mu cho nhng ng nghip ca h. 1 iu bt li ca vic ny l khng phi ai c
hng thun li t nhng khun mu ny cng c th nhn ra c s tn ti ca chng.
1 iu bt li khc l s ci tin ca nhng khun mu, c hon thin qua s kim
duyt(review) ca nhng i ng chuyn nghip, c th b cn tr.
n v SQA thng c trch nhim cho vic chun b nhng khun mu c tnh
chuyn nghip chn t nhng kiu thng dng hn ca cc bo co v ti liu c
yu cu ca cc nhn vin trong t chc. Nhng s bt u khng chnh thc t 1 lnh
vc c th khuyn khch n v SQA hot ng, nhng vic pht trin c s h tng
144

chung cho vic s dng cc khun mu, ch ca phn ny, th thuc v nhim v ca
n v SQA.

6.1.3.3. S chun b cho nhng khun mu mi

IT

S pht trin ca 1 c s h tng cho khun mu hin nhin c t vo v tr trung tm

trong cng vic ca nhm chuyn nghip c dnh ring cho nhim v ny. Nhm ny
(c th l 1 y ban) nn thm vo nhng nhn vin lu nm, nhng ngi miu t nhng
ng li pht trin phn mm khc nhau, trng k s phn mm v cc thnh vin n
v SQA. Nhng ngi pht trin khng chnh thc ca cc dch v khun mu cng
nn c khuyn khch tham gia vo nhm
Mt trong nhng nhim v u tin ca nhm l bin son 1 danh sch cc khun
mu mc tiu pht trin. Khi danh sch c chp nhn, th t mc u tin s c
thit lp. Nhng ci c mc u tin cao c cho vo loi khun mu ca nhng ti liu
thng thng nht c chun b, cng c th c a vo nhng khun mu khng
chnh thc sn sng s dng ( n c c lng khi ch cn cng sc ti thiu cho
vic hon thin v phn quyn). Cc y ban con c giao nhim v chun b nhng bn
phc tho u tin. 1 thnh vin n v SQA c th c xem xt giao nhim v lm
leader, nhng ngoi l c hi cng c th dnh cho 1 thnh vin ca y ban. Bt k ngi
trng nhm l ai, anh y (hoc ch y) phi nhn thy c s phn b cc bn tho
khun mu trong s cc thnh vin, vic t chc bui hp v cc vic k tip c to ra
bi cc y ban con c nhim v chun b khun mu. S phn b ca cc bn tho khun
mu trong cc team leader cho vic vic bnh lun ca h c th to ra nhng s pht
trin quan trng v cng 1 lc y mnh s dng cc khun mu trong tng lai.
Cc ngun thng tin thng thng nht c s dng trong vic chun b khun
mu c lit k nh sau:
- Cc khun mu khng chnh thc c s dng trong t chc
- Cc v d khun mu c tm thy trong s cng b ca cc chuyn gia
- Cc khun mu c s dng bi nhng t chc ging nhau

6.1.3.4. p dng cc khun mu

Vi quyt nh c bn c a vo s ci t nhng khun mu mi hoc nhng khun

mu c cp nht:
- Nhng knh no nn c s dng qung b nhng khun mu ny
- Bng cch no cc khun mu c to c th sn sng cho nhng khch
hng ni ti ca t chc
- Nhng khun mu no s l bt buc v lm sao c th p dng c chng
Tt c cc phng php lin lc chuyn nghip ni b c th c s dng
qung b cc khun mu bn trong t chc : truyn n, e-mail, mng SQA ni b cng
nh nhng bi trnh by ngn trong cc bui hp
Mt trong s cc phng php c hiu qu nht ca vic lm cho cc khun mu
lun sn sng cho t chc l mng ni b, c dng nhiu hn l cc knh truyn trn
giy t. S phn b qua mng ni b m bo cho ngi s dng la chn nhng phin
bn c cp nht ca cc khun mu cn thit v cng 1 lc lu li nhng ci chnh (
dnh cho cc khun mu da trn giy t) ca cc bng biu ni dung ca ti liu.
Nhng ch th bt buc phi s dng trong cc khun mu c bit thng c
tm thy trong th tc hoc hng dn cng vic ca t chc. Ngi ng u i k s
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phn mm hoc cc nhn vin lu nm thng c y quyn xc nh danh sch cc

khun mu c tnh bt buc v ph hp vi nhng th tc c chn, mc d chng ta
c th mong i rng khun mu c tp hp li a ra danh sch c c ca
chnh n.

6.1.3.5. Cp nht cc khun mu

Vic quyt nh cp nht 1 khun mu c c th c xem nh l 1 tiu chun nh
gi li (reactive measure), n ph thuc vo bt k yu t sau:
- kin v xut ca ngi dng
- Nhng s thay i bn trong lnh vc hot ng ca t chc
- Nhng xut c khi xng bi vic xem xt li thit k (design review)
v i kim tra da trn s xem xt li cc ti liu chun b ty theo tng
khun mu
- S phn tch tht bi cng nh thnh cng
- Kinh nghim khc ca t chc
- xut ca i SQA
Cc cng vic tip theo ca vic cp nht khun mu kh ging vi ca vic chun b
khun mu.

IT

6.1.4. Danh mc kim tra (Checklists)

Checklists c s dng bi cc nh pht trin phn mm cp n danh sch khon

mc c bit c xy dng cho tng loi ti liu, hay mt menu chun b cc vic cn
hon thnh trc khi thc hin mt hot ng (v d nh, ci t mt gi phn mm ti
trang web ca khch hng). Checklists c ln k hoch ton din nu cng vic cha
hon thnh.Thng thng, Checklists c xu hng c coi l mt cng c ty chn c
s h tng,ph thuc ch yu vo danh sch ca thuc tnh chuyn nghip, s hiu bit
ca ngi dng vi danh sch v tnh kh dng.
Mt s checklists c 2 mc ch: trong khi cung cp mt danh sch y cc khon
mc c xc nhn, n cng cung cp khng gian cho vic tm kim t liu.
Tip theo, chng ta cn thy c s ng gp ca checklists vo cht lng phn mm
v nhng n lc cn thit thnh lp, duy tr v p dng cc checklists .

6.1.4.1. Nhng ng gp ca checklists phn mm c cht lng

Cng ging nh cc mu, checklists cung cp nhiu li ch pht trin team, duy tr
phn mm ca team v cht lng ca ti liu.
Nhng li th pht trin cc nhm nh sau:
Gip cc nh pht trin thc hin t kim tra cc ti liu hoc code ca phn mm
trc khi ti liu hoc code ca phn mm hon thnh v a vo thit k chnh thc.
Checklists c dng gip nh pht trin khm ph khng y cc phn, cng
nh pht hin cc li m khng nhn thy c. Checklists cng c d kin s ng
gp vo cht lng ca cc ti liu hoc code ca phn mm xem xt cc vn nh
cht lng s c kho st bng cch xem xt li cc vn c lit k trong
checklist
Gip pht trin chun b cho cng vic ca h nh: ci t phn mm ti trang web
ca khch hng, thc hin kim tra cht lng ti cc trang web ca ngi thu ph hoc
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k kt hp ng vi nh cung cp cc m-un c th s dng li ca phn mm.

Checklists d kin gip cc nh pht trin trang b tt hn cho cng vic hiu qu.
Nhng li th r sot nhm l:
m bo y cc ti liu xem li bng cch xem xt thnh vin trong nhm
cng nh tt c cc khon mc c lien quan xut hin trn danh sch.
To iu kin ci thin hiu qu ca cc phin review, xem nh l mt mn hc v
trt t cc cuc tho lun c nh ngha v cng c bit trc.

6.1.4.2. Cu trc framework cho vic chun b, thc thi v cp nht cc

checklist
Mc d c nh gi cao , nhng vic s dng cc checklist vn mang tnh ty . S
chun b v cp nht checklist, cng nh qu trnh s dng vn thng c n nh cho
SQA unit. Mt checklist group, ng u bi 1 thnh vin ca SQL unit, c th
m trch cng vic lien tc thu thp nhng danh sch c cp nht. i ng khc
bao gm nhng ngi quan tm n vic xc tin vic s sng cc checklist t nh nguyn
tham gia vo trong nhm.

IT

Tuy nhin trong 1 s trng hp th vic tr gip ca 1 c vn SQL l cn thit.

phn cn li, chng ta s miu t nhng quy trnh cn thit duy tr c s h tng ca 1
checklist nh l s chun b cho cc checklist mi, qu trn xc tin s dng v cp nht
cc checklist .

6.1.4.3. S chun b cho nhng checklist mi:

Mt trong nhng cng vic u tin chun b cho checklist group l vic bin dch
nhng danh sch nhng checklist c nghin cu v pht trin theo s nh ngha ca
tiu chun chung cho tt c nhng checklist c nhm a ra.
Nhng checklist c nhm chn thng l nhng checklist bnh thng c
s dng b mt s thnh vin ca nhm pht trin v nhng nh ph bnh (reviewer).
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, 1 cht thay i v s chnh sa ca nhng checklist ny l
tha mn cc tiu chun v ni dung hay nh dng m nhm a ra. S chun
b cho nhng checklist mi cng nh s ci tin nhng checklist thng thng c h
tr t nhng ngun thng tin sau:
-

Nhng checklist thng thng c s dng trong qu trnh t chc.

Nhng checklist mu c tm ra trong sch v v nhng n phm chuyn

ngnh khc.
-

Cc checklist c s dng bi nhng t chc tng t.

Qu trnh chun b nhng checklist mi cng tng t nh vic chun b cho cc mu.

147

6.1.4.4. Xc tin s dng checklist

Do vic s dng checklist ny him khi l bt buc, cho nn vic xc tin s dng u
da trn li ch ca vic qung co v bo hnh. Nhng knh thng tin ni a c th
c s dung cho vic gii thiu nhng checklist ny n ngi s dng nh: t ri, email, mng SQA cng nh nhng cuc hp cp cao. Tuy nhin mng li ni a vn l
phng thc thch hp hn v c hiu qu cao nht gip cho vic lm cho cc checklist
ny n v nhng t chc khch hng ni a.

6.1.4.5. Cp nht cc checklist:

Ging nh cc mu v cc th tc, vic ch ng cp nht cc mu checklist c nhn
chung theo cc ngun sau:
-

S xut v gi ca ngi s dng.

s thay i v cng ngh, lnh vc hot ng v nhm khch hng.

IT

Nhng ngh truyn th vi nh tng quan v nhng i kim tra Pht ra

t nhng tng quan ti liu.
Vic phn tch tht bi cng nh thnh cng.

Nhng kinh nghim t chc khc

Nng lc ca i ng SQA

Quy trnh cp nht cc checklist kh ging vi s chun b chng.

6.2. o to i ng v cp chng ch
Ngi ta lun ni rng mun nhn vin theo kp vi nhng kin thc ngh nghip
mi c gn y nht l cha kha t cht lng trong pht trin v bo tr phn mm.
Tuy nhin, c mt iu thng c chp nhn rng o to chuyn nghip, o to li
hoc cp nht l bt buc (mandatory) khe h gia kin thc ngh nghip c yu
cu v kin thc hin ti cng hp cng tt. Chng ch bn trong (intenal
certification)(di y ch chng ch) ca nhn vin gi v tr chnh trong pht trin v
bo tr phn mm l loi khc mt cng c m bo cht lng ngh nghip.
iu quan trng ca vic o to ngh nghip nh l mt phn ca bt k mt h
thng m bo cht lng (SQA) no, c nhn mnh trong chun ISO 9000-3 cng
nh trong CMM Guidelines (c th tm thy ISO, 1997; ISO/IEC, 2001; Paulk et al.,
1995). Pht trin m t ngh nghip v chng trnh o to cho ton b cn b cng
148

nhn vin SQA c Mendis (1999) tho lun. Chng trnh cp giy chng nhn cho
cc k s cht lng phn mm cng c American Society for Quality (ASQ) quan
tm, c m t bi Hamilton (1999) v mt cun s ASQ (ASQ, 1999).

6.2.1. Mc tiu ca o to v cp chng ch

Mc tiu ca vic o to v cp chng ch l:

IT

o pht trin s hiu bit v k nng cho nhn vin mi cn thc hin cc
cng vic pht trin v bo tr phn mm mc hiu qu v c hiu lc.
S hun luyn nh vy to iu kin thun li cho vic cc nhn vin mi ha
nhp vi i d n.
o m bo s ph hp vi nhng tiu chun ca t chc cho nhng sn
phm phn mm (ti liu v code) bi nhng kiu truyn v cu trc cc th
tc vi nhng ch dn ca cng vic.
o cp nht s hiu bit v k nng ca nhng nhn vin tng tri trong vic
p li nhng pht trin ca t chc, v m bo hiu qu v vic thc hin
tt cc tc v cng nh s ph hp vi kiu ca t chc v cu trc th tc v
cc ch dn cng vic.
o truyn nhng tri thc ca nhng th tc m bo cht lng phn mm.

m bo rng nhng ng c vin cho nhng v tr chnh trong pht trin v bo tr

phn mm c xc nh y .

6.2.2. Tin trnh o to v cp chng ch

Hot ng ca mt h thng o to v cp chng ch thnh cng yu cu nhng
hnh ng sau phi c thc hin mt cc u n:

Xc nh yu cu v s hiu bit ngh nghip vi mi v tr.

Xc nh nhu cu o to v cp nht kin thc ngh nghip (proffessional)

Lp k hoch cho chng trnh o to chuyn nghip

Lp k hoc cho vic cp nht kin thc ngh nghip

Xc nh chng ch yu cu ca tng v tr
Lp k hoch cho quy trnh cp chng ch

Thc hin nhng vic tip theo ca nhng nhn vin c o to v cp

chng ch.

Tt c nhng hot ng ny c hi t vo trong mt qu trnh tng hp trong

nhng phn hi t nhng hot ng trc v nhng thng tin v nhng s pht trin ngh
149

nghip kch thch mt chu trnh ca vic o to, cp chng ch v s thch nghi vi
nhng thay i v yu cu cht lng.
Cc hot ng o to v cp chng ch c ngha l lp y nhng nhu cu ca nhng
nhn vin tng tri v nhng nhn vin mi. Tip theo nhng kt qu ca chng trnh
hin thi cng nh l theo di nhng s pht trin trong ngh nghip c yu cu
m bo rng chng trnh c cp nht mt cch y . Tho lun chi tit ca mi
hot ng ny c th hin trong nhng on tip theo.

6.2.3. Xc nh yu cu kin thc chuyn mn v s cn thit ca o to

v cp nht

Kin thc v k nng v ch k ngh phn mm, th d nh cc cng c pht

trin phn mm, cc phin bn ngn ng lp trnh, cc phin bn CASE tool ng
dng bi t chc ring bit hoc n v. Cc th tc v cc ch dn cng vic
thch hp ny c bin son thc hin chng cng l bn phn ca mc
ny.
Hiu bit v ch SQA, nhng th tc gn lin vi rt nhiu hot ng pht
trin v bo tr. S phn cng c thc hin bi mt ngi nm gi mt chc
v c bit.

IT

Cc v tr thng thng nht trong mt t chc pht trin v bo tr phn mm l:

nhng ngi phn tch h thng, lp trnh vin, trng nhm pht trin phn mm,
trng nhm lp trnh, k thut vin bo tr phn mm, nhn vin kim th phn mm,
trng nhm kim th phn mm. Hu ht cc t chc u t ra cc yu cu v gio dc
v kinh nghim cho mi v tr trn. Cc thnh vin ca phng ban l nhng ngi p cc
yu cu o to ti ch cn phi b sung nhng hiu bit v k nng v local hoc
internal, c lin quan n vic pht trin r rng v cc th tc bo tr. Nhng hiu bit
v chuyn mn c th c nhm li vo 2 loi:

6.2.4. Xc nh nhng nhu cu o to v cp nht (updating)

Nhng nhu cu o to v cp nht c xc nh bng vic so snh kin thc hin
ti ca nhn vin vi nhng yu cu v kin thc c cp nht. Kiu o to ny c
iu chnh ph hp vi 3 nhm nhn vin ring bit:

o to: Cho nhng nhn vin mi, theo v tr h c phn cng.

o to li: Cho nhng nhn vin c phn cng n v tr mi hoc tip nhn
nhng nhim v mi.

150

Cp nht: Cho i ng nhn vin nh yu cu cu bi v tr ca h.

Nhu cu cp nht nhn vin c nh gi thng xuyn thun tin lp k hoch

cho nhng chng trnh yu cu.
Cui cng , vic tip theo l nh gi nhn vin trong cc phng o to v cp nht
cung cp u vo chnh s dng cho vic nh ngha li nhu cu o to.

6.2.5. Ln k hoch o to v chng trnh cp nht

T thc t thy rng, 2 chng trnh c bn phi c ra - 1 cho ch k ngh
phn mm v 1 cho ch SQA.
o

Lp k hoch chng trnh o to v cp nht cho

ch k ngh phn mm.

IT

S tnh ton v thi gian ca nhng hot ng o to v o to li khng th

c xc nh sm bi v nhng cn b cng nhn mi c tuyn m v v nhng nhn
vin k cu c chuyn v tr thng xuyn sau khi c thng bo trc tng i
ngn. Mc d, cc hot ng cp nht c th c th c sp xp trc d dng , vi ni
dung hon tt ng kn n thi im thc hin chng. Bt k d nhng chng trnh ny
c tin hnh trong t chc hay bi mt t chc outsourcing, nhn vin cp cao, v d
nh k s trng phn mm, thng xuyn tham gia chun b chng.
Lp k hoch nhng chng trnh o to v cp nht cho ch SQA

Nhng chng trnh o to cho cc ch SQA bao gm o to cho nhn vin

mi cng nh cp nht cho nhng nhn vin k cu. c im chung ca chng trnh
o to SQA cho php chng c t chc theo nh k, mt hoc 2 thng mt ln, v
phn phi n tt c nhn vin mi tuyn m trong thi gian . c th ca chng
trnh cp nht SQA l c thc hin mt ln mt nm, hoc c su thng mt ln, ty
thuc vo tc ca s thay i. n v SQA hoc nhng ngoi khc chu trch nhim
v kt qu SQA trong t chc thng t chc nhng chng trnh o to v cp nht
ny.

6.2.6. nh ngha cc v tr yu cu cp chng ch

Thng thng vic ch nh nhn vin vo v tr ch cht trong pht trin phn mm v
cc t chc bo tr i hi phi ht sc thn trng. Mt trong nhng th tc c s dng
m bo s ph hp ca cc ng c vin l giy chng nhn.
151

6.2.7. Ln k hoch cc tin trnh cp chng ch

Cp giy chng nhn l nhm cung cp mt framework cho kim tra ton din kh
nng ca mt ng c vin v mt biu hin ca kin thc chuyn mn v k nng.
Nhng chi tit ca qu trnh cp giy chng nhn duy nht cho cc t chc. Chng phn
nh nhng tnh nng c bit, lnh vc chuyn mn, pht trin phn mm v cng c bo
tr, khch hng Bi v cc qu trnh ny hng v nhng iu cn thit v quyt nh
ca cc t chc c th, ni b cp giy chng nhn khng th t ng thay th bi cc
giy chng nhn chung m cng nhn bi nhng ngi chuyn nghip v nh cung cp
hng u ca cng c pht trin v phn mm mng li thng tin lin lc hoc tng t.
Vic cp giy chng nhn trong tng chi tit v mi v tr, i hi phi chp nhn
nh c nh ngha trong cc th tc cp giy chng nhn.
Cc th tc cp giy chng nhn in hnh

IT

i vi nhng ngi tng c cp giy chng nhn, mt qu trnh cp giy

chng nhn tiu biu i hi phi p ng mt s hoc l tt c cc yu cu sau y:
Gio dc chuyn mn : hc tp hay k thut cao v mt s trng hp cp giy
chng nhn bi mt t chc chuyn nghip hoc bi mt ngi lnh o sn xut
phn mm thng mi.

Cc kho o to ni b

Chuyn gia kinh nghim trong t chc (c th l mt phn hoc hon ton thay
th bng kinh nghim trong t chc khc)

nh gi v nhng thnh tu v kh nng nh nu trong nh k thc thi vic

nh gi

c lng bi cc cp cao hn ca ng c vin (thng c hon thnh bi mt

cu hi c bit)

Biu hin ca kin thc v k nng ngha l mt cuc th nghim hay d n.

S gim st ca ngi nhiu kinh nghim cho mt giai on nht nh v thi
gian.

Chc nng ca u ban cp giy chng nhn

Tng t m hnh ngh cho chng trnh o to v ti o to, c nhn hay l
u ban chu trch nhim v cp giy chng nhn thng c thm nin trong pht trin

152

phn mm v duy tr i ng. Trch nhim ca nhng ngi cp giy chng nhn bao
gm:

Thc hin qu trnh cp giy chng thc trn c s thc hin cc yu cu c nhn
hay n v v chp nhn cp giy chng nhn cho nhng ngi iu kin.
Tip tc cp giy chng nhn (nh c vn) thc hin bi nhng ngi khc.
Cp nht cc yu cu cp giy chng nhn trong hng ng s pht trin trong t
chc tt nh cc chuyn gia.

Thay i danh sch cc v tr yu cu cp giy chng nhn.

6.2.8. Phn phi cc chng trnh o to v cp chng ch

IT

o to v cp nht c th bao gm cc ch nh k ngh phn mm, bo m

cht lng phn mm v k nng qun l (trong khun kh cp giy chng nhn hoc
cho cc thng tin chung), tt c u c phi hp vi nhu cu ca t chc hay doanh
nghip. Lm th no o to v cp nht mang li s thay i ph hp. Cc kho hc
c th truyn trong cc nh dng m bi ging v thuyt minh ngn , thng ch ko di
na ngy, t chc cc kho hc di mt vi tun hoc thng. Nhng kho hc ny c
th thc hin ti nh bi cc n v o to ca t chc, hoc ra bn ngoi, bi chng
trnh hng nghip hoc c s gio dc hc tp t chng trnh nn mng cho cc yu
cu ca t chc.

Thng tin v t chc v cung cp o to v chng trnh cp giy chng nhn c

th tm thy trong qun l nhn lc.

6.2.9. Nhng cng vic tip theo ca vic o to v cp chng ch

Nhng ngi qun l v chuyn gia phn mm thng nghi ng v nhng tc ng
ca o to v chng ch trong cng tc o to v cp giy chng nhn ni chung hoc
ca mt trong nhng hot ng lin quan. H lun i hi cho d nhng ngun nhn lc
v n lc u t trong o to thc s c gi tr. kim nh nhng nghi ng, h thng
theo di l thc s cn thit cung cp thng tin phn hi ti nhng n v chuyn
nghip. Nhng thng tin phn hi ny cho bit nhng n lc o to c iu chnh ti
cng thi im n m bo s pht trin tip din ca nhng hot ng o to v cp
chng ch. Nhng thng tin cung cp bi h thng theo di lin h ti:
- Tt c nhng hot ng o to v th tc cp chng ch tin hnh nhng bn ghi
v hiu sut ca nhng ngi tham gia chng trnh.

153

- Thng tin v trng hp c bit ca cc hot ng o to l minh chng c

nh gi cao thnh cng hay tht bi trong vic ci thin hiu sut ca nhn vin.
- Thng tin v nhng trng hp ca nhng tht bi ca nhn vin t chng ch
trong vic thc thi r rng khng t nhng yu cu chng ch.

6.3. Cc hnh ng sa li v phng nga

Cc hot ng mang tnh h thng m thc thi vic nng cao hiu qu v hiu sut hot
ng c gi l cc hot ng ngn chn v sa li (CAPA). C nhng hot ng
khng phi nhm sa cc li c tm thy ngay lp tc m loi b nguyn nhn ca
cc li ny trong sut qu trnh pht trin phn mm.
Bng vic khng ngng y mnh ci tin hiu sut v hiu qu, tin trnh CAPA tr
thnh mt trong nhng cng c chnh c s dng ginh c mc ch hng thc
thi ca SQA: va tha mn cc yu cu chc nng v cc qun l va gim chi ph pht
trin phn mm, bo tr v cc hot ng m bo cht lng.

IT

6.3.1. nh ngha hot ng sa li v phng nga

- Cc hnh ng sa li: mt tin trnh phn hi c p dng thng xuyn bao gm

vic tp hp thng tin v cc hot ng khng tun theo cht lng, xc nh v phn
tch cc ngun khng tun theo cc quy tc cng nh vic pht trin v ng ha cc th
tc ci tin, cng vic kim sot vic ci t v nh gi cc kt qu ca h.

Cc hot ng ngn chn: mt tin trnh phn hi c p dng thng xuyn bao gm
vic tp hp thng tin v cc vn cht lng c kh nng xy ra, xc nh v phn tch
s sai lch v cc tiu chun cht lng, vic pht trin v v ng ha cc th tc ci
tin, cng vic kim sot vic ci t v nh gi cc kt qu ca h.

6.3.2. Tin trnh hnh ng sa li v phng nga

Hot ng thnh cng ca 1 tin trnh CAPA bao gm nhng thao tc sau
(1) Thu thp thng tin
(2) Phn tch thng tin
(3) Vic pht trin cc gii php v cc phng thc ci tin
(4) Vic ci t cc phng thc ci tin
(5) Follow-up ( cng vic tip theo)
Tin trnh ny thng c lm bi lung thng tin t cc ti nguyn khc nhau. c
lng s thnh cng ca tin trnh ny, 1 vng lp phn hi ng c p dng iu
khin lung thng tin, s thc thi ca vic tm kt qu thay i trong cc tnh hung thc
t v cc th tc cng vi kch thc ca cc kt qu.
154

6.3.3. Thu thp, phn tch thng tin

- Thu thp thng tin
S a dng ca cc ti nguyn thng tin, bn trong v bn ngoi, cung cp cho tin trnh
CAPA kh r rt. Theo s phn i bn trong/ bn ngoi, 4 ti nguyn thng tin chnh
bn trong l (1) tin trnh pht trin phn mm, (2) vic bo tr phn mm, (3) C s h
tng SQA v (4) cc th tc qun l cht lng phn mm. Ti nguyn thng tin bn
ngoi ch yu l cc thng k nhng yu cu ca ca khch hng v nhng phn nn ca
h.
- Phn tch thng tin
Thao tc thng thng ca tin trnh CAPA c mc ch l to 1 lung ln cc ti liu
lin quan n 1 phm vi rng ln ca thng tin.
Phn tch bao gm:
Lc thng tin v xc nh nhng s ci tin tim tng. Cc ti liu nhn t
nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau c xem xt li bi nhng ngi chuyn
nghip xc nh cc c hi tim tng cho CAPA. Bc ny bao gm s so
snh cc ti liu trong cng 1 kiu nhn c t cc n v khc nhau cng
nh l vic so snh cc ti liu ca cc kiu khc nhau lin quan ti cng 1
trng hp ging nhau.

Phn tch nhng s ci tin tim tng. Cn c gn xc nh:

o Nhng kiu v nhng mc ca thit hi t cc li c nh danh
o L do gy li. Cc l do tiu biu l nhng ch dn v th tc khng
tun theo cng vic, kin thc chuyn mn khng , qu gi v/hoc
ngn sch qun bch do c lng khng thc t, v vic thiu kinh
nghim vi nhng cng c pht trin mi.
o Vic c lng quy m ca t chc-cc li tim tng ca tng kiu.
Thng tin ny cn thit c lng tng thit hi v xc nh mc
u tin cho tng trng hp li.

IT

To ra phn hi trong ni dung v s hp thc ha ca thng tin nhn c t

nhng ngun thng tin c ch r.

6.3.4. Pht trin cc gii php v thc thi

- Pht trin cc gii php
Gii php xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra li h thng phn mm yu cu:
Loi b ti pht ca cc loi li c pht hin

155

 ng gp vo ci thin hiu qu ca sn xut v to nng sut cao hn lch trnh ngn

hn.
Mt s hng dn cho cc gii php thng c chn:
Cp nht cc th tc lin quan. Cc thay i c th tham kho mt s th tc khc, t
nhng ngi c th lin quan n giai on pht trin phn mm hoc bo tr (v d nh,
thay i trong nhn xt phn mm, cc thay i th tc hp ng trong giao dch vi iu
khon xut cho cc d n nh) cc th tc chung (v d nh cc thay i ca nhn
vin tuyn dng, cc thay i ti a v ti thiu s ca ngi tham gia nhn xt mt thit
k chnh thc).
Thay i trong thc hnh, bao gm c cng vic cp nht cc hng dn c lin quan
(nu tn ti).

IT

Chuyn n mt cng c pht trin hiu qu hn v t pht hin ra li.

Ci tin phng php bo co, bao gm cc thay i trong ni dung bo co,
tn s ca bo co v cng vic bo co. y l hng ci thin trin vng cho vic xc
nh cc li v phn mm h thng sm pht hin ra li mang li kt qu ng k
trong
vic
gim
thit
hi.
Cc sng kin o to, o to li hoc cp nht nhn vin. y l hng
thc hin ch trong trng hp khi cng mt thiu st ang o to c tm thy trong
mt vi teams
- Thc hin mt qu trnh CAPA
Vic trin khai thc hin cc gii php CAPA da vo ng cc hng dn v thng
xuyn o to, nhng hu ht trn tt c cc hp tc ca cc n v c lin quan v ring
l. V vy, vic trin khai thc hin thnh cng mc tiu, i hi nhn vin,cc thnh
vin c thuyt phc thch ng i vi ccgii php xut.Nu khng c hp tc, s
ng gp ca mt CAPA c th khng c quyt inh.

6.3.5. T chc cc hnh ng phng nga v sa li

S th hin ng n ca nhng hot ng CAPA ny ph thuc vo s tn ti ca cc
n v t chc trung tm lu di cng nh rt nhiu ngi tham gia trong i ad-hoc.
Nhn t ny nhn chung c bit n l Corrective Action Board ( CAB), mc d n c
th c nhng tn gi khc nhau trong nhng t chc khc nhau, nhng n u m nhim
cc cng vic sau y:
- Thu thp bn ghi CAPA t cc ngun khc nhau.
- Hin th cc thng tin c thu thp.
- Ch nh ton b i CAPA ad-hoc tham gia vo cng vic c a ra hoc dn dt
mt s cc team .

156

- Xc tin vic thc thi CAPA trong cc n v, d n....

- Lin tc thu thp thng tin, phn tch d liu, qu trnh c thc hin bi cc i adhoc v s thc thi cng nh kt qu ca cc phng thc capa c ci tin.

6.4. Qun l cu hnh

Qun l cu hnh phn mm l mt thnh phn ca qun l cht lng phn mm, chu
trch nhim qun l cc thay i v tr li chnh xc ton b cc cu hi tng t nh
trn. Qun l cu hnh phn mm x l cc vn lin quan n vic kim sot cc thay
i phn mm, vit ti liu ph hp cho cc thay i, ng k v lu tr cc phin bn
phn mm c pht hnh, cung cp cc thng tin lin quan v bn sao cc phin bn
c ng k trong sut vng i ca h thng phn mm.

6.4.1. Cc thnh phn cu hnh phn mm

nh ngha cc thnh phn cu hnh phn mm, cc phin bn cu hnh phn mm:
- Thnh phn cu hnh phn mm (SCI Software Configuration Item ) hay
thnh phn cu hnh(CI Configuration Item)

IT

Mt phn m ,mt ti liu hay mt mnh phn cng c thit k qun l cu

hnh v c xem nh cc thc th phn bit trong tin trnh qun l cu hnh
phn mm.
Phin bn SCI
Trng thi ca mt SCI c cng b ti bt k thi im no trong sut tin
trnh pht trin v bo tr
Phin bn cu hnh phn mm
Mt tp cc phin bn SCI trong h thng phn mm c la chn pht
hnh hoc vit ti liu ti thi im pht hnh, m t cc hot ng c thc
hin c iu khin bi quy trnh qun l cu hnh phn mm.

6.4.2. Qun l cu hnh phn mm

"
"
"
"

Cc nhim v ca qun l cu hnh phn mm c th chia lm 4 nhm:

iu khin thay i phn mm
Cng b cc phin bn SCI v cu hnh phn mm
Dch v cung cp thng tin qun l cu hnh
Thm nh vic thc thi quy trnh qun l cu hnh phn mm

6.4.3. Kim sot s thay i phn mm

Qun l thay i phn mm kim sot cc tin trnh thay i bng vic thc hin cc bc
sau y:
Kim tra cc yu cu thay i v ph chun thc thi cc yu cu ph hp
m bo cht lng ca mi phin bn mi ca cu hnh phn mm trc khi
n c a ra s dng

6.4.3.1. Ph chun thc hin cc thay i c xut

Cc nhn t nh hng n vic quyt nh c thc hin thay i c xut hay
khng:
157

 Mc ch mong i ca thay i c xut

S khn cp ca thay i
Tc ng ca thay i c xut ln bng thi gian d n, mc dch v
S n lc i hi thc hin yu cu
Cht lng phn mm c yu cu m bo kt qu ca s n lc
c lng ti nguyn v gi c cn thit thc hin thay i

6.4.3.2. m bo cht lng ca thay i phn mm

Mc ch ca m bo cht lng phn mm l cht lng ca phin bn mi
khng b thua km so vi phin bn trc .
S c gng m bo cht lng c yu cu 2 mc :
m bo cht lng ca mi SCI thay i
m bo cht lng ca ton b phin bn mi (bao gm c SCI
thay i)

6.4.3.3. m bo cht lng ca cc SCI thay i

IT

iu ny yu cu phi c s chun b cho k hoch review v test li cc c im thay

i ph hp vi mc quan trng ca thay i . Vic test v review cn c thc
hin bi cc tester chuyn nghip ch khng phi l ngi pht trin SCI .

6.4.3.4. m bo cht lng ca ton b phin bn mi

Khi cc SCI thay i thay th cho cc SCI trc , ngi ta thng xem xt n mt
phin bn mi cho phn mm. Mc d ngi ta thng mong i nhiu phin bn mi
s c chc nng hon ho v tt hn phin bn c , nhng nhiu phin bn mi, c bit
trong cc h thng phc tp , thng b li. Cc h thng thng b li khi kt qu nh
hng ti giao din ca cc SCI thay i vi cc SCI khng thay i khc, bi v
ngi ta khng d nh trc nhng ri ro khi thc hin thay i.V vy, ton b phin
bn mi , hoc t nht l ton b cc thnh phn phn mm c th b nh hng cn phi
c test xc nh cc nhc im giao din khng mong i.

6.4.4. Kim sot qun l cu hnh phn mm

SCM lin quan n vic thc thi mt s lng ln cc tc v khc nhau bi cc
authority (nhng ngi c quyn)SCM, cc CCB (nhm kim sot thay i) v cc thnh
vin khc lin quan n trong vic pht trin v bo tr phn mm. Tt c cc tc v
tng ng vi tng thnh vin c xc nh trong tin trnh SCM. Kim tra, xem xt
SCM c thc hin bi SCM authority v CCB iu khin theo ng quy trnh SCM.
SCM audits c th kt hp vi vn cht lng bn trong khi to vic cp nht v
thay i trong quy trnh SCM. Do SCM audits kim tra xem cc tc v ny c thc
hin nh th no bng cch thc hin mt s v d v yu cu thay i, SCI v phin bn
cu hnh phn mm. SCM audit c th thc hin cho mt s mu pht hnh c ln
k hoch, nh c c t trong SCMP. Tuy nhin, mc d chng ta mong i SCM
audit a ra thng tin lin quan n mc thc thi ca quy trnh SCM (bao gm c cc
li thng thng ca quy trnh ny) nhng chng khng th p ng nh cc cng c p
buc thc thi

158

Di y l danh sch cc thng tin kim sot m SCM audit thu thp v chuyn
giao qun l:
T l cc thay i khng c ph duyt trong sut qu trnh pht trin cng
nh hot ng ca h thng
T l ca SCO khng c thc hin theo yu cu v khng tun theo y
quy trnh
T l vic xem li thit k v test li phn mm ca cc SCI thay i khng
c thc hin theo quy trnh lin quan
T l ca SCO c hon thnh trn k hoch
T l cc trng hp m SCI b tc ng bi cc thay i khng c kim tra,
vi mt s thay i cn thit khng c thc thi
T l cc phin bn cu hnh phn mm v cc SCI mi c vit ti liu ph
hp
T l cc trng hp li chuyn giao tt c cc thng tin lin quan ca phin
bn n khch hng
S cc trng hp c bo co hng nm, ni m cc SCI lm vic phi hp
cc k thut b li (v du nh khng ngn chn c cc i khc nhau ng thi
gii thiu s thay i trong cng SCI)

IT

6.4.5. Cc cng c my tnh qun l cu hnh phn mm

Cc cng c vi tnh ha cng hot ng theo k thut phi hp hot ng da trn thay
i ca SCI v ngn cn cc team khc nhau ng thi gii thiu cng thay i ln mt
SCI
Mt u im na khi dng h thng SCM c vi tnh ha l mc bo mt cao c
cung cp:
N bo v cc phin bn code v phin bn file ti liu khi bt c thay i, xa
hay nguy him no
N hot ng theo quy trnh sao lu c yu cu cho vic m bo lu tr cc
file SCM

6.5. Kim sot ti liu

6.5.1. Cc ti liu kim sot v bn ghi cht lng

Ti liu c kim sot :

Mt ti liu m hin ti cn thit hoc c th tr nn cn thit cho vic pht trin
v bo tr cc h thng phn mm cng nh cho vic qun l cc mi quan h hin ti v
trong tng li vi khch hng. Do vic biu din, lu tr, phc hi v loi b c
kim sot bi cc th tc ti liu. Mc ch chnh cho vic qun l cc ti liu c kim
sot l :
m bo cht lng ti liu
m bo k thut y v ng vi cc th tc cu trc ti liu v
cc ch dn ( s dng cc khun mu, ng k chnh xc)
m bo tnh sn sng s dng ca cc ti liu trong tng lai m c th c yu
cu cho bo tr h thng phn mm, pht trin xa hn hoc p ng cc thc mc ca
khch hng .

159

 h tr nghin cu cc nguyn nhn lm tht bi phn mm v gn trch

nhim nh 1 phn ca cc hot ng hiu chnh v cc hot ng khc
Bn ghi cht lng :
L 1 kiu ti liu c kim sot c bit. N l ti liu nhm ti khch hng m
c th c yu cu chng mnh tha mn cc yu cu khch hng v thc hin hiu
qu h thng m bo cht lng phn mm thng qua quy trnh pht trin v bo tr
Cc thnh phn ca cc th tc kim sot ti liu
Xc nh danh sch ca cc loi ti liu c kim sot v s cp nht ti liu
c kim sot
Cc yu cu chun b ti liu
Cc yu cu ph chun ti liu
Cc yu cu lu tr v phc hi ti liu, bao gm lu tr cc phin bn, s duyt li v
vic loi b cc ti liu c kim sot

6.5.2. Danh sch cc ti liu c kim sot

IT

Vn chnh ca vic qun l cc ti liu c kim sot (bao gm cc bn ghi

cht lng) l xy dng danh sch cc kiu ti liu c kim sot. Vic xy dng hp l
danh sch ny da trn vic thit lp thm quyn thc thi cc khi nim, m quyn ny
gn vi mt ngi hoc mt hi ng ngi. Quyn ny chu trch nhim cho nhng vn
sau:
Quyt nh kiu ti liu no c phn loi vo ti liu c kim sot v cc
kiu ti liu c kim sot c phn loi nh cc bn ghi cht lng

Quyt nh mc ca vic kim sot l y vi mi kiu ti liu c phn

loi nh mt ti liu c kim sot

a ra s ng vi danh sch cc kiu ti liu c kim sot. Ch ny c

th c kt hp trong k hoch th nghim qun l cht lng bn trong

Phn tch theo vic tm kim v khi to cc cp nht c yu cu, cc thay i,

cc loi b v s b xung cho danh sch cc kiu ti liu c kim sot.

Hu ht cc kiu ti liu c kim sot l cc ti liu c to bn trong bi

chnh t chc . Tuy nhin s lng thc cc kiu ti liu bn ngoi nh ti liu hp
ng v bin bn cuc hp hi ng cng c phn vo loi ny.

6.5.3. Chun b, ph chun, lu tr v thu hi ti liu kim sot

Cc yu cu ti liu bao gm vic to mt ti liu mi hoc sa li ti liu c ci
thin tnh d c v kh dng. Cc yu cu c thc hin trong cc ti liu:
& Cu trc
& Phng php nh danh
& Thng tin tham kho v s nh hng theo chun.
160

IT

Ph chun ti liu.
S ti liu cn c s ph chun cn cc ti liu khc c th c b qua vic nh gi
kt hp. i vi vic ph chun cc ti liu th cc th tc ch ra v tr ca ngi hoc
nhm ngi c thm quyn ph chun cho mi ti liu v chi tit quy trnh ph chun.
- V tr ca ngi m c th ph chun ti liu hoc kiu ti liu
S ph chun c th bi mt ngi hoc mt vi ngi, hoc mt hi ng nh
hi ng nh gi thit k FDR ty theo kiu ti liu v s thch ca t chc. V tr ny
dnh cho nhng ngi phi c kinh nghim v chuyn gia cng ngh.
- Quy trnh ph chun
S ph chun ti liu c yu cu m bo cht lng ti liu, s ph chun
cng nhm mc ch pht hin ra v ngn nga vic thiu chuyn nghip cng vi s
chnh lch khun mu ti liu. Ty trng hp m s ph chun FDR c yu cu, th
tc nh gi thch hp s c p dng.
Vic theo di quy trnh ph chun bc l thng xuyn nhng trng hp s tn thnh
khng suy ngh, l, nhng tnh hung m quy trnh khng gp phn vo cht lng
phn mm do s b qua hoc th vi vic r sot k lng ti liu. S xc nhn vic
chp thun hnh thc lm gim cht lng ti liu bi v nhng ngi c quyn ph
chun ti li phi chu trch nhim trc tip vi cht lng tai liu. Theo , c 2 v tr
c th c xem xt cho cc kiu ti liu: Cc ti liu b qua s ph chun th ngi chu
trch nhim l tc gi, hoc ti liu thc thi quy trnh ph chun th m bo vic r sot
t m ti liu. Mt khc, gii php cho vic tn thnh khng xem xt k l chnh sa li
quy trnh ph chun hoc b i ton b quy trnh.
lu tr ti liu c kim sot
Cc yu cu lin quan n vic lu tr v ly ti liu c thit lp m bo
tnh bo mt v tnh s dng tip tc. Cc yu cu p dng ti liu giy t cng nh cc
ti liu in t v cc ti liu khc.
Chng lin quan ti:
& Lu tr ti liu
& Tnh lu thng v truy xut ca ti liu
& Bo mt ti liu bao gm s sp xp ti liu
Cc yu cu v lu tr ti liu p dng cho s lng cc bn copy c lu tr, n v
chu trch nhim lu tr mi bn copy, v phng tin lu tr. Lu trn media in t
thng hiu qu nhiu hn v kinh t hn lu tr trn giy. Tuy nhin ti liu giy ph
hp vi cc iu khon. Trong trng hp ny, mt bn copy c lu tr thm mt
nguyn bn giy.
Cc yu cu lu thng v ly ti liu lin quan ti hng dn thng hnh mt ti liu
mi, v thi gian, lin quan ti ngi nhn ti liu v lin quan ti vic ly chnh xc v
hiu qu bn coppy ph hp vi s bo mt. Th tc nn c p dng cho s lu thng
ti liu giy cng nh s dng e-mail, intranet, internet.
V bo mt ti liu, bao gm cc yu cu sp xp ti liu: cung cp gii hn truy cp gii
hn vo cc kiu ti liu, ngn chn s thay i ti liu tri php, cung cp vic phc hi
lu tr vo giy cng nh cc file, v xc nh cc giai on lu tr. Cui cng ca giai
on lu tr, cc ti liu c th b loi b hoc vt vo kho cha mc thp hn, mt s

161

IT

dch chuyn nh vy thng lm gim tnh kh dng ca ti liu. Trong khi cc file giy
c th b chy hoc b nc th nhng ti liu lu tr in t hin i phi chu c
nhng ri ro. Phng php c ln k hoch cho lu tr phn nh mc ri ro v mc
quan trng ca cc ti liu.

162

Chng 7.
mm

Cc thnh phn qun l cht lng phn

7.1. iu khin tin d n

7.1.1. Cc thnh phn iu khin tin d n

Qun l tin d n c mt mc tiu tc thi : sm pht hin ra s kin bt bnh
thng. Vic pht hin thc y thi gian bt u ca p ng gii quyt vn .
Thng tin chnh xc trong qun l tin cng nh nhng thnh cng v nhng tht bi
cng phc v cho nhng i tng lu di: Nhng hnh ng ng n u tin.
Thnh phn chnh ca qun l tin d n:

iu khin nhng hot ng qun l ri ro

Qun l lch trnh d n
Qun l ti nguyn d n
Qun l ngn sch d n

IT

7.1.2. iu khin tin ca cc d n ni b v cc thnh phn bn

ngoi

Qun l tin trnh c khi to cung cp cho ngi qun l ci nhn ton din v tt
c hot ng pht trin phn mm c thc hin trong t chc. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht
cc t chc, qun l d n quy nh, vi cc l do khc nhau, c s gii hn v tm nhn
ca pht trin phn mm bn trong v thm ch cn b gii hn nhiu hn ca tin trnh
c to bi nhng ngi tham gia bn ngoi.

7.1.3. Thc thi kim sot tin d n

iu khin tin d n thng da trn th tc c ch ra:
& S phn chia trch nhim cho s thc thi ca cc cng vic iu khin tin m
n thch hp vi thnh phn ca d n, bao gm cc chun mc(size):
& C nhn hoc n v qun l c trch nhim thc thi cng vic iu khin
tin .
& Tnh thng xuyn ca cc bn bo co yu cu t mi n v d n hoc
mc hnh chnh.
& Cc tnh hung yu cu nhng ngi ch o d n bo co trc tip n
ngi qun l.
& Cc tnh hung yu cu ngi qun l thp hn bo co trc tip cho
ngi qun l cao hn.
& Qun l kim tra ca tin d n, gii quyt nhng vn chnh: (1) Lm th
no c nhng bo co tin tt c a ra bi nhng ngi ch o d n v t
ngi qun l thp hn n ngi qun l cao hn, v (2) iu khin qun l chi
tit l tch cc bt u.
Trong nhng t chc pht trin phn mm ln, iu khin tin d n c th qun l
c nhng trnh ca nhng ngi qun l khc nhau, nh l qun l lnh vc phn
163

mm, qun l s phn chia phn mm v qun l cao nht (top management). Mc d
mi mc i hi nh ngha ch iu khin tin d n, ci m phn nh tham s
y c nh tin ca d n t v tr ring bit , phi hp gia cc mc
khc nhau l c tnh bt buc iu khin tin c hiu qu.
Ton b bn bo co s truyn thng tin c la chn t mc thuc ban qun l thp
nht - bo co tin nh k ca ngi ch d n - n tng kt li trng thi ca nhng
ri ro d n, lp lch d n v tnh hu ch ca cc ti nguyn, y cng l 3 thnh phn
u tin ca qu trnh iu khin tin , Ngi ch d n da trn bo co tin ca
mnh c tp hp t ngi ch ca cc nhm.

7.1.4. Cc cng c kim sot tin phn mm

IT

T chc cc cng c cho vic iu khin tin d n l mt nhu cu d hiu cho vic
kch thc ngy cng tng v phc tp ca d n .v li ch m chng mang li cho
h trn nhng mt khc. Nhng cng c qun l d n ton din c sn trn th trng
nhiu nm c th phc v hu ht cc thnh phn iu khin ca nhng d n phn mm
kh c hiu qu. Phn ln cc gi a dng p dng cho vic phn tch PERT/CPM v vy
m nhng bn ghi kt qu gi s tng tc gia cc hnh ng v vic ph bnh ca mi
hnh ng bn trong mt ti khon. y l nhng gi thng thng thch ng vi nhng
trng hp c bit v s a dang ln ca nhng ty chn m h a ra.
V d v nhng dch v m nhng cng c (c my tnh ha) c th cung cp:

iu khin nhng hot ng qun l ri ro:

& Danh sch ri ro phn mm theo tng loi v nhng k hn gii php c lp k
hoch ca chng.
& Danh sch ngoi l ca nhng ri ro phn mm vic vt qu k hn gii php
c th lm nh hng ti vic hon thnh d n ng k hn.
iu khin lch biu d n:
& Danh sch phn loi ca cc hnh ng tr hon
& Danh sch phn loi ca cc hnh ng ph bnh nhng tr hon c th, nu
khng phi sa cha, nh hng ti vic hon thnh d n ng k hn
& Cc hot ng cp nht lch biu sinh ra ty thuc vo cc bn ghi tin v sa
cha o ng dng cho cc nhm, cc n v pht trin, vv
& Danh sch phn loi cc ct mc tr hon
& Cc hot ng cp nht lch biu sinh ra ty thuc vo cc bn ghi tin v sa
cha o ng dng cho cc nhm, cc n v pht trin, vv
iu khin ti nguyn d n:
& K hoch cp pht ti nguyn d n cho cc hot ng v m un phn mm, cho
cc nhm, n v pht trin, ch nh nhng thi hn, vv
& S dng ti nguyn d n bi cc thi k hay c tch ly nh c ch r
trn
& Nhng ngoi l s dng ti nguyn d n bi cc thi k hoc c tch ly nh
ch r trn
164

& Vic cp nht nhng k hoch phn b li ngun ti nguyn d n pht sinh ty
thuc vo cc bn ghi tin v ng dng sa cha o.
iu khin ngn sch d n:
1. K hoch ngn sch d n bi cc hot ng v cc m un phn mm, cho cc
nhm, cc n v pht trin, ch nh nhng thi hn, vv
2. Nhng bo co s dng ngn sch d n bi cc thi k hoc c tch ly nh
ch r trn
3. S chnh lch trong vic s dng ngn sch d n bi cc thi k hoc c tch
ly nh ch r trn.
4. Vic cp nht k hoch ngn sch d n pht sinh ty thuc vo bo co tin
v sa cha o ng dng, vv...

7.2. o cht lng phn mm

Hai cch khc nhng c nh ngha b sung(IEEE, 1990) miu t o cht lng
phn mm nh mt phm tr ca cng c SQA.

IT

(1) Mt s o lng nh lng mc mt khon mc c mt thuc tnh cht lng

quy nh.
(2) u vo ca mt chc nng l d liu phn mm v u ra ca n l mt gi tr s
duy nht c th c gii thch nh mc cc phn mm c mt thuc tnh cht
lng quy nh.

Tc l, nh ngha th hai cp n qu trnh a ra cc o cht lng trong khi nh

ngha u tin cp n kt qu ca qu trnh ni trn.

Thng thng ngi ta tin rng o cht lng phn mm nn cha trong phn
mm, nh trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc, gia cc cng c c bn c dng gip
s qun l trong ba lnh vc c bn sau: iu khin pht trin v bo tr phn mm, h
tr a ra quyt nh, khi to cc hot ng hiu chnh. Phn tch thng k cc d liu
o c mong i xc nh (sinh ng v c ngha thng k) nhng thay i
c khi to nh mt kt qu ca ng dng ca cng c pht trin mi, th tc thay i
v nhng s can thip khc.
Phm v ca o cht lng phn mm c m rng ng k qua mt vi thp
nin trc y. Chng ta s xem xt li mt s vic bo tr v pht trin phn mm thch
hp nht a ra trng tm ca chng ny. o nh l mt cng c m bo cht
lng phn mm, khng may, khng c ng dng mc y trong cng nghip
phn mm, cng khng c cung cp li ch mc mong i. Ch mt phn nh ca
t chc pht trin phn mm p ng o cht lng phn mm mt cch c h thng.

165

7.2.1. Cc mc tiu o lng phn mm v phn loi cc o

a. Mc tiu o lng phn mm
Mc tiu chnh ca o lng cht lng phn mm
& thun tin cho vic iu khin qun l cng nh lp k hoch v thc thi ca
s can thip qun l thch hp. t c mc ch ny da trn s tnh ton ca
o i vi:
& chnh lch gia s thc thi chc nng (cht lng) thc t t s thc thi
lp k hoch.
& chnh lch ca thc hin ngn sch v thi gian biu thc t t s thc thi
lp k hoch.
& xc nh trng thi (situation) yu cu hoc cho php ci tin quy trnh pht
trin hay bo tr di dng cc hot ng ngn nga v sa i c a ra trong
sut t chc. t mc tiu ny da trn:
Tch ly thng tin v o i vi s thc hin ca c nhm, n v,..

IT

Vic so snh s cung cp thc t c bn cho ng dng qun l ca o v s tin b

ca SQA ni chung. o c s dng cho vic so snh d liu thc thi vi ch dn
(indicator), gi tr nh lng nh sau:
& Xc nh cc chun cht lng phn mm.

& Tp hp mc tiu cht lng cho t chc v c nhn.

& Thnh tu cht lng trong nm trc.

& Thnh tu cht lng ca d n trc.

& Mc cht lng trung bnh t c bi cc nhm khc p dng cng cng c
pht trin trong mi trng pht trin ging nhau.
& Thnh tu cht lng trung bnh ca t chc.
& Thc tin cng nghip cho s tha mn yu cu cht lng.
b. Phn loi o cht lng phn mm
o cht lng phn mm c th chia thnh mt s nhm. y chng ti s dng mt
h thng 2 mc :
Th nht, phn loi danh mc phn bit gia vng i v cc pha khc nhau ca h
thng phn mm:
o quy trnh, lin quan n qu trnh pht trin phn mm
o Sn phm, lin quan n bo tr phn mm.
Th hai, phn loi danh mc cp n cc ch v o lng:
Cht lng.
166

 Thi gian biu.

Hiu qu (ca li v xa b cc dch v bo tr).
Nng sut.
Cc mc ny c chia vi vi cc nhm ring bit.
Mt s lng ln o cht lng phn mm lin quan n mt trong hai cch o lng
cho kch thc h thng nh sau:
KLOC - thc o c in ny o kch c ca phn mm bi hng ngn dng lnh. V s
lng cc dng m cn thit cho lp trnh mt tc v quy nh v c bn l khc nhau
ng k vi mi cng c lp trnh, php o ny l c th cho ngn ng lp trnh v cng
c pht trin c s dng. Vic p dng o bao gm KLOC c gii hn trong
cc h thng phn mm pht trin bng cch s dng cng mt ngn ng lp trnh hay
cng c pht trin.

7.2.2. Cc o tin trnh

IT

im chc nng mt php o cc ti nguyn pht trin (ngun lc con ngi) c

yu cu pht trin mt chng trnh, da trn chc nng xc nh cho h thng
phn mm.
Cc o tha mn khch hng s khng c trnh by y, cc c gi c th tm
thy phm vi m rng ca ch ny trong bi ging marketing.

Cc o quy trnh bao gm:

- Cc o cht lng quy trnh phn mm
- Cc o thi gian biu ca quy trnh phn mm
- Cc o tnh hiu qu loi b li
- Cc o nng sut tin trnh phn mm
o cht lng quy trnh phn mm bao gm:
o mt li:
Code
CED

Tn
Mt li code

DED

Mt li pht trin

WCED

Mt li code nh
trng s
Mt li pht trin
nh trng s

WDED

Cng thc tnh

167

WCEF

Li code nh trng s
cho mi im chc nng
Li pht trin nh trng s
cho mi im chc nng

WDEF

T kha:
NCE= s li code c pht hin trong code phn mm bi qu trnh test v duyt. D
liu cho php o ny c chn lc t cc bo co test v duyt code.
KLOC= hng nghn dng code
NDE= tng s li pht trin (thit k v code) c pht hin trong quy trnh pht trin
phn mm. D liu cho php o ny c tm ra trong rt nhiu bo co test r sot code

Code
ASCE
ASDE

o tnh nghim trng ca li

Tn
Cng thc tnh
Trung bnh nghim trng
ca li code
Trung bnh nghim trng
ca li pht trin

IT

v thit k.
WCE= li code nh trng s c pht hin. Ngun d liu cho o ny l tng t
nh ngun ca NCE.
WDE= tng li pht trin (thit k vo code) nh trng s c pht hin trong pht
trin ca phn mm. Cc ngun d liu cho o ny ging vi NDE.
NFP: s im chc nng c yu cu cho pht trin phn mm. Ngun gc s im
chc nng l s kho st chuyn nghip ca phn mm lin quan.

o thi gian biu ca quy trnh phn mm.

Code
TTO

Tn
Tun theo thi gian biu

Cng thc tnh

ADMC

Trung bnh tr hon thnh

mc quan trng
Bng Cc o thi gian biu tin trnh phn mm
T kha:
MSOT= Nhng mc quan trng(milestones) hon thnh ng thi gian

168

MS= tng s mc quan trng

TCDAM= tng cc tr hon thnh (hng ngy, hng tun) cho tt c mc quan trng.
tnh ton php o ny, cc tr bo co cho tt c cc mc quan trng lin quan
c tng kt li. Cc mc quan trng hon thnh ng thi gian hoc trc lch biu
c xem l tr O. Mt s chuyn gia xem cc mc quan trng hon thnh trc lch
biu nh cc tr m. Chng c xt cn bng hiu qu (hiu lc) ca cc tr
dng. Trong trng hp ny, gi tr ca ADMC c th thp hn gi tr t c theo
o ngh ban u.
o hiu qu loi b li.
Code
Tn
Cng thc tnh
DERE
Hiu qu loi b li pht
trin
DWERE
Hiu qu loi b li pht
trin c nh trng s

IT

T kha:
NYF: s tht bi(failures) phn mm c pht hin trong sut 1 nm bo tr dch v.
WYF: s tht bi phn mm nh trng s trong sut 1 nm bo tr dch v.

o hiu sut quy trnh phn mm.

4 o nng sut tin trnh, trc tip v gin tip, c biu din trong bng 21.5.

Trong :
DevH= tng thi gian lm vic dnh cho pht trin ca h thng phn mm.
ReKLOC = s dng lnh s dng li trong hng nghn dng code

169

ReDoc = s trang s dng li ca ti liu

Ndoc= s trang ca ti liu

7.2.3. Cc o sn phm
o sn phm (product metrics) bao gm:
- o cht lng HD (Help Desk)
- o nng sut v hiu qu HD
- o cht lng bo tr sa cha
- o nng sut v hiu qu bo tr sa cha phn mm
o cht lng HD
Cc kiu ca o cht lng HD c tho lun y cp n:

IT

o o mt cuc gi HD- phm vi ca yu cu khch hng cho dch v

HD c o bi s cuc gi.
o o tnh nghim trng ca HD c tng ln.

o o thnh cng HD - Mc ca s thnh cng trong s phn ng li

ti nhng cuc gi ny. Thnh cng t c bng s hon thnh dch v
yu cu trong thi gian nht nh ca hp ng dch v.

o nng sut v hiu qu HD

o nng sut lin quan ti tng ti nguyn u t trong sut mt giai on c th,
trong khi o hiu qu lin quan ti ti nguyn u t trong p ng li ti 1 cuc gi
HD.
o nng sut HD
o nng sut HD lm cho vic s dng ca php o KLMC d dng p dng cho kch
thc h thng phn mm bo tr hoc theo c lng im chc nng ca h thng phn
mm. Hai o nng sut HD c miu t trong hnh sau:

170

Trong :
HDYH = Tng thi gian lm vic hng nm u t trong dch v HD ca h thng
phn mm.
KLMC v NMFP c ng ngha phn trc.
o hiu qu HD

IT

o trong nhm ny lin quan ti ti nguyn c u t trong p ng li cuc gi

HD ca khch hng. Mt o thng dng c miu t y, hiu qu HD (HDE):

o bo tr sa cha phn mm x l hng lot kha cnh cht lng ca dch v bo

tr. Mt s khc bit cn thit gia tht bi h thng phn mm c gii quyt bi nhm
bo tr v tht bi do dch v bo tr lin quan ti trng hp bo tr khng cung cp mt
s sa cha tha mn nhng tiu chun hoc yu cu hp ng. Do , o bo tr
phn mm c phn loi nh sau:
o o mt tht bi h thng phn mm: Gii quyt phm vi ca yu
cu ti bo tr sa cha, da trn bn ghi ca cc tht bi c xc nh
trong hot ng bnh thng ca h thng phn mm.
o o nghim trng tht bi h thng phn mm: Gii quyt s nghim
trng ca tht bi h thng phn mm quan tm bi nhm bo tr sa
cha.
o o tht bi ca dch v bo tr: Gii quyt trng hp m dch v
bo tr khng th hon thnh sa cha tht bi ng thi gian hoc vic
sa li tht bi.
o o s sn sng h thng phn mm: Gii quyt phm vi ca s xo
trn c gy ra ti khch hng nh thc hin bi mt giai on thi gian

171

ni dch v ca h thng phn mm khng sn sng hoc ch sn sng mt

phn.

7.2.4. Thc hin o cht lng phn mm

thc hin o cht lng phn mm cn:
- Xc nh cc o cht lng phn mm
- p dng thng thng bi n v
- Phn tch thng k d liu o thu thp c.
- Cc hnh ng tip theo bao gm:
+ Cc thay i trong t chc v cc phng php ca cc n v bo tr v pht
trin phn mm v/hoc bt k c nhn no thu thp d liu o.
+ Thay i v o v thu thp d liu o.

IT

+ p dng d liu v phn tch d liu nhm ln k hoch cho cc hot ng sa

li cho tt c cc n v lin quan.

172

IT
T
P

Qu trnh xc nh cc o cht lng phn mm

7.2.5. Nhng gii hn ca cc o phn mm

ng dng ca o cht lng c nhiu cn tr. Nhng cn tr ny c th nhm
theo sau:
o Ngn sch rng bc trong ch nh ti nguyn cn thit (nhn s,
ti chnh, vv..) cho pht trin ca h thng o cht lng v ng
dng bnh thng ca n.
o Yu t con ngi, c bit l s chng li ca ngi lao ng
c lng nhng hot ng ny.
o Khng chc chn v gi tr ca d liu, n su vo cc bn ghi
thin v v thnh kin.

173

7.3. Gi thnh ca cht lng phn mm

7.3.1. Cc mc tiu tnh gi thnh cc o cht lng phn mm

Mc tiu ca cc php o chi ph ca cht lng phn mm
Vic p dng cc php o chi ph cho m bo cht lng phn mm cho php c c
s qun l ti chnh i vi cc hot ng SQA v cc kt qu. Cc mc tiu c th l:
Qun l t chc xy dng chi ph ngn nga v d tm li phn mm
c tnh thit hi kinh t ca tht bi phn mm lm c s xt duyt ngn sch cho
SQA
c lng cc k hoch tng hoc gim cc hot ng SQA hoc u t mi
hoc cp nhp c s h tng SQA da trn c s hiu nng kinh t trong qu kh

7.3.2. M hnh truyn thng tnh gi cht lng phn mm

IT

M hnh chi ph cht lng phn mm c pht trin vo u nhng nm 1950 bi

Feigenbaum v mt s ngi khc (Xem trong Feigenbaum, 1991 ), cung cp mt
phng php lun cho vic phn loi chi ph kt hp vi m bo cht lng sn phm t
quan im v kinh t. c pht trin ph hp hon cnh cht lng da trn cc t
chc sn xut, m hnh c thc hin mt cch rng ri.
M hnh phn loi chi ph lin quan n cht lng sn phm vo hai lp chung:

o Chi ph qun l: bao gm chi ph phi tr cho ngn nga v d tm li phn mm

gim thiu chng n mt mc c chp nhn.
o Chi ph tht bi ca qun l: bao gm chi ph ca nhng tht bi xy ra bi v tht bi
trong vic ngn nga v d tm li phn mm.
M hnh chia nh hn na thnh nhng lp con. Chi ph qun l c chia cho lp con
ngn nga hoc lp con chi ph nh gi:
o Chi ph ngn nga bao gm cc khon u t vo c s h tng cht lng v hot
ng cht lng khng c nhm vo mt d n hoc h thng ring bit, l chung
cho c t chc.
o Chi ph nh gi bao gm chi ph cc hot ng c thc hin cho nhng d n c
th hoc h thng phn mm cho mc ch d tm li phn mm.
Chi ph tht bi ca qun l c chia nh hn thnh chi ph tht bi bn trong v chi ph
tht bi bn ngai:

174

o Chi ph tht bi bn trong bao gm chi ph sa cha nhng li c tm thy khi xem
xt li thit k, kim tra phn mm v kim tra chp nhn (c thc hin bi khch
hng) v c han thnh trc khi phn mm c ci t pha khch hng.
o Chi ph tht bi bn ngoi bao gm tt c cc chi ph sa cha nhng li c tm
thy bi khch hng hoc i bo tr sau khi phn mm c ci t.

IT

M hnh c in ca chi ph cht lng phn mm c biu din hnh 22.1. Mc d s

c gng p dng m hnh c in vo vic pht trin v bo tr phn mm c ghi
nhn l thnh cng nhng vn khng han chnh. Nguyn nhn cho nhng kh khn phi
i mt s c tho lun phn sau ca chng ny. Nhng trc khi tip tc, ta xem li
m hnh.

M hnh tnh chi ph truyn thng

7.3.3. M hnh m rng tnh gi cht lng phn mm

Cc phn tch chi ph cho m bo cht lng phn mm theo m hnh c in cho thy
rng c mt s chi ph rt ln b b qua. Nhng chi ph ny hoc l ch c trong cng
nghip phn mm, hoc khng ng k trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Ta xt v d
v hai chi ph tiu biu phi mt do cc li trong m bo cht lng phn mm nh sau:
o Chi ph n b do hon thnh d n mun, nguyn nhn xut pht t vic lp lch
biu mt cch khng thc t.
o Chi ph n b v hon thnh d n mun do tht bi trong vic tuyn nhn vin mi
c kh nng.
Hai tht bi trn y u khng phi do bt c mt hot ng c th no ca nhm pht
trin hay do thiu chuyn mn nghip v, m l do vic qun l gy ra. Do , nhng
175

ngi qun l d n c th thc hin mt vi hot ng ngn nga hoc ch t l gim

thiu chi ph m cc loi tht bi trn gy ra:
o Xem xt li hp ng (xem xt li cc xut s b v hp ng s b). Chi ph ca
cc hot ng ny thng khng ng k i vi cc hp ng trong cng nghip sn
xut. Tuy nhin trong cng nghip phn mm, ngi ta cn mt lng cng vic
chuyn mn ng k m bo rng cc xut ca d n c da trn cc nh
gi cn thn v cc c lng d hiu (r rng). S khc bit v yu cu ti nguyn
cho cng cng vic xem xt li hp ng gia cng nghip phn mm v cng nghip
sn xut xut pht t bn cht ca sn phm v tin trnh sn xut c cp n
trong hp ng. Trong khi hp ng trong cng nghip sn xut x l vic to ra
nhiu ln cc sn phm trong danh sch c nh, th hp ng trong cng nghip
thng ch x l vic pht trin mt h thng phn mm mi, duy nht.

IT

o iu khin tin d n phn mm mt cch k lng v thch hp. Trong khi vic
iu khin qu trnh sn xut trong cng nghip sn xut l mt cng vic lp i lp
li v thng c thc hin t ng bng my mc, th vic iu khin tin pht
trin phn mm qun l thit k tc v v cc hot ng coding c thc hin bi
nhm pht trin d n.

M hnh tnh chi ph m rng

176

7.3.4. Cc vn trong p dng tnh gi cc o cht lng phn mm

ng dng ca m hnh chi ph cht lng phn mm thng i cng vi cc vn cn
phi gii quyt bt c ngnh cng nghip no. Nhng vn ny tc ng ln chnh
xc v y ca d liu chi ph cht lng do:
o S thiu chnh xc v thiu y ca vic xc nh v phn loi cc chi ph cht
lng.
o Cc bo co cu th ca cc thnh vin nhm v ngi ngoi nhm.
o Vic bo co lch lc cc chi ph phn mm.
o Cc bn ghi lch lc v cc chi ph do tht bi bn ngoi, xut pht gin tip t cc
khon n b c ngy trang cho khch hng (v d: h gi cc dch v tng li,
cung cp cc dch v min ph). Chi ph cho cc tht bi cn n b khng c
ghi nhn nh l chi ph do tht bi bn ngoi.

IT

Nhng vn trn y ny sinh trong ng cnh cng nghip phn mm nhng cng c
nhng vn khc na. Mt s trong chng ch c trong sn xut phn mm m thi.
Chng ta s tp trung vo cc vn gp phi khi ghi nhn cc chi ph chun b v iu
khin cng vic qun l cng cc chi ph do tht bi trong qun l bi v nhng khon mc
ny nh hng ti chi ph v tnh d hiu ca tng chi ph cho m bo cht lng phn
mm, c bit l khi p dng m hnh chi ph m rng.

Cc vn ny sinh khi thu thp d liu trong chun b v iu khin vic qun l chi
ph bao gm:
Xc nh trch nhim khi c tht bi trong thc hin lch biu. Nhng chi ph ny c th
gn cho khch hng (trong trng hp khc hng c yu cu bi thng cho nh thu),
nhm pht trin (c xem nh chi ph do tht bi bn ngoi) hay ban qun l (c xem
nh chi ph cho tht bi trong qun l). Chi ph cho tht bi lch biu thng c cn
nhc cho mt giai on di v cc nguyn nhn trc tip hay cc ng gp ca tng
thnh phn trong d n dn ti tht bi kh c xc nh.

177

Chng 8.
gi

Cc chun, chng ch v hot ng nh

8.1. Cc chun qun l cht lng

8.1.1. Phm vi ca cc chun qun l cht lng

IT

Cc tiu chun chng ch phn ln da trn s nh gi ni dung hay mc quan

trng. Phm vi ca cc tiu chun chng ch da trn mc ch ca cc chng ch . l:
- Cho php t chc pht trin phn mm chng minh nng lc ph hp m bo
sn phm phn mm ca mnh hay cc dch v bo tr tun theo ng yu cu cht lng.
- Ging nh s giao c c bn ca khch hng v nh cung cp nhm nh gi h
thng qun l cht lng ca nh cung cp , iu ny c th c hon thnh bi vic
kim ton cht lng ca khch hng .Vic kim ton ny da trn cc yu cu chng ch
tiu chun .
- H tr t chc pht trin phn mm ci thin hiu nng ca h thng qun l
cht lng v nng cao s hi lng ca khch hng thng qua vic tun theo cc tiu
chun yu cu

Phm vi ca cc tiu chun nh gi cng xc nh trn mc ch ca vic nh gi, l

:
- Cc t chc pht trin v duy tr phn mm s s dng nh 1 cng c cho vic
nh gi bn thn v k nng ca h trong m nhn cc d n pht trin phn mm
- Nh 1 cng c ci thin qu trnh pht trin v duy tr , cc tiu chun c th
a ra cc ch dn cho vic ci thin tin trnh .
- Gip cc t chc chi tr hay u t xc nh c tim nng ca nh cung cp
- Hng dn tp luyn nh gi bng cch m t cht lng v cc kha hc lp
trnh.

8.1.2. ISO 9001 v ISO 9000-3

ISO 9000-3, c a ra bi t chc ISO, trnh by cch ci t thc hin phng
php lun chung ca tiu chun qun l cht lng ISO 9000 trong cc trng hp c
bit ca pht trin v duy tr phn mm . C ISO 9001 v ISO 9000-3 c xem xt li v
cp nht lin tc khong 5 8 nm 1 ln , vi nhng cc cuc tho lun ring r.
Ging nh ISO 9000-3 da trn c s nhng g m tiu chun ISO 9001 a ra , vic
cng b cc sa cha trong cc nguyn tc cng da trn s cng b cc tiu chun
c xem xt li sau khong 1 vi nm . Chng hn nh , phin bn 1997 ca ISO 90003 da trn phin bn 1994 ca ISO 1994 . Phin bn 1997 ca ISO 9000-3 kt hp ISO
9001 cng cc c trng ca ISO 9000-3 thnh tiu chun tt c trong mt cho ngnh
cng nghip phn mm.

178

IT

8 nguyn l hng dn tiu chun ISO 9000 3 mi, c ngun gc t tiu chun
ISO9000:2000 nh sau :
Tp trung khch hng : T chc da trn khch hng ca h v t nn
hiu c cc yu cu hin ti v trong tng lai ca khch hng
Lnh o : Nhng ngi lnh o thit lp tm nhn ca t chc . H nn
to ra v duy tr mi trng bn trong m mi ngi c th pht trin nhm t
c mc tiu ca t chc qua cc l trnh nh sn
S pht trin ca con ngi : Con ngi l ct li ca t chc . Ti mi
mc ca t chc , s pht trin ca nhn lc cho php k nng ca h gp
phn lm tng li nhun ca t chc
Tip cn tin trnh : Kt qu mong mun ginh c 1 cch hiu qu hn
khi cc hot ng v ti nguyn c qun l nh 1 tin trnh
Tip cn h thng qun l : Xc nh, hiu c v qun l tin trnh ,
nu nhn nh 1 h thng s gp phn nng cao hiu nng t chc .
Tip tc ci thin : Lin tc ci thin tt c cc hiu sut nn c cao
trong cc cuc hp ca t chc
Tip cn s thc ra quyt nh : Cc quyt nh hiu qu da trn vic
phn tch cc thng tin
Mi quan h h tr ln nhau gia nhng nh cung cp : 1 t chc v nh
cung cp ca n l c lp vi nhau .Tuy nhin mi quan h h tr ln nhau c
th nng cao k nng ca c 2 to thm ra gi tr gia tng
Tiu chun ISO 9000-3 ( ISO 1997 ) gm 20 yu cu lin quan n rt nhiu
kha cnh ca h thng qun l cht lng phn mm. Phin bn mi hn ISO
2001 ngh 1 cu trc mi vi 22 yu cu c phn thnh 5 nhm c bn :
H thng qun l cht lng :
o Nhng yu cu chung
o Cc ti liu yu cu
Trch nhim qun l :
o S tn tm trong qun l
o i tng khch hng cn tp trung
o iu khon v cht lng
o Lp k hoch
o Trch nhim , thm quyn v cch truyn t
o Xem xt li v qun l
Qun l ti nguyn :
o Ti nguyn cung cp
o Nhn lc
o Cc thit b c bn
o Mi trng lm vic
Hiu r sn phm :

179

Hiu r k hoch ca sn phm

Qu trnh quan h vi khch hng c lin quan
Thit k v pht trin
Kh nng chi tr
D liu v sn phm v cc dch v
iu khin thit b o lng v kim tra
Qun l , phn tch v ci thin :
o Kim tra v o lng
o iu khin cc sn phm khng ph hp
o Phn tch d liu
o Ci thin cht lng
ISO 9001 t ng dng n phn mm : Sng kin TickIT
c bt u vo cui thp k 1980 , ngnh cng nghip phn mm Vng quc Anh
cng tc vi B cng thng UK nng phng php lun pht trin cho ISO 9001
thnh cc c im ring cho cng nghip phn mm c bit n nh sng kin
TickIT. Ti thi im n bt u, ISO 9001 c p dng thnh cng vo cng nghip
ch to tuy nhin khng c phng php lun no c ngha cho cc c im ring bit
ca cng nghip phn mm. Vi nm sau , TickIT cng vi s n lc nghin cu trong
pht trin ISO 9000-3 t c thnh qu ny .

IT

o
o
o
o
o
o

8.1.3. Cc m hnh tng trng kh nng phng php nh gi CMM

v CMMI

nh gi CMM da trn cc khi nim v nguyn l sau:

o ng dng ca nhiu phng thc qun l phc tp da trn cch tip cn
nh lng nhm tng kh nng ca t chc iu khin cht lng v
ci thin hiu qu ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm.
o Phng tin nh gi vic pht trin phn mm bao gm 5 mc cu m
hnh nh gi kh nng hon thnh cng vic ng thi hn.M hnh cho
php mt t chc nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca n v xc nh cc yu
cu cn thit c th t ti mc tip theo bng cch xc nh cc vng
x l c yu cu cho vic ci thin.
o Vng x l c dng chung, chng nh ngha ci gch khng phi
bng cch no. y l cch tip cn cho php m hnh c th c p
dng cho mt cho mt min rng ln ca vic thc thi t chc,bi v:

N cho php s dng mt s m hnh vng i.

N cho php s dng mt s phng php lun,cng c pht trin phn

mm v ngn ng lp trnh.

N khng ch r mt ti liu chun c th no.

M hnh CMMI cng ging nh m hnh gc CMM bao gm 5 mc.Cc mc ca
CMMI cng ging nh cc mc trong bn gc ca n ,ch c mt s thay i nh
mc 4,c t tn nh sau:
Capability maturity level 1: khi to
Capability maturity level 2: Lp li
180

Capability maturity level 3: Xc nh

Capability maturity level 4: Qun l
Capability maturity level 5: Ti u ha

IT

Cc mc ca m hnh CMM v cc min tin trnh then cht

8.2. Cc chun tin trnh d n SQA

Cc chun tin trnh d n SQA tp trung vo phng php lun thc

hin vic pht trin phn mm v bo tr phn mm trong :

o M t mi bc ca mt qu trnh
o Yu cu km theo: ti liu thit k, cc ni dung thit k, xem xt li thit
k v cc vn xem xt li, kim tra phn mm v cc mc tiu ca n
-

Cc t chc pht trin chun: IEEE, EIA, ISO.

Cc chun IEEE c th c chia thnh 3 lp chnh

o Cc chun khi nim (conceptual standards)

"

IEEE 610.12, IEEE 1061, IEEE 1320.2, IEEE 1420.1a, IEEE/EIA

12207.0

o Cc chun yu cu cho s tng thch (Prescriptive standards of

conformance)
181

"

IEEE 828, IEEE 829, IEEE 1012, IEEE 1028, IEEE 1042.1

o Cc chun hng dn (Guidance standards):

"

IEEE 1233, IEEE/EIA 12207.1, IEEE/EIA 12207.2

8.2.1. IEEE/EIA Std 12207- cc tin trnh vng i phn mm

Chun IEEE/EIA Std 12207 cung cp framework chung cho pht trin v qun l phn
mm

T chc pht trin chun:

o US Department of Defense (MIL-STD-498:1994)
o ANSI, IEEE v EIA (Joint Standard 016 (J-Std-016-1995))
o T chc tiu chun quc t (ISO) v IEC ISO/IEC 12207 Standard

Chun gm 3 phn three-part standard

IT

o IEEE/EIA Std 12207.0-1996 (IEEE/EIA, 1996): bao gm ISO/IEC

12207 gc v cc phn thm vo

o IEEE/EIA Std 12207.1-1997 (IEEE/EIA, 1997a): Hng dn d liu

vng i
o IEEE/EIA Std 12207.2-1997 (IEEE/EIA, 1997b): Hng dn Xem
xt ci t

Mc tiu ca IEEE/EIA Std 12207 l:

Thit lp m hnh cc qu trnh vng i phn mm chung c chp

nhn trn ton cu

y mnh s am hiu gia cc nhm nghip v bng vic p dng cc qu

trnh, cc hot ng v cc nhim v c chp nhn chung

- Kin trc vng i phn mm IEEE/EIA 12207 bao gm:

4 mc
o Process classes: Cc lp quy trnh
o Processes: Cc tin trnh
o Activities: Cc hot ng
o Tasks: Cc cng vic

3 quy trnh
182

o Primary life cycle processes

o Supporting life cycle processes

IT

o Organizational life cycle processes

Biu xng c- Nhng tin trnh vng i phn mm theo chun IEEE/EIA 12207
Cc khi nim chung general concepts
o Kh nng p dng chun ni chung v s thch ng ca n bng vic iu
chnh cho mt nhu cu c th
o Kh nng p dng cho tt c cc bn tham gia trong vng i phn mm
o Tnh mm do v tnh p ng vi thay i cng ngh
o Phn mm lin kt vi h thng
o Tnh nht qun ca qun l cht lng ton phn mm
o Khng c cc yu cu xc minh
o Baselining

Cc khi nim lin quan ti cng vic task-related concepts

o Gn trch nhim cho mi hot ng v mi cng vic

183

o Modun ca cc thnh phn trong vng i phn mm

o Cc mc ph hp c yu cu
o Bn cht ca cng vic c lng

8.2.2. IEEE Std 1012 xc minh v thm nh

Mc tiu ca chun IEEE Std 1012 l:

Thit lp framework chung cho cc hot ng xc minh v thm nh(V & V)

Xc nh u vo u ra ca vic V & V

Xc nh cc mc ton vn phn mm, cng vic V & V cho mi mc

Xc nh ni dung ca ti liu lp k hoch V&V

Cc khi nim c bn ca IEEE 1012

nh ngha rng v cc hot ng V&V

IT

o Cho php chun bao qut tt c cc hot ng V&V thc hin xuyn
sut vng i phn mm
Tun th v tng thch vi cc chun quc t

Cc mc ton vn ca phn mm v cc yu cu V&V cho tng mc

c lp ca cc hot ng V&V

Tnh c lp v qun l: nhm V&V t quyt nh phng thc V&V no

c p dng.

Tnh c lp v cng ngh: cc thnh vin trong nhm V&V khng lin quan
n vic pht trin phn mm

Tnh c lp v ti chnh: quyn iu hnh v ngn sch ca V&V khng

c trao cho nhm pht trin

184

Quy trnh xc minh v thm nh bao gm:

Quy trnh qun l

Quy trnh thu thp

Quy trnh cung cp

Quy trnh pht trin

Quy trnh vn hnh

Quy trnh bo tr

8.2.3. IEEE Std 1028 r sot

IT

- Mc tiu ca IEEE Std 1028 l

nh ngha cc th tc ca r sot mt cch h thng :
Thch hp cho vic xem xt li c thc hin trong sut vng i phn
mm
Ph hp vi nhng yu cu vic xem xt li c nh ngha bi nhng
tiu chun khc
C 5 kiu r sot trong IEEE Std 1028:
" Xem xt li qun l.
" Xem xt li k thut
" Kim tra.
" Walkthroughs
" Kim ton
Ba khi nim c bn c c trng
Hnh thc cao - High formality
Follow-up
S tun theo tiu chun quc t v IEEE IEEE Std 1028-. 1997
Phn chnh ca IEEE Std 1028-1997 i hi:
Trnh by nh ngha chi tit ca nhng yu cu ca vic xem xt li
Ph lc trnh by nhng mi quan h ca tiu chun vi nhng qu trnh vng i
Thnh phn ca yu cu r sot:
Gii thiu:
Nhng mc ch ca mi kiu xem xt li.
Nhng v d tiu biu ca mi kiu sn phm phn mm
Cc trch nhim: Chun cung cp mt danh sch nhng ngi tham gia, c th l:
ngi tham gia y quyn (v d: lnh o, nhn vin k thut)
hoc nhng ngi tham gia ty chn khc (v d: nh qun l, khch
hng)
u vo d liu c chia thnh
nhng mc bt buc: tp trung vo mc ch ca vic xem xt li (vd:
pht biu mc tiu, cc tiu chun)
ty chn (vd: nhng iu chnh, nhng bt thng)

185

Tiu chun: L nhng iu kin ban u cho php v thc hin vic xem xt
li, bao gm:
o Pht biu tt c cc mc tiu ca vic xem xt li
o Tnh sn sng ca d liu u vo c yu cu
Th tc gao gm:
o Chun b qun l
o Lp k hoch xem xt li
o Sp xp thnh vin trong nhm
o Kim tra sn phm phn mm
o Theo di cc hot ng chnh sa
Cc tiu chun tn ti xc nh nhng vic phi c thc hin trc khi vic
xem xt li kt thc hon ton, bao gm:
o Hon thnh cc hot ng theo th tc
o Theo di v ph chun ca cc mc hnh ng c hon thnh hoc cc
hot ng sa cha v ngn chn
o Hon thnh ti liu ca vic xem xt li.
u ra: gm:
o Cc tiu chun xc nh cc u ra cho mi loi xem xt li
o Cc mc b sung c th c yu cu bi t chc, bi cc th tc b phn
khc, hoc trong cc trng hp c th.
Cc khuyn ngh thu thp d liu:
nhm kim tra v walkthrough thu thp d liu lin quan ti nhng bt thng gp
mi trng hp c phn loi v xp hng theo mc nghim trng.
d liu ny c s dng
nghin cu tnh hiu qu ca qu trnh thc hin hin ti
chng cng c s dng khuyn khch ci tin cc phng php v th tc.
Ci tin: d liu kim tra v walkthrough s c phn tch theo:
Hon thin cc th tc
Cp nht danh sch kim tra (checklists) c s dng bi nhng ngi
tham gia
Ci thin cc quy trnh pht trin phn mm

IT

186

Chng 9.

T chc m bo cht lng

9.1. Gii thiu

9.1.1. C cu t chc pht trin phn mm

IT

Bt c t chc pht trin phn mm no cng c th c to ra bi 3 mc cu

trc qun l: ngi qun l cp cao(top management),ngi qun l mc trung bnh
(middle management) v ngi qun l d n (project management).
Ngi qun l cp cao l nhng ngi qun l chung trong t chc.Ngi qun l mc
trung bnh c th c nhiu loi,ty thuc vo quy m ca tng t chc,bao gm mt s
trch nhim v mt s mc nh : cc gim c b phn v cc trng phngNgi
qun l d n cng c nhiu loi,ph thuc vo d n v quy m ca d n,bao gm cc
gim c d n,trng nhm
Vi mc ch tho lun,chng ta ch xem xt 3 mc c bn trong t chc pht trin
phn mm :
Ngi qun l cp cao (top management):qun l v thc thi chung,v d
nh cc CEO.
Gim c b phn (department management): nhng ngi qun l vic
pht trin,bo tr v kim th phn mm
Ngi qun l d n v trng nhm pht trin d n v cc dch v bo
tr

9.1.2. Khung t chc pht trin phn mm

h thng qun l cht lng phn mm thc thi thnh cng,th rt nhiu,thm
ch ton b cc nhn vin ca t chc phi c trch nhim vi sn phm v dch v phn
mm ca t chc.Kt qu ny c hon thnh nh s tun th theo cc th tc v ch th
cng vic SQA ( c cp trong chng 14),v nh thc hin mt cch chuyn
nghip cc tc v(task).
Khung t chc bo m cht lng thuc c cu t chc phn mm,bao gm cc
thnh vin (cc tc nhn) c chia ra thnh cc nhm nhng ngi qun l,tester,v cc
chuyn gia SQA:

g ngi qun l:

Ngi qun l cp cao qun l v thc thi chung,c bit l vic thc thi c lien
quan n m bo cht lng phn mm mt cch chnh xc
& Gim c b phn pht trin phn mm v bo tr
& Gim c b phn kim th phn mm
& Ngi qun l d n v trng nhm pht trin v bo tr phn mm
& Trng i kim th d n
r: nhng thnh vin trong i kim th d n
huyn gia SQA
hng y vin qun tr SQA. (SQA trustees)
hng thnh vin ca y ban SQA.(SQA committee members)
hng thnh vin ca din n SQA.(SQA forum members)
hng thnh vin ca n v SQA.(SQA unit team members)
&

187

9.2. Qun l v vai tr ca qun l trong m bo cht lng phn mm

9.2.1. Cc hot ng m bo cht lng ca qun l mc cao nht

IT

Bn cnh cc trch nhim khc,ban qun l cp cao cng c trch nhim v

cht lng phn mm.Ton b nhng trch nhim ny c tm tt nh sau:
m bo cht lng sn phm phn mm ca cng ty v cc dch vu bo
tr phn mm
Truyn t s quan trng v cht lng ca sn phm v dch v cng vi
s hi long ca khch hang ti cc nhn vin mi mc (truyn t ti
ton b nhn vin)
m bo s hi long v chc nng v ton b s bng long vi yu cu
ca khch hang
m bo nhng mc tiu v cht lng c thit lp cho h thng SQA
ca t chc v nhng mc tiu ny c thc hin
Bt u ln k hoch v quan st vic thc thi cc thay i cn thit
tch hp vo h thng SQA cc thnh phn chnh bn trong cng nh cc
thay i bn ngoi c lien quan n khch hang,s cnh tranh v k thut
ca t chc.
Can thip 1 cch chnh xc gii quyt nhng lc gp khng hong v
gim thiu thit hi.
m bo tnh sn sang ca cc ti nguyn c yu cu bi h thng
SQA.

3 cng c chnh sn c ngi qun l cp cao hon thnh trch nhim:

(1) Thit lp v cp nht cc chnh sch m bo cht lng ca t chc
(2) Ch nh cng vic thc thi cc vn v cht lng phn mm cho 1 ngi (
v d Ph gim c chuyn v SQA)
(3) iu khin vic r sot qun l v hiu sut lin quan n cc vn cht
lng phn mm
Chng ta s xem xt ln lt tng cng c ny.
a. Cc chnh sch cht lng phn mm
Chnh sch cht lng ch ra mc ch v mc tiu ca mt t chc v vn
cht lng c quy nh bi ngi qun l.(Pressman 2004)
Theo chun ISO-9003,chnh sch cht lng xc nh chnh sch m t quan
im ca t chc v vn cht lng.
Chnh sch v cht lng phn mm ca t chc,thng qua ni dung chung v cc
pht biu ca h,phi truyn t y cc yu cu sau:
(1) Ph hp vi mc ch v mc tiu ca t chc
(2) Cam kt cc khi nim khung v m bo cht lng phn mm
(3) Cam kt cc chun cht lng thng qua bi t chc
b. Vic thc thi m bo cht lng phn mm
Trch nhim thc hin cc vn v cht lng phn mm c th c phn chia
nh sau:
(5) Trch nhim chun b chng trnh hot ng v ngn sch cho SQA hang nm
(6) Trch nhim chun b k hoch pht trin h thng SQA

188

IT

(7) Kim sot ton b vic ci t chng trnh hot ng SQA v ln k hoch cho
d n pht trin SQA
(8) a ra v ng h cc vn SQA qun l vic thc thi
Chi tit tng trch nhim:
(1) Trch nhim chun b cc chng trnh hot ng v ngn sch cho SQA hng
nm
Yu cu thc hin:
(5)
a ra mc tiu SQA ca h thng trong nm ti
(6)
Xem xt li nhng xut c chun b bi cc n v SQA cho cc hot
ng hng nm v xc minh nhng xut c kh nng hon thnh cc
mc tiu cho h thng SQA
(7)
Xc nh chng trnh hot ng thch hp vi nhng c im v phm vi
ca cc dch v ca nh thu ph v ln k hoch mua sm trong nm ti
(8)
Xc nh ngun lc v nhng ti nguyn khc ln k hoch ci t cc
chng trnh SQA
(9)
Ph chun phin bn cui cng ca chng trnh hot ng v ngn sch
cho SQA
(2) Trch nhim chun b cc k hoch pht trin h thng SQA
(1) Xem xt li nhng xu hng c mong i ci thin cht lng phn mm ca
t chc trong tng lai gn
(2) Xem xt li nhng xut v tch hp SQA.V d,vic c gng th nhng mua
sm mi dn n nhng cng c pht trin phn mm mi v cn tun theo cc
chun cht lng phn mm m khng bao gi c cng ty chp nhn trc
.Vic tch hp vo h thng SQA bao gm:
1. Chun b nhng th tc mi thch hp vi cc cng c mi v cc chun SQA
2. Chun b nhng chng trnh tp hun cho cc nhm pht trin phn mm k
cu (veteran )v cc thnh vin mi
3. Pht trin vic o lng cht lng phn mm thch hp vi s pht trin cc
cng c mi v cc chun cng nh s thnh cng ca cc chng trnh tp
hun
1. Ph chun cc phin bn cui cng ca cc d n pht trin SQA c ln k
hoch,bao gm c lch biu v ngn sch.
(3) Kim sot ton b vic ci t chng trnh v cc d n c ln k hoch
hang nm
2. Gim st chung chng trnh hot ng hang nm
3. Xem xt li tin trnh tch hp d n SQA
4. Gim st chung cc hot ng c tin tng s hon thnh cc mc tiu ca
nhm (da trn c s nhng bo co nh k)
5. Tip tc tun theo lch biu v ngn sch pht trin d n phn mm
6. Tip tc tun theo nhng iu khon v bo tr cht lng dch v cho khch hng
(4) a ra v ng h cc vn SQA
y mnh cht lng v gii quyt nhng kh khn trong h thng SQA th yu cu:
& a ra ph chun cui cng ca chng trnh hot ng v ngn sch hng nm

189

a ra s ph chun cui cng v nhng d n tch hp SQA c ln k

hoch cng vi ngn sch.
& To ra v ch o nhng cuc hp r sot qun l nh k v cc chnh sch
cht lng phn mm ca t chc v cc vn ca h thng SQA,tm tt li
thnh bo co.
& To ra nhng cuc tho lun cc cp qun l v nhng vn cht lng phn
mm c bit,v d nh cc li v cc cnh bo v cht lng nh hng ti s
thnh cng ca d n cng nh vic thiu cc chuyn gia,thiu nhng nh qun l
trong cc n v SQA
c. R sot qun l
R sot qun l l cch gi cuc nhm hp nh k cho php ngi iu hnh c
c mt ci nhn khi qut v s qun l cht lng phn mm ca t chc ca h. R
sot qun l c thc hin 1 hoc 2 ln trong nm.
Mt bo co r sot qun l, c chun b bi n v qun l cht lng phn
mm, quyt nh giai on tho lun bng cch cung cp cc iu khon , n c th
hin trn ti tho lun ca cuc hp.
Nhng mc ch chnh ca vic r sot qun l nh gi s chp nhn ca h
thng SQA vi chnh sch cht lng ca t chc, l :
o nh gi thnh tu ca nhng mc ch cht lng xy dng cho h thng qun
l cht lng phn mm ca t chc.
o Khi u nhng sa i v ci tin ca h thng qun l cht lng phn mm v
nhng mc tiu ca n.
o Phc tho nhng s hng dn b p nhng thiu ht SQA chnh v nhng
vn qun l cht lng phn mm.
o Phn b nhng ngun b sung cho h thng qun l cht lng phn mm.
Nhng s gii quyt lm cho vic r sot qun l hin thi t c nhng kinh
nghim ch dn v iu khin hot ng ca h thng qun l cht lng phn mm
cho giai on tip theo, kt thc vic r sot k tip.

IT

&

9.2.2. Nhng trch nhim qun l phng ban

Nhng trch nhim m bo cht lng ca gim c qun l b phn bao gm:
qun l h thng SQA(cc cng vic lin quan n h thng cht lng) v nhng cng
vic lin quan n d n v cc dch v c thc hin bi cc n v hay cc i di
quyn hn xc nh ca nh qun l (cc cng vic lin quan n d n)
Nhng trch nhim lin quan n h thng cht lng:
Bao gm nhng hot ng m bo cht lng:
& Chun b chng trnh cc hot ng SQA v ngn sch hng nm da trn
chng trnh c c a ra v c chun b bi b phn SQA.
& Chun b cc k hoch pht trin h thng SQA da vo k hoch c c a
ra v c chun b bi b phn SQA.
& iu khin hiu nng ca chng trnh hot ng SQA hng nm v cc d n
pht trin.
& Trnh by nhng vn SQA cho ngi qun l cp cao-ngi chu trch nhim
thc thi i vi cht lng phn mm.
Nhng trch nhim lin quan n d n
Nhng trch nhim ny thay i theo cc th tc ca t chc v s phn quyn, gm:

190

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

iu khin cng vic tha mn nhng th tc m bo cht lng trong

cc n v ca b phn ny, bao gm CAB, SCM v SCCA.
Chi tit nhng kt qu r sot hp ng v tn thnh xut.
R sot hiu nng ca cc hot ng r sot c ln k hoch, tn thnh
nhng ti liu ca d n v hon thnh pha d n.
Xc nh vic kim tra phn mm v kt qu kim tra; chp nhn sn phm
phm mm.
Xc nh s tin trin ca cc k hoch ln lch biu ca d n pht trin
phn mm v nhng chnh lch v ngn sch.
kin ng gp v h tr nhng ngi qun l d n trong vic quyt nh
ln lch biu, ngn sch v nhng kh khn c lin quan n khch hng.
Xc nh cht lng ca cc dch v bo tr.
Chi tit cc ri ro ca d n v cc bin php gii quyt nhng ri ro .
S ph hp ca d n vi yu cu ca khch hng v tha mn s hi long
ca khch hng.
Chp nhn nhng yu cu thay i ln trong phn mm v s chnh lch t
c t d n.

9.2.3. Nhng trch nhim qun l d n

&
&

&
&
&
&
&
&

Nhng tc v thc hnh chuyn nghip

Chun b,cp nht d n v cc k hoch cht lng.
Tham gia trong ban kt ni gia khch hng-nh cung cp
Cht li vn nhn s trong i d n, bao gm vic tham gia vo tuyn
dng, hun luyn v truyn t kin thc

1.
2.
3.

IT

Hu ht cc trch nhim ca ngi qun l d n c nh ngha trong cc th

tc v trong ch th cng vic.Ngi qun l d n l ngi c trch nim m bo rng
tt c cc thnh vin ca i tun theo cc th tc v cc ti liu c xy dng. Cng
vic ca ngi qun l d n bao gm nhng tc v thc hnh chuyn nghip v qun l
cc cng vic.

Nhng tc v qun l:
Ngi qun l d n phi ch ra c:
Vic thc thi cc hot ng r sot v nhng iu chnh, bao gm vic
tham gia vo mt vi r sot.
S pht trin phn mm v bo tr kha cnh pht trin, tch hp v cc
hot ng kim th h thng nh nhng hot ng sa cha v kim th
hi quy.
Thc hin acceptance tests.
Ci t phn mm cho khch hng v chy h thng phn mm
Hun luyn v ch dn m bo cht lng phn mm cho cc thnh vin
ca d n.
Ln lch biu v cc ti nguyn phn phi cho cc hot ng ca d n.
Cc yu cu ca khch hng v s hi lng ca khch hng
Lun ra nhng ri ro trong s pht trin ca d n, p dng nhng gii
php v iu khin nhng ri ro.

191

9.3. n v SQA v cc tc nhn khc trong h thng SQA

IT

M hnh cu trc t chc n v SQA

9.3.1. n v SQA

Nhim v c bn ca trng b phn SQA c th c phn thnh cc loi sau:

Lp k hoch

Chun b cc chng trnh hot ng v chi ph d ton thng nin cho b phn

Lp k hoch v cp nht h thng qun l cht lng phn mm ca t chc

Chun b cc chng trnh hot ng SQA thng nin c khuyn ngh cho cc b

phn pht trin v bo tr phn mm; yu cu cc s h tr t cc b phn SQA con

khi thc hin nhim v ny.
Qun l b phn:
-

Qun l cc hot ng ca i SQA

Gim st thc thi chng trnh hot ng SQA

Ch nh, b nhim cc thnh vin nhm, cc thnh vin y ban SQA v cc y

vin SQA

Chun b cc bo co c bit v nh k, v d: tnh trng ca cc vn cht

lng phn mm trong t chc v cc bo co thi hng thng.

Cc nhim v lin quan n giao dch vi khch hng cc t chc bn ngoi khc:
-

Cc a ch khch hng cho cc vn trong cht lng phn mm

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Lin lc vi khch hng, quan tm n cht lng cc sn phm v dch v

phn mm cung cp.

i din cho t chc trc cc t chc bn ngoi khc c quan tm n cc

vn v cht lng phn mm

D tho cc bo co v qun l cho cc cuc hp nh gi cng tc qun l.

Cc vn v t chc SQA, chun b cc ti liu cn thit cho cc quyt

nh mc cao v qun l (c thc hin bi trng b phn cht lng phn
mm).

Cc cng vic SQA chuyn ngnh:

Tham gia vo d n joint committees

Tham gia nh gi thit k chnh thc

nh gi v ph chun s sai khc so vi c t (khi cc th tc yu cu)

Bn bc vi cc nh qun l d n v cc trng nhm.

Tham gia vo cc din n v y ban SQA

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9.3.2. Nhng y vin SQA v nhim v

Nhim v c bn ca SQA trustee c th c phn thnh cc loi sau:

y vin SQA l nhng nhn vin, l nhng ngi c quan tm rt nhiu trong cht

lng ca phn mm, h tnh nguyn dnh mt phn thi gian ca h nng cao cht
lng. H thng xuyn hng dn cc ch c quan tm ca SQA. Nh l cc i
din SQA, u vin c k vng a cc h tr ni b cn thit cho vic ci t thnh
cng cc thnh phn ca SQA.
Cc nhim v ca SQA u khc nhau vi mi t chc.
Nhng nhim v c th lin h gia cc n v v/hoc cc t chc, v bao gm cc hot
ng sau y.

9.3.2.1. Cc cng vic lin quan n n v

H tr cc ng nghip gii quyt nhng kh khn pht sinh trong vic trin khai
cc th tc phn mm cht lng cng nh cc ch th cng vic
Tr gip cc n v qun l trong hot ng SQA ca mnh ( v d nh chun b 1 d
n hng dn lm vic , tp hp cc d liu tnh ton o SQA )

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 Thc y vic tun th v gim st cng vic trin khai thc hin cc th tc SQA,
hng dn v lm cng ng nghip
Bo co s khng tun th c h thng cc s kin ti n v SQA
Bo co cht lng phn mm tht bi nghim trng ti n v SQA.

9.3.2.2. Cc cng vic lin quan c cu t chc

Tin hnh thay i v cp nht cc th tc v ch th cng vic ca organization-wide
SQA
Tin hnh ci t cc chc nng, pht trin v ci tin quy trnh v bo tr cc ng dng
vo CAB cho cc gii php gi quyt nhng tht bi quan st c trong n v ca h
Xc nh t chc SQA cn s hun luyn ph hp v cc xut 1 chng trnh hun
luyn hay ch dn thch hp c thc hin bi n v SQA.

9.3.3. Hi ng SQA v nhim v

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Cc u ban SQA c th c hoc thng trc hoc c bit . Cc ch cn c x l

thm quyn cng nh phn chia nhim v gia cc u ban thng trc v c bit hoc

gia cc t chc khc nhau v theo thi gian

9.3.3.1. y ban thng trc:

Thng gii quyt cc SCC (iu khin thay i phn mm), CA (cc cng vic sa
cha), cc th tc cc cng c pht trin phn mm, cc thc o cht lng.
L cc b phn kt hp ca khung lm vic ca t chc SQA
Cng vic ca y ban thng trc thng c quy nh trong cc th tc SQA ca t
chc

9.3.3.2. y ban khng chnh thc (ad-hoc committee):

c thnh lp da trn mi vn ngn hn
Cc thnh vin c ch nh bi ngi iu hnh c trch nhim gii quyt cc vn
v cht lng phn mm (trng b phn SQA, cc b phn SQA con, cc y vin
SQA)

9.3.4. Nhim v v phng thc hot ng ca din n SQA

c im:

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Nhng din n SQA l thnh phn khng chnh thc ca khung t chc SQA, chng
c thnh lp bi nhng ngi t nguyn v th hin nhng c im ca mt cng
ng.
Cc din n thng hot ng mt cch t do m khng b l thuc vo bt c yu
cu hoc th tc tiu chun no. Nhng ch , hot ng v ngi tham gia vo din
n rt a dng. Thng thng mt t chc thu li t nhng hot ng ca din n SQA
m din n c th hot ng c lp hoc c lin h cng tc vi t chc.
Nhng thnh vin ca din n SQA thng nh ra phm vi v chc nng hot ng
(hn ch hoc rng ln), gp g thng xuyn hoc khng thng xuyn, v c th nh
ra nhng cch thc lin lc a thch (Internet, intranet, )
Nhng din n SQA tp trung chnh vo:
Ci thin v trin khai th tc SQA
Nhng o cht lng

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Hot ng sa li phn tch nhng trng hp tht bi v thnh cng

Nhng vn v cht lng h thng pht trin v trin khai nhng cng c mi
Nhng vn v qun l cht lng vn cht lng phn mm hot ng thng

ngy c bn n trc bi ngi qun l cht lng mi mc .

S tham gia v cc din n SQA c th l ng (v d gii hn vi nhng ngi qun l
gm:

cht lng) hoc m vi tt c mi ngi. Thnh vin ca mt din n m c th bao

Thnh vin n v SQA
y vin qun tr SQA
Nhn vin pht trin v bo tr phn mm
T vn/ chuyn gia SQA v cng ngh phn mm
i din khch hng.
Din n cng duy tr s la chn cng b. S cng b c th bao gm th n cc
thnh vin, nh k xem xt li nhng vn SQA, bo co ca nhng nhm chuyn gia
hoc thnh vin din n c bit. Thm vo vic m t v phn tch mt vn cht
lng, bn bo co c th bao gm s t vn cho hot ng sa li. Din n cng quyt
nh da trn mt danh sch phn tn, v s cng b c gii hn trong nhng thnh
vin hay m rng n nhng thnh vin khc trong t chc hay khng?
195

196

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Ti liu tham kho

[1] Daniel Galin, Software Quality Assurance From Theory to Implemtation,
Addion Wesley, 2004.
[2] Ian Sommerville. Software Engineering, Sixth Edition, Addion Wesley, 2001.
[3] Gerald D. Everett, Raymond McLeod, Jr., Software Testing. Testing Across the
Entire Software Development Life Cycle, IEEE press, Wiley-interscience , A John
Wiley&Sons, Inc, Publication, 2007.

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[4]. Glenford J. Myers. The Art of Software Testing - Second Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, Publication, 2004.

197

Ph lc
Mt s li thng mc phi trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, c bit l pha ci t
c trch t cun sch The art of software testing cho di y.

Li tham chiu - Data reference Error

Bin tham chiu c gn gi tr trc khi c khi to? y l li thng xy ra.
Vi cc truy cp mng, ch s c nm trong bin cho php hay khng?
Vi cc truy cp mng, ch s c nhn gi tr nguyn hay khng?

IT

Vi cc tham chiu dng con tr hoc bin tham chiu, nh tham chiu c xc
nh cha? y c gi l dangling reference. N xy ra khi thi gian tn ti ca con
tr di hn thi gian tn ti ca nh tham chiu. Trng hp khc l khi con tr tham
chiu ti bin a phng trong hm, gi tr ca con tr c gn cho mt tham s bn
ngoi, hoc bin ton cc, hm kt thc (gii phng nh c tham chiu), v sau
chng trnh dng gi tr con tr.

Khi t nhiu tn (alias) cho mt vng nh vi cc thuc tnh khc nhau , liu gi tr d
liu trong vng nh ny c ng thuc tnh khi n c tham chiu theo mt trong cc
tn? V d, mt chng trnh FORTRAN cha mt bin thc A v nguyn B; c 2 bin
u l alias cho cng mt vng nh s dng cu lnh EQUIVALENCE. Nu chng
trnh lu mt gi tr vo A v sau truy cp ti bin B; li s xut hin v my tnh s
dng biu din s floating point trong b nh nh mt s nguyn.

Liu gi tr ca bin c kiu hoc thuc tnh khc vi nhng g trnh bin dch t ra?
Tnh hung ny c th xy ra khi mt chng trnh C, C++ c mt bn ghi vo b nh
v truy cp ti n thng qua cu trc, tuy nhin biu din vt l ca bn ghi khc vi nh
ngha cu trc.
Vn v a ch? liu n v ca vng nh c cp pht trn my tnh ang chy c
nh hn n v ca vng nh c nh ngha. V d, vi mt s mi trng, xu bit c
di c nh khng cn bt u bng byte bin, nhng a ch ch c ch ti byte
bin. Nu mt chng trnh tnh a ch ca xu bit v sau tham chiu ti xu thng
qua a ch ny, ta c th truy cp vo mt vng nh khng chnh xc. Tnh hung ny
cng c th xy ra khi truyn i s xu bit cho mt chng trnh con.
Nu bin con tr hoc bin tham chiu c dng, liu vng nh c tham chiu c
thuc tnh nh trnh bin dch mong mun? Mt v d v li ny l khi mt con tr C++
tr ti a ch ca mt cu trc d liu khc vi cu trc d liu ca n.
Nu mt cu trc d liu c tham chiu nhiu hm, th tc, liu cu trc c c
nh ngha thng nht trong cc th tc khng?
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Khi nh ch s cho mt xu/mng, liu c gii hn ch s kt thc xu/mng trong phm

vi cho php khng?
Vi ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng, liu tt c yu cu tha k c tho mn ci t
class?

Li khai bo d liu (Data-Declaration Errors )

Liu cc bin c c khai bo chnh xc? Mt failure trong trng hp ny c th
khng phi l li, nhng n cng khi ngun cho nhiu vn . V d, nu mt hm nhn
mt tham s l mng, v khng nh ngha tham s nh mt mng thnh cng, mt tham
chiu ti mng (v d C=A(I) c dch thnh mt li gi hm, dn ti my tnh c gng
thc hin mng nh mt chng trnh. Thm na, nu mt bin khng c nh ngha
mt cch r rng trong th tc, hoc khi lnh, liu ta c th hiu l bin s c dng
chung hay khng? )

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Nu tt c cc thuc tnh ca mt bin khng c quy nh r rng lc nh ngha, liu

gi tr mc nh c c hiu r? V d, thuc tnh mc nh nhn c trong Java
thng l mt ngun ngc nhin ln. Khi mt bin c khi to bng cu lnh khai bo,
liu n c c khi to ng? Trong nhiu ngn ng, khi to mng v xu i khi kh
phc tp v c xu hng gy li.
Liu mi bin c c gn vi ng di v kiu?

Liu khi to ca bin c ng nht vi kiu memory? V d, mt bin trong hm

FORTRAN cn c khi to li mi ln gi hm, n phi c khoi to bng mt cu
lnh gn hn l mt cu lnh DATA
Liu c tn bin tng t nhau (v d VOLT v VOLTS)? y khng nht thit l li,
nhng ta nn t tn khc nhau phng khi nhm ln.

Li tnh ton (Computation Errors)

Liu c tnh ton no s dng bin vi kiu d liu khng ph hp?
Liu c tnh ton mixed-mode (kt hp kiu) no khng? V d cng bin floating point
cho bin integer. Cn hiu r cc lut chuyn i kiu trnh sai st. V d, on m
Java sau s c li rouding (lm trn) khi thc hin vi s integers.
int x=1;
int y=2;

199

int z=0;
z=x/y;
System.out.println ("z="+z);
OUTPUT: z = 0
Liu c tnh ton no s dng bin c cng kiu nhng di khc nhau?
Liu kiu ca bin ch trong php gn nh hn kiu ca kt qu ca biu thc v phi?
Liu c xy ra li overflow hoc underflow (trn) khi tnh ton biu thc? Chng hn,
kt qu l gi tr hp l, nhng kt qu trung gian c th qu ln hoc qu nh so vi kiu
cho php ca ngn ng lp trnh.
Liu c c php thc hin chia cho 0?
Nu my biu din bin bng s nh phn, liu c chui tnh ton no cho kt qu sai hay
khng? Chng hn, 10 x 0.1 khng bng 1.0 khi thc hin trn s nh phn.

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Khi a vo ng dng, liu gi tr ca bin c ra ngoi khong c ngha.

Vi biu thc cha nhiu hn 1 php ton, liu gi thit v th t u tin cc php ton
c chnh xc?

C php ton khng hp l no lin quan ti s integer khng, c bit l php chia? V
d, nu i l bin integer, biu thc 2*i/2 == i s ph thuc vo i l s chn hay l v php
nhn hay chia c thc hin trc?

Li so snh (Comparison Errors)

C php so snh no gia cc bin vi kiu khc nhau khng, v d so snh xu k t vi
a ch, ngy, s?
Liu c so snh mixed-mode no khng hoc l so snh gia cc bin vi di khc
nhau? Nu c, cn mm bo l lut bin i phi c hiu chnh xc.
Cc php so snh c chnh xc? Lp trnh vin thng b nhm cc quan h nh
at most, at least, greater than, not less than, less than or equal.
Liu cc biu thc Boolean c gi tr ng nh mong i? Lp trnh vin thng mc li
khi vit cc biu thc logic cha and, or, not.
Liu cc ton hng ca php ton Boolean c l gi tr Boolean? Php so snh v php
ton Booleans thng c dng xen k. Hnh ng ny d dn ti li. V d, ta cn xc

200

nh i c nm trong khong t 2 ti 10 hay khng, biu thc 2 < i < 10 l sai; biu thc
ng l (2<i) && (i<10). Nu ta mun xc nh xem i c ln hn x hoc y, i>x||y l sai,
biu thc ng phi l (i>x)||(i>y). Nu ta mun so snh 3 s c bng nhau hay khng,
biu thc (a==b==c) cho kt qu khc vi mong i. Nu mun kim tra quan h x>y>z,
biu thc ng phi l (x>y)&&(y>z).
Liu c php so snh no gia s phy tnh v s phy ng (floating point) h c s 2?
y c th l mt ngun li v li lm trn v biu din xp x c s 2 ca s h c s 10.
Vi biu thc cha nhiu hn 1 php ton boolean, quy c v th t thc hin cc php
ton c chnh xc? V d, vi biu thc (if((a==2) && (b==2) || (c==3)), php and hay
or s c thc hin trc cn c quy nh r rng.
Liu cch thc trnh bin dch tnh ton gi tr ca biu thc Boolean c nh hng ti
chng trnh? V d, cu lnh :
if((x==0 && (x/y)>z)

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c th c chp nhn vi trnh bin dch kt thc kim tra iu kin ngay khi
mt v ca and l false, nhng c th dn ti li division-by-zero (chia cho 0) vi
trnh bin dch khc.

Li lung iu khin (Control-Flow Errors)

Nu chng trnh cha nhnh nhiu hng, chng hn php tnh GO TO, liu bin ch s
c ra ngoi phm vi ca nhnh? V d cu lnh
GO TO (200, 300, 400), i

liu i c nm trong s gi tr 1, 2, 3?
Liu vng lp c kt thc? Chng minh cc vng lp s kt thc
Chng trnh, module, hm con c kt thc?

4. Vi mt vng lp c iu khin bi c biu thc iu kin (v d vng lp tm

kim), v iteration, what are the consequences of loop fall-through? V d, vi gi m:
DO I=1 to TABLESIZE WHILE (NOTFOUND)
chuyn g xy ra nu NOTFOUND khng bao gi bng false?

201

Li giao din (Interface Errors)

Liu s tham s ca module c bng vi s i s trong cc li gi hm. Liu th t i
s c chnh xc?
Liu thuc tnh (chng hn kiu d liu, kch thc) ca tng tham s c tng thch vi
thuc tnh ca i s tng ng?
Liu n v ca tng tham s c tng thch vi n v ca i s tng ng? V d, nu
tham s dng n v degrees, nhng i s li dng n v radians?
Liu s i s truyn bi module ny cho module khc c bng s tham s expected by
that module?
Nu hm built-in c gi, liu s, thuc tnh v th t ca i s c chnh xc?

Li Input/Output
Nu files c nh ngha, liu cc thuc tnh ca n c chnh xc?

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Liu cc thuc tnh ca cu lnh OPEN file c chnh xc?

Liu nh dng file c khp vi cc cu lnh I/O?

C b nh cha file m chng trnh s c?

Cc files c m trc khi dng?

Cc files c ng sau khi dng?

iu kin end-of-file c c pht hin v qun l chnh xc?

Cc iu kin li I/O c qun l chnh xc?
Cc xut hin li chnh t, c php cc on vn bn c c in/hin th ?

Cc kim tra khc

Nu trnh bin dch a ra mt danh sch thuc tnh, kim tra cc thuc tnh ca tng
bin m bo l khng c thuc tnh mc nh khng mong mun no c gn gi
tr.
Nu chng trnh c dch thnh cng, nhng my tnh a ra cnh bo (warning), ta
cn kim tra chng cn thn. Cnh bo m ch l trnh bin dch pht hin ra bn ang
lm vic g gy nghi vn. Cc nghi vn ny cn c kim tra li.
Liu chng trnh hay module c kim tra validity cho u vo.

202