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Characteristic of Wind Turbine Generator
Characteristic of Wind Turbine Generator
Characteristic of Wind Turbine Generator
2009
7-0
Machine Types
1: Fixed Speed
2: Limited Variable Speed
3: Variable Speed with Partial Scale PE Converters
This is the so-called Doubly-Fed Generator
2009
7-1
2009
7-2
Generating Lift
2009
7-3
Rotational Speed
2009
Tip Speed
R
7-4
RV
Wind
2009
7-5
b-
c-
c+
b+
c-
b-
c+
c+
b+
a-
aWound Rotor SM
Induction
a+
aCharacteristic
b-
If
b+
PM Synch Mach.
Synchronous with
Variable Field Current
Fixed
Induction
Variable: Slip
Variable by Induction
kW-GW
W-kW
W-MW
VARs:
Source or Sink
Sink
Efficiency:
High-Very High
VARs0
High-Very High
Low-Medium
High
Med
Low
Cost:
2009
7-6
cRotor
Winding
(Distributed)
If
b+
Vcn-240
a+
N
Bf
b-
c+
Stator
Windings
(Distributed)
c
a
n
(2-Pole
Machines
Depicted)
Van0
Vbn-120
2009
7-7
If
b-
N
Bf
Per-Phase
Circuit Model:
I f
b+
c+
If
Vf
Rf
jXls
+
XS
Rs I a
+
Va
E jI f X M
2009
Ns
If
E I f LM
jXlr
I f
jXM
N f
Rr
Proportional
to Speed
jXls
jXM
I f
Rs I a
+
Va
-
jXS
+
E
-
Rs I a
+
Va
-
X S X M X ls
7-8
EV
3 a sin
Xs
1.5
Where:
E, EMF of field
Va, terminal voltage
Xs, synchronous reactance
, vector anglebetween V
a&E
Unstable
Ia
0
0
2009
P0
Q0
1.0
Under-Excited
jI a X s
Va
Sinking VARs
Ea
Va
0.5
Stable
Stable
Stability
Limit
Unstable
Ia
0
P0
0 Q 0
OverExcited
jI a X s
Va
Sourcing VARs
7-9
2009
7 - 10
Wound Rotor
a+
c-
b-
r
c+
b+
a
Wound Rotors:
Slip:
r
s
Rotor Windings brought out through Slip Rings: Allowing Speed/Torque Control
Squirrel-Cage Rotors:
2009
Rotor Windings are simple Shorted Bars cast into Rotor Laminations
Low-Cost, Rugged Commercial / Industrial Work-Horse FIRST WINDTURBINES
7 - 11
Is
Ir
jLlr
Rs jLls
Vs
Vm
Rr
s
jM
Pout
Power:
Pag 3I r2
Rr
s
Air-Gap
Power
jLlr
Rs jLls
Vs
Vm
Pout
2009
Pout 3I SVS
[W]
[W]
Pag
Converted Power
Is
Pr ,loss 3I r2 Rr Pag s
Ir
Vr = 0 if no external
source of Power to
the Rotor
Rr
Vr
(1 s )
(1 s )
Rr
s
s
+ + V
Rotor Loss
r
-
jM
Power from
an External
Rotor Source
Pag
IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group
7 - 12
Rated
Torque/Speed
Motoring
Braking
0.5
0
1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-0.5
-1
Generating
-1.5
-2
Synchronous
Speed
2009
7 - 13
c-
a+
b+
lm
I f K m Br lm
S
a-
Hc
Rr
I f
jXlr
jXls
jXM
I f
c+
Rs I a
+
Va
-
ga
Bm Br 0 r H
r 1 (Air)
Per-Phase
Circuit Model:
b-
N
Bf
Bm
Br
Residual
Flux Density
Hm
No Field Winding
Demagnetization
Typical PM
B-H Curve:
2009
7 - 14
Recall that
the energy capture (vis-a-vis Cp) is dependent
upon the Tip Speed Ratio
RV
Wind
7 - 15
IG
Cap Bank
Collector
Feeder
2009
7 - 16
2009
7 - 17
Soft Starter
Gear
Box
IG
Cap Bank
Collector
Feeder
2009
7 - 18
2009
7 - 19
Gear
Box
Collector
Feeder
IG
Operation Below
Synchronous Speed
Pstator
IG
Pnet
Pstator
Pnet
IG
Protor
2009
Operation Above
Synchronous Speed
Protor
7 - 20
Gear
Box
IG/
SG
Collector
Feeder
2009
7 - 21
2009
7 - 22
Voltage Control
2009
7 - 23
2009
7 - 24
Thank You!
Mitch Bradt, PE
bradt@wisc.edu
2009
7 - 25